Unique lectins
This application is a Continuation under 37 C.F.R. § 1.60 of application Ser. No. 07/263,734 filed Oct. 28, 1988, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/181,747, filed Apr. 14, 1988, now abandoned. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to the use of carbohydrate-binding proteins as regulators of cell differentiation and immunity. In particular, it concerns a class of lactose- or detergent-extractable mammalian lectins of MW approximately 12-18 kDa which preferably contain a glycosylation site, and a unique 14 kDa lectin from human HL-60 cells and placenta tissue and glycosylated forms of this unique lectin having a MW range of approximately 17-20 kDa, all of which can be recombinantly produced and used in diagnosis and therapy. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Lectins are defined as proteins which specifically bind carbohydrates of various types, and initial interest was focused on those isolated from plants such as concanavalin A and ricin agglutinin. These lectins, it was found, were useful in protein purification procedures due to the glycosylation state of a number of proteins of interest. Recently, however, interest has focused on a group of lactose-extractable lectins which bind specifically to certain beta-D-galactoside containing moieties and are found in a wide range of mammalian, invertebrate, avian, and even microbial sources. All of the lectins in this class appear to contain subunits of the order of 12-18 kDa and can be readily classified by virtue of a simple diagnostic test--their ability to agglutinate trypsin treated rabbit red blood cells is specifically inhibited by certain beta-D-galactose-containing moieties. Thus, although the lectins themselves agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, the agglutination can be inhibited by, for example, lactose, thiodigalactoside and other certain beta-D-galactose containing moieties. Other common characteristics include the lack of requirement for metal ions in effecting agglutination, and the requirement for the presence of a reducing agent such as a thiol. 
     Gitt, M. A. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1986) 83:7603-7607 obtained two cDNA clones from screening a human hepatoma cDNA library with an antiserum specific to a human lung lectin. These cDNAs encoded proteins similar to those found by a number of other workers in a variety of tissues. For example, Kasai, K. et al. in Japanese Kokai 60/184020 describe a human placental lectin of approximately 14 kDa; the sequence of this lectin was shown by the same group to be somewhat similar to that isolated from chick tissues (Ohyama, Y. et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1986) 134:51-56). The chick derived lectin was shown to be similar in structure to that of dicoidin I which is a lectin regulated by the developmental state of the cellular slime mold Dicytostelium discoideum. 
     Caron, M. et al. Biochim Biophys Acta (1987) 925:290-296 describe the purification and characterization of similar lectins from rat and bovine brain tissue. deCabutti, N. E. F. et al. FEBS Letters (1987) 223:330-334 describe a similar lectin from amphibian ovary. The isolation from eel of a similar &#34;electrolectin&#34; had previously been described by Levi, G. et al. J Biol Chem (1981) 256:5735-5740. An additional analogous 14 kDa lectin was produced by cloning and expression of cDNA derived from various murine fibrosarcoma cell lines by Raz, A. et al. Experimental Cell Research (1987) 173:109-116. A rat lung 14 kDa lectin, and the cDNA encoding it were described by Clerch, L. B. et al. Biochemistry (1988) 27:692-699. Joubert, R. et al. Develop Brain Res (1987) 36:146-150 describe the isolation of lectins from rat brain which are capable of agglutinating brain cells. Raz, A. et al. Cancer Research (1981) 41:3642-3647 describe a variety of lectins from neoplastic cells of various mammalian species. 
     A comparison of homologies between several animal lectins including the chick, eel, human placenta, human lung, and two hepatoma-derived lectins (all of these lectins described as referenced above) was set forth by Paroutaud, P. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1987) 84:6345-6348. It appears that certain amino acid positions of the proteins, including 23, 32, 35, 37, 43, 45, 70, 71, 76, 90, 91, 102, 103, 105, 109-111, are completely conserved in all species compared. Only one lectin of this series, that derived from chicken, contains an &#34;N-linked&#34; glycosylation site, which, however, is not conjugated to saccharide. No mammalian lectin in this family as yet characterized has an N-linked glycosylation site. 
     Among the soluble lectins, there appear to be a number of varieties with varying molecular weights and/or carbohydrate specificities. Sparrow, C. P. et al. J Biol Chem (1987) 252:7383-7390 describe three classes of soluble lectins from human lung, one of 14 kDa, one of 22 kDa, and a third of 29 kDa. All of these are specific to beta-D-galactosides. The carbohydrate specificities of the 14 kDa class are for the most part similar, but the larger molecular weight species tend to have different specificities. Other species are also noted as showing more than one soluble beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin, including mouse (Roff, C. F. et al. J Biol Chem (1983) 258:10637-10663); rat (Cerra, R. F. et al. J Biol Chem (1985) 260:10474-10477) and chickens (Beyer, E. C. et al. J Biol Chem (1980) 255:4236-4239). Among the various beta-D-galactoside-specific soluble lectins, receptor specificity is considerably different, and the approximately 14 kDa group appears distinct from the 22 kDa and 29 kDa representatives described by Sparrow (supra). 
