systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) is a prototypic autoimmune disease affecting various parts of the body including skin , kidneys , lungs , joints , heart , nervous system , and hematopoietic organs . it is a disease whereby a diverse array of autoantibody production , complement activation , immune complex deposition , and inflammation cause damages in those organs . although the exact aetiology of sle still remains unclear , a combination of genetic risk factors and environmental events is believed to contribute to an irreversible break in immunological self - tolerance . with the introduction of genome - wide association studies , a huge breakthrough has been made in the discovery of sle associated susceptibility genes that in turn advances our understanding of pathogenesis of sle . recently , several reviews have categorised the susceptible genes according to their immunological pathways and cell types . : ( i ) innate immune response including toll - like receptor ( tlr)/interferon ( ifn ) signalling pathways ; ( ii ) adaptive immune response including b , t , and antigen - presenting cells immune signal transduction ; and ( iii ) immune complex clearance mechanism . defects in tlr / ifn signalling pathways cause immune complexes containing self - nucleic acids to interact with tlr7 and tlr9 inside plasmacytoid dendritic cells and b cells endosomes , resulting in the secretion of type i ifn and interleukin ( il)-6 . the combined triggering of both b cell receptors and tlr leads to autoreactive b - cell proliferation . their further differentiation into plasmablasts and autoantibody - secreting plasma cells is induced by type i ifn and il-6 , respectively . tnfaip3 , stat4 , irf5 , trex , and irak1 are the genes involved in upstream and downstream pathways of type i ifn production that have been recently identified . the stat4 gene consists of 24 exons that spread over a 120  kb region on chromosome 2q32.3 . it encodes a transcription factor that mediates signals induced by il-12 , il-23 , and type i ifn and activates the production of ifn- and il-17 . it also directs the differentiation of helper t cells toward the proinflammatory t - helper type 1 and t - helper type 17 lineages that have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of sle . the stat4 null allele in lupus - prone mouse model confers reduced autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis , indicating that stat4 may be involved in multiple sle - associated phenotypes . there are a few studies involving stat4-deficient lupus - prone mice which demonstrate the role of stat4 in autoantibody production only [ 4 , 5 ] . polymorphisms in the stat4 gene have been found to be strongly associated with sle susceptibility , in particular rs7574865 [ 6 , 7 ] . the simultaneous association of the risk allele t of stat4 rs7574865 with both lower serum ifn- activity and increased ifn--induced gene expression has been reported , confirming that this polymorphism was associated with increased ifn- sensitivity [ 8 , 9 ] . tnfaip3 , or tumour necrosis factor alpha - induced protein 3 gene , encodes the a20 protein which is a negative regulator of the nf-b signalling pathway , an essential pathway in the pathogenesis of sle . a20 is an ubiquitin - editing enzyme required for effective termination of nf-b - mediated proinflammatory responses induced by tlrs , tnf receptor , il-1 receptor , and nod2 . a meta - analysis and imputation study identified a 109  kb risk haplotype spanning tnfaip3 region with lupus nephritis and hematologic manifestation . a nonsynonymous mutation ( c.380 t > g ) , rs223092 , in tnfaip3 gene which causes phenylalanine - to - cysteine change at position 127 of a20 protein has been consistently linked with sle various ethnic groups . the final candidate gene , irf5 , which is ifn regulatory factor 5 , is a transcription factor that mediates inflammatory and immune responses . this factor stimulates the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tnf- , il-12 , and il-6 following tlr signalling as well as transactivation of type i ifn and ifn - induced genes [ 13 , 14 ] . polymorphisms in irf5 cause functional changes in messenger rna , which in turn alter ifr5-mediated transcription resulting in elevated sle risk . it was also suggested that sle patients who carry irf5 risk haplotype and are positive for either anti - rbp or anti - dsdna potentially have higher serum ifn- activity . in this study , we aimed to investigate the association between seven single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) in stat4 , tnfaip3 , irf5 genes , and sle in the south east asian scenario , particularly in the malaysian participants . we also attempted to compare and pool the ors of snps which were significant in the malaysian sle with the other studies through meta - analysis . a total of 790 malaysians were included in this study , which is comprised of 360 sle patients and 430 healthy controls . blood samples were collected from patients diagnosed with sle according to 4 out of acr criteria and healthy volunteers recruited at the university of malaya medical centre ( ummc ) , kuala lumpur , in compliance with requirements as stipulated by the ummc medical ethics committee ( ummc ethics approval code : 733.19 ) . the distribution of samples from malays , chinese , and indians , as well as the ratio of females to males , is shown in table 1 . genomic dna was isolated from the peripheral blood samples by using the standard dna extraction method as described