informed consent is  a process of communication between a patient and physician that results in the patient 's authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention .  for the clinician , this process is both an ethical obligation as well as a legal requirement . there are three key elements of an appropriate informed consent process : the patient ( or the surrogate ) should have the capacity to decide ; sufficient information should be provided on which to base that decision , and the decision reached should be free from coercion . professional guidelines in the specialty of anesthesia require that express informed consent should be obtained for any procedure that carries a material risk ( a risk which a reasonable person in the patient 's position would be likely to attach significance ) . a working party of the association of anaesthetists of great britain and ireland ( aagbi ) , revisited the issue of consent and anesthesia in 2006 and reiterated , among other things , that express verbal consent is sufficient for anesthesia provided that the anesthetist documents both the patient 's decision as well as the discussions which led to the decision . signed form ,  which in itself may not increase the validity of the consent . the role and usefulness of separate consent forms for anesthesia continue to be a subject of debate . proponents of separate written consent argue that from a liability standpoint a well - thought - out anesthesia - specific consent form is the method of documentation that offers the best level of protection in cases of malpractice litigation . apart from its value as documentary evidence , in theory , the presentation of a consent form may act as a stimulus for an active discussion of risks , thereby facilitating patient 's unique and legitimate concerns . a well - written consent document may also serve as a reminder to the anesthetist of the issues which need to be addressed to obtain an acceptable informed consent . notably , a review of the medical literature does not identify any study which investigates the hypothesis that a requirement for signed consent for anesthesia may serve as a catalyst for an enhanced informed consent process . the documentation of consent for anesthesia in majority of hospitals of trinidad , relies on a simple clause in the surgical consent document which states that the patient consents to the operation  and to such general or other anesthetic and such further or alternative procedures as may be necessary . documents are administered by a member of the surgical team ( usually a house officer ) and are often signed prior to any contact with the anesthetist . a discussion between the patient and their anesthetist regarding their anesthesia care may subsequently occur to varying degrees during the preoperative anesthetic visit but a record of this discussion is rarely made except in high - risk cases or sometimes where regional anesthesia is proposed . the reliance on a  catch - all  phrase regarding anesthesia on the surgical consent document places no apparent legal or institutional obligation on the anesthetist in this setting to engage in a proper informed consent discussion with the patient and it is a reasonable inference that if the anesthetist was required to obtain separate signed consent it would increase the likelihood that this discussion does occur and would also be documented adequately . with this background , this study sought to compare the efficacy of a separate informed consent process for anesthesia services at our tertiary care teaching hospital and the factors which may influence the consent process . this prospective study was conducted on the pre- and postoperative wards of a tertiary care teaching hospital during a 3 month - period . approval to conduct this study was received from the ethics committee of the university and from the medical director of the hospital . adult patients undergoing elective surgery during the study period who consented to participate were eligible for inclusion in the study . patients were excluded if : 
 they were anesthetized / consented by the investigator.they were unable to communicate comfortably during the postoperative period for any reason ( e.g. , respiratory distress , confusion / disorientation , tracheal intubation etc.).they declined to participate . they were unable to communicate comfortably during the postoperative period for any reason ( e.g. , respiratory distress , confusion / disorientation , tracheal intubation etc . ) . all the subjects enrolled in the study were informed of the following : 
 the nature and purpose of the study.that no identifying data would be recorded , and no communication would take place between the investigator and the attending anesthetist or surgeon with regards to the interview.that their care would be unaffected whether they agreed to participate or not . 
