Decoder circuit
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a decoder circuit and, in particular, to a structure of a decoder circuit for use to drive word lines of a dynamic randon access memory (DRAM). 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     It has been known that, in order to increase integration of semiconductor memory, size of semiconductor element tends to be further minimized. Currently, a memory cell of a DRAM is mainly of one transistor-one capacitor type and, in order to reliably write a potential with respect to a storing capacity of the memory cell, it is necessary to supply a write voltage high enough. To this end, word lines connected to gate transistors forming the memory cell must be driven with a potential which is higher than a threshold voltage of this gate transistor. In order to realize this requirement, a decoder circuit for selecting and driving an arbitrary word line is used. 
     A conventional decoder circuit can be composed generally of a logic circuit responsive to input address signals to provide a signal of a predetermined level and a word line drive transistor whose conduction is controlled by an output of the logic circuit. The word line drive transistor has one of a source and a drain connected to an input terminal of a clock signal for writing, the other connected to a word line and a gate connected to an output of the logic circuit. 
     In general, the word line drive transistor is an N channel transistor. Therefore, in order to drive the word line with a clock signal, the word line drive transistor must be made conductive by supplying a high level voltage to its gate. For example, when a 5 volts voltage is written in a memory cell using a usual 5 volts power source, the word line voltage must be in the order of 7 volts because a threshold voltage of the gate transistor of the memory cell must be compensated for. Therefore, the clock signal voltage to be supplied to the word line must be as high as 7 volts and thus in order to make the word line drive transistor connected to the word line conductive, a voltage as high as in the order of 9 volts is applied to the gate by means of a bootstrap circuit. 
     In the current state of art in which thickness of gate oxide film of a transistor is made thinner for high integration requirement and thus breakdown voltage of the element is lowered thereby, such high voltage may cause a degradation of reliability. 
     In order to solve this problem, it has been proposed to use a P channel transistor as a word line drive transistor so that a word line can be made high voltage without applying such high voltage to a gate of the transistor. That is, the P channel transistor can be made conductive by applying a low level voltage to its gate and, in the above mentioned example, the voltage to be applied to the gate can be reduced to 5 volts at least. 
     The P channel transistor, however, is formed in an N well provided in a P type substrate and therefore a PN junction is formed between the P type substrate and the N well. Therefore, in order to prevent the PN junction from being forward biased, the N well must be kept at high voltage during the transistor is conductive. As a voltage source for making the N well high voltage, a write clock signal has been used conventionally. 
     As mentioned above, when a P channel transistor is used to avoid the use of high voltage at a gate thereof, a write clock signal must be applied to not only a word line but also an N well. 
     When an N channel transistor is used as a word line drive transistor, a load capacity of a clock signal for write includes mainly a capacity of a source of drain diffusion layer of respective transistor, while, when a P channel transistor is used therefor, a capacity of an N well diffusion layer is added thereto, causing a total load capacity of the write clock signal to be several times that for the case where the N channel transistor is used. 
     It is difficult to drive such large capacitive load at high speed. Therefore, a rate of the write clock signal is lowered necessarily and thus a rising speed of word line potential level is lowered. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a decoder circuit capable of controlling a word line drive without using high voltage signal and of driving the word line at high speed. 
     A decoder circuir according to the present invention comprises an N type well provided in a P type substrate, P channel word line drive transistors formed in the N type well each having a gate supplied with a signal having a level corresponding to an address signal and a source/drain path provided between a word line and an input terminal for a drive signal of this word line and biasing means for biasing the N type well with a biasing signal different from the word line drive signal. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above mentioned and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become more apparent by reference to the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a block circuit diagram showing a construction of a semiconductor memory device including a decoder circuit according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a timing chart explaining an operation of the semiconductor memory device shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a decoder circuit of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a plan view showing a wiring pattern of a portion of the decoder circuit shown in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5a is a cross section taken along a line X--X in FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 5b is a cross section taken along a line Y--Y in FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 is a plan view showing another wiring pattern of the portion of the decoder circuit shown in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 7 is a plan view showing another wiring pattern of the portion of the decoder circuit shown in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a high voltage biasing circuit; 
     FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing another example of the high voltage biasing circuit; and 
     FIG. 10 is operating waveforms of the circuit shown in FIG. 9. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A general construction and an operation of a semiconductor memory device including a decoder circuit according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. The semiconductor memory device in this embodiment may be a 16 Mbit DRAM. The semiconductor memory device is formed on a P type substrate whose memory cell is constituted with N channel MOS transistors and whose peripheral device is composed of a CMOS circuit. The memory cell 10 includes 16,777,216 cells arranged in 2,048 rows and 8,096 columns and each cell is constituted with an N channel MOS transistor and a capacitive cell, that is, the so-called &#34;one transistor-one capacitor&#34; type cell. 
