fig1 shows a cross - sectional diagram of selected anatomical elements of the spinal cord . these include the layer of dura mater 10 that encompasses the spinal cord sc and encloses the spinal canal , the dorsal nerve rootlets 12 , the zone of cerebrospinal fluid 14 that separates the outer surface of the spinal cord from the inner surface of the dura , and the axons 16 that would be targeted by spinal cord stimulation instrumentation . fig1 a illustrates the complex anatomical arrangement of the postulated human spinal cord pathways . in the large dorsal column pathways ( f . gracilis , f . cuneatus ) activation of large numbers of axons that are located greater than 0 . 5 mm deep below pial surface will likely result in broader somatotopic coverage of painful areas of the body and an increased magnitude of pain attenuation effects . activation of axons within deeply positioned dorsal mid - line structures ( e . g . septomarginal f ., posterior proper f .) may result in complete relief of visceral pain . pathways positioned within the lateral and anterior regions of the spinal cord are not activated by current scs devices . there are many potential stimulation targets in these regions , including the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts which conduct pain and temperature signals to the brain . spinal cord stimulation may also be effective in treating patients with movement disorders ( e . g . parkinson &# 39 ; s disease ). there are a large number of potential motor and motor - modulation pathways throughout the human spinal cord that may represent optimal targets for this novel clinical application , e . g . lateral cerebrospinal f , rubrospinal f ., tectospinal f , dorsal spinocerebellar f ., ventro spinocerebellar f ., all of which are beyond the range of current scs devices . the i - patch system ( surface and penetrating electrode variants ) will be capable of selectively activating any spinal cord pathway , in any location , in a patient with a functionally intact spinal cord . stimulation of these sites will likely result in markedly improved spinal cord stimulation clinical efficacy . fig2 shows a cross - sectional diagram of the results of extradural stimulation of the spinal cord . the standard epidural stimulating electrode 20 is placed on the outside of the dura , and the field it produces is attenuated significantly by the presence of the csf 14 . the resulting field within the spinal cord is very weak , having little effect on the targeted dorsal column axons , but instead causing discomfort for the patient via parasitic activation of the dorsal rootlets 12 . fig3 shows a conceptual illustration of the principal electronic subsystems resident on a wireless embodiment of the i - patch receiver or array structure element 28 . seen there ( on the left ) are the turns of a microfabricated coil 30 that is configured to serve as an rf receiver that couples inductively to the counterpart coil on a paired transmitter element , this enabling the i - patch to receive power , information , and control signals . also shown ( on the right ) are the circuits 32 constituting the control elements that regulate the size , timing and distribution of the stimuli that act on the electrodes 34 ( center ). flexible attachment arms 36 extend from either side of a central body of the i - patch , with the attachment arms typically being formed at least in part of the substrate or backing material on which circuit components 32 are mounted or formed . fig4 shows an illustration of the underside of the i - patch receiver element , which would be in contact with the surface of the spinal cord . the electrodes 34 ( center ) are positioned by the neurosurgeon over the region of spinal cord to be stimulated . the underside of the biocompatible i - patch is in contact with the surface of the spinal cord , and held to it by the gentle clamping action of the extension arms 36 shown in the figure . fig5 shows the deployment of the i - patch receiver device 28 on the surface of the spinal cord sc . the extension arms 36 of the receiver device 28 partially encircle the body of the spinal cord sc , thus gently clamping the i - patch to it . the extension arms are positioned to reside between the dorsal rootlets 12 , and not be in contact with them . under some circumstances a number of dorsal rootlets may be sectioned to accommodate placement of the i - patch . fig6 shows a lateral view of the relative positions of the i - patch transmitter 40 and receiver 28 devices , on the surfaces of the dura 10 and spinal cord sc , respectively . the transmitter 40 and receiver 28 patches are inductively coupled to each other by electromagnetic fields established through current flows in the windings on their respective surfaces . the strength of the coupling can be adjusted by regulation of the strength of the current flow . in this way , power , information , and control signals can span the zone of csf resident between the inside surface of the dura and the outer surface of the spinal cord . fig7 shows a cross - sectional view of the relative positions of the i - patch transmitter 40 and receiver 28 devices , on the surface of the dura 10 and surface s of the spinal cord sc , respectively . by