Comb pigment dispersants
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The polymeric pigment dispersants of this invention are polyester/acrylic comb polymers having a cyclic imide pigment absorbing group. These dispersants are useful for dispersing a wide variety of pigments. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     The most useful pigment dispersants are broadly compatible with other polymers, selectively adsorbed by a wide range of pigments, soluble in a wide range of solvents, and not displaced from pigment surfaces by polar solvents. 
     Polymeric pigment dispersants are discussed by J. D. Schofield, in chapter 3 of the Handbook of Coatings Additives, Vol. 2, ed. by L. J. Calbo (Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY 1992). Much of the past activity has been with random copolymers, but these relatively inefficient materials are being replaced by structured pigment dispersants having AB block copolymer or comb structures. 
     Pigment dispersions are thought to work by forming a layer of polymer which extends into the surrounding medium to provide entropic stabilization. The pigment particles do not come close enough to one another to flocculate, unless the stabilizing layer on one pigment particle can be be forced into the layer on another. This causes an increase in concentration within the area between the pigment particles, and this ordering is counter to the entropic tendency in nature to disorder. Further reference to this theory can be found in T. Sato, &#34;Stability of Dispersions&#34;, J. Coating Technology, 65, p. 113, 1993. 
     H. L. Jakubauskas has investigated the relative effectiveness of random and structured copolymers as dispersants and indicates that comb and block configurations are likely to be equally effective for dispersion, and more effective that random copolymers which can cause false body by bridging between pigment particles (&#34;Use of A-B Block Polymers as Dispersants for Non-aqueous Coating Systems,&#34; J. Coatings Technology, Vol. 58, p. 71, 1986). 
     Recent work on methacrylate AB block copolymer dispersants is described in &#34;Acrylic Pigment Dispersants Made by Group Transfer Polymerization&#34; by C. S. Hutchins and A. C. Shor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,226 (1987). Functional groups which give less yellowing when the dispersant is exposed to light were discovered by M. W. J. West, &#34;Dispersants Resistant to Color Change,&#34; U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,512 (1989). 
     All-acrylic comb polymer pigment dispersants are described by Chu, Fryd and Lynch in U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,131. These materials were made by a macromonomer approach. The polymeric backbone is hydrophobic in comparison to side chains. The polymer is functional in carboxylic acid groups so it can be used to make waterborne pigment dispersants. They do not disclose mixed polyester/acrylic comb polymers, nor the use of imides as pigment active groups. 
     Comb polymer salts using polyester teeth and polyalkyene imine backbones are described by A. Topham, in &#34;Polymeric Dispersing Agents,&#34; GB 2001083 (1979). Agents for dispersing solids, particularly dyestuffs and pigments, in organic liquids, comprise a poly(lower alkylene)imine chain attached to which are at least two polyester chains by means of salt and/or amide links and are obtained by reacting a poly(lower alkylene)imine with a polyester having a free carboxylic acid group. Poly-12-hydroxystearic acid is typically the acid copolymer. 
     In &#34;A New Approach to the Design of Pigment Dispersing Resins,&#34; K. Tsutsiu et al., J. Coatings Technology, Vol. 69, 27-35 (1990), star-shaped acrylic resins were prepared by the reaction of terminal carboxyl groups, at one end of an acrylic prepolymer, with oxirane groups of polyglycidyl compounds. Star-shaped polyester resin was also synthesized in the same manner as the star-shaped acrylic resins, but using a carboxyl terminated polyester pre-polymer in place of an acrylic prepolymer. The presence of the star-shaped acrylic/polyester resin improves compatibility between linear acrylic resin and polyester resin, which minimizes color difference, because the star-shaped acrylic/polyester resin possesses good compatibility with both acrylic and polyester resins. 
     The preparation of comb polymers with polyester teeth inserted via a macromonomer route into a methacrylate polymer backbone containing amino groups is described by T. Yamamto et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,969 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,229. A pigment dispersing agent for paints is constituted with a particular acrylic polymer component having a tertiary amino group and/or a basic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring and a particular polyester component. This pigment dispersing agent is applicable to both acrylic resin series and polyester resin series paints as well as thermosetting type paints. 
     Comb polymer dispersants with polyester teeth, acrylic backbone, and nitrobenzoate introduced through glycidyl methacrylate have been described in JP9 3036460B and JP 59174620A. These dispersants also include a hydroxyl containing comonomer in the backbone. They are more completely described as thermosetting resins containing lactone-modified copolymers that comprise (1) 5-30 wt. % of hydroxyl group containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, (2) 2-20 wt. % of glycidyl group containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, (3) 5-50 wt. % of 4-22 carbon straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, (4) 0-30 wt. % of other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, (5) 10-70 wt. % of lactone compounds, and (6) 1-20 wt. % of glycidyl group reactive aromatic compounds. A group (1) monomer is, for example, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; a group (2) monomer is, for example, glycidyl methacrylate; a group (3) monomer is, for example, butyl methacrylate or stearyl acrylate; a group (4) monomer is, for example, methyl methacrylate, styrene or itaconic acid; and group (5) monomer is, for example, beta-propiolactone or epsilon-caprolactone; and a group (6) member is preferably p-nitrobenzoic acid or p-amino benzoic acid. The resins have improved mutual solubility in binder and pigment dispersibility. 
     Past work therefore indicates that comb polymers can be outstanding dispersing agents if properly structured. Nevertheless, dispersants which are effective in dispersing a wide variety of pigments in various coatings, which minimize color and improve the properties of the coatings in which they are used, and which are readily prepared, are needed in the field of high performance coatings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a novel comb pigment dispersant. In particular the comb pigment dispersant has a molecular weight of 4000 to 50,000 and comprises: 
     (a) about 20 to 85 percent by weight of the dispersant of a polyester copolymer having a molecular weight of about 500 to 10,000 which polyester copolymer is carboxylic-acid functional; 
     (b) about 10 to 50 percent by wieght of the dispersant of an acrylic copolymer having a molecular weight of 2500 to 10,000 which, before reaction, contains 25 to 75 percent by weight of an oxirane containing monomeric unit; and 
     (c) about 2 to 20 percent by weight of the dispersant of a monomeric unit containing a cyclic imide pigment absorbing group. 
