Method for automated morphological analysis of word structure
A portion of this disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     The present invention relates generally to natural language processing, and more particularly, relates to a system for automated morphological analysis of word structure. 
     RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related to commonly assigned and copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 07/570,585 and 07/570,584 entitled, respectively, A Method For Generating A Lexicon and Sense Discrimination System And Method. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Automated natural language (NL) text processing typically refers to text processing, such as text retrieval performed on text by a computer capable of &#34;reading&#34; and &#34;understanding&#34; the semantics of the text. Efficient natural language processing systems can be of great benefit in performing tasks such as information retrieval. The computer, by being able to understand the meaning, i.e., semantics, of the text, can perform a more accurate search and bring only relevant information to the attention of the requestor. 
     In order to perform such &#34;intelligent&#34; searches, the computer itself must &#34;understand&#34; the text. Natural language processing systems therefore typically contain tools, or software modules, to facilitate generating a representation of an understanding of the text. Particularly, when text is input to a NL system, the system not only stores the text but also generates a representation, in a computer-understandable format, of the meaning, i.e., semantics, of the text. 
     For generating a computer-understandable semantic representation of text, natural language processing systems include, in general and at a high level, a lexicon module and a processing module. The lexicon module is a &#34;dictionary&#34;, or database, containing words and semantic knowledge related to each word. The processing module typically includes a plurality of analyzer modules which operate upon the input text and the lexicon module in order to process the text and generate the computer-understandable semantic representation. Particularly, the processing module generates a recorded version for each word of text, and the recoded version includes fields which represent semantic knowledge. Once this semantic knowledge of the text is generated in a computer-understandable format, a system user can use the computer, via an application program such as a search program to perform tasks such as text retrieval. 
     One analyzer module which may be utilized to operate upon input text to facilitate generation of the computer-understandable semantic representation of the text is a morphological analysis module. Morphologic analysis, as used herein, refers to the derivation of lexical entries for a word based on its internal structure. The internal structure of a word refers to lexical constituents, i.e., root and any affixes, that make up the word. 
     Known morphological analysis systems utilize affix stripping methods to obtain a word root. The affixes of the word are discarded. The lexical entry is created from the word root alone. Utilizing only the word root, however, limits the accuracy of these known morphological analysis systems. For example, for two separate words having a common root, identical lexical entries will be generated. The two words, in their entirety, however, may have totally different meanings. Until now, no known morphological analysis system utilizes affix information to generate more accurate lexical entries which contain more semantic knowledge. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present morphological analysis system generates a recorded version for each word of text by breaking a word into potential base-suffix pairs and base-prefix pairs. Then, using spelling rules, possible roots of each base are determined. For each possible root, a word version is obtained from a lexicon module. If the lexicon module does not have an entry for a particular root, the entry can be derived. For each word, derivation information for each affix is derived. The derivation information is then represented in the lexical entry. For each pair, optimization operations are employed to determine the likelihood of the accuracy of each base-suffix and each base-prefix pair. 
     Importantly, the present invention provides explicit recognition in text representation of the relationship between words that derive from a common root by utilizing the word root along with information contained in the complete form in which a word appears, i.e., prefix, affix and root. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects of the present invention, together with further features and advantages thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed specification when read together with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence of method steps for performing morphological analysis in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence of method steps for retrieving derivation information of an entry for a suffix; and 
     FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence of method steps for applying derivation information to an entry. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is specifically directed to a morphological analysis system and method. It is contemplated that the present invention could be utilized in a larger automated natural language text processing system which includes other modules which provide other types of semantic knowledge. Further, although the present invention is described with reference to a particular lexicon, it is contemplated that the present invention could be used with many other lexicons and is not limited to practice with any one particular lexicon. 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a flowchart 100 illustrating a sequence of method steps for performing morphological analysis in accordance with the present invention is shown. Although the steps shown indicate that the analysis is for suffixes, the same operations are to be performed for prefixes. Subsequent to starting operations as indicated at 102, the word under analysis is broken into potential base and suffix pairs as indicated at 104. This involves stripping off the suffixes which could end the word, including no suffix at all. For example, the word &#34;quickly&#34; would generate three pairs: (quickly-null), (quickly-y), and (quick-ly). The -null suffix represents no suffix, which would mean that &#34;quickly&#34; is a root. At this point, no determination has been made on the validity of these breakdowns. 
     For each pair, the next step, as indicated at 106, is to determine what the true root is, since the base may include a spelling change. For example, the base &#34;hitt&#34; for the suffix -ing is the result of &#34;doubling&#34; the final consonant &#34;t&#34; of the root &#34;hit&#34;. For the analysis, the entry &#34;t&#34; must be removed. The spelling rules of English are somewhat arbitrary, with many exceptions. Thus, each base may produce several possible roots. 
