Apparatus of stationary blade for axial flow turbine, and axial flow turbine
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an improvement of stationary blades of an axial flow turbine and, especially, to the improvement of the stationary blades which are installed in diverging flow channel. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     In a large capacity steam turbine, the change of the specific volume of fluid with the change of pressure at the low pressure section is large and, consequently, the diverging flow channel R is steep as illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) and (b). A turbine stage, which is installed in the flow channel, is composed of stationary blades 1 and moving blades 2. As the elastic fluid, which has passed through the stationary blades, has necessarily a tangential velocity component VΘ; a pressure gradient in Y axis direction is generated, and, consequently, the elastic fluid becomes a three dimensional flow having tangential velocity component VΘ, axial velocity component V z  and radial velocity component V r  as velocity components, and it flows in a direction having a lean angle μ to axial direction (Z axis) of the turbine with meridional plane velocity V m  as shown in FIG. 5(a). Naturally, the lean angle μ is changeable depending on the pressure gradient in the Y axis direction and the flare angle φ of the outer wall 3. With respect to the relation between flow pattern and turbine stage performance of the elastic fluid in such an annular flow channel as described above, various investigations have been performed for a long time. Hereinafter, the technical content of the prior art is explained. 
     Three examples of the stationary blade 1 having different arranging shapes in the tangential direction respectively at the annular flow channel are illustrated in FIGS. 6(a), (b), and (c). In the case of FIG. 6(a) the stationary blade 1 is installed coincidently with the radial direction, that is perpendicular to the center of the turbine axis in the radial direction, and FIG. 6(b) is the case in which the stationary blade is installed with the lean angle of γ t  to the radial direction blade tip A. And, FIG. 6(c) is the case in which the stationary blade is formed in a curved shape and arranged such that the lean angle γ t  at the tip A becomes reversed to the lean angle γ r  at the hub B by the gradual change of the lean angle of the stationary blade 1 from the hub B to the tip A. The tangential lean angle distribution in the radial direction of the stationary blades in FIGS. 6(a), (b), and (c) are illustrated in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, the axis 1a has no lean in the tangential direction, that is, the case of (a) in FIG. 6 and the lean angle is zero. The curve 2b is the form of FIG. 6(b) in FIG. 6, that is the case in which the lean angle at the hub, γ r , and at the tip γ t , inclines in same direction as the tangential direction with respect to the relation, γ r  &gt;γ t . The curve 3c is the case of the curved stationary blade, that is FIG. 6(c) in FIG. 6, and the lean angle γ becomes smaller gradually from the hub to the tip and becomes zero at a certain point of the blade length, and the lean angle γ inclines in the reverse direction from the certain point of the blade to the tip. The leaned stationary blade in the radial direction, that is, the concrete shape of the stationary blade composing of (b) and (c) in FIG. 6 are illustrated in FIG. 8 and 9. 
     The flow pattern of the fluid with the stationary blade which is formed as described above, that is each of the stationary blades illustrated in FIGS. 6(a), 6(b) and 6(c) in FIG. 6, is illustrated in FIGS. 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c) respectively, and the shape of low lines F in the whole flow area becomes different from each other. FIG. 10(a) is the case in which there is no lean angle (γ=0) in the radial direction with the stationary blade 1, and the case has a tendency that the flow rate is apt to be less at the region near the hub of the blade (A1 in FIG. 10(a)) and much more at the region near the tip of the blade reversely by the relation of the pressure gradient in the radial direction and the relation of the centrifugal force. The FIG. 10(b) is the case that the stationary blade inclines in one direction of the tangential direction (refer to FIG. 8), and, in this case, there is no low flow rate region as the A1 region near the hub of the blade of FIG. 10(a) as described above. But, in this case, the low flow rate region (A2 region) is generated near the tip of the blade as illustrate in FIG. 10(b), and the flow is not suitable for the diverging shape of the outer wall 3. As the solution of the problems as the hub and the tip of the blade, the curving of the stationary blade in tangential direction, that is, the curved stationary blade as illustrated in FIGS. 6(c) and 9 has been proposed. 
