cholangiograms through this route are frequently performed to assess the biliary tree prior to removing the t - tube and discharging the patients from hospital . however , utilization of t - tube for percutaneous cholangioplasty has been described in a few case reports only . the pain was mild - to - moderate in severity , intermittent , with occasional vomiting . there was no radiation of pain , and the patient had little relief with analgesics . the patient had decreased urine output over the past 24 h. he was a chronic smoker . there was mild elevation of liver enzymes [ aspartate transaminase ( ast ) 87 iu / l , alanine transaminase ( alt ) 95 abdominal usg ( iu22  matrix , philips , best , netherlands ) revealed echogenic contents within gallbladder ( gb ) lumen . there was no intrahepatic biliary radical ( ihbr ) dilatation and the pancreas was normal . a magnetic resonance cholangiography ( magnetom aera , siemens , erlangen , germany ) was performed that revealed mild dilatation of cbd and intrahepatic biliary radicles [ figure 1 ] . there was worsening of the abdominal pain over the ensuing few days associated with progressive elevation of conjugated bilirubin ( 7.5 mg / dl ) . a naso - biliary drainage ( nbd ) tube was placed which resulted in decline of conjugated bilirubin to 4.4 mg / dl . cholangiogram was performed through the nbd after 1 week , which revealed filling defects within the gb and cbd suggestive of blood clots . thick slab magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ( mrcp ) image reveals mild dilatation of the entire common bile duct ( cbd , arrow ) with smooth distal tapering ( short arrow ) . no filling defects are seen within the cbd the main pancreatic duct is of normal calibre ( arrowhead ) patient continued to deteriorate with a falling hemoglobin suggesting ongoing hemobilia . a vascular cause [ pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous ( av ) malformation ] was suspected and computed tomography ( ct ) angiography ( somatom definition flash , siemens , erlangen , germany ) and digital subtraction angiography ( allura xper fd 10 , best , netherlands ) was performed . however , 4 weeks later , there was mild rise in the serum bilirubin as well as alkaline phosphatase . there were filling defects within the proximal cbd with no opacification of ihbr suggestive of an inflammatory stricture at or just beyond the confluence [ figure 2 ] . a 0.035 guidewire was passed into the left ductal system across the stricture at the confluence . after removal of the t - tube , a 7f 35 cm sheath was inserted over the wire and advanced into the biliary tree . balloon dilatation was performed using a 10 mm diameter by 40 mm long angioplasty balloon ( advance , atb pta dilatation catheter ; cook medical , bloomington , in , usa ) , inflated for 10 min . we also did cholangioplasty of the lower end of cbd as filling defects were seen in the proximal cbd on the t - tube cholangiogram suggesting distal stasis . repeat balloon dilatation of the hilar stricture was done after 3 weeks . a temporary external drainage tube [ 12f percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter ( ptbd catheter ) ] was placed with its tip just across the stricture , after each session of cholangioplasty . cholangiography via the biliary catheter following the procedure revealed good opacification of the entire biliary tree [ figure 3 ] . the external biliary drainage catheter was finally removed 3 weeks after the second session of cholangioplasty . patient was followed with serial evaluation of serum bilirubin , alkaline phosphatase , and ultrasound examinations . at the last follow - up , t - tube cholangiogram reveals lack of contrast opacification of the common hepatic duct and intrahepatic biliary radicles ( arrowheads ) . note the opacified cbd ( arrow ) and t - tube in situ ( short arrow ) cholangiogram performed through percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter ( ptbd catheter , arrow ) following balloon dilatation of stricture reveals good opacification of the entire biliary tree various treatment options for benign biliary strictures include endoscopic sphincterotomy , percutaneous cholangioplasty / stenting , and surgical biliary enteric diversion . surgical diversion is best reserved for patients with anastomotic , extrahepatic , extra - pancreatic biliary stricture . thus , in majority of patients , interventional radiology techniques in the form of percutaneous cholangioplasty / stenting are employed . however , a successful and long - term favorable outcome involves consideration of several important issues . traumatic , post - transplant , post - infective , etc . ) , site of stricture ( viz . hilar , proximal or distal cbd , peri - ampullary ) , presence of any pre - existing access ( viz . t - tube , ptbd , hutson russell loop ) , and length of stricture are all expected to have a bearing on the results of cholangioplasty . cholangioplasty involves dilatation of the stricture using a transluminal angioplasty balloon ( balloon cholangioplasty / biliary balloon dilatation ) . it involves access to the intrahepatic biliary radicles through percutaneous puncture , either under ultrasound guidance ( when the ducts are dilated ) or fluoroscopic guidance after obtaining a cholangiographic picture following a central puncture ( when there is minimal ductal dilatation ) . two options follow : ( a ) placing an internal - external drain catheter and upgrading the catheter every 3 weeks to a larger caliber to dilate the tract or ( 2 ) balloon dilatation of the stenotic segment every 3 weeks , upsizing the balloon size every session . former approach leads to reduced quality of life and the external catheter is prone to infections . alternative access routes have been rarely described . when there is indication of repeated dilatations for biliary stenoses and endoscopic access is not available , a transjejunal approach has been described . in these cases , the dilatation is performed through the fixed limb ( either afferent or efferent limb ) of a roux - en - y hepaticojejunostomy . in this context , it is helpful to remember that the efferent limb of the roux loop is attached to the peritoneum in the right anterior location and the afferent limb is fixed anteriorly in the central upper abdomen . under fluoroscopic or ct guidance , the selected loop is punctured using a thin needle . subsequently , the biliary tree is catheterized in a retrograde fashion and bilioplasty is performed . fontein , et al . described their experience in 494 patients who were planned for cholangioplasty through the roux loop . in 86% of the interventions , another potentially useful , yet a rarely described route for balloon dilatation , is the t - tube . t - tube is left in place following surgery for benign or malignant disease . in cholelithiasis with suspected choledocholithiasis , following cbd exploration , the t - tube is left in place to facilitate endoscopic treatment through the mature tract . t - tube placement is also performed in a difficult biliary - enteric anastomosis and extensive invasion of the distal bile duct . kim , et al . reported three cases of biliary stent placement through the t - tube . the cause of biliary obstruction in these cases was malignant disease process in the cbd or peri - ampullary region . the procedure was successful in all three cases and follow - up did not show recurrence of jaundice . in conclusion , unconventional access routes for cholangioplasty constitute a viable treatment option for benign biliary strictures .