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spec: The authors quantify the impact on food exports from African countries of new EUropean Union standards for aflatoxins , structurally related toxic compounds that contaminate certain foods and lead to the production of acute liver carcinogens in the human body . Following is an example of a teaching case designed to help educators involve family in the classroom . Standard construction is assumed to represent typical California treatment plants under present conditions ( i.e ., a composite of older and more modern treatment plants ) . Not only does tenure recognize the worth of the individual and that person 's contribution to the University community , but tenure and the promotion process are the means by which the quality of the faculty is maintained and improved . In the Linux development , the Schumpeterian creative destruction destroys pieces of code , but competence and experience are reorganized with little waste . By the 1990s , numerous studies led by Liane Russell on the nature and frequency of chemically induced mutations concluded that germ-cell-stage exposure to a mutagen is more important than the mutagen itself in determining the nature of a heritable mutation . So it is hard to prove a negative , but discrimination and exclusion are just the polar opposites of what we are about . Demand has always been high , even when it was taught on a simulator , but interest and enrollment has definitely increased since we have been able to advertise the potential for experience on an actual supercomputer . Many say that Japan should open itself and its institutions , but immigration and transparency are not likely to occur in the short term .