Optical activity
Another most remarkable effect of polarization is observed in materials composed of molecules which do not have reflection symmetry: molecules shaped something like a corkscrew, or like a gloved hand, or any shape which, if viewed through a mirror, would be reversed in the same way that a left-hand glove reflects as a right-hand glove. Suppose all of the molecules in the substance are the same, i.e., none is a mirror image of any other. Such a substance may show an interesting effect called optical activity, whereby as linearly polarized light passes through the substance, the direction of polarization rotates about the beam axis. To understand the phenomenon of optical activity requires some calculation, but we can see qualitatively how the effect might come about, without actually carrying out the calculations. Consider an asymmetric molecule in the shape of a spiral, as shown in Fig. 33–5. Molecules need not actually be shaped like a corkscrew in order to exhibit optical activity, but this is a simple shape which we shall take as a typical example of those that do not have reflection symmetry. When a light beam linearly polarized along the $y$-direction falls on this molecule, the electric field will drive charges up and down the helix, thereby generating a current in the $y$-direction and radiating an electric field $E_y$ polarized in the $y$-direction. However, if the electrons are constrained to move along the spiral, they must also move in the $x$-direction as they are driven up and down. When a current is flowing up the spiral, it is also flowing into the paper at $z = z_1$ and out of the paper at $z = z_1 + A$, if $A$ is the diameter of our molecular spiral. One might suppose that the current in the $x$-direction would produce no net radiation, since the currents are in opposite directions on opposite sides of the spiral. However, if we consider the $x$-components of the electric field arriving at $z = z_2$, we see that the field radiated by the current at $z = z_1 + A$ and the field radiated from $z = z_1$ arrive at $z_2$ separated in time by the amount $A/c$, and thus separated in phase by $\pi + \omega A/c$. Since the phase difference is not exactly $\pi$, the two fields do not cancel exactly, and we are left with a small $x$-component in the electric field generated by the motion of the electrons in the molecule, whereas the driving electric field had only a $y$-component. This small $x$-component, added to the large $y$-component, produces a resultant field that is tilted slightly with respect to the $y$-axis, the original direction of polarization. As the light moves through the material, the direction of polarization rotates about the beam axis. By drawing a few examples and considering the currents that will be set in motion by an incident electric field, one can convince himself that the existence of optical activity and the sign of the rotation are independent of the orientation of the molecules. Corn syrup is a common substance which possesses optical activity. The phenomenon is easily demonstrated with a polaroid sheet to produce a linearly polarized beam, a transmission cell containing corn syrup, and a second polaroid sheet to detect the rotation of the direction of polarization as the light passes through the corn syrup.