System and method for opening/closing circuit breakers
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applications Ser. number PCT/CA94/00148 filed Mar. 15, 1994 and serial number 08/034,397 filed Mar. 18, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,599, 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to a system and method for timing the opening and closing of switching arrangements used in high power electrical transmission systems, More specifically, the invention relates to such a system which takes into account conditions of temperature surrounding the switching arrangements as well as the mechanical displacement time of the electrical contacts of the switching arrangements, 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Switching arrangements, for example, circuit breakers, are used in electrical transmission lines or distribution lines to redirect power, or are used to connect the lines to reactive elements to correct power factor. Such breakers, because of the large amounts of power they must handle, are very large (approximately the size of a small house on each phase) and are very costly. 
     Associated with such breakers are resistive elements, which are connected in parallel to the breakers just before the opening and closing of the breakers, to absorb the &#34;overvoltages&#34; which accompany the opening and closing of the breakers to thereby protect the switching elements of the breakers as well as the reactive elements. The resistive elements are also large and expensive. 
     Prior art controlled switching arrangements (breakers) are known from EP 0 338 374 (ABB) and JP03-241,625 (Toshiba). 
     It is a well known fact in the art that the temperature surrounding the breaker has an effect on the speed of operation of the breakers. Generally speaking, the lower the temperature, the greater amount of time needed to open or close the breakers and vice-versa. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a system for timing the opening and closing of switching arrangements which obviates the needs for resistive elements. 
     It is a more specific object of the invention to provide such a timing system which will open and close the breakers at such a time in the cycle of the transmitted signal whereby to minimize the overvoltage due to the opening and closing of the breaker. 
     In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention there is provided a system for timing the opening and closing of a switching arrangement (1) used in high power electrical transmission systems which transmit at least one phase of an AC power signal (A,B,C) comprising: phase angle detector means (9) for detecting a phase of the power signal and for providing a phase indication signal; sensing means (10) for sensing parameters useful for controlling operation of the switching arrangement and producing a temperature signal; and control means (7) connected to the phase detector means, and the sensing means for opening and closing the switching arrangement characterized in that: the system comprises switch means (11) for providing an OPEN/CLOSE initiating signal for initiating the opening/closing of the switch arrangement; the sensing means sense only ambient temperature; the control means are connected to the switch means and generate a switching arrangement opening and closing signal in response to the initiating signal timed as a function of the temperature signal and the phase indication signal; the control means include means for calculating t mo2  for different temperatures according to the formula: t mo2  =t mo1  -a o  (T 2  -T 1 ) where a o  is a value which is indicative of the sensitivity of the switching arrangement to temperature and is given by a manufacturer of the switching arrangement; T 2  is the ambient temperature; T 1  is a standard temperature; t mo1  is a precalibrated switch opening time at the standard temperature; t mo2  is a switch opening time at temperature T 2  ; and the control means include means for calculating t mc  for different temperatures according to the formula: t mc2  =t mc1  -a c  (T 2  -T 1 ) where ac=a value which is indicative or sensitivity of the switching arrangement to temperature and is given by a manufacturer of the switching arrangement; T 2  =temperature of interest; T 1  =a standard temperature; t mc1  =a precalibrated switch closing time at the standard temperature; t mc2  =switch closing time at temperature T 2 . 