positioning the very thin i - patch receiver directly on the surface s of the spinal cord sc , it is possible to drive the electrodes such that the stimuli fields penetrate through the whole treatment zone of interest and are not attenuated by the csf . also , this type of stimulus field concentration insures that there is no parasitic excitation of the dorsal rootlets , with the resulting associated pain . to a rough approximation , the instantaneous electric field , e , within the stimulation zone will be given by e = σ / 2κε 0 where σ is the surface charge density created at the electrode &# 39 ; s surface , κε 0 is the product of the dielectric constant of the spinal cord substrate and the permittivity of free space . end effects associated with the geometry of each individual stimulus electrode will modify this simple model , as will superposition of the fields due to the simultaneous activation of one or more neighboring electrodes . fig8 shows a schematic representation of the inductive coupling action taking place between the i - patch transmitter 40 and receiver 28 devices . as seen there , the power , information , and control signals generated by the transmitter device on the dura side of the system are inductively coupled across the csf fluid to the receiver device , where they are operated on by the on - board controller , and stimuli signals are distributed to the electrodes . the inductive coupling action is governed by the mutual inductance between the two sets of windings . the optional ‘ wireless ’ design of the i - patch system is a very important design aspect of some embodiments . however , alternative embodiments employ ‘ wired ’ versions of i - patch devices that are safe and effective , as described below . embodiments of these wired devices may have higher rates of mechanical failure and be associated with increased risks of complications compared to a wireless i - patch version , but would function and potentially be useful for certain applications . the i - patch can deliver electrical stimuli to regions of the spinal cord that are targeted by current scs devices . this is accomplished by positioning electrodes on the pial surface of the spinal cord . it is highly likely that therapeutic effects can also be achieved by selectively stimulating circumscribed sub - regions of the spinal cord positioned deep to the pial surface . in fact , the spatio - temporally selected electrical stimulation of certain structures within the central regions of the spinal cord may result in therapeutic benefits that cannot be achieved with surface stimulation . a broad range of clinical applications , beyond the currently targeted chronic pain treatments , will likely be available via placement of chronic penetrating i - patch electrodes ( e . g . activation of motor pathways to treat patients with movement disorders or paralysis ). the penetrating electrode i - patch 50 is illustrated in fig9 . multi - contact penetrating electrodes 52 extend from the i - patch main assembly 54 . the interface between the main assembly and penetrating electrode shaft may be held rigid ( at least during implantation ), allowing the surgeon to insert the penetrating electrode into the spinal cord by advancing the i - patch device toward the dorsal spinal cord surface using the i - patch applier . once the main assembly is in contact with the surface of the spinal cord , the flexible i - patch attachment arms are optionally released resulting in a stable attachment between the spinal cord and the electrode assembly . in some embodiments , the electrodes may , after implantation , be supported relative to each other and the substrate or backing of the i - patch with resiliently flexible materials , thereby allowing the overall array of electrodes to accommodate pulsation and the like . suitable resilient flexible support of the electrodes may be provided using a flexible material spanning between the electrode and walls of an aperture through the substrate , with the flexible material optionally comprising a separate layer bonded to the substrate , material insert molded within apertures through the substrate , or the like . electrical stimuli are delivered through select penetrating electrode contacts using control circuitry embedded in the i - patch main assembly . the geometric contour of electrical stimulation effects surrounding a given penetrating electrode contact is shaped by the selection of other i - patch surface and penetrating electrode contacts that are incorporated into bi - polar , or multi - polar stimulation montages . clinical applications that target neural pathways on ventrally located surface structures of the spinal cord that may be targeted with a malleable full - circumference i - patch prototype as illustrated in fig1 . in contrast to the i - patch designs with elastic c - clamps , as described above , the device 60 of fig1 is fully pliable and has no ‘ memory ’ of the curvature of the spinal cord . a dense array of electrode contacts 62 is imbedded in a flexible band 64 extending from a body of the device and capable of fully circumscribing the spinal cord . this flexible band 64 is inserted in the space between the dura and the spinal cord and gently advanced until the