Conformal coatings cured with actinic radiation
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 443,447filed Nov. 30, 1989 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,221 which in turn is a division of application Ser. No. 810,758, filed Dec. 19, 1985, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention pertains to polymer compositions curable by actinic radiation and more particularly to the use of mixtures of cycloaliphatic epoxides, polyols and onium salt photoinitiators for coating various metal, ceramic, glass, plastic, and composite substrates. 
     Prior art conventional conformal coatings comprise solutions of polymers or reactive components in a solvent. After application to a printed circuit board substrate, the solvent was removed by long time evaporation at room temperature or at an elevated temperature. When reactive components are involved, after mixture of two or more components, the systems had a relatively short pot life on the order of a few hours or less to about 24 hours. 
     Conformal coatings are coatings that encapsulate a printed circuit board and its components. This complete envelope of encapsulating material provides protection from humidity, moisture, dust, fungus, and other contaminants. In addition, properly applied conformal coatings enhance circuit reliability by eliminating current or voltage leakage from high impedance circuits. A paper by J. Waryold, of HumiSeal, entitled &#34;How to Select a Conformal Coating for Printed Circuit Boards&#34; describes conformal coatings. Section 4.7 of the book Protective Circuit Coatings describes the various types of materials that are used for conformal coatings. 
     A great deal of effort was expended on investigating the various cycloaliphatic epoxide materials as rapidly curable, ultra-violet light curable conformal coatings. Although curable coatings could be formed from many systems, they had electrical insulation values that only marginally passed the military specification requirements (i.e., they were about 2.5×10 12  ohms). In addition, when subjected to a humid environment, the electrical insulation values decreased to a level less than the requirements of the military specification. The resistance values of the coatings could be improved if a thermal post cure were employed, but this is less desirable than coatings that do not require a thermal post cure or only require a thermal post cure to achieve extremely high performance features which exceed the military specifications by a large amount. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,828 discloses information about photocurable compositions that contain epoxides, organic material with hydroxyl functionality and a photosensitive aromatic sulfornium or iodonium salt. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,288, U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,799 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,108,747 are concerned with photocurable compositions that can be used in the electronics industry as photoresists. 
     However, none of the patents listed above deal with conformal coatings. 
     It is therefore an object of this invention to provide coating compositions that are moisture resistant and have electrical insulation resistance greater than about 2.5×10 12  ohms when cured by exposure to actinic radiation, particularly ultra-violet light; and can be applied as conformal coatings to encapsulate or coat a printed circuit board and/or particular components of the printed circuit board. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method of coating printed circuit boards, electrical components and other metal and plastic substrates, which meets the objects enumerated above, has been found which comprises contacting said substrates with a conformal coating composition consisting essentially of a predominant amount of a cycloaliphatic epoxide together with a polyether polyol, a photoinitiator and optionally a surfactant. 
     It is preferred to employ about 60 to about 89 parts of epoxide, about 10 to about 35 parts of polyether polyol, about 1 to about 5 parts of a photoinitiator and 0 to about 1 part of a surfactant, all parts being by weight. 
     Further, such cycloaliphatic epoxides may be blended with the blends of cycloaliphatic epoxides and other epoxides described infra. These epoxides are well known in the art and many are commercially available. 
     Suitable cycloaliphatic epoxide resins for purposes of this invention are those having an average of one or more epoxy groups per molecule. Preferably the cycloaliphatic epoxide resing will be a mixture of epoxides that will usually contain a major proportion of cycloaliphatic epoxides that contain two or more epoxy groups per molecule. Illustrative of suitable cycloaliphatic epoxides are the following: 
     FORMULA I 
     Diepoxides of cycloaliphatic esters of dicarboxylic acids having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R 7  through R 24  can be the same or different, are hydrogen or alkyl radicals generally containing one to nine carbon atoms inclusive, and preferably containing one to three carbon atoms, inclusive, as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and the like; R is a valence bond or a divalent hydrocarbon radical generally containing one to twenty carbon atoms, inclusive, and preferably, containing four to six carbon atoms, inclusive, as for example, alkylene radicals, such as trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 2-ethylhexamethylene, octamethylene, nonamethylene, hexadecamethylene and the like; cycloaliphatic radicals, such as 1,4-cyclohexane, 1,3-cyclohexane, 1,2-cyclohexane, and the like. 
     Particularly desirable epoxides falling within the scope of Formula I, are those wherein R 1  through R 18  are hydrogen and R is alkylene containing four to six carbon atoms. 
     Among specific diepoxides of cycloaliphatic esters of dicarboxylic acids are the following: 
     bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)oxalate, 
     bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate, 
     bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl)adipate 
     bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)pimelate, and the like. 
     Other suitable compounds are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,750,395. 
     FORMULA II 
     A 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate having the formula: ##STR2## wherein R 1  through R 18  which can be the same or different are as defined for R 7  to R 24  in Formula I. A particularly desirable compound is one wherein R 1  through R 18  are hydrogen. 
     Among specific compounds falling within the scope of Formula II are the following: 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-1-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-1-methylcyclohexane carboxylate; 6-methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-6-methyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-3-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-3-methylcyclohexane carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-5-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-5-methylcyclohexane carboxylate. Other suitable compounds are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,890,194. 
     FORMULA III 
     Diepoxides having the formula: ##STR3## wherein the R&#39;s, which can be the same or different, are monovalent substituents such as hydrogen, halogen, i.e. chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine, or monovalent hydrocarbon radicals, or radicals as further defined in U.S. Pat. No. 3,318,822. A particularly, desirable compound is one wherein all the R&#39;s are hydrogen. 
     MONOEPOXIDES 
     The composition may include a cycloaliphatic monoepoxide that functions as a reactive diluent. This monoepoxide may be unsubstituted as cyclohexene oxide or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 9 carbon atoms, halogen, oxygen, ether, ester or vinyl radicals. Examples of substituted monoepoxides include alpha-pinene monoepoxide, limonene monoepoxide, 4-vinyl cyclohexane monoepoxide, norbornene monoepoxide, and the like. Preferably, the substituted monoepoxide is a vinyl substituted cycloaliphatic monoepoxide and is preferably selected from one or more of the following: 
     (1) 4-vinyl cyclohexane monoepoxide having the formula: ##STR4## (2) norbornene monoepoxide having the formula: ##STR5##  or (3) limonene monoepoxide having the formula: ##STR6## 
     The cycloaliphatic monoepoxide may be used in the composition in amounts of from 0 to about 50, preferably from 1 to about 30, and most preferably from 2 to 20 weight percent of the cycloaliphatic epoxide used. 
     Other suitable cycloaliphatic epoxides are the following: ##STR7## and the like. 
     The preferred cycloaliphatic epoxides are the following: 
     3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate ##STR8## Bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate ##STR9## 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy)cyclohexanemeta-dioxane ##STR10##  or mixtures thereof. 
     If desired, minor amounts of glycidyl epoxides such as the diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A, cresol-novolac epoxy resins, epoxy phenol novolac resins, diglycidyl ethers of 1,4-butanediol, and the like can be used. 
     The preferred polyether oxide polyols are dihydroxy functional poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols having an average molecular weight of about 650 to about 3000 and an average hydroxyl number of about 35 to about 200. Other polyether polyols can be used alone or in combination with dihydroxy functional polytetramethylene oxide polyols. Examples of such polyols are polypropylene oxide polyols, polymer/polyols, propylene oxide polyols that have been capped with ethylene oxide, hydroxyethylated and hydroxypropylated cellulose, cellulose acetate-butyrates, and the like. In addition, small amounts of 1 to 15% of polyester polyols such as poly(hexamethylene adipate), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(butylene adipate), polycaprolactone, and so on may be used to modify the properties of the coating. 
     The photoinitiators which may be used herein include aromatic onium salts of Group VIa elements as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,400; aromatic onium salts of Group Va elements as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,055; aromatic onium salts of Group VIa elements having an MF anion where M is selected from P, As, and Sb as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,951; and aromatic iodonium complex salts and aromatic sulfonium complex salts as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,828. Also included are metal fluoroborates and a complex of boron trifluoride as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,653; aryldiazonium compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,296, and so on. Preferred photo-initiators include arylsulfonium complex salts of halogen-containing complex ions, and aromatic onium salts of Group IIIa, Va, VIa elements. Some of such salts are commerically available such as FX-512 (available from 3M Co.), UVE-1014 and UVE-1016 (available from General Electric Co.), and UVI-6990 and UVI-6974 (available from Union Carbide Corp.). 
     If desired, other photoinitiators such as sulfonium, sulfoxonium, iodonium and diazonium salts can be used. 
     The compositions of this invention are particularly useful as conformal coatings which are used in the electronics industry. They can be coated over an entire printed circuit board and its components to provide an encapsulated system that is protected from a variety of hostile environments. These environments include moisture or high humidity conditions, high temperature and humidity conditions, dust, ionic contaminates and fungus. In addition, the conformal coatings of this invention provide enhancement of electrical circuit reliability. The conformal coating may at times only cover portions of the printed circuit board as, for example, over only the solder connections which are usually found on the noncomponent side of the board. Or, the conformal coating may be coated onto individual components--as for example, onto an integrated circuit to provide resistance and protection against arcing or some other loss mechanism. Of course, the coating may be applied to both portions of the board and one or more or all components on the board. 
     The compositions of this invention are also unique as the cured products thereof can be burned cleanly, that is, without charring during repairing of the coated printed circuit board. Generally, a printed circuit board, which has a conformal coating, is repaired by burning through the conformal coating to the defective component using a soldering iron or hot flame device. The defective component is then removed manually; the old solder removed by a suction means; any coating residue at the edge of the burn area is removed by use of a solvent soaked swab; the new component is placed on the circuit board and soldered in place and finally, if desired, additional coating applied and cured. 
     Conformal coatings based on aromatic epoxides such as diglycidyl ether of 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane, char when subjected to a burning operation. The result is the formation of unsightly and conductive residues which degrade the electrical properties of printed circuit boards. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The compositions of this invention provide high solids coating systems that are usually 100% solids in nature in that they need not contain an added volatile solvent. They are curable with actinic energy with ultraviolet radiation preferred. Properties are developed rapidly and cure is accomplished after the passage of seconds. Although it is not necessary to apply thermal energy after the application of actinic energy to complete cure, it may be advantageous to heat the exposed coating. The viscosity of many of the systems described herein is of such a low nature that the coating can be applied by a variety of application methods. However, the systems can be warmed if desired to improve flow and leveling characteristics, to obtain a thinner film than would be obtained with the system at room temperature. If desired, an inert solvent such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, FREONS, perchloroethylene, toluene, ethoxyethyl acetate, methyl amyl ketone, and so on can be added to decrease viscosity and/or flow and leaching characteristics. If necessary to increase the viscosity, fillers such as talc, silicas, etc., cellulose acetate butyrate or other cellulosics, polycaprolactone, vinyl polymers, etc., may be added. 
     The systems contain one or more cycloaliphatic epoxides, one or more polyols of the poly(tetramethylene oxide)-type--although propylene oxide polyols can be used or added to the mixture as well as minor amounts of ester-containing polyols, an onium salt photoinitiator such as UVE-1014--although other sulfonium, sulfoxonium, iodonium, and diazonium photoinitiators can be used. Commercial examples of onium salt photoinitiators include UVE-1014 (GE), UVE-1016 (GE), FC-508 (3M), FC-509 (3M), and FX-512 (3M), UVI-6974 (UCC), and UVI-6990 (UCC). In addition, the formulated systems may contain a surfactant of the silicone, silicone copolymer, or fluorochemical-type. Polymeric acrylics such as Modaflow™ (Monsanto) can also be employed for good flow and leveling. A fluorescent chemical (often called a dye) such as Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid) may be included in the formulation if desired. A dye such as this allows the coated article to be examined with what is often termed &#34;black light&#34; but really is a form of low intensity ultraviolet light. If desired, the polyol can be omitted from the formulation although in the preferred case it would be included. 
     The amount of polyol in the system is from 0 to 50%, with the preferred amount from 5 to 40%, and the most preferred amount from 10 to 35%. 
     The photoinitiator is present in an amount of 0.5% to 25% with the preferred amount 1% to 8% and the most preferred amount from 1% to 5%. 
     The surfactant is usually present in an amount of from 0.05% to 1.0% with the preferred amount from 0.1% to 0.6%. As is known to those skilled in the art, the amount of surfactant used will depend on the particular formulation and the particular surfactant chosen. 
     When present in the system, the fluorescent dye is usually present in an amount of 0.01% or less to 0.1% or more with the preferred amount 0.01% to 0.05%. 
     If desired, more than one poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyol can be used in the system. In addition, various epoxides can be used in the system. These include ERL-4221, ERL-4299, ERL-4234, ERL-4206, as well as other di-, mono-, and trifunctional cycloaliphatic epoxides. Glycidyl epoxides of various types can also be used. Minor amounts of other polyols, such as caprolactone polyols, polyester polyols, poly(alkylene oxide) polyols, styrene/allyl alcohol copolymers, vinyl alcohol/vinyl acetate copolymers and other hydroxyl functional materials can be used. If desired, minor amounts of monohydroxyl functional materials may be included in the compositions. These include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, etc., hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate, alkylene oxide derivatives of hydroxylbearing acrylates and methacrylates, caprolactone derivatives of acrylates and methacrylates. 
     The actinic radiation that can be used is of various types, such as X-ray, gamma-ray, ultraviolet, electron beam, and the like. 
     The invention is further described in the Examples which follow. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. 
     GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR MIXING OF INGREDIENTS GIVEN IN THE VARIOUS EXAMPLES 
     The coating systems were prepared by placing the ingredients in amber-colored, glass bottles and stirring well. Before the POLYMEG™ polyols were added to the bottles they were warmed to liquefy the polyols and thus facilitate the solution or mixing process. In all cases, the solutions were cooled to room temperature before application to the test printed circuit boards (PCB) or metal substrates. The test PCB&#39;s were obtained from Nova Tran Corporation, #8340, H2, AW 185-0014-00 and B 190-0024-00. They were of the type that are described in FIG. 1 of MIL-I-46058C. These formulated systems were then applied and cured as described in the working examples. In the examples, amounts are in grams unless otherwise indicated. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 1-7 
     The general procedure for mixing was used. Proportions are given in Tables I and II. On steel panels, the coating rapidly developed acetone resistance (&gt;100 double rubs had no effect &lt;5 hours after UV exposure), had good hardness, and poor adhesion. These coatings did not pass the conical mandrel test, although the one with Polymeg 2000 had only minor failure. On PCB&#39;s without a thermal post cure, the coatings developed good electrical resistance with all systems being within the desired range after 1-2 days ambient post cure. Note that 30 minutes after UV exposure, Example 1 had a resistance greater than that required by the specification (i.e., 3.2×10 12  ohms vs. a requirement of 2.5×10 12  ohms). 
     Table II contains formulation information for Examples 4-7 which were designed to have improved flexibility as measured by the mandrel bend test. One hour after UV exposure, all 12 coated boards had resistance values markedly &gt;2.5×10 12  ohms. After 3 days at RT, three of the systems developed resistances &gt;10 14  ohms; and all coatings had resistances of &gt;10 14  ohms when post cured for 30 minutes at 120° C. or 140° C. 
     To simulate the humidity cycling of Method 106 of Mil. Std. 202, a simple test apparatus was devised. Method 106 calls for cycling the board between 25° C. and 65° C. under relative humidities of 80-98% at the low temperature and 90-98% at the high temperature. During this cycling, the test specimen was taken from 25° C. to 65° C. over 2.5 hours, kept at 65° C. for 3 hours, dropped to 25° C. and raised to 65° C. over five hours, and kept at 65° C. for three hours. Then, during the remainder of the 24-hour test period, the board was brought to 25° C. and evaluated. The conditions are specified to be non-moisture-condensing. The board was subjected to 10 of these daily cycles and then given a final evaluation for insulation resistance characteristics. 
     To simulate this test, a Soxhlet extractor was modified so that the PCB did not contact the raising liquid in the condensation chamber. It did contact the 100% RH, condensing moisture environment at a temperature of about 90° C. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
            Example                                                       
            1         2      3                                            
______________________________________                                    
Ingredients                                                               
Polymeg* 650  10.0        --     --                                       
Polymeg* 1000 --          7.0    --                                       
Polymeg* 2000 --          --     5.0                                      
ERL-4221      75.2        77.8   79.5                                     
VCHM          12.3        12.7   13.0                                     
UVE-1014      2.0         2.0    2.0                                      
FC-171        0.5         0.5    0.5                                      
L-5410+       0.5         0.5    0.5                                      
Dye** (pph)   0.02        0.02   0.02                                     
Properties                                                                
Viscosity, cp 75          80     95                                       
Temperature, °C.                                                   
              23.5        23.5   23.5                                     
______________________________________                                    
 *Polymeg  Trademark for poly(tetramethylene oxide) polyols (Quaker Oats) 
 **Fluorescent dye, Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid)              
 +The formulations with FC171 did not exhibit good wettability, flow, and 
 leveling. When the L5410 was added, smooth coatings were obtained.       
 
