Optoelectronic transducer
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to optoelectronic transducers and to fabrication techniques for optoelectronic transducers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many telecommunications applications of fiber optics require the fixing (or pigtailing) of an optical fiber to the active area of a photodetector or light generating device, such as a laser, or light emitting diode. This fixing process must serve several functions, which functions include: 1) optical alignment of signals carried by the optical fibers to the optical device; 2) permanent physical attachment of the fiber to hold the alignment stable over time, temperature, shock, vibrations and other environmental conditions; and 3) electrical connection and preservation of signal integrity, which means that wire bonding, soldering, or otherwise providing electrical signal contact from the assembly to a host circuit board must be provided. Many applications also require that parasitic capacitance and/or inductance be minimized in the assembly. 
     The process of aligning and fixing an optical fiber to an optical device, while satisfying all of the above criteria, can be very costly. If the alignment is accomplished by a procedure referred to in the art as &#34;active alignment&#34; (i.e., monitoring of optoelectronically induced signals while aligning) the cost is very high because this procedure is labor intensive. A specific application in telecommunications, namely analog optical receivers used in subcarrier multiplexing applications (such as CATV receivers), has particularly demanding requirements of this fixturing process. In this application, a single single-mode optical fiber with a core diameter of approximately 8 μm must be aligned to the center of a 60 μm active area of a photodetector. To maintain photodetector linearity, the center or core of the optical fiber must be aligned within approximately 10 μm of the center of the photodetector active area, even though the diameter of the photodetector active area is 60 μm. 
     Prior devices in this field involve fixturing of the optical fiber in a precision machined ceramic fixture that allows for freedom of movement of the optical fiber relative to the optical device and subsequent fixing by means of an adhesive. 
     An example of one type of pigtailed optoelectronic assembly is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,317, entitled &#34;Assembly With Fixture Aligning and Affixing an Optical Fiber to an Optical Device&#34;, issued Nov. 1, 1994 and assigned to the same assignee. 
     It is a purpose of the present invention to provide a new and improved single optical fiber optoelectronic transducer. 
     It is a further purpose of the present invention to provide a new and improved single optical fiber/device assembly which is relatively simple to fabricate and use. 
     It is another purpose of the present invention to provide a new and improved single optical fiber/device assembly which includes components with reduced temperature problems and with reduced capacitance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The above described problems and others are at least partially solved and the above purposes and others are realized in an optoelectronic transducer and method of fabrication including a fiber carrier having a groove formed in a major side with an optical fiber mounted in the groove and a reflecting surface positioned adjacent one end of the groove so as to direct light in-to/out-of the optical fiber. A photonic device carrier having a photonic device fixedly mounted on a major side. Mounting pads positioned on the major sides of the carriers are affixed together so that the photonic device is optically aligned with the reflecting surface and light traveling in-to/out-of the optical fiber is directed out-of/in-to the photonic device. The carriers are formed of materials with similar thermal coefficients of expansion, such as silicon and ceramic. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Referring to the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a view in top plan of a fiber carrier; 
     FIG. 2 is a view in top plan of a photonic device and carrier; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an assembled optoelectronic transducer in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a view in top plan, portions thereof broken away, of the optoelectronic transducer of FIG. 3. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Turning now to the drawings in which like characters designate like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1 is a view in top plan of a fiber carrier 10. Fiber carrier 10 may be, for example, a semiconductor material such as silicon or the like, since the semiconductor industry is set up to work on these materials and many semiconductor processes and techniques can be used in the following process. Also, these materials generally have a thermal coefficient of expansion which is matched to other materials to be explained. Fiber carrier 10 is formed as a thin rectangularly shaped substrate having a major side 11, which in FIG. 1 is the upper surface. 
     A groove 12 is formed in major side 11 of fiber carrier 10, which groove 12 extends from one edge of fiber carrier 11 to a mid-point. While groove 12 may be formed with substantially any convenient cross-section, in this preferred embodiment the cross-section is substantially V-shaped to enhance the positioning of an optical fiber therein. Groove 12 is further formed with an angled, reflective surface 14 at the inner end, which surface 14 is made to reflect light, by simply polishing or metalizing, for example. Surface 14 is positioned adjacent to one end of groove 12 so as to direct light in-to/out-of groove 12 and substantially perpendicular to major side 11. In this preferred embodiment, surface 14 is formed at an angle to the axis of groove 12 which is in a range of approximately 40° to 60° and preferably at approximately 55°. One process of forming surface 14 is to preferentially grow crystals, such as silicon crystals, so that a crystal plane forms surface 14 at the desired angle. 
