scs as glial cells of the peripheral nervous system are key regulators of the regeneration process of the injured nervous tissue . they provide structural support and guidance for peripheral nerve regeneration by releasing neurotrophic factors ( 1 ) . however , there are obstacles on way of clinical application of isolated scs because one or more functional nerves are sacrificed by this aggressive procedure and additional morbidity will also take place . in addition , cultured scs have also a limited mitotic activity in vitro , so the cell expansion become a time consuming process ( 2 ) . these cells are able to self - renew with a high growth rate and to differentiate along several mesenchymal cell lineages , including adipocytes , osteoblasts , myocytes , chondrocytes , endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes ( 3 , 4 ) . ascs have also capability to be induced into neurospheres and neuronal - like cells in vitro ( 5 ) . previous studies have reported that ascs can be induced into sc - like cells ( 6 , 7 ) . other studies have also shown that the differentiated ascs can myelinate neurons in vitro and provide functional benefits for peripheral nerve repair ( 2 , 6 ) . sc - like cells are bi- or tri - polar in shape and immunopositive for nestin and sc markers p75 , gfap and s-100 , like genuine scs ( 8 , 9 ) . it is noteworthy that many factors have impact on differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells ( mscs ) . these include soluble growth factors and cytokines ( 10 , 11 ) , mechanical stimuli ( 12 ) , substrate properties ( 13 ) , and culture conditions ( 14 ) . initial cell seeding density as one of the culture conditions , has been indicated to have tremendous effect on cell proliferation , differentiation , and extracellular matrix ( ecm ) synthesis ( 1521 ) . rate of cytokine production is also shown to be dependent on cell density ( 22 ) . furthermore , it was declared that cell density had impact on biosynthesis of ecm such as collagen ( 23 , 24 ) , yielded higher alkaline phosphatase and produced more mineralization during cell differentiation ( 17 ) . of note , the growth patterns of mscs cultures have been reported to be dependent on the initial plating densities . interestingly , mscs can grow as very dense colonies at low cell density , whereas mscs spread evenly across the culture dish at high cell density ( 17 , 22 ) . it was reported that human mscs at low density had a high potential for osteogenesis , whereas cells at high density had a propensity to become differentiated into adipocytes ( 25 ) . some researchers have proved that cell density influences mscs expansion ( 26 , 27 ) . aforementioned studies imply that cell density as an impressive factor can promote cell proliferation and differentiation . so far , no literature has revealed the effect of initial cell density on ascs differentiation into sc - like cells . accordingly , the goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of initial cell seeding density on sc - like cells differentiation of ascs . ten wistar rats ( male , 8 weeks , weight 150~200 g ) were collectively obtained from laboratory animal research center of ahvaz jundishapur university of medical sciences ( ajums ) for all experimental groups . they were maintained under standard conditions of controlled temperatures ( 23c ) and a light / dark cycle ( 12/12 hour ) in the animal house of anatomical sciences department , ajums . it should be mentioned that all experiments were performed in accordance with the protocols approved by the institutional animal care and use committee and with the guidelines for care and use of experimental animals required by ajums . after rats were sacrificed , their gonadal fat pads were excised , and rat ascs were isolated using a published method ( 12 ) . briefly , the adipose tissue was carefully dissected and digested using 0.1% collagenase type i ( gibco , usa ) for 50 minutes . the cell suspension was centrifuged two times to separate the floating adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction ( svf ) . then , svf cells were cultivated in dulbecco s modified eagle s medium ( dmem ; gibco , usa ) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum ( fbs ; gibco , usa ) 1% penicillin / strepromicine ( sigma , usa ) and 2 mm l - glutamine ( gibco , usa ) . after 24 hours , the non - adherent cells were discarded by replacing the medium with that of fresh . of course , the mesenchymal nature of isolated ascs was approved by examining their surface antigens ( cd44 , cd73 , and cd90 ( as positive markers ) and cd45 ( as a negative marker ) ) and testing their differentiation potential into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages . rat ascs at 4 passage were harvested by trypsinization , then the cells were fixed in neutralized 2% paraformaldehyde ( pfa ) ( sigma , usa ) solution for 30 minutes . the fixed cells were rinsed twice with pbs ( ca / mg - free phosphate - buffered saline , ph 7.2 ) ( gibco , usa ) and incubated with the following antibodies : cd90 , cd73 , cd44 ( positive markers ) and cd45 ( negative marker ) ( all from ebiosciences , usa ) for 30 minutes . flow cytometry analysis was performed on the fluorescence - activated cell sorting ( facs ) vantage se ( bd biosciences , usa ) and the data were analyzed using flowjo cytometry analysis software ( version 7.6.4 ) . we used rat ascs at 4 passage to determine the multipotential differentiation capacity of the cells . cells were grown to at least 80% confluency before being cultured in the induction medium . to commence the osteogenic differentiation , rat ascs were cultured in dmem supplemented with 10% fbs , 0.1 m dexamethasone , 50 m ascorbate-2-phosphate , 10 mm beta - glycerophosphate ( all purchased from sigma , usa ) for 21 days . then , cells were fixed with 4% pfa for 30 minutes , rinsed by hank s balanced salt solution ( hbss ) ( gibco , usa ) containing 1% bsa ( gibco , usa ) , and incubated with 0.1% alizarin red s ( sigma , usa ) solution to stain for calcium deposition . for adipogenic differentiation , subconfluent passage 4 cultures of ascs were incubated in adipogenic induction medium ( high glucose - dmem containing 10% fbs , 1 m dexamethasone , 0.5 mm methyl - isobutylxanthine , 10 g / ml insulin , and 100 m indomethacin ( all purchased from sigma , usa ) ) for 2 weeks . cells were fixed with 4% pfa for 60 minutes , rinsed by pbs , and then incubated in 0.3% oil red o ( sigma , usa ) solution in 60% isopropanol for 20 minutes to visualize neutral lipid droplets inside the cells . after cell counting , cells were cultivated at three different initial cell densities ( 210 , 410 and 810 cells / cm ) on separate poly d - lysine ( pdl ) coated 25 cm flasks overnight and on the next day , were incubated in scs differentiation medium for 14 days as previously described ( 28 ) . briefly , subconfluent ascs at passage 4 were cultured in a medium supplemented with 1 mm -mercaptoethanol ( sigma , usa ) for 24 hours . then , the cells were rinsed and fresh medium containing 10% fbs and 35 ng / ml all - trans - retinoic acid ( sigma , usa ) was replaced . after 72 hours , the cells were rinsed and the medium was replaced with differentiation medium comprising of dmem / ham s f-12 , 10% fbs , 5 ng / ml platelet - derived growth factor ( pdgf ; peprotech , uk ) , 10 ng / ml basic fibroblast growth factor ( b - fgf ; peprotech , uk ) , 14 m forskolin ( fsk ; sigma , usa ) and 200 ng / ml recombinant human heregulin - b1 ( hrg - b1 ; r&d systems , usa ) . the cells were incubated for 10 days to achieve full differentiation while the medium was changed every 3 days . finally , immunofluorescence , facs analysis and real time rt - pcr were employed for detection of proteins markers and the number of sc - like cells , respectively . for immunophenotype characterization of differentiated ascs , the scs markers , including s-100 and gfap , were examined ( 6 , 9 ) . undifferentiated ( negative control ) and differentiated ascs at three different initial cell densities were fixed by 4% pfa for 20 minute and permeabilized with 0.05% triton x-100 for 10 minute . nonspecific binding sites were blocked using 3% bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) for 2 hours . then , anti - gfap ( 1:300 , abcam , uk ) and anti - s-100 protein ( 1:300 , abcam , uk ) were added , and the cells were incubated overnight at 4c . fitc - conjugated anti - mouse secondary