leading edge is visible on the opposite side of the spinal cord ( fig1 and 12 ). the leading edge of the electrode band is then crimped , pinned or otherwise secured to the main assembly of the i - patch device ( fig1 ) by a crimping device 66 or the like . the pliable band achieves the objective of positioning electrode contacts in an un - interrupted linear array covering the entire circumference of the spinal cord . the drawbacks of this design are that the insertion technique is more difficult and associated with increased risks compared to the standard i - patch . when advancing the electrode band around the circumference of the spinal cord there will be a small risk of injuring nerve roots or causing a hemorrhage . also , the mechanical contact , and thus electrical coupling , achieved between the electrodes and spinal cord surface will be less optimal than with the standard i - patch prototype . the full - circumference band cannot be attached so tightly that it impedes spinal cord pulsation ; this would result in injury to the neural tissue . conversely , a ‘ loose fitting ’ circumferential band will not exert the optimal inward forces on the electrode contact and thus allow spinal fluid to flow between the electrode contact and the pial surface resulting in sub - optimal electrical coupling . one potential design variant would involve having the electrode contacts protrude from the flexible band , allowing for firm contact between electrodes and the pial surface , but also gaps between the pial surface and the non - electrode bearing portions of the flexible arm . these gaps would accommodate pulsatile spinal cord expansion and contraction . alternative patch designs with reduced spinal cord compression and improved accommodation of spinal cord pulsations are illustrated in fig1 and 15 . the devices of fig1 , 15 , and 15 a have incomplete ring configuration and elastic properties that enable the devices to gently expand and contract along with the spinal cord . the i - patch variant 70 of fig1 has spiral attachment arms 72 , and the staggered i patch variant 80 of fig1 and 15a has staggered arms 82 the devices of fig1 and 15 further reduce the degree of mechanical constriction in a given cross - sectional portion of the spinal cord . the net effect of gently exerting inward forces on the device to maintain contact with the spinal cord is achieved by ‘ staggering ’ the attachment arms , or by using ‘ spiral ’ configured attachment arms . an i - patch applier ( ipa ) 90 is illustrated in fig1 and 17 . the ipa 90 will preferably enable the surgeon to maintain a rigid , but reversible attachment to the i - patch main assembly of receiver 28 . while maintaining a rigid attachment of the i - patch with a main assembly of the ipa 90 , the surgeon will have the ability to adjust the position of the i - patch &# 39 ; s pliable attachment arms in an incremental , precisely controlled , and reversible manner . after the i - patch is placed on the surface of the spinal cord , and the flexible attachment arms are in their final position , the ipa allows the surgeon to safely and efficiently detach the i - patch from the ipa . the ipa 90 can be used as a hand - held device , or attached to an intra - operative mechanical advancer device . the surgeon controls the position of the ipa by controlling the insertion device rod 92 ( fig1 ). a stabilizing plate 94 is attached to the end of this rod 92 . the plate 94 is contoured to match the curvature of the i - patch device 28 , which in turn is contoured to match the curvature of the spinal cord sc . the i - patch main assembly contains the transceiver antenna and control circuitry and fits snuggly into ipa stabilizing plate 94 . the i - patch flexible attachment arms 36 extend away from the main assembly and are contoured to follow the curvature of the spinal cord surface s . the distal ends of these flexible arms 36 can be reversibly extended during the insertion procedure in order for the i - patch to be placed on the spinal cord sc . this function is achieved by securing a suture through an eyelet 96 positioned at the termination points of the flexible arms 36 . a double strand suture 98 is then passed through a series of islets 100 until secured to a suture tension adjustment rod having a knob 102 . the surgeon rotates this rod to adjust the conformation of the extension arms . when the i - patch is being inserted onto the spinal cord , the adjustment rod is rotated into a position that achieves the desired degree of flexible arm extension . once the i - patch is in the desired position , the surgeon rotates the adjustment rod until the flexible arms have returned to their pre - formed position , resulting in uniform , gentle , direct contact of the entire i - patch device with the spinal cord surface . the surgeon then disengages the ipa from the i - patch by cutting the tension sutures . the cut sutures are gently removed , followed by removal of the ipa . the entire insertion procedure should be accomplished in approximately 15 seconds ( fig1 ). the i - patch system will typically include a thin - film extra - dural device 40 that wirelessly transmits power and command signals to the spinal cord electrode assembly 28 . this extra - dural