it has been accepted as an effective means of analgesia for women undergoing labour and its usefulness is well - recognised . there is a wide variation in the use of labour epidural analgesia in different parts of the world . approximately 60% patients in united states prefer epidural analgesia or combined spinal epidural analgesia during child birth . in contrast , its use is only 9.5 - 15% in hong kong which is significantly lower than that quoted for other developed countries which is 20 - 50% . there are multiple factors responsible for variable rate of utilisation of epidural analgesia by pregnant women all over the world . in our part of world , the factors include inadequate patient knowledge , cultural influences , inadequate anaesthesia services and fear of complications . during counselling most common questions asked by patients and their relatives is related to post - partum back pain or a perceived  life - long damage to spinal cord . over the last 20 years the use of neuraxial technique has literature does not support any association between epidural analgesia and post - partum back pain . the reported incidence of post - partum low back pain in women not receiving epidural analgesia is 43% . however , post - partum back pain secondary to epidural analgesia is still a concern in our patients mind , despite many useful advances in neuraxial analgesia such as refinement in techniques and availability of newer drugs . the current survey was designed to prospectively assess the prevalence of post - partum backache in patients undergoing labour with or without epidural analgesia and to find out any correlation between low back pain and some identified / perceived factors . the study was designed as non - randomized prospective cohort with follow - up at first postnatal day , 1 week , 1 month and 3 month after delivery through direct and telephonic contact . epidural analgesia services in labour suite are available round the clock in our institution by trained anaesthesiologists , for many years . all primigravida as well as multiparous women presenting to labour room for labour and delivery were included in the study . consent was taken for the study once the epidural analgesia or other modalities of pain relief were decided and the visual analogue scale ( vas ) of pain was explained to the patients . the women were categorized into two groups , those who received epidural analgesia were enrolled in group a and those who did not receive epidural analgesia in group b. patients with a history of chronic backache unrelated to pregnancy and those undergoing caesarean section within these groups were excluded from the study and patients living long distance away from the city were also excluded due to logistical problems . incomplete information in data collection form and loss of follow - up were not included in statistical analysis . first form was filled by one of the investigators and second form was filled by a different investigator to prevent bias . form i and ii are attached in [ appendix i ] and [ appendix ii ] respectively . as data collection in form i included demographic , contact number , parity , education , occupation and past history regarding epidural analgesia and epidural analgesia related backache . a log number was allotted to the patient in both forms so it could be merge for data entry and statistical analysis . form ii was handed over to research assistant and follow up for backache was started from first post natal day by direct contact and through telephonic communication at 1 week , 1 month and 3 months . it was already decided that those patients who experienced mild backache will be advised to take simple measures of back care at home and for moderate to severe backache they will be referred to our pain clinic . the results were analysed for the rate of occurrence of low back pain and pain lasting longer than 1 month . pain lasting longer than 1 month was selected because it is indicative of persistent and possibly disabling pain . therefore , on the basis of an  error of 5% and 80% power to detect a 15% difference with increased risk of post - partum back pain in women who had received epidural analgesia , about 230 women in each group were required . data were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences ( spss for windows , 17.0 , spss , chicago , il ) . frequency and percentages were estimated for categorical variables and analysed by chi - square test . mean and standard deviation were computed for quantitative variables and analysed by independent sample t - test or mann - whitney u - test . the frequency of postpartum low back pain in epidural analgesia and non - epidural analgesia groups on day 1 , day 7 , end of 1 and 3 month was estimated . unadjusted odd ratio was calculated for the risk of postpartum low back pain and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to provide adjusted odd ratio estimates for the association between epidural analgesia and low back pain . a total of 482 women met inclusion criteria and consented to participate in this study . out of the total , 240 females were enrolled in epidural analgesia group and 242 females were in non - epidural analgesia group . follow - up was obtained from 460 women with the response rate of 95.4% and these cases were included in our statistical analysis . those who could not be followed had either moved to newer addresses or their contact number was incorrect ( 10 cases from epidural analgesia and 12 from non - epidural analgesia group ) . the demographic data and obstetric characteristic of both groups are shown in table 1 and table 2 . demographic characteristics of women obstetric characteristics of women there were no significant difference between groups with respect to age , weight , height and body mass index . literacy rates and the number of working women were significantly high in epidural analgesia group as compare to non - epidural analgesia group ( p < 0.01 ) . mean duration of labour was significantly high in epidural analgesia than non - epidural analgesia groups ( p < 0.01 ) . frequency of backache in previous pregnancy was significantly high in non - epidural analgesia than epidural analgesia group ( 13% vs. 5.7% ; p = 0.006 ) . nearly 