its phenotype is predominantly characterized by sensorimotor polyneuropathy and/or infiltrative cardiomyopathy ( cm).1,2 moreover , ttr causes a nongenetic disease with deposition of wild - type ( wt ) ttr amyloid ( attr ) mainly in the heart of elderly males.2 in contrast to the hereditary form , no typical mutation in the ttr gene can be found in wtattr patients , and the pathogenic mechanisms are a subject of ongoing research.3 cardiac involvement is by far the most relevant predictor of outcome in both hereditary and wtattr amyloidosis . median survival ranged between 4 and 6 years.4,5 cardiac wtattr deposition was found postmortem in 25% of patients above 85 years of age.4 a recent analysis of skeletal scintigraphy revealed a prevalence of wtattr - cm near 1.4% among males in the ninth decade of life.6 currently , causative treatment of wtattr - cm is lacking . diuretics are capable of reducing dyspnea , but standard heart failure medication does not affect amyloid deposition itself.7 during the course of 1 year , wtattr - cm usually worsens , as indicated by an increase of the left ventricular ( lv ) wall thickness by 0.2 mm , an increase of nt - probnp by 1,487 pg / ml , and a decline of lv ejection fraction by 11%.8 recently , in vitro experiments have shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( egcg ) , the most abundant catechin in green tea , inhibits fibril formation of diverse amyloidogenic proteins.911 disruption of attr fibrils was observed after a daily oral administration of 100 mg / kg egcg for 6 weeks12 using a transgenic mouse model of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy carrying the human amyloidogenic val30met ttr variant . in a recent study , we demonstrated a decrease of lv mass in a small cohort of patients with hereditary attr - cm and wtattr - cm after a daily consumption of green tea for 12 months.13 in the present study , we report on our findings in a larger , more homogenous cohort of patients with exclusively wtattr - cm . twenty - five male patients ( 71 [ 64 ; 80 ] years ) were recruited at the heidelberg amyloidosis center ( heidelberg , germany ) between 2008 and 2012 . all patients underwent myocardial biopsy and diagnosis of wtattr was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic testing . patients started green tea consumption on their own initiative due to the rather widespread knowledge of the effects of egcg on the disease among patients . two patients died during the study period , and follow - up data were not available for two further patients . data from seven patients had already been reported in our previous study.13 all patients had stable heart failure for at least 3 months prior to study inclusion . echocardiography , cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( cmri ) ( n=14 ) , and laboratory testing , including total cholesterol , troponin - t , and nt - probnp , were performed before and after 12 months of daily consumption of 1,200 mg green tea extract ( gte ) containing 600 mg egcg in four capsules of praevent - loges ( dr . loges & co gmbh [ winsen , germany ] ) . the study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the declaration of helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of the medical faculty of the university of heidelberg , germany ( vote number s-024/2008 ) . transthoracic echocardiograms were performed using commercially available ultrasound diagnostic systems ( vivid 7 ; ge healthcare , milwaukee , wi , usa ) . examinations were analyzed blindfolded offline on a commercially available workstation ( centricity cardiology ca1000 2.0 ; ge medical systems , milwaukee , wi , usa ) by two experienced sonographers ( ma and rb ) who were unaware of all other clinical data . thickness of interventricular septum ( ivs ) and posterior wall were measured in late diastole ; lv cavity diameter was scaled in end diastole and end systole . longitudinal myocardial function was quantified by mitral ( mapse ) and tricuspid ( tapse ) annular plane systolic excursion obtained from the apical four - chamber view using m - mode imaging . all cmri exams were performed on a 1.5 t scanner ( achieva ; philips , best , the netherlands ) with