     As indicated at 108, for each root, its lexical entries must accessed. In the case of the word &#34;book&#34;, this task is simply a look-up operation. However, the root itself could be a derivative of some other word, and thus the analyzer must recursively derive the entries for this root. For example, the word &#34;acquisitions&#34; has an immediate root &#34;acquisition&#34;, which is a derivative of the word &#34;acquire&#34;. Note that in either case, a root may have multiple lexical entries representing different parts of speech. 
     As indicated at 110, for each of these entries, the derivative entry for the suffix must be retrieved. The derivative entry specifies the derived part of speech or lexical subcategory and the semantic transformation rules to apply to the entry&#39;s senses. Using the derivative entry, the morphological analyzer creates a virtual lexical entry for the original word. 
     The process is complicated by three sources of ambiguity: word to base, base to root, and root to entry. The word may have several possible breakdowns, the base may have several possible roots, and the root may have several entries. To try all possible paths in this morphological analysis may, in some cases, be inefficient. 
     In order to optimize the process, lexical targets may be used. A lexical target is a desired part of speech to be derived at a certain stage of analysis. The targets are determined depending on the current suffix it is processing. For example, the suffix -s can only transform a verb into the third person singular present form or a noun into the plural form. Thus, the only possible parts of speech for a root entry of a word ending in the -s suffix are noun and verb. Noun and verb are thus the lexical targets for -s. The analyzer system &#34;knows&#34; this about -s, and therefore will not access (or derive) root entries which are not nouns or verbs. For example, the analyzer would not consider the preposition lexical entry for root &#34;down&#34; if it was analyzing the word &#34;downs&#34;. 
     Another optimization involves a look-ahead search strategy which tries to prune derivations which have little hope of succeeding. This strategy is a heuristic based on the fact that it is rare that a word will have two derivations based on different roots, (e.g. the word &#34;singer&#34; could derive from &#34;single&#34; and &#34;sing&#34;). Furthermore, that these two competing derivations could be composed of a different number of constituents is even rarer, (e.g. the word &#34;crackers&#34; could be broken down into &#34;crack-er-s&#34; and &#34;cracker-s&#34;). Using this heuristic, the analyzer &#34;looks ahead&#34; to determine if an analysis (or path) is promising, and if not, terminates it. For example, if the analyzer has accessed the entries of one known root, the other possible roots are only considered if they do not require recursive derivation. There other situations where this strategy may be employed to result in high efficiency without loss of lexical coverage. 
     Further details with regard to obtaining derivation information are provided in flow charts illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown in FIG. 1, subsequent to applying the derivation information to the entry as indicated at step 110, all derived entries are returned as shown at step 112. Operations then end as indicated at a step 114. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, a flowchart 200 illustrating a sequence of method steps for retrieving derivation information of an entry for a suffix is shown. Particularly, subsequent to starting operations as indicated at step 202, for each sense of the entry, and for each sense-level derivative of the suffix, if the derivative will result in a lexical target, the derivative and sense are saved under the lexical target as indicated at step 204. Then, as indicated at 206, for each entry-level derivative of the suffix, if the derivative will result in a lexical target, the derivative along with each sense of the entry are saved under the lexical target. 
     As indicated at step 208, for each part-of-speech default derivative of the suffix, if the derivative will result in a lexicon target not yet derived, the derivative along with each sense of the entry are saved under the lexical target. All saved derivative information is then returned as indicated at step 210. Operations then end as indicated at step 212. 
     FIG. 3 is a flowchart 300 illustrating a sequence of method steps for applying derivative information to an entry. Particularly, subsequent to starting operations as indicated at a step 302, for each lexical target, the following operations, as shown at 304, are performed: create a new lexical entry with the target as its part-of-speech, and for each derivative sense pair, apply the semantic transformations of the derivative to the sense and store the resulting new senses in the new lexical entry. Operations then end as indicated at step 306. 
     The analysis of prefixes cause two major complications for the morphological analyzer. First, prefixes add ambiguity to the determination of the root of words. For example, the prefix pre- is also enveloped in normal words such as &#34;prefers&#34;, which would cause the analyzer to attempt wasted derivations for invalid roots. Second, since prefixes can be combined with suffixes, there is often ambiguity in which affix is attached first. For example, the word &#34;undoable&#34; has to distinct meanings: &#34;not doable&#34; or &#34;able to be undone&#34;. For the analyzer to accurately derive the lexical entries for such words, all orders of attachments must be applied. 
     Appendix I shows the suffixes and their transformations for each part of speech. For each suffix, the base part of speech (POS) is shown to the left of the arrow and the derived part of speech (or lexical subcategory) is to the right. This part of the table represents the syntactic transformation caused by adding the suffix to a root entry. The list of possible semantic transformation rules follow this syntactic information. The description of each semantic transformation rule is provided in Appendix III. 
