Fatty acid salt pesticidal composition
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/019,109, filed on Feb. 18, 1993, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to pesticidal compositions, particularly those having insecticidal and miticidal activity, that are formed from environmentally safe compounds. 
     Fatty acids are naturally occurring, readily biodegradable compounds. The salts of certain fatty acids are known to have insecticidal and miticidal properties. Indeed, fatty acid salts having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly unsaturated C18 fatty acids, are toxic to many soft bodied insects. 
     Such insecticidal compounds are desirable because their biodegradability renders them ecologically safe compounds. However, fatty acid salt insecticides are acute toxins that exhibit no residual activity. To be effective as a pesticide these compounds must contact target pests. Factors which influence the effectiveness of such insecticides include the ability of the compound to effectively spread on a target surface and the ability of the compound to penetrate the insect&#39;s cuticle. 
     Various fatty acid-based pesticidal compositions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,774,234; 4,826,678; and 5,093,124. 
     Fatty alcohols are not soluble in water, therefore these compounds are not effective for increasing spreading properties of water. Higher fatty alcohols have been reported to be active against aphids. (See Bosquet et al. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 27:1342-44 (1935). However, derivatives of fatty alcohols have been used more extensively than fatty alcohols themselves as pesticides. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,993,040 and 1,963,100 disclose the use of higher alkyl thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, selenocyanates, isoselenocyanates, tellurocyanates, and isotellurocyanates in pesticidal formulations. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,199,944 discloses the use of long chain fatty alcohols as film formers able to be applied to bodies of water to inhibit evaporation. Similarly, Han (Plant Disease, April 1990, 263) discloses the use of a composition containing dodecyl alcohol to form a film or membrane over living plants. The membrane accommodates the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, but prevents the passage of water. Such a composition is reported to protect plants from insects, disease, cold, and dehydration. 
     Despite the known effectiveness of certain fatty acid-based compositions as pesticides, there is still a need for similar environmentally-compatible compositions that provide enhanced efficacy as well as ease and economy of manufacture. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a fatty acid salt-based pesticidal composition having improved efficacy against a wide range of insects and mites. Another object is to provide an environmentally compatible pesticidal composition having enhanced activity. A further object is to provide a fatty acid salt-based pesticidal composition exhibiting improved handling characteristics and improved spreadability. Other objects will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the disclosure that follows. 
     The invention relates to an environmentally safe insecticidal composition that is effective against a variety of insects and mites. The composition comprises a fatty acid salt-based active ingredient and an adjuvant to improve the spreadability of the fatty acid salt. The fatty acid salt preferably is a monovalent or polyvalent metal salt, or an organic salt of a fatty acid having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. The active ingredient may comprise a single fatty acid salt or a fatty acid salt mixture such as coconut fatty acid salt or certain vegetable oil salts. The adjuvant preferably comprises a fatty alcohol having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms or a fatty acid ester having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms. 
     The fatty acid salt active ingredient may be present at a range of about 0.1 to 2.0. percent by weight. The ratio of the adjuvant to the fatty acid salt active ingredient ranges from about 1:0.1 to 1:50, and more preferably from about 1:10 to 1:50. 
     The composition may also include an organic solvent which may be a lower alcohol, a glycol or a vegetable or mineral oil. 
     Among the advantages of the pesticidal composition of the invention are its environmental compatability and its effectiveness against a variety of insects and mites. Moreover, the composition exhibits low phytotoxicity and may be applied directly to plants upon which the target pests are present. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method of controlling pests, such as insects and mites, through the use of the composition. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides an environmentally-compatible, non-phytotoxic pesticidal composition effective against a variety of insects and mites. The composition comprises a fatty acid salt-based active ingredient and an adjuvant to enhance spreadability of the fatty acid salt. The fatty acid salt active ingredient comprises one or a mixture of fatty acid salts having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. The salts preferably are monovalent metal salts, such as potassium and sodium, or ammonium salts of fatty acids. Other useful fatty acid salts include polyvalent metal salts and alkanolamine salts. Suitable polyvalent metal salts include the iron, calcium, and copper salts of fatty acids having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Suitable alkanolamine salts are the mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolamine salts of fatty acids having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. 