device element 40 achieves the following design goals . optionally , no physical connection between the power / command relay device and the spinal cord electrode ( i . e . no ‘ tethering ’). no physical obstruction of the csf surrounding the spinal cord ( avoid risk of syrinx formation ). optionally , no device elements penetrate the dura in a manner that would result in an increased risk of csf fistula formation . the distance , or gap , across which wireless transmission occurs can be made be as short as possible without compromising the other device design specifications . the extra - dural relay device 40 , however , will be exposed to blood products / plasma serum that always accumulates in the extra - dural space following surgery . in some instances , these materials could accumulate in the space between the extra - dural device and dura , altering the spatial and electromagnetic relationships between the relay device and the spinal cord implant . while this will not usually be a concern , under certain circumstances the electromagnetic coupling between the extra - dural and spinal cord elements may be affected , as it is highly sensitive to relative spatial relationships and the dielectric properties of intervening materials . an intra - dural relay device ( idrd ) 120 as may be used an alternative to the extra - dural relay element 40 and may have superior performance characteristics under certain circumstances . the idrd 120 includes a thin film power / command relay device body 122 that is placed on the inner surface of the dura lining the dorsal aspect of the spinal canal see fig1 through 21 . the pliable thin film device 122 contours to the curved surface of the dorsal spinal canal dura and is held in place with sutures 124 . it is placed after the spinal cord electrode array device 28 is positioned , at the beginning of the dural closure procedure . the dural closure procedure does not differ significantly from the standard closure procedure . the risk of csf leak around the lead cable emanating from the thin film idrd is eliminated by using a simple ‘ washer ’ clamping method at the lead cable exit site . following surgery , the idrd body 122 will lay flush with the inner surface of the dura . the idrd &# 39 ; s low profile will not obstruct csf flow . the spatial relationship between the idrd and spinal cord electrode array will not be altered by the post - operative accumulation of blood products in the extra - dural space . the surgical technique for suturing closed the dura will not differ significantly from that used with the ‘ standard ’ i - patch procedure . only additional seconds are required to place the ‘ washer ’ and crimping device , such as by sliding a dual compression washer 126 along a flexible lead 128 beyond a groove 130 so as to secure the washer in position by a clamping or washer compression device 140 , with the dura clamped between the washer 126 and a flanged , flat backstop 132 of idrd body 122 . the idrd 120 can be secured in position under the surface of dura 10 within cut dura edges 134 with stay sutures 136 placed at proximal and distal ends of the idrd body 122 . dural edges 134 can be approximated by sutures 138 , and washer 126 can then be slid along lead 128 beyond groove 130 so that the crimp or washer compression device 140 engages the groove . fig2 and 23 show one embodiment of the electronic elements that might be on - board the i - patch spinal cord implant . fig2 shows the transceiver coils that inductively couple power and information signals into the circuit . a bridge circuit converts the ac signals to dc voltage levels , in order to provide power to the rest of the circuit . a reset signal is generated from the input pulses via a schmitt trigger . fig2 shows the other elements of the control and pulsing circuit . these consist of a phase - locked - loop that generates a pulse train which is operated on by a counter , and a 3 - bit to 8 - line decoder that , with a monostable multivibrator , converts the counter &# 39 ; s wavetrain into signals that are distributed to selected electrodes . the above - mentioned reset signals are used to clear the circuit elements at the end of each pulsing cycle . fig2 shows the somatotopical organization of the dorsal spinal column axons . embodiments of the devices , systems , and methods described herein may make use of such organization by selectively energizing electrodes of the array structure 28 so as to inhibit focal pain of ( or otherwise treat ) somototopically corresponding anatomy of the patient . axial regions t 11 , t 12 , l 1 , and l 2 are associated with low back signals ; l 3 , l 4 , and l 5 are associated with leg and foot signals 152 ; and s 1 - s 4 are associated with pelvis signals 154 ; so that stimuli applied to one of these regions may provide therapeutic effects for pain of the associated anatomy . note that limiting lateral transmission of stimuli by employing direct contact or near field signal transmission from a discrete electrode of the array to the spinal cord may be particularly beneficial for treatment of low back pain or the like , as the axons associated with low back pain may be located in close proximity to the dorsal root entry zone drez , and inhibiting