antibody ( sigma , usa ) was incubated with the cells at room temperature for 1 hour . cell nuclei were labeled with dapi . finally , the cells were observed with a fluorescence microscope ( bx51 , olympus ) and photographed . glial differentiation was quantitatively analyzed with facs for s100 and gfap . for facs , cells were detached and stained sequentially with primary antibodies ( mouse anti - gfap and anti - s-100 protein ) and secondary antibody ( fitc goat anti - mouse ) . cells were fixed with 2% formaldehyde until analysis with facs . for detection of intracellular proteins , cells were permeabilized by ice cold methanol for each sample at 20c for 10 minutes and then centrifuged and rinsed two times in pbs 1% bsa before staining with primary mouse anti - s100 and anti - gfap and fitc - conjugated secondary antibodies . expression of p75 as a marker of scs was detected by real - time pcr . p75 primers sequences were designed to span exon / intron junctions using primer express software ( version 2.5 ) as follows : forward 5-cct cat tcc tgt cta ttg ctc cat c-3 and reveres 5-ttc ctc acc tcc tca cgc ttg g-3. total rna was extracted from cells using rneasy mini kit ( qiagen , md , usa ) , subjected with dnase ( qiagen , md , usa ) and quantified . cdna was synthesized using quantitect reverse transcription kit ( qiagen , md , usa ) according to manufacturer s instruction . pcr reactions were performed in 96 well plates with an abi prism 7300 sequence detection system ( applied biosystems , ca , usa ) using sybr green to monitor amplification . real - time pcr data were analyzed with the manufacturer s software ( invitrogen ) . results were expressed as p75mrna relative expression to -actin as internal reference . to analyze data , one way anova was employed to compare the rate of ascs differentiation into sc - like cells at initial cell densities of 2000 , 4000 and 8000 cell / cm . ten wistar rats ( male , 8 weeks , weight 150~200 g ) were collectively obtained from laboratory animal research center of ahvaz jundishapur university of medical sciences ( ajums ) for all experimental groups . they were maintained under standard conditions of controlled temperatures ( 23c ) and a light / dark cycle ( 12/12 hour ) in the animal house of anatomical sciences department , ajums . it should be mentioned that all experiments were performed in accordance with the protocols approved by the institutional animal care and use committee and with the guidelines for care and use of experimental animals required by ajums . after rats were sacrificed , their gonadal fat pads were excised , and rat ascs were isolated using a published method ( 12 ) . briefly , the adipose tissue was carefully dissected and digested using 0.1% collagenase type i ( gibco , usa ) for 50 minutes . the cell suspension was centrifuged two times to separate the floating adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction ( svf ) . then , svf cells were cultivated in dulbecco s modified eagle s medium ( dmem ; gibco , usa ) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum ( fbs ; gibco , usa ) 1% penicillin / strepromicine ( sigma , usa ) and 2 mm l - glutamine ( gibco , usa ) . after 24 hours , the non - adherent cells were discarded by replacing the medium with that of fresh . of course , the mesenchymal nature of isolated ascs was approved by examining their surface antigens ( cd44 , cd73 , and cd90 ( as positive markers ) and cd45 ( as a negative marker ) ) and testing their differentiation potential into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages . rat ascs at 4 passage were harvested by trypsinization , then the cells were fixed in neutralized 2% paraformaldehyde ( pfa ) ( sigma , usa ) solution for 30 minutes . the fixed cells were rinsed twice with pbs ( ca / mg - free phosphate - buffered saline , ph 7.2 ) ( gibco , usa ) and incubated with the following antibodies : cd90 , cd73 , cd44 ( positive markers ) and cd45 ( negative marker ) ( all from ebiosciences , usa ) for 30 minutes . flow cytometry analysis was performed on the fluorescence - activated cell sorting ( facs ) vantage se ( bd biosciences , usa ) and the data were analyzed using flowjo cytometry analysis software ( version 