    
     Coating/Cure System 
     It was necessary to melt the Polymeg 1000 and 2000 to effect solution. The systems were coated onto Bonderite 37 steel panels and onto fiberglass/epoxy printed circuit board (PCB) test panels. The steel panels were coated with a No. 20 wire-wound rod and the PCB&#39;s by a dip coating technique using about a 2-minute removal time. During cure, the relative humidity was 36% and the temperature 76° F. Cure rate for the steel panels was 10 fpm under a focused beam, 300 w/i, Type A, Fusion Systems light source. The PCB&#39;s were first cured on each side at a rate of 50 fpm and then twice on each side at 10 fpm. The PCB met MIL-I-46058C, 1982. 
     RESULTS 
     Systems 1-3 on Steel: 
     All coatings were tack-free, smooth, and had high gloss immediately after UV exposure. Thickness: 0.70 mil. 
     Systems 1-3 on PCB&#39;s: 
     Systems were tack-free after UV exposure. Thickness: 2-2.5 mils. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Properties                                                                
                 System, On Steel,                                        
Properties, One  No Post Cure                                             
Day After Cure   1            2        3                                  
______________________________________                                    
Acetone Double Rubs*                                                      
                 100(1)       100(1)   100(1)                             
Pencil Hardness  H            H        H                                  
% Crosshatch Adhesion                                                     
                 0            0        0                                  
Conical Mandrel**                                                         
                 Fail         Fail     5 mm                               
Gardner Impact                                                            
Face, in lbs.    25           25       25                                 
Reverse, in lbs. &lt;5           &lt;5       &lt;5                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *5 hours after UV exposure.                                              
 **ASTM D522-60; failure indicates failure along entire length. A distance
 indicates length of failure from 1/8 inch end.                           
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Electrical Resistance                                                     
(500 v impressed),                                                        
                System, On PCB, No Post Cure                              
ohm × 10.sup.-12                                                    
                1          2      3                                       
______________________________________                                    
After:                                                                    
30 minutes      3.2        1.4    0.8                                     
16 hours        2.8        1.4    3.1                                     
 2 days         4.1        2.1    3.8                                     
 5 days         12         7.5    3.8                                     
12 days         12         5.5    14                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
            Example                                                       
            4    5        6       7                                       
______________________________________                                    
Ingredients                                                               
Polymeg* 650  12.0   15.0     --    --                                    
Polymeg* 2000 --     --       7.0   10.0                                  
ERL-4221      73.5   70.9     77.8  75.2                                  
VCHM**        12.0   11.6     12.7  12.3                                  
UVE-1014      2.0    2.0      2.0   2.0                                   
L-5410        0.5    0.5      0.5   0.5                                   
Dye* (pph)    0.02   0.02     0.02  0.02                                  
Properties                                                                
Viscosity, cp 85     80       115   114                                   
Temperature, °C.                                                   
              24     24       24    24                                    
______________________________________                                    
 *See footnotes to Table I                                                
 **VCHM = 4Vinyl cyclohexane monoepoxide                                  
 