14.3% of patients of epidural analgesia group received epidural analgesia in previous pregnancy as well while it was only 6% in non - epidural analgesia group . in epidural analgesia group , 96.1% of patients received epidural analgesia while rest of 3.9% patients received combined spinal epidural analgesia . sixteen gauge needle was commonly used and there were 29 epidurals ( 12.4% ) that required more than one attempt at placement . satisfaction with epidural analgesia was excellent in 46.5% cases , good in 45.2% and fair in 8.3% cases . the prevalence of post - partum back pain was similar ( 40% ) in both groups on day 1 after delivery . post - partum backache was non - significant on day 1 and after 1 week . however , at 1 and 3 month follow - up , backache was observed less frequently in epidural analgesia group than non - epidural analgesia group ( cured odds ratio [ or ] : 0.63 ; 95% confidence interval [ ci ] : 0.39 - 0.99 ) and ( cured or : 0.32 ; 95% ci : 0.15 - 0.69 ) respectively and the odd ratio of low back pain adjusted for age , weight , occupation , parity , antenatal medicine , history of backache in previous and current pregnancy delivery and concern of back pain was 0.59 ( or : 0.59 ; 95% ci : 0.36 - 0.99 ) at 1 month and 0.25 ( or : 0.25 ; 95% ci : 0.11 - 0.58 ) at 3 months . postpartum backache in epidural and non - epidural groups over time figure 1 shows the comparison of mean pain scores ( vas ) for the two groups . there was no significant statistical difference in pain score between groups at 1 post natal day , 1 week , end of 1 and 3 months . comparison of mean pain score between groups during the follow - up , we asked mothers about different treatment modalities in their use . oral analgesics were found to be the highest ( 50% vs. 54% ) among patients with the complaint of low back pain on 1 postnatal day , among epidural analgesia and non - epidural analgesia group . intravenous analgesia was only given to 20% patients in epidural analgesia group with the complaint of low back pain on 1 postnatal day . there was a reducing trend of oral analgesics use from 38% to 8% and then 6.5% on consecutive follow - up in non - epidural analgesia group . massage with local anaesthetic creams was the option used by 0.4 - 1.7% in non - epidural analgesia group and 0.4 - 7.0% in epidural group . the current survey showed that there is no difference in the prevalence of low back pain on day 1 and day 7 after delivery among epidural analgesia and non - epidural analgesia group . we did nt find any difference between the two groups with respect to back pain scores and use of analgesics . working women chose epidural analgesia more as compared to non - epidural analgesia group which shows more awareness of labour epidural analgesia among working and literate women . mean duration of labour was significantly higher in epidural analgesia than non - epidural analgesia group ( p < 0.01 ) which is already reported to be increased by 1 h by eltzschig et al . the choice of epidural analgesia depends on multiple factors and a very important factor that came out of this survey was frequency of backache in previous pregnancy . although , it is significantly high in non - epidural analgesia than epidural analgesia group ( 13% vs. 5.7% ; p = 0.006 ) , back pain in the last pregnancy was the main reason for refusing epidural in current labour . wong and to reported that patients with back pain in antenatal period were less likely to request epidural analgesia for labour pain relief while patients having back pain in postnatal period were less likely to regard epidural analgesia as most effective method of pain relief . it shows that concern of low back pain in our population is same as in other parts of the world . interestingly the response to concerns of epidural related low back pain was nearly similar in epidural analgesia and non - epidural group . there was no association between number of attempts for epidural catheter insertion and low back pain . the most surprising finding was the similar rates of prevalence of post - partum low back pain ( 40% ) in both groups on day 1 after delivery . butler and fuller also found equal prevalence of back pain ( 30.5% ) in both groups initially but new , long - term back pain occurred in 7.5% and 6.9% of patients at 3 months in epidural analgesia and non - epidural analgesia group . at 3 months follow - up , we found an incidence of 3.9% versus 11.3% backache in epidural and non - epidural analgesia group . found a 19% versus 11% incidence of low back pain in patients receiving epidural analgesia versus non epidural in which the prevalence in epidural was nearly 5 times higher than that shown in our results but exactly same prevalence in non - epidural group . as this study was reported two decades back we can not comment on expertise and equipment used at that time . have reported nearly same incidence of back pain three years later ( 18% vs. 12% ) at a follow - up of 1 year . butler and fuller reported 7.5% back pain lasting for more than 2 weeks following epidural analgesia for labour which is 2 times higher than back pain reported in our study . moschini et al . compared complications among three groups and found no significant difference in localized and diffuse back pain after epidural analgesia , spinal epidural analgesia and no analgesia . response of treatment modalities by patients in the present study showed that most of the patients used oral analgesics and only one patient needed pain physician consultation and underwent physiotherapy for her pain relief . on the basis of our results , we conclude that there is no association found between epidural analgesia and low back pain . an increased prevalence of persistent low back pain was seen in patients delivered without using epidural analgesia , those with history of backache in previous pregnancy and primiparous mothers . on the basis of our survey , we can counsel our patients that there is no increased risk for post - partum low back pain with the use of epidural analgesia for labour pain . we feel that there is an intense need to identify the actual causes of backache and their remedies in young females and hence queries could be better answered at the time of counselling .