Polyhydroxypolyethers as low foam surfactants
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/805,670 filed on Dec. 12, 1991, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to polyhydroxypolyethers obtainable by the addition of one or more epoxides to polyoxyalkylene polyethers. The polyhydroxypolyethers of the present invention are useful as low-foaming, biodegradable surfactants in cleaning compositions and rinse aids. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Nonionic surfactants based on polyoxyalkylene polyether derivatives are known in the art. These surfactants are used in cleaning compositions for cleaning hard surfaces, particularly for cleaning tableware and other utensils in machine dishwashers. The requirements for these nonionic surfactants are good cleaning, spotting and filming prevention, and good defoaming properties along with biodegradability. 
     In the U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,833 an automatic dishwashing detergent composition is disclosed comprising an active-chlorine compound and a sterically hindered epoxide-capped polyether polyol as a nonionic surfactant. 
     The U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,587 discloses specified derivatives of hydroxyalkyl polyalkylene glycol ethers for aqueous cleaning preparations for industrial and institutional purposes. 
     The U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,621 discloses a process of rinsing dishes and glassware in a dishwashing machine comprising a hydroxyalkyl polyethylene glycol ether. This patent is limited to the use of derivatives of polyethylene glycol ethers. 
     Some of these nonionic surfactants show improved results as foam-inhibiting agents but these properties are not fully sufficient for all cleaning applications. 
     Therefore, it was an object of the present invention to provide a nonionic surfactant for the use in cleaning compositions which show good cleaning properties, is low-foaming and in addition is biodegradable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention has been achieved with a compound of the general formula I: ##STR4## wherein 
     R 1  is a linear or branched C 2  - to C 18  -alkyl radical; 
     R 2  is H, ##STR5## 
     R 3 , R 4  are linear or branched C 2  - to C 18  -alkyl radicals; 
     Z is a number of from 1 to 3; with the proviso that at least one R 2  is ##STR6## 
     n is a number of from 2 to 8; 
     m is a number of from 15 to 45 and 
     l is a number of from 0 to 3. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The nonionic surfactants of the present invention are compounds of the general formula I: ##STR7## wherein 
     R 1  is a linear or branched C 2  - to C 18  -alkyl radical; 
     R 2  is H, ##STR8## 
     R 3 , R 4  are linear or branched C 2  - to C 18  -alkyl radicals; 
     Z is a number of from 1 to 3, with the proviso that at least one R 2  is ##STR9## 
     n is a number of from 2 to 8; 
     m is a number of from 15 to 45 and 
     l is a number of from 0 to 3. 
     Preferred are compounds of the formula I wherein R 1  is a linear or branched C 2  - to C12-alkyl radical 
     R 3 , R 4  are linear or branched C 6  -C 16  alkyl radicals 
     n is a number of from 2 to 6; 
     m is a number of from 15 to 45 and 
     l is a number of from 0 to 3. 
     Most preferred are compounds, wherein R 1  is a linear or branched C 2  - to C3-alkyl radical; 
     R 3  R 4  are linear or branched C 6  - to C 16  -alkyl radicals; 
     n is a number of from 2 to 3; 
     m is a number of from 15 to 45 and 
     l is a number of from 1 to 3. 
     The R 1  alkyl radical is derived from polyhydroxy compounds with a hydroxy functionality of from 2 to 8 like ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, trimethylol ethane, glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, glucose, sorbitol and sucrose. 
     Preferred are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and trimethylol propane. 
     Suitable R 3  and R 4  substituents include radicals like ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl and branched isomers of these alkyl radicals or the residue from soya bean oil epoxides. 
     For the preparation of the compounds of the general formula I the related polyhydroxy compound is reacted first with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures thereof followed by a reaction with C 4  - to C 18  -epoxides, C 4  - to C 18  -alkyl glycidyl alkyl ethers or mixtures thereof. 
     Suitable C 4  - to C 18  -epoxides are 1,2-epoxybutane, 1,2-epoxypentane, 1,2-epoxyhexane, 1,2-epoxyheptane, 1,2-epoxyoctane, 1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxydodecane, 1,2-epoxytetradecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, 1,2-epoxyoctadecane, soya bean oil epoxides or mixtures thereof. 
     Preferred are 1,2-epoxydecane and 1,2-epoxydodecane. 
     Some of these products are commercially available under the Trade Name VIKOLOX® from ATOCHEM. These epoxides are known and formed by epoxidation of long chain alfa-monoolefins or soya bean oil. 
     Suitable alkyl glycidyl ethers are methyl glycidyl ether, ethyl glycidyl ether, n-propyl glycidyl ether, n-butyl glycidyl ether, n-pentyl glycidyl ether, n-hexyl glycidyl ether, n-heptyl glycidyl ether, n-octyl glycidyl ether, n-nonyl glycidyl ether, n-decyl glycidyl ether, n-undecyl glycidyl ether, n-dodecyl glycidyl ether, n-tridecyl glycidyl ether, n-tetradecyl glycidyl ether, n-pentadecyl glycidyl ether, n-hexadecyl glycidyl ether, n-heptadecyl glycidyl ether, n-octadecyl glycidyl ether, and branched isomers of these alkyl glycidyl ethers like i-propyl glycidyl ether, i-butyl glycidyl ether, sec. butyl glycidyl ether and the like. 
     Preferred are n-octyl glycidyl ether, n-decyl glycidyl ether, and n-dodecyl glycidyl ether. 
     The reaction between the polyhydroxy compound and the ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures thereof takes place in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. Examples include alcohol alkoxylate of metal hydroxyde like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The resulting alkoxylated compounds have molecular weight of from about 300 to about 10,000, preferably from about 600 to about 2,000. 
