Viscosity-stable high solids rosin-phenolic resin solutions
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of our commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/080,728 filed Jun. 28, 1993, now abandoned, entitled &#34;Viscosity-Stable High Solids Rosin-Phenolic Resin Solutions.&#34; The invention relates to novel solution phenolics and the process for preparing them. In particular, the invention relates to viscosity-stable high solids solutions of esters of rosin-phenol condensates having properties which make them useful in formulating vehicles for gravure printing inks. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Hydrocarbon solutions of resin esters of rosin-phenol condensates are known in the ink industry as solution phenolics. Solution phenolics are commonly employed by ink manufacturers in formulating vehicles for gravure printing inks. However, a major problem exists with the use of solution phenolics in that they tend to increase in viscosity over time. The rate of this viscosity growth is concentration-dependent, thereby worsening as the level of resin solids contained in a solution increases (see Table I below). Compounding this problem is the fact that viscosity growth in solution phenolics is also accompanied by undesirable variations in dilution values. As these time-dependent differences in the physical properties of solution phenolics cannot be predicted easily, the resulting variabilities create major problems for ink manufacturers. 
     These twin problems of viscosity growth and dilution value variation are graphically shown by the data listed in Table I below. Here, varying amounts of JONREZ® RP-346 (a rosin-phenolic resin manufactured by Westvaco, Inc.) were dissolved in toluene to produce solutions having differing resin solid levels. These solution phenolics were sealed in jars to prevent toluene evaporation and held at ambient temperatures (about 25° C.) for 2 weeks. 
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Viscosity Growth as a Function of Time and Solids                         
For Untreated Solution Phenolics                                          
Percent Physical                       Percent                            
Solids.sup.a                                                              
        Property  Day 1   Day 7  Day 14                                   
                                       Change                             
______________________________________                                    
45      Brookfield                                                        
                  16,800  41,000 88,530                                   
                                       427                                
        Viscosity                                                         
        (cP)                                                              
        Dilution.sup.b                                                    
                  297     297    314    6                                 
        (mL)                                                              
37      Brookfield                                                        
                  1100    1950   3050  177                                
        Viscosity                                                         
        (cP)                                                              
        Dilution  198     213    198    0                                 
30      Brookfield                                                        
                  190     205    336    77                                
        Viscosity                                                         
        (cP)                                                              
        Dilution.sup.b                                                    
                  130     144    140    8                                 
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Nominal percent solids. Actual solids ranged less than ± 0.5   
 units.                                                                   
 .sup.b Dilution is reported as the milliliters of toluene added to 100   
 grams of RP346 solution (at indicated initial solids level) to lower its 
 viscosity to 18 seconds in a #2 Shell cup at roughly 25° C.       
 