a 32-element cardiac receiver coil and analyzed by two experienced investigators ( fs and hs ) , both being unaware of the remaining clinical data . vector electrocardiogram - gated standard steady - state free precession cine sequences were acquired in short axes covering the whole lv and in three long - axis views ( two- , three- , and four - chamber views ) . cardiac volumes , lv ejection fraction , and myocardial mass were measured in late diastole from short - axis image stacks by manual delineation of endocardial and epicardial borders excluding papillary muscles using a commercially available workstation ( viewforum , version 3.4 ; philips ) . all analyses were performed using spss ( version 20.0 , ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) . differences between the nonparametric , continuous parameters assessed at study inclusion and at 12-month follow - up were compared by the wilcoxon matched - pairs signed - rank test . twenty - five male patients ( 71 [ 64 ; 80 ] years ) were recruited at the heidelberg amyloidosis center ( heidelberg , germany ) between 2008 and 2012 . all patients underwent myocardial biopsy and diagnosis of wtattr was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic testing . patients started green tea consumption on their own initiative due to the rather widespread knowledge of the effects of egcg on the disease among patients . two patients died during the study period , and follow - up data were not available for two further patients . data from seven patients had already been reported in our previous study.13 all patients had stable heart failure for at least 3 months prior to study inclusion . echocardiography , cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( cmri ) ( n=14 ) , and laboratory testing , including total cholesterol , troponin - t , and nt - probnp , were performed before and after 12 months of daily consumption of 1,200 mg green tea extract ( gte ) containing 600 mg egcg in four capsules of praevent - loges ( dr . loges & co gmbh [ winsen , germany ] ) . the study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the declaration of helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of the medical faculty of the university of heidelberg , germany ( vote number s-024/2008 ) . transthoracic echocardiograms were performed using commercially available ultrasound diagnostic systems ( vivid 7 ; ge healthcare , milwaukee , wi , usa ) . examinations were analyzed blindfolded offline on a commercially available workstation ( centricity cardiology ca1000 2.0 ; ge medical systems , milwaukee , wi , usa ) by two experienced sonographers ( ma and rb ) who were unaware of all other clinical data . thickness of interventricular septum ( ivs ) and posterior wall were measured in late diastole ; lv cavity diameter was scaled in end diastole and end systole . longitudinal myocardial function was quantified by mitral ( mapse ) and tricuspid ( tapse ) annular plane systolic excursion obtained from the apical four - chamber view using m - mode imaging . all cmri exams were performed on a 1.5 t scanner ( achieva ; philips , best , the netherlands ) with a 32-element cardiac receiver coil and analyzed by two experienced investigators ( fs and hs ) , both being unaware of the remaining clinical data . vector electrocardiogram - gated standard steady - state free precession cine sequences were acquired in short axes covering the whole lv and in three long - axis views ( two- , three- , and four - chamber views ) . cardiac volumes , lv ejection fraction , and myocardial mass were measured in late diastole from short - axis image stacks by manual delineation of endocardial and epicardial borders excluding papillary muscles using a commercially available workstation ( viewforum , version 3.4 ; philips ) . all analyses were performed using spss ( version 20.0 , ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) . differences between the nonparametric , continuous parameters assessed at study inclusion and at 12-month follow - up were compared by the wilcoxon matched - pairs signed - rank test . clinical demographics of the study cohort including the subgroup of cmri are given in table 1 . none of the