     Among the most preferred fatty acid salt compounds are the potassium, sodium, and ammonium salts of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or linolenic acid. 
     Other preferred active ingredients include the sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts of coconut fatty acid. Coconut fatty acid, as is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, is a mixture of various fatty acids. A typical fatty acid profile of coconut fatty acid is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
7%         caprylic acid   C8                                             
6%         capric acid     C10                                            
48%        lauric acid     C12                                            
19%        myristic acid   C14                                            
9%         palmitic acid   C16                                            
2%         stearic acid    C18                                            
8%         oleic acid      C18:1                                          
1%         linoleic acid   C18:2                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Other useful active ingredients include salts of neem oil or various vegetable oils, including soybean oil salts, sunflower oil salts, canola oil salts, olive oil salts, and sesame oil salts. Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts of these oils are among the most preferred. 
     Typical fatty acid profiles of such oils are as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Sunflower Oil                                                             
8%         palmitic acid    C16                                           
3%         stearic acid     C18                                           
0.5%       arachidic acid   C20                                           
0.2%       behenic acid     C22                                           
20%        oleic acid       C18:1                                         
67.8%      linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
0.5%       linolenic acid   C18:3                                         
Canola Oil                                                                
5%         palmitic acid    C16                                           
2%         stearic acid     C18                                           
63%        oleic acid       C18:1                                         
20%        linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
9%         linolenic acid   C18:3                                         
1%         eicosenoic acid  C20:1                                         
Olive Oil                                                                 
12%        palmitic acid    C16                                           
2%         stearic acid     C18                                           
0.5%       arachidic acid   C20                                           
2%         palmitoleic acid C16:1                                         
70%        oleic acid acid  C18:1                                         
13%        linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
0.5%       linolenic acid   C18:3                                         
Sesame Oil                                                                
9%         palmitic acid    C16                                           
5%         stearic acid     C18                                           
42.5%      oleic acid       C18:1                                         
43%        linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
0.5%       linolenic acid   C18:3                                         
Soybean Oil                                                               
0.5%       lauric acid      C12                                           
0.5%       myristic acid    C14                                           
12%        palmitic acid    C16                                           
25%        oleic acid       C18:1                                         
52%        linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
6%         linolenic acid   C18:3                                         
Neem Oil                                                                  
trace      myristic acid    C14                                           
16%        palmitic acid    C16                                           
18%        stearic acid     C18                                           
2%         arachidic acid   C20                                           
0.5%       behenic acid     C22                                           
53%        oleic acid       C18:1                                         
10.5%      linoleic acid    C18:2                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The fatty acid salts that form the active ingredient of the pesticidal composition of the invention may be obtained commercially or may be formed by techniques well known in the art. 
     The concentration of the fatty acid salt can vary depending upon the needs of a given application. Generally, however, the fatty acid salt is present at a range of about 0.1 to 2.0 percent by weight of a ready-to-use composition. The composition, may, however, be formulated as a concentrate having about 50% by weight of the fatty acid salt active ingredient. The concentrate may be diluted with water before use to achieve a fatty acid salt concentration in the range of about 0.1 to 2.0 percent by weight. 
     The fatty acid salt active ingredient is known to be effective against insects and mites. However, these pesticides have no residual activity and thus must contact a target pest to be effective. It would thus be beneficial to increase the ability of the fatty acid salt active ingredient to spread over a target surface without increasing phytotoxicity of the composition and without jeopardizing the environmental compatability of the composition. Such an increase in the area covered by a given amount of the composition could increase the chances of contacting and killing a target pest. Intrinsic changes that increase spreadability could also increase the ability of compounds to penetrate the insect cuticle, trachae and spiracles, and thus improve efficacy. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that fatty alcohols or fatty acid esters can be used as adjuvants to increase the spreadability of fatty acid salts. The use of such compounds yields a synergistic increase in the efficacy of the fatty acid salt. The fact that such compounds can serve as effective adjuvants is surprising because fatty alcohols are not soluble in water and cannot improve the spreading of water. Thus it is entirely unexpected that these compounds, when added to fatty acid salts, can increase the spreading and efficacy of the fatty acid salt. The unexpectedness of this discovery is highlighted by the fact that various surfactants, known to be good spreaders, did not increase the spreadabilty of the fatty acid salt active ingredient. 