    
     Table I shows that the rate of viscosity growth was proportional to the percent solids of the aged solution: the higher the solids level, the greater the increase in viscosity over time. For example, at 45% nominal solids a toluene solution of JONREZ RP-346 increased 427% (from 16,800 cP to 88,530 cP) in 14 days. At 37.5% nominal solids, a toluene solution of JONREZ RP-346 increased 177% in viscosity (from 1100 cP to 3050 cP) in 14 days. At 30% solids, a toluene solution of JONREZ RP-346 only increased 77% in viscosity in 14 days. 
     Heretofore there has been no solution to this problem; thus the ink industry is currently limited to retarding viscosity growth by utilizing rosin-phenolic resin solutions containing low solids concentrations (i.e., below 25% solids). The ability to create rosin-phenolic resin solutions which are viscosity stable at high solids levels would be greatly advantageous to the industry, especially in the areas of solution formulation, transport, and storage. 
     Therefore, it is the object of this invention to produce viscosity-stable high solids rosin-phenolic resin solutions for use in the formulation of vehicles for gravure printing inks. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This objective is achieved by the addition of a polyalkanolamine or a polyether alcohol to the hydrocarbon solution of esters of rosin-phenol condensates. The resulting solutions are both viscosity stable and dilution stable, even at high solid levels (i.e., solid levels of 25% or more). 
     As mentioned, the invention is directed to novel viscosity-stable high solids solution phenolics (i.e., solutions of esters of rosin-phenol condensates) and the process for preparing the same. In addition, the invention is also directed to ink formulations containing such solution phenolics. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The novel viscosity-stable solution phenolics are prepared by adding a member selected from the group consisting of polyalkanolamines, polyether alcohols, and combinations thereof to high solids hydrocarbon solutions of esters of rosin-phenol condensates. 
     The production of esters of rosin-phenol condensates is well known in the ink industry, with a variety of esters being commercially available. A commonly used method for producing these esters is taught in Example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,848 by Thomas et al. (which is hereby incorporated by reference). 
     Rosins which are suitable for use in producing these esters may be derived from tall oil rosin, wood rosin, or gum rosin. 
     Solvents which are suitable for producing solutions of these esters of rosin-phenol condensates include aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof. 
     Polyalkanolamines which are suitable for use in the invention include compounds containing: a) from 1 to 5 amine groups and b) from 2 to 7 hydroxyl groups where c) each hydroxyl oxygen atom is separated from an amine nitrogen by 2 carbon atoms. These compounds can be generally represented by the chemical structure: ##STR1## where R 1  is hydrogen, C 1  -C 18  alkyl, or --R 2  -- OH; each R 2  is independently ##STR2## R 3  is C 2  -C 6  alkylene or cycloalkylene; and x is 0 to 3. 
     Specific suitable polyalkanolamines include, but are not limited to, the following: 
     triethanolamine, 
     N-ethyldiethanolamine, 
     N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetrakis(hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine, 
     N-methyldiethanolamine, 
     N-butyldiethanolamine, 
     triisopropanolamine, 
     N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetrakis(hydroxyethyl)-1,4-cyclohexanediamine, 
     N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;,N&#34;-pentakis(hydroxypropyl)diethylenetriamine, 
     N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetrakis(hydroxyethyl)hexamethylenediamine, and combinations thereof. 
     Polyether alcohols which are suitable for use in the invention include compounds which can be generally represented by the chemical structure: ##STR3## where R 1  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 18  alkyl; R 2  is hydrogen, CH 3 , or --CH 2  CH 3  ; R 3  is hydrogen or C 1  -C 4  alkyl; and x is 2 to 10. 
     Specific suitable polyether alcohols include, but are not limited to, the following: 
     diethylene glycol, 
     triethylene glycol, 
     diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 
     diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 
     diethylene glycol diethyl ether, 
     dipropylene glycol, 
     dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, 
     diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 
     tripropylene glycol, 
     tetraethylene glycol, 
     poly(ethylene glycol) 200, 
     poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and combinations thereof. 
     It should be noted that polyethylene glycols with molecular weights greater than about 580 are not suitable for use in this invention. Such higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols tend to be waxlike non-liquids and insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. 
     The invention is practiced via the addition of from 0.2-4.0% (by weight of resin solids) of polyalkanolamine and/or polyether alcohol to high solids hydrocarbon solutions of esters of rosin-phenol condensates. The amount added is critical in that higher dosages may lead to difficulties when formulating inks (i.e., slow dry times and set-off problems). The preferred addition range of the polyalkanolamine and/or polyether alcohol is from about 0.5-2.0% The addition may occur during formulation of the high solids solution or after the solution has been produced. The high solids level of the hydrocarbon solutions of esters of rosin-phenol condensates ranges from 25.0-75.0% by weight, with the preferred range being about 35.0-55.0% by weight. 
     As appreciated in the art, the exact components and properties of components desired for any given ink application can vary, and, therefore, routine experimentation may be required to determine the optimal components and proportions of components for a given application and desired properties. 
     The following examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any manner. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A series of solution phenolics were produced by dissolving 45% by weight of different molecular weight production lots of JONREZ® RP-346 (a rosin-phenolic resin manufactured by Westvaco, Inc.) in 55% by weight of toluene to produce 45% solids solutions. Half of the resulting solutions were left untreated to serve as controls. The other half of the solutions were treated with varying amounts of triethanolamine (TEA). The results are listed in Table II below. 
     
