renal transplantation ( rtx ) is best therapeutic modality for end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) . compared with dialysis , a transplant leads to a longer life , enhances quality of life , and is cost - effective for the health care system . in india , 175,000 new patients develop esrd annually , and < 10% are able to gain access to renal replacement therapy . the rate of renal transplantations performed yearly in india translates to 3.25 per million population ; the deceased - donation rate is 0.08 per million population per year . this discrepancy between the number of waiting patients and transplantations performed can be reduced by developing deceased donor organ transplantation ( ddot ) program . the reasons for such a low rate are many , ranging from lack of awareness to socioeconomic reasons . apart from the medical issues , legal , social , and ethical issues are the key factors in obtaining consent from the relatives of potential deceased donors . this was a retrospective study of 160 ddot carried out in our institute from january 2006 to december 2009 . demographics and post - transplant follow up including investigations , immunosuppression requirement , rejection episodes , and survival were evaluated . all patients received induction with rabbit - anti - thymocyte globulin ( r - atg ) ( 1.5 mg/ kg ) , and methylprednisolone ( mp ) 500 mg intravenously and mp was continued for 3 days postoperatively . maintenance of immunosuppression consisted of prednisolone ( 30 mg / day tapered to 10 mg / day at 3 months post - transplant and continued thereafter ) , mycophenolate mofetil ( mmf ) ( 2 g / day ) , and calcineurin inhibitors ( cni ) [ cyclosporine { csa } ( 5 mg / kgbw / day or tacrolimus , 0.08 mg / kgbw / day ) ] . doses of cni were adjusted as per trough levels ( c0 ) by hplc method in initial 23 months thereafter it was done in event of graft dysfunction due to economic constraints.cyclosporine dosing was adjusted to achieve target c0 concentrations of 200300 ng / ml during the first 23 months after transplantation , 100250 ng / ml up to 6 months after transplantation , and ~100 ng / ml thereafter . tacrolimus dosing was adjusted to achieve target c0 concentrations of 1015 ng / ml during the first 23 months after transplantation , and 48 ng / ml thereafter . all patients received prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) infection ( gancyclovir 1 g thrice a day3month ) , fungal infections ( fluconazole 100 mg once a day6 months ) , and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( trimethoprim / sulfamethaxazole ( tmp / smx 160/800 mg ) once a day9 months ) . all patients were followed at weekly intervals for the first 3 months , fortnightly for the next 3 months , monthly for the next 6 months , and 3 monthly intervals thereafter . on every visit , renal and liver function status was monitored ; complete blood counts and ultrasound doppler studies were performed . recipients underwent renal graft biopsy for clinical suspicion of acute rejection based on a decline in renal function . an acute rejection episode diagnosed by an allograft biopsy as per the modified banff classification , was treated with standard anti - rejection therapy ( art ) . t - cell rejections were treated with mp 500 mg3 dosesr - atg 1.5 mg / kg single dose . b - cell rejections were treated with mp 500 mg  3 dosesplasmapharesis ( 40 ml / kg per session48 sessions)+ivig 5 g / day510 dosesrituximab 375 mg / m bsa single dose . all patients received induction with rabbit - anti - thymocyte globulin ( r - atg ) ( 1.5 mg/ kg ) , and methylprednisolone ( mp ) 500 mg intravenously and mp was continued for 3 days postoperatively . maintenance of immunosuppression consisted of prednisolone ( 30 mg / day tapered to 10 mg / day at 3 months post - transplant and continued thereafter ) , mycophenolate mofetil ( mmf ) ( 2 g / day ) , and calcineurin inhibitors ( cni ) [ cyclosporine { csa } ( 5 mg / kgbw / day or tacrolimus , 0.08 mg / kgbw / day ) ] . doses of cni were adjusted as per trough levels ( c0 ) by hplc method in initial 23 months thereafter it was done in event of graft dysfunction due to economic constraints.cyclosporine dosing was adjusted to achieve target c0 concentrations of 200300 ng / ml during the first 23 months after transplantation , 100250 ng / ml up to 6 months after transplantation , and ~100 ng / ml thereafter . tacrolimus dosing was adjusted to achieve target c0 concentrations of 1015 ng / ml during the first 23 months after transplantation , and 48 ng / ml thereafter . all patients received prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) infection ( gancyclovir 1 g thrice a day3month ) , fungal infections ( fluconazole 100 mg once a day6 months ) , and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( trimethoprim / sulfamethaxazole ( tmp / smx 160/800 mg ) once a day9 months ) . all patients were followed at weekly intervals for the first 3 months , fortnightly for the next 3 months , monthly for the next 6 months , and 3 monthly intervals thereafter . on every visit , renal and liver function status was monitored ; complete blood counts and ultrasound doppler studies were performed . recipients underwent renal graft biopsy for clinical suspicion of acute rejection based on a decline in renal function . an acute rejection episode diagnosed by an allograft biopsy as per the modified banff classification , was treated with standard anti - rejection therapy ( art ) . t - cell rejections were treated with mp 500 mg3 dosesr - atg 1.5 mg / kg single dose . b - cell rejections were treated with mp 500 mg  3 dosesplasmapharesis ( 40 ml / kg per session48 sessions)+ivig 5 g / day510 dosesrituximab 375 mg / m bsa single dose . out of 1109 rtxs performed , 160 ( 14.42% ) were ddot , out of which 68.8% ( n=110 ) were males and 31.2% ( n=50 ) were females with mean age , 35.614.68 years . the underlying diseases for development of esrd were chronic glomerulonephritis ( cgn ) ( n=79 ) , diabetes mellitus ( n=16 ) , benign nephrosclerosis ( n=16 ) , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ( n=9 ) , focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis ( n=3 ) , iga nephropathy ( n=4 ) , obstructive uropathy ( n=8 ) , tubulointerstitial nephritis ( n=7 ) , lupus nephritis ( n=6 ) , single unit kidney with cgn ( n=5 ) , mpgn ( n=2 ) , chronic pyelonepritis(n=2 ) , and alport syndrome ( n=3 ) . kidneys were retrieved from 89 donors , including 14.3% non - heart - beating donors and 25.2% expanded criteria donors ( ecd ) . out of 89 donors , 24.7% ( n=22 ) were from ahmedabad , 55.1% ( n=49 ) from surat ( about 250 km away ) , 16.9% ( n=15 ) from rajkot ( about 200 km away ) , 2.2% ( n=2 ) from bhuj ( about 600 km away ) , and 1.1% ( n=1 ) was from bhavnagar ( about 250 km away ) . mean cold ischaemia time was 5.562.04 h and a total of 30.6% ( n=49 ) patients developed delayed graft function . patient survival was 79.58% , 76.7% , 74.8% , and graft survival was 92.4% , 87.9%% , and 87.9% at 1 , 2 and 3 years respectively [ figure 1 ] . mean scr ( mg / dl ) at 1 year , 2 years and 3 years was 1.340.34 , 1.430.41 , and 1.400.36 , respectively . kaplan curve showing patient and graft survival total of 36 ( 22.5% ) patients died , 16 due to gram - negative sepsis , 4 due to fungal infection , 4 due to cmv disease , 3 due to staphylococcal pneumonia with acute respiratory distress , 4 due to acute myocardial infarction , and 5 due to cerebrovascular stroke . all patients received triple immunosuppression , 60% ( n=96 ) received csa , 31.9% ( n=51 ) received tacrolimus , and 8.22% ( n=13 ) received sirolimus - based regimens . 14% ( 10% in 1st year and 4% in 2nd year ) had biopsy proven acute rejection ( n=22 ) . acute b - cell mediated rejections were noted in 3.8% ( n=6 ) , acute t - cell mediated rejections in 2.5% ( n=4 ) , combined acute t- and b - cell mediated rejections in 3.8% ( n=6 ) , acute borderline t+b - cell mediated rejections were noted in 3.8% ( n=6 ) , and chronic t - cell mediated rejection was noted in 0.63% ( n=1 ) patients . ddot in india is low despite tremendous potential . following steps which are prerequisite for successful ddot program in our set - up have been taken by our institute.[781115 ] 
 ( 1)increased public awareness on the need for deceased donor organs like public education campaigns on brain death especially on world kidney day.(2)encouraging participation of surgeons in general hospitals in identification of potential donors.(3)expediting in passing legislation to procure deceased donor organs.(4)reduction of cost of transplantation ( since the financial burden is borne by individuals with state support).(5)early brain death identification and certification by neurosurgeons , recognizing potential donors.(6)requesting for organ donation and obtaining consent for organ donation.(7)establishment of a committed and integrated rapid response team capable of transporting potential donor to hospitals in a timely manner.(8)improvement in transportation , communication networks , and ambulance services , successful organ retrieval.(9)efficient and trained transplant co - coordinator.(10)adequate hospital infrastructure and support logistics along with intensivists with adequate intensive care facilities and fully qualified , trained medical and paramedical staff.(11)inclusion of expanded criteria donors ( ecd).(12)positive steps have been taken by the central and state governments , and few non - government ( ngo)/nonprofit organizations in the country . 