     Fatty alcohols preferred for use with the invention include those having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms and, more preferably, those having from 10 to 14 carbon atoms. Among the most preferred fatty alcohols are decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, and tetradecanol. A preferred concentration range for these adjuvants, in a ready-to-use composition, is approximately 200 ppm (0.02% by wt.) to 2500 ppm (0.25% by wt.). The fatty alcohols can also be used at a higher concentration, (e.g., 0.25 to 2.0% by wt.). 
     Fatty acid esters preferred for use with the invention include methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms, and more preferably the methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids having from 10 to 14 carbon atoms. Among the most preferred fatty esters are the methyl and, ethyl esters of capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that such fatty esters can be obtained commercially or prepared by the condensation reaction of the appropriate fatty acid with methanol or ethanol. 
     A preferred concentration range for the fatty alcohol and fatty ester adjuvants is 200 ppm (0.02% by wt.) to 2500 ppm (0.25% by wt.). Like fatty alcohols, fatty esters may also be present at a concentration equivalent to the fatty acid salts e.g., 0.1-2.0% by wt.). 
     The ratio of the adjuvant to the fatty acid salt may vary depending upon the intended use of the composition. Generally, it is preferred that this ratio be in the range of approximately 1:10 to 1:50. The adjuvant, as noted above, may also be present at a concentration range higher than that of the fatty acid salt such that the ratio of the adjuvant to the fatty acid salt is about 1:0.1. Such a composition, when applied to living plants, can act as an antitranspirant. Moreover, the composition can also control and provide protection against some plant diseases. 
     In one embodiment, a relatively small amount of a free fatty acid having from 2 to 22 carbon atoms can be used as an adjuvant. The free fatty acid can be present at less than 10 percent by weight of a concentrated formulation, and more preferably is present at about 3 to 5 percent by weight of a concentrated formulation. 
     The free fatty acid can be obtained commercially and incorporated into the formulation. One suitable fatty acid is oleic acid which may be obtained from a number of sources. Alternatively the free fatty acid can be obtained by only partially neutralizing the fatty acid salt present in the formulation. For example, in preparing the fatty acid salt by techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, one could react an insufficient amount of base with the acid, thus leaving a desired amount of free fatty acid in the formulation. The free acid may also be obtained by adding a strong acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, boric acid) to a fatty acid salt formulation to yield an appropriate amount of free fatty acid. 
     The composition may also include an organic solvent. Suitable solvents include lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol), glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, vegetable oil, and mineral oil. The solvent may be present in a concentrated formulation at a concentration range of about 30 to 45 percent by weight. 
     Generally, the composition can be prepared and stored in a concentrated formulation. Before use the concentrate is diluted with water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. A preferred concentrate typically contains about 50 percent by weight of the active ingredient, 30 to 45 percent by weight of solvent, and 1 to 10 percent by weight of adjuvant. The balance of the concentrate can be made up of water. 
     Alternatively, the composition can be prepared by drying the fatty acid salt to powder form and combining the powder with the adjuvant (e.g., fatty alcohol). The composition can thus be formulated as a wettable powder or granule formulation. 
     In addition to providing increased efficacy, the pesticidal compositions of the invention are desirable as they exhibit low phytotoxicity. As a result, they are able to be applied directly to living plant tissue upon which insects and mites are present without damaging the plant. 
     The composition of the invention is effective against mites and against soft bodied insects, particularly those of the Order Homoptera (e.g., aphids, adelgids, leafhoppers, mealybags, psyllids, scales, and whitefly). The composition is also effective against species in other orders incuding Order Dermaptera (e.g., European earwig), Order Thysanoptea (e.g., thrips), Order Siphonaptera (e.g., fleas), Order Diptera (e.g., fungas gnats), Order Lepidoptera (e.g., tent caterpillars), Order Hymenoptera (e.g., rose slug), Order Orthoptera.(e.g., grasshoppers), Order Hemiptera (e.g., boxelder bug). 