     The preferred lectins of the present invention are isolated from the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 or human placenta tissue. Lectins have been isolated from the HL-60 cell line by others, but they do not correspond to lectins of this class. Paietta, E. et al. Cancer Research (1988) 48:280-287 describe a putatively membrane-bound (not soluble) lectin which recognizes N-acetyl neuramic acid as well as galactose terminating biantennary oligosaccharide structures. The activity is independent of calcium. The apparent molecular weight is 17 kDa. Thus, specificity and solubility status differ abruptly from the lectin protein described herein. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     Because the activities of lectins in regulating the immune system and mediating other forms of intercellular communication are so subtle in nature and so critically tuned to the host environment, it is important that a wide range of such regulators be available for therapeutic and diagnostic use. As described in the Background section, a number of members of the class of approximately 14 kDa beta-D-galactose-binding soluble lectins are known in the art. However, while these lectins have properties similar to each other, they are not interchangeable therapeutically or diagnostically. In addition, it appears that if the lectins can be glycosylated, the level and nature of the glycosylation may be manipulated to alter the specificity (e.g., circulating half-life, metabolism in vivo, solubility, stability, or specific activity) of the molecule. The present invention provides a class of lectins which is capable of such manipulation, and also a specific member of this class, all of which enhance the repertoire of therapeutic and diagnostic tools. The invention also provides recombinant materials and methods to produce these specific new members of the repertoire. 
     In one aspect, the invention is directed to a 14 kDa beta-D-galactoside-binding mammalian lectin (14-beta-gal lectin) which preferably contains at least one glycosylation site. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a 14-beta-gal mammalian lectin which consists essentially of the amino acid sequence shown as amino acids 2-135 in FIG. 1. The amino acid at position 1, methionine, is usually removed when the protein is produced recombinantly in mammalian cells, and may be removed when the protein is produced recombinantly in bacterial cells, and is not present naturally, and is not essential for activity. In another aspect the invention is directed to HL-60 and placenta derived lectins of MW 14 kDa and glycosylated forms thereof in the range of MW 17-20 kDa. 
     In other aspects, the invention is directed to DNA sequences encoding the 14-beta-gal mammalian lectins, which lectins are capable of N-linked glycosylation, and in particular the protein of FIG. 1, or other HL-60 or human placenta derived lectins of this class, in isolated and purified form, and/or ligated to heterologous control sequences suitable for recombinant expression. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to host cells transformed with the DNA sequences described herein, and to methods to produce the desired lectin proteins; it is also directed to antibodies specifically reactive with the lectins of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A shows the cDNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of both the HL-60 and placenta lectin. Superscript numbers correlate to the corresponding nucleotides and boxes show start and stop codons. The asterisk indicates the possible N-linked glycosylation site. 
     FIG. 1B shows restriction maps of two HL-60 cDNA clones with the coding region indicated by open boxes and the sequencing strategy used. 
     FIG. 2A shows a Southern blot of DNA from HL-60 and human placenta cells probed with HL-60 cDNA indicating one gene for the 14 kDa lectin. 
     FIG. 2B shows a Northern blot probed with the HL-60 cDNA indicating that the mRNA messages contained in a variety of cell lines putatively encoding lectins are the same length and homologous. 
     FIG. 3 shows SDS-PAGE of purified lectin preparation. 
     FIG. 4A shows HPLC purification of HL-60 lectin and SDS-PAGE of the eluate fractions. 
     FIG. 4B shows agglutinating activity of each fraction superimposed over absorbance at 214 nm. 
     FIG. 5 shows silver-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of HL-60 lectins treated with N-glycanase. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of various 14 kDa lectins including that derived from E. coli cells, transfected with lectin cDNA. 
     FIG. 7 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled HL-60/placenta lectins produced by CHO cells transfected with HL-60 lectin cDNA or HL-60 lectin cDNA and an operably linked secretion signal. 
     FIG. 8 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled lectin from several cell lines. 
     FIG. 9 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated lectin secreted by CHO cells transfected with HL-60 lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal. 
     FIG. 10 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated lectin secreted by CHO cells transfected with HL-60 lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal and treated with N-glycanase. 
     FIG. 11 shows lactose Sepharose purification of lectins secreted by CHO cells transfected with HL-60 lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal and SDS-PAGE of the eluate fractions. 
     FIG. 12 shows results of hemagglutin bioassay of purified lectins from human placenta, HL-60 cells and E. coli cells transfected with vectors containing lectin cDNA and an operably linked secretion signal, and inhibition of agglutination by sugars. 
    
    
     MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     A. Definitions 
     It is known, in general, that proteins may exist in a variety of essentially equivalent forms including the acidic and basic salts thereof, forms which are derivatized at side-chain functional groups, forms associated with lipids and membranes, and other modifications made through post-translational processing of the cell expressing the DNA encoding the desired lectin. All of the proteins defined below are inclusive of these various forms. 
     As used herein, &#34;HL-60 lectin&#34; refers to a lectin of the class defined below from HL-60 cells and further includes lectin from human placenta tissue. One embodiment consists essentially of the amino acids shown in FIG. 1A numbered from 2-135 which contain at least one tripeptide sequence, Asn-X-Thr or Asn-X-Ser, which provides a glycosylation site. It is believed that even in native production by HL-60 cells and placenta tissue, the N-terminal methionine is cleaved, and the remaining protein may be acetylated. Various forms of post-translational processing can be expected depending on the cell producing the protein, and the resultant processed proteins are, of course, included within the scope of the invention. 
