Solar tracking system
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to solar tracking devices, and particularly to a system for maintaining a solar collector with its responsive surface normal to the sun rays, as the sun, as seen from the earth, traverses in the sky from sunrise to sunset. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     Solar energy devices such as solar concentrators, work most efficiently when they are oriented favourably, based on their geometry, to the incoming solar rays. For a flat plate, this orientation is optimum when the rays are perpendicular to the plate. Since the position of the sun is continually changing, the receiving surface must also be continually reoriented to maintain the optimal orientation condition. The devices that track the solar position can be of two types; the first type utilize matched solar cells or other photoelectric sensors which generate a differential signal whenever the orientation of the device is not optimal. This signal is used in a feedback mechanism to reorient the receiver until the best orientation is achieved. Such devices have not proved to be very reliable because they fail to discriminate between the obscured sun and a bright spot, in a broken cloud. The feedback mechanism misorientates the receiver towards the bright spot rather than the sun. In this way, the tracking fails. Furthermore, these devices are not dependable under foggy or misty or dusty conditions. 
     The second type of mechanisms which track the sun, use clock mechanisms to control the orientation of the receiver at different times of a day. Unfortunately, to accurately follow the sun in its daily motion as well as its yearly (seasonal) motion, the devices have to be complex in their construction besides being expensive to build. 
     Another disadvantage with both types of systems mentioned above, is the energy requirement during the tracking because these are not mass balanced. Due to the imbalance, far more torque is required to correct the position of the receiver as compared to the balanced systems. Many times, it is not possible to attain the correct position, especially when the sun appears in the sky after a long interval of cloudy condition. Under such conditions, significant amount of torque is required for the receiver to attain the optimal orientation. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore the main object of the present invention to provide a solar tracking system which is accurate and yet requires minimum energy input and is simple and inexpensive to build and operate. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide several methods for solar tracking. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the annexed drawings, like references indicate like elements throughout: 
     FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a preferred embodiment of the invention. It shows the orientation of the receivers between September 21 to March 21 in the northern hemisphere; 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of the motor driven system; 
     FIG. 3 is a top view of the manually driven system; and 
     FIG. 4 is a side view similar to FIG. 1 but with the receivers reoriented to receive the solar energy between March 21 to September 21 in the northern hemisphere. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     As shown in FIG. 1, brackets 27 and 29 are rigidly attached to a rotatable shaft 16 by collars 28 and 30 respectively. A support 1, which serves as a mounting platform for supporting a solar collector such as a receiver or reflector or a combination of both and of any geometrical shape is pivoted to bracket 27 by a pivot 17 perpendicular to shaft 16. Similarly, a support 3 is pivoted at 18 to bracket 29. It is possible to change the spatial orientation of collector supports 1 and 3 by inclining them using pivots 17 and 18 respectively, which may be desirable for concentrating the sun&#39;s rays due to yearly (seasonal) motion of the earth. Adjustable stays 23 and 22 hold the corresponding supports 1 and 3 at the required inclination respectively. Shaft 16 is held parallel to the north-south axis of the earth. This is possible by aligning a horizontal base plate 12, along the north-south direction. This base plate is horizontally held using four levelling screws, two of which are shown as 13 and 9 in this figure. The other two screws are behind these screws in this view. Shaft 16 subtends an angle equal to the latitude of the location where this system is used. Shaft 16 is supported by a roller bearing 15 and a tapered roller bearing 5 on its ends. A counter-balancing arm 2, which can slide along and rotate around along shaft 16, is adjustably fixed thereto; arm 2, which is normal to shaft 16, carries a counter-balancing mass M at an adjustable radial distance P2 from shaft 16. Mass M on the counter-balancing arm 2 can be moved in the radial direction relative to the shaft 16. The centre of gravity of the support 1 is at a radial distance P1 from the shaft 16. As shaft 16 is rotated, the moments of the masses of the solar collectors and of their securing assemblies, namely elements 1, 23, 27 and 28 and 3, 22, 29 and 30 are counter-balanced by mass M. If either or both supports 1 and 3 are rotated about pivots 17 and 18, then their radial distance from shaft 16 will change and one would have to change the radial distance of mass M from the shaft. A vertical column 11 provides support to shaft 16 in order to keep it straight. This column has a bushing 11a at its top through which the shaft passes for rotation and support. Bearings 15 and 5 are held on vertical columns 14 and 6 respectively columns 6, 11 and 14 are fixed to base plate 12. The solar collector carried by support 3 may consist of an array of solar cells. A pointer 4 is mounted normal to the array of solar cells carried by support 3. Pointer 4 is used to align the apparatus such that the receiver on support 1 or solar cells on support 3 are normal to the sun&#39;s rays. The length of the shadow of the pointer indicates the degree of misalignment. In the case of perfect alignment, there will not be any shadow. Pointer 4 could be mounted on support 1. 