     These dispersants are useful for dispersing a wide variety of pigments and are useful in solvent borne coatings where they provide improved efficiency of pigment use, lower paint viscosity, and reduced emission of volatile organic solvent. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The polymeric pigment dispersants of this invention are polyester/acrylic comb polymers containing (by weight) 20-85% polyester polymer, 10-50% acrylic polymer and 2 to 20% of a cyclic imide component. Such dispersants can be prepared by reacting an oxirane substituted acrylic polymer with a carboxylic-acid functional polyester and a pigment absorbing compound such as phthalimide in the presence of a catalyst. 
     Prior art methods of synthesizing a comb polymer almost always involve preparation of a macromonomer by reacting the carboxyl or hydroxyl terminated polyester with either glycidyl methacrylate or a vinyl isocyanate. The functionality in the backbone was then introduced by copolymerization with a acid, basic or amide comonomers, or by reaction of an aromatic carboxylic acid with a limited amount of glycidyl methyacrylate. 
     The preferred approach of making the present dispersants, however, involves the novel method of simultaneously reacting the carboxyl tooth and the pigment active group with the oxirane containing acrylic backbone polymer. This is a simpler process than the preparation of a macromonomer followed by copolymerization. It is particularly advantageous when the functional groups introduced on the backbone are not available through commercial comonomers. 
     In making a comb polymer with polyester teeth and imide pigment active groups on an acrylic backbone, the mono-carboxyl functional polyester tooth is suitably prepared by one of a number of methods. It is possible to insure monofunctionality of the tooth. The tooth molecular weight can be controlled. Pigment dispersants with teeth having molecular weights below 500 are not likely to produce non-flocculating dispersions. Those with teeth above 8000 in molecular weight are unnecessarily viscous. 
     Methods of tooth preparation will first be described, and then comb dispersant synthesis will be discussed. As indicated above, the dispersant comprises about 20-85 percent, by weight of the dispersant, of a carboxylic copolymer. Suitably such polyesters have a molecular weight of about 500 to 10,000, preferably 1000 to 5000. 
     With regard to preparing polyester teeth, the homopolymerization of hydroxyacids or the copolymerization of hydroxyacids with a lactone such as caprolactone is an excellent approach to the synthesis of monocarboxylic polyesters. These copolyesters will also have a terminal hydroxyl group unless monocarboxylic acid is introduced in the esterification to cap the hydroxyl. This process is illustrated in the following figure where a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid such as stearic acid is the capping monocarboxylic acid. Water equivalent to the hydroxyl content is also formed. Methanesulfonic acid or toluenesulfonic acid are useful catalysts for the polymerization. ##STR1## 
     The product is a monofunctional acid copolyester which can be used as teeth for the dispersant. The introduction of different concentrations of caprolactone in these copolyesters provides the tool for varying their solubility and compatibility. For example, as caprolactone is added to form 60% of the copolymer, the acid concentration decreases from about 28 to 15 (measured as mg KOH/g of polyester) and the tooth molecular weight increases from about 2000 to about 3500 (calculated from the acid number). The molecular weight determined by size exclusion chromatography using polyestyrene standards increases from about 3700 to 6000. The increase in M w  is also reflected in the viscosity of the products, which at 89% solids increases from 10 Stokes to about 50 Stokes. A tendency for the copolymer to crystallize is also observed when it contains 60% caprolactone, which tendency is not present at 40% caprolactone. 
     The reaction of 2,2&#39;-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid with caprolactone provides another useful way to make the monoacid functional polyester for the tooth on these comb dispersants. ##STR2## Dibutyl tin dilaurate is used to catalyze the polymerization. The extent of caprolactone modification thought to be most useful is n equal to 2 to 8 in the above formula, with the preferred value being 3-5. This gives sufficient chain length for entropic stabilization without the strong tendency to crystallize found at higher n&#39;s. The intermediate hydroxyester crystallizes at n=5, but crystallization does not occur in the comb polymer. This approach also has the advantage of providing hydroxyl groups in the tooth for subsequent reaction with melamine, isocyanate or anhydride crosslinkers. When n=5, the tooth, in one example, has a M n  of 1324 based on its being a monoacid. Citric acid, a trihydroxy acid, might also be used in this approach as an initiator to make a trihydroxy/monoacid polyester oligomer. 
     Other hydroxy acids and lactones would of course be of use in these processes. 
     Polyester teeth can also be prepared from oxirane/anhydride copolymers. S. Inoue and T. Aida in New Methods for Polymer Synthesis, ed. by W. J. Mijs (Plenum Press, NY 1992), on p. 43, describe a general synthesis of polyesters by the alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides. The initiating species can be either an alcohol or a tnonocarboxylic acid for the purpose of this invention. In the following illustration, 2-ethylhexanol is used in the polymerization. If an excess of anhydride is used, the end group will be an acid, and the product will be the monocarboxyl functional polyester needed for these comb polymers. ##STR3## 
     The reaction of a cyclic anhydride with an epoxide to prepare a polyester is also disclosed by H. G. Waddill, J. G. Milligan, W. J. Peppel, in &#34;Unsaturated Polyester Resins from Epoxides and Anhydrides&#34;, I&amp;EC Product Research and Development, Vol. 3 (1964). This article describes unsaturated polyesters made using a mixture of phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and propylene oxide with tetramethylammonium bromide catalyst. Lithium chloride has been used commercially. Propylene glycol was used as the initiating glycol. 