7.6.4 ) . we used rat ascs at 4 passage to determine the multipotential differentiation capacity of the cells . cells were grown to at least 80% confluency before being cultured in the induction medium . to commence the osteogenic differentiation , rat ascs were cultured in dmem supplemented with 10% fbs , 0.1 m dexamethasone , 50 m ascorbate-2-phosphate , 10 mm beta - glycerophosphate ( all purchased from sigma , usa ) for 21 days . then , cells were fixed with 4% pfa for 30 minutes , rinsed by hank s balanced salt solution ( hbss ) ( gibco , usa ) containing 1% bsa ( gibco , usa ) , and incubated with 0.1% alizarin red s ( sigma , usa ) solution to stain for calcium deposition . for adipogenic differentiation , subconfluent passage 4 cultures of ascs were incubated in adipogenic induction medium ( high glucose - dmem containing 10% fbs , 1 m dexamethasone , 0.5 mm methyl - isobutylxanthine , 10 g / ml insulin , and 100 m indomethacin ( all purchased from sigma , usa ) ) for 2 weeks . cells were fixed with 4% pfa for 60 minutes , rinsed by pbs , and then incubated in 0.3% oil red o ( sigma , usa ) solution in 60% isopropanol for 20 minutes to visualize neutral lipid droplets inside the cells . after cell counting , cells were cultivated at three different initial cell densities ( 210 , 410 and 810 cells / cm ) on separate poly d - lysine ( pdl ) coated 25 cm flasks overnight and on the next day , were incubated in scs differentiation medium for 14 days as previously described ( 28 ) . briefly , subconfluent ascs at passage 4 were cultured in a medium supplemented with 1 mm -mercaptoethanol ( sigma , usa ) for 24 hours . then , the cells were rinsed and fresh medium containing 10% fbs and 35 ng / ml all - trans - retinoic acid ( sigma , usa ) was replaced . after 72 hours , the cells were rinsed and the medium was replaced with differentiation medium comprising of dmem / ham s f-12 , 10% fbs , 5 ng / ml platelet - derived growth factor ( pdgf ; peprotech , uk ) , 10 ng / ml basic fibroblast growth factor ( b - fgf ; peprotech , uk ) , 14 m forskolin ( fsk ; sigma , usa ) and 200 ng / ml recombinant human heregulin - b1 ( hrg - b1 ; r&d systems , usa ) . the cells were incubated for 10 days to achieve full differentiation while the medium was changed every 3 days . finally , immunofluorescence , facs analysis and real time rt - pcr were employed for detection of proteins markers and the number of sc - like cells , respectively . for immunophenotype characterization of differentiated ascs , the scs markers , including s-100 and gfap , were examined ( 6 , 9 ) . undifferentiated ( negative control ) and differentiated ascs at three different initial cell densities were fixed by 4% pfa for 20 minute and permeabilized with 0.05% triton x-100 for 10 minute . nonspecific binding sites were blocked using 3% bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) for 2 hours . then , anti - gfap ( 1:300 , abcam , uk ) and anti - s-100 protein ( 1:300 , abcam , uk ) were added , and the cells were incubated overnight at 4c . fitc - conjugated anti - mouse secondary antibody ( sigma , usa ) was incubated with the cells at room temperature for 1 hour . cell nuclei were labeled with dapi . finally , the cells were observed with a fluorescence microscope ( bx51 , olympus ) and photographed . glial differentiation was quantitatively analyzed with facs for s100 and gfap . for facs , cells were detached and stained sequentially with primary antibodies ( mouse anti - gfap and anti - s-100 protein ) and secondary antibody ( fitc goat anti - mouse ) . cells were fixed with 2% formaldehyde until analysis with facs . for detection of intracellular proteins , cells were permeabilized by ice cold methanol for each sample at 20c for 10 minutes and then centrifuged and rinsed two times in pbs 1% bsa before staining with primary mouse anti - s100 and anti - gfap and fitc - conjugated secondary antibodies . expression of p75 as a marker of scs was detected by real - time pcr . p75 primers sequences were designed to span exon / intron junctions using primer express software ( version 2.5 ) as follows : forward 5-cct cat tcc tgt cta ttg ctc cat c-3 and reveres 5-ttc ctc acc tcc tca cgc ttg g-3. total rna was extracted