patients discontinued green tea consumption and no serious side effects were reported during the study period . no changes in new york heart association ( nyha ) class could be observed , and no significant change in surface electrocardiogram parameters ( rhythm , heart rate , pq , qrs , qtc ) occurred . one patient died due to sepsis , another due to spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma requiring a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit with artificial ventilation and recurrent infections , resulting in multiorgan failure and , finally , death . follow - up over periods of 44 , 25 , and 30 months , respectively , was achieved in three patients . in 18 ( 85.7% ) patients , a significant decrease of total serum cholesterol by 8.4% was observed ( 191 [ 118 ; 267 ] vs 173 [ 106 ; 287 ] mg / dl ; p=0.006 ) during the 12-month study period . in three patients , an increase of cholesterol by 3% was observed . in 16 ( 76.2% ) patients , low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) cholesterol decreased by 8.0% ( 110 [ 60 ; 180 ] vs 99 [ 55 ; 188 ] mg / dl ; p=0.02 ] ) . in four patients , ldl cholesterol glomerular filtration rate calculated by the modified diet in renal disease ( mdrd ) formula ( 62 [ 31 ; 99 ] vs 57 [ 26 ; 101 ] ml / min ; p=0.23 ) , got ( 30 [ 16 ; 56 ] vs 33 [ 17 ; 74 ] u / l ; p=0.90 ) , and gpt ( 29 [ 10 ; 57 ] vs 29 [ 10 ; 74 ] u / l ; p=0.95 ) remained unchanged . ttr plasma levels remained stable during the study period ( 0.28 [ 0.14 ; 0.90 ] vs 0.26 [ 0.18 ; 0.50 ] mg / dl ; p=0.64 ; n=16 ) . mean thickness of ivs ( 17 [ 13 ; 28 ] vs 18 [ 14 ; 25 ] mm ; p=0.1 ) and posterior wall ( 16 [ 11 ; 24 ] vs 17 [ 12 ; 19 ] mm ; p=0.4 ) remained unchanged during the study period ( figure 2 ) . in seven ( 33.3% ) patients , an increase of either 1 ) both ivs and posterior wall thickness ( n=4 ) or 2 ) isolated posterior wall thickness or ivs thickness ( n=3 ) occurred , by an average of 1.9 mm ( 13% ) . mapse ( 10 [ 5 ; 23 ] vs 8 [ 4 ; 13 ] mm ; p=0.3 ) , tapse ( 14 [ 8 ; 23 ] vs 15 [ 2 ; 20 ] mm ; p=0.4 ) , and passive mitral inflow / lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocity ( e / e ) ratio ( 11 [ 7 ; 28 ] vs 14 [ 4 ; 31 ] ; p=0.8 ) remained unchanged . results of echocardiography are shown in table 3 . in the subgroup of patients assessed by cmri ( n=14 ) ( figure 3 ; table 4 ) , in 12 ( 86% ) patients , a decrease of lv myocardial mass by 5.9% was observed during follow - up ( 196 [ 100 ; 247 ] vs 180 [ 85 ; 237 ] g ; p=0.03 ) . in the remaining two patients , an increase by 11% and by 15% lv ejection fraction ( 53% [ 33% ; 69% ] vs 54% [ 28% ; 71% ] ; p=0.75 ) and longitudinal function ( mapse : 6.5 [ 3 ; 10 ] vs 6 [ 3;9 ] mm ; p=0.08 and tapse : 12 [ 4 ; 17 ] vs 11 [ 5 ; 16 ] mm ; p=0.28 ) remained unchanged . lv mass of the three patients with long - term observation are shown in figure 4 . patient 1 showed a reduction of 11 g ( 4.4% ) after 44 months , patient 2 an increase of 5 g ( 3.2% ) after 25 months , and patient 3 a reduction of 10 g ( 10% ) after 30 months . clinical demographics of the study cohort including the subgroup of cmri are given in table 1 . none of the patients discontinued green tea consumption and no serious side effects were reported during the study period . no changes in new york heart association ( nyha ) class could be observed , and no significant change in surface electrocardiogram parameters ( rhythm , heart rate , pq , qrs , qtc ) occurred . one patient died due to sepsis , another due to spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma requiring a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit with artificial ventilation and recurrent infections , resulting in multiorgan failure and , finally , death . follow - up over periods of 44 , 25 , and 30 months , respectively , was achieved in three patients . in 18 ( 85.7% ) patients , a significant decrease of total serum cholesterol by 8.4% was observed ( 191 [ 118 ; 267 ] vs 173 [ 106 ; 287 ] mg / dl ; p=0.006 ) during the 12-month study period . in three patients , an increase of cholesterol by 3% was observed . in 16 ( 76.2% ) patients , low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) cholesterol