     An X decoder 12 selects one of 2,048 word lines and a Y decoder selects one of 8,096 bit lines, according to address signals supplied thereto from an address buffer 11. These address signals are supplied in time shared manner from 12 address lines 16 to the address buffer 11. 
     When a row active RAS signal is inputted (see FIG. 2a), a clock generator 15 supplies a φ0 to the address buffer 11 (see FIG. 2b) and row addresses are supplied to the address buffer 11 externally (see FIG. 2c). A biasing signal φ2 (FIG. 2d or 2e) according to the present invention is supplied to the X decoder 12 and an N well in which word line drive transistors constituting the X decoder are formed is biased to a high voltage as to be described later. A row address signal is supplied from the address buffer 11 to the X decoder 12, a signal φ1 for driving the word line is supplied from the clock generator 15 to the X decoder 12 (see FIG. 2f) and the word line selected by the row address signal becomes high level (see FIG. 2g). A sense amplifier 14 senses and amplifies high level or low level of the bit line according to 0 or 1 stored in the memory cell connected to the selected word line (FIG. 2h). 
     When a column active CAS signal is inputted as shown in FIG. 2i, the clock generator 15 supplies φc0 to the address buffer 11 (FIG. 2j) and a column address is supplied to the Y decoder 13 (FIG. 2k). Then, a signal φc1 which drives a column select line for selecting bit line is supplied from the clock generator to the Y decoder 13 (FIG. 21) and the selected column select line becomes high level (FIG. 2m). 
     With the above mentioned operations, a cell corresponding to an address inputted is connected to a bit line selected by the column select line. 
     For a read operation, an information of the selected cell is provided at an output terminal Dout of an output buffer 18 as a level of the selected bit line through an I/O selector 17, since the information corresponds to high or low level of the selected bit line. On the other hand, for a write operation, an input data at an input terminal Din of an input buffer 19 is passed through the I/O selector 17 to force the level of the selected bit line to high or low which is written in the cell. 
     After completion of the read or write operation, RAS and CAS signals become high level, i.e., non-active, and φ0, φ1, φ2 (in the case shown in FIG. 2e), φC0 and φC1 become low level sequentially, terminating one cycle of write or read operation for the semiconductor memory device. 
     For the write operation among these operations, there may be a case where a data which is opposite to the stored data must be written in the memory cell, such as when a low level data stored in the memory cell is to be rewritten to a high level data or vice versa. In such case, it must be assured that a potential is written in a capacitor of the memory cell reliably. In order to do so, the word line connected to the gate transistor constituting the memory cell must be driven with a potential sufficiently higher than the threshold voltage of the gate transistor at high speed. According to the present invention, this is achieved by modifying the X decoder. This will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 10. 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the X decoder shown in FIG. 1. The X decoder circuit comprises NAND circuits N0, N1, N2, . . . , Nn each detecting row address supplied from the address buffer 11 (FIG. 1) and providing a low level signal upon coincidence and word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, Q2, . . . , Qn-1, Qn each being controlled in conduction according to an output of the NAND circuit. 
     Each of the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, . . . , Qn is a P channel transistor having a source connected to a common input terminal for the clock signal φ1 for driving word line, a drain connected to different one of word lines W0, W1, . . . , Wn and a gate supplied with different one of outputs G0, G1, . . . , Gn of the NAND circuits N0, N1, . . . Nn. Since the word line drive transistors are P channel transistors, in order to make it conductive to apply the φ1 to the word line, it is enough to supply a low level voltage (e.g., 0 V) to the gate of the word line drive transistor. Further, it is enough to apply a voltage (e.g., 5 V) to a gate of the word drive transistor to drive the latter to an off state, when not selected. Therefore, even when a high potential (e.g., 7 V) is applied in order to assure a writing, it is unnecessary to increase the gate voltage thereof, resulting in degradation of reliability due to such as breakdown of gate insulating film minimized. 
     φ1 is a clock signal for driving the word lines and for writing in the memory cells, which is supplied from a clock generator 15 (FIG. 1) after φ0 is supplied to the address buffer 11 (see FIGS. 2b and 2f). This φ1 is a high potential (e.g, 7 V) clock signal in order to reliably perform a writing. 
     Since the semiconductor memory device including this decoder circuit is formed on the P type substrate, each P channel transistor must be formed in an N well formed therein. In this embodiment, all of the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, . . . are formed in a single N well NW1. 
     As mentioned previously, when an N well is formed in a P type substrate, a PN junction is formed between the N well and the P type substrate. Therefore, in order to prevent the PN junction from being forward-biased, the high voltage must be applied to the N well during conduction of the transistor. 
