micrornas ( mirnas ) are small non - coding rnas ( 2123 nt in length ) that post - transcriptionally regulate gene expression by blocking translation or inducing degradation of the targeted mrna ( 1 ) . since their first identification in caenorhabditis elegans in 1993 ( 2 ) , the number of annotated mirnas and mirna - related publications increase in a super linear rate , clearly depicting their central position in the rna revolution ( 3 ) . in silico mirna target identification is a crucial step in most mirna experiments , as the mirna interactome has not yet been adequately mapped , even for the most studied model organisms . early mirna - related research efforts have highlighted the necessity of computational analyses in order to assist the experimental identification of mirna targets . this has resulted to the development of numerous mirna target prediction algorithms ( 4 ) , which are now considered indispensable for the design of relevant experiments . these algorithms identify in silico mirna targets as candidates for further experimentation or for computational processing , such as target enrichment analyses . predictions of the available computational algorithms can be acquired from relevant interaction databases or web servers ( 4,5 ) . the diana - microt web server v4.0 ( 6 ) is focused on providing in silico predictions of mirna  mrna interactions . it is characterized by a user - friendly interface and provides extensive information for predicted mirna target gene interactions such as a global score for each interaction , as well as detailed information for all predicted target sites . each target site can be visualized , and the user can examine its local prediction score , target site conservation and mirna  mrna binding structure . the server also provides connectivity to online biological databases and offers links to nomenclature , sequence and protein databases . here , we present diana - microt web server v5.0 , a significantly updated version , which hosts the state - of - the - art target prediction algorithm , diana - microt - cds ( 7 ) . microt - cds is the only algorithm available online , specifically designed to identify mirna targets both in 3 untranslated region ( 3utr ) and in coding sequences ( cds ) . the new server detects mirna targets in mrna sequences of homo sapiens , mus musculus , drosophila melanogaster and c.elegans . furthermore , it has been updated to mirbase v18 ( 8) and ensembl v69 ( 9 ) . specific attention has been paid to the web server interface , which follows the diana design framework , to be instantly familiar to users of previous versions , or other diana tools ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , online help , informative tooltips and easy - to - use menus the fifth version of the diana - microt web server focuses also on advanced users and laboratories requiring support for sophisticated pipelines . the server provides programmatic access to services of multiple diana algorithms and a complete integration with the taverna workflow management system ( wms ) ( 10 ) , using the in - house developed diana - taverna plug - in . furthermore , a new section of the web interface hosts ready - made advanced workflows that can perform extensive mirna - related analyses on results derived from high - throughput techniques , such as microarrays or next - generation sequencing ( ngs ) . the interface presents information regarding the specified predicted mirna  mrna interactions . mirna and gene - related information , as well as the advanced search options have been expanded . links to external databases , graphical representation of the binding sites , as well as mirna - recognition elements ( mres ) conservation and prediction scores are displayed in the relevant sections . the left side of the page is devoted to personal user space , reporting latest searches and bookmarks . the interface presents information regarding the specified predicted mirna  mrna interactions . mirna and gene - related information , as well as the advanced search options have been expanded . links to external databases , graphical representation of the binding sites , as well as mirna - recognition elements ( mres ) conservation and prediction scores are displayed in the relevant sections . the left side of the page is devoted to personal user space , reporting latest searches and bookmarks . initial research efforts have unveiled that mirnas regulated gene expression through their binding on the 3utr of protein - coding genes ( 2 ) . however , accumulated experimental evidence has revealed that mirna - binding sites within coding sequences are also functional in controlling gene expression ( 11 ) . the new algorithm microt - cds ( 7 ) can identify mirna targets in 3utr , as well as in cds regions . further details on the microt - cds algorithm and the utilized training sets can be found in the relevant publication by reczko et al . diana - microt - cds provides increased accuracy and the highest sensitivity at any level of specificity over other available state - of - the - art implementations , when tested against pulsed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture ( psilac ) proteomics data sets ( 12 ) . the selection of diana - microt - cds as its core algorithm renders the new web server the only available online resource capable of incorporating mirna targets in 3utr as well as in cds . the server is compatible with the new mirna nomenclature ( 3p/5p ) introduced in mirbase v18 , as well as with previous mirna naming conventions . it currently supports 7.3  10 
 h.sapiens , 3.5  10m.musculus , 4.4  10 
 d.melanogaster and 2.5  10c.elegans interactions between 3876 mirnas and 64 750 protein - coding genes . gene ( 9 ) and mirna ( 13 ) expression annotation has been incorporated into the web server , enabling the user to perform advanced result filtering based on tissue expression . furthermore , users can also restrict predictions between uploaded lists of expressed genes and/or mirnas . for example , this feature can be used to identify interactions between a list of repressed ( or overexpressed ) genes and overexpressed ( or repressed ) mirnas , in the case of a differential expression analysis pipeline . moreover , the web server hosts an updated version of the kegg database providing a relevant search module based on kegg pathway descriptions ( 14 ) . a redesigned optional user space has also been implemented , which provides personalized features and facilitates the interconnectivity between the web server and the available diana software and databases ( figure 1 ) . as high - throughput data