  the nature and purpose of the study . that no identifying data would be recorded , and no communication would take place between the investigator and the attending anesthetist or surgeon with regards to the interview . that their care would be unaffected whether they agreed to participate or not . the subjects were allocated into two groups : group a and group b randomly by computer allocation . group a included all patients who were required to sign the hospital 's  consent for operation consent for anesthesia  form [ appendix 1 ] in addition to the  consent for operation  form . the anesthetists who participated in the study , anesthetized patients in both groups ; the only difference being the separate consent form . all the participating subjects were approached by the investigator during the postoperative period at the earliest time at which they were comfortable enough to participate , but not later than 4 postoperative day . the majority of the interviews lasted for < 10 min . the type of anesthesia and the grade of the anesthetist obtaining consent were determined from the anesthetic record . demographic data recorded were age , gender , and level of education ( classified as primary and below , secondary , and tertiary or above ) . other case - specific data obtained were type of anesthesia , grade of anesthetist taking consent , and whether a  consent for anesthesia the following eight elements of the informed consent process considered to be desirable by the working party of the aagbi in their 2006 publication entitled  consent and anesthesia  were investigated : 
 permission.absence of coercion.an appreciation of the nature and purpose of the proposed anesthetic procedures.patients satisfaction with information provided on common side effects of the proposed anesthetic procedures.patients satisfaction with information provided on rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures.discussion of alternatives.provision of information about postoperative care and pain control.opportunity to ask questions . patients satisfaction with information provided on rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures . each of the above elements was listed as a statement on the questionnaire with each patient being asked to state their agreement with the statement on a 5-point likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree . a cumulative score for each patient 's responses was calculated , with a maximum possible score of 40 and a minimum possible score of 5 . data collected were coded and entered in microsoft excel. analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) version-12 ( spss inc . , chicago , illinois , usa ) . mann - whitney u - test was used to compare the adequacy of consent index between patient groups a and b , as well as gender , level of education , or grade of anesthetist administering the consent process . chi - square analysis was used to detect differences in responses between group a and group b for each of the eight individual informed consent issues addressed . demographic data recorded were age , gender , and level of education ( classified as primary and below , secondary , and tertiary or above ) . other case - specific data obtained were type of anesthesia , grade of anesthetist taking consent , and whether a  consent for anesthesia the following eight elements of the informed consent process considered to be desirable by the working party of the aagbi in their 2006 publication entitled  consent and anesthesia  were investigated : 
 permission.absence of coercion.an appreciation of the nature and purpose of the proposed anesthetic procedures.patients satisfaction with information provided on common side effects of the proposed anesthetic procedures.patients satisfaction with information provided on rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures.discussion of alternatives.provision of information about postoperative care and pain control.opportunity to ask questions . patients satisfaction with information provided on rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures . each of the above elements was listed as a statement on the questionnaire with each patient being asked to state their agreement with the statement on a 5-point likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree . a cumulative score for each patient 's responses was calculated , with a maximum possible score of 40 and a minimum possible score of 5 . data collected were coded and entered in microsoft excel. analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) version-12 ( spss inc . , chicago , illinois , usa ) . mann - whitney u - test was used to compare the adequacy of consent index between patient groups a and b , as well as gender , level of education , or grade of anesthetist administering the consent process . chi - square analysis was used to detect differences in responses between group a and group b for each of the eight individual informed consent issues addressed . seventy - eight males ( 39% ) and 122 females ( 61% ) consented to participate in the study . one hundred and sixty - five patients ( 82.5% ) received general anesthesia , 29 ( 14.5% ) had central neuraxial blocks , and 6 ( 3% ) had peripheral nerve blocks . the majority of the subjects had attended secondary school ( 55% ) , 29% achieved a level of education of primary and below and 16% achieved a tertiary level education . the grades of anesthetists involved in the consent process were house officers in 72% of cases , registrars in 21.5% and consultants in 6.5% . one hundred patients belonged to group a having signed the hospital 's  consent for operation consent for anesthesia  form in addition to the  consent for operation  form . summary of population and group demographics all patients ( 100% ) indicated that their anesthetist(s ) had their permission to proceed with their anesthesia care . overall 97.5% indicated that they did not feel pressured or rushed into giving permission ( 99% in group a ; 96% in group b ) . 