     The mass balancing of the shaft can be done by first bringing the surfaces of the solar collectors mounted on supports 1 and 3 normal to the sun&#39;s rays using pivots 17 and 18 respectively, and by rotating the shaft 16. In this position, the counter-balance arm 2 is moved along the shaft and rotated about the shaft for a given radial position of mass M. In addition, one can displace mass M radially toward and from shaft 16. The solar cells, also referred to as solar panels, are used to charge a battery 10 which, in turn, can be used to power a stepper-motor 20 which drives shaft 16 through a gear system 8 as shown in FIG. 2. This stepper motor 20 is rotated by a series of pulses. It rotates a specified number of degrees per pulse, depending upon its construction. This type of motor can also operate on 110 volts, 220 volts etc. which are normally available in most places in the world. If a power supply is not available, then one can use the power generated by the solar cells (FIG. 1) to power motor 20. In FIG. 2, the supply voltage to motor 20 is not specified. This will depend on the place of use. In FIG. 2, the connection terminals of motor 20 are shown at 22 and the motor control is at 21. 
     The solar tracking can be done by rotating the mass balanced shaft 16 after first aligning the pointer 4 with the sun rays. The earth rotates 360 degrees (one revolution) in approximately 23 hours and 56 minutes about its north-south axis. The total time for one revolution is equal to 86, 160 seconds. Therefore, the earth rotates 1 degree in 239.333 seconds. Thus, the motor can be made to turn 1 degree at every 239.33 seconds by supplying to motor 20 the appropriate number of pulses required by controller 21 (FIG. 2). It should be noted that the power requirement of a motor decreases as the number of degrees to turn at a given time is decreased. For example, if we want to turn 5 degrees at every 1196.665 seconds interval instead of 1 degree at every 239.333 interval, then a more powerful motor (more costly motor, in general) will be required to do the job. 
     There are several methods to do the tracking. It will depend upon the situation where one method might prove better than the other. 
     The first and the simplest method is manually rotating shaft 16 by a certain number of degrees in a time interval based on the rotation rate of the earth, as discussed above. This can also be done merely by inspecting the shadow produced by pointer 4 i.e. the rotation of the shaft can be done in such a manner that there is no shadow of pointer 4. Since the earth rotates at a very slow rate, this method can be quite useful in many countries of the world where many people may not want to spend money on gear boxes, stepper motors etc. In such cases, shaft 16 has to be supported on bearings 15, and 5 (FIG. 1), and one needs a solar collector on one support 1 and the counter-balancing system 2, 2a and M. If one uses column 11, the system will perform better otherwise, the spacing between columns 14 and 6 can be made smaller, and one can eliminate column 11. 
     In the second method, which also does not require electrical parts, one can use a gear box where one can have a worm and worm gear system 8 as shown in FIG. 3. Worm rotation can be produced by using a knob 19. The torque required to turn knob 19 for a single start worm and an n tooth--gear will be, 1/n times that required to rotate the shaft having no gear system. 