     With the curved blade in the tangential direction, as the hub and the tip of the blade are inclined, the problem of low flow rate of the fluid at the hub and the tip of the blade is thought to be solved apparently by proper selection of the lean angle. Actually, sufficient streamline distribution is obtained by using the curved blade to the parallel flow channel. But, if the liquid flow channel is the diverging flow channel as described above, the region of unstable low flow rate is generated near the tip of the blade by the reason to be described later, and further, the flow of the liquid by the curved blade undesirably influences the stationary blade in the down stream side, that is, additional loses are generated by the moving blade. 
     The reason, which is revealed by experiments relating to the present invention, is as follows: 
     The reason is that the shape of the flow channel is not considered in the selection of the lean angle of the curved stationary blade at each position in the radial direction; although, various other factors are considered at the selection. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 11, with a real turbine, the stationary blade width in the axial direction of the turbine is enlarged gradually from the hub Br to the tip B, and, as the shape of the tip region is the one that the outer wall 3 is enlarged, there is such a relation between tip radius r to  at the outlet edge (tailing edge) of the stationary blade 1 and tip radius r ti  at the inlet edge (leading edge) of the stationary blade as r to  &gt;r ti . Accordingly, the lean angle at the tip of the stationary blade becomes different at the point a, point b, and the point c at the outlet edge 4 of the stationary blade 1 has the equivalent lean angle to the lean angle at the point a of the inlet side. The points described above are illustrated as a, b, and c in FIG. 7, and the lean angle at point a becomes smaller than the lean angle at the point b. Consequently, the flow direction of the fluid follows the lean angle, and the shape of the curved stationary blade is not able to achieve the flow pattern which is suitable for such shape of diverging flow channel as A 3   in FIG. 10(c). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is achieved in consideration of the problem described above, and is aimed at providing such a stationary blade as to be able to normalize the flow in the turbine stage and perform with high efficiency; although, the stationary blade is installed in the diverging flow channel. 
     The present invention is to achieve the aimed objects by forming a tangential lean angle at each position of the stationary blade equally each other on the line, which is drawn in the radial direction from the origin of flare angle of the diverging flow channel and is the crossing inlet and the outlet of the stationary blade. 
     By forming the tangential lean angle as described above, the curved lean angle of the stationary blade in the direction of the elastic flow of the fluid becomes the same as the curved lean angle of the stationary blade at the inlet and the outlet on the line of the flow direction of the fluid, and consequently, the force relating to transference of the fluid in the radial direction becomes almost the same respectively and the flow of the fluid in the diverging flow channel becomes a uniform distribution. Accordingly, various loses in the turbine stage can be reduced. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a vertical section illustrating the region around the stationary blade of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating the stationary blade of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the relation between the lean angle and the radial position at the stationary blade of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the efficiency distribution in the blade length direction. 
     FIG. 5(a) is a schematic vertical cross section illustrating the region around the stationary blade. 
     FIG. 5(b) is a perspective view illustrating the flow line of the fluid in the diverging flow channel. 
     FIG. 6(a), (b) and (c) are schematic front views of the conventional stationary blades. 
     FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the relation between the blade length of the conventional stationary blade and the lean angle. 
     FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic perspective views illustrating the conventional stationary blades. 
     FIGS. 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c) are schematic vertical cross sections illustrating flow lines in the turbine stage of the conventional stationary blade respectively. 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic vertical cross section for explanation of the shape of the stationary blade, and 
     FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate other embodiments of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, the embodiment of the present invention is explained in detail with respect to the drawings. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 1, a stage which is adopted by a steam turbine is illustrated by a cross section. The stage is provided with the turbine casing 5 forming a diverging flow channel R, the stationary blade 1 which is installed in the diverging flow channel, and the moving blade 2 which is arranged in the down stream side of the stationary blade. 
     The tip of the stationary blade 1 has a wide width, that is, the width of the tip Bt is formed wider than the width of the hub Br and, moreover, the tip is formed in a shape which coincides with the diverging inner wall 3 of the casing 5, that is, the blade length is progressively enlarged on the down stream side. 
     The stationary blade 1 has a curved shape in the tangential direction (vertical to the drawing paper) although it is not shown in FIG. 1. The curvature of the stationary blade is illustrated in FIG. 2. 