     A plurality of mounting pads 15 are formed on major side 11 of fiber carrier 10 at any convenient locations. Mounting pads 15 are precisely located with respect to surface 14 and groove 12, for reasons that will be explained presently. Generally, mounting pads 15 can be formed by any of the well known semiconductor metalization processes. Further, if surface 14 is metalized to provide the reflectivity, it can be conveniently accomplished at the same time as the metalization process used to form mounting pads 15. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, a photonic device carrier 20 is illustrated. Photonic device carrier 20 may be, for example, a ceramic material, or a semiconductor material such as silicon or the like. Ceramic is preferred in this structure because of the strength it adds while resulting in extremely low parasitic capacitance. Also, these materials generally have a thermal coefficient of expansion which is matched to other materials, such as the material of fiber carrier 10 and the materials of a photonic device, to be explained. Photonic device carrier 20 is formed as a thin rectangularly shaped substrate having a major side 21, which in FIG. 2 is the upper surface. 
     Thin film metalization is applied to major side 21 of photonic device carrier 20 by any of the well known processes and defines a chip mounting pad 22, a wire bond pad 23, an electrical connection 24 to chip mounting pad 22, and a plurality of mounting pads 25. Mounting pads 25 are precisely positioned with respect to chip mounting pad 22 and are further positioned to mate with mounting pads 15 on fiber carrier 10. Also defined in the metalization process are fiducials 26, which are used in conjunction with fiducials on a photonic chip, to enable alignment and die attachment of the photonic chip to photonic device carrier 20 with accuracy&#39;s on the order of 2 μm. It will of course be understood that other fiducials might be supplied and used, but those described are preferred because of the ease of formation. 
     In the final assembly, to be explained presently, fiber carrier 10 is affixed to photonic device carrier 20 by connecting mounting pads 15 to mounting pads 25. Before attaching a die to chip mounting pad 22, solder balls are placed on mounting pads 25 and reflowed to form precisely sized solder bumps with vertical and lateral tolerances of a few microns. As will be understood, the solder bumps are formed before die attachment so that the die will not be subjected to the heat of the reflow process. It should also be understood that solder bumps can similarly be formed on fiber carrier 10 in addition to or instead of being formed on photonic device carrier 20. 
     With the various formation and metalization steps completed, an optical fiber 30 (see FIG. 3) is positioned in groove 12 of fiber carrier 11. If groove 12 is formed with a V-shaped cross-section, optical fiber 30 is automatically centered in groove 12. Also, optical fiber 30 is moved longitudinally along groove 12 until the end butts against surface 14. This operation automatically positions optical fiber 30 in the correct position relative to surface 14 so that the maximum light is coupled between optical fiber 30 and a photonic device, to be explained. Optical fiber 30 can be a single mode optical fiber or a multi-mode optical fiber, depending upon the ultimate application of the electro-optical transducer. Optical fiber 30 is fixedly attached in groove 12 by any convenient means, such as epoxy 31, solder, or any convenient adhesive or bonding agent. 
     A photonic device 35 is provided, which device 35 may be either a light receiver or a light transmitter and may include any of the following devices: a semiconductor photodiode, an organic photodiode, a semiconductor light emitting diode, an organic light emitting diode, a semiconductor laser, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, etc. In instances where photonic device 35 is fabricated on a semiconductor die or chip, the die is attached to chip mounting pad 22 in any of the well known methods used in the semiconductor art. One terminal of photonic device 35 is connected to electrical connection 24 by the mounting of the die. A second terminal of photonic device 35 is connected by wire bonding to wire bond pad 23. Thus, external connections to photonic device 35 are provided. 
     The package assembly is completed by bringing mounting pads 15 on fiber carrier 10 into contact with the solder bumps on mounting pads 25 of photonics device carrier 20 and then reflowing the solder to affix fiber carrier 10 to photonic device carrier 20. The surface tension of the reflowed solder bumps pulls the carriers into alignment with tolerances on the order of a micron. The completed package is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. This alignment is sufficient to achieve good single mode coupling efficiency and minimal distortion for various applications, including CATV. 
     It will of course be understood that a multiple fiber carrier can be formed by etching multiple carrier grooves in the substrate, each with a reflecting surface and attaching an array of photonic devices (receivers and/or transmitters) to the photonic device carrier. 
     Thus, a new and improved single, or multi-mode, optical fiber optoelectronic transducer is provided along with new and improved methods of fabricating the optoelectronic transducer. The new and improved single optical fiber, optoelectronic transducer is relatively simple to fabricate and use and includes components with reduced temperature problems due to incompatible thermal coefficients of expansion and with reduced parasitic capacitance and/or inductance. 
     While we have shown and described specific embodiments of the present invention, further modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art. We desire it to be understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular forms shown and we intend in the appended claims to cover all modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of this invention.