     This alkoxylated polyhydroxy compound is reacted with the C 4  -to C 18  -epoxide, C 4  - to C 18  -alkyl glycidyl ether or mixtures thereof in the presence of the alkaline catalyst described above. 
     The molar ratio between the alkoxylated polyhydroxy compound and the epoxide or alkyl glycidyl ether is in the range of from about 1 to 9:1, preferably from 1 to 3:1. 
     The reaction temperature is from about 100° to 200° C., preferably 120° to 180° C. for a time period of from about 1 to about 8 hours. The end of the reaction is determined by a low level of epoxy content. The resulting products are compounds of the Formula I. 
     The compounds of the present invention are useful in cleaning compositions and rinse aids for cleaning of plastics, metal, glass, and ceramics. 
     The cleaning compositions show good cleaning properties, are very low foaming and in addition the compounds of the general Formula I are biodegradable. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     To a suitable reaction vessel was placed 500 grams of 840 MW (molecular weight) polyethylene glycol containing 1 mole propylene oxide and 1.0 gram 90% potassium hydroxide. The mixture was heated to 120° C. under vacuum to remove volatiles. The vacuum was relieved, the temperature raised to 150° C., and 197 grams 1,2 epoxydecane (VIKOLOX® 10 epoxide, ATOCHEM) added. Work-up gave 622 grams of a light brownish/orange liquid. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     To a suitable reaction vessel was placed 505 grams of 840 MW trimethylolpropane-initiated polyethylene glycol containing 3 moles propylene oxide and 6.1 grams of potassium t-butoxide. The mixture was heated to 150° C. and 97 grams VIKOLOX® 10 epoxide added. Work-up gave 523 grams or a light brownish/yellow liquid. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     To a suitable reaction vessel was placed 506 grams of trimethylolpropane-initiated polyethylene glycol containing 3 moles propylene oxide and 7.0 grams of potassium t-butoxide. The mixture was heated to 150° C. and 187 grams VIKOLOX® 10 epoxide added. Work-up gave 628 grams of a light brownish/yellow liquid. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
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 Physical Properties:                                                     
             Example 1                                                    
                     Example 2 Example 3                                  
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1% Aqueous Cloud Point                                                    
                7° C.                                              
                          37° C.                                   
                                    15° C.                         
0.1% Aqueous Surface                                                      
                28.7      29.1      29.0                                  
Tension        dyne/cm   dyne/cm   dyne/cm                                
Ross-Miles Foam Height                                                    
Time = 0 minutes                                                          
                2         10        0                                     
Time = 5 minutes                                                          
                0         3         0                                     
Epoxy value    &lt;0.1      &lt;0.1      &lt;0.1                                   
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Test in a cleaning composition:                                           
PROTEIN SOIL DEFOAMING TEST                                               
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Test conditions:                                                          
           Hobart ® UMP Dishwasher                                    
           Temp. 120° F.                                           
           3 Cycles/Surfactant                                            
           Cycle 1 - no Soil                                              
           Cycle 2 - Milk Soil                                            
           Cycle 3 - Egg Soil                                             
           20 grams machine dishwashing detergent                         
           containing 3 WT % Surfactant                                   
           Milk Soil - 12g CARNATION ® Brand                          
           Powdered Milk                                                  
           Egg Soil - 15g blended raw egg                                 
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     The detergent or detergent and soil are placed in the dishwasher. The spray arm rotation speed is measured during the wash cycle. 
     
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Machine Dishwashing Detergent formulation containing test                 
surfactant:                                                               
                     WEIGHT %                                             
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Surfactant             3.0                                                
Sodium Tripolyphosphate Hexahydrate                                       
                       44.0                                               
Sodium Carbonate       20.0                                               
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate                                          
                       20.0                                               
Sodium Sulfate         11.5                                               
Chlorinated Isocyanurate                                                  
                       1.5                                                
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                         % EFFI-   FOAM                                   
                SPRAY    CIENCY    HEIGHT                                 
                ARM      VERSUS    AT END                                 
                SPEED    WATER     OF WASH                                
SURFACTANT      RPM      BLANK     CYCLE                                  
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Example 1  no soil  60       92      1/4&#34;                                 
           milk soil                                                      
                    58       90      1/2&#34;                                 
           egg soil 55       85      1&#34;                                   
Example 2  no soil  63       95      &lt;1/4&#34;                                
           milk soil                                                      
                    59       89      1/4&#34;                                 
           egg soil 42       63      13/4&#34;                                
Example 3  no soil  60       92      &lt;1/4&#34;                                
           milk soil                                                      
                    59       89      1/4&#34;                                 
           egg soil 54       82      1/2&#34;                                 
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     TEST IN A RINSE AID 
     SPOTTING &amp; FILMING PERFORMANCE 
     Hobart AM-11 commercial dishwasher 
     Test Conditions: wash 150°-160° F., rinse 180° F. 
     400 PPM rinse aid: 20% Surfactant/2% Monawet® MM80 Hydrotrope (Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate) unless otherwise noted 
     2400 PPM chlorinated detergent (no surfactant added) 
     600 PPM 80% Margarine/20% powdered milk soil 
     
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                       RINSE    AVE.                                      
SAMPLE     WASH FOAM   FOAM     FILM/STREAK                               
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no rinse aid                                                              
           13/4&#34;       3/4&#34;     4.0                                       
Example 1  scattered   trace    2.8                                       
Example 2  11/2&#34;       1&#34;       2.4                                       
Example 3  1&#34;          1/2&#34;     3.1                                       
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 Rating Scale                                                             
 1 = no film                                                              
 to 5 = heavy film