     In particular, it should be noted that unlike the analogous mammalian lectins whose protein sequences are known, the HL-60 lectin preferably contains a glycosylation site, Asn-Leu-Thr, starting at position 96. The native material apparently does not, at least in part, contain glycosylation at this site; however, when appropriately produced in other recombinant hosts, the site can be glycosylated. Accordingly, glycosylated forms, so long as the glycosylation does not destroy activity, are included within the invention. 
     It should also be further noted that the embodiment of &#34;HL-60&#34; lectin as shown in FIG. 1A contains more cysteine residues (6) than other known homologous animal lectins. The present invention is not so limited, and may contain any number of cysteine residues or no cysteine residues, so long as activity is retained. 
     &#34;HL-60&#34; lectin further includes the peptide comprising positions 2-135in FIG. 1A or the naturally occurring mutants or allelic variations thereof. It is well understood that proteins produced by organisms do not necessarily remain stable in the form studied, but that the genes encoding them are subject to natural mutations and variations; these are therefore included in the invention. 
     It is at present unknown whether HL-60 and placenta lectin is secreted when produced in its native environment or whether it is a soluble or proten associated-cytoplasmic protein of the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell. The HL-60 lectin can be produced to ensure secretion by recombinant addition of a known signal sequence. The recovery of the protein from the medium is, of course, simpler than recovery that requires cell lysis. 
     It is shown herein that HL-60 cells and placenta tissue produce 14 kDa beta-gal binding lectin. 
     The &#34;HL-60 lectins&#34; described above are representative of the class of 14-beta-gal mammalian lectins preferably having at least one glycosylation site and claimed herein. As used herein, the phrase &#34;14-beta-gal mammalian lectin containing at least one glycosylation site&#34; refers to a class of peptides having the characteristics of the group of lectins exemplified by the HL-60 and placenta lectin of FIG. 1 which contain at least one tripeptide sequence, Asn-X-Thr or Asn-X-Ser, which provides a glycosylation site. However, as stated previously, the present invention includes 14-beta-gal mammalian lectins without glycosylation sites. 
     To be included in the class of 14-beta-gal mammalian lectins containing at least one glycosylation site, a peptide must exhibit the biological properties of this class enumerated as follows: a molecular weight when nonglycosylated of approximately 14 kDa, as a practical matter about 12-18 kDa when measured. The lectin must be capable of binding certain beta-D-galactoside containing moieties (i.e., beta-lactose), and specifically must cause hemagglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes in standard lectin assays, wherein the agglutination is inhibited by certain moieties containing the beta-galactoside linkage, such as beta-lactose and thiodigalactoside. The requirements for ability to cause hemagglutination includes presence of a reducing agent capable of maintaining thiol groups and tryptophan residues in the reduced form, but the activity is independent of metal ions. Typically, peptides of the invention which have this activity show extensive homology to the animal lectins referenced in the Background section above, with the additional requirement that there be at least one glycosylation site. 
     It is preferred that the lectins have at least 40% homology with the HL-60 and placenta lectin of FIG. 1A, preferably 75% homology, and most preferably over 90% homology. The preferred location of the glycosylation site is at residues 96-99 as is the case for the lectin of FIG. 1A, or within, at most, a 4 amino acid spacing upstream or 3 amino acid spacing downstream, i.e., between residues 92 and 101 inclusive. Other preferred locations include those which contain Asn, X (any amino acid), and Ser/Thr residues in any of the animal lectins at nonconserved regions. 
     Particularly preferred embodiments are peptides with at least 95% homology with the known mammalian lectins referenced above wherein, however, unlike the native forms, at least one glycosylation site is included in the sequence. In these preferred embodiments, also, the preferred position for the glycosylation site is positions 96-99 or at least between positions 92-101 inclusive. The most preferred embodiment of the 14-beta-gal lectins containing glycosylation sites is HL-60 and placenta lectin of FIG. 1A (and the naturally occurring mutants and allelic variants thereof). 
     B. Isolation of the HL-60 and Placenta Lectin Encoding cDNA. 
     a. HL-60 
     HL-60 cells, ATCC CCL240, were cultured for 40 hours in the presence of DMSO. The cells were then lysed, the mRNA isolated using standard techniques, and a cDNA library constructed in lambda-GT10 according to the method of Huynh, T. V. et al, DNA Cloning I, D. M. Glover, Ed, R. L. Press (1985) pp. 49-78. The library was probed with two sets of 14 mer probes designated ##STR1## These probes were designed on the basis of known lectin sequences, specifically those of conserved regions near the C-terminus. They encode the amino acid sequences Glu-Phe-Lys-Phe-Pro (which occurs in HL-60 lectin at positions 106-110) and Asp-Phe-Lys-Ile-Lys (which occurs in HL-60 lectin at positions 126-130). The probes were labeled at their ends with  32  P using T4 polynucleotide kinase and [gamma- 32  P]ATP. 
     Phage colonies were screened by hybridizing LP59 with duplicate nitrocellulose filters which were prehybridized for 2-4 hours at 37° C. Hybridization buffer contained 6×SSC, 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 2×Denhardt&#39;s solution, 0.1% SDS, 2 mM EDTA, and 100 ug/ml yeast RNA. Filters were then washed in 4×SSC at room temperature. 