                       TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Triethanolamine Suppresses Viscosity Growth                               
in 45% Solids Solution                                                    
RP-346   Physical Property                                                
                      Day 1    Day 7  Day 14                              
______________________________________                                    
Lot #1   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      6300     31,400 53,710                              
Untreated                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
         Dilution.sup.a                                                   
                      --       --     --                                  
Lot #1   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      1650     1280   1680                                
with 1.2%                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
TEA      Dilution.sup.a                                                   
                      --       --     --                                  
Lot #2   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      16,800   41,000 88,530                              
Untreated                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
         Dilution     297      297    314                                 
Lot #2   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      1760     1880   2425                                
with 0.9%                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
TEA      Dilution.sup.a                                                   
                      --       --     --                                  
Lot #3   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      6800     34,500 55,750                              
Untreated                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
         Dilution.sup.b                                                   
                      262      270    323                                 
Lot #3   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      1200     1450   1625                                
with 1.6%                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
TEA      Dilution     207      213    223                                 
Lot #4   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      9433     36,600 89,930                              
Untreated                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
         Dilution     262      278    291                                 
Lot #4   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      1750     1540   1570                                
with 1.3%                                                                 
         (cP)                                                             
TEA      Dilution     219      230    219                                 
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a The dilution values of TEAtreated Lots #1 and #2 were not measured
 .sup.b Dilution is reported as the milliliters of toluene added to 100   
 grams of the tested solution to bring its viscosity to 18 seconds in a #2
 Shell cup at roughly 25° C.                                       
 
    
     Table II shows that triethanolamine suppressed viscosity growth in four different molecular weights of JONREZ RP-346. The maximum viscosity increase was 37% for Lot #2, which was treated with the smallest amount of TEA (0.9 weight percent TEA based on resin solids). 
     Moreover, Table II shows that 45% solids solutions of the four different lots dropped dramatically in viscosity upon treatment with triethanolamine. The four, untreated solutions of JONREZ RP-346 in toluene exhibited viscosities between 6300 cP and 16,800 cP. Upon treatment with 0.9% to 1.6% triethanolamine (by weight of resin), the viscosities of these same solutions dropped to between 1200 cP and 1750 cP. This substantial decrease in viscosity also was observed in the physical appearance of the stirred solutions. The four, untreated, 45% solids solutions exhibited Weisenberg effects, tending to climb the stirrer shaft during sample preparation at 80° C. However, upon addition of the triethanolamine, a deep vortex immediately developed in each of these solutions, attesting to the significant viscosity-lowering effect of TEA. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A series of solution phenolics were produced by dissolving 50% (or 55%) by weight of different molecular weight production lots of JONREZ® RP-346 in 50% (or 45%) by weight of toluene to produce 50% (or 55%) solids solutions. To these solution phenolics were added varying amounts of triethanolamine (TEA). The results are listed in Table III below. 
     
                       TABLE III                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Triethanolamine Treatment Stabilizes Viscosity and                        
Dilution In 50% and 55% Solids Solutions                                  
RP-346   Physical Property                                                
                      Day 1    Day 7  Day 14                              
______________________________________                                    
Lot #5   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      3030     4006   3230                                
50% Solids                                                                
         (cP)                                                             
1.7% TEA Dilution     240      250    --                                  
Lot #6   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      3550     4580   4420                                
50% Solids                                                                
         (cP)                                                             
1.6% TEA Dilution     260      264    251                                 
Lot #7   Brook. Viscosity                                                 
                      17,250   15,270 14,800                              
55% Solids                                                                
         (cP)                                                             
1.7% TEA Dilution     297      284    299                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Triethanolamine also stabilized the viscosity of solutions prepared at solids higher than 45%. Table III shows that addition of around 1.7 weight percent triethanolamine stabilized the viscosity and dilution properties of RP-346 solutions prepared at 50% and 55% solids. Table III shows no control data for the viscosity of untreated solutions of RP-346 at 50% and 55% solids because the solutions were virtually gelled in the reaction vessel at 80° C. prior to triethanolamine addition. It was evident, from this gel formation at 80° C., that at 25° C., the Brookfield viscosities of these untreated 50-55% solids solutions would have been immeasurable. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A solution phenolic was produced by dissolving 45% by weight of JONREZ® RP-346 in 55% by weight of toluene to produce a solids solution. A portion of the solution phenolic was left untreated as a control group. The remainder of the solution phenolic was treated via the addition of varying amounts of different polyalkanolamines. The results are listed in Table IV below. 
     