    
    
     The following non-limiting examples serve to further describe the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Summary of Spreading Results for a Potassium Oleate Formulation with Various Alcohols 
     Concentrated potassium oleate formulations (50.0% active ingredient (ai)) were prepared and 4.0% of the appropriate fatty alcohol was added. Spreading was evaluated with samples diluted to 1.0% ai. Spreading was evaluated using a standardized parafilm assay. An Eppendorf pipettor dispensed 100 microliter of each sample onto a sheet of parafilm. The droplet was allowed to spread for 90 seconds and the droplet diameter was measured to determine the area covered. The data obtained are illustrated in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Spreading of salt +                                                       
various alcohols                                                          
             mean area                                                    
             (mm.sup.2 /π)                                             
______________________________________                                    
methanol +     33.6                                                       
ai                                                                        
ethanol + ai   32.2                                                       
propanol + ai  32.5                                                       
isopropanol +  34.8                                                       
ai                                                                        
butanol + ai   31.4                                                       
2-methyl-      34.2                                                       
butanol + ai                                                              
pentanol + ai  33.4                                                       
heptanol + ai  39.0                                                       
octanol + ai   37.8                                                       
nonanol + ai   41.0                                                       
decanol + ai   41.8                                                       
undecanol +    50.6                                                       
ai                                                                        
undecenyl      42.9                                                       
alcohol + ai                                                              
dodecanol +    58.1                                                       
ai                                                                        
tetradecanol + 50.4                                                       
ai                                                                        
hexadecanol +  33.6                                                       
ai                                                                        
oleyl alcohol +                                                           
               40.3                                                       
ai                                                                        
ai alone       34.0                                                       
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     Example 2 
     Spreading of Potassium Coconate with Dodecanol 
     A concentrated potassium coconate formulation (50.0% ai) was prepared and 4.0% dodecanol was added. Spreading was evaluated with samples diluted to 1.0% ai. Spreading was evaluated using the standardized parafilm assay described in example 1, and the results obtained are illustrated in Table 2. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Mean Spreading Area                                      
Sample           (mm.sup.2 /π)                                         
______________________________________                                    
potassium coconate alone                                                  
                 25.50                                                    
potassium coconate +                                                      
                 59.29                                                    
dodecanol                                                                 
distilled water  11.90                                                    
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     EXAMPLE 3 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate ai with Decanol Against European Earwig, Forficula auricularia 
     European earwig adults, F. auricularia, were collected from the field for testing. For each replicate, five insects were placed in each 30 dram vial. Treatments were applied with hand-held trigger sprayers (approximately 3-5 ml per replicate) by spraying directly into vials. Vial contents were then emptied onto paper towel lined styrofoam plates to drain off excess solution. After treatment, insects were transferred into a filter paper lined petri plate which contained a piece of lettuce and a piece of nasturtium leaf. Mortality was assessed after 72 hours, and the data are illustrated in Table 3. 
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
              Observed Mean                                               
                          Expected Mean                                   
Treatment     % Mortality % Mortality.sup.1                               
______________________________________                                    
1. 0.5% ai    45.0        --                                              
2. 1.0%       50.0        --                                              
3. 1000 ppm   5.0         --                                              
decanol                                                                   
4. 0.5% ai + 1000                                                         
              80.0        50.0                                            
ppm decanol                                                               
5. 1.0% ai +1000                                                          
              92.5        55.0                                            
ppm decanol                                                               
6. dH.sub.2 O 7.5         --                                              
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 Expected mean % mortality = sum of the observed mortalities for th
 two components alone.                                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate Formulations with Higher Fatty Alcohols Against European Earwig F. auricularia 
     Adults earwigs, F, auricularia, were treated using the standardized acute bioassay described in example 3. Mortality was assessed after 48 hours, and the data are illustrated in Table 4. 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
              Observed Mean                                               
                          Expected Mean                                   
Treatment     Mortality   % Mortality                                     
______________________________________                                    
0.5% ai alone 40.0        --                                              
1.0% ai alone 45.0        --                                              
0.1% decanol alone                                                        
              5.0         --                                              
0.1% dodecanol                                                            
              2.5         --                                              
alone                                                                     
0.1% tetradecanol                                                         
              0.0         --                                              
alone                                                                     
0.5% ai + 0.1%                                                            
              60.0        45.0                                            
decanol                                                                   
1.0% + 0.1%   87.5        50.0                                            
decanol                                                                   
1.0% + 0.1%   97.5        47.5                                            
dodecanol                                                                 
1.0% + 0.1%   70.0        45.0                                            
tetradecanol                                                              
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     EXAMPLE 5 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Decanol and Dodecanol Against Variegated Cutworm Larvae, Peridroma saucia (Hbn.) 