     Out of approximately 10 6  phage colonies, 17 positive clones were found which hybridized to LP59; 9 of these also hybridized with the LP60 probe. All 9 clones contained an internal EcoRI site providing a &#34;short&#34; and a &#34;long&#34; fragment. Dideoxy sequencing of three of the clones hybridizing with both probes showed identical DNA sequences differing only in 5&#39; and 3&#39; extensions of the open-reading frame. 
     The 507 bp sequence determined for one of these clones is shown in FIG. 1. The open reading frame of 405 base pairs (clone 11) encoding a protein of 135 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight of 14,744 daltons is shown. As calculated without the N-terminal methionine, the protein has a theoretical molecular weight of 14,613. This protein is homologous to other animal 14-beta-gal lectins such as rat lung lectin. Homologies with other known animal lectin protein sequences range from 40% (mouse hepatoma) to 96% (human lung peptides). 
     b. Human Placenta 
     A human placenta cDNA library was constructed from human placenta poly(A + ) RNA in lambda-GT10 as described by Tarantino, A. L., et al., Biochemistry (1985) 24:4665-4671 using a synthetic primer complimentary to the 3&#39; untranslated region, nucleotides 486-502 of the HL-60 cDNA clone 11(3&#39;TCCGTCGACGGAGACGA 5&#39;) rather than oligo dT to prime the first strand cDNA synthesis. The library was screened with a labeled 311 bp fragment of HL-60 (clone 2) (FIG. 1B) containing most of the lectin coding sequence but none of the 3&#39; untranslated primer sequence. Four positive clones were isolated using the probe as described for HL-60 library screening. 
     It is apparent from the deduced amino acid sequence that a glycosylation site Asn-Leu-Thr is present at positions 96-98 of the FIG. 1A HL-60 and placenta lectin. This is the first known mammalian lectin which contains a glycosylation site, and its presence offers the opportunity to potentially alter the carbohydrate binding capability, solubility, circulating half life, metabolism in vivo, stability, or specific activity of the lectin without destroying its ability to bind to beta-D-galactoside compounds. 
     Furthermore, the availability of the DNA sequence shown in FIG. 1A, as well as the cDNA sequences for other mammalian lectins described in the Background section above provides the opportunity to manipulate the gene so that a glycosylation site can be provided even though none is present natively. Hence, in one approach to preparing the preferred embodiments of the invention, a tripeptide sequence between positions 92-101 can be converted by site-specific mutagenesis to a glycosylation site. None of these positions are conserved in the Paroutaud et al. set, referenced above, and shown in FIG. 2. Hence, the provision of a glycosylation site at this position would not be expected to destroy the 14-beta-gal lectin activity of the peptide. 
     In an alternate approach, the retrieved HL-60 and placenta cDNA can be manipulated to provide additional homology to 14-beta-gal lectin sequences from other sources, but at the same time retaining the sequence encoding the glycosylation site. 
     C. Characteristics of the Genomic and cDNA 
     Southern blots of human genomic DNA isolated from HL-60 cells and human placenta tissue were performed after digestion with BamH1, HindIII, or EcoR1 and probed the 445 bp SmaI/NcoI fragment of HL-60 cDNA clone 2 (FIG. 1B) as seen in FIG. 2A. For DNA digested with HindIII (lane 1, placenta, lane 2, HL-60) or BamH1 (lane 3, placenta, lane 4, HL-60), there was one hybridizing band of approximately 7.5 or 15 kbp; digestion with EcoR1 (lane 5, placenta, lane 6, HL-60) yielded two hybridizing bands of 5.1 and 3.2 kbp, consistent with an internal EcoR1 site. 
     Northern blots, FIG. 2B, using mRNA preparations from HL-60 cells (lanes 1, 5, and 6), normal human placenta (lane 3), human SK hepatoma cells (ATCC CCL24601) (lane 4), human erythroleukemia leukemia KG-1A cells (ATCC HTB 52) (lane 7), and human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells (ATCC HTB 36) (lane 2) probed with a 311 bp EcoRI cDNA fragment of clone 2 (FIG. 1B) showed one hybridization band of approximately 700 nucleotides, indicating similar or identical length mRNA messages for all cells surveyed. 
     D. Antibodies Reactive with the Invention Lectins 
     The lectins of the invention can be used in conventional ways to raise antisera reactive with, and specific for, these lectins. An antibody &#34;specific for&#34; HL-60 lectin means an antibody which is immunoreactive with this lectin, or with proteins encoded by the naturally occurring mutations and allelic variants of its gene, but not immunoreactive with other lectins. Because of the extensive homology of the FIG. 1A HL-60 lectin with other lectins of the 14-beta-gal class, not all of the antibodies raised against HL-60 lectin will in fact be specific to it. However, by producing monoclonal antibodies to the HL-60 lectin, specific antibodies can be generated. In addition antibodies specific for various glycosylated forms can also be prepared. 
     Similarly, antibodies can be prepared which are specific for any particular member of the 14-beta-gal lectins with, or without, at least one glycosylation site, of the invention, both in nonglycosylated and especially in glycosylated form. 
