celiac disease ( cd ) results from damage to the small intestinal mucosa due to an inappropriate immune response to a cereal protein . belly. the disorder was previously called  celiac sprue , based on the dutch word sprue , which was used to describe a disease similar to tropical sprue that is characterized by diarrhea , emaciation , aphthous stomatitis , and malabsorption . cd is a common condition that may present at any age after weaning with a spectrum of symptoms . treatment with a strict gluten - free diet is mandatory and leads to a reduced risk of associated complications . the diagnosis of cancer could be after the diagnosis of cd or simultaneous ( during the same month or at admission ) or more frequently before the diagnosis . in 1962 , gough et al .   suggested , for the first time , that lymphoma occurs as a complication of cd . an increase in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma carcinoma of the small intestine in association with cd was first reported in 1958 and is now known to be the second most common invasive malignancy after lymphoma . a celiac ( diagnosis 2 years before ) 46-year - old woman on a gluten - free diet , without any other past medical history , presented with a six - month history of projectile vomiting , postprandial fullness and 13 kg weight loss . she proceeded to gastroduodenal endoscopy : the stomach was dilated and revealed retained gastric fluid . in the duodenum a loss of folds , scalloping of folds , furthermore , the presence of a stricturing tumor was observed in the third part of the duodenum ( fig . the biopsy specimens of the lesion showed the typical appearances of cd with total villous atrophy . thus , the patient underwent computed tomography , which showed a long segmental stenosis from the third duodenal portion to the duodenal - jejunal junction ( fig . the patient proceeded to laparotomy , where a 8  5  1 cm duodenal tumor was seen close to the duodenal - jejunal flexure , and a segmental duodenal - jejunal resection was performed ( fig . 3 ) . histopathology confirmed a stricturing duodenal signet ring adenocarcinoma with clear resection margins , limited to the muscular wall , with histological signs of cd in the specimen around the tumor ( fig . a normal gastrografin study was done on the 7th postoperative day before discharge ( inpatient day 15 ) . adjuvant chemotherapy was performed with uftm protocol ( uracil , ftorafur and mitomycin c ) and was associated with normalization of cea and ca 19 - 9 . 6-month follow - up is uneventful ( endoscopy and pathological findings confirmed the disappearance of the cancer ) . malignant diseases that are more frequent in patients with cd include non - hodgkin lymphoma , esophageal and oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma , and small bowel adenocarcinoma [ 1 , 4 ] . small bowel carcinoma is well recognized in association with long - standing gluten enteropathy , particularly in patients in whom the mucosa remains flat even after appropriate dietary treatment . however , a gluten - free diet is thought to be protective against the development of malignancy in cd , although this might not be the case for the development of non - hodgkin lymphoma [ 5 , 6 ] . duodenal adenocarcinoma accounts for less than 0.5% of all gastrointestinal cancers and for 3045% of small intestinal cancers . enteropathy - associated t cell lymphoma occurs in approximately 1 per million population per year in the uk and is rapidly fatal with approximately 20% survival at 2 years patients with cd have a risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma that is about 4080 fold greater than that of the general population , but only around 10% of patients with this tumor are celiac [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] . the diagnosis of carcinoma can be after the diagnosis of cd or simultaneous ( during the same month or at admission ) or more frequently before the diagnosis . the development of carcinoma may bring a patient with cd to diagnosis or provoke symptoms in a patient previously well controlled on a gluten - free diet . the diagnostic modalities have evolved over time , from upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow - through to computed tomography , ultrasound , and endoscopic biopsy . the mucosal damage in cd may make the small intestine more permeable to environmental carcinogens . known predisposing factors for the development of small intestinal adenocarcinoma include crohn 's disease , adenomatous polyps and peutz - jeghers syndrome . malignancy in cd can be diagnosed by biopsy at endoscopy , but there is no precise histopathological description nor specificity for these carcinomas . anemia is the most common presenting feature and is associated with either overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding . weight loss with worsening anorexia , nausea , abdominal pain or abdominal mass and small bowel obstruction are other prominent complains . rarely , a perforated viscera can be the initial complication leading to a cancer diagnosis . other atypical presentations such as shortness of breath , generalized lymphadenopathy , and neurologic signs and symptoms account for the remainder of clinical manifestations [ 12 , 13 ] . a number of investigators stated that t stage , nodal status , degree of differentiation and the use of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy did not influence survival , whereas negative resection margins and tumor site ( i.e. first and second portions of the duodenum ) are favorable predictors of long - term survival . in contrast , others authors have shown that survival is only dependent on the presence or absence of nodal involvement at presentation [ 7 , 8 ] . in fact , kalamanos et al . found that the presence of lymph node involvement is associated with a truncated survival and node positivity was the only independent negative prognostic factor for survival among patients who underwent resection ( n+ : 15% 5-year survival vs. n : 60% 5-year survival ) . showed that the size of neoplasm is not a determinant of resectability of duodenal carcinoma ; on the contrary , he found that small tumors tended to be more aggressive than larger tumors . there are no confirmed statistical data in the literature on the degree of differentiation of neoplasm on the correlation with patient survival [ 7 , 10 , 14 ] . chemotherapy can be administered after surgical resection , particularly in patients with lymphoma , or as the sole treatment in patients with advanced or inoperable disease . at present , surgical resection is the only available option for cure of this disease [ 15 , 16 ] . complete resection remains the only option for cure , but this is not always feasible in case of locally advanced tumors or in case of tumors invading the root of the mesentery . the choice of surgical resection depends on the site of the tumor [ 17 , 18 ] . pancreaticoduodenectomy ( pd ) is the only appropriate operation to achieve a complete resection when the neoplasm is located in the second part of the duodenum , close to the papilla of vater and the pancreatic head [ 19 , 20 ] . for neoplasm located in the first , third or fourth portions of the duodenum , complete resection may be achieved with removal of the affected segment [ 7 , 21 ] . with aggressive lymph node dissection , pd for a tumor in the proximal duodenum or pancreas - sparing duodenectomy for a tumor in the distal duodenum are the most common surgical treatments for duodenal adenocarcinoma , and they may provide a curative option for these patients [ 7 , 14 ] . as to the correct approach , some surgeons have suggested that all cancers should be treated by pd , citing the principle that regional lymph node dissection is more complete . it has been argued that segmental duodenal resection results in inadequate resection margins and an incomplete regional lymphadenectomy [ 9 , 10 ] . on other hand , the segmental resection appears to be equally extensive as pd in terms of clearance of regional lymph node . thus , as there are not uniform opinions on the surgical management of duodenal adenocarcinoma , and as several follow - up studies suggest that a gluten - free diet protects from cancer development , especially if started during the first years of life , strict adherence to a gluten - free diet seems to be the only possibility of preventing a subset of rare but very aggressive forms of cancer . actually , from the review of the literature , numerous are the conflicting opinions about prognostic survival factors in duodenal adenocarcinoma . ultimately the goal in surgical treatment is to achieve clear margins . particularly for tumors arising in the third and fourth segment of the duodenum confined to the duodenal wall , complete resection with microscopic negative margins can frequently be accomplished with a segmental duodenal resection that should include removal of the periduodenal lymph node . otherwise , pd remains the procedure of choice for tumors located in the second portion of the duodenum and for locally advanced distal tumor . in conclusion , all celiac patients with duodenal carcinoma fit for surgery should be given the option of curative treatment by surgical resection regardless of tumor size , tumor invasion , or appearance of positive lymph nodes .