     Appendix II shows the prefixes and their transformations for each part of speech. Prefix derivatives are not encoded in the derivative fields of the lexical entry structure. Rather, these derivatives are treated as global to all members of a lexical category. For example, derivatives involving the prefix un- are assumed for all adjectives, nouns and verbs, and furthermore, the derivative entry is the same for all of them. The handling of prefixes can, of course, be identical to that of suffixes, and their derivative entry structures may be encoded explicitly in the lexical entries. 
     As mentioned above, Appendix III contains a list of the semantic transformation rules referenced in the derivative entries. Each transform has a description of the transform and an example derivative. If the transform is relevant to only a few affixes, then those affixes are listed in parentheses. The affixes which use these transforms are listed in Appendices I and II. 
     These rules create the word senses of the derivative, so the user must decide what rules are applicable to the derivative; i.e. what rules will generate the appropriate senses of the derivative. Each derivative must be considered individually, since there are no generally applicable transformations. If the user finds that no rules apply to a given derivative, this derivative should either be encoded as a full lexical entry or as an explicit derivative. If some rules apply, but other senses of the derivative are not encodable as transformations, then these senses should be encoded as explicit derivatives. 
     Appendix IV contains a computer code listing which may be utilized to control operation of a computer in accordance with the present morphological analysis method. The code is written in Lucid Common Lisp and may be run by a Sun Workstation. 
     The preferred lexicon to be utilized with the present morphological analysis system and method includes a hierarchy of parent concepts for encoding semantic preferences and restrictions, sense-based morphology and subcategorization, a distinction between primary and secondary senses and senses that require particular &#34;triggers&#34; or appear only in specific contexts, and a broad range of collocational information. For example, the following listing is a lexical entry for the word &#34;issue&#34;: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
(issue                                                                    
 :POS noun                                                                
 :SENSES                                                                  
 ((issue1                                                                 
:EXAMPLE (address important issues)                                       
:TYPE.sub.p                                                               
:PAR (c-concern)                                                          
:ASSOC (subject)   )                                                      
(issue2                                                                   
:EXAMPLE (is that the october issue?)                                     
:TYPE.sub.s                                                               
:PAR (c-published-document)                                               
:ASSOC (edition)   )))                                                    
(issue                                                                    
 :POS verb                                                                
 :G-DERIV nil                                                             
 :SENSES                                                                  
((issue1                                                                  
:SYNTAX (one-obj io-rec)                                                  
:EXAMPLE (the stockroom issues supplies)                                  
:TYPE.sub.p                                                               
:PAR (c-giving)                                                           
:ASSOC (supply)                                                           
:S-DERIV      ((-able adj tr.sub.-- ability)                              
              (-ance noun tr.sub.-- act)                                  
              (-er nour tr.sub.-- actor))   )                             
(issue2                                                                   
:SYNTAX (one-obj io-rec)                                                  
:EXAMPLE (I issued instructions)                                          
:TYPE.sub.p                                                               
:PAR (c-informing)                                                        
:ASSOC (produce)                                                          
:S-DERIV ((-ance noun tr.sub.-- act))   )                                 
(issue3                                                                   
:SYNTAX (one-obj no-obj)                                                  
:EXAMPLE (good smells issue form the cake)                                
:Type.sub.s                                                               
:Par (c-passive-moving)   )))                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The lexicon entry includes only the coarsest distinctions among word senses. Thus, the financial sense of &#34;issue&#34; (e.g., a new security) falls under the same core sense as the latest &#34;issue&#34; of a magazine. This means that for a task like database generation, task-specific processing or inference must augment the core lexical knowledge, but avoids many of the problems with considering many nuances of meaning or low-frequency senses. For example, the &#34;progeny&#34; sense of issue as well as the &#34;exit&#34; sense are omitted from the lexicon. This preserves, in the core lexicon the common coarsest distinctions among senses. 
     More particularly, each lexical entry has a part of speech :POS and a set of set of core :SENSES. Each core sense has a :TYPE field that indicates &#34;p&#34; for all primary senses and &#34;s&#34; for secondary senses. In general, a semantic interpreter utilizing the present lexicon should not consider secondary senses without specific contextual information. For example, the word &#34;yard&#34; can mean an enclosed area, a workplace, or a unit of measure, but only the enclosed area sense is considered in the zero-context. 
