Method of making radiation hardened quartz crystal oscillators
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon. 
    
    
     This invention relates in general to a method of treating quartz crystal oscillators and in particular, to a method of making radiation compensated quartz crystal oscillators. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Upon irradiating a state of the art radiation hardened quartz crystal oscillator, the frequency shifts range from parts in 10 11  per rad at low dose levels (1 to 10 rads) to parts in 10 14  per rad at dose levels above 10 5  rads. Upon irradiating quartz crystal oscillators with energetic neutrons, the frequency shifts range from 1 to 7×10 -21  per neutron per cm 2 . Heretofore, these radiation induced frequency shifts were thought to be an inherent, unavoidable property of quartz crystal oscillators. The radiation induced frequency shifts have limited the usefullness of quartz oscillators in radiation environments, such as in certain space applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The general object of this invention is to provide a method of making radiation compensated quartz crystal oscillators. Another object of the invention is to provide such a method in which radiation induced frequency shifts are avoided or minimized. A still further object of the invention is to provide such a method that enhances the usefullness of quartz oscillators in radiation environments, such as in certain space applications. 
     It has now been found that the aforementioned objects can be attained using at least two quartz oscillators that are selected to have different responses to energetic radiation from neutrons, gamma rays, etc. More particularly, according to the invention, at least two quartz oscillators are selected that have different responses to energetic radiation. Each oscillator is then characterized individually as to its radiation sensitivity. The oscillators are then exposed to the same radiation flux, the respective output frequency then extracted from each oscillator, and the frequency difference between the oscillators arising from the influence of the radiation flux then derived. A correction signal is then derived using the frequency difference with the known radiation sensitivities and the correction signal applied to one of the oscillators to effect radiation compensation of its frequency. 
     For example, when two oscillators, A and B, are used, A can be selected to produce a small radiation induced frequency shift, and B can be selected to produce a large radiation induced frequency shift. After careful characterization of the radiation responses of the two oscillators, the radiation induced frequency difference between A and B can be used to compensate for the radiation induced frequency shift of A. 
     One embodiment of the invention is to use oscillators that employ resonators of different cuts, e.g. an AT-cut and a BT-cut, or BT-cut and SC-cut, or a conventional AT-cut and rectangular AT-cut, or an SC-cut and a GT-cut, etc. 
     Another embodiment is to make use of the DC voltage dependence of radiation induced frequency shifts. For example, a pair of oscillators, A and B, with similar SC-cut resonators can be used. Oscillator A applies no DC voltage to the resonator, oscillator B applies a DC voltage. Oscillator B therefore experiences a larger radiation induced frequency shift then oscillator A. After careful characterization of the radiation responses of oscillators A and B, the radiation induced frequency difference between A and B can again be used to compensate for the radiation induced frequency shift of A. 
     Another embodiment of the invention uses two resonators of different capacitance ratios (or two modes of the same resonator with different capacitance ratios) together with oscillator circuits that contain radiation sensitive load capacitors. For example, oscillator A can use a fundamental mode 5 MHz SC-cut resonator and oscillator B a 5 MHz fifth overtone SC-cut resonator. Both oscillator circuits contain similar load capacitors that change capacitance value by about the same percentage in response to ionizing radiation. The radiation induced frequency shift of oscillator A will then be much larger than the radiation induced frequency shift of oscillator B. The radiation induced difference frequency between A and B can then be used to compensate for the radiation induced frequency shift of oscillator B. As a variation of this embodiment, oscillator A can contain a radiation sensitive load capacitor, and oscillator B can contain a radiation insensitive load capacitor. 
     For improved compensation, (possibly for even different types of radiation, e.g. γ-rays and neutrons) more than two oscillators can be used. For example, in the case of three SC-cut oscillators, A, B and C, A applies no DC voltage to the resonator, B applies 10 V, and C applies 20 V. The radiation induced difference in frequencies between A and B and between A and C can then be used to compensate for the radiation induced frequency shift of A. In general, for n types of radiation, n+1 oscillators will be used. These oscillators will have their output frequencies differenced in pairs, there being n such differences. The n frequency differences then consitute n correction signals to be applied to the most stable oscillator, one correction signal for each type of radiation. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The drawing represents a flow sheet of the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Two quartz crystal oscillators, 0-1 and 0-2 are contained in a satellite in space. 0-1 and 0-2 are so positioned as to be in the same radiation flux environment. Oscillator 0-1 has a mean radiation sensitivity of 2×10 -11  per rad and oscillator 0-2 has a mean radiation sensitivity of 4×10 -13  per rad at a radiation dose of 500 rads. 
     An incident flux of 500 rads is intercepted by each oscillator. The fractional frequency shift Δf/f of oscillator 0-1 is 500 times 2×10 -11  or 10 -8  ; the corresponding figure for oscillator 0-2 is 500 times 4×10 -13  or 2×10 -10 . If the nominal frequency of each oscillator prior to radiation is 5 MHz, then the frequency shift of 0-1 is 5×10 +6  ×10 -8  or 5×10 -2  Hz; the corresponding value for 0-2 is 10 -3  Hz. The frequency difference is 49×10 -3  Hz. This value (49×10 -3 ) is used to derive the correction signal that is applied by art established techniques to oscillator 0-2 to bring it back to its original paradiation frequency. 
     Another means of compensation is to use two resonators of different frequency vs. temperature characteristics; e.g. one which has a flat f vs. T slope at the inflection temperature, T i , and the other which has a turnover temperature that is far from T i . The second resonator will then exhibit a larger frequency shift than the first if both are initially set to where the f vs. T has zero slope. 
     By selecting an appropriate oven set point away from the initial turnover temperature, it is possible to achieve at least some compensation (in a single resonator) for the neutron induced frequency shift; i.e., by selecting the set point in such a manner that the effect of rotation of the f vs. T curve offsets the absolute f vs. T shift. 
     For example, the neutron-irradiation induced rotation of the f vs. T curve produces an apparent decrease in the angle of cut of AT-cut resonators. Therefore, the positive absolute frequency shift due to neutron irradiation is compensated, at least partially, by selecting the oven set point to be below the inflection temperature so that the f vs. T rotation lowers the frequency. The lower the set point temperature, the larger the compensation. It is possible that complete compensation can occur for a given dose at some low temperature. For example, for an AT-cut resonator, at a neutron dose of 1.2×10 18  n/cm 2 , the frequency at T i  increases 880 ppm. The f vs. T curve rotation is equivalent to an angle decrease of 13 minutes. Therefore the neutron induced frequency shift decreases from 880 ppm at 30 C., to 840 ppm at 0 C., to about 814 ppm at -20 C. The temperature at which complete compensation occurs is calculable from the following expression: ##EQU1## Where k n  =the coefficient of neutron induced frequency shift, typically 1 to 7×10 -21  /n/cm 2  ; N is the neutron dose in n/cm 2  ; a, b, c are the temperature coefficients before neutron irradiation; a&#39;, b&#39;, c&#39; are the temperature coefficients after irradiation; and Ti is the inflection temperature prior to irradiation. 
     We wish it to be understood that we do not desire to be limited to the exact details as described for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.