decreased by 8.0% ( 110 [ 60 ; 180 ] vs 99 [ 55 ; 188 ] mg / dl ; p=0.02 ] ) . in four patients , ldl cholesterol glomerular filtration rate calculated by the modified diet in renal disease ( mdrd ) formula ( 62 [ 31 ; 99 ] vs 57 [ 26 ; 101 ] ml / min ; p=0.23 ) , got ( 30 [ 16 ; 56 ] vs 33 [ 17 ; 74 ] u / l ; p=0.90 ) , and gpt ( 29 [ 10 ; 57 ] vs 29 [ 10 ; 74 ] u / l ; p=0.95 ) remained unchanged . ttr plasma levels remained stable during the study period ( 0.28 [ 0.14 ; 0.90 ] vs 0.26 [ 0.18 ; 0.50 ] mg / dl ; p=0.64 ; n=16 ) mean thickness of ivs ( 17 [ 13 ; 28 ] vs 18 [ 14 ; 25 ] mm ; p=0.1 ) and posterior wall ( 16 [ 11 ; 24 ] vs 17 [ 12 ; 19 ] mm ; p=0.4 ) remained unchanged during the study period ( figure 2 ) . in seven ( 33.3% ) patients , an increase of either 1 ) both ivs and posterior wall thickness ( n=4 ) or 2 ) isolated posterior wall thickness or ivs thickness ( n=3 ) occurred , by an average of 1.9 mm ( 13% ) . mapse ( 10 [ 5 ; 23 ] vs 8 [ 4 ; 13 ] mm ; p=0.3 ) , tapse ( 14 [ 8 ; 23 ] vs 15 [ 2 ; 20 ] mm ; p=0.4 ) , and passive mitral inflow / lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocity ( e / e ) ratio ( 11 [ 7 ; 28 ] vs 14 [ 4 ; 31 ] ; p=0.8 ) remained unchanged . in the subgroup of patients assessed by cmri ( n=14 ) ( figure 3 ; table 4 ) , in 12 ( 86% ) patients , a decrease of lv myocardial mass by 5.9% was observed during follow - up ( 196 [ 100 ; 247 ] vs 180 [ 85 ; 237 ] g ; p=0.03 ) . in the remaining two patients , an increase by 11% and by 15% was observed , respectively . lv ejection fraction ( 53% [ 33% ; 69% ] vs 54% [ 28% ; 71% ] ; p=0.75 ) and longitudinal function ( mapse : 6.5 [ 3 ; 10 ] vs 6 [ 3;9 ] mm ; p=0.08 and tapse : 12 [ 4 ; 17 ] vs 11 [ 5 ; 16 ] mm ; p=0.28 ) remained unchanged . lv mass of the three patients with long - term observation are shown in figure 4 . patient 1 showed a reduction of 11 g ( 4.4% ) after 44 months , patient 2 an increase of 5 g ( 3.2% ) after 25 months , and patient 3 a reduction of 10 g ( 10% ) after 30 months . we report on a cohort of wtattr - cm patients consuming gte for at least 1 year to demonstrate potential effects on inhibition of amyloid fibril formation.10,14 a significant decrease of lv myocardial mass was observed by cmri while no change of lv wall thickness was detected by echocardiography . a decrease of lv mass was found in two of three patients after 30 and 44 months of observation , while there was an increase by 3% in the third patient after 25 months of treatment . no side effects were reported during the study period . within a time span of 1 year , attr - cm was found to be associated with a significant increase of lv myocardial mass and ivs thickness as well as a reduction of lv ejection fraction.8,15 thus , we concluded that egcg may halt progression of this fatal disease . wtattr - cm is characterized by predominantly cardiac deposition of wtattr . according to more recent data achieved by skeletal scintigraphy , it appears to cause lv infiltration in up to 1% of patients above 60 years of age.6 without treatment , attr - cm was found to be associated with an increase of lv mass by 8% within a 1-year period15 and a decrease of lv ejection fraction by 3.2% during 6 months.8 an association between amyloid load and myocardial mass could be demonstrated in a mouse model by ogawa.16 causative treatment options are lacking . in other studies , prognosis of patients with attr - cm remained poor , with median survival of 46 years.5,17 diverse in vitro and in vivo strategies have been aimed to stop amyloid fibril formation by stabilization of ttr protein ( tafamidis [ vyndaqel ] , egcg ) and by rna interference using aln - ttrsc ( revusiran ) or aln - ttr02 ( patisiran ) or to dissolve amyloid fibrils by egcg . the health benefit of green tea , in particular egcg , has been reported for many years,18 and only rarely were adverse effects ascribed to the consumption of gte.19 actually , two clinical phase iii studies using tafamidis and rna interference drugs are recruiting patients , but high costs and lack of long - term data on toxicity have to be considered as limitations so far.20 green tea is considered to positively affect