     From a different aspect and in accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for timing the opening and closing of a switching arrangement used in high power electrical transmission systems which transmit at least one phase of a power signal having a sinusoidal variation, comprising: detecting a phase angle of the power signal and generating a phase indication signal; sensing parameters useful for controlling operation of the switching arrangement and producing a temperature signal; and controlling opening and closing of the switching arrangement characterized in that: the method further comprising a step of providing an OPEN/CLOSE initiating signal to initiate the opening/closing of the switching arrangment; the step of sensing comprises sensing ambient temperature only; the step of controlling comprises generating a switching arrangement opening and closing signal in response to the initiating signal timed as a function of the temperature signal and the phase indication signal; the step of controlling further including a step of calculating t mo2  for different temperatures according to the formula: t mo2  =t mo1  -a o  (T 2  -T 1 ) where a o  is a value which is indicative of the sensitivity of the switching arrangement to temperature and is given by a manufacturer of the arrangement; T 2  is an ambient temperature; T 1  is a standard temperature; t mo1  is a precalibrated switch opening time at the standard temperature; t mo2  is a switch opening time at T 2 , when controlling the opening of the switch arrangement; and t mc  is for different temperatures according to the formula: t mc2  =t mc1  -a c  (T 2  -T 1 ) where a c  =a value which is indicative of the sensitivity of the switching arrangement to temperature and is given by a manufacturer of the switching arrangement; T 2  =ambient temperature; T 1  =a standard temperature; t mc1  =a precalibrated switch closing time at the standard temperature; t mc2  =a switch closing time at temperature T 2 . 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be better understood by an examination of the following description, together with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the system; 
     FIGS. 2A to 2F are graphs useful in under-standing the steps which take place upon issuance of an opening command; and 
     FIGS. 3A to 3F are graphs useful in under-standing the steps which take place upon issuance of a closing command. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a circuit breaker, illustrated schematically at 1, and having coil means represented schematically at 1A and electrode means represented schematically at 1B and 1C, is connected between the three phases, A, B and C, of transmitted power, and a reactive element illustrated schematically at 3. When the breaker is opened, the measured tension of one of the phases, in the illustrated embodiment phase A, is connected to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 5 by conductor D. The magnitude, frequency and other characteristics of the phase A signal are translated from an analog value to a digital value in A/D converter 5, and the digital signal is then fed to a microprocessor 7. In addition, the phase A signal is fed to a phase angle/zero crossing detector 9 (&#34;zero detector 9&#34;), which is a phase angle detector that preferably includes a zero crossing detector, wherein the zero crossings of the phase A signal are detected. When a phase A zero crossing is detected, a pulse or other indication is fed to the microprocessor 7. As will be apparent, the zero crossings of phase A are used for synchronization purposes. 
     A thermometer, illustrated schematically at 10, measures the temperature surrounding the circuit breaker. An electrical analog of the temperature is then fed to the A/D (analog to digital) converter 5, and the digital conversion of the temperature is also fed to the microprocessor 7. 
     When the breaker is closed, phase A, B and C signals are fed along conductors X, Y and Z, and the phases A, B and C measured currents are fed to the A/D converter 5 as shown in FIG. 1. Once again, the analog signals are convened to digital signals and the digital signals are fed to the microprocessor 7. The signal of the phase A is also fed to the zero detector 9, and, once again, a pulse or other indication is fed to the processor 7 when a zero crossing is detected. 
     The currents on phases A, B and C are monitored in order to detect any restrike that might occur when the circuit breaker opens or high inrush current when the circuit breaker closes. 
     Alarm signals are generated when a restrike or a high inrush current occurs on any of the three phases. 
     The currents on each phase are measured with current transformers installed on reactor 3 in FIG. 1. The phase A, B and C measured currents are fed to the A/D converter 5. The analog signals are converted to digital signals and the digital signals are fed to the microprocessor 7. The numerical values of the currents on each phase, during a period of 100 ms after the calculated closing time t c  (FIG. 2) or opening time t o  (FIG. 3) of the breaker, are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. If the numerical value of the current on any of the three phases exceeds a preset value entered in the microprocessor, a high-inrush-current alarm or a re-ignition alarm is triggered. The state of the alarm is memorized by the microprocessor as well as the identity of the phase that triggered the alarm. At the same time, a light on the front panel of the system is turned on and a pulsed alarm signal of 500 ms is sent to the substation operator by means of a closing contact. 