     The use of 2-ethylhexanol as the initiating alcohol and caprolactone as a modifying comonomer is illustrated in the following equation. ##STR4## 
     Dibutyl tin dilaurate can be used as the catalyst in the preparation of terpolymer &#34;teeth&#34; by this process. The stoichiometry can be varied to change the acid number. A number of regular trends may be observed, particularly in the relationship of M n  from acid number to M n  measured by size exclusion chromatography. In general, as acid number goes down, M n  by size exclusion chromatography increases. The ratio of M n  by size exclusion chromatography using polystyrene standards to molecular weight by acid number is 1.25. Thus, the bulky side chains in these polymers make them more like polystyrene in size than the products from hydroxy acids and caprolactone. 
     Viscosity is of course related to molecular weight. In one example, the viscosity at 80% solids varied from 3 to 7.5 Stokes as the chromatography M n  varied from 2000 to 5000. 
     A trend has also been observed relating M n  in the tooth preparation to cloud formation upon standing. The trend suggests that caprolactone may be crystallizing over time with the higher molecular blocks having longer runs that crystallize faster. 
     Even the lowest M n  sample had become cloudy within 4 months. Heating at 60° C. produced a clear solution, again indicating the cloud is due to polycaprolactone segments, which have a m.p. of 60° C. at high molecular weight. 
     In the preparation of random polyesterpolyols from diols, triols, acids, anhydrides and diesters, the polyesters are usually not esterified to zero acid content. Many of these materials of 1000 to 6000 molecular weight contain residual carboxyl groups on the average of one or less per molecule. Thus, these copolyesters are mixtures of acid free polyester polyols and polyols containing one acid group. The acid functional component of the blend can serve as the polyester tooth in a comb polymer synthesis. The residual non-acid functional polyol is an inert diluent. This approach provides a third way to produce hydroxyl functional teeth for comb polymers. 
     The acid number of useful polyesters is thought to be between about 5 and 20, with a preferred range of 10 to 15. 
     The dispersants also comprise 10-50%, preferably 15 to 40%, by weight of the dispersant, of an acrylic copolymer having a molecular weight of 2500 to 10,000, preferably 2500 to 8000, and which (before reaction) contains 25 to 75 percent by weight of an oxirane containing monomeric unit to provide good functionality for grafting while still producing relatively low viscosity comb polymers. In preparing such a backbone material, various considerations are involved. A preferred backbone polymer comprises a n-butyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate in a weight ratio of about 40/60 having an M n  of about 5000. This can be prepared at about 50% solids solution in butyl acetate. Typically the distribution is monotonic, but somewhat skewed to the low molecular weight side. Assuming the polymer has a actual M n  of about 5000, this suitably corresponds to a functionality of about 20. Such a copolymer can be prepared by a process of addition of the monomer mix over 120 minutes to refluxing solvent such as n-butyl acetate concurrently with Vazo™67 initiator, followed by a 30-minute finishing feed of Vazo™67 initiator, the latter being commercially available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co. (Wilmington, Del.). 
     As indicated above, the dispersant further contains about 2 to 20 percent, by weight of the dispersant, of a cyclic imide as a pigment active group. By the term imide is meant the group (═NH), wherein the ring is formed by bonding the nitrogen to either two carbonyl or one carbonyl and one sulfonyl group. Phthalimide, maleimide, and succinimide are particularly useful examples of the first group while saccharine is a particularly useful example of the second group. They readily react with the backbone oxirane using base catalysis. They produce a low color, neutral polymer which has no tendency to yellow upon exposure. Most preferred is phthalimide. 
     Concentrations of cyclic imide in the dispersant as low as 2% to as high as 20% by weight are useful, the preferred concentration between 6 and 12 percent. At low concentrations there may not be sufficient interaction with the pigment to avoid flocculation, particularly in more polar solvents. At the higher concentrations, low polarity solvents may not be satisfactory solvents for the dispersant. 
     Having described each of the components of the dispersant the final comb dispersant may be formed by reacting a glycidyl methacrylate copolymer with a carboxyl functional polyester and pigment active group. This approach is outlined in the following equation: ##STR5## 
     A preferred approach is to use a polyester tooth made by copolymerizing 12-hydroxystearic acid, caprolactone (about 60% of the copolyester) and stearic acid. The preferred pigment active group is phthalimide as, for example, 8.5% of the comb polymer by weight. 
     Comb polymers preferably have between 50 and 75% tooth. Backbones with less than about 25% glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) content or teeth molecular weight less than 1000 produce much lower concentrations of tooth in the comb. 
     The M n  of the teeth influences comb viscosity. For example, in a series of dispersants containing 70-74% tooth and 8.5% phthalimide, as the tooth molecular weight increased from 2000 to 4000, the viscosity of the comb solution increased from 1.8 to 4.8 Stokes (at 60% nonvolatile content). 
     Preferable tooth M n  is between 1000 and 5000 based on its calculation from acid number, assuming monofunctionality in acid. 
     Combs with mixed teeth of substantially different solubility could be prepared by making two runs of carboxyl teeth with substantially different levels of caprolactone modification, even to the use of no caprolactone at all. For example, a comb made with half of the teeth based on 12-hydroxystearic acid having no caprolactone and half with a high level of caprolactone should be able to disperse pigments in both non polar and polar solvents. Dispersibility from aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents to alcohol rich solvent systems would be possible. 
     To form a pigment dispersion or a mill base, pigments are added to the dispersant and the the pigments are dispersed using conventional techniques such as high speed mixing, ball milling, sand grinding, attritor grinding or two or three roll milling. The resulting pigment dispersion has a pigment to dispersant binder weight ratio of about 0.1/100 to 1500/100. 