    
     Coating/Cure Systems 
     Same as described in Table I, except a 1.5 minute removal time was used during the dip coating operation. Also, about ten minutes elapsed between the 50 fpm and 10 fpm UV cure passes. As a final cure, the PCB&#39;s were UV-cured for 15-20 seconds at a distance of one inch (height) or 1.5 inches (width) from a stationary light source. During cure, the relative humidity was 41% at 77° F. 
     RESULTS 
     Systems 4-7 
     All coatings on the steel panels were tack-free immediately after UV cure. The PCB&#39;s had a reasonable good appearance, but there were some flow lines and some build-up at the bottom of the board. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Properties                                                                
Properties, One  System, On Steel, No Post Cure                           
Day After Cure   4       5       6     7                                  
______________________________________                                    
Acetone Double Rubs*                                                      
                 100(1)  100(1)  100(1)                                   
                                       100(1)                             
Pencil Hardness  3H      3H      3H    3H                                 
% Crosshatch Adhesion                                                     
                 95      90      95    99                                 
Conical Mandrel**                                                         
                 20 mm   2 mm    Fail  Fail                               
Gardner Impact                                                            
Face, in lbs.    25      25      25    25                                 
Reverse, in lbs. &lt;5      &lt;5      &lt;5    &lt;5                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *3 hours after UV exposure.                                              
 **ASTM D522-60; failure indicates failure along entire length. A distance
 indicates length of failure from 1/8 inch end.                           
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
         Electrical Resistance                                            
         (500 v impressed), ohm × 10.sup.-12                        
       Thick-  Time                                                       
System ness,   After UV Cure After 30 min.                                
on PCB*                                                                   
       mil     1 hr.  2 hr.                                               
                           3 da. at 120° C.                        
                                         at 140° C.                
______________________________________                                    
4A     2       8.0    9.0    40  --      --                               
4B     1.5     14     --   --    &gt;100    --                               
4C     2       14     --   --    --      &gt;100                             
5A     3       9.5    11   &gt;100  --      --                               
5B     2       6.1    --   --    &gt;100    --                               
5C     2       6.0    --   --    --      &gt;100                             
6A     2       18     30   &gt;100  --      --                               
6B     2       16     --   --    &gt;100    --                               
6C     2       14     --   --    --      &gt;100                             
7A     2       13     14   &gt;100  --      --                               
7B     2.5     18     --   --    &gt;100    --                               
7C     3       14     --   --    --      &gt;100                             
______________________________________                                    
 *NOTE: Triplicate PCB&#39;s were prepared from each coating system. One board
 was aged under ambient conditions (&#34;A&#34;), and the other two were postcured
 for 30 minutes at 120° C. (&#34;B&#34;) or at 140C (&#34;C&#34;).                 
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Electrical Resistance (500 v impressed), ohm × 10.sup.-12           
       PCB                  No. of Days                                   
       After   1 Hr. After  at RT After                                   
                                      See                                 
System 3 Days  1 Hr. in     Solvent Testing                               
                                      Comment                             
on PCB*                                                                   
       at RT   MeOH**   H.sub.2 O**                                       
                              4 Days                                      
                                    6 Days                                
                                          Below                           
______________________________________                                    
4A       40    --       --      30    40  --                              
4B     &gt;100    --       0.12  &gt;100    50  --                              
4C     &gt;100    1.02     --      40    35  (d)                             
5A     &gt;100    --       --      30    30  --                              
5B     &gt;100    --       0.40  &gt;100  &gt;100  --                              
5C     &gt;100    0.11     --    &gt;100  &gt;100  --                              
6A     &gt;100    --       --    &gt;100  &gt;100  (b)                             
6B     &gt;100    --       1.70  &gt;100  &gt;100  (c)                             
6C     &gt;100    1.10     --    &gt;100  &gt;100  --                              
7A     &gt;100    --       --    &gt;100  &gt;100  (a)                             
7B     &gt;100    --       0.70    50    70  --                              
7C     &gt;100    0.65     --    &gt;100  &gt;100  --                              
______________________________________                                    
 *&#34;A&#34; designates no thermal post cure.                                    
 &#34;B&#34; designates 30 minutes, 120° C. post cure.                     
 &#34;C&#34; designates 30 minutes, 140° C. post cure.                     
 **Samples were subjected to the refluxing solvent in a Soxhlet extractor 
 that was modified so the PCB did not contact the liquidcondensed vapor. I
 effect, they were subjected to a 100% RH, condensing liquid environment  
 for one hour. After this time, they were removed, allowed to cool to room
 temperature for an hour, and then the resistance was measured. There was 
 no change in appearance after this exposure.                             
 