     In short, the antibodies within the scope of the invention are those monoclonal lines which are reactive with one or more members of the lectins of the invention, but not cross-reactive with the lectins presently known in the art. Also included in the scope of the invention are antisera raised by any of the lectins of the invention, since these antisera will be unique to these lectins, even if they contain, in some measure, cross-reactive antibodies with known lectins. 
     E. Recombinant Production of HL-60 Lectin 
     The cDNA encoding the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1A or synthetic or semi-synthetic variants thereof or encoding the 14 kDA HL-60, can be used for the recombinant production of HL-60 lectin in a variety of systems. Suitable DNAs encoding the alternate 14-beta-gal lectins, such as those containing at least one glycosylation site can also be expressed recombinantly. The lectin-encoding DNA is mobilized by ligating the appropriate intronless sequence to control sequences regulating expression, transfecting the resulting expression systems into appropriate hosts, and culturing the transformed or transfected hosts under conditions favorable for the expression of the DNA. Genomic DNA encoding the HL-60 and placenta lectin and its naturally occurring mutants and allelic variants can be recovered from the HL-60 or placenta genome using the cDNA as a probe. This genomic DNA can also be used in eucaryotic systems capable of processing introns. The lectin-encoding sequence can be ligated into the expression system preceded by an ATG to obtain the lectin as a mature protein. Alternatively, signal sequences known to be operable in the intended host, such as the penicillinase or alkaline phosphatase system in bacteria, the alpha-factor system in yeast, or various hormone signal sequences in mammalian cells can be used to effect secretion by constructing the expression system with the DNA encoding signal in reading phase with the lectin DNA. The lectin could also be produced as a fusion protein by ligating the coding sequence into reading frame with an additional coding sequence if desired. 
     A variety of host systems with appropriate controls are by now well known in the art. For example, among procaryotic hosts, E. coli are preferred, although other species, such as Bacillis, Pseudomonas, or other bacterial strains could be used. Suitable control systems include promoters associated with bacterial proteins such as the beta-lactamase and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Chang, et al. Nature (1977) 198:1056; the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Geoddel, et al. Nucleic Acids Res. (1980) 8:4057) and the lambda-derived P L  promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site system (Shimatake, et al. Nature (1981) 292:128). This list provides the most commonly used promoters in procaryotes and is by no means all inclusive. 
     Similarly, a variety of vectors and promoters is known for yeast systems including the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman, et al. J Biol Chem (1980) 255:2073); the enolase gene promoter (Holland, M. J. et al. J Biol Chem (1981) 256:1385) or the leu2 gene obtained from YEp 13 (Broach, J. et al. Gene (1978) 8:121). 
     For expression in cells of higher organisms, promoters operable in such cells include viral promoters such as the SV40 promoter (Fiers, et al. Nature (1978) 273:113) or promoters derived from adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, Rous sarcoma virus, and so forth. Also usable are regulatable promoters such as the metallothionein I or metallothionein II promoters. Control sequences for retroregulation are also available such as that associated with the crystal protein gene of B. thurengiensis. Currently available also are systems for production of recombinant proteins in insect cells and in plant cells, although plant cell systems are currently less convenient. Their inconvenience, however, is a result of the current state of the art, and not of an inherent incompatibility between this host cell system and the gene encoding the proteins of the invention. 
     The appropriate coding sequences are ligated to the control sequences in operable configuration and in suitable vectors for transfection into the intended host. The vectors may commonly include plasmids, virus particles or phage depending on the intended host and the mode of transformation. &#34;Transformation&#34;, as used herein, includes all forms of causing uptake of foreign DNA by a host cell including viral infection, transduction, conjugation or, probably most common, induction of uptake in vitro by transfection using transfecting agents such as calcium chloride or DEAE/dextran, depending on the host. 
     The transformed cells are then screened for those which contain the desired DNA and the successful transformants are cultured under conditions which affect the expression of the coding sequences. The lectin produced is then purified from the medium (if the construction results in secretion) or from the lysed cells if the construction results in an intracellular protein). 
     In either case, the lectin is purified by standard methods, including extraction in lactose solution, or other (buffer, Triton X-100), followed by chromatographic procedures. A convenient chromatographic procedure includes chromatography on lactose Sepharose gels. In this approach, the extract is loaded onto the gel, the gel is washed and elution is conducted by supplementing the equilibration buffer with 100 mM lactose either in batch or gradient form. The presence of the protein in the active fractions can be easily detected by the ability of the fraction, after removal of lactose, to cause hemagglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, wherein said hemagglutination is inhibited by millimolar concentrations of beta-lactose or thiodigalactoside. 
     Statement of Utility 
     The lectins of the invention are useful in a range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications. In a manner analogous to that demonstrated for electrolectin by Levy, G. et al. Eur J Immunol (1983) 13:500-507 the 14-beta-gal mammalian lectins with glycosylation site(s) herein can be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis. Other autoimmune diseases which are subject to treatment by these lectins include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythomatosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 
     Since these proteins are immune system regulators, they are also useful in the prevention of graft vs. host disease and inhibition of rejection of transplants in general. In addition, antibodies prepared which are immunoreactive with these proteins are useful in diagnosis of tumors since the levels of these lectins on the cell surface are correlated with metastatic cancer. The lectins are also useful in drug delivery applications by causing the homing of the drug to suitable targets when conjugated to the lectin. The lectins of the invention can also be used as a targeting agent when coupled to certain cytotoxic molecules. 