     Any of the conventional pigments used in paints can be used to form the pigment dispersion such as metallic oxides like titanium dioxide, iron oxides of various colors, zinc oxide, carbon black, filler pigments such as talc, china clay, barytes, carbonates, silicates and a wide variety of organic pigments such as quinacridones, phthalocyanines, perylenes, azo pigments, indanthrones, carbazoles such as carbazole violet, isoindolinones, thioindigio reds, benzimidazolinones, metallic flakes such as aluminum flake, pearlescent flakes and the like. 
     It may be desirable to add other optional ingredients to the pigment dispersion such as antioxidants, flow control agents, rheology control agents such as fumed silica, microgels, UV stabilizers, screeners, quenchers and absorbers. 
     Pigment dispersions of this invention can be added to a variety of solvent borne coating compositions such a primers, primer surfacers, topcoats which may be monocoats or basecoats of a clear coat base coat finish. These compositions preferably have an acrylic polymer or polyester polymer or a blend of these types of coating vehicle as the film forming constituent and may also contain crosslinking agents such as blocked isocyanates, isocyanates, alkylated melamines, epoxy resins and the like. Other film forming polymers can also be used, such as acrylourethanes, polyester urethanes, polyethers and polyether urethanes that are compatible with the pigment dispersion. It is desirable to have the film forming polymer of the coating composition be similar to the polymer of the pigment dispersion so that on curing the polymer of the pigment dispersion will cure with the coating polymer and become part of the film or coating. The dual nature (both acrylic and polyester) makes this more likely. 
     The following examples illustrate the invention. All parts and percentages are on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated. Molecular weights are determined by gel permeation chromatorgraphy using polystyrene as the standard and tetrahydrofuran as the carrier solvent. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     In the following examples, four different types of polyester teeth will be described. The first is based on the reaction of commercial grade 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA), which also contains stearic acid (SA) in about a 5/1 ratio of 12-HSA to SA with caprolactone. The amount of caprolactone can be varied from 0 to about 70% of the charge. As the amount of caprolactone increases, the molecular weight of the tooth increases (unless compensating amounts of monocarboxylic acid are included). The second approach uses a bis-hydroxy, monocarboxylic acid, 2,2&#39;-(dimethylol) propionic acid as the initiator for caprolactone. This provides a tooth with hydroxyl terminal groups. The third approach uses the copolymerization of phthalic anhydride with epoxy ester to generate a polyester. This material can also be modified with caprolactone with a proportional increase in molecular weight. The fourth approach is the synthesis of a random copolyester polyol containing residual carboxyl groups. In each case the key compositional variable is to have an average of only one carboxyl group on each tooth so the grafting reaction to the backbone does not result in appreciable crosslinking. 
     Example 1 
     This example illustrates preparation of a tooth component which is a copolymer of 12-hydroxystearic acid (from Polyester Corp.) and caprolactone (from Union Carbide Corp.) containing 61.5% caprolactone. The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor fitted with a stirrer, thermocouple, water separator and reflux condenser: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts           Component                                                 
______________________________________                                    
965             12-Hydroxystearic acid                                    
1541            Caprolactone                                              
   2.5          Methanesulfonic acid                                      
300             Toluene                                                   
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     The mixture was heated as the temperature increased from 150° to 167° C. over 4 hours 45 minutes as 44.7 parts of water was removed. This is the approximate amount for theoretical esterification of all the acid hydroxyl content of the reactants. The reaction product was characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter          Value                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Solid (Percent)    88.95 (theoretical), 89.14%                            
Acid Number (Solids Basis)                                                
                   15.57                                                  
M.sub.n calc from Acid Number                                             
                   3603                                                   
M.sub.n found by SEC (PS standards)                                       
                   6480                                                   
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     Other ratios of caprolactone produced the following teeth: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Caprolactone           M.sub.n from Acid                                  
                                  M.sub.n from                            
(Percent) Acid Number  Number     SEC                                     
______________________________________                                    
 0        28.1         2000       3850                                    
20        24.8         2260       4070                                    
40        19.0         2950       5000                                    
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     In related experiments, the effect on the molecular weight of of the copolyester of varying the amount of caprolactone and stearic acid is shown in the following table of predicted molecular weights: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
    Weight                                                                
    Capro-  FW        Percent  Ratio    Esterified                        
n*  lactone Copolymer Caprolactone                                        
                               12-HSA/SA                                  
                                        M.sub.n                           
______________________________________                                    
0    0      290.4     0        6        1908.4                            
1   114     404.4     28.19    6        2592.4                            
2   228     518.4     43.98    6        3276.4                            
3   342     632.4     54.08    6        3960.4                            
4   456     746.4     61.09    6        4644.4                            
5   570     860.4     66.25    6        5328.4                            
6   684     974.4     70.20    6        6012.4                            
______________________________________                                    
 *n is the ratio of caprolactone to 12hydroxystearic acid. The FW of the  
 copolymer is the calculated weight of the product of caprolactone and    
 12hydroxystearic acid. The esterified MW is the result of esterification 
 of the hydroxyacid intermediate and capping with stearic acid, i.e., the 
 expected molecular weight of the tooth.                                  