     The opening or closing of the breaker is initiated by ON/OFF switch 11. The signal from the ON/OFF switch is, once again, fed to the microprocessor 7. 
     The output of the microprocessor 7 is fed to a controller 13 which will either open or close the breakers, associated with the A, B or C phases under the control of the microprocessor 7, by carrying out a series of predetermined, timed, steps as described below. If the system cannot operate to open or close the breaker under the control of the controller 13, an emergency override 15 is provided to open or close the breakers, once again, under control of the microprocessor 7. 
     A keyboard 17 is provided for the purpose of programming the microprocessor 7, as is well known in the art, and a display unit 19 is provided for examining various parameters and alarm signals, once again, as is well known in the art. 
     To understand the operation of the system, reference is had to FIG. 2, for an understanding of the opening operation, and to FIG. 3 for an understanding of the closing operation. Generally, the system is either in a waiting mode, that is, when an opening or closing has not been commanded, or an active mode in which the breaker is either being opened or closed. In the waiting mode, temperature readings are taken at predetermined intervals by the thermometer 10, and an electrical analog of the temperature is provided to the A/D converter 5. The digital representation of the temperature is then provided to the processor 7. 
     At the same time, during the waiting mode, the functionality of the system is verified by means well known in the art. Parameters are also calculated taking into account the changing temperature. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, in accordance with the invention, the complete opening procedure, t o , is performed during an integral number of cycles, i.e. in a time n (t cycle ), where t cycle  =period of a cycle and n=a predetermined integer. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the number of integral cycles in which the complete opening procedure is performed in one particular embodiment is 3. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, the transmitted signal is a sinusoid. In North America, the frequency of the transmitted signal is, of course, 60 Hz so that t cycle  =16.67 msec. 
     The signal for opening the breaker (separating the electrodes of the breakers from each other: the signal is initiated by pressing the ON button in the switch 11 in FIG. 1) is given at the beginning of a period t co . The signal t CO  is illustrated in FIG. 2C and is the time duration during which the opening signal remains high. As can be seen in FIG. 2C, t CO  remains high during the entire opening procedure and stays open until a closing signal is initiated. 
     The high level at the onset of t CO  is fed to the microprocessor 7 and the microprocessor 7 then seeks a zero of the sinusold at the first zero crossing after the initiation of t CO . As seen in FIGS. 2B and 2D, this occurs at the beginning of the period t y  in FIG. 2D). 
     It is only after the waiting period t y , that is, at the beginning of the period t mo , (see FIG. 2D) that power is applied to the coil of the circuit breaker to initiate the movement for the physical separation of the electrodes of the breaker as shown in FIG. 2E. 
     As seen in FIG. 2F and 2D, the contacts separate at the conclusion of the period t mo , that is, at a period t arc  before the next zero crossing. 
     When the electrodes of the breakers are physically separated, an arc is formed between the electrodes. The arc is extinguished when the current reaches the zero level, that is, at the conclusion of the period t arc . 
     To prevent restrikes inside the breaker after the current goes to zero, the duration of the arc, identified as t arc  in FIG. 2D, should be greater than 3 milliseconds. If it is less than this, then the current will pass through zero and increase (in either a positive or negative direction) while the arc is still strong enough to restrike. Accordingly, t arc  should be a minimum of 3 milliseconds. 
     In addition, to guard against the uncontrollable variation in the amount of time that it takes for the physical separation of the electrodes to occur (t mo ), which variation could be of the order of 2 milliseconds, it is preferable that the period t arc  should be of the order of 5 milliseconds. 
     The actual magnitude t arc  is entered into microprocessor 7 by keyboard 17. The period t mo  is determined by a calibration procedure at a standard temperature, for example, 20° C. 
     It will then be observed that 
     