     The stationary blade 1 is formed with the curvature in the tangential direction as described above, especially the curved lean angles (γ to , γ Ro , Γ ti , γ Ri ) are formed as following. In FIG. 1, when the line l is drawn from the origin A of the flare angle of the diverging flow channel R to the radial direction, the line intersects the inlet 1a  and the outlet 1b of the stationary blade. The curved lean angles at the inlet 1a and the outlet 1b of the stationary blade on the crossing line l are so formed as to have same angle. That is, in FIG. 1, E and G, E and C, and D and F are formed with same curved lean angles respectively. 
     In other words, referring to FIG. 2, the stationary blade 1 is so formed that the lean angles become γ Ri  =γ Ro , because γ Ri  =γ Ro  at the inner wall 3a when the flow channel has such shape that radius r to  at outlet edge of the stationary blade is larger than radius r ti  at inlet edge of the stationary blade of the outer wall 3, while, at the outer wall 3, the lean angle γ of the stationary blade 1 is so constructed with a gradual change from the side of the inner wall 3a to the side of the outer wall 3 so that the lean angle γ ti  at the stationary blade inlet and the lean angle γ to  at the outlet becomes the same. The change of the lean angle with blade length is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, each of the points B, C, D, E, F and G corresponds to the position points on each of the lines which are drawn from the origin of the flare angle of the flow channel in FIG. 1. Therefore, the lean angle at the stationary blade inlet 1a in FIG. 1 follows the curve 1a in FIG. 3, and the lean angle at the stationary blade outlet 1b follows the curve 1b. In the intermediate position between the stationary blade width of Br and Bt, the stationary blade is so formed that each of the lean angles follows the curve 1c and 1d in FIG. 3. As a result, the shape of the stationary blade has a three dimensional shape, and the stationary blade having a smooth change of the lean angle in the whole region of the blade length of the stationary blade 1 from the inner wall 3a to the outer wall 3 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The shape of the stationary blade illustrated with the chain line in FIG. 2 is the shape of a conventional stationary blade for reference. In comparison of the conventional stationary blade with the present invention, the lean angle of the conventional blade at the stationary blade inlet at the outer wall 3 is the point H on the curve 1b of the lean angle at the stationary blade outlet in FIG. 3, and the lean angle of the conventional blade is smaller than both the G at the stationary blade outlet and E at the stationary blade inlet of the present invention. 
     In the above explanation, the curved blade having the central region, which is extruded in the tangential direction, in the blade length direction is explained, but the same effect can be obtained naturally by applying to the curved blade of which the tip side of the blade is shifted tangentially (Z) as illustrated in FIG. 12 and to the blade having same width of the tip Bt and the hub Br as illustrated in FIG. 13. 
     Next, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the stationary blade of the present invention is compared with the conventional stationary blade with respect to the efficiency by experimental results. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the relation between the efficiency and each position in blade length direction of the stationary blade. The stage used in the experiment was the one used for a large capacity, and flare angle of the flow channel was 40; the length of the stationary blade was 660 mm; the average width of the stationary blade was 120 mm; the length of the moving blade was 600 mm; and the average width of the moving blade was 90 mm. 
     In FIG. 4, the curves X 1  -X 3  are on the conventional stationary blades, and the curve Y is on the stationary blade of the present invention. 
     The experimental result illustrated in FIG. 4 reveals clearly that the curve X 3  is, preferable and the most preferable efficient among the conventional blades. That is, the curved stationary blade illustrated in FIG. 6(c) has the move preferable efficiency. In comparison of the stationary blade of the curve X 3  with the stationary blade of the present invention represented by the curve Y, the difference between the conventional blade (curve X 3 ) and the blade of the present invention is small at the central region in the blade length direction but is distinguished at the ends of the blade, especially at the tip of the blade, and the blade of the present invention clearly shows high efficiency. From the results described above, it is illustrated that the improvement by 2-3% in the average value of the stage efficiency is clearly achieved. 
     As described above, in the present invention, the curved lean angles at each position in radial direction of the stationary blade are so formed as to be same on the line which is drawn from the origin of the flare angle of the diverging flow channel in radial direction and intersects the outlet and inlet of the stationary blade, therefore, the stationary blade which is installed even in the diverging flow channel, the effecting force relating to the transference of the fluid in radial direction at each position in radial direction of the stationary blade becomes almost same respectively and, accordingly, the flow of the fluid in the diverging flow channel becomes uniform distribution and the stationary blade having less losses can be obtained.