                       TABLE IV                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Number of 1,2-Relationships Between Hydroxyl and Amine                    
Groups Correlates with Viscosity Stability Effectiveness                  
Number of                                                                 
1,2-   Additive and                                                       
Relation-                                                                 
       Treatment   Physical                                               
ships  Level.sup.a Property Day 1 Day 7 Day 14                            
______________________________________                                    
0      Control     Brook.   9430  36,600                                  
                                        89,930                            
       (None)      Viscosity                                              
                   (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 262   388   291                               
3      Triethanol- Brook.   1750  1540  1570                              
       amine       Viscosity                                              
       1.3         (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 219   230   219                               
2      N-Ethyl-    Brook.   1540  1630  1711                              
       diethanolamine                                                     
                   Viscosity                                              
       1.8         (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 215   223   223                               
1      N,N-Diethyl-                                                       
                   Brook.   4516  11,660                                  
                                        13,050                            
       ethanolamine                                                       
                   Viscosity                                              
       1.97        (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 251   262   262                               
0      Triethylamine                                                      
                   Brook.   9000  --    136,75                            
       1.7         Viscosity            0                                 
                   (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 275   --    310                               
4      THPD.sup.b  Brook.   1060  1260  1115                              
       2.0         Viscosity                                              
                   (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 205   228   --                                
 .sup.a Weight percent of additive used, based on resin solids in solution
 .sup.b THPD is an abbreviation for                                       
 N,N,N&#39;,Ntetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine.                       
 
    
     Table IV shows the viscosity-stability effects of these additives. The data indicates that at least two hydroxyalkyl groups were required for viscosity stability. Note that triethylamine, which lacked hydroxyl groups, did not suppress viscosity growth. Similarly, a solution treated with N,N-diethylethanolamine, which contained a single 1,2-relationship between its hydroxyl and amine groups, was not viscosity-stable. In contrast, N-ethyldiethanolamine contained two hydroxyethyl groups, and this additive suppressed viscosity growth to almost the same extent as triethanolamine. 
     The data in Table IV strongly suggests that the number of 1,2-relationships between hydroxyl and amine groups correlated with the extent of viscosity reduction. To confirm this the effect of adding 2.0 weight percent N,N,N&#39;N&#39;-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine (THPD) was examined. This compound contained four 1,2-relationships between its hydroxyl and amine groups. The viscosity-lowering effect of this additive appeared to be greater than any other compound in this series of triethanolamine analogues. The initial solution viscosity fell from 9430 cP in the untreated solution to 1060 cP in the THPD-treated one. However, after aging 14 days the THPD-treated solutions exhibited a white precipitate. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A series of solution phenolics were produced by dissolving 45% by weight of different molecular weight production lots of JONREZ® RP-346 in 55% by weight of toluene to produce 45% solids solutions. A portion of one solution phenolic was left untreated as a control group. The remainder of the solution phenolics were treated via the addition of varying amounts of different polyether alcohols. The results are listed in Table V below. 
     
                       TABLE V                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyether Alcohol Treatment Stabilizes Viscosity                          
and Dilution In 45% Solids Solutions                                      
       Additive                                                           
       and                                                                
       Treatment   Physical                                               
RP-346 Level.sup.a Property Day 1 Day 7 Day 14                            
______________________________________                                    
Lot #8 Control     Brook.   6800  34,500                                  
                                        55,750                            
       (None)      Viscosity                                              
                   (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 262   271   323                               
Lot #8 Tetraethylene-                                                     
                   Brook.   1740  2600  3550                              
       Glycol      Viscosity                                              
       2.1         (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 235   245   253                               
Lot #9 Diethylene- Brook.   2280  2480  2970                              
       Glycol      Viscosity                                              
       1.3         (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 235   249   241                               
Lot #10                                                                   
       Diethylene- Brook.   2250  3370  4860                              
       Glycol      Viscosity                                              
       0.9         (cP)                                                   
                   Dilution 233   247   266                               
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Weight percent of additive used, based on resin solids in solution
                                                                          
 
    
     As evidenced by the results shown in Table V, the addition of polyether alcohols result in the stabilization of viscosity and dilution values in solution phenolics. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A series of solution phenolics were produced by dissolving 45% by weight of different molecular weight production lots of JONREZ® RP-346 in 55% by weight of toluene to produce four 45% solids solutions. The viscosities and molecular weights of the production lots are listed in Table VI below. 
     