from cells using rneasy mini kit ( qiagen , md , usa ) , subjected with dnase ( qiagen , md , usa ) and quantified . cdna was synthesized using quantitect reverse transcription kit ( qiagen , md , usa ) according to manufacturer s instruction . pcr reactions were performed in 96 well plates with an abi prism 7300 sequence detection system ( applied biosystems , ca , usa ) using sybr green to monitor amplification . real - time pcr data were analyzed with the manufacturer s software ( invitrogen ) . one way anova was employed to compare the rate of ascs differentiation into sc - like cells at initial cell densities of 2000 , 4000 and 8000 cell / cm . rat gonadal adipose tissue was enzymatically digested , centrifuged to isolate the svf from mature adipocytes and plated . after the cells adhered to 25-cm flasks , non - adherent cells , such as red blood cells , the initially adherent cells grew into spindle or stellate - shaped cells , which then developed into visible colonies 3 days after the initial plating . the cells began to proliferate rapidly and formed confluent fibroblast - like monolayers on flasks after approximately 1 week in culture . cells were passaged by trypsination every 3~4 days whereas they adopted a homogeneous morphology . after 4 passages , they were plated for differentiation potential assays . after treating ascs by certain induction media adipogenic differentiation was confirmed by the presence of oil red o - positive vacuoles droplets ( fig . 1a ) and osteogenic differentiation by the production of calcium deposits detected with alizarin red s ( fig . flow cytometry analysis of rat ascs at 4 passage showed that they were immunologically positive for cd44 ( 17.15% ) , cd73 ( 99.69% ) and cd90 ( 98.11% ) , and negative for cd45 ( 0.47% ) ( fig . ascs at three initial cell densities were treated with a mixture of glial growth factors for a period of 2 weeks . at the end , their immunophenotypes were detected for the expression of the specific scs proteins , gfap and s100 . after commencement of the differentiation , cells morphology started to change so that some cells assumed a bipolar , spindle - shaped cells or tripolar shapes , similar to scs . to investigate whether these morphological changes were resulted from the expression of the scs proteins , we examined the expression of scs markers ( gfap and s100 ) by immunofluorescence ( fig . immunofluorescence demonstrated that a varying number of cells expressed gfap and s100 in all experimental groups of various initial cell densities . none of these markers was detected in undifferentiated negative control . to calculate the number of differentiated cells in each cell densities groups accurately , 3a ) . quantitative analysis indicated that s100-positive cells were significantly higher at cell density of 8000 ( 29.922.3% ) as compared to the density of 4000 ( 17.151.6% ) and 2000 ( 5.881.3% ) ( p<0.001 ) . similarly , most of the gfap - positive cells existed at cell density of 8000 ( 25.853.5% ) as compared to the density of 4000 ( 16.411.3% ) and 2000 ( 1.440.3% ) ( p<0.001 ) ( fig . 3b ) . p75 mrna expression was upregulated at 2000 , 4000 and 8000 cell density after 14 days ( 7.940.29 , 21.151.12 , and 32.580.75 , respectively ) . although there was a significant difference among groups at 14 days , p75 mrna expression remained significantly higher at 8000 cell density than those of the other groups ( p<0.001 ) . the present study demonstrated that a low cell density like 210 cells / cm resulted in a low rate of sc differentiation while the seeding density of 810 cells / cm appeared to be more efficient and appropriate , yielding a highest level of sc differentiation and glial markers expression . it seemed that the cells probably needed each other and relied on each other to become differentiated . in the recent years the accessible source , easy harvesting and rapid cell expansion account for the use of ascs over the other sources of stem cells ( 12 , 28 ) . it seemed that the enhanced cell - cell interaction was necessary for ascs differentiation into sc - like cells . previously , it was reported that a cocktail of glial growth factors ( containing ggf / hrg , fsk , pdgf and bfgf ) could induce ascs