    
     Comments: 
     (a) Subjected to 8 hours of condensing water vapor in Soxhlet extractor (temperature near board 90°-95° C.). Resistance 1 minute after removal=1.9×10 8  ohm. Resistance at 16 hours later=3.0×10 12  ohm. Various areas on the board had blisters. 
     (b) Subjected to 6 hours of condensing water vapor, PCB then allowed to cool to RT in condensation chamber. It was then removed, dried with a paper towel, and resistance at 100 v was found to be 1.5×10 10  ohm. The PCB was then allowed to air-dry at RT for 1.5 hours and the resistance was determined at 100 volts to be 4.0×10 10 . There were various areas on the back of the board that exhibited blisters. 
     (c) This board, which had been post-cured at 120° C. for 30 minutes, was treated in the same manner as the sample above except for slight difference in the times involved. Times and results are as follows: 
     Time in Soxhlet=6.5 hours 
     Resistance at RT (room temperature) one minute after removal=3.0×10 12  ohms at 100 v 
     Resistance after 1 hour at RT=8.0×10 12  ohms at 500 v 
     Resistance after 18 hours at RT=4.0×10 13  ohms at 500 v 
     This board contained a few blisters but a markedly smaller number than the two boards above which were not thermally post-cured. 
     (d) This board, which had been post-cured at 140° C. for 30 minutes, was treated in the same manner as (c) above. Results are as follows: 
     Time in Soxhlet=6.0 hours 
     Resistance at RT one minute after removal=4.05×10 12  ohms at 100 v 
     Resistance after 1 hour at RT=1.0×10 13  ohms at 500 v 
     Resistance after 18 hours at RT=4.0×10 13  ohms at 500 v 
     No blisters were apparent on this board. 
     GLOSSARY OF MATERIALS USED IN THE EXAMPLES 
     1. Polymeg 650 is a dihydroxy functional poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyol having an average molecular weight of 650, an average hydroxyl number of 160-187 and is available from Quaker Oats Company. 
     2. Polymeg 1000 is a dihydroxy functional poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyol having an average molecular weight of 1000, an average hydroxyl number of 107-118 and is commercially available from Quaker Oats Company as Polymeg 1000. 
     3. Polymeg 2000 is a dihydroxy functional poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyol having an average molecular weight of 2000, an average hydroxyl number of 53-59 and is commercially available from Quaker Oats Company. 
     4. UVE-1014 is a solution of an onium salt which is believed to contain hexafluoroantimony. It is listed as having a specific gravity of 1.39 and a Brookfield viscosity of 74 cp at 25° C. It is available from General Electric Company. 
     5. FC-171 is a fluorinated alkyl ester of the nonionic-type surfactant and is commercially available from 3M Co., Commercial Chemicals Division. 
     6. Calcafluor White RWP is a fluorescent dye of unknown composition and is available from American Cyanamid Co. 
     7. L-5410 is a silicone-ethylene oxide copolymer surfactant having the following structure and is available from Union Carbide Corporation. ##STR11## 
     8. VCHM is 4-vinyl cyclohexane monoepoxide. 
     9. ERL-4221 is 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate. 
     10. TERATHANE 1000 is a dihydroxyl functional polytetramethylene oxide polyol having an average molecular weight of from 950  to 1050 and an average hydroxyl number of 107-118 and is available from E. I. duPont de Nemours &amp; Co. (Inc.). 
     11. TERATHANE 2900 is a dihydroxyl functional polytetramethylene oxide polyol having an average molecular weight of from 2825 to 2975 and an average hydroxyl number of 37-40 and is available from E. I. duPont de Nemours &amp; Co. (Inc.). 
     12. ERL-4299 is bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate. 
     13. ERL-4206 is vinyl cyclohexene dioxide. 
     14. ERL-4234 is 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy) cyclohexane-meta-dioxane. 
     Table III is divided into a series of examples. All examples had a viscosity that was readily amenable to dip coating (which was used) or to spray coating. The examples cured well using the cure schedules described. The cured coatings rapidly developed good solvent resistance and hardness. When Polymeg polyols were used, crosshatch adhesion was variable and only fair on the metal substrates. However, all coatings passed the conical mandrel bend on tin plate, which is the test substrate required by Method 2011 of Fed. Test Std. 141. 
     As described in the next section of Table III, the thickness of the coatings on the PCB&#39;s was within the 2±1 mil requirement. Also 20 minutes after UV exposure, all coated panels had a 500-volt resistance of &gt;2.5×10 12  ohms. When the PCB&#39;s were maintained at room temperature, the resistance increased as a function of time. The post cure at 120° C. for 30 minutes yielded coatings with an electrical resistance of &gt;1×10 14  ohms. 
     The last portion of Table III contains the resistance values obtained after the boards were subjected to 90°-95° C. condensing humidity conditions in the Soxhlet extraction chamber that was described in Examples 1-3. The standard for resistance after the board has been subjected to the humid environment and cooled to 25° C. is &gt;1×10 10  ohms. One day later, the standard resistance was ≧2.5×10 12  ohms. From the data in this last section, it is readily apparent that the PCB&#39;s meet and surpass the requirements of this aspect of the Mil. Spec. Even the boards that were cured only under ambient conditions, after the UV exposure, met the specifications. However, two of the nonthermally treated boards and one of the thermally post-cured boards developed tiny blisters within the coating. On one of the ambient-cured boards, there were a relatively large number of blisters--about 15% of the area on one side had them. The other ambient-cured board had only about 5% of one side with a blistered area. The post-cured board had only a few of these irregularities, and one could not be certain they were caused during the high-humidity exposure or if they existed before exposure. Improper cleaning may have been responsible for the irregularities. 
     EXAMPLES 8-12 
     The general mixing procedure was used in the proportions given in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
         Example                                                          
         8      9      10       11   12                                   
______________________________________                                    
Ingredients                                                               
Polymeg* 650                                                              
           18.0     20.0   --     --   12.0                               
Polymeg* 1000                                                             
           --       --     10.0   12.0 --                                 
Polymeg* 2000                                                             
           --       --     --     --   3.0                                
ERL-4221   68.4     66.6   75.2   73.5 70.9                               
VCHM       11.1     10.9   12.3   12.0 11.6                               
UVE-1014   2.0      2.0    2.0    2.0  2.0                                
L-5410     0.5      0.5    0.5    0.5  0.5                                
Dye** (pph)                                                               
           0.02     0.02   0.02   0.02 0.02                               
Properties                                                                
Viscosity, cp                                                             
           89       87     90     97   86                                 
Temperature, °C.                                                   
           23.5     23.5   23.5   24.0 24.0                               
______________________________________                                    
 *Trademark for poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols (Quaker Oats)           
 **Fluorescent dye, Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid)              
 