transmission of spurious or collateral signals to the drez may improve the efficacy and / or decrease deleterious effects of the therapy . fig2 and 25a show dentate ligament structures that extend laterally between the spinal cord and surrounding dura . more specifically , fig2 is a profile - view diagrammatic representation of the human spinal cord with surrounding meninges . arachnoid mater a is closely applied to the thick outer dura 10 . an intermediate leptomeningeal layer il lies between the arachnoid mater a and the pia mater . this layer is fenestrated and is attached to the inner aspect of the arachnoid mater . it is reflected to form the dorsal septum s . dentate ligaments 160 are present on either side of the spinal cord sc . the collagenous core of the dentate ligaments fuses with subpial collagen medially and at intervals laterally with dural collagen , as shown on the left side of the diagram . blood vessels v within the subarachnoid space are seen along a surface of the spinal cord sc . as can be seen in the axial section through the spinal cord of fig2 a , dorsal rootlets 162 and ventral rootlets 164 may extend from spinal column sc dorsally and ventrally of denticulate ligaments 160 , with the dentate ligaments generally attaching the left and right lateral portion of the spinal cord sc to left and right regions along an internal surface of dura 10 . additional details regarding these anatomical structures may be understood , for example , with reference to “ the fine anatomy of the human spinal meninges ” by david s . nicholas et al . ; j . neurosurg 69 : 276 - 282 ( 1988 ); and to “ the denticulate ligament : anatomy and functional significance ” by r . shane tubbs et al . ; j . neurosurg 94 : 271 - 275 ( 2001 ). fig2 and 26a show yet another alternative embodiment of an i - patch 170 having an electrode array 34 supported by a body 172 including a flexible substrate or backing as described above , with the array here configured to engage a dorsal portion of the spinal cord sc . dentate ligament attachment features such as flexible arms 174 extend laterally from left and right sides of body 172 , with the arms optionally comprising the same substrate or backing material from which the body is formed . these arms or other features are configured to be attached to left and right dentate ligaments 160 on either side of the treatment region of the spinal cord so as to support the array 34 in engagement with the surface of the spinal cord . the dentate ligament provides a thin , but high tensile strength fibrous attachment that extends from the lateral spinal canal wall to fuse with and attach to the pia - arachnoid membrane on the lateral surface of the spinal cord , approximately at the ‘ equator ’ of the cord as viewed in cross - section . this location and geometry is well suited for gently exerting a desirable amount of downward / inward pressure on the i - patch , optionally without having to resort to sutures and without using any ‘ non - targeted ’ parts of the spinal cord as points of attachment . the body of dentate - ligament supported i - patch device 170 may be largely or entirely flexible and / or elastic . electrodes 34 may be arrayed to provide coverage within the dorsal column of the spinal cord and may be embedded in a flexible silicone - type , biocompatible material . the dentate ligament attachment features such as attachment arms 174 may be more highly elastic , optionally having no electronic elements contained within them , and may extend laterally from the electrode - bearing body portion of the device . these attachment arms can be thin ( optionally being thinner than the substrate adjacent the electrode array ), flat , and / or floppy . the attachment arms may ‘ flair ’ to a larger width adjacent the ends opposite the array , and / or may have slightly raised groves or texture at or near these ends to facilitate clipping , crimping , and / or adhesively bonding the arms to the dentate ligament . during implantation , the dentate ligament supported i - patch device 170 may be placed and centered over the exposed dorsal column of the spinal cord . a small number of rootlets may optionally be sectioned to create room for the attachment arms ( as may also be done with other i - patch embodiments ). the flared end of each attachment arm can be draped on the dentate ligaments on either side of the spinal cord . with the patient in the prone position the gravitational forces will result in a gentle fit of the electrode bearing portion of the i - patch on the dorsal spinal cord . the amount of downward gravitational force exerted on the i - patch will not be large enough to occlude surface blood vessels . the preferred points of contact will be between an array of slightly protruding electrode contacts and the pial surface of the dorsal columns . microclips 176 or other types of fixation or crimping devices can be used to secure the attachment arms to the dentate ligaments . metal microclips used in a variety of surgeries ( e . g . weck clips ) may be employed , though non - metallic clips or other fasteners may have particular advantages , and are used widely for endoscopic surgical procedures . a relatively broad surface of attachment is beneficial