have become the new backbone of biological research the new diana - microt web server aims to facilitate users , not having access to extensive computational infrastructures and support , to perform ready - to - use sophisticated pipelines . diana - microt web server v5.0 hosts numerous integrated analyses in the form of ready - made advanced pipelines , covering a wide range of inquiries regarding predicted or validated mirna  gene interactions and their impact on metabolic and signalling pathways . these pipelines can be used to analyse user data derived from small scale and high - throughput experiments directly from the diana - microt web server interface , without the necessity to install or implement any kind of software . for instance , one of the available workflows ( figure 2 ) can analyse mrna and mirna expression data ( expression and fold change ) . the workflow performs enrichment analysis of experimentally validated targets derived from diana - tarbase v6.0 ( 3 ) or / and predicted interactions from microt - cds . this step is considered crucial to identify mirnas that significantly regulate the differentially expressed genes . interactions between user - defined mirna and gene sets are in silico identified in 3utr and cds regions using diana - microt - cds . a subsequent mirna target enrichment analysis identifies mirnas controlling significantly the sets of differentially expressed genes . the pipeline is automatically repeated for different prediction thresholds ( from more sensitive , to more stringent ) . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds . in the last step of the pipeline , mirna - targeted pathway analysis is implemented with diana - mirpath v2 . interactions between user - defined mirna and gene sets are in silico identified in 3utr and cds regions using diana - microt - cds . a subsequent mirna target enrichment analysis identifies mirnas controlling significantly the sets of differentially expressed genes . the pipeline is automatically repeated for different prediction thresholds ( from more sensitive , to more stringent ) . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds . in the last step of the pipeline , mirna - targeted pathway analysis is implemented with diana - mirpath v2 . the prediction score threshold can significantly affect the analysis steps that follow . in the case of predicted interactions , the pipeline can be optimized by automatic repetitions of different prediction thresholds ( from sensitive to more stringent ) , to minimize the effect of the selected settings to the result . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds ( 15,16 ) . in the last step of the pipeline , the identified mirnas are subjected to a functional analysis , where pathways controlled by the combined action of these mirnas are detected using diana - mirpath v2.1 ( 16 ) . other available pipelines can handle mirna and gene lists , to perform the enrichment analysis , or even select the type of used interactions ( predicted or experimentally validated ) . in the latter workflow , the algorithm it initially identifies the number of available interactions in diana - tarbase and diana - microt - cds ( validated versus predicted ) and automatically selects to use validated targets only in the cases of well - annotated mirnas . the new diana - microt web server enables users to perform such analyses directly from the on - line user interface , or create even more extensive pipelines programmatically or by using visual tools ( taverna wms ) . diana - microt web server v5.0 was completely redesigned to provide the necessary building blocks for easily incorporating mirna functional analysis in complex pipelines . the new diana - microt web server aims to facilitate advanced users in creating novel or enhancing existing pipelines with mirna target identification and functional analysis tools . to this end , diana - microt web server v5.0 provides a complete integration with the taverna wms , using our in - house developed diana - taverna plug - in . diana - taverna plug - in enables the user to directly access our target prediction server ( microt - cds ) from the graphic interface of taverna and incorporate advanced mirna analysis functionalities into custom pipelines . furthermore , the plug - in enables the extension of such pipelines through the use of other diana tools and databases , providing access to the most extensive collection of validated mirna targets ( diana - tarbase v6.0 ) and to diana - mirpath v2.1 , a tool designed for the identification of mirna targeted pathways . furthermore , the web server also supports direct programmatic access to all aforementioned utilities in the form of services , to facilitate users having already implemented pipelines using scripting or programming languages . initial research efforts have unveiled that mirnas regulated gene expression through their binding on the 3utr of protein - coding genes ( 2 ) . however , accumulated experimental evidence has revealed that mirna - binding sites within coding sequences are also functional in controlling gene expression ( 11 ) . the new algorithm microt - cds ( 7 ) can identify mirna targets in 3utr , as well as in cds regions . further details on the microt - cds algorithm and the utilized training sets can be found in the relevant publication by reczko et al . diana - microt - cds provides increased accuracy and the highest sensitivity at any level of specificity over other available state - of - the - art implementations , when tested against pulsed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture ( psilac ) proteomics data sets ( 12 ) . the selection of diana - microt - cds as its core algorithm renders the new web server the only available online resource capable of incorporating mirna targets in 3utr as well as in cds . the server is compatible with the new mirna nomenclature ( 3p/5p ) introduced in mirbase v18 , as well as with previous mirna naming conventions . it currently supports 7.3  10 
 h.sapiens , 3.5  10m.musculus , 4.4  10 