     Variegated cutworm, P. saucia, were reared in the laboratory on artificial diet. Each replicate, consisting of five larvae (3rd instar), was transfered onto a styrofoam plate and treatments were applied with hand-held trigger sprayers (approximately 3-5 ml per replicate). After treatment, insects were transferred onto paper towel lined styrofoam plates to drain off excess soultion. Each larva was then placed into an individual cell of a 50 cell plastic tray. Each cell contained a small piece of artificial diet and trays were covered with plate glass. Mortality was assessed after 48 hours, and the data are illustrated in Table 5. 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
0.5% ai        87.5        --                                             
0.1% decanol alone                                                        
               0.0         --                                             
0.5% ai + 0.1% 92.5        87.5                                           
decanol                                                                   
0.5% ai alone  72.5        --                                             
0.1% dodecanol 0.0         --                                             
0.5% ai + 0.1% 92.5        72.5                                           
dodecanol                                                                 
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     EXAMPLE 6 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Various Fatty Alcohols Against Cutworm Larvae, P. Saucia 
     Variegated cutworm larvae (4th to 5th instar), P. saucia, were treated using the standardized acute bioassay described in example 5, and the data are illustrated in Table 6. 
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
0.5% ai        7.5         --                                             
0.1% tetradecanol                                                         
               2.5         --                                             
alone                                                                     
0.5% ai + 0.1% 22.5        10.0                                           
tetradecanol                                                              
0.1% hexadecanol                                                          
               2.5         --                                             
alone                                                                     
0.5% ai + 0.1% 17.5        10.0                                           
hexadecanol                                                               
0.1% 2-methyl- 0.0         --                                             
butanol                                                                   
0.5% ai + 0.1% 2-                                                         
               27.5         7.5                                           
methyl-butanol                                                            
distilled water                                                           
               0.0         --                                             
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     EXAMPLE 7 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Higher Fatty Alcohols Against Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch 
     Bush bean plants were cut back to two leaves each. A band of white petroleum jelly was applied at the base of the petioles (i.e., node) to contain mites on the leaves. Foliage covered with mites was obtained from a rearing facility and placed in plastic bags. Twenty-five adult female mites were transferred from the rim of the plastic bag, using a camel hair brush, to one leaf on each plant. Mite infested plants were left overnight and treatments were applied to wetting the next day (top and bottom leaf surfaces) using hand-held trigger sprayers. After treatment, plants were set out in a completely randomized block design on a lab bench. Mortality was assessed 24 hours after treatment, and the data are illustrated in Table 7. 
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
1.0% ai alone  89.7        --                                             
800 ppm dodecanol                                                         
               77.1        --                                             
800 ppm        56.8        --                                             
tetradecanol                                                              
800 ppm        57.2        --                                             
hexadecanol                                                               
1.0% ai + 800 ppm                                                         
               97.4        100.0                                          
dodecanol                                                                 
1.0% ai + 800 ppm                                                         
               99.2        100.0                                          
tetradecanol                                                              
1.0% ai + 800 ppm                                                         
               100.0       100.0                                          
hexadecanol                                                               
distilled water                                                           
               16.3        --                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Decanol Against Cabbage Aphid, Brevicorve brassicae (L.) 
     Cabbage aphids, B, brassicae, were collected from the field and brushed onto plate glass for treatment. Each replicate, consisting of 10 aphids, were sprayed with one spray from a hand-held trigger sprayer. After one minute, treated aphids were transferred into filter paper lined petri plates using a fine camel hair brush. Mortality was assessed after 24 hours, and the data are illustrated in Table 8. 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
0.5% al        48.0        --                                             
400 ppm decanol                                                           
               9.0         --                                             
0.5% ai + 400 ppm                                                         
               63.0        57.0                                           
decanol                                                                   
distilled water                                                           
               14.0        --                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Decanol and Potassium Coconate with Dodecanol Against Cabbage Aphid, B. brassicae 
     Cabbage aphids, B. brassicaewere treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in example 8. The data are illustrated in Table 9. 