     The :PAR field links each word sense to its immediate parent in the semantic hierarchy. For example, with the parents and siblings of the two senses of the noun &#34;issue&#34;, word senses are given by a root followed by a sense number, with conceptual categories designated by any atom beginning with c-. Explicit derivations are shown by roots followed by endings and additional type specifiers: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
NOUN.sub.-- ISSUE1:                                                       
PARENT CHAIN:                                                             
             c-concern c-mental-obj c-obj                                 
             c-entity something                                           
SIBLINGS: (all nouns) regard1     realm2                                  
puzzle1   province2   premonition1                                        
                                  pity1                                   
pet2      parameter1  ground3     goodwill1                               
feeling2  enigma1     draw2       department2                             
concern1  cause2      care1       business3                               
baby2     apprehend-ion-x                                                 
NOUN.sub.-- ISSUE2:                                                       
parent chain:                                                             
          c-published-document                                            
                              c-document                                  
c-phys-obj                                                                
          c-obj       c-entity    something                               
SIBLINGS: (all nouns):                                                    
                      week-ly-x   volume1                                 
transcript1                                                               
          tragedy2    tome1       thesaurus1                              
supplement2                                                               
          strip4      source2     software1                               
serial1   scripture1  romance2    publication                             
profile2  digest1     bible1      paperback1                              
paper3    paper2      pamphlet1   omnibus1                                
obituary1 novel1      notice2     month-ly-x                              
memoir1   map1        manual1     magazine1                               
library1  journal1    handbook1   anthology1                              
guide1    grammar1    gazette1    dissertation1                           
feature4  facsimile1  epic1       encyclopedia1                           
fiction1  column1     book1       period-ic-al-x                          
directory1                                                                
          copy2       atlas1      dictionary1                             
comic1    column2     blurb1      catalogue1                              
calendar1 bulletin1   brochure1   biography1                              
article1  bibliography1                                                   
                      constitute-ion-x1                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The basic semantic hierarchy acts as a sense-disambiguited thesaurus, under the assumption that in the absence of more specific knowledge, word senses will tend to share semantic constraints with the most closely related words. Note that derivative lexical entries, such as week-ly-x above, do &#34;double duty&#34; in the lexicon, so that an application program can use the derivation as well as the semantics of the derivative form. 
     The :ASSOC field includes a lexicographer&#39;s choice of synonym or closely related words for each sense. 
     The :SYNTAX field encodes syntactic constraints and subcategorizations for each sense. Where senses share constraints, these can be encoded at the level of the word entry. When the syntactic constraints, such as io-rec, one-obj, and no-obj, influence semantic preferences, these are attached to the sense entry. For example, in this case &#34;issue&#34; used as an intransitive verb would favor &#34;passive moving&#34; even though it is a secondary sense, while the io-rec subcategorization in the first two senses means that the ditransitive form will fill the recipient conceptual role. The grammatical knowledge base of the system relates these subcategories to semantic roles. 
     The :G-DERIV and :S-DERIV fields mark morphological derivations. G-DERIV (NIL in this case to indicate no derivations) encodes these derivations at the entry, or word, level, while S-DERIV encodes derivations at the sense level. Each S-DERIV derivation entry can be marked as preferred or unpreferred. For example, the S-DERIV constraint allows &#34;issuance&#34; to derive from either of the first two senses of the verb, with &#34;issuer&#34; and &#34;issuable&#34; deriving only from the &#34;giving&#34; sense. 
     The derivation triples (such as (-er noun tr --  actor)) encode the form of each affix, the resulting syntactic category (usually redundant), and the &#34;semantic transformations&#34; that apply between the core sense and the resulting senses. For example, the &#34;issuer&#34; in this case would play the actor role of sense one of the verb issue. Because derivations often apply to multiple senses and often result in different semantic transformations (for example, the ending -ion can indicate the act of performing some action, the object of the action, or the result of the action), the lexicon often contains strongly &#34;preferred&#34; interpretations to help control the ambiguity. 
     The lexicon may also include a substantial number of common collocations, such as verb-particle and verb-complement combinations. These expressions are often semantically productive, but the representation of common expressions helps the semantic interpreter to apply preferences. For example, the following is one set of entries for expressions with take: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
(take                                                                     
 :POS verb                                                                
 :SPECIAL                                                                 
 ((take50                                                                 
:S-COMPOUNDS                                                              
((vc (or (member c-verb.sub.-- advise2-obj                                
c-act-of-verb.sub.-- blame1                                               
c-act-of-verb.sub.-- lose1 noun.sub.-- profit2)                           
c-giving)))                                                               
:EXAMPLE (take delivery)                                                  
:PAR (c-receiving)  )                                                     
(    take 51                                                              
     :S-COMPOUNDS ((vc (or (member noun.sub.-- effort1)                   
c-temporal-obj c-energy)))                                                
:EXAMPLE (the job takes up time))                                         
:PAR (c-require-re1)  )                                                   
(    take52                                                               
     :S-COMPOUNDS ((vc (or (member noun.sub.-- office2                    
noun.sub.-- advantage1 noun.sub.-- charge1                                
c-act-of-verb.sub.-- control1 noun.sub.-- command2                        
noun.sub.-- responsibility) c-structure-re1                               
c-shape-re1)))                                                            
:PAR (c-contracting)  )                                                   
(    take 59                                                              
     :S-COMPOUNDS ((vc (member noun.sub.-- effect1)))                     
     :PAR(c-transpire) )                                                  
(    take 60                                                              
     :S-COMPOUNDS ((vc (or c-task)))                                      
     :PAR (c-deciding) ))                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 The above entries contain only the verb-complement (vc) relations for
 &#34;take&#34;. Whether these expressions are productive or not, the lexicon can
 include explicit word sense pairings (such as take 52 with noun .sub.--
 pressure 2), in which case the collocation helps to discriminate the
 senses of both verb and complement, or a pairing with a conceptual
 category (such as take 51 with c-temporal-obj), in which case the pairing
 is more likely to conflict with another but will cover a much broader
 class of expressions (from take one&#39;s time to take years).