 d.melanogaster and 2.5  10c.elegans interactions between 3876 mirnas and 64 750 protein - coding genes . gene ( 9 ) and mirna ( 13 ) expression annotation has been incorporated into the web server , enabling the user to perform advanced result filtering based on tissue expression . furthermore , users can also restrict predictions between uploaded lists of expressed genes and/or mirnas . for example , this feature can be used to identify interactions between a list of repressed ( or overexpressed ) genes and overexpressed ( or repressed ) mirnas , in the case of a differential expression analysis pipeline . moreover , the web server hosts an updated version of the kegg database providing a relevant search module based on kegg pathway descriptions ( 14 ) . a redesigned optional user space has also been implemented , which provides personalized features and facilitates the interconnectivity between the web server and the available diana software and databases ( figure 1 ) . as high - throughput data have become the new backbone of biological research , there is an increasing need to support advanced high - throughput analysis pipelines . the new diana - microt web server aims to facilitate users , not having access to extensive computational infrastructures and support , to perform ready - to - use sophisticated pipelines . diana - microt web server v5.0 hosts numerous integrated analyses in the form of ready - made advanced pipelines , covering a wide range of inquiries regarding predicted or validated mirna  gene interactions and their impact on metabolic and signalling pathways . these pipelines can be used to analyse user data derived from small scale and high - throughput experiments directly from the diana - microt web server interface , without the necessity to install or implement any kind of software . for instance , one of the available workflows ( figure 2 ) can analyse mrna and mirna expression data ( expression and fold change ) . the workflow performs enrichment analysis of experimentally validated targets derived from diana - tarbase v6.0 ( 3 ) or / and predicted interactions from microt - cds . this step is considered crucial to identify mirnas that significantly regulate the differentially expressed genes . interactions between user - defined mirna and gene sets are in silico identified in 3utr and cds regions using diana - microt - cds . a subsequent mirna target enrichment analysis identifies mirnas controlling significantly the sets of differentially expressed genes . the pipeline is automatically repeated for different prediction thresholds ( from more sensitive , to more stringent ) . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds . in the last step of the pipeline , interactions between user - defined mirna and gene sets are in silico identified in 3utr and cds regions using diana - microt - cds . a subsequent mirna target enrichment analysis identifies mirnas controlling significantly the sets of differentially expressed genes . the pipeline is automatically repeated for different prediction thresholds ( from more sensitive , to more stringent ) . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds . in the last step of the pipeline , mirna - targeted pathway analysis is implemented with diana - mirpath v2 . the prediction score threshold can significantly affect the analysis steps that follow . in the case of predicted interactions , the pipeline can be optimized by automatic repetitions of different prediction thresholds ( from sensitive to more stringent ) , to minimize the effect of the selected settings to the result . by using meta - analysis statistics , the server combines the p - values from each repetition into a total p - value for each mirna , signifying its effect on the selected genes for all used thresholds ( 15,16 ) . in the last step of the pipeline , the identified mirnas are subjected to a functional analysis , where pathways controlled by the combined action of these mirnas are detected using diana - mirpath v2.1 ( 16 ) . other available pipelines can handle mirna and gene lists , to perform the enrichment analysis , or even select the type of used interactions ( predicted or experimentally validated ) . in the latter workflow , the algorithm it initially identifies the number of available interactions in diana - tarbase and diana - microt - cds ( validated versus predicted ) and automatically selects to use validated targets only in the cases of well - annotated mirnas . the new diana - microt web server enables users to perform such analyses directly from the on - line user interface , or create even more extensive pipelines programmatically or by using visual tools ( taverna wms ) . diana - microt web server v5.0 was completely redesigned to provide the necessary building blocks for easily incorporating mirna functional analysis in complex pipelines . the new diana - microt web server aims to facilitate advanced users in creating novel or enhancing existing pipelines with mirna target identification and functional analysis tools . to this end , diana - microt web server v5.0 provides a complete integration with the taverna wms , using our in - house developed diana - taverna plug - in . diana - taverna plug - in enables the user to directly access our target prediction server ( microt - cds ) from the graphic interface of taverna and incorporate advanced mirna analysis functionalities into custom pipelines . furthermore , the plug - in enables the extension of such pipelines through the use of other diana tools and databases , providing access to the most extensive collection of validated mirna targets ( diana - tarbase v6.0 ) and to diana - mirpath v2.1 , a tool designed for the identification of mirna targeted pathways . furthermore , the web server also supports direct programmatic access to all aforementioned utilities in the form of services , to facilitate users having already implemented pipelines using scripting or programming languages . high - throughput techniques have significantly increased the number of users requiring in - depth analysis of mirna  mrna interactions . these techniques provide great numbers of differentially expressed mirnas and genes , which have to be analysed in sophisticated pipelines . the new diana - microt web server aims to further increase the target prediction accuracy and usability of the server interface , while facilitating users aiming to perform complex mirna - related analyses . compared with the previous version , the new web server has received a major upgrade and is currently up to date with key mirna / gene repositories , such as ensembl ( v69 ) and mirbase ( v18 ) . the taverna plug - in and the integration of cutting - edge workflows in the web interface provide the missing link between experimental results and state - of - the - art functional meta - analyses . the project [ 09 syn-13 - 1055 ]  mikrorna by the greek general secretariat for research and technology and the project tom which is implemented under the  aristeia action of the  operational programme education and lifelong learning and is co - funded by the european social fund ( esf ) and national resources . funding for open access charge : projects tom and mikrorna .