into sc - like cells which had a distinctive morphology and specific markers ( gfap , s100 and p75 ) ( 6 , 8) and promoted nerve regeneration in vivo and in vitro ( 29 ) . in addition , it was declared that scs expanded when they were cultured with fsk and scs mitogens or serum , whereas cell division was lost when the cells were cultured with fsk alone i.e. without any mitogens and serum ( 30 ) . camp signal can act as a crucial intracellular signal during several stages of scs development . in cultured scs , camp elevation can simulate scs performances in the presence of axons during myelination in vivo ( 31 ) . scs proliferation in response to mitogens was observed only when the cells were also treated with agents elevating camp levels ( 33 , 34 ) . elevation of camp levels failed to motivate schwann cell expansion in the absence of hrg . neuregulin-1 is now thought to play important roles in schwann cell survival , differentiation and proliferation during development ( 35 , 36 ) . it is evident that scs are responsive to hrg , and hrg - dependent growth has been determined to be further stimulated by fsk ( 37 , 38 ) . in fact , scs treated by hrg / fsk in vitro can grow to very high densities ; however , the rate of growth is markedly decreased at these densities indicating that a cell density - dependent mechanism such as the production of an autocrine inhibitor or contact inhibition alters the sc responsiveness to mitogen . therefore , it is regarded that hrg / fsk - induced growth of scs in vitro is strongly regulated by cell density . furthermore , several studies have elucidated that the impact of neural differentiation factor on cells is dose - dependent and that hrg as neural differentiation factor can improve proliferation as long as its concentration remains in a saturated range . when its dose diminished in culture medium after being metabolized by the cells , differentiation commences ( 3539 ) . it seems that hrg at higher cell density ( 8000 cells / cm ) promotes cell differentiation but its concentration evokes proliferation at lower cell density ( 2000 cells / cm ) . furthermore , cell density has been shown to influence cell - cell interaction and as a critical factor , controls subsequent cell proliferation and gene expression profiles ( 20 ) . in addition , cell proliferation is precisely tuned by surface area of cell attachment and contact - inhibition between adjacent cells ( 4042 ) . despite of the fact that high cell density enhances cell - cell contact , contact - inhibition by gap junction alleviates cellular proliferation ( 43 , 44 ) . in addition , previous studies have shown that low initial cell density of mscs result in higher cell yields and faster expansion ( 27 , 45 ) . cells seeded at low density yield more doublings in each passage , as growth inhibited by density - dependent mechanism at higher density . it has also been reported that cell density alters cell shape that changes an adipogenic - osteogenic switch in mscs lineage commitment . previous studies declared that if the cell density was below the optimal one , increasing the cell density promoted cell function such as bone marker expressions ; when the cell density exceeded the optimal one , a further increase in cell density decreased cell function and tissue regeneration ( 20 , 46 ) . two competing factors appear to be operative here ; one factor is that the cells communicate with each other for cell - cell interactions , intercellular signal molecules and synthesizing more ecm to maintain their viability and function at a high level . the other factor was that high cellularity lead to contact - inhibition , lack of oxygen and nutrients and inefficient waste removal . it seems that high cell density ( 8000 cells / cm ) elicited contact inhibition , attenuated cell proliferation and stimulated ascs differentiation towards sc - like cells . we concluded that the high cell density like 8000 cells / cm would be optimal for sc differentiation from ascs , yielding a high percentage of sc - like cells with the highest glial markers expression , possibly due to increased cell - cell contact in favor of differentiation induction and cell density - dependent effect of glial growth factors like hrg .