 
    
     While the preferred embodiment has been illustrated and described herein, it will be obvious that numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents, in whole or in part, will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope contemplated by the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention herein be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 
     
                       APPENDIX I                                                  
______________________________________                                    
© Copyright 1990 General Electric Company                         
                    SEMANTIC                                              
                    TRANSFORMATION                                        
SUFFIX POS → POS                                                   
                    RULES                                                 
______________________________________                                    
ADV suffixes                                                              
er     adv → comp.sub.-- adv                                       
                    tr.sub.-- more                                        
est    adv → super.sub.-- adv                                      
                    tr.sub.-- most                                        
null   adv → base.sub.-- adv                                       
                    tr.sub.-- no-ch                                       
null   adv → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- no.sub.-- ch                                
ward   adv → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
ward   adv → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  adv → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  adv → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
NUMWORD suffixes                                                          
ish    numword → adj                                               
                    tr.sub.-- num.sub.-- qual                             
th     numword → adj                                               
                    tr.sub.-- ordinal                                     
ADJ suffixes                                                              
able   adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- ability                                     
al     adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ance   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ancy   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ar     adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ary    adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ate    adj → verb                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause                                       
ate    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause                                       
ature  adj → noun                                                  
cy     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- office tr.sub.-- act        
dom    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ee     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- one-who-is                                  
en     adj → verb                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- become                      
ency   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ent    adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
er     adj → comp.sub.-- adj                                       
                    tr.sub.-- more                                        
er     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- one-who-is                                  
ery    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
est    adj → super.sub.-- adj                                      
                    tr.sub.-- most                                        
fy     adj → verb                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause                                       
hood   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ian    adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- char-of-class                               
ible   adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- ability                                     
ic     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- actor                    
ician  adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- specialist                                  
ion    adj → tr.sub.-- entity tr.sub.-- state                      
ish    adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- rather                                      
ism    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- practice tr.sub.-- state                    
ist    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
istic  adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ity    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- entity                      
ize    adj → verb                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- become                      
ling   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- dim tr.sub.-- one-who-is                    
ly     adj → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- manner tr.sub.-- time tr.sub.-- order       
ly     adj → nummod                                                
                    tr.sub.-- num-qual                                    
ly     adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- like tr.sub.-- property                     
man    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- man-assoc-with                              
minded adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- has-a-mind-that-is                          
most   adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- most                                        
ness   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
null   adj → base.sub.-- adj                                       
                    tr.sub.-- no-ch                                       
null   adj → verb                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- become tr.sub.-- act-as-a   
null   adj → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- no-ch                                       
null   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- entity                      
or     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ship   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
some   adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ster   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
th     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
tude   adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ty     adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- entity                      
ure    adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- entity                                      
ward   adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
ward   adj → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  adj → adv                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
y      adj → adj                                                   
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
y      adj → noun                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
VERB suffixes                                                             
able   verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- ability                                     
able   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- ability-entity                              
ade    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- result tr.sub.-- actor        
age    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- result tr.sub.-- object       
                    tr.sub.-- cost                                        
al     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- object                        
al     verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ance   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- object        
                    tr.sub.-- result                                      
ant    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ant    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- tend                     
ard    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ary    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ary    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
asm    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- result tr.sub.-- state                      
ast    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ate    verb → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- act                         
ate    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- tend                     
ator   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
atory  verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend tr.sub.-- associated                   