cardiovascular and metabolic complications21 and to improve lipid profile.12 thus , decrease of ldl cholesterol appears to be an indicator of gte bioavailability . to assure a daily constant intake dose of egcg , and to facilitate fluid restriction in those patients with severe heart failure , we administered capsules containing egcg and vitamin c. vitamin c improves the intestinal stability of egcg.22,23 hunstein s experiment to treat his light - chain amyloidosis with green tea14 was stimulated by the experiments of bieschke j et al9 and ehrnhoefer de et al,10 who demonstrated amyloid fibril disruption incubated with egcg . in a retrospective analysis of a larger cohort of patients with light - chain amyloidosis , a significant reduction of myocardial mass and an improvement of lv ejection fraction and nyha functional class were reported in patients consuming green tea , while no changes were observed in patients without intake of green tea.24 recently , we demonstrated by cmri an average reduction of lv myocardial mass by 12.5% in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with mutant attr ( n=8 ) and wtattr ( n=6).13 this study was focused on patients with wtattr - cm to avoid modifying effects from inherited forms of attr - cm . different individual metabolic conditions and renal excretion might have an impact on egcg plasma concentration . up to now , no standardized test has been validated that allows reproducible quantification of egcg plasma concentration . we assumed that the higher inter- and intraobserver variability of echocardiography within a small sample size could be a reasonable explanation.25 cmri is considered as the gold standard for analysis of cardiac morphology and function.26,27 compared with other types of cardiac amyloidosis , wtattr - cm progresses slowly . demonstration of a long - term benefit of egcg requires a longer follow - up beyond 1 year . according to the mechanism of action , it is proposed that egcg has an additional effect on amyloid fibril formation and disruption to novel drugs that have been reported to inhibit fibril formation from ttr . tafamidis , a novel stabilizer of human ttr,28 has been shown to stop progression of attr v30 m polyneuropathy in two - thirds of patients.29,30 it was approved by the european medicines agency in december 2011 and by the japanese pharmaceuticals and medical devices agency in september 2013 for treatment of stage 1 polyneuropathy in patients with hereditary attr amyloidosis . attr - act , a phase iii study on the impact of tafamidis on cardiac attr amyloidosis , started in december 2013.31 the well - known different binding sites of tafamidis and egcg suggest a synergistic effect . this is an observational report on a relatively small , but well - sized , study cohort with respect to the prevalence of this disease . as green tea is widely available , of low cost , and , importantly , appears to have only minor side effects with long - term use , the potential for a placebo - controlled clinical trial is limited . furthermore , egcg capsules are over - the - counter products , and the broad spectrum of effects of egcg , including amyloid fibril inhibition , has been well known for many years to most attr amyloidosis patients . thus , we were not able to recruit a control group for the present study . we assumed that the observed reduction of myocardial mass was due to reduction of amyloid load . further mri studies demonstrated the use of a novel technique for tissue characterization , t1 mapping , for early diagnosis3234 and prognosis35 in different forms of cardiac amyloidosis . t1 mapping allows quantification of the extracellular volume fraction . recently , reduction of extracellular volume by t1 mapping indicative of reduction of amyloid load has been demonstrated in a small cohort of patients with attr amyloidosis.36 however , histopathological validation of this technique is lacking . this study supports evidence for the benefit of egcg to stabilize myocardial mass in wtattr - cm patients . a reduction of myocardial mass was observed by cmri , while echocardiographic data and cardiac biomarkers , however , remained unchanged during the study period of 1 year .