previously . the concentration and purity of the extracted dna were further quantified by measuring the absorbance values at 260  nm and 280  nm via a spectrophotometer . tetraprimer arms - pcr was performed in the genotyping of rs10168266 and rs7601754 in stat4 region , rs2230926 and rs3757173 in tnfaip3 region , and rs4728142 in irf5 region . primers were designed using computer software accessible through the internet at http://cedar.genetics.soton.ac.uk/public_html/primer1.html , developed by ye and team . in silico pcr as described previously was further carried out to ensure the self - designed primers were targeted to the gene regions of interest [ 1921 ] . each pcr reaction was carried out in a total of 10  l , containing 50  ng of template dna , appropriate concentration of inner and outer primers and mgcl2 ( table 3 ) , 200  m dntp , 20  mm tris - hcl ph8.4 , 50  mm kcl , and 0.15  u taq polymerase ( fermentas , vilnius , lithuania . ) . the pcr mixture was then subjected to touchdown pcr , whereby it was incubated for 5  min at 95c , followed by 30 cycles of 45  s denaturation at 95c , 45  s of annealing ( started at temperature 10c higher than annealing temperature , decreasing by 1c per cycle , maintained at annealing temperature for the remaining 20 cycles ) and 45  s of extension at 72c , and a final extension at 72c for 10  min at the end of the cycles . five microlitres of pcr amplicons was electrophoresed on a 2% ( w / v ) agarose gel . the agarose gel was viewed under uv illumination and image was recorded using a gel documentation system . predesigned taqman snp genotyping assays were used to genotype snps where tetraprimers could not be designed for arms - pcr ( probe i d : rs7574865 in stat4 region , c_29882391_10 ; rs729302 in irf5 region , c_2691216_10 ; applied biosystems , ny , usa ) . fifty nanograms of template dna was mixed with 2x taqman gtxpress master mix ( applied biosystems ) and 20x taqman genotyping assay ( applied biosystems ) to make up to a total volume of 10  l . real - time pcr reaction was initiated with pre - pcr read step at 60c for 1  min , followed by dna polymerase activation at 95c for 20  s , 40 cycles of denaturation ( 95c for 3  s ) and annealing / extension ( 60c for 30  s ) , and ended with a final extension step at 60c for 1  min . allele and genotype frequencies were calculated , followed by performing a  goodness - of - fit test to evaluate whether or not the observed genotype frequencies of each polymorphisms were departures from hardy - weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) in control subjects ( p  values > 0.05 ) . fisher 's exact test was conducted on 2  2 contingency table using spss software to assess the association of each snp with sle susceptibility in malays , chinese , and indians . p values were adjusted according to bonferroni correction and p < 0.05 was regarded as significant . adjusted ors were computed using logistic regression , whereby major allele and major homozygous genotype of each snp were set as reference group and their ors were adjusted to 1 . the ors of the three ethnicities were combined using mantel - haenszel test to evaluate the overall association of each snp in the malaysian population . the mantel - haenszel ors were calculated using comprehensive meta - analysis version 2.0 software ( biostat , nj , usa ) . random effect model was used when heterogeneity was significant ( p < 0.10 ) ; otherwise , the fixed effect model was used . meta - analysis was conducted using comprehensive meta - analysis version 2.0 software ( biostat ) for the snp(s ) which was / were significantly associated with sle in the malaysian population by including data from other studies as well as the current study . due to insufficient number of indian subjects , we examined the association between stat4 polymorphisms and sle fully and rigorously , with the use of the key words systemic lupus erythematosus ,  and  sle .  electronic databases including pubmed , embase , and web of science only fully published articles were included and the eligible studies were identified based on the following criteria : ( a ) the study was original , ( b ) the patients were sporadic cases , ( c ) having available allele and genotype frequency data , and ( d ) having sufficient published data to determine or with 95% ci . data extraction was performed by collecting the following information from each study : the first author 's name , year of publication , ethnicity , the number of cases and controls , and the frequency of minor allele ( maf ) of each polymorphism in both cases and controls . for studies including several independent case - control populations , malay and chinese populations from this study were also included in the meta - analysis . random effect model was used for meta - analysis when heterogeneity was significant ( p < 0.10 ) ; otherwise , fixed effect model was used . by inputting the study name , total number of cases and controls , and maf of cases and controls , comprehensive meta - analysis version 2.0 software calculated the ors , 95% ci , and p values for each study , as well as the pooled or , 95% ci , and p values for the meta - analysis . the  goodness - of - fit test demonstrated that all polymorphisms investigated in this study fulfilled hwe in the control group . the malay sle patients were significantly associated with minor alleles of stat4 rs7574865 , rs10168266 , and tnfaip3 rs2230926 , and heterozygous genotype tg of tnfaip3 rs2230926 ( table 4 ) . increased sle susceptibility in