 
    
     Example 2 
     This example illustrates a polyester tooth material which is prepared with caprolactone initiated by 2,2&#39;-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid. This polyester has hydroxyl end groups and is branched in the middle of the tooth where its single hydroxyl group is located. The following mixture was charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor fitted with a stirrer, thermocouple and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts          Component                                                  
______________________________________                                    
1141.5         Caprolactone                                               
 134.1         2,2&#39;-Bis(hydroxymethyl)                                    
               propionic acid                                             
  1.7          Dibutyl tin dilaurate (10%                                 
               solution) in xylene                                        
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     The mixture was heated at 150° C. for 4 hours to completely polymerize the caprolactone. When cooled the product was an opaque white solid. The comb dispersant was branched in the middle of the tooth at the attachment point to the backbone. The reaction product was characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter            Value                                                
______________________________________                                    
Solid (Percent)         99.33                                             
Acid Number (Solids Basis)                                                
                        43.0                                              
M.sub.n calc from Acid Number                                             
                     1305                                                 
M.sub.n found by SEC (PS standards)                                       
                     3370                                                 
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     Example 3 
     This example illustrates a tooth made from 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, caprolactone, phthalic anhydride, and Cardura™E Ester. The following materials were charged to a reactor fitter with a stirrer, thermocouple, reflux condenser and nitrogen blanket. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts       Material                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 62.7       2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (from Aldrich)                              
660.8       Caprolactone EC-HP (from Union                                
            Carbide Corp.)                                                
357.3       Phthalic anhydride (From Baker Co.)                           
487.5       Cardura ™ E-10 (from Shell Chem.                           
            Co.)                                                          
 2.5        Dibutyl tin dilaurate (10%) in xylene                         
392.1       n-Butyl propionate (from Union                                
            Carbide Corp.)                                                
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     The components were mixed and heated to 120° C. The heat was cut and an exotherm was watched. The temperature was kept below 180° C. The mixture was heated at 170° C. for 6 hours. During the heat up, there was a 5.4 degree exotherm from 120° to 125.4° C. The reaction was complete after the 6 hours heating at 160° to 170° C. The reaction product was characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter       Value                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Solids (Percent)                                                          
                79.78 (Theory = 79.9)                                     
GH Visc R       4.7 Stokes                                                
Acid No.        16.16 (solution), 20.26 (solids basis)                    
Minolta Color L 100.49, a - 0.71, b + 3.01, i.e.,                         
                almost colorless                                          
M.sub.n calculated for monoacid                                           
                2769                                                      
from the acid number                                                      
M.sub.w using PS standards                                                
                M.sub.n 3140, M.sub.w 4740                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Example 4 
     This example illustrates the preparation of a tooth using 2-ethyl-1-hexanoic acid initiated phthalic anhydride copolymer. The following materials were charged to a reactor fitter with a stirrer, thermocouple, reflux condenser and nitrogen blanket. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts by                                                                  
Weight          Material                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Part I  11.54       2-Ethyl-1-hexanoic acid (from                         
                    Aldrich)                                              
        142.9       Phthalic anhydride                                    
        120.0       Propylene glycol monomethyl                           
                    ether acetate                                         
        1.92        Dimethyl distearyl ammonium                           
                    acetate (25%) in toluene (from                        
                    Akzo)                                                 
Part II 230         Glydex ® N-10 (from Exxon)                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged to the reactor and heated to 110° C. to obtain a solution. Part II was added over about 1 hour maintaining the temperature between 110° and 120° C. The mixture was heated for 7 hours at 120° C., followed by 3 hours at 140° C. to complete the polymerization. The reaction product was characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter    Value                                                        
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)   73.4 (Theoretical = 76.2)                                    
GH Visc      Z2-1/2 (31.6 Stokes)                                         
Acid No.     16.98 (solution), (23.1 solids basis,                        
             expected 25.1)                                               
calc. Mn for monoacid                                                     
             2428                                                         
Minolta Color L                                                           
             98.82, a - 0.89, b + 7.98, i.e., light                       
             yellow                                                       
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     Example 5 
     This example illlustrates the preparation of a random copolyester having the following weight and molar composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component           Wt. %   Mole %                                        
______________________________________                                    
Trimethylol propane 10.9    15                                            
Neopentyl glycol    33.6    40                                            
Adipic acid         13.1    11                                            
Hexahydrophthalic anhydride                                               
                    13.9    11                                            
Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride                                              
                    27.3    22                                            
Phthalic anhydride   1.2      1.0                                         
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     A polyester was prepared by heating Part I materials (below) in a reactor while azeotropically removing water. When the acid number reached 12, the product was thinned for use by the addition of Part II (below). 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts           Material                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Part I  43.4        Xylene                                                
        71.3        Solvesso ™ 150 (Exxon)                             
        227.0       Neopentyl Glycol                                      
        92.7        Hexahydrophthalic anhydride                           
        73.0        Trimethylol propane                                   
        87.7        Adipic acid                                           
        183.0       Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride                          
         8.1        Phthalic anhydride                                    
Part II 48.5        Xylene                                                
        60.6        Solvesso ® 150                                    
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     The reaction product was characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter     Value                                                       
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)    70.0                                                        
GH Visc.      Y-1/2 (15.2 Stokes)                                         
Acid No.      12                                                          
M.sub.n for monoacid                                                      
              4675                                                        
M.sub.n (PS standard)                                                     
              3270                                                        
M.sub.w (PS standard)                                                     
              8630                                                        
Minolta Color L                                                           
              100.64, a - 0.30, b + 1.85, i.e, almost                     
              colorless                                                   
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     Example 6 
     This example illustrates the preparation of an acrylic backbone for a pigment dispersant according to the present invention. This backbone is a random n-butyl methacrylate/2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate (40/60) copolymer. The following materials were charged to a reactor fitted for reflux control of temperature in the order indicated below. 
