Water sensor system
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention is an improvement to my now issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,408. The invention relates to the detection of leakage water around household appliances. More specifically, it relates to the detection of leakage water around appliances such as air conditioning units, a hot water heater, or a clothes washing machine, and the subsequent shutting off of power and water to the appliances in response thereto. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Due to the absence of homeowners for a considerable amount of time each day, and also the fact that most multi-storied apartment buildings have many household units with each unit usually having at least three appliances which use or generate water and are subject to leakage and/or internal electrical short circuits for any one of a variety of reasons, there is a great need for water sensor systems which will monitor these various water-related appliances and respond to protect the appliance, the property, and any person that may come in contact with the appliance. 
     There are known systems which utilize a water collecting tray under a water appliance, such as a washing machine. An example of such a prior art device is disclosed in Thomas W. Collins&#39; U.S. Pat. No. 3,473,553, issued on Oct. 21, 1969. In the Collins patent, a float-actuated electrical switch closes an electrical circuit when sufficient water collects in a tray. A plunger is depressed to open a normally closed valve, and a latch pin is used to hold the valve in the open position. The pin is retracted by means of a solenoid, thus permitting the valve to be closed by a spring. 
     Devices such as the above-described apparatus have not met with wide consumer acceptance. The main reason being due to the fact that there has to be a considerable amount of water leakage before the float will activate the switch. In some instances, the float has become inoperative due to the various deposits in the water, which cause sticking of the linkage, therefore resulting in flooding of the apartment, home or laundry room during the absence of the household occupants. 
     In my now issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,408, when water is sensed, the normally closed circuit opens, allowing storage capacitors to discharge and disable the respective operation associated with the leak. Once shut off, the controlled device cannot be turned on until the control circuit is manually reset. The storage capacitors will &#34;remember&#34; a fault even during a power failure. However, the problem with the capacitors is that they are only good for remembering a fault for approximately 500 hours of down time. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the known inadequacies of prior art devices such as the ones described above, Applicant has been motivated to develop an improved safety system which has eliminated these deficiencies. 
     Accordingly, Applicant has designed an improved, new and novel water sensor unit, wherein a plurality of water-related functions can be simultaneously monitored and in the event of sensing the presence of water with respect to any one of the several appliances being monitored, appropriate action is taken, such as shutting off the power to the unit and simultaneously shutting off the water supply to that particular unit. The improved water sensor system utilizes thermal circuit breakers for fault memory. When a fault occurs, the circuit breakers are tripped. Thus, the fault condition will be &#34;remembered&#34; indefinitely until human intervention. This improves the reliability of the fault memory while adding additional protection to the 24 volt water control valve circuits as a bonus. 
     The instant device also allows isolated external control of a high power appliance from a low power source. This provides compatibility with public utility power management systems now being installed by some power companies. 
     The safety unit plugs into a standard hot water heater outlet. The hot water heater in turn plugs into a receptacle on the safety unit. Power through the unit is controlled by two triacs, one on each side of the 240 volt AC line. A pilot lamp indicates the presence of 240 volts at the receptacle. Control of one or two water solenoids is an available feature. 
     With respect to the safety features, the electronics of the unit are fused from the 240 volt line. An alarm will sound if the fuse blows. The use of two triacs assures that both sides of the 240 volt line are shut off, thus increasing safety to any person coming in contact with the appliance. The triacs will not stay on unless both triacs are on. However, the pilot lamp will indicate power in the event that one triac has shorted out, i.e., if 120 volts to ground was present through such a failure. Additional safety features include the placement of all high voltage circuits on one board beneath a metal panel. All connections from this board to the control board are isolated through optical isolators (7500 volts isolation). Additional features of the water sensor unit will be discussed later in the specification. 
     In accordance with the instant invention, it is a principle object thereof to provide a water sensor unit which will remember a fault indefinitely until human intervention. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a water sensor unit which utilizes electronic components which are not subject to the deficiencies of mechanical components. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a water sensor unit which is quick to respond to the presence of water. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide a water sensor unit which can sense the presence of water around a plurality of water-related appliances. 
     A still further object of the invention is to provide a water sensor unit which can control both the supply of water and power to a unit. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a water sensor unit which includes both pilot indicator lamps and an audible alarm. 
     In accordance with these and other objects which will be apparent hereinafter, the instant invention will now become described with particular reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the entire water sensor unit&#39;s control circuitry. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the electronic circuitry used in the lower board and chassis of the water sensor unit. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the electronic circuitry used in the upper control board. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of the circuit for a normally closed water sensor. 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of the circuit for a normally open water sensor. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, the major components of the water detector system are shown in the form of a block diagram. Input power for the system is provided by plug 1, which is connected to a 240 volt AC receptacle (not shown), usually the one provided for the electric water heater. Each side of the input line is connected to a triac 2a, 2b, and from the triacs to both the outlet receptacle 3 and to the lower board 4. The lower board includes optical isolator circuitry 5a, 5b, 5c and a pilot indicator lamp 6, as well as additional circuitry, all of which will be discussed in more detail below. 
     Isolated 24-volt AC and 5 vdc power is provided from the lower board 4 to the upper board 7 over lines 8a and 8b. The upper board performs all of the control functions of the system while operating at a safe voltage level for consumer protection. All of the water sensors and various control circuits for the water detector system, including an external alarm and optional timer, are connected to the low voltage upper board, and are completely isolated from the 240 volt supply. 