chinese population was significantly conferred by minor alleles and minor homozygous genotypes tt of stat4 rs7574865 and rs10168266 . however , after bonferroni adjustment , significant associations were only observed between minor allele t of stat4 rs7574865 and chinese sle patients ( p = 0.028 , or = 1.42 , 95% ci : 1.121.82 ) and between minor allele t of stat4 rs10168266 and malay sle patients ( p = 0.035 , or = 1.80 , 95% ci : 1.202.71 ) . stat4 rs7601754 , tnfaip3 rs3757173 , and irf5 rs4728142 and rs729302 did not show significant association with sle in any of the ethnicities . combined analysis of the three ethnicities was carried out to represent the association of each snp with sle in the malaysian population as a whole . the analysis revealed that only minor allele t of stat4 rs10168266 was significantly associated with the malaysian sle ( p = 0.014 , or = 1.435 , 95% ci : 1.1431.802 ) ( table 5 ) . since stat4 rs10168166 showed significant association with the malaysian sle , meta - analysis was carried out to combine the data from other studies with the current one [ 6 , 2325 ] . four relevant articles were identified eligible and a total of 5 subgroups were included for comparison . data extracted from these articles is shown in table 6 . in the overall analysis , significant association of stat4 rs10168166 with sle the fixed effect model was used as the heterogeneity test did not appear significant ( p > 0.10 ) . the pooled or for the minor allele t was 1.559 , with 95% ci of 1.4591.665 and p value of < 0.001 ( figure 1 ) . understanding the full molecular pathology of sle remains a great challenge , although many insights have been revealed . recognition of self - nucleic acids by toll - like receptors tlr7 and tlr9 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and b cells is believed to be an important step in the pathogenesis of this disease . increased antinuclear antibodies and production of type i ifn are both correlated with the severity of disease . stat4 , tnfaip3 , and irf5 are genes involved in regulating tlr / ifn signalling pathways . snps investigated in this study have consistently shown associations with sle susceptibility in many populations , especially in asians [ 7 , 24 , 2729 ] . when the various ethnic groups were considered , rs7574865 and rs10168266 of stat4 gene were significant in chinese and malays , respectively . however , only rs10168266 of stat4 was observed to have correlations with sle in the malaysians generally . none of the snps seemed to influence sle in indians . due to population demographics and lower sle risk predisposition , this suggests that the irf5 genetic variants tested for in this study are not linked to sle in our cohort and that there may be other variants that are more important in the indian ethnic group . therefore , it may be concluded from the present study that stat4 gene polymorphisms feature more prominently as the genetic risk factors in the malaysian sle rather than those polymorphisms in tnfaip3 and irf5 . rs10168266 which is located in intron 5 of stat4 gene has been frequently related to sle susceptibility in the asian population , particularly in korean population , and also in the european population [ 6 , 2325 , 30 ] . nevertheless , not many studies were done on this snp and thus only four studies were included in the meta - analysis of this study . after the analysis , the pooled or and p value once again showed that this snp was overall an important risk factor for sle and more attention should be taken . rs7574865 , which was significantly associated with sle in chinese in this study , is located in the third intron of the stat4 gene . the minor / risk allele t has reported associations with other immune - mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis , primary sjgren 's syndrome , type-1 diabetes , crohn 's disease , and ulcerative colitis [ 3134 ] . the association of this particular snp with sle susceptibility was observed in many populations , including both european and asian populations . snp haplotype in the third intron of stat4 marked by rs7574865 was found to be associated with sle susceptibility and it could be responsible for splice variation or regulatory effects of stat4 [ 31 , 35 ] . this coding snp is a nonsynonymous variant causing a phenylalanine - to - cysteine change at residue 127 of the a20 protein . it has been already proven that minor cys127 is relatively stable compared to the phe127 protein , causing it to be less effective at inhibiting tnf - induced nf-b activity . interestingly , as opposed to other findings suggesting that minor allele g was the risk factor of sle , the results of this study demonstrated that it conferred protection against sle in our cohort [ 11 , 24 , 27 , 3640 ] . this study speculates that apart from rs223093 , other factors such as adjacent snps may possibly alter the structure of a20 protein . we suggest that multiple ( at least four ) genes may collectively play critical roles in the development of this disease [ 4143 ] . finally , both snps in irf5 gene investigated in our study were not significant in the malaysian patients although both are fairly established sle risk factors for europeans and some asians [ 4447 ] . the present study was relatively small in contrast to larger studies of sle by other researchers . nevertheless , we present evidence to suggest that the genes involved in tlr / ifn signalling pathways , especially stat4 rs10168266 polymorphisms , contribute to the development of sle in malays and chinese .