     For use in therapeutic applications, the protein is formulated in a manner suitable for its mode of administration using formulation technology known in the art as described, for example, in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Typical formulations for injection include admixture with physiological buffer for injection such as Hank&#39;s solution or Ringer&#39;s solution, encapsulation in liposomes or other emulsifying agents suited for drug delivery, and the like. The dosage level and manner of administration will depend on the indication and the subject, as well as the severity of the condition to be treated. 
     The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not to limit the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Expression of the HL-60 Lectin cDNA in Mammalian Cells to Give Intracellular Protein 
     Plasmid pHL11 was constructed by ligating the insert of the LP59/LP60 hybridizing clone from the lambda gt10 library described above into a bacterial cloning vector. Thus, pHL11 contains the entire coding sequence and the 5&#39; and 3&#39; untranslated regions. 
     The gene is ligated into the expression vector plasmid p171 in two segments. Plasmid 171 contains an expression system for murine DHFR and an SV40 promoter and polyadenylation site separated by a polylinker containing HindIII and BamHI restriction sites. 
     The 5&#39; portion of the HL-60 lectin sequence is cloned by digesting pHL11 with EcoRI and SmaI and ligating the fragment into EcoRI/SmaI digested pUC13, replicating in E. coli to give pL1. The downstream portion is amplified by digesting pHL11 with NcoI, blunt ending with Klenow, digesting with EcoRI, isolating a 140 bp EcoRI/ blunt fragment and ligating this fragment into EcoRI/SmaI digested pUC13, and amplifying in E. coli to give pL2. 
     The upstream fragment is isolated from pHL1 by digesting with HindIII and EcoRI and isolating the 370 bp fragment; the downstream EcoRI/BamHI 150 bp fragment is isolated from pHL2. The isolated fragments are ligated into the BamHI/HindIII cleaved expression vector p171 and the ligation mixture transformed into E. coli and selected for successful transformants. The plasmid containing the HL-60 lectin gene under control of the SV40 promoter and polyadenylation sites, pSV/HL-60, was isolated. The isolated vector was then used to transform a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line which lacks DHFR, and successful colonies capable of growth in F12 media lacking glycine, hypoxanthine, and thymidine were isolated and expanded in selective media. 
     The selected cells were then inoculated at 2×10 6  cells/ml of F12 medium for 48 hr, and harvested. The cells were lysed and the lysate confirmed to contain HL-60 lectin using the rabbit erythrocyte agglutination assay. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Expression of the HL-60 Lectin cDNA in Mammalian Cells to Produce Secreted Protein 
     A ClaI restriction site was introduced immediately upstream of the codon for amino acid 1 of FIG. 1 preserving the initiation codon and maintaining the downstream coding sequence. This upstream sequence was removed by digestion with ClaI/EcoRI and isolated as a 310 bp ClaI/EcoRI fragment. This, along with a 150 bp EcoRI/BamHI fragment isolated from pHL2 above and containing the downstream fragment were ligated to ClaI/BamHI digested expression vector which contains a hydrophobic secretory protein signal sequence under control of the SV40 promoter, and a ClaI site at the 3&#39; end of the signal. This expression vector also contains an expression system for murine DHFR. 
     The ligation mixture was transformed into DHFR deficient CHO cells as described above, and cultured as in Example 1. After 48 hr in F12 (gHT-) medium, the culture medium was harvested and assayed for HL-60 lectin production using an ELISA. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Isolation of HL-60 Lectin from HL-60 Cells 
     Native HL-60 lectin was isolated from HL-60 cell lysate as follows: the protein was solubilized from the lysate by treating with lactose or Triton X-100 solution and the solubilized lectin was purified by affinity on lactose Sepharose or asialofetuin Sepharose columns. 
     Protein-containing fractions from the elution gradient of lactose Sepharose show peaks when subjected to SDS-PAGE at both 14 kDa and 17 kDa (FIG. 3, lane 4) which show the appropriate lectin activity. Protein-containing peaks from asialofetuin Sepharose columns contain a lectin of 14 kDa (lane 2) and a minor species at 30 kDa. Lectin isolated from human placenta subjected to similar treatment shows a major 14 kDa peak and a minor species at 30 kDa regardless of the affinity column (lane 1, asialofetuin; lane 3, lactose), and no 17 kDa species. 
     Following affinity chromatography, the HL-60 lectin is purified to homogeneity using a C4 HPLC column using an acetonitrile/water-TFA solvent system. FIGS. 4A and 4B show the result of gradient elution in acetonitrile/TFA and SDS-PAGE analysis of the fractions. The 14 kDa lectin appears in fraction 2 as shown by the SDS-PAGE results. 
     The determination of which of the 14 kDa and 17 kDa proteins were responsible for hemagglutinating activity was accomplished by HPLC analysis of HL-60 protein eluted fractions from lactose-Sepharose affinity chromatography. While the 14 kDa lectin was separated from the 17 kDa protein, fractions containing the 17 kDa species also included substantial amounts of the 14 kDa lectin. As seen in FIG. 4B, the 14 kDa protein corresponds to the peak of hemagglutination activity. Further, Western blot analysis of the 14 kDa and 17 kDa proteins using rabbit antisera raised against purified 14 kDa placenta lectin showed a cross-immunoreactivity with the 14 kDa protein but not with the 17 kDa lectin (see FIG. 5). 