because of the thin , almost spider web nature of the dentate ligament . an approximately 3 mm clip may , for example , be employed . alternatively , a tissue glue could be used . with many techniques , there is no requirement for the i - patch , or i - patch attachment arms to be jostled or manipulated into position . the device is simply draped on the dorsal spinal cord surface and dentate ligaments , and secured in place . with these embodiments , the ‘ point of attachment ’ or ‘ anchor point ’ of the device may be on connective tissue rather than spinal cord tissue , limiting the clinical significance of any damage to the supporting tissue structure . a variety of alternative dentate ligament - supported i - patch embodiments may be provided , including embodiment 190 of fig2 and 27a . in general , these embodiments of the i - patch should be highly flexible so as to avoid restricting normal spinal cord pulsations in - situ . firm , constant mechanical contact should be achieved between the electrode surfaces and the pial surface of the spinal cord . a ‘ one size fits ’ all design is desirable , whereby a standard device can accommodate almost the full range of spinal cord anatomy variants encountered in patients , and / or where a limited number of sizes ( 1 - 5 ) will span a significant patient population . the implantation procedure should be simple , safe , fast and un - complicated . toward that end , embodiment 190 makes use of the dentate ligaments 160 to serve as a purchase point for a malleable i - patch electrode array . there is a simple clasp 192 at the end of each malleable or plastically deformable i - patch attachment arm 194 . in the operating room , the surgeon secures the ends of each attachment arm 194 to the dentate ligaments 160 . these ligaments are comprised of connective tissue and have no innervation . they are firmly attached to the lateral margin of the spinal cord . the highly elastic / malleable i - patch electrode assembly 190 is thus secured to the spinal cord surface . advantages of this and / or other dentate ligament supported i - patch variants may include a relatively simple electrode design . also , these embodiments should result in excellent mechanical contact between electrodes and pial surface , as the dentate ligaments will easily withstand the chronic forces exerted on them by the i - patch . the variability provided through deformable arms may allow a ‘ one size fits all ’ ( or limited number of sizes ) in the device , and the implantation procedure may be relatively less complicated . penetrating electrodes may optionally be employed in place of the contact electrodes , with the body of many of the dentate ligament embodiments optionally providing a pial surface platform to which such electrodes could be mounted . fig2 - 28g illustrate a still further ‘ wired ’ alternative dentate ligament ( dl ) supported embodiment of an i - patch 200 , along with implantation of that device so that a lead extends along ( and is attached to ) one of the dentate ligaments and is sealed where it extends through the dura . wired dl i - patch 200 has a flexible lead that extends through dura 10 , with the lead preferably extending along one of the dl attachment arm 174 . the lead then optionally runs laterally and dorsally , hugging the inner surface of the dura 10 , optionally using a staple , clip , suture , or stapled bracket 210 to maintain the position of the lead against the dura . the lead 202 may exit the dura 210 along the midline . by placing crimping clips 176 to secure the lead bearing i - patch attachment arm 174 to the dl 160 , a strain relieving function will be achieved . this should prevent torquing on the i - patch by the leads and injury to the spinal cord with spinal cord movement . as shown in fig2 b - 28g , a dura - traversing lead fitting 212 can help inhibit lead migration and facilitate water - tight dural closure , with the lead optionally being disposed along a re - approximated mid - line durotomy after closing most of the incision using standard techniques . a compression clip 216 can engage fitting 214 to help seal the dural leaflets to each other around fitting 214 , and tissue glue 218 can also be placed on and around the compression clip to effect closure . fig2 schematically illustrates an electrode extending from an interior surface of a backing or substrate of an array structure of the i - patch . the therapeutic benefit of the i - patch to the patient may be enhanced by maximizing the scs current densities in the targeted conducting tracts of the spinal cord itself , while minimizing the current density shunted away by the csf . this benefit may be enhanced by engaging the electrodes against the surface of the spinal cord as shown , with a stand - off column 220 extending between the exposed portion of the electrode 34 and the underside of the implant substrate body 222 . this can support the implant off the surface s of the spinal cord sc by about 100 μm to accommodate micropulsations of the spinal cord , as described above . by insulating the surface of stand - off column 220 , it is possible to minimize the shunting effect of the csf , as the exposed portion of the electrode will be in contact only with the pial