     
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Part   Parts by Wt. Material                                              
______________________________________                                    
I      148.9        n-Butyl acetate                                       
       25.5         Toluene                                               
       41.4         Ethyl acetate                                         
II     155.4        n-Butyl methacrylate                                  
       233.1        2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate                          
                    (GMA)                                                 
III    18.7         Vazo ™ 67 initiator (DuPont)                       
       56.0         n-Butyl acetate                                       
IV     4.8          Vazo ™ 67 initiator (DuPont)                       
       14.3         n-Butyl acetate                                       
V      102.0        n-Butyl acetate                                       
       48.3         Propylene glycol monomethyl                           
                    ether acetate                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part 1 was charged into the reactor and brought to reflux. Part II and III were added simultaneously and uniformly over 2 hours while maintaining reflux. Part IV was added over 30 minutes immediately after the completion of Part II and III. The reaction mixture was held at reflux for 30 minutes. The heat was cut and Part V added. The batch was cooled. The reaction products were characterized as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter        Value                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)       45.7                                                     
GH Visc.         A-1/4, (0.455 Stokes)                                    
M.sub.n          4770                                                     
M.sub.w          7740                                                     
D                1.62                                                     
M.sub.z          16000                                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Polystyrene standards were used. Assuming the polymer has an actual M n  of 4770, the functionality in GMA was calculated to be 20.15 (60%) based on a M w  of 142. 
     Example 7 
     This example illustrates the preparation of a comb dispersant using the 12-HSA copolymer tooth from Example 1. This acrylic/polyester comb polymer had the following composition calculated by wt. of solid material charged: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Wt. %        Component                                                    
______________________________________                                    
19.4         n-BMA/GMA 40/60 copolymer                                    
             (Example 6)                                                  
 8.5         Phthalimide                                                  
72.1         Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer                                 
             (Example 1)                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted with a heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order Parts by Weight                                                     
                  Material                                                
______________________________________                                    
I     933.8       Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                           
      725.0       Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                    
                  acetate                                                 
II    1783.2      Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer tooth                      
                  (Example 1)                                             
III   187.0       Phthalimide                                             
IV     37.7       40% benzyl trimethylammonium                            
                  hydroxide in methanol                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged into the reactor and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was charged (but will not dissolve until heated). Finally, Part IV was charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 119.8° C. occurred 20 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110.8° C. over 30 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours. At that point the acid number was determined to be 0.15, indicating that the reaction was complete. The product exhibited the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter        Value                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)       60.76 (theory = 60.0)                                    
Viscosity, Gardner Holdt                                                  
                 Z (22.7 Stokes)                                          
M.sub.n          20,300                                                   
M.sub.w          47,600 (polystyrene standards)                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Dispersants with different amounts of phthalimide were made by the same procedure, in each case allowing for 95% consumption of the backbone oxirane: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Trial                                                                     
     Phthalimide (%) Acrylic (%)                                          
                                Polyester (%)                             
______________________________________                                    
6-a  16              30.82      53.18                                     
6-b  12              24.14      63.87                                     
6-c   4              11.79      84.21                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The products had the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Trial  Solids (%)   Visc. (Stokes)                                        
                               Mn; Mw                                     
______________________________________                                    
6-a    61.45        Z-5 (98.5) 11,300; 29,200                             
6-b    60.88        Z-3 (46.30)                                           
                               18,100; 45,700                             
6-c    60.28        Z-3 (46.30)                                           
                               35,700; 90,200                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Example 8 
     This example illustrates the preparation of a dispersant using caprolactone/2, 2&#39;-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (BHMPA) teeth. The dispersant has the following overall composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component            Percent                                              
______________________________________                                    
BMA/GMA (40/60) copolymer                                                 
                     26.6                                                 
(Example 6)                                                               
Phthalimide           8.49                                                
Copolyester teeth (Example 2)                                             
                     64.9                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted with a heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order Parts by Weight                                                     
                  Material                                                
______________________________________                                    
I     582.2       Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                           
      322         Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                    
                  acetate                                                 
II    653.4       Caprolactone/DMPA teeth (Example 2                      
                  above)                                                  
III   84.9        Phthalimide                                             
IV    23.5        40% Benzyl trimethylammonium                            
                  hydroxide in methanol                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was charged, but will not dissolve until heated. Finally Part IV was charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature was 119.1° C. and occurred 38 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110.8° C. over 30 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours and 30 minutes. At that point the acid number was determined to be 0.11, indicating that the reaction was complete. The product had the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter    Value                                                        
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)   60.06 (theory = 60.02)                                       
GH Visc      R-1/4 (4.62 stokes)                                          
Acid No.     0.11                                                         
Calc. OH No. 57.1 (solids basis, for teeth OH&#39;s only)                     
Minolta color                                                             
             L = 99.34, a - 1.06, b 6.49                                  
M.sub.n      8060                                                         
M.sub.w      26100 (using polystyrene standards)                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The chromatograph had a single peak indicating complete consumption of the tooth. The solution did not crystallize upon long standing at room temperature. 
     Example 9 
     This example illustrates a dispersant using mixed teeth from Examples 1 and 2 both. The dispersant has the following overall composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component                 Percent                                         
______________________________________                                    
BMA/GMA (40/60) copolymer (Example 6)                                     
                          23.28                                           
Phthalimide               8.55                                            
Copolyester Tooth (Example 1)                                             
                          34.09                                           
Copolyester Tooth (Example 2)                                             
                          34.08                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order Parts by Weight                                                     
                  Material                                                
______________________________________                                    
I     509.5       Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                           
      322         monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                    
                  acetate                                                 
II    383.2       Caprolactone/12-HSA teeth (Example 1                    
                  above)                                                  
      343.1       Caprolactone/DMPA teeth (Example 2                      
                  above)                                                  
III   85.5        Phthalimide                                             
IV    20.5        40% benzyl trimethylammonium                            
                  hydroxide in methanol                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was charged, but will not dissolve until heated. Finally Part IV was charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 118.3° C. occurred 33 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110.8° C. over 30 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours and 15 minutes. At that point the acid number was determined to be 0.11, indicating that the reaction was complete. The product had the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter                                                                 
         Value                                                            
______________________________________                                    
Solids (%)                                                                
         60.49 (Theory = 60.10)                                           
GH Visc  W (10.7 stokes)                                                  
Acid No. 0.11                                                             
Calc. OH No.                                                              
         30.6 (solids basis, for teeth OH&#39;s only)                         
Minolta color                                                             
         L = 98.08, a - 1.34, b 10.81 (light yellow, clear)               
M.sub.n  10,000                                                           
M.sub.w  37,300 (using polystyrene standards).                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The chromatograph had a single peak indicating complete consumption of the tooth. The solution did not crystallize upon long standing at room temperature. 