     The possibility that the 17 kDa protein is a glycosylated form of the 14 kDa protein was tested by treatment of the proteins with N-glycanase (Genzyme), which hydrolyzes N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. Purified lectin samples (2 ug) were dissolved in 10 ul of 0.5% SDS-0.1M 2-mercaptoethanol, and treated with 0.15 units of N-glycanase. As seen in FIG. 5, the enzyme had no effect on any of the HL-60 proteins under conditions where the orosomucoid and fetuin glycoproteins were deglycosylated. Lane 1 contains N-glycanase; lane 2, human orosomucoid; lane 3, orosomucoid and N-glycanase; lane 4, bovine fetuin; lane 5, bovine fetuin and N-glycanase; lane 6, HL-60 lectin purified on lactose Sepharose; and lane 7, HL-60 lectin and N-glycanase. Because the observed molecular weight for the 14 kDa lectin almost matches the predicted molecular weight, 14,613 daltons, it is unlikely that the 14 kDa lectin is glycosylated. 
     Purified 14 kDa and 17 kDa HL-60 proteins were amino acid sequenced after SDS-PAGE. Blockage of the amino terminal and of the 14 kDa lectin necessitated treatment of the lectin with cyanogen bromide to cleave the lectin at an internal methionine. The amino acid sequence of that fragment was identical to the sequence of a 14 residue C-terminal fragment of 14 kDa placenta lectin derived from cleavage of a methionine at position 121. While the 17 kDa HL-60 protein was also blocked at the N-terminus and the cyanogen bromide fragment yielded a unique amino acid sequence unrelated to the 14 kDa HL-60 protein. This fragment further did not show any significant homology with any other proteins of the Swiss Protein Data Bank. 
     Thus, the 17 kDa protein is not affected by N-glycanase, is not responsible for hemagglutination activity, does not react with polyclonal antibodies specific for the 14 kDa placenta lectin (see FIG. 6, infra) and its amino acid sequence differs greatly from that of the 14 kDa sequence. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Isolation of Lectin from Human Placenta Tissue 
     Fresh or frozen human placenta was homogenized in 3 volumes (ml/gr) of homogenizing buffer and the homogenate centrifuged at 10,000×g for 15 minutes. The resulting pellet was then suspended in 2 volumes of homogenizing buffer (relative to the original tissue weight) and 0.1M beta-lactose, stirred 1 hour at 4° C., and centrifuged at 10,000×g for 1 hour. Solid ammonium sulfate was then added to the resulting supernatant to 50% saturation and the solution was incubated at 4° C. for 3 hours. The solution was then centrifuged at 30,000×g for 15 minutes, the pellet was disgarded, and solid ammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant to saturation. The resulting solution was then incubated 16 hours at 4° C., centrifuged at 30,000×g for 1 hour, and the resulting pellet was dissolved in 1/10 volume (relative to the original tissue weight) of 10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA pH 7.5 and dialyzed against homogenizing buffer. The resulting lectin was purified by affinity on lactose Sepharose or asialofetein columns. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Expression of HL-60 Lectin cDNA in E. coli Cells 
     An expression vector for use in E. coli was constructed from vector pKK223-3 (Pharmacia) containing the isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG) inducible trp-lac (tac) promoter. Lectin cDNA was mutagenized at the 5&#39; end of the coding sequence by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis via the Bio-Rad Muta-Gene M13 Kit to introduce a Cla1 restriction site close to the lectin ATG codon. The synthetic oligonucleotide used had the sequence: 
     
         5&#39;-CTCCTGGACTCATCGATGGCTTGTGGT-3&#39; 
    
     ClaI 
     The 421 bp ClaI/NcoI fragment of the mutagenized lectin cDNA of clone 11 (FIG. 1B) was blunted and ligated using T4 DNA ligase to a blunted EcoRI site in the vector. E. coli JM101 were transformed by standard methods and the resulting clones were tested by hybridizing with a lectin cDNA probe. Clone structure was confirmed by restriction site analysis. Clones which tested positive by hybridization were selected and grown in large culture. 
     In order to express the lectin cDNA, 500 ml of LB medium were inoculated with 2.5 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli JM101 transformants. After 90 minutes, the cells were induced by addition of 1 mM IPTG and grown for 6.0 hours at 37° C. Cells were then harvested and washed in 25 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 2 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1 mM PMSF. The cells were then lysed twice by sonication for 5 minutes each and the cell lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 25,000×g for 10 minutes. 
     The lectin-containing supernatant was purified by affinity chromatography using a column comprising beta-lactose coupled to vinyl sulfone activated Sepharose and eluted with 0.1M beta-lactose in homogenizing buffer. All fractions obtained were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and hemagglutination activity using standard methods. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis showed an N-terminal alanine indicating that the bacteria processes the protein by cleaving the initial methionine. It is also understood that the N-terminal alanine can be modified such as by acetylation. 