         t.sub.o t.sub.y +t.sub.mo t.sub.arc                        (1) 
    
     As t o  is known (in the present example, t o  =3 cycles. In the North American case, each cycle is equal to 16.6 msec so that t o  =50 msec) and t arc  is selected to be of the order of 5 milliseconds. The value of t mo  is determined, at the standard temperature, by calibration, and the value of t y  is calculated by the microprocessor 7. 
     In order to determine the values of the above periods at temperatures other than 20° C., the opening time t mo2  at temperature T 2  is calculated using the relationship 
     
         t.sub.mo2 =t.sub.mol -a.sub.o (T.sub.2 -T.sub.1)           (2) 
    
     where 
     A. is a value which indicative of the sensitivity of the breaker to temperature and is given by the breaker manufacturer 
     T 2  is equal to the temperature of interest 
     T 1  is equal to the standard temperature equal to, in a particular embodiment, 
     20° C. 
     t mo1  is equal to the switch opening time 20° C. 
     t mo2  is equal to the switch opening time T 2 . 
     The value of t mo2  is calculated with equation (2), and the value of t y  is calculated using the programmed value of t arc  and the calculated value of t mo2  applied in equation (1) above. 
     With the above calculation, the parameters for opening ti:e breaker are determined. The processor 7 sends out signals to the controller 13 which initiates appropriate action (e.g. applying an opening signal to the coil of the breaker) to affect the opening in accordance with the calculated timing. 
     As seen from FIG. 1, the zero crossing is determined only for phase A. However, as phases B and C have a known phase relationship to phase A (e.g. phase B is separated from phase A by angle P a  and phase C is separated from phase B by angle P b ), timing for these phases is determined in a straightforward manner. Specifically, the zero crossing occurs at P a  /360(t cycle ) msec after the zero crossing for phase A. In a like manner, the zero crossing for phase C occurs at P b  /360 (t cycle ) after the zero crossing for phase A. 
     In practice, temperature readings are taken at predetermined intervals and the value for t mo  is calculated whenever a temperature reading is taken. When an actuating signal is received, the value of the last calculated t mo , is used. 
     In addition, the t mo  of phase A may not be identical with the t mo  of phase B or of phase C. Accordingly, separate calculations have to be made at each temperature for the value t mo  of each phase. Further, the value a o  may also be different from each phase. The values for a o  for each phase are stored in the processor 7 and are identified as such to perform appropriate calculations. 
     As is also well known, it is not possible to continuously convert the analog signal to a digital value. Instead, samples have to be taken. In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, 32 samples are taken during each cycle of the voltage/current. 
     The parameters for determining the closing times for the breakers are illustrated in FIG. 3. As seen in FIG. 3A, the total closing time t c  is once again equal to an integral number of cycles. Once again, the number of cycles illustrated in FIG. 3 is 3. 
     The closing signal is, as seen in FIG. 3C, initiated at the beginning of the time period t cc . Once again, the computer monitors for the first zero crossing, illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3D as appearing at the beginning of the time period t x . t x  is a waiting period and a closing signal is applied to the coil of the breaker at the expiration of the period t x . As seen in FIGS. 3D and 3E, this occurs at the beginning of the period t mc . The period t mc , that is, the time that it takes the contacts to move from an open to a closed position, is once again a function of the particular breaker and is once again calibrated at a standard temperature, for example, 20° C. In order to determine the period t mc2  for a temperature T 2 , different from 20° C., use is made of the relationship 
     
         t.sub.mc2 =t.sub.mc1 -a.sub.c (T.sub.2 -T.sub.1)           (3) 
    
     where 
     A c  is one again given by the manufacturer of the breakers. 
     It can also be seen from FIG. 3 that 
     
         t.sub.c =t.sub.x +t.sub.mc +1/2T-t.sub.del                 (4) 
    
     where T is the signal period (1/2 T=8.33 msec for a 60 Hz signal). 
     As t c  and t mc  are already known, and as t del  is selected to enable the exact point of initiation (the onset of the period t mc ) to be fixed with exactness, the period t del  is also known, and the period t x  can be determined from equation (4). 
     By definition, t del  is the time delay between the last zero crossing of the phase voltage before the mechanical closure of the circuit breaker contacts and the actual contact closure. When the circuit breaker is used with an inductance or with a transformer, t del  should be set around 2 ms in order to avoid the high inrush currents which can cause high electrodynamic stresses on the windings. High inrush currents occur when the breaker contacts close near zero phase voltage i.e. when t del  is close to zero. Conversely, when the circuit breaker is used with a capacitor bank, t del  should be close to zero in order to prevent high inrush currents which would stress the capacitors and damage the contacts of the circuit breaker. 
     As seen in FIG. 3F, the contacts move from an open to a closed position upon termination of the period t mc . Once again, the timing of phases B and C are determined knowing the relationship between the signals on phases A, B and C. In addition, the value t mc2  must be separately calculated for each phase A, B or C taking into account the value of a c  and of T 2 . 
     Although a particular embodiment has been described, this was for the purpose of illustrating, but not limiting, the invention. Various modifications, which will come readily to the mind of one skilled in the art, are within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.