     The inventors of this application have found that, as means for biasing the N well NW1 to high voltage state, another biasing signal φ2 should be applied to the N well, instead of the clock signal φ1 for driving the word line. With such construction, the load to be driven by the clock signal φ1 is reduced. Thus, the present invention makes the word line drive at higher speed possible, compared with the conventional circuit construction. 
     An example of a wiring pattern for the biasing signal φ2 will be described with reference to FIG. 4 which is a plan view of the word line drive transistors Q0 to Q4 of the decoder circuit shown in FIG. 3 and FIGS. 5a and 5b which are cross sections taken along respective lines X--X and Y--Y in FIG. 4. An N well NW1 is provided on a P type substrate 51 and the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, . . . are formed in the N well. 
     Gate electrodes G0, G1, . . . of the transistors Q0, Q1, . . . to which signals are supplied from respective NAND circuits N0, N1, . . . (not shown) are of polysilicon arranged on the N type well NW1 through a gate oxide film 53. A clock signal φ1 on a wiring Lφ1 is supplied to wirings SL0, SL1, . . . each of which extends between a pair of word line drive transistors perpendicularly from the wiring Lφ1 and which constitute source electrodes of the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1. Thus, each source electrode is commonly used by two word line drive transistors (e.g., Q0 and Q1). The source electrodes SL0, SL1, . . . are connected through a plurality of contact holes to P type diffusion regions s0, s1, . . . forming a source region in the N well NW1. 
     On the other hand, the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, . . . have their own drain electrodes, respectively. Therefore, the same number of drain electrodes DL0, DL1, . . . as that of the word line drive transistors are arranged. These drain electrodes are connected through a plurality of contact holes to P type diffusion regions d0, d1, . . . forming drain regions in the N well NW1, respectively. Further, the drain electrodes DL0, D11, . . . are connected through contact holes C0, C1, . . . to word lines W0, W1, . . . formed by a lower polysilicon layer. A signal φ1 on a wiring Lφ2 is supplied to aluminum wirings BL0, BL1, . . . each of which extends between a pair of word line drive transistors perpendicularly from the wiring Lφ2 and which are connected through a plurality of contact holes to N+ diffusion regions N0, N1, . . . in the N well NW1, respectively, to bias the N well to high voltage. 
     Referring to FIGS. 5a and 5b, element forming regions are defined by a field oxide film 52 in the N well NW1 formed on the P type substrate 51. By diffusing P or N type impurity in these element forming regions, a P type diffusion region s0 which are used as common source for the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, P type diffusion regions d0, d1 which are used as drains thereof and N type diffusion regions N0, N1 are formed. Gate electrodes G0, G1 of the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1 are disposed on the N well NW1 through the gate oxide film 53. The aluminum wiring layer SL0 to which the clock signal φ1 is supplied is connected through a contact hole to the P type diffusion region s0. Further, the aluminum layer DL0, DL1 connected to the word lines W0, W1 are connected through contact holes to the P type diffusion regions d0, d1. Further, the aluminum layers BL0, BL1 to which the biasing signal φ2 is supplied are connected through contact holes to the N type diffusion layers N0, N1 to bias the N type well NW1 to a high voltage. 
     FIG. 4 shows an example of the wiring pattern to supply the bias signal φ2 for biasing the N type well NW1. However, any other pattern can be used instead of that shown in FIG. 4 with some modification of such as contacting scheme to the N type well. Examples of such pattern are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 in which the pattern of the word line drive transistors is the same as that shown in FIG. 4 and so details thereof is omitted. 
     In the pattern shown in FIG. 6, the N+ type diffusion region N10 which is necessary to bias the N well with the biasing signal φ2, i.e., is connected through the contact hole to the aluminum wiring BL0, . . . to which the biasing signal φ2 is supplied is located not in parallel to the source-drain regions d0, s0, d1, s1, . . . of the word line drive transistors Q0, Q1, . . . but in the outside thereof. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the N+ type diffusion regions N0, N1, . . . are formed in the region in which the word line drive transistors are foemed and therefore an area of the word line drive transistor forming region is increased. Since, in the example shown in FIG. 6, the N+ type diffusion regions N10, . . . does not affect the area of the word line drive transistor forming region, it is possible to reduce the area correspondingly. 
     FIG. 7 shows an example of a pattern formed b a pair of aluminum wirings or a combination of an aluminum wiring and a silicide wiring, i.e., by the so-called multilayer wiring technique. In this example, a wiring Lφ1 to which the clock signal φ1 for driving the word line and writing the memory cell is supplied is arranged above the word line drive transistor forming region by means of the multilayer wiring technique. With double layered aluminum wirings, for example, the wiring Lφ1 is used as an upper second layer aluminum wiring, resulting in the shown wiring pattern. In this case, the biasing signal φ2 is connected from a first aluminum wiring Lφ2 directly through contact hole to an N type diffusion layer N21 to bias an N type well to a high voltage. 