84% of the group a patients and 93% of the group b patients agreed that they understood the nature and purpose of the intended anesthesia procedures . notably , 60% of the group a patients did not feel that they were adequately informed about common side effects compared to 27% of group b patients . with respect to rare but serious side effects , 73% of group a patients and 54% of group b patients felt that information provided was inadequate . a summary of the responses to the eight - item questionnaire is given in table 2 . responses to statements regarding the informed consent process the adequacy of consent index scores in group a ranged from 16 to 39 , with a mean of 27.9 , standard deviation ( sd ) 5.2 . in group b , the adequacy of consent index score ranged from 17 to 38 , with a mean of 30.6 ( sd ) 4.6 . mann - whitney u - test showed a statistically significant improvement in adequacy of consent index scores when separate written consent for anesthesia was obtained ( p < 0.001 ) . the comparison of the adequacy of consent index scores within the group b patients with respect to gender , level of education and grade of anesthetist did not show any significant difference among subjects according to gender or level of education . the mean adequacy of consent index was higher among patients who were consented by a registrar or smo ( 32.2 ) compared to a house officer ( 30 ) , but the p value was 0.05 ( borderline at the set level of significance ) . chi - square analysis identified only three aspects of the informed consent process which were positively affected by the use of separate written consent for anesthesia . these were patients ' perception of the adequacy of information provided about commonly occurring or expected side effects ( p < 0.001 ) , information about rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures ( p = 0.008 ) and the patients ' understanding of the nature and purpose of the intended anesthetic procedures ( p = 0.04 ) . there was almost total agreement among both groups that permission was given without undue pressure and that they had sufficient opportunity to ask questions . the primary finding of this study is that in our public hospital setting , the informed consent process may be better when a separate written consent was obtained for anesthesia as estimated by the adequacy of consent index . anesthesia procedures are clearly different from surgical procedures in their nature , purpose , and risk profiles . it is therefore logical that if informed consent for anesthesia procedures is obtained independently , and further , if it is obtained by a clinician ( anesthetist ) capable of formulating and discussing the anesthesia care plan ( vis -  - vis its ' risks , benefits , and alternatives ) , the patient is likely to have a better information . the aagbi has advised that a signed consent form is not necessary for anesthesia procedures because it felt that emphasis should be placed on the process of informed consent rather than on obtaining a signature on a form . consent forms  are often too complex for the average patient to read and understand and , in fact , many patients sign consent forms without reading or understanding them . another criticism is that many consent forms appear to be constructed to protect hospitals and caregivers from liability rather than clarify information about procedures or aid patients in decision - making . these authors have suggested that the legal appearance and content of these consent forms are likely to inhibit , if not counteract , the goals of informed consent by adding to the perception that institutional protection takes precedence over patient care . despite these myriad concerns which question the value of consent forms , this study has demonstrated that the use of a consent form for anesthesia improved the adequacy of the informed consent process . it is quite likely that in this setting ( where the institutional obligation for consent to anesthesia is fulfilled by a signature on the surgical consent document ) a requirement to obtain separate written consent serves as an essential stimulus for a discussion between the anesthetist and the patient about the anesthesia care plan . this idea that a consent form may aid the consent process by acting as a prompt or a stimulus to an active discussion about treatment options has been supported by several authors . apart from the possible role as a catalyst to the process , the form itself may serve as a reminder or a checklist of the elements of the informed consent process which need to be addressed . another probable reason why the use of separate written consent helped rather than hindered the informed consent process in this study may be that the  consent for anesthesia  form was kept very simple , excluding details about the anesthetic techniques and risks that may have made the form difficult to understand . the onus therefore remained on the anesthetist to provide the patient with the information necessary for the consent to be informed . this approach of not providing detailed information on the form itself reduces the chances of the anesthetist just giving the patient the form to read and sign and thereby using the form as a substitute for the process . the fact that the anesthetist necessarily remained the source of the information would have also hypothetically allowed the information to be tailored to the education level of the patient . this may explain why no statistically significant relationship was found between educational level and adequacy of consent . notwithstanding the fact that the use of separate written consent enhanced the overall adequacy of the informed consent process , several areas were identified where improvements are still needed . as much as 55% of patients who signed the anesthetic consent form did not think that they were adequately informed about rare but serious complications of the proposed anesthetic procedures . one justification used in the past for the withholding of information is the notion that patient apprehension caused by  frightening  information results in raised catecholamine levels which make it more difficult to anesthetize the patient . stanley et al . demonstrated that patients ' anxiety levels were unaltered by the provision of additional detailed verbal and/or written information . shimoda et al . went a step further and showed that patients