     In operation, the water detector system is connected to a 240 volt source through plug 1, and the electric hot water heater is connected to outlet 3. The triac switches 2a and 2b operate in conjunction with the optical isolators 5a, 5b, and 5c to control power to the hot water heater. If only one side of the 240 volt line is present, both triacs will be shut off by the operation of optical isolator 5c. Other control functions, such as ground fault sensing, are discussed below. 
     The internal circuitry of the lower board is shown in detail in FIG. 2. The 240 volt input from plug 1 is connected through triac switches 2a and 2b and saturable torroid 9 to outlet 3, into which the electric hot water heater is plugged. The 240 volt input is also connected through fuse 10 to the primary side of transformer 11. The 240 volts is also connected across resistors 25 and 26. 
     Normally bridge rectifier 12 has no AC input since the voltage at the center of the two resistors is the same as that at the center tap of transformer 11. If the fuse 10 blows or optical isolator 13 is activated by a fault signal from the upper board, then an unbalanced condition is created which presents AC voltage at bridge rectifier 12 to power the alarm sounder. 
     The 240 volt output is controlled from upper control board 7 through optical isolators 5a, 5b and 5c, with connections to the upper board at terminals 16 and 17. 
     Hot water heaters are prone to ground faults which may cause runaway heating due to loss of control of the normal thermostat. In the instant invention, ground fault in the hot water heater connected to output 3 will be sensed in the saturable torroid 9 by a change in the magnetic flux due to a change in current through the windings of the power circuit to the outlet 3. Auxiliary winding 18 will sense the change in magnetic flux due to a fault condition and provide a signal to the upper board 7 through terminals 19 and 20. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, the circuitry of the upper board 7 will now be discussed. The power for the control board is applied on lines 8 from the lower board 4. Water sensors are connected to terminal block 21 as indicated. These sensors are normally closed circuits, and are operated on alternating current to reduce connection deterioration present with direct current. When water is sensed, the circuit opens, allowing the optical isolator to become operable, blowing the circuit breaker, and disabling the respective electrical circuit associated with the detection of the leak. For instance, if the air conditioner water sensor connected to terminal block 21 is tripped, optical isolator 5d becomes operable, blowing circuit breaker 35a, triggering alarm input A, air conditioner control circuit 24, and fault indicator lamp 25a. Once shut off, the controlled device cannot be turned on until the control circuit is manually reset. Circuit breakers 35a, 35b and 35c will &#34;remember&#34; the status of the circuit or a fault, even during a power failure, indefinitely. 
     Similar operation is provided from the water heater and miscellaneous water alarms. Water sensed will open the normally closed circuit, causing optical isolator 5e to become operable, blowing circuit breaker 35b, triggering alarm input B, fault indicator lamp 25b, and water solenoid control circuit 28. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, a separate signal may also be provided to the optional external hot water control which will trip the triac switches 2a and 2b on the lower board 4 and disconnect power to the hot water heater. 
     The ground fault signal developed by the auxiliary winding 18 of saturable torroid 9 on lower board 4 is hardwired from terminals 19 and 20 on the lower board 4 to inputs 19&#39; and 20&#39; on the upper board 7. If there is no ground fault--if the current through the two 220 lines is identical, there is no pulse on inputs 19&#39; and 20&#39;. If there is a ground fault, then an unbalanced condition is created which presents AC voltage at bridge rectifier 12&#39;, closing the drain-to-gate connection and turning on MOSFET 13&#39;, causing input Y to operate optical isolator 5f, blowing circuit breaker 35c, triggering alarm input C, fault indicator lamp 25c, and causing triac switches 2a and 2b to disconnect power to the hot water heater outlet 3, and triggering the water solenoid control circuit 28. 
     The alarm inputs A, B, C may be used to trigger an external audible alarm as shown in FIG. 1. The alarm may be connected to terminal block 27 as indicated in FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the type of normally closed water sensor which may connect to terminal block 21. Sensing of water by probes 31 will short the source and gate electrodes, effectively eliminating resistor 32 and triggering the detector system by turning off MOSFET 30. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a type of normally open water sensor capable of being used as a stand alone device to shut the water supply off and leave it off until someone walks over and puts it back on again. As shown, the water sensor may be placed between a transformer and a solenoid valve. Sensing of water by probes 31&#39; closes the drain-to-gate connection and turns on MOSFET 30&#39;. When MOSFET 30&#39; turns on, it shorts out bridge 29&#39;, which pulls more current through circuit breaker 35 than it can handle, causing circuit breaker 35 to blow. Therefore, even if the water dries up, the fault is remembered indefinitely and the water supply will not be &#34;reset&#34; or turned on until there is human intervention. 
     Thus, it is apparent that activation of any of the water sensors connected to terminal block 21 will cause operation of the appropriate optical isolator, blowing of the appropriate circuit breaker, activation of the audible alarm, lighting of the appropriate indicator lamp, and initiation of the appropriate control circuitry, whether it is to shut off the air conditioner, shut off the water supply, or terminate power to the hot water heater. Likewise, sensing of a ground fault condition in the hot water heater will operate an optical isolator, blow a circuit breaker, trigger an alarm, light an indicator lamp, and disconnect power and water to the hot water heater. 
     The instant invention has been shown and described herein in what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment. It is recognized, however, that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention and that obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.