although the exact embryological mechanism for this condition remains unclear , it is thought to relate to a disruption of development of the lateral folds of rathke during hindgut development.1 several anatomical variants have been described , and the classification system proposed by effman , lebowitz , and colodny has been widely adopted2 ( fig . type 1 :  blind ending channels or incomplete duplication  type 1a : a blind ending channel opening on the dorsal or ventral surface of the penis in the midline , without communicating with either the bladder or urethra . type 2 : patent and complete duplication  type 2a : two urethral meati ( which may open anywhere along the midline ) . 2a - ii : the accessory urethra divides from the main urethra and maintains a separate course  2a- ii y - type : the ventral urethra opens in the perineum  type 2b : the two urethrae unite and form a single channel before opening at the skin  type 3 : urethral duplication associated with caudal duplication ( i.e. , duplication of the bladder ) some of these lesions may be totally asymptomatic ; obviating the need for surgery . however , the more complex variants may require multiple operations to obtain functionality and these interventions entrain future risks of incontinence and stricture.3 
 4 
 5 in this case we describe the management of a urethral duplication with two hypospadic meati in a 21-month - old boy . a 27-week premature boy was referred to the pediatric urology clinic at the age of 9 months for assessment of a proximal hypospadias . he had a complicated neonatal course ; spending 11 weeks in the neonatal intensive care unit , initially requiring a ventilator . he had neonatal complications of jaundice requiring phototherapy , and necrotizing enterocolitis , which was managed medically . however , closer inspection revealed what appeared to be a second urethral meatus opening within the glans ( fig . ( a ) preoperative picture ( the arrows show the position of the two urethral meati ) . ( b ) ( d ) follow - up 21 months postoperatively . a preoperative contrast study ( fig . 3 ) revealed two distinct urethral channels originating as a single channel from the bladder neck and then running separately  by definition an effman type 2a - ii . surgery was performed at the age of 21 months : the challenge was the presence of a hypospadic rudimentary dorsal urethra , chordee , and a hooded foreskin ( fig . 2b ) , the dorsal urethra was opened in the midline from the meatus to the level of the proximal urethral ending . 
 a micturating cystourethrogram demonstrating a single distinct channel arising from the bladder , splitting into two ( arrowed ) . the bridge between proximal urethra and duplicated urethra was divided and a urethra - urethroplasty was performed a complete distal urethral tubularization , layered closure , and glanuloplasty resulted in a single , glanular urethral opening ( fig . 2c ) . a urinary catheter was left in place for 1  week and then removed without complication . at follow - up 21 months postoperatively , there was a good cosmetic result with no postsurgical complications ( fig . 2d ) . the mother reported that her son was passing urine with a thick and straight stream with no evidence of fistula . various theories to explain the origin of a urethral duplication have been suggested , with different types of classification proposed,6 
 7 
 8 the most widely adopted being that proposed by effman.2 of the cases of urethral duplication reported in the literature , type i lesions are thought to be the most common , although since these are generally asymptomatic , their true incidence is unknown.2 there have been cases reported that are associated with a single hypospadic urethra , commonly associated to an atretic accessory channel distally , such as in type 1a lesions.9 
 10 
  the type 2 a - ii group is characterized by the presence of a second urethra which divides from the main urethra , and maintains a separate course . this group includes a subgroup of patients in whom the ventral urethra opens in the perineum (  y - type  duplication ) ( fig . the ventral urethra opened at the base of the shaft , thus representing a variant that could be considered an intermediate between the classic type 2 a - ii and the  y - type  duplication . the ventral urethra was the more functional , while the dorsal urethra was less developed . several established techniques have been described for the correction of a duplicated urethra.5 
 11 
 12 a general consensus is that each patient should be considered individually , with no standard fit - all approach really being suitable for all cases of a particular lesion.13 some authors would tend toward using the orthotopic urethra , even if it is hypoplastic ; ortolano and nasrallah first proposed progressive urethral dilation to achieve adequate caliber.14 we believe , as suggested by salle et al , that after dilatation of the accessory urethra the risk of inadequate urine flow is high.10 therefore in the case described , we opened the dorsal urethra and performed a tubularization over a 8 fr catheter , as in the classic repair for hypospadias . the use of a voiding cystourethrogram is typically adequate to trace the course and caliber of the two channels , however , retrograde contrast may be required in cases ( as the one presented ) with a hypoplastic urethral opening.15 
  postsurgical complications tend to manifest as stricture at the anastomosis or related to the hypoplastic channel . there have been reported cases of fistula formation much like that documented in penoscrotal hypospadias repair.5 
 15 
  we believe this case of duplicated urethra is unique for the particular anatomy of the two urethral channels , with the main urethra being the one opening at the base of the shaft . a distal blind pit is common in hypospadias and should always prompt thorough examination for accessory urethra , in particular , in proximal hypospadias cases . this report demonstrates a new variant of urethral duplication of which pediatric surgeons should be aware . in cases of proximal hypospadias , the surgeon should consider the possibility of a distal accessory urethra , which may require consideration when planning surgery . this case highlights that this unusual variant can be successfully managed in a single - stage procedure with good functional and cosmetic results .