who had anxiety about anesthesia before an operation indicated a greater need for detailed printed information compared with those without anxiety . furthermore , several other studies investigating patients ' desire for information perioperatively have found that , in general , there is a desire for more rather than less information . some practitioners may withhold information because they feel that it may deter a patient from undergoing a beneficial procedure . the aagbi in their 2006 publication titled  consent and anesthesia  argued in favor of the converse , that any information which might lead a patient to cancel or defer a procedure should be considered significant . another major shortcoming identified in the informed consent process was the infrequency of discussion about alternatives to the proposed anesthetic procedures . sixty - seven percent of patients who signed the consent for anesthesia form indicated that no discussion took place about the possibility of alternative anesthetic techniques . in our setting , with anesthetists often meet their patients on the day of surgery , hence the anesthetist primarily discusses what he / she intends to do , meeting the lower standard of legal acceptability but at the same time sacrificing the ideals of patient autonomy and shared decision making . this compromise is unfortunate because it has been shown that the preservation of patient autonomy is associated with improved patient satisfaction and more favorable medical outcomes . the issue of postoperative pain control was another area that was not satisfactorily discussed by the anesthetists who obtained consent , with approximately 55% of patients overall indicating dissatisfaction with the information provided . barneschi et al . reported that the desire for information about pain in their study was particularly high ( 85% ) . this underscores the relevance of pain and analgesia as an issue in the informed consent process . although the results suggest that the information provided to patients was not as complete as it should be , patients apparently opted not to utilize the opportunities that they were given to ask questions . crawford - sykes and hambleton reported that although jamaican patients expressed a desire for information concerning anesthesia and surgery , they did not regard it as their right . a study conducted in the uk revealed that nearly all women before obstetric anesthesia ( 82 - 94% ) wished to know about common , less severe side effects , while a substantial majority ( 70 - 77% ) also wished to know about rarer but more severe complications , such as permanent neurological deficit , meningitis , and high spinal block . our study established a better knowledge of this aspect of anesthesia when a separate consent form was used . the significance of the findings of this study should be however interpreted within the context of the limitations of the study . first , the adequacy of consent index was devised and used for the first time in this study and therefore it was not previously validated . although eight different essential aspects of the informed consent process were assessed with this instrument , there are several other aspects which were not included . the most important one is probably the extent to which the patient was allowed to share in the decision - making process . with respect to information provided to the patient about material risks , patients were asked if they  felt  that they were adequately informed . one problem with this approach is that it is subjective in nature , and a patient who claims to be satisfied may find other risks relevant if they were made aware of them . an alternative approach taken by other researchers was to measure objectively patients ' recall and understanding of information provided . with respect to the methodology of this study , it can be argued that the introduction of a consent form for anesthesia on a trial basis , with the implication that there will be an assessment of the new measure , may have led anesthetists to artificially alter their practice , which could have introduced a  desirability bias . although this consideration was a real possibility , many anesthetists were not made aware of any details of the planned evaluation . it has been shown that patients are best informed immediately after signing the consent form and from then on there is a deterioration of the recall of information . the consequence of this is that patients may have forgotten some of the details about what they were told by the time the interviews were conducted . the other option of administering the questionnaire after the informed consent process but before the surgery could quite possibly have the undesirable effect of interference with the process of care . nevertheless , it may be possible to recommend that the practice of obtaining separate written consent for anesthesia may be useful in selected settings . we suggest that the consent form used should : 
 be simply written without legal jargon.contain cues to the anesthetist regarding the issues to be covered.not lengthy and in itself provide the information but should keep the onus on the anesthetist to do so ( thereby allowing the information to be tailored to the individual patient 's needs and educational level , while at the same time reducing the risk that the form be substituted for the informed consent process ) , andcontain ample space to document the information discussed . not lengthy and in itself provide the information but should keep the onus on the anesthetist to do so ( thereby allowing the information to be tailored to the individual patient 's needs and educational level , while at the same time reducing the risk that the form be substituted for the informed consent process ) , and contain ample space to document the information discussed . this study shows that in a caribbean setting , the introduction of separate written consent for anesthesia improved the overall adequacy of the informed consent process . patients who were asked to sign a separate anesthesia - specific consent form were better informed about the nature and purpose of anesthesia , common side effects , and rare but serious complications .