    
     Coating/Cure System: 
     It was necessary to melt the Polymeg 1000 and 2000 to effect solution. The systems were coated onto Bonderite 37 Steel and Q-Panel Type DT tin-plate panels and onto fiberglass/epoxy printed circuit board (PCB) test panels. The steel panels were coated with a No. 20 wire-wound rod and the PCB&#39;s by a dip coating technique using a 3-minute removal time. During cure, the relative humidity was 19% and the temperature was 81° F. Cure rate for the steel panels was 10 fpm under a focused beam, 300 w/i, Type A, Fusion Systems light source. PCB&#39;s that meet Mil-I-46058C 1982, were cured on each side at a rate of 50 fpm and then twice on each side at 10 fpm. About 10 minutes elapsed between the 50 fpm and 10 fpm UV-cure passes. As a final cure, the PCB&#39;s were UV-cured for 30 seconds at a distance of 2 inches from a stationary, UV-light source. 
     RESULTS 
     Examples 8-12 on steel: 
     All coatings were tack-free, smooth, and had high gloss immediately after UV exposure. Thickness: 0.70-0.75 mil. 
     Examples 8-12 on PCB&#39;s: 
     All coatings were tack-free after the 50 fpm exposure. Thickness is given in the following table. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Properties                                                                
Properties, One                                                           
             Examples, On Bonderite 37, No Post Cure                      
Day After Cure                                                            
             8       9       10    11    12                               
______________________________________                                    
Acetone Double Rubs                                                       
             100(1)  100(1)  100(1)                                       
                                   100(1)                                 
                                         100(1)                           
Pencil Hardness                                                           
             2H      2H      2H    H     H                                
% Crosshatch 15      50      5     25    30                               
Adhesion                                                                  
Conical Mandrel                                                           
             Pass    Pass    1 cm  3 cm  Pass                             
Conical Mandrel*                                                          
             Pass    Pass    Pass  Pass  Pass                             
Gardner Impact                                                            
Face, in lbs.                                                             
             25      25      25    25    25                               
Reverse, in lbs.                                                          
             &lt;5      &lt;5      &lt;5    &lt;5    &lt;5                               
______________________________________                                    
 *Conical Mandrel on tinplated steel that meets Fed. Test Std. 141, Method
 2011                                                                     
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
             Electrical Resistance                                        
             500 v, ohm × 10.sup.-12                                
                    Time After   After                                    
System   Thickness, UV Cure      30 min.                                  
on PCB*  mils      20 min.   3 days                                       
                                   at 120° C.                      
______________________________________                                    
 8A      1.5       20        30    --                                     
 8B      1.25      20        --    &gt;100                                   
 9A      2.0       14        30    --                                     
 9B      1.5       20        --    &gt;100                                   
10A      1.5       30        75    --                                     
10B      1.5       30        --    &gt;100                                   
11A      1.5       14        35    --                                     
11B      2.0       30        --    &gt;100                                   
12A      1.5       40        40    --                                     
12B      2.0       30        --    &gt;100                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *NOTE: Duplicate PCB&#39;s were prepared from each coating system. One board 
 was aged under ambient conditions (&#34;A&#34;), and the other board was postcure
 for 30 minutes at 120° C.                                         
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
          Electrical Resistance After Soxhlet                             
          Exposure (Examples 8-12), ohm × 10.sup.-12                
System Hours in Immediate,                                                
                          1 Hour 1 Day,* Blis-                            
on PCB*                                                                   
       Soxhlet  100 Volts 500 Volts                                       
                                 500 Volts                                
                                         ters                             
______________________________________                                    
Standard                                                                  
       --        0.010**  --     2.5     None                             
 8A    6.0      0.011     0.21   5.5     None                             
 9A    4.0      0.014     3.80   75      None                             
10A    6.0      0.165     2.00   75      Yes                              
11A    6.0      0.121     0.90   14      Yes,                             
                                         Few                              
12A    6.0      4.0       12.0   50      None                             
 8B    6.5      6.5       30     75      None                             
 9B    6.0      6.0       25     &gt;100    None                             
10B    6.0      7.0       10     50      None                             
11B    6.0      0.017     0.46   75      Yes,                             
                                         Few                              
12B    6.0      1.2       18     75      None                             
______________________________________                                    
 *The resistance of the boards was checked several days (times varied from
 11 to 4 days) after the first exposure to the Soxhlet &#34;enviroment&#34;. When 
 measured at 500 volts, all the PCB&#39;s had a resistance of &gt;1 ×      
 10.sup.14 ohms.                                                          
 **Average value required. Individual specimens can have a value as low as
 0.005 × 10.sup.12 ohms.                                            
 
    
     The PCB&#39;s that met Mil-I-46058C 1982 were coated by using a dip coating technique and a 3-minute removal time. UV cure was effected by curing the boards on each side at a rate of 50 fpm and then twice on each side at 10 fpm. The Fusion Systems, focused beam, 300 w/i, Type A light source was used. The PCB&#39;s were then UV-cured on each edge for 30 seconds at a distance of two inches from a stationary light source (Canrad-Hanovia 673A10, 105475). Four PCB&#39;s were prepared from each system and one of each of these was treated as follows: 
     Designation A--No post cure. 
     Designation B--Post cured on each flat side for 30 seconds at a distance of two inches from the stationary UV source. 
     Designation C--80° C. thermal post cure for 30 minutes. 
     Designation D--120° C. thermal post cure for 30 minutes. 
     Thermal shock testing was carried out using test condition B-2 of Method 107F of Mil. Std. 202F. This test method requires passage of fifty cycles that involve the following conditions. The test PCB&#39;s are subjected to a -65° C. temperature (acetone/dry ice bath) for 30 minutes. After this time, the specimens are removed and placed in a 125° C. oven for 30 minutes. Transfer time between the low and high temperature was less than five minutes. After five cycles were completed, from time to time the test was interrupted and the PCB&#39;s were allowed to return to room temperature. That is, such interruption took place at the end of the work day. This is in accord with Method 107F. After 50 cycles, all PCB&#39;s were examined with a ten-power lens. Except for one PCB, no damage (cracks, blisters, loss of gloss, etc.) of any type was noted. The one exception (Example 9C) had a number of minute cracks that appeared to be in the PCB rather than in the coating. As indicated below, the electrical resistance before and after humidity testing was markedly above specification requirements. 
     Table IV contains the electrical resistance values obtained at 500 v for the PCB&#39;s before, during, and after the thermal shock testing. It is apparent that 15 minutes after UV exposure the coatings all were above the specification resistance of 2.5×10 12  ohms, and those coatings thermally post-cured at 120° C. for 30 minutes were beyond the range of the resistance measuring instrument. Periodically--i.e., before each new day&#39;s series of cycles--the resistance was measured during the thermal shock cycling. 
     At the completion of the fifty thermal shock cycles, the PCB&#39;s were subjected to six hours of 90°-95° C., condensing humidity conditions in the accelerated testing, Soxhlet extraction chamber that has been previously described. After this time, the resistance of all PCB&#39;s was more than two orders of magnitude greater than the specification standard of 1×10 10  ohms at 100 volts. One day later, all PCB&#39;s had a resistance of &gt;1×10 14  ohms at 500 volts versus a standard requirement of 2.5×10 12  ohms. 
     Examples 9 and 11 were coated onto tin plate that met the Mil. Spec. requirement and then UV cured. After 24 hours aging under ambient conditions, all coated panels were subjected to the 1/8-inch Mandrel bend test and all coatings passed. 
     
