Hall-effect arc protector
CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION 
     The United States Government has fights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC07-84ID12435 between the U.S. Department of Energy and Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company, Inc. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     All electrical conductors have capacitive and inductive properties and as a result, are capable of storing energy. If the insulating barrier between two conductors breaks down, a discharge path for the stored energy is formed, and a stored energy discharge along this path creates an &#34;arc&#34;. If the energy discharge or &#34;arc&#34; exceeds the wattage rating of the passive components or of the solid state circuitry of the electrical equipment, the arc can damage the instrument. 
     An arc creates a low resistance path, thus, providing a path for the continual discharge of energy. The presence of in-line power supplies operate to sustain the arc condition by providing current to the arc path. The presence of the arc current creates a current spike which, in turn, generates an associated electromagnetic field spike. 
     Arcs are inherent in the design and operation of many electrical instruments and thus, cannot be totally eliminated. The presence of a high voltage in the instrument further complicates attempts at arc suppression since the voltage parameters associated with the high instrument voltage often exceed the ratings of potential high speed, solid state circuit breakers. In the past, this problem of arc suppression in high voltage instruments required the use of mechanical circuit breakers which did not have the sensitivity or the response time required to protect the instrument against damage from the arc. 
     Applicant&#39;s invention senses the presence of an arc by monitoring the strength of the electromagnetic field surrounding a conductor whose current and electromagnetic field are effected by the presence of the arc. The apparatus monitors the electromagnetic field through the use of a Hall-Effect transducer. When exposed to an electromagnetic field, the Hall-Effect transducer experiences an induced voltage which is proportional to the strength of the electromagnetic field. Since the onset of an arc results in a change in the electromagnetic field surrounding the conductor, the transducer experiences a change in the induced voltage in response to the arc. Therefore, by using a Hall-Effect transducer, one can correlate a direct relationship between the transducer&#39;s output voltage and the magnitude of the current surge caused by the arc. 
     In Applicant&#39;s invention, the output voltage from a Hall-Effect transducer is further conditioned and amplified, and then, this modified transducer signal is compared to a selected threshold value to determine whether or not the arc poses a danger to the instrument. If the are exceeds the threshold value, a circuit breaker is engaged which shunts the arc-effected signal to ground. Input over-voltage protection is provided to the transducer through the use of back-to-back clamp diodes, and gain adjustment circuitry is employed to allow for adjustment in transducer sensitivity. 
     The above configuration employs hysteresis feedback techniques in sensing the condition of the circuitry and employs arc suppression delay filtering to detect arc propagation rates as fast as 100 nanoseconds with an impressed voltage of up to 10 KV superimposed on a dc voltage. By employing Applicant&#39;s system, the switching speed of the circuit breaker can be reduced from the millisecond range of the standard mechanical circuit breakers currently in use to microseconds. 
     This invention is useful because it requires only minor modification of the circuit. The invention simply clamps on an active circuit of the instrument and only requires the insertion of the arc suppression circuit, a switch and appropriate ground cables. 
     It is the objective of the present invention to provide arc protection to arc sensitive instrumentation operating at high instrument voltages. Another object of this invention is to provide for a variable threshold which must be exceeded by the strength of the arc in order to activate the high speed circuit breaker. It is, also, the object of the invention to provide for the rapid cycling of the high speed circuit breaker to minimize the off-line time of the instrument. 
     Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To achieve the foregoing and other advantages, this invention uses a Hall-Effect transducer based arc protector to detect and protect an electrical device from damage which could result from the occurrence of an arc of sufficient energy to damage internal instrument circuitry. When the Hall-Effect transducer, in conjunction with threshold detection circuitry, detects a voltage spike associated with a potentially damaging arc, a circuit breaker shunts the instrument input signal through a dummy load to ground, thus protecting the instrument from the potentially damaging effects of the arc. A follow-on pulse, generated internally in the arc protector, rapidly resets the circuit breaker, and the normal signal path is reestablished. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings where: 
     FIG. 1 is a component schematic of the Hall-Effect Arc Protector. 
     FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic of the Hall-Effect Arc Protector. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As is illustrated in FIG. 1, the Hall-Effect Arc Protector comprises two modules 1 and 2. The first module 1 contains the sensor or Hall-Effect transducer 3, the sensor amplifier conditioning circuit 4, the arc threshold detection circuitry 5, the trip point voltage reference 6, and the circuit breaker control logic 7. The second module 2 contains the arc suppression circuitry 8, the circuit breaker 9, and the dummy load 10. The subject invention monitors the instrument for the occurrence of arcing events without having to significantly modify the instrument. This is accomplished by clamping the sensor 3 to an instrument signal source conductor 11, which is then monitored for changes in the electromagnetic field surrounding the conductor 11. The second module 2 is designed to operate at dc-level potentials of up to 10 KV. When potentially damaging arcs are detected by the Hall-Effect Are Protector, the circuit breaker shunts the signal to the dummy load 10. 
     The sensor 3 is a Hall-Effect transducer 3, FIG. 2, which monitors the electromagnetic field associated with conductor 11. The transducer 3 experiences an induced voltage in proportion to the electromagnetic field associated with conductor 11. The electromagnetic field, surrounding the conductor 11, in turn is directly related to the current flowing in the conductor 11. As a result, when an are forms, creating a current surge in the conductor 11, the electromagnetic field surrounding the conductor 11 changes in response to the current surge resulting in a change in the induced voltage experienced by the transducer 3 and a corresponding change in the voltage outputed to the subsequent arc detector circuit components. 
     The sensor amplifier and conditioning circuit 4 amplifies and conditions the output voltage of the sensor 3. The amplified voltage signal is then transmitted to the arc threshold detection circuit 5 whose response time is critical since arcs can quickly propagate and damage circuitry within the instrument. To avoid circuit damage the circuit breaker 9 must trip as quickly as possible. This rapid response time was achieved by designing a comparator 12, FIG. 2, internal to the detection circuit 5 where the comparator 12, FIG. 2, has a positive feedback. The comparator 12 provides a logic circuit to determine when a potentially damaging arc has occurred. The feedback feature causes a near instantaneous switch in the logic states in the presence of a damaging arc. Discrete components of the detection circuit 5 were selected to provide optimum hysteresis effects between the trip points. Optimization of the hysteresis property reduces the response time and eliminates several undesirable effects such as contact chatter and oscillation. The hysteresis provides a dead zone over which the comparator 12 will not be responsive. The dead zone eliminates false triggering of the comparator 12, FIG. 2, from the inductive ringing effects of arcs. 
     The trip voltage reference 6 provides for a user adjustable threshold or trip point which defines the threshold values at which the circuit will respond to a detected arc event. This allows the user to achieve the desired level of arc detection sensitivity. 
     When an are is detected, the output of the differential comparator 12 switches states and activates a monostable multivibrator 13, FIG. 2. The multivibrator 13 generates a signal pulse having a predefined timed duration. The timed pulse is used to control the switching time of the relay 14 associated with the circuit breaker 9. The rising, or leading edge, of the pulse activates the circuit breaker 9 which in turn switches the instrument input signal to a dummy load 10 thereby absorbing the energy of the arc. The falling, or trailing edge, of the pulse resets the circuit breaker 9 and takes the dummy load 10 out of the circuit, thus, allowing the instrument input signal to resume its normal path. The time duration of the pulse is designed to allow sufficient delays to dissipate all the energy of the arc while resetting the circuit breaker circuit 9 in the minimum time to permit essentially uninterrupted operation of the instrument. 
     The circuit breaker control circuit 7 is a logic controlled circuit used to control the operation of the circuit breaker 9 and shunt the arc path to a dummy load 10. 
     The mechanical relay 14, FIG. 2, of the circuit breaker 9 is necessary to provide the required high voltage and current ruggedness. The arc propagation time is sufficiently delayed by the passive arc suppression circuitry 8 to compensate for the relatively slow switching time of the mechanical breaker 9. The circuit breaker 9 energizes with a high signal from the circuit breaker logic control 7. When the high signal is received the breaker 7 shunts the signal path to a dummy resistive load 10. The load 10 has sufficient impedance so that it does not act as a short with respect to the signal source, yet the load 10 provides a low resistance path to ground for unwanted arc energy. 
     The arc suppression circuit 8 contains a discrete Chebyshev LC filter 16, FIG. 2. to prevent instantaneous changes in the current. The LC filter 16, FIG. 2, is designed to provide for minimum insertion loss and is effectively transparent to the normal dc signal. The transfer function of the LC filter is designed to approximate an ideal low-pass filter. The cut-off frequency for the LC filter is set as close to dc as possible. When a transient arc occurs, the effective impedance of the filter increases to attenuate and/or delay the arc. This delay allows the circuit breaker 9 time to switch the current path before the arc propagates to more sensitive instrumentation. 
     The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments described explain the principles of the invention and practical applications and should enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.