     When drain electrodes DL0, DL1, . . . are formed from not the aluminum wiring but the silicide wiring, it is possible to dispose the wiring Lφ1 on the word line drive transistor forming region by using a single aluminum wiring layer. 
     It is further possible, as pattern formed by using the multilayered wiring technique, to form the wiring Lφ2 to which the biasing signal φ2 is supplied on the word line drive transistor forming region with a similar wiring pattern of Lφ1 shown in FIG. 7 or to form the wiring Lφ2 by the silicide wiring. 
     A biasing signal generator circuit for generating the signal φ2 for biasing the N well to high voltage will be described. The signal φ2 is generated by a clock generator 15 as shown in FIG. 1. Since the clock generator 15 is a circuit for generating a plurality of clock signals (φ0, φ1, φ2, φC0, φC1, etc.), it is constituted with a plurality of clock generator circuits. The φ2 generator circuit is one of them. 
     Since the object of φ2 is to bias the N well to high voltage, it may be a high voltage d.c. signal. FIG. 8 shows an example of a high voltage generator circuit for producing such high voltage continuously. The circuit is the so-called charge-pump circuit constituted with an N type transistor T0 having drain and gate electrodes connected to a power source terminal (e.g., 5 V) and a source electrode connected to a junction A, an N channel transistor T1 having gate and drain electrodes connected to the junction A and a source electrode connected to a φ2 output, an oscillator 4 and a capacitor C1 having one electrode connected to an output of the oscillator 4 and the other electrode connected to the junction A. With this circuit and with power source of 5 V, the signal φ2 of about 7 V is always applied to the N well. Any other circuit than this can be used for the purpose so long as it produces a higher d.c. or continuous voltage than the power source voltage. 
     When such continuous high voltage generator circuit is used, power consumption may increase. In order to solve this problem, it is possible to use such clock signal as shown in FIG. 2e as the signal φ2 so that high voltage is applied only when it is necessary to bias the N well. In such case, the signal φ2 which is to prevent the clock signal φ1 from attributing to the biasing of the N well should become high level before the signal φ1 becomes high level. 
     FIG. 9 shows an example of a high voltage clock signal generator circuit for producing such clock signal φ2 as mentioned above. This circuit serves to charge a capacitor C2 by supplying a signal, e.g., φ0, which becomes high level before the signal becomes high level to one end of the capacitor C2 and to drive B at the other end with the signal φ0 delayed by a delay circuit 3. FIG. 10 shows a leading edge of the signal φ0. As shown in FIG. 10, by applying the delayed signal to B, the charge voltage of the capacitor C2 is rised, so that a voltage (e.g., 7 V) higher than the power source voltage is supplied as the signal φ2. With this circuit construction, it is possible to bias the N well to high voltage before the signal φ1 becomes high level. The signal φ0 is a mere example of the signal φ2 and any other signal may be used therefor so long as it becomes high level precedingly to the signal φ1. Circuit constructions for producing such signal can be easily realized by those skilled in the art. Further, this signal φ2 which is to bias the N well to high voltage is not required to have an exactly controlled leading edge contrary to the signal φ1. Therefore, there is a freedom in rise timing, causing a design of the circuit to be easier. 
     As described hereinbefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to constitute the word line drive transistors to be formed in the N well with P channel transistors having no problem of breakdown of gate insulating film due to application of high voltage by supplying the biasing signal φ2 separately from the clock signal φ1 for writing. Further, since there is no extra load is applied to the clock signal φ1, it is possible to increase the driving speed of the word lines. 
     Although in the described embodiments the semiconductor memory device is formed on the P type substrate on which a single N well is formed, the present invention is not limited thereto and is also applicable to a construction where a plurality of N wells are formed on the P type substrate, provided that such biasing signal as mentioned hereinbefore is applied to each of the N wells. Further, the present invention is also applicable to a construction using an N type substrate. On the N type substrate, a P type well is formed in which a semiconductor memory device and an N well are formed to form the so-called double well structure and word line drive transistors may be formed in the N well. In this case, the P type well corresponds to the described P type substrate. 
     The present invention is applicable to a decoder circuit for not only DRAM but also SRAM (static RAM), PROM (programmable read only memory), EPROM (erasable PROM), EEPROM (slectrically erasable PROM), etc. 
     Although the present invention has been described is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any modifications or embodiments as fall within the true scope of the invention.