cy     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- office tr.sub.-- act        
ed     verb → pt.sub.-- verb                                       
                    tr.sub.-- past                                        
ed     verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- past                                        
       past.sub.-- part.sub.-- verb                                       
ed     verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- that-was-x-qual                             
ee     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- object tr.sub.-- recipient                  
eer    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
en     verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- past                                        
       past.sub.-- part.sub.-- verb                                       
ent    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ent    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- tend                     
er     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ery    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- practice tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.--       
                    place                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
ess    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- fem                                         
ful    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend                                        
ible   verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- ability                                     
ible   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- abilty-entity                               
ic     verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ic     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
ice    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- object        
ier    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ing    verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- process                                     
       pres.sub.-- part.sub.-- verb                                       
ing    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- object tr.sub.-- result       
                    tr.sub.-- material                                    
ing    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- that-is-x-qual                              
ion    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- object        
                    tr.sub.-- result                                      
ism    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- practice tr.sub.-- state                    
ist    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ite    verb → any                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- not-general                                 
ity    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- entity                      
ive    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend                                        
ive    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor tr.sub.-- object                      
less   verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- inability                                   
man    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- man-assoc-with                              
ment   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- object        
                    tr.sub.-- result                                      
null   verb → tl.sub.-- verb                                       
                    tr.sub.-- no-ch                                       
null   verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- present                                     
       fp.sub.-- sing.sub.-- pr.sub.-- verb                               
null   verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- present                                     
       sp.sub.-- sing.sub.-- pr.sub.-- verb                               
null   verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- present                                     
       plur.sub.-- pr.sub.-- verb                                         
null   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- result        
                    tr.sub.-- object                                      
                    tr.sub.-- actor tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- instrument  
null   verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
null   verb → adv                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- manner                                      
on     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- unit                                        
or     verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state         
                    tr.sub.-- result                                      
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ory    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ory    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- place tr.sub.-- instrument                  
ous    verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
person verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
red    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
s      verb →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- present                                     
       tp.sub.-- sing.sub.-- pr.sub.-- verb                               
sis    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- result                        
some   verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ster   verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ure    verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- result        
                    tr.sub.-- object                                      
woman  verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- woman-assoc-with                            
y      verb → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act                                         
y      verb → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- object tr.sub.-- act                        
y      verb → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend                                        
NOUN suffixes                                                             
able   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- ability tr.sub.-- given-to                  
able   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- ability-entity                              
ade    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- liquid                                      
age    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- collection tr.sub.-- amount tr.sub.--       
                    state                                                 
al     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
al     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
an     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
an     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- inhabitant tr.sub.-- specialist             
ant    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ant    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- tend                     
ar     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ar     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
arian  noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- advocate                                    
arian  noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ary    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ary    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
ate    noun → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- act                         
ate    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
atory  noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend tr.sub.-- associated                   
ature  noun → noun                                                 
crat   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- advocate tr.sub.-- member                   
cy     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- office tr.sub.-- act        
dom    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- collection tr.sub.-- office tr.sub.--       
                    state                                                 
ed     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ee     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- dim tr.sub.-- person-assoc-with             
eer    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
en     noun → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- become                      
en     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- made-of                                     
ent    noun →  noun                                                
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ent    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- tend                     