                       TABLE VI                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Viscosities and Molecular Weights of Four Lots of RP-346                  
     Brookfield Vis-                                                      
                  Resin Molecular Weight                                  
     cosity at 25° C.                                              
                  Characteristics*                                        
     and 45% Solids                     Mz + 1/                           
Lot  in Toluene (cP)                                                      
                  Mw      Mw/Mn  Mz/1000                                  
                                        1000                              
______________________________________                                    
#11  2200         116,400 87     917    1485                              
#12  2420         131,400 94     951    1509                              
#13  2200         118,800 87     973    1828                              
#14  2350          83,100 61     621    1031                              
______________________________________                                    
 *Column configuration: 10.sup.5, 10.sup.4, 500, and 100 angstrom.        
 
    
     A portion of each solution phenolic was left untreated as a control group. The remainder of the solution phenolics were treated via the addition of either 1.0% or 1.5% of TEA. One half of the treated solution phenolics were sealed in jars and stored at ambient temperatures for 2 weeks. The results are listed in Table VII below. 
     
                       TABLE VII                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Variation Over Fourteen Days in the Viscosities and Dilutions of          
Triethanolamine-Treated RP-346 Solutions                                  
Weight         25° C. Brookfield                                   
                            Dilution*                                     
Percent        Viscosity (cP)                                             
                            (mL)                                          
Lot   Triethanolamine                                                     
                   day 1   day 14 day 1 day 14                            
______________________________________                                    
#11   0            2250    4600   190   190                               
      1.0          1060    1440   170   150                               
      1.5           970    1160   150   150                               
#12   0            2220    5120   190   210                               
      1.0          1090    1400   160   170                               
      1.5          1000    1230   160   160                               
#13   0            2240    4500   180   200                               
      1.0          1090    1400   170   170                               
      1.5          1000    1220   160   160                               
#14   0            1710    1800   170   170                               
      1.0           820    1080   160   150                               
      1.5           570     980   140   140                               
______________________________________                                    
 *mL of toluene per 100 grams of sample to give 18 seconds in #2 Shell cup
                                                                          
 
    
     The remaining half of the treated and untreated solution phenolics were utilized as let-down vehicles in the preparation of gravure inks. The gravure ink formulation consisted of: 1) 32% by weight of a red pigment formulation containing a 24% base of lithol rubine, 2) 50% by weight of the respective let-down solution phenolic, and 3) 18% by weight of virgin toluene. The ink formulations were agitated via a Red Devil paint shaker for 30 minutes, after which time the inks were diluted to a value of 18 seconds as measured by a Shell #2 cup at 25° C. 
     The gravure inks were subsequently sealed in jars and stored at ambient temperatures for 2 weeks. The results are listed in Table VIII below. 
     
                       TABLE VIII                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Fourteen-Day Viscosity and Dilution Changes in Gravure Inks               
            25° C.                                                 
            Brookfield Dilution.sup.a                                     
Wt %        Viscosity (cP)                                                
                       (sec)      60° Ink Gloss                    
      Triethano-        day        day        day                         
Lot   lamine    day 1   14   day 1 14   day 1 14                          
______________________________________                                    
#11   0         2940    8250 19.6  22.4 51.0  67.6                        
      1.0       1340    1500 17.6  18.5 50.5  66.1                        
      1.5       1040    1240 19.4  18.0 51.4  63.6                        
#12   0         2900    8100 19.6  23.7 52.8  66.7                        
      1.0       1300    1540 17.8  19.2 54.65 67.9                        
      1.5       1140    1440 17.8  18.6 54.0  66.5                        
#13   0         2540    5400 19.7  22.7 51.5  65.3                        
      1.0       1240    1560 18.1  18.9 50.1  66.1                        
      1.5       1100    1280 17.8  17.9 49.7  63.2                        
#14   0         2060    3350 18.4  19.5 49.9  67.9                        
      1.0       1020    1200 16.8  17.5 48.8  65.0                        
      1.5        920    1060 16.3  16.4 47.9  64.9                        
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a Dilution differences are recorded as the seconds required for     
 solutions to pass through a #2 Shell cup when diluted with 120 mL of     
 toluene.                                                                 
 