                                           TABLE IV                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Properties of Selected Conformal Coatings                                 
Before and After Thermal Shock (TS)                                       
Cycling (50 Cycles)                                                       
             Example 9       Example 11                                   
Designation  A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Coating thickness, mils                                                   
             1.50                                                         
                 1.50                                                     
                     1.50                                                 
                         1.00                                             
                             1.25                                         
                                 1.50                                     
                                     1.25                                 
                                         1.50                             
             Electrical Res., ohm × 10.sup.-12                      
15 minutes after UV cure                                                  
             11.0                                                         
                 5.5 8.0 7.0 11.0                                         
                                 16.0                                     
                                     16.0                                 
                                         12.0                             
After post-cure                                                           
             --  11.0                                                     
                     20.0                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             --  50.0                                     
                                     40.0                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 1 day  7.5 9.5 18.5                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             16.5                                         
                                 40.0                                     
                                     35.0                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 7 TS cycles                                                         
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 15 TS cycles                                                        
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 24 TS cycles                                                        
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 32 TS cycles                                                        
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 41 TS cycles                                                        
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 40 TS cycles                                                        
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
After 6 hours Accelerated                                                 
humidity testing                                                          
Immediate (100 v)                                                         
             2.5 1.1 6.0 12.0                                             
                             4.0 8.0 6.1 5.5                              
After 1.5 hrs at RT (500 v)                                               
             11.0                                                         
                 12.0                                                     
                     12.0                                                 
                         50.0                                             
                             16.0                                         
                                 30.0                                     
                                     40.0                                 
                                         11.0                             
After 1.4 da at RT (500 v)                                                
             &gt;100                                                         
                 &gt;100                                                     
                     &gt;100                                                 
                         &gt;100                                             
                             &gt;100                                         
                                 &gt;100                                     
                                     &gt;100                                 
                                         &gt;100                             
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     EXAMPLES 13-17 
     The general procedure for mixing was used. 
     Table V is divided into a series of segments. The first segment contains the formulation systems. All systems had a viscosity that was readily amenable to dip coating (which was used). The systems cured well using the cure schedules described. The cured coatings rapidly developed good solvent resistance and hardness. Crosshatch adhesion was variable. In certain cases, excellent adhesion to Bonderite 37 was obtained. All coatings passed the 1/8-inch mandrel bend on tin plate, which is the test substrate required by Method 2011 of Fed. Test Std. 141. 
     As described in the next section of Table V, the thickness of the coatings on the PCB&#39;s was within the 2±1 mil requirement. Also an hour after UV exposure, all coated panels except for one had a 500-volt resistance of &gt;2.5×10 12  ohms. When the PCB&#39;s were maintained at room temperature, the resistance increased as a function of time. 
     The last portion of Table V contains the resistance values obtained after the boards were subjected to 90°-95° C. condensing humidity conditions in the Soxhlet extraction chamber that was described in Examples 1-3. The standard for resistance after the board has been subjected to the humid environment and cooled to 25° C. was ≧1×10 10  ohms. One day later, the standard resistance was ≧2.5×10 12  ohms. From the data in this last section, it is readily apparent that the PCB&#39;s meet and surpass the requirements of this aspect of the Mil. Spec. 
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
         Example                                                          
         13    14       15      16     17                                 
______________________________________                                    
Ingredients                                                               
Polymeg* 650                                                              
           24.0    30.0     --    --     --                               
Polymeg* 1000                                                             
           --      --       16.0  20.0   --                               
Polymeg* 2000                                                             
           --      --       --    --     14.0                             
ERL-4221   63.2    58.0     70.1  66.6   71.8                             
VCHM       10.3    9.5      11.4  10.9   11.7                             
UVE-1014   2.0     2.0      2.0   2.0    2.0                              
L-5410     0.5     0.5      0.5   0.5    0.5                              
Dye** (pph)                                                               
           0.02    0.02     0.02  0.02   0.02                             
Properties                                                                
Viscosity, cp                                                             
           124     155      155   166    220                              
Temperature, °C.                                                   
           25.1    25.0     25.0  25.0   25.0                             
______________________________________                                    
 *Trademark for poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols (Quaker Oats)           
 **Fluorescent dye, Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid)              
 
    
     Coating/Cure System: 
     It was necessary to melt the Polymeg 1000 and 2000 to effect solution. The systems were coated onto Bonderite 37 Steel and Q-Panel Type DT tin-plate panels and onto fiberglass/epoxy printed circuit board (PCB) test panels. The steel panels were coated with a No. 20 wire-wound rod and the PCB&#39;s by a dip coating technique using a 3-minute removal time. During cure, the relative humidity was 33% and the temperature was 76° F. Cure rate for the steel panels was 10 fpm under a focused beam, 300 w/i, Type A, fusion Systems light source. PCB&#39;s that meet Mil-I-46058C 1982, were cleaned, dried, and cured on each side at a rate of 50 fpm and then twice on each side at 10 fpm. About 10 minutes elapsed between the 50 fpm and 10 fpm UV-cure passes. As a final cure, the PCB&#39;s were UV-cured for 30 seconds at a distance of 2 inches from a stationary, medium-pressure, UV-light source (Hanovia 673A10, 105475). 
     RESULTS 
     Examples 13-17 on Steel and Tin Plate: 
     All coatings were tack-free, smooth, and had high gloss immediately after UV exposure. Thickness: 0.70-0.75 mil. 
     Examples 13-17 on PCB&#39;s: 
     All coatings were tack-free after the 50 fpm exposures. Thickness is given in the following table. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Properties                                                                
Properties 72 Hours                                                       
After UV Exposure                                                         
             13      14      15    16    17                               
______________________________________                                    
           Examples, On Bonderite 37, No Post Cure                        
Acetone Double Rubs                                                       
             100(1)  60(4)   100(1)                                       
                                   100(1)                                 
                                         100(1)                           
Pencil Hardness                                                           
             H       H       3H    2H    3H                               
% Crosshatch 100     100     100   80    100                              
Adhesion                                                                  
Gardner Impact                                                            
Face, in lbs.                                                             
             275     &gt;320    25    100   25                               
Reverse, in lbs.                                                          
             300     &gt;320    15    75    &gt;5                               
Thickness, mils                                                           
             0.80    0.70    0.70  0.78  0.75                             
           Examples, On Tin Plate, No Post Cure                           
Acetone Double Rubs                                                       
             15(4)   30(4)   100(1)                                       
                                   100(1)                                 
                                         100(1)                           
Pencil Hardness                                                           
             F       F       H     F     F                                
% Crosshatch 0       12      0     0     0                                
Adhesion                                                                  
1/8&#34; Mandrel Bend                                                         
             Pass    Pass    Pass  Pass  Pass                             
Thickness, mils                                                           
             0.70    0.70    0.70  0.75  0.70                             
______________________________________                                    
                 Electrical Resistance                                    
                 500 v, ohm × 10.sup.-12                            
System Thickness,                                                         
                 Time After UV Cure                                       
on PCB mils      60 min.    1 day 7 Days*                                 
______________________________________                                    
13     1.50      2.75       6.0   6.5                                     
14     1.75      0.21       0.64  1.2                                     
15     1.25      9.5        18.0  12.0                                    
16     1.50      7.0        18.0  11.0                                    
17     1.00      1.2        25.0  40.0                                    
______________________________________                                    
 *Resistance value just before accelerated humidity testing.              
 
    
     
         Electrical Resistance After                                               
          Soxhlet Exposure, ohm × 10.sup.-12                        
System Hours in Immediate,                                                
                          1 Hour 1 Day,* Blis-                            
on PCB*                                                                   
       Soxhlet  100 Volts 500 Volts                                       
                                 500 Volts                                
                                         ters                             
______________________________________                                    
Standard                                                                  
       --        0.010**  --     2.5     None                             
13     6.0      0.022     4.6    40      None                             
14     6.0      3.4       11.0   21      None                             
15     6.0      3.6       6.5    35      None                             
16     6.0      0.013     2.2    &gt;100    None                             
17     6.0      3.4       5.5    40      None                             
______________________________________                                    
 *The resistance of the boards was checked several days (times varied from
 11 to 4 days) after the first exposure to the Soxhlet &#34;environment&#34;. When
 measured at 500 volts, all the PCB&#39;s had a resistance of &gt;1 ×      
 10.sup.14 ohms.                                                          
 **Average value required. Individual specimens can have a value as low as
 0.005 × 10.sup.12 ohms.                                            
 
    
     EXAMPLES 18-23 
     Examples 18 through 25 delineated in Table VI were designed to contain large amounts of polyol. 
     Examples 24 and 25 were included as examples of polyol combinations. All properties were very good for these systems with one exception. Example 25 failed the accelerated humidity testing. This was unexpected and no explanation can be given for this failure. 
     
                                           TABLE VI                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
        Examples                                                          
        18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
Ingredients, g                                                            
Polymeg* 650                                                              
        35.0                                                              
            45.0                                                          
                --  --  --  --  10.0                                      
                                    10.0                                  
Polymeg* 1000                                                             
        --  --  30.0                                                      
                    40.0                                                  
                        --  --  8.0 6.0                                   
Polymeg* 2000                                                             
        --  --  --  --  20.0                                              
                            30.0                                          
                                --  3.0                                   
ERL-4221                                                                  
        53.7                                                              
            45.1                                                          
                58.0                                                      
                    49.5                                                  
                        66.6                                              
                            58.0                                          
                                68.4                                      
                                    67.5                                  
VCHM    8.8 7.4 9.5 8.0 10.9                                              
                            9.5 11.1                                      
                                    11.0                                  
UVE-1014                                                                  
        2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0                                   
L-5410  0.50                                                              
            0.50                                                          
                0.50                                                      
                    0.50                                                  
                        0.50                                              
                            0.50                                          
                                0.50                                      
                                    0.50                                  
Dye,** pph                                                                
        0.02                                                              
            0.02                                                          
                0.02                                                      
                    0.02                                                  
                        0.02                                              
                            0.02                                          
                                0.02                                      
                                    0.02                                  
Properties                                                                
Viscosity***, cp                                                          
        137 160 197 241 265 395 127 141                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Trademark for poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols (Quaker Oats).          
 **Fluorescent dye, Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid).             
 ***At 25° C., UK LV8 viscometer, L6 spindle.                      
 