     
                       TABLE 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
0.5% K.sup.+ oleate ai                                                    
               52.0        --                                             
alone                                                                     
400 ppm decanol                                                           
               6.0         --                                             
alone                                                                     
0.5% K.sup.+ ai + 400                                                     
               65.0        58.0                                           
ppm decanol                                                               
0.5% ai K.sup.+  coconate                                                 
               18.0        --                                             
alone                                                                     
0.5% ai K.sup.+                                                           
               35.0        21.0                                           
coconate +                                                                
400 ppm dodecanol                                                         
400 ppm dodecanol                                                         
               3.0                                                        
alone                                                                     
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     EXAMPLE 10 
     Efficacy of Dodecanol and Potassium Oleate Against Tobacco Aphids, Myzus nicotianae Blackman 
     Tobacco aphids, M. nicotianae, were obtained from a rearing facility and treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in Example 8, and the data are illustrated in Table 10. 
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
______________________________________                                    
1.0% dodecanol 34.0        --                                             
0.1% ai        4.0         --                                             
1.0% dodecanol +                                                          
               71.0        38.0                                           
0.1% ai                                                                   
1.0% ai        28.0        --                                             
0.1% dodecanol 2.0         --                                             
1.0% ai + 0.1% 39.0        30.0                                           
dodecanol                                                                 
distilled water                                                           
               1.0         --                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Example 11 
     Spreading of Potassium Oleate Formulation with Esters 
     A concentrated potassium oleate formulation (50.0% ai ) was prepared and 4.0% of the appropriate ester was added. Spreading was evaluated with samples diluted to 1.0% ai. Spreading was evaluated using the standardized parafilm assay described in example 1, and the data are illustrated in Table 11. 
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Formulation        Mean Area (mm2/π)                                   
______________________________________                                    
potassium oleate alone                                                    
                   36.0                                                   
potassium oleate + 4% methyl                                              
                   40.3                                                   
laurate                                                                   
potassium oleate + 4% methyl                                              
                   36.6                                                   
caprate                                                                   
potassium oleate + 4% ethyl                                               
                   37.8                                                   
caprate                                                                   
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     EXAMPLE 12 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Esters against Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli 
     Bean aphids, A. fabae, were treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in example 8, and the data are illustrated in Table 12. 
     
                       TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                       Mean %                                             
Treatment              Mortality                                          
______________________________________                                    
1.    1.0% ai              69.0                                           
2.    1.0% ai w/800 ppm decanol                                           
                           88.0                                           
3.    1.0% ai w/800 dodecanol                                             
                           86.0                                           
4.    1.0% ai w/800 ppm methyl laurate                                    
                           88.0                                           
5.    1.0% ai w/methyl caprate                                            
                           84.0                                           
6.    1.0% ai w/800 ppm ethyl caprate                                     
                           87.0                                           
7.    dH.sub.2 O           3.0                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Efficacy of Potassium Sunflower Oil Salt with Dodecanol Against European Earwig, Forficula auricularia l. 
     European earwig adults, F. auricularia, were collected from the field for testing. For each replicate, five insects were placed in each 30 dram vial. Treatments were applied with hand-held trigger sprayers (ca. 3-5 ml per replicate) by spraying directly into vials. Vial contents were then emptied onto paper towel lined styrofoam plates to drain off excess solution. After treatment, insects were transferred into a filter paper lined petri plate which contained a piece of nasturtium leaf and a piece of nasturtium flower. Mortality was assessed after 72 hours and the data are illustrated in Table 13. 
     
                       TABLE 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Treatment        Mean % Mortality                                         
______________________________________                                    
1.     1.0% ai       32.5                                                 
2.     1.0% ai + 800 ppm                                                  
                     62.5                                                 
       dodecanol                                                          
3.     dH.sub.2 O    5.0                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Efficacy of Potassium Olive Oil and Sunflower Oil Salts with Dodecanol Against Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli) 
     Bean aphids, A. fabae, were reared on nasturtium plants in the laboratory and brushed onto plate glass for treatment. Each replicate consisting of 10 aphids, were sprayed with one spray from a hand-held trigger sprayer. After one minute, treated aphids were transferred into filter paper lined petri plates using a fine camel hair brush. Mortality was assessed after 24 hours and the data are shown in Table 14. 