  increased public awareness on the need for deceased donor organs like public education campaigns on brain death especially on world kidney day . reduction of cost of transplantation ( since the financial burden is borne by individuals with state support ) . early brain death identification and certification by neurosurgeons , recognizing potential donors . requesting for organ donation and obtaining consent for organ donation . establishment of a committed and integrated rapid response team capable of transporting potential donor to hospitals in a timely manner . adequate hospital infrastructure and support logistics along with intensivists with adequate intensive care facilities and fully qualified , trained medical and paramedical staff . positive steps have been taken by the central and state governments , and few non - government ( ngo)/nonprofit organizations in the country . ddot with elderly donors or donors with suboptimal donation criteria (  marginal  or ecd ) are increasing in number . in the united states , 15%20% of donors were ecd in 2002 . in europe , according to eurotransplant data in 2007 , 20% of donors were 65 years old . in india , where ddot account for around 4% of total transplants , discarding the marginal kidneys would hamper the program . in this study , ecd comprised 25.2% of ddot . in the circumstances of organ shortage , ddot with expanded criteria donor is a feasible option . individual centers in the india have reported their outcomes : in a study by mani , 1 year and 4 year graft survivals of 88 ddot in chennai were 72% and 63% , respectively , and patient survival was hardly different from graft survival . the inability of most of the patients to afford monoclonal antibodies for immunosuppression might be the reason for inferior 1-year results in this study . five - year patient and graft survivals of 68 ddot in chennai were 61.7% and 58.8% , respectively , with biopsy proven acute rejection ( bpar ) , 26.4% , delayed graft function ( dgf ) in 50% and cold ischemia time ( cit ) was 5.63.2 h , respectively . short - term graft survival was reduced because of a high 1-year post - transplantation mortality , with most of these deaths caused by sepsis or multiple organ failure . risk factors for early graft loss were retransplantation , longer cold ischemia time , and acute rejection episode . the 1-year allograft and patient survivals , of 100 ddot from four major centers in chennai , were 82% and 86% , respectively , with 2-year allograft and patient survivals of 74% and 80% , respectively . in a study by feroz et al . , from our centre , 1-year patient and graft survival rate for 38 ddot were 90% and 85% , respectively , with bpar in 17% , dgf in 68% and cit of 6.93.8 h , respectively . in indian , graft survival rates in good centers are 80% in cadaver donor transplants . in our study , over mean follow - up of 2.351.24 years , patient and graft survival rates were 77.5% and 89.3% respectively with high 1-year post - transplantation mortality , with most of these deaths caused by sepsis . it is possible that triple immunosuppressive regimens with atg induction , unhygienic living conditions , delayed presentation and diagnosis , tropical climate , limited availability , and the expense of diagnostic tools and economic constraints for treatment in majority of patients , may have contributed to high infection rate , similar to experience by other studies.[131618 ] infection , long duration of hd before transplant , ecd , increased dgf , socioeconomic factors pervasively influenced access to health care , may have contributed to high 1-year post - transplantation mortality , with most of these deaths caused by sepsis.[1921 ] recipients of renal allograft in developing countries may be more prone to infections , which are the most common cause of post - transplant mortality . in the circumstances of organ shortage ddot have a potential to expand the donor pool and shorten the waiting lists for rtx . graft function along with patient and graft survival rates are also acceptable .