     Example 10 
     This Example illustrates a comb polymer dispersant from phthalate containing tooth from Example 3. The dispersant has the following overall composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component                 Percent                                         
______________________________________                                    
BMA/GMA (40/60) copolymer (Example 6)                                     
                          21.07                                           
Phthalimide                8.22                                           
Phthalate polyester Teeth (Example 3)                                     
                          70.70                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted with a heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order Parts by Weight                                                     
                  Material                                                
______________________________________                                    
I     1024.5      Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                           
      627.1       Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                    
                  acetate                                                 
II    1955        Phthalate copolyester tooth, Example 3                  
III   182.7       Phthalimide                                             
IV    41.0        Benzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide                      
                  (40%) in methanol                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was charged, but will not dissolve until heated. Finally Part IV was charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 119.2° C. occurred 13 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110° C. over 15 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 2 hours and 30 minutes. At that point the acid number was determined to be 0.11, indicating that the reaction was complete. The product had the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter Value                                                           
______________________________________                                    
% Solids  58.9 (Theory 57.8)                                              
GH Visc   K-1/2 (2.6 stokes)                                              
Acid No.  0.11                                                            
Minolta color                                                             
          L 99.46, a - 1.74, b 8.31 (light yellow, clear)                 
M.sub.n   4980                                                            
M.sub.w   16000 (using polystyrene standards).                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The chromatograph had two peaks suggesting that the polyester tooth contained some non-carboxylic material. The higher molecular weight fraction comprised 46% of the product and had a M n  of 21,400 and a M w  of 29,300. The lower molecular weight fraction comprised 54% of the product and had a M n  of 2970 and a M w  of 5150. 
     Example 11 
     This example illustrates a dispersant made using the random copolyester polyol of Example 5. The dispersant has the following overall composition: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Component                 Percent                                         
______________________________________                                    
BMA/GMA (40/60) copolymer (Example 6)                                     
                          18.35                                           
Phthalimide                8.52                                           
Copolyester polyol teeth (Example 5)                                      
                          73.13                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order   Parts    Material                                                 
______________________________________                                    
I       401.4    Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                            
        120      Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                     
                 acetate                                                  
II      1044.7   Copolyester polyol (Example 5)                           
III      85.24   Phthalimide                                              
IV       16.2    Benzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide                       
                 (40%) in methanol                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was charged, but will not dissolve until heated. Finally Part IV was charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 113.4° C. occurred 33 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110° C. over 20 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours and 50 minutes. At that point the acid number was determined to be 0.11, indicating that the reaction was complete. The product had the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter                                                                 
         Value                                                            
______________________________________                                    
% Solids 60.04 (Theory = 59.97)                                           
GH Visc  Y-1/4 (16.40 Stokes)                                             
Minolta color                                                             
         L = 92.55, a 0.54, b 29.16 (medium yellow, clear)                
M.sub.n  4850                                                             
M.sub.w  206,000 (using polystyrene standards)                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The chromatograph had two peaks suggesting that the polyester teeth contained some non-carboxylic material. The separation was not sufficient to resolve the peaks. The product had a high molecular weight component leading to the high M w . This was probably caused by some diacid functional polyester in the random polyol. 
     Example 12 
     This example illustrates the preparation of a dispersant using 12-HSA copolymer teeth from Example 1 and saccharin as the pigment active group. This acrylic/polyester comb polymer had the following composition calculated by wt. of solid material charged: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Wt. %        Component                                                    
______________________________________                                    
16.08        n-BMA/GMA 40/60 copolymer,                                   
             Example 6                                                    
8.5          Saccharin                                                    
75.42        Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer                                 
             (Example 1)                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted with a heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order   Parts    Material                                                 
______________________________________                                    
I       188.3    Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                            
        198      Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                     
                 acetate                                                  
II      451.6    Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer teeth                       
                 (Example 1)                                              
III      45.5    Saccharin                                                
IV       7.6     Benzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide                       
                 (40%) in methanol                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was charged and mixed until uniform. Finally, Part III was charged (will not dissolve until heated), followed by Part IV. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 116.4° C. occurred 5 minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped to 110.4° C. over 21 minutes. Heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours. At that point the acid number was determined to be 4.2. Heating was continued for 12 more hours at 130°-150° C. to give a final acid number of 2.2 indicating that the reaction was complete. The product was diluted with 467 g. of 1,2-prolylene carbonate to reduce the viscosity and completely dissolve the product. The reaction product exhibited solids percent of 46% and a viscosity (Gardner Holdt) of T+1/4 (5.7 Stokes). 
     Example 13 
     This example illustrates a dispersant using 12-HSA copolymer tooth from Example 1 and succinimide as the pigment active group. This acrylic/polyester comb polymer had the following composition calculated by wt. of solid material charged: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Wt. %        Component                                                    
______________________________________                                    
24.6         n-BMA/GMA 40/60 copolymer,                                   
             Example 6                                                    
 8.06        Succinimide                                                  
 67.35       Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer                                 
             (Example 1)                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following materials were charged to a nitrogen blanketed reactor as indicated in the procedure. The reactor was fitted with a heating mantle, stirrer, thermocouple, and reflux condenser. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Order   Parts    Material                                                 
______________________________________                                    
I       430.6    Acrylic copolymer (Example 6)                            
        217      Monomethyl ether of propylene glycol                     
                 acetate                                                  
II      603.6    Caprolactone/12HSA copolymer teeth                       
                 (Example 1)                                              
III      64.5    Succinimide                                              
IV       17.4    Benzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide                       
                 (40%) in methanol                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Part I was charged and stirred to obtain a solution. Part II was then charged and mixed until uniform. Part III was dissolved with heating and then Part IV charged. The mixture was heated with stirring to 110° C. at which point the reaction became exothermic and heating was discontinued. The peak temperature of 120° C. occurred minutes after heating was discontinued. The temperature dropped and heating was resumed to hold the temperature at 110° C. for the following 3 hours. At that point the acid number was determined. The percent solids was 60.97% and the Viscosity (Gardner Holdt) was Z5+1/4 (110.8 Stokes). 
