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THE HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
(Act 25 of 1955)[18th May, 1955]
An Act to amend and codify the law relating to marriage among Hindus.
Preliminary
1. Short title and extent.-(1) This Act may be called the Hindu Marriage Act,
1955.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and applies also to
Hindus domiciled in the territories to which this Act extends who are outside the said territories.
2. Application of Act.- (1) This Act applies,-
(a) to any person who is a Hindu by religion in any of of its forms or developments, including a
Virashaiva, a Lingayat or a follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj;
(b) to any person who is a Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion, and
(c) to any other person domiciled in the territories to which this Act extends who is not a Muslim,
Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion, unless it is proved that any such person would not have been
governed by the Hindu law or by any custom or usage as part of that law in respect of any of the
matters dealt with herein if this Act had not been passed.
Explanation.- The following persons are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or Sikhs by religion, as the case
may be,-
(a) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, both of whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or
Sikhs by religion;
(b) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, one of whose parents is a Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh
by religion and who is brought up as a member of tribe, community, group or family to which such
parents belongs or belonged; and
(c) any person who is a convert or re-convert to the Hindus, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh religion.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1),nothing contained in this Act shall apply
to the members of any Scheduled Tribe within the meaning of clause (25) of Article 366 of the
Constitution unless the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, otherwise
directs.
(3) The expression "Hindus" in any portion of this Act shall be construed as if it included a person
who, though not a Hindu by religion is, nevertheless, a person whom this Act applies by virtue of
the provisions contained in this section.
3. Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) the expression "custom" and "usage" signify any rule which, having been continuously and
uniformally observed for a long time, has obtained the force of law among Hindus in any local
area, tribe, community, group or family:
Provided that the rule is certain and not unreasonable or opposed to public policy;
and
Provided further that in the case of a rule applicable only to a family it has not been discontinued
by the family;
(b)"District Court" means, in any area for which there is a City Civil Court, that Court, and in any
other area the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction, and includes any other civil court which
may be specified by the State Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, as having
jurisdiction in respect of matters dealt with in this Act;
(c)"full blood"and "half blood"- two persons are said to be related to each other by full blood when
they are descended from a common ancestor by the same wife and by half blood when they are
descended from a common ancestor but by different wives;
(d)"uterine blood" - two persons are said to be related to each other by uterine blood when they
are descended from a common ancestor but by different husbands.
Explanation.- In Clauses (c) and (d) "ancestor" includes the father and "ancestress" the mother;
(e)"prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(f)(i)"Sapinda relationship" with reference to any person extends as far as the third
generation(inclusive) in the line of ascent through the mother, and the fifth (inclusive) in the line
of ascent through the father, the line being traced upwards in each case from the person concerned,
who is to be counted as the first generation;
(ii) two persons are said to be "sapinda" of each other if one is a lineal ascendant of the other within
the limits of sapinda relationship, or if they have a common lineal ascendant who is within the
limits of sapinda relationship with reference to each of them;
(g)"degrees of prohibited relationship " - two persons are said to be within the "degrees of
prohibited relationship"-
(I) if one is a lineal ascendant of the other; or
(ii) if one was the wife or husband of a lineal ascendant or descendant of the other; or
(iii)if one was the wife of the brother or of the father's or mother's brother or of the grandfather's
or grandmother's brother or the other; or
(iv)if the two are brother and sister, uncle and niece, aunt and nephew, or children of brother and
sister or of two brothers or of two sisters.
Explanation.- for the purposes of clauses (f) and (g) relationship includes-
(I) relationship by half or uterine blood as well as by full blood;
(ii) illegitimate blood relationship as well as legitimate;
(iii) relationship by adoption as well as by blood; and all terms of relationship in those clauses
shall be construed accordingly.
4. Overriding effect of Act.- Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act.-
(a) any text,rule or interpretation of Hindu Law or any custom or usage as part of that law in force
immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have effect with respect to any
matter for which provision is made in this Act;
(b) any other law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have
effect in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the provisions contained in this Act.
Hindu Marriages
5. Condition for a Hindu Marriage.- A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus,
if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely:
(i) neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage;
(ii) at the time of the marriage, neither party,-
(a) is incapable of giving a valid consent of it in consequence of unsoundness of mind; or
(b) though capable of giving a valid consent has been suffering from mental disorder of such a
kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for marriage and the procreation of children; or
(c) has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity or epilepsy;
(iii) the bridegroom has completed the age of twenty one years and the bride the age of eighteen
years at the time of the marriage;
(iv) the parties are not within the degrees of prohibited relationship unless the custom or usage
governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;
(v) the parties are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage governing each of them
permits of a marriage between the two;
(vi) (Omitted)
6. Guardianship in Marriage.- (Omitted by Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976.
7. Ceremonies for a Hindu marriage.-(1) A Hindu marriage may be solemnized in accordance
with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto.
(2) Where such rites and ceremonies include the saptapadi (that is, the taking of seven steps by the
bridegroom and the bride jointly before the sacred fire), the marriage becomes complete and
binding when the seventh step is taken.
8. Registration of Hindu Marriages.-(1) For the purpose of facilitating the proof of Hindu
marriages, the State Government may make rules providing that the parties to any such marriage

THE HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955

(Act 25 of 1955)[18th May, 1955]

An Act to amend and codify the law relating to marriage among Hindus.