er     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor tr.sub.-- producer tr.sub.-- member   
                    tr.sub.-- inhabitant tr.sub.-- person-assoc-with      
ern    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- no-ch                                       
ery    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- practice tr.sub.-- property tr.sub.-- place 
                    tr.sub.-- state                                       
                    tr.sub.-- collection                                  
ese    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- relating-to-place                           
ese    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- inhabitant tr.sub.-- speech-style           
ess    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- fem                                         
ful    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- quantity                                    
ful    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
fy     noun → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause                                       
graphy noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- science tr.sub.-- process-of-writing        
hood   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- state tr.sub.-- rank tr.sub.-- occupation   
ian    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- char-of-class                               
ian    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- char-of-class-entity                        
ible   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- ability tr.sub.-- given-to                  
ible   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- ability-entity                              
ic     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ical   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ician  noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- specialist                                  
ier    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ine    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- fem                                         
ing    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- act tr.sub.-- object tr.sub.-- material     
ing    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ish    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ism    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- practice tr.sub.-- state                    
ist    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
istic  noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
istic  noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
ite    noun → any                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- not-general                                 
ite    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- member tr.sub.-- inhabitant                 
ive    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- tend tr.sub.-- property                     
ize    noun → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- engage-in                   
less   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- without                                     
let    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- dim tr.sub.-- article-of-clothing           
like   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- like                                        
ling   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- dim tr.sub.-- member                        
logy   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- literature tr.sub.-- science                
ly     noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- time tr.sub.-- like tr.sub.-- property      
ly     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- property-entity                             
ly     noun → adv                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- manner tr.sub.-- property                   
man    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr-man-assoc-with                                     
men    noun →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- plural                                      
       plur.sub.-- noun                                                   
most   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- most                                        
most   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- most                                        
null   noun →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- singular                                    
       sing.sub.-- noun                                                   
null   noun → verb                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- cause tr.sub.-- use tr.sub.-- engage-in     
                    tr.sub.-- become tr.sub.-- act-as-a                   
null   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
null   noun → adv                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- manner tr.sub.-- direction                  
or     noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor tr.sub.-- member                      
ory    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- place tr.sub.-- instrument                  
ory    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ous    noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
person noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- person-assoc-with                           
s      noun →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- plural                                      
       plur.sub.-- noun                                                   
ship   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- occupation tr.sub.-- skill tr.sub.-- state  
                    tr.sub.-- collection tr.sub.-- act                    
some   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
ster   noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- actor                                       
ure    noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- object tr.sub.-- rank tr.sub.-- science     
                    tr.sub.-- collection                                  
ward   noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
ward   noun → adv                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
wards  noun → adv                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- direction                                   
woman  noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- woman-assoc-with                            
women  noun →                                                      
                    tr.sub.-- plural                                      
       plur.sub.-- noun                                                   
y      noun → noun                                                 
                    tr.sub.-- collection tr.sub.-- place tr.sub.-- state  
                    tr.sub.-- dim                                         
y      noun → adj                                                  
                    tr.sub.-- property                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       APPENDIX II                                                 
______________________________________                                    
© Copyright 1990 General Electric Company                         
                       SEMANTIC                                           
                       TRANSFORMATION                                     
PREFIX    POS → POS                                                
                       RULES                                              
______________________________________                                    
ADV prefixes                                                              
in-       adv → adv                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
ADJ prefixes                                                              
dis-      adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
il-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
im-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
in-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
ir-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
mis-      adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
out-      adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- surpass                                  
pre-      adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- before                                   
re-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- again                                    
un-       adj → adj                                                
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
VERB prefixes                                                             
dis-      verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
mis-      verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