     Examples 14-17 
     Dispersions were made using a 01 batch attritor made by Union Process Attritor Technology. The attritor pot has an empty volume of 570 cc. The grinding media used was 1/8 inch steel shot. About 1860 g of shot having a volume of 400 cc was added to the attritor pot. The grinding is accomplished using a motor driven spindle measuring 18 cm in length and 12 mm in diameter with 8 arms at the base, each measuring 3 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter. The spindle is driven at 350 rpm for a duration of 12 hours for each dispersion. 
     The dispersions were loaded on a volume basis in which 315 cc of each of the premixes described below was added to the attritor pot. The premixes were prepared in a separate container using an air driven DBI (diagonal blade impeller) mixer for 15 minutes to suitably mix the ingredients and wet out the pigment prior to grinding. After completion of the premix stage, the 315 cc of premix is added to the attritor pot containing the spindle and media. Next the spindle is connected to the motor and regulated to 350 rpm and the grinding performed for a total of 12 hours. Cooling water is passed through a jacket on the attritor to maintain a temperature between 100°-135° F. 
     The key dispersion property for assessing effective stabilization by the dispersants was rheology measurements. The viscosities were measured using a Brookfield, model RVT, viscometer. The dispersions were judged to be acceptable if the initial viscosity was no higher than 1000 centipoise, and if the viscosity did not double after one week. 
     Example 13 
     This example illustrates pigment dispersions using the dispersant from Example 7 and12-HSA copolymer tooth from Example 1 with 8.49% phthalimide. The following materials were blended and milled as described above: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts    Material                                                         
______________________________________                                    
73.55    Monastral Magenta, RT-3430 (from Ciba Geigy)                     
66.20    Dispersant (Example 7)                                           
228.01   n-Butyl acetate                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The dispersion had the following physical characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter               Value                                             
______________________________________                                    
Gallon wt.              8.313 lb.                                         
Wt. solids (percent)    30.66                                             
Vol. solids (percent)   22.79                                             
Pigment/binder ratio by weight                                            
                        182.15/100                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following viscosity information was obtained as described above using the #2 spindle at 75° F. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RPM      Visc. (cps) initial                                              
                      Visc. (cps) after 1 week                            
______________________________________                                    
 1       40           40                                                  
20       40           40                                                  
50       54           54                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These results indicate that a stable, low viscosity dispersion was produced. 
     The following materials were blended and milled as described above to produce a carbon black dispersion. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts       Material                                                      
______________________________________                                    
54.95       Degussa carbon black beads FW-200                             
87.93       Dispersant (Example 7)                                        
223.48      n-Butyl acetate                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The dispersion had the following physical characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter              Value                                              
______________________________________                                    
Gallon Wt.             8.33 lb                                            
Wt. Solids (percent)   29.23                                              
Vol. Solids (percent)  22.03                                              
Pigment/Binder ratio by wt                                                
                       102.46/100                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following viscosity information was obtained as described above using the #2 spindle at 75° F. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RPM        Visc. (cps) initial                                            
                        Visc. (cps) 1 week                                
______________________________________                                    
 1         240          200                                               
20         170          196                                               
50         171          192                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These results indicate that a stable, low viscosity dispersion was produced. 
     The following materials were blended and milled as described above to produce a red iron oxide dispersion. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts Material                                                            
______________________________________                                    
107.99                                                                    
      Iron oxide red, L2917 (BASF Corp. SICOTRANS ™)                   
129.59                                                                    
      Dispersant (Example 7)                                              
194.39                                                                    
      n-Butyl acetate                                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The dispersion had the following physical characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter              Value                                              
______________________________________                                    
Gallon Wt.             9.82 lb                                            
Wt. Solids (percent)   42.50                                              
Vol. Solids (percent)  26.89                                              
Pigment/Binder ratio by wt                                                
                       136.61/100                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following viscosity information was obtained as described above using the #2 spindle at 75° F. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RPM      Visc. (cps) initial                                              
                      Visc. (cps) 1 week                                  
______________________________________                                    
 1       400          560                                                 
20       340          436                                                 
50       336          396                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These results indicate that a stable, low viscosity dispersion was produced. 
     The following materials were blended and milled as described above to produce a maroon dispersion. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parts       Material                                                      
______________________________________                                    
117.16      Perindo Maroon, R-6436 (Miles Inc.)                           
 66.39      Dispersant (Example 7)                                        
206.98      n-Butyl acetate                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The dispersion had the following physical characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Parameter              Value                                              
______________________________________                                    
Gallon Wt.             8.88 lb                                            
Wt. Solids (percent)   39.68                                              
Vol. Solids (percent)  29.29                                              
Pigment/Binder ratio by wt                                                
                       289.30/100                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The following viscosity information was obtained as described above using the #2 spindle at 75° F. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RPM        Visc. (cps) initial                                            
                        Visc. (cps) 1 week                                
______________________________________                                    
 1         120          120                                               
20         82           92                                                
50         94.4         101.6                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These results indicate that a stable, low viscosity dispersion was produced. 
     It is to be understood that the above described embodiments of the invention are illustrative only and that modifications throughout may occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, this invention is not to be regarded as limited to the embodiments disclosed herein but is to be limited as defined by the appended claims.