    
     Coating/Cure System: 
     It was necessary to melt the Polymeg 1000 and 2000 to effect solution. The systems were coated onto Bonderite 37 Steel and Q-Panel-Type DT tin-plate panels and onto fiberglass/epoxy printed circuit board (PCB) test panels. The steel panels were coated with a No. 20 wire-wound rod and the PCB&#39;s by a dip coating technique using a 3.5 to 4-minute removal time. During cure, the relative humidity was 29% and the temperature was 74° F. Cure rate for the steel panels was 10 fpm under a focused beam, 300 w/i, Type A, Fusion Systems light source. PCB&#39;s that met Mil-I-46058C 1982, were cleaned, dried, and cured on each side at a rate of 50 fpm and then twice on each side at 10 fpm. About 10 minutes elapsed between the 50 fpm and 10 fpm UV-cure passes. As a final cure, the PCB&#39;s were UV-cured on all four edges for 30 seconds at a distance of 2 inches from a stationary, medium-pressure, UV-light source (Hanovia 673A10, 105475). 
     RESULTS 
     Examples 18-25 on Steel and Tin Plate: 
     All coatings were tack-free, smooth, and had high gloss when warm immediately after UV exposure. 
     Examples 18-25 on PCB&#39;s: 
     All coatings were tack-free after the 50 fpm exposure. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Properties 24 Hours                                                       
after UV Exposure                                                         
          18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
          Examples on Bonderite 37, No Post Cure                          
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          94(4)                                                           
              15(4)                                                       
                  90(4)                                                   
                      33(4)                                               
                          100(1)                                          
                              40(4)                                       
                                  100(1)                                  
                                      100(1)                              
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          H   H   H   H   H   H   4H  4H                                  
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
           100                                                            
               100                                                        
                   100                                                    
                       100                                                
                          100 100  60  40                                 
Gardner Impact                                                            
Direct, in. lbs.                                                          
          &gt;320                                                            
              &gt;320                                                        
                  &gt;320                                                    
                      &gt;320                                                
                           25 250  15  25                                 
Reverse, in. lbs.                                                         
          &gt;320                                                            
              &gt;320                                                        
                  &gt;320                                                    
                      &gt;320                                                
                           25 225 &lt;5  &lt;5                                  
Thickness, mils                                                           
           0.78                                                           
               0.65                                                       
                   0.78                                                   
                       0.78                                               
                           0.62                                           
                               0.80                                       
                                   0.70                                   
                                       0.70                               
          Examples on Tin Plate (Q Panel, Type DT)                        
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          33(4)                                                           
              12(4)                                                       
                  39(4)                                                   
                      15(4)                                               
                          100(1)                                          
                              20(4)                                       
                                  100(1)                                  
                                      100(1)                              
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          H   H   H   H   H   H   H   H                                   
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
            0   50                                                        
                    0    0                                                
                           0   20  0   0                                  
1/8 in. Mandrel Bend                                                      
          Pass                                                            
              Pass                                                        
                  Pass                                                    
                      Pass                                                
                          Pass                                            
                              Pass                                        
                                  Pass                                    
                                      Pass                                
Thickness, mils                                                           
           0.72                                                           
               0.45                                                       
                   0.65                                                   
                       0.68                                               
                           0.70                                           
                               0.75                                       
                                   0.65                                   
                                       0.62                               
          Examples on Bonderite 37, 10 Min. 80° C. Post Cure       
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          100(1)                                                          
              30(4)                                                       
                  100(1)                                                  
                      60(4)                                               
                          100(1)                                          
                              100(1)                                      
                                  100(1)                                  
                                      100(1)                              
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          2 H H   2 H H   3 H 2 H 4 H 4 H                                 
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
           100                                                            
               100                                                        
                   100                                                    
                       100                                                
                          100 100 100 100                                 
          Example on Tin Plate, 10 Min. 80° C. Post Cure           
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          50(4)                                                           
              25(4)                                                       
                  48(4)                                                   
                      26(4)                                               
                          100(1)                                          
                              60(4)                                       
                                  100(1)                                  
                                      100(1)                              
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          H   H   H   H   H   H   H   H                                   
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
            0   0   0  0   0   0   0   0                                  
          Example on Bonderite, 10 Min. at 80° C. and at           
          70° C.                                                   
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          --  100(1)                                                      
                   -- 100(1)                                              
                          --  --  --  --                                  
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          --  H   --  H   --  --  --  --                                  
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
          --   100                                                        
                  --   100                                                
                          --  --  --  --                                  
          Example on Tin Plate, 10 Min. at 80° C. and at           
          70° C.                                                   
Acetone Dbl. Rubs                                                         
          100(1)                                                          
              75(4)                                                       
                  100(1)                                                  
                      40(4)                                               
                          --  100(1)                                      
                                  --  --                                  
Pencil Hardness                                                           
          H   H   H   H   --  H   --  --                                  
% X-Hatch Adh.                                                            
            50                                                            
               100                                                        
                   100                                                    
                       100                                                
                          --  100 --  --                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
Insulation Resistance, 500 v ohm × 10.sup.-12                       
Example  Thickness,                                                       
               Time After UV Exposure                                     
on PCB   Mils  16 Hrs    2 Days                                           
                               3 Days                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
18       1.7   0.065     0.090 0.017                                      
 19*     1.7   0.005     0.006 0.002                                      
20       1.7   0.396     0.550 0.024                                      
21       2.0   0.040     0.065 0.006                                      
22       2.0   6.50      8.00  5.50                                       
23       2.2   0.33      0.42  0.90                                       
24       1.5   14.0      17.0  14.0                                       
25       1.5   12.0      20.0  14.0                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
               Insulation Resistance After                                
               Soxhlet Exposure, ohm × 10.sup.-12                   
Example  Hours in                                                         
               Immediate,                                                 
                         After 1.5                                        
                               After 12                                   
on PCB   Soxhlet                                                          
               100 v     Hr. 500 V                                        
                               Hr. 500 V                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
Standard --    0.010     --     2.5                                       
18       6.0   0.00009    0.0015                                          
                                 0.011                                    
19       6.0   0.021      0.245                                           
                                 0.210                                    
20       6.0   0.00025    0.0033                                          
                                1.85                                      
21       6.0   0.034     1.20  20.0                                       
22       6.0   4.10      6.50  25.0                                       
23       6.0   0.00050    0.028                                           
                                0.99                                      
24       6.0   4.00      11.0  40.0                                       
25       6.0   0.0028    0.45  11.0                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
 *This coating had a high frictional, rubbery feel.                       
 
    
     EXAMPLES 26-32 
     These Examples contain data for formulations based on poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols and different epoxide compositions. They have a relatively high viscosity and they meet the military specification requirements. These systems did not pass the 1/8-inch Mandrel bend requirement. 
     