     In the third method, where one uses a stepper motor 20 along with gear box 8 for optimal torque reduction, the system required can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. In this case, one can have two limit switches 24 and 25 (refer to FIG. 2), one for the starting position in the morning and the second one for the stopping position in the evening. One also needs a re-start switch 26. Here, one can rotate the shaft at a faster rate (most motors have controllers with features having variable pulse rates) in the morning to align pointer 4 parallel to the sun&#39;s rays. In this situation, the current output of the solar cells 3 will be a maximum as measured by a current meter (not shown). One can have wiring such that the current meter can be inside the house such that the alignment of pointer 4 can be easily checked from within the house. It is desirable to be able to align pointer 4 from inside the house in places having extreme weather conditions. If solar cells and a current meter are provided, the latter can be used to align the supports without the need of pointer 4. After aligning supports 1 and 3, one can set the stepper motor 20 (FIG. 2) to turn at the tracking speed (earth&#39;s rotational speed but in a direction opposite to that of earth) until the evening when the second limit switch 25 is activated to stop the motor rotation. The motor can then be rotated in the reverse direction at a faster rate, until it activates the first limit switch for stopping. In this way, the cycle can be repeated. 
     In the fourth method, depending upon the requirements, one can do away with the limit switches, and after aligning once, the stepper motor can be set to turn at the tracking speed even through the night because it will be in the alignment with the sun in the following days and months. 
     It should be noted that the solar collectors carried by supports 1 and 3 (refer to FIG. 1) have to be oriented normal to the sun&#39;s rays all the time. Misalignment can also arise due to seasonal variations (the yearly motion of the earth). The reorientation to correct the latter misalignment is effected by adjusting the inclination of supports 1 and/or 3 about pivots 17 and 18 using stays 22 and 23. The balancing of shaft 16 by re-adjusting counter-balancing system 2 is also required each time a solar collector inclination is changed because of the change of the radial distances of their respective centre of gravity. Furthermore, it should be clarified here that at a given time, motion is provided to the system about a single north-south axis. No motion is provided through the pivots 17 and 18. These pivots are used for the re-orientation of the solar receiving surfaces while the shaft is stationary. 
     In the fifth method, one has a reference position for the rotation of the shaft which can be the mid-night position. Representing the starting time in the morning as t M , in seconds, the angular spacing at this time, from the mid-night position will be O M . Based on the earth&#39;s rotational rate of one degree per 239.333 seconds, one can write 
     O M  =t M  /239.333, degrees. 
     The mid-night position of the shaft is 180 degrees from the mid-day position. After starting in the morning at a set time, one can track the sun for the time t T . The angular position for stopping relative to the starting position will be 
     O E  =t T  /239.333, degrees. 
     The motor is then made to rotate in the reverse direction. Considering the angular speed of return to be N times the tracking speed, the time to return back to the morning position will be 
     t R  =t T  /N 
     The time t I , when the motor does not rotate, is 
     t I  =(86160-t M  -t R  -t T ) 
     Thus, the motor can be programmed to track the sun for the time t T  then return to the original position rotating at N times the tracking speed for the time t R . The motor remains idle for time (t I  +t M ). To program this, the shaft has to be initially positioned at an angle 0 M  from mid-night position, to start it after time t M  from the mid-night position. It has to be borne in mind that the rotational rate of the motor has to be n times the rate of the shaft (considering that the speed reduction ratio of the gear box is n) during each of the motions (tracking or returning). The pulse rates to the motor by the controller have to be accordingly adjusted. In this method no one has to attend during the entire process. 
     FIGS. 1 and 4 show the orientation of the receivers 1 and 3 during the periods of September 21 to March 21 and of March 21 to September 21 respectively, in the northern hemisphere. 
     In the first case, pivots 17, 18 are uppermost while in the second case pivots 17, 18 are lowermost. Collars 28 and 30 can be opened to reverse the position of supports 27 and 29 on shaft 16. 
     From the foregoing, it can be recognized that the present invention comprehensively deals with many conditions likely to be met and it provides systems and methods which will operate either attended or unattended with accuracy and dependability.