     Western blot analysis of the purified E. coli lectin revealed that the lectin had the same electrophoretic mobility and immunoreactivity as placenta and HL-60 lectins. FIG. 6 shows SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of several 14 kDa lectins. In panel A the lectins were subjected to electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue R-250; in panel B, the lectins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and then visualized by treatment with anti-placenta lectin antibodies and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. 
     Lanes for both panels are: Lane A1, 50 ug JM101 E. coli lysate; lane A2, 50 ug lysate from E. coli containing an HL-60 lectin expression plasmid; lane A3, 5 ug placenta lectin; A4, 5 ug HL-60 lectin; lane A5, 5 ug E. coli -derived lectin; lane B1, 10 ug JM101 lysate; lane B2, 10 ug lysate from E. coli containing an HL-60 lectin expression plasmid; lane B3, 0.2 ug placenta lectin; lane B4, 0.2 ug HL-60 lectin; lane B5, 0.2 ug E. coli -derived lectin. Additionally, the E. coli -derived lectin subjected to hemagglutin assay showed similar activity as H1-60 and placenta lectins. 
     Assay of the E. coli -derived lectin as well as the HL-60 and placenta lectins revealed the E. coli expressed lectin had approximately the same specific activity as placenta and HL-60 lectins (FIG. 12, infra). The foregoing demonstrates that the recombinant lectin is biologically active and similar to lectins isolated from natural sources such as HL-60 cells and placenta. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Expression of HL-60 Lectin Gene in CHO Cells to Give Intracellular or Secreted Protein 
     CHO cells were transfected with vectors containing lectin cDNA (cDNA vector) or with lectin cDNA and an operably linked secretion signal (secretion vector). FIG. 7 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled lectins produced by CHO cells so transfected and treated as set forth below. Lane 2 contains supernatant of P-18 (cDNA vector) transformed cells plus immune serum; lane 3 contains P-18 supernatant plus normal rabbit serum (NRS); lane 4 contains PS-2 (lectin secretion vector) supernatant, immune serum, and N-glycanase; lane 5 contains PS-2 supernatant and immune serum; lane 6 contains PS-2 supernatant and NRS; lane 7 contains PS-2 extract and immune serum; lane 8 contains PS-2 extract and NRS; lane 9 contains PS-2 extract, immune serum, and N-glycanase; lane 10 contains P-18 extract and NRS; and lane 11 contains P-18 extract and immune serum. 
     Several species of the lectin, 18-20 kDa forms and the 14 kDa species, were immunoprecipitated. As seen in lane 5, the large form of the lectin is secreted only by cells transfected with cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal, yet is not found in cell lysates (lane 7). The large forms of the lectin are converted to the 14 kDa species when treated with N-glycanase (lane 4). 
     SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled lectin from lysates of several other cell lines is shown in FIG. 8. Lanes 3 and 4 contain lectin from human foreskin fibroblast lysate treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively; lanes 5 and 6 contain lectin from lysate of transfected CHO cells treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively; lanes 7 and 8 contain lectin from lysate of HL-60 cells treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively; lanes 9 and 10 contain lectin from lysate of U937 cells treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively; lanes 11 and 12 contain lectin from KG1a cell lysate treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively; and lanes 13 and 14 contain lectin from lysate of PBL cells treated with NRS and immune serum, respectively. Only a 14 kDa form of lectin is present in cell lysate, consistent with the findings shown in FIG. 7. Immunoprecipitation of supernatants fail to show any secreted lectin. 
     In FIG. 9 there is shown SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled lectin secreted by CHO cells transfected with lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal. Lanes 1 and 2 contain PS-2 (lectin secretion vector) supernatant and NRS or immune serum, respectively; lanes 3 and 4 contain PS-2 supernatant, 200 ng/ml lectin and either immune serum or NRS, respectively. Lanes 2 and 3 show secretion of a 14 kDa and 18 kDa species. 
     Lectins secreted by CHO cells transfected with lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal were treated with N-glycanase and subjected to SDS-PAGE and the results are shown in FIG. 10. Lanes 1, 2, 5, and 6 contain PS-2 (lectin secretion vector) supernatant and immune serum, and lanes 3 and 4 contain PS-2 supernatant treated with N-glycanase. The absence of the 18-20 kDa lectins in lanes 3 and 4 indicates that the 18-20 kDa lectins are the glycosylated form of the 14 kDa lectin. 
     Lectins secreted by CHO cells transfected with lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal were purified on a lactose Sepharose column and the elution fractions subjected to SDS-PAGE. As seen in FIG. 11, both the large and small forms of lectin bind to lactose and are active in an agglutination assay as shown in the following example. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Assay for Beta-galactoside Binding Activity of Lectins 
     Biological activity of 14 kDa lectin from HL-60 cells, placenta tissue, from E. coli cells transfected with lectin cDNA operably linked to a secretion signal was ascertained by agglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes. As seen in FIG. 12, the top row shows a Concanavalin A control with an agglutination end-point at 1.5 ug/ml. The lower 6 rows show the three purified 14 kDa lectins incubated with varying concentrations of completing sugars, beta-lactose and thiodigalactoside which are known to be potent inhibitors of the 14 kDa placenta lectin. Thiodigalactoside inhibited agglutination of the erythrocytes at concentrations greater than 0.31 mM and beta-lactose inhibited agglutination at concentrations greater than 1.25 mM.