surface of the spinal cord , and not with the csf itself . gentle inward pressure causes slight inward “ dimpling ” of the pial surface by the electrode . as a result , the un - insulated ( active ) exposed surface of the electrode is “ sealed ” by spinal cord tissue enveloping the protruding portion of the contact . a small gap separates the electrically inactive portions of the i - patch device , providing space into which the spinal cord tissue may expand and contract with cardiac pulsation cycles . fig3 schematically illustrates individual electrodes 34 flexibly mounted to a backing or substrate 230 by a soft resilient material 232 so as to allow the electrode to resiliently float or move radially and / or laterally relative to the substrate by a distance that is at least as large as the pulsations of the surface s of spinal column sc . this movement of the individual electrodes may inhibit sliding engagement of the electrodes against the surface of the spinal cord during pulsation . in some implementations of the i - patch the only parts of the i - patch device that directly engage the spinal cord are the electrode contacts . these may serve as mechanical anchoring points for the device . they should exert just enough pressure to maintain good electrical contact with the surface of the spinal cord . the pressure exerted on the spinal cord by the contacts should be generally even for all of the contacts . some embodiments achieve this by having electrodes protruding slightly from contoured attachments arms . these contoured attachment arms position all contacts in the desired position relative to the surface of the spinal cord . outward and inward movements of the contacts ( e . g . with pulsations and respirations ) are accommodated by movements of the semi - rigid attachment arms . unfortunately , this makes significant demands on the mechanical characteristics of the attachment arms . the arms may benefit from being contoured to a spinal cord of individual patients , and they should be constructed of materials that both hold this contour for a decade or more , yet expand and contract to accommodate spinal cord expansion / contraction . the mobile electrode approach facilitates design and material performance goals of the attachment arms . each contact is mobile and attached to the i - patch via an elastic / spring - like interface . the degree to which each contact extends out from the attachment arm is determined by the distance separating the attachment arm from the spinal cord surface at each contact location . the elastic nature of the connection between each contact and the attachment arm / body cause each contact to independently protrude out from the device until the desired tissue contact / force interface is achieved . in this way desirable mechanical interfaces are achieved between some , most , or all electrode contacts and the spinal cord , even if the attachment arms / body do not conform perfectly to the shape of the spinal cord . also , the elastic interface allows the contacts to slide in and out with expansion / contraction of the spinal cord without attachment arm movement . with mobile contacts , the attachment arms can be more rigid and will not be required to perfectly follow the contour of each patient &# 39 ; s spinal cord . in the embodiment of fig3 , electrode bodies 234 extend through apertures 238 in substrate 230 , with the substrate being pliable and having elasticity appropriate to supporting thin film circuit components . a soft elastomeric material 236 spans the apertures from substrate 230 to the electrode bodies , with the elastomeric material here comprising a sheet of material adhered to the outer surface of the substrate . in other embodiments , the electrodes may be supported relative to each other and the substrate with a soft elastomeric material spanning directly between the electrode and walls of the aperture ( such as by insert molding the material into the apertures with the electrode bodies positioned therein ). in still further alternative embodiments , the resilient material may form column 220 or the like . flexible conductors ( not shown ) may extend between the substrate and electrode bodies within or outside the elastic material with these conductors optionally being serpentine , having loops , or the like to accommodate movement of each electrode body relative to the substrate . as can generally be understood from the description and the parent provisional application , embodiments of the invention provide an implantable electronic system including and / or consisting of a signal generator means and a signal transceiver means . the transceiver means conforms to a surface structure of a region of spinal cord in a patient . the transceiver means is able to receive signals wirelessly from said signal generator means , and to process said signals according to an algorithm . the algorithm is then able to cause said transceiver means to generate electrical stimuli according to said algorithm . said stimuli can be applied by electrodes of said transceiver means to selected points on the surface of said spinal cord in said patient . optionally , the transceiver means may include and / or consists of an electronic circuit , a pliable