     
                       TABLE 14                                                    
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Treatment           Mean % Mortality                                      
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1.    1.0% ai K.sup.+  olive oil salt                                     
                        52.0                                              
2.    1.0% ai K.sup.+  olive oil salt +                                   
                        63.8                                              
      800 ppm dodecanol                                                   
3.    1.0% ai K.sup.+  sunflower oil                                      
                        48.0                                              
      soap                                                                
4.    1.0% ai K.sup.+  sunflower oil                                      
                        72.0                                              
      soap + 800 ppm dodecanol                                            
5.    dH.sub.2 O        8.0                                               
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     EXAMPLE 15 
     Efficacy of Sodium/Potassium Sunflower Oil Salt with Dodecanol Against Bean Aphid, A. fabae 
     Bean aphids, A. fabae, were treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in example 14. The data obtained are shown in Table 15. 
     
                       TABLE 15                                                    
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Treatment           Mean % Mortality                                      
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1.  1.0% ai Na.sup.+ /K.sup.+  sunflower oil                              
                        34.0                                              
    salt                                                                  
2.  1.0% ai Na+/K.sup.+ 65.0flower oil                                    
    soap + 800 ppm dodecanol                                              
3.  dH.sub.2 O          2.0                                               
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     Example 16 
     Spreading of Potassium Oleate with Excess Fatty Acid. 
     Concentrated potassium oleate formulations (50% ai) were prepared with various amounts of KOH to produce salts with excess fatty acid (primarily oleic acid). Spreading was evaluated with samples diluted to 1.0% ai (salt+fatty acid). Spreading was evaluated using a standardized parafilm assay. An Eppendorf pipettor dispensed 100 microliter of each sample onto a piece of parafilm. The droplet was allowed to spread for 90 seconds and then the droplet diameter was measured to determine the area covered. The data is illustrated in Table 16. 
     
                       TABLE 16                                                    
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                   Mean Spreading Area                                    
Sample             (mm.sup.2 /π                                        
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potassium oleate - neutralized                                            
                   33.45                                                  
potassium oleate - 3% excess                                              
                   46.92                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
potassium oleate - 5% excess                                              
                   52.80                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
potassium oleate - 10% excess                                             
                   52.32                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
potassium oleate - 15% excess                                             
                   49.23                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
potassium oleate - 20% excess                                             
                   51.12                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
potassium oleate - 25% excess                                             
                   50.65                                                  
fatty acid                                                                
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     Example 17 
     Efficacy of Potassium Oleate with Excess Fatty Acid Against Bean Aphid, A. fabae 
     Bean aphids, A. fabae, were treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in example 14. For each replicate, aphids were transferred into filter paper lined petri plates after exposure to treatments for 75 seconds. The data are illustrated in Table 17. 
     
                       TABLE 17                                                    
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Treatment            Mean % Mortality                                     
______________________________________                                    
1.  Potassium oleate - neutralized                                        
                         21.0                                             
2.  Potassium oleate - 3% excess fatty                                    
                         53.0                                             
    acid                                                                  
3.  Potassium oleate - 5% excess fatty                                    
                         54.0                                             
    acid                                                                  
4.  Potassium oleate - 10% excess                                         
                         43.0                                             
    fatty acid                                                            
5.  dH.sub.2 O           2.0                                              
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     Example 18 
     Efficacy of a Diethanolamine Salt of Oleic Acid with Dodecanol Against Bean Aphid, A. fabae 
     Bean aphids, A. fabae, were treated using the standardized aphid plate glass bioassay described in example 14. For each replicate, aphids were transferred into filter paper lined petri plates after exposure to treatments for 75 seconds. The data are illustrated in Table 8. 
     
                       TABLE 18                                                    
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               Observed Mean                                              
                           Expected Mean                                  
Treatment      % Mortality % Mortality                                    
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1.  1.0% ai        50.0        --                                         
2.  800 ppm dodecanol                                                     
                   1.0         --                                         
3.  1.0% ai + 800 ppm                                                     
                   62.0        51.0                                       
    dodecanol                                                             
4.  dH.sub.2 O     3.0         --                                         
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     It is understood that various modifications may be made to the invention described herein without departing from the intended scope of the claims.