out-      verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- surpass                                  
pre-      verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- before                                   
re-       verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- again                                    
un-       verb → verb                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
NOUN prefixes                                                             
dis-      noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
il-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
im-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
in-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
ir-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
mis-      noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
out-      noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- surpass                                  
pre-      noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- before                                   
re-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- again                                    
un-       noun → noun                                              
                       tr.sub.-- negative                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       APPENDIX III                                                
______________________________________                                    
© Copyright 1990 General Electric Company                         
______________________________________                                    
tr.sub.-- ability &#34;Able to be Xed (-able)&#34; Ex: solvable                   
tr.sub.-- act &#34;Act of X&#34; Ex: acquisition                                  
tr.sub.-- act-as-a &#34;Act as a X does&#34; Ex: to boss                          
tr.sub.-- actor &#34;Actor of X&#34; Ex: miner                                    
tr.sub.-- advocate &#34;Advocate of X (-crat)&#34; Ex: democrat                   
tr.sub.-- again &#34;X again (re-)&#34; Ex: redo                                  
tr.sub.-- amount &#34;Amount of X (-age)&#34; Ex: acreage                         
tr.sub.-- article-of-clothing &#34;Article of clothing related to X           
(-let -wear)&#34; Ex: footwear                                                
tr.sub.-- associated &#34;Related to X (-story)&#34; Ex: exploratory              
tr.sub.-- become &#34;Become X (-ize -en)&#34; Ex: stabilize                      
tr.sub.-- before &#34;Prior to X (pre-)&#34; Ex: predawn                          
tr.sub.-- cause &#34;Cause X&#34; Ex: simplify                                    
tr.sub.-- char-of-class &#34;Characteristic of class X (-ian)&#34; Ex: guardian   
tr.sub.-- collection &#34;Collection, whole, or group of X (-age -ure -dom    
ship -y -ery)&#34; Ex: patronage                                              
tr.sub.-- cost &#34;Cost of service X (-age)&#34; Ex: postage                     
tr.sub.-- dim &#34;X has small size (-ee -let -ling -y)&#34; Ex: bootee           
tr.sub.-- direction &#34;Direction toward X (-ward -wards)&#34; Ex: backward      
tr.sub.-- engage-in &#34;Engage in activity or state X (-ize -null)&#34;          
Ex: to battle                                                             
tr.sub.-- entity &#34;Thing that is X (-istic -able -ure -al -ism -ion -ar    
-ent                                                                      
ly -ary -ty -ity -null)&#34; Ex: the affluent                                 
tr.sub.-- fem &#34;X has feminine gender (-ine -ess)&#34; Ex: actress             
tr.sub.-- given-to &#34;Given to X (-able)&#34; Ex: peaceable                     
tr.sub.-- has-a-mind-that-is &#34;Has a mind that is X (-minded)&#34;             
Ex: narrowminded                                                          
tr.sub.-- inability &#34;Unable to do X (-less)&#34; Ex: ceaseless                
tr.sub.-- inhabitant &#34;Inhabitant of X (-ese -ite)&#34; Ex: chinese            
tr.sub.-- instrument &#34;Instrument of X (-ory)&#34; Ex: accessory               
tr.sub.-- like &#34;Similar to X (-like -ly)&#34; Ex: ladylike                    
tr.sub.-- liquid &#34;Liquid made from X (-ade)&#34; Ex: lemonade                 
tr.sub.-- literature &#34;Literature concerning X (-logy)&#34; Ex: trilogy        
tr.sub.-- made-of &#34;Made of X (-en)&#34; Ex: wooden                            
tr.sub.-- man-assoc-with &#34;Man associated with X (-man)&#34; Ex: mailman       
tr.sub.-- manner &#34;In the manner X (-ly -null)&#34; Ex: quickly                
tr.sub.-- material &#34;Something used in X (-ing)&#34; Ex: flooring              
tr.sub.-- member &#34;Member of group X (-ite -ling -er -or -crat)&#34;           
Ex: ancestor                                                              
tr.sub.-- more &#34;More of quality X (-er)&#34; Ex: faster                       
tr.sub.-- most &#34;Most of quality X (-est)&#34; Ex: fastest                     
tr.sub.-- negative &#34;Negative of X (dis- il- im- in- ir- mis- un-)&#34;        
Ex: dislike                                                               
tr.sub.-- no-ch &#34;No change to X&#34; Ex:                                      
tr.sub.-- num-qual &#34;Numeric qualifier (-ly)&#34; Ex: firstly                  
tr.sub.-- object &#34;Object of X&#34; Ex: acquisition                            
tr.sub.-- occupation &#34;Occupation relating to X (-hood -ship -ess)&#34;        
Ex: captainship                                                           
tr.sub.-- office &#34;Office of X (-dom -cy)&#34; Ex: accountancy                 
tr.sub.-- one-who-is &#34;One who is X (-ee -ling)&#34; Ex: offeree               
tr.sub.-- order &#34;Having order X (-ly)&#34; Ex: latterly                       
tr.sub.-- ordinal &#34;Xth place in a sequence (-th)&#34; Ex: eleventh            
tr.sub.-- past &#34;X happened in the past&#34; Ex: sold                          
tr.sub.-- person-assoc-with &#34;Person associated with X (-person)&#34;          
Ex: businessperson                                                        
tr.sub.-- place &#34;Place of activity X or thing X (-y -ery -ory)&#34;           
Ex: bakery                                                                
tr.sub.-- plural &#34;X has plural number&#34; Ex: dollars                        
tr.sub.-- practice &#34;Practice or art of X (-ism -ery)&#34; Ex: carpentry       
tr.sub.-- present &#34;X happened in the present&#34; Ex: sells                   
tr.sub.-- process &#34;Ongoing process of X (-ing)&#34; Ex: winning               
tr.sub.-- process-of-writing &#34;Process of writing X (-graphy)&#34;             
Ex: stenography                                                           
tr.sub.-- producer &#34;Producer of X&#34; Ex: biographer                         
tr.sub.-- property &#34;Quality relating to X&#34; Ex: acidic                     
tr.sub.-- quantity &#34;A quantity of X (-ful)&#34; Ex: roomful                   
tr.sub.-- rank &#34;Rank of X (-hood -ure)&#34; Ex: sainthood                     
tr.sub.-- rather &#34;Rather or somewhat X (-ish)&#34; Ex: yellowish              
tr.sub.-- relating-to-place &#34;Relating to place X (-ese)&#34; Ex: chinese      
tr.sub.-- result &#34;Result of being Xed (too many to list)&#34; Ex:             
destruction                                                               
tr.sub.-- science &#34;Science of X (-ure -logy -graphy)&#34; Ex: oceanography    
tr.sub.-- singular &#34;X has number singular&#34; Ex: dollar                     
tr.sub.-- skill &#34;Skill of X (-ship)&#34; Ex: marksmanship                     
tr.sub.-- specialist &#34;Specialist of X (-an -ician)&#34; Ex: beautician        
tr.sub.-- speech-style &#34;Speech style of X (-ese)&#34; Ex: journalese          
tr.sub.-- state &#34;State or condition of X&#34; Ex: organization                
tr.sub.-- surpass &#34;Surpass X (out-)&#34; Ex: outdo                            
tr.sub.-- tend &#34;Tending to X (-ate -ive -ful -ant -ent -y -atory)&#34;        
Ex: combative                                                             
tr.sub.-- that-is-x-qual &#34;That is Xing (-ing)&#34; Ex: swinging               
tr.sub.-- that-was-x-qual &#34;That was Xed (-ed)&#34; Ex: tired                  
tr.sub.-- time &#34;Repeated at interval X (-ly)&#34; Ex: weekly                  
tr.sub.-- use &#34;Use X for intended purpose (-null)&#34; Ex: to bank            
tr.sub.-- without &#34;Without X (-less)&#34; Ex: hopeless                        
tr.sub.-- woman assoc-with &#34;Woman associated with X (-woman)&#34;             
Ex: mailwoman                                                             
tr.sub.-- ability-entity &#34;Thing that is able to X&#34; Ex: a valuable         
tr.sub.-- property-entity &#34;Thing that is has a quality relating to X&#34;     
Ex: a criminal                                                            
tr.sub.-- char-of-class-entity &#34;Thing that has the characteristics of     
class X&#34; Ex: a guardian                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 ##SPC1##