                                           TABLE VII                               
__________________________________________________________________________
Polymeg/Epoxide Systems                                                   
UV Cure                                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
         Examples                                                         
Ingredients, g                                                            
         26  27  28   29  30   31  32                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
Polymeg* 1000                                                             
         12.0                                                             
             12.0                                                         
                 12.0 16.0                                                
                          16.0 25.0                                       
                                   15.0                                   
Polymeg* 2000                                                             
         --  --  --   --  --   --  10.0                                   
ERL-4221 85.5                                                             
             85.5                                                         
                 79.9 81.5                                                
                          75.9 72.5                                       
                                   72.5                                   
VCHM     --  --   5.6 --   5.6 --  --                                     
UVE-1014  2.0                                                             
              2.0                                                         
                  2.0  2.0                                                
                           2.0  2.0                                       
                                    2.0                                   
L-5410    0.50                                                            
              0.50                                                        
                  0.50                                                    
                       0.50                                               
                           0.50                                           
                                0.50                                      
                                    0.50                                  
Dye,** pph                                                                
          0.02                                                            
              0.02                                                        
                  0.02                                                    
                       0.02                                               
                           0.02                                           
                                0.02                                      
                                    0.02                                  
Properties                                                                
Viscosity***, cp                                                          
         297 277 189  306 200  281 371                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
Properties                                                                
Properties 24 Hours                                                       
After UV Exposure                                                         
           26  27  28  29  30  31  32                                     
__________________________________________________________________________
           Examples on Bonderite 37, No Post Cure                         
Double Acetone Rubs                                                       
           100(1)                                                         
               100(1)                                                     
                   100(1)                                                 
                        100(1)                                            
                           100(1)                                         
                                40(4)                                     
                                    40(4)                                 
Pencil Hardness                                                           
           H   H   H   H   H   --  --                                     
% X-Hatch Adhesion                                                        
            0   0   0   0   0  --  --                                     
Gardner Impact                                                            
Direct, in. lbs.                                                          
            25  50  25  25  25 --  --                                     
Reverse, in. lbs.                                                         
           &lt;5  &lt;5  &lt;5  &lt;5  &lt;5  --  --                                     
           Examples on Tin Plate (Type DT), No Post Cure                  
Double Acetone Rubs                                                       
           100(1)                                                         
               100(1)                                                     
                   100(1)                                                 
                       100(1)                                             
                           100(1)                                         
                                30(4)                                     
                                    40(4)                                 
Pencil Hardness                                                           
           H   H   H   H   H   --  --                                     
% X-Hatch Adhesion                                                        
            0   0   0   0   0  --  --                                     
Mandrel Bend, 1/8-in                                                      
           Fail                                                           
               Fail                                                       
                   Fail                                                   
                       Fail                                               
                           Fail                                           
                               --  --                                     
           Examples on Bonderite, 30 Min. at 120° C.               
Double Acetone Rubs                                                       
           --  --  --  --  --  100(1)                                     
                                   100(1)                                 
Pencil Hardness                                                           
           --  --  --  --  --  H   H                                      
% X-Hatch Adhesion                                                        
           --  --  --  --  --  100 100                                    
Gardner Impact                                                            
Direct, in. lbs.                                                          
           --  --  --  --  --  250 250                                    
Reverse, in. lbs.                                                         
           --  --  --  --  --  150 150                                    
           Examples on Tin Plate (Type DT), 30 Min. at 120° C.     
Double Acetone Rubs                                                       
           --  --  --  --  --  100(1)                                     
                                   100(1)                                 
Pencil Hardness                                                           
           --  --  --  --  --  H   H                                      
% X-Hatch Adhesion                                                        
           --  --  --  --  --   5   5                                     
Mandrel Bend, 1/8-in                                                      
           --  --  --  --  --  Pass                                       
                                   Pass                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Trademark for poly(tetramethylene oxide)polyols (Quaker Oats).          
 **Fluorescent dye, Calcafluor White RWP (American Cyanamid).             
 ***Note: Viscosity data at 30° C., UK LV8 viscometer, L6 spindle. 
 
    
     Coating/Cure System: 
     Same procedure used. RH was 37% at 75° F. during cure. 
     RESULTS 
     Examples 26-32 
     All systems were tack-free when warm immediately after UV exposure. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Insulation Resistance,* ohms × 10.sup.-12, at 500                   
volts (Times are elapsed time after UV exposure)                          
System                                   Post Cure                        
on    Thickness                          30 Min at                        
PCB   Mils      1 Hr.  16 Hrs.                                            
                             1 Day 2 Days                                 
                                         120° C.                   
______________________________________                                    
26    1.5       --      7.5  --    5.9   --                               
27    2.0       20.0   --    12.0  --    --                               
28    2.0       --     11.0  --    8.0   --                               
29    2.0       --      5.0  --    3.5   --                               
30    2.0       --     15.0  --    12.0  --                               
31    3.0       2.0    --     0.72 --    --                               
31    2.8       --     --    --    --    50.0                             
32    2.0       3.2    --    1.5   --    --                               
32    2.5       --     --    --    --    40.0                             
______________________________________                                    
Insulation Resistance After Soxhlet                                       
Exposure, ohm × 10.sup.-12                                          
Example Hours in Immediate,                                               
                           After 1-2                                      
                                   After 1 Day,                           
on PCB  Soxhlet  100 V     Hr. 500 V                                      
                                   500 V                                  
______________________________________                                    
Standard                                                                  
        --       0.010     --       2.5                                   
26      6        0.0001     0.0042 12.0                                   
27      6        0.42      1.2     15.0                                   
28      6        0.16      0.65     4.1                                   
29      6        0.19      0.70    25.0                                   
30      6        0.0002     0.0011  6.4                                   
31      6        0.0002    --        0.090                                
 31*    6        0.0065    --      18.0                                   
32      6        0.0003     0.025   0.23                                  
 32*    6        0.0034    6.50    14.0                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *Mil Spec standard 2.5 × 10.sup.12 ohms.                           
 *Post cured 30 Min. at 120° C.                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLES 33-39 
     These examples contain data for conforml coating formulations based on tetramethylene oxide polyols from a different source and on a variety of epoxides. Each formulation contained 2.0 grams of UVE-1014 photoinitiator, 0.5 gram of L-7604 surfactant, and 0.02 gram of Calcafluor White RWP fluorescent dye. All examples were mixed as previously described. 
     
                       TABLE VIII                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Poly(tetramethylene oxide) Polyol/Epoxide Systems                         
UV Cure                                                                   
         Example Nos.                                                     
Ingredients, g                                                            
           33     34     35   36   37   38   39                           
______________________________________                                    
TERATHANE  12.0   --     --   --   14.0 14.2 14.0                         
1000                                                                      
TERATHANE  --      5.0   10.0 15.0 --   --   --                           
2900                                                                      
ERL-4221   73.5   79.5   75.2 70.5 64.9 64.9 64.9                         
ERL-4299   --     --     --   --    8.0 --   --                           
ERL-4206   --     --     --   --   --    8.0 --                           
ERL-4234   --     --     --   --   --   --    8.0                         
VCHM       12.0   13.0   12.3 11.5 10.6 10.6 10.6                         
Viscosity, cp,                                                            
           132    145    212  312  156  105  173                          
at 25° C.                                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Coating/Cure System: 
     Same procedure as used in other examples was employed. 
     RESULTS 
     All system were tack-free when warm immediately after UV exposure. All coatings except that from Example 39 passed the 1/8-inch mandrel bend test on tin plated steel (Q Panel, Type D1). 
     All coatings had a Gardner impact resistance test value of &lt;5 in. direct and 25 in. lbs. reverse. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
Properties 24 hrs.                                                        
After UV Exposure                                                         
            Examples                                                      
On Bonderite Steel                                                        
            33  34  35  36  37  38  39                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
Acetone Double Rubs                                                       
            100(1)                                                        
                100(1)                                                    
                    100(1)                                                
                        100(1)                                            
                            100(1)                                        
                                100(1)                                    
                                    100(1)                                
Pencil Hardness                                                           
            H   2H  2H  2H  2H  3H  3H                                    
Insulation Resis-                                                         
            2.5 4.4 3.4 2.3 1.3 1.3 1.3                                   
tance, ohms × 10.sup.-12                                            
at 500 volts on PCB                                                       
15 min. after UV                                                          
exposure                                                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     EXAMPLES 40 and 41 
     These examples describe the use of an inert solvent in the formulation. After the formulations were coated onto the substrates, no drying step was used. That is, they were coated and cured in the same manner as was described in the previous examples. Both coatings were tack-free when warm immediately after UV exposure. Coatings from both examples passed the 1/8-inch mandrel bend test on tin-plated steel. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                 EXAMPLES                                                 
                 40     41                                                
______________________________________                                    
Ingredients, g                                                            
Formulation of Ex. 33                                                     
                   8.0      --                                            
Formulation of Ex. 36                                                     
                   --       8.0                                           
1,1,1-trichloroethane                                                     
                   2.0      --                                            
UCAR PM Acetate    --       2.0                                           
Properties                                                                
Double Acetone Rubs                                                       
                   100(1)   68(4)                                         
Pencil Hardness    H        2 B                                           
Cross Hatch Adhesion                                                      
                    100%     100%                                         
Gardner Impact, in. lbs                                                   
Direct               25      &lt;5                                           
Reverse            &gt;320     &gt;320                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Although the invention was described in its preferred forms with a certain degree of particularity, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.