Preliminary

1. Short title and extent.-(1) This Act may be called the Hindu Marriage Act,

1955.

(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and applies also to

Hindus domiciled in the territories to which this Act extends who are outside the said territories.

2. Application of Act.- (1) This Act applies,-

(a) to any person who is a Hindu by religion in any of of its forms or developments, including a

Virashaiva, a Lingayat or a follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj;

(b) to any person who is a Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion, and

(c) to any other person domiciled in the territories to which this Act extends who is not a Muslim,

Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion, unless it is proved that any such person would not have been

governed by the Hindu law or by any custom or usage as part of that law in respect of any of the

matters dealt with herein if this Act had not been passed.

Explanation.- The following persons are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or Sikhs by religion, as the case

may be,-

(a) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, both of whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or

Sikhs by religion;

(b) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, one of whose parents is a Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh

by religion and who is brought up as a member of tribe, community, group or family to which such

parents belongs or belonged; and

(c) any person who is a convert or re-convert to the Hindus, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh religion.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1),nothing contained in this Act shall apply

to the members of any Scheduled Tribe within the meaning of clause (25) of Article 366 of the

Constitution unless the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, otherwise

directs.

(3) The expression "Hindus" in any portion of this Act shall be construed as if it included a person

who, though not a Hindu by religion is, nevertheless, a person whom this Act applies by virtue of

the provisions contained in this section.

3. Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a) the expression "custom" and "usage" signify any rule which, having been continuously and

uniformally observed for a long time, has obtained the force of law among Hindus in any local

area, tribe, community, group or family:

Provided that the rule is certain and not unreasonable or opposed to public policy;

and

Provided further that in the case of a rule applicable only to a family it has not been discontinued

by the family;

(b)"District Court" means, in any area for which there is a City Civil Court, that Court, and in any

other area the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction, and includes any other civil court which

may be specified by the State Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, as having

jurisdiction in respect of matters dealt with in this Act;

(c)"full blood"and "half blood"- two persons are said to be related to each other by full blood when

they are descended from a common ancestor by the same wife and by half blood when they are

descended from a common ancestor but by different wives;

(d)"uterine blood" - two persons are said to be related to each other by uterine blood when they

are descended from a common ancestor but by different husbands.

Explanation.- In Clauses (c) and (d) "ancestor" includes the father and "ancestress" the mother;

(e)"prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

(f)(i)"Sapinda relationship" with reference to any person extends as far as the third

generation(inclusive) in the line of ascent through the mother, and the fifth (inclusive) in the line

of ascent through the father, the line being traced upwards in each case from the person concerned,

who is to be counted as the first generation;

(ii) two persons are said to be "sapinda" of each other if one is a lineal ascendant of the other within

the limits of sapinda relationship, or if they have a common lineal ascendant who is within the

limits of sapinda relationship with reference to each of them;

(g)"degrees of prohibited relationship " - two persons are said to be within the "degrees of

prohibited relationship"-

(I) if one is a lineal ascendant of the other; or

(ii) if one was the wife or husband of a lineal ascendant or descendant of the other; or

(iii)if one was the wife of the brother or of the father's or mother's brother or of the grandfather's

or grandmother's brother or the other; or

(iv)if the two are brother and sister, uncle and niece, aunt and nephew, or children of brother and

sister or of two brothers or of two sisters.

Explanation.- for the purposes of clauses (f) and (g) relationship includes-

(I) relationship by half or uterine blood as well as by full blood;

(ii) illegitimate blood relationship as well as legitimate;

(iii) relationship by adoption as well as by blood; and all terms of relationship in those clauses

shall be construed accordingly.

4. Overriding effect of Act.- Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act.-

(a) any text,rule or interpretation of Hindu Law or any custom or usage as part of that law in force

immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have effect with respect to any

matter for which provision is made in this Act;

(b) any other law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have

effect in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the provisions contained in this Act.

Hindu Marriages

5. Condition for a Hindu Marriage.- A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus,

if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely:

(i) neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage;

(ii) at the time of the marriage, neither party,-

(a) is incapable of giving a valid consent of it in consequence of unsoundness of mind; or

(b) though capable of giving a valid consent has been suffering from mental disorder of such a

kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for marriage and the procreation of children; or

(c) has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity or epilepsy;

(iii) the bridegroom has completed the age of twenty one years and the bride the age of eighteen

years at the time of the marriage;

(iv) the parties are not within the degrees of prohibited relationship unless the custom or usage

governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;

(v) the parties are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage governing each of them

permits of a marriage between the two;

(vi) (Omitted)

6. Guardianship in Marriage.- (Omitted by Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976.

7. Ceremonies for a Hindu marriage.-(1) A Hindu marriage may be solemnized in accordance

with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto.

(2) Where such rites and ceremonies include the saptapadi (that is, the taking of seven steps by the

bridegroom and the bride jointly before the sacred fire), the marriage becomes complete and

binding when the seventh step is taken.

8. Registration of Hindu Marriages.-(1) For the purpose of facilitating the proof of Hindu

marriages, the State Government may make rules providing that the parties to any such marriage