    
     Table VIII shows the changes in viscosity and dilution of the gravure inks derived from the triethanolamine-treated, let-down vehicles. Untreated inks increased in viscosity roughly 60% to 180% over 14 days. Inks made from let-down vehicles treated with 1.0% triethanolamine increased in viscosity from 12 to 26% over 14 days. Although increasing the triethanolamine level in the let-down vehicle to 1.5% reduced the viscosity of the vehicle and the resulting ink, the viscosity growth characteristics at the 1.0 and 1.5% levels were comparable. 
     The dilution measurements in Table VIII were made by treating all of the samples with 120 mL of toluene and then recording the time required for the diluted sample to pass through a #2 Shell cup. All of the untreated samples gave higher seconds readings, indicating that they were more dilutable than the treated samples. 
     Drying rate differences between treated and untreated inks were estimated in a simulated drying rate test. Samples of treated and untreated inks were drawn down on a grind gauge, and then a piece of paper stock was impressed onto the drawdowns. Slower drying inks transfer longer drawdowns to the paper. The results are listed in Table IX below. 
     
                       TABLE IX                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Lengths (cm) of Drawdowns in                                              
Simulated Drying Rate Experiments                                         
Wt % Triethanolamine                                                      
in Let-Down Vehicle                                                       
Lot     0.0            1.0    1.5                                         
______________________________________                                    
#11     12.1           12.8   --                                          
        13.2           --     13.6                                        
#12     9.5            10.3   --                                          
        9.4            --     10.4                                        
#13     12.0           12.5   0                                           
        11.0           --     12.1                                        
#14     10.0           11.8   --                                          
        10.0           --     11.4                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Table IX shows that, in all cases, the TEA-treated inks gave longer drawdowns than their untreated counterparts, indicating that their drying rates were lower. 
     It is important to note, however, that many of the TEA-treated inks gave drawdowns with lengths within the range exhibited by the untreated inks. For example, the drawdowns of untreated inks ranged in length from 9.4 cm to 13.2 cm. The drawdowns of inks made from let-down vehicles treated with 1.0 and 1.5% TEA ranged in length from 10.3 cm to 13.6 cm. In other words, all but one of the treated ink samples (Lot #11 with 1.5% TEA) gave drawdowns with lengths (and, hence, drying rates) within the range exhibited by the four lots of untreated inks. 
     Although the drying rates of gravure inks formulated with TEA were somewhat increased, the rates were still comparable to those of the control inks. TEA treatment did not adversely affect ink film gloss, film density, or bronzing. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Esters of rosin-phenol condensates suitable for use in the present invention may be produced via the following procedure. To a suitable reaction vessel equipped with an overhead stirrer, condenser, and thermometer is added 100 parts of tall oil rosin. The rosin is heated under an inert gas blanket to 150° C., at which time 0.05 parts magnesium oxide and 15 parts nonylphenol are added. The mixture is allowed to cool to 125° C., whereupon 5.1 parts of paraformaldehyde are added. The temperature of this mixture is held at 125° C. for one hour, then increased to 180° C. At this time, 0.10 parts of 50% active phosphinic acid is added and stirred in well, after which 3.0 parts of maleic anhydride are added. The mixture is stirred at 180° C. for 1 hour; then the temperature is increased to 200° C. and 13.0 parts of pentaerythritol are added. The temperature is increased to 250° C., held for 0.5  hours, then raised to 280° C. and held for an acid value less than 25. 
     Many modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore understood that the scope of the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing description, but rather is to be defined by the claims appended hereto.