substrate containing said electronic circuit , a plurality of contact points that apply said stimuli from said circuit to said spinal cord , and attachment aims that hold said pliable substrate in non - damaging contact with said spinal cord . in some embodiments , said generator of said wireless signals consists of a signal production means and an inductive coupling means such as a planar coil prepared on the surface of a pliable substrate . in some embodiments , said planar coil of said signal generator means is configured and positioned so as to conform to the inner or outer surface of a region of the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord . in some embodiments , said planar coil of said signal generator means deployed on a region of said dura mater of said spinal cord and said transceiver means deployed on the actual surface of said region of said spinal cord are positioned in proximity to each other and separated only by the thickness of said dura mater itself and / or by the layer of cerebrospinal fluid filling the gap between said inside surface of said dura mater and said outer surface of said transceiver means which is in intimate contact with said region of spinal cord . in some embodiments , said planar coil of said signal generator means communicates inductively with an opposing coil that is part of said electronic circuit means on said transceiver means in order to transfer electrical power and electrical control signals from said generator means to said transceiver means , as in an electromagnetic transformer . in some embodiments , said electronic circuit on said transceiver means further consists of circuit elements that may include an information processing means , a memory means , a bus means , a signal distribution means and other means for executing the function of the device according to the method of the invention . in some embodiments , said information processing means of said transceiver means is able to execute one of a plurality of algorithms that are resident either within said memory means of said transceiver or within said generator , with said algorithm being chosen in response to the physiological and anatomical needs of said patient . the electrical stimuli produced by said transceiver means in response to the action of said algorithm means can be applied to selected points on said region of spinal cord of said patient in response to the physiological and anatomical needs of said patient . the electrical stimuli produced by said transceiver means are generated as desired for the treatment of intractable pain as might be caused by musculo - skeletal disorders , neoplasms , arthritic degenerations , neurodegenerative disorders , trauma and / or the like . the circuit of said transceiver may include an assembly of discrete or integrated analog and digital components . the analog circuit elements within said transceiver may include active and passive components . the digital circuit elements within said transceiver may operate on electronic pulses , analog or digitized waveforms , dc voltage levels , and / or combinations thereof . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may incorporate a signal multiplexer that is able to distribute a plurality of stimulus signals to a plurality of electrodes in contact with a spinal cord of a patient . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may incorporate a phase - locked - loop system for detecting , synthesizing or processing a plurality of electronic waveforms , pulses and combinations thereof , for subsequent use in generating and distributing stimulus signals to a plurality of electrodes in contact with a spinal cord of a patient . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may incorporate frequency - shift keying and / or pulse - width modulation means for detecting , synthesizing or processing a plurality of electronic waveforms , pulses and combinations thereof , for subsequent use in generating and distributing stimulus signals to a plurality of electrodes in contact with a spinal cord of a patient . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may contain subcircuits to prevent accidental delivery of excess voltages to the spinal cord of a patient during the normal application of stimulus signals . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may contain ferrite elements to prevent the propagation within the circuit of parasitic or spurious radio - frequency signal components . the electronic circuit for said transceiver means may contain miniature solid - state fuses , fusible links or other such current interrupters , as well as back - up circuits , to protect said transceiver and said spinal cord of said patient from short circuits or other modes of failure . the electronic circuit for said transceiver may contain capacitive or inductive energy storage to allow for uninterrupted synthesis and application of stimulus signals in the event of interruption of the power transfer process . while exemplary embodiments of the devices , systems , and methods have been described in some detail for clarity of understanding and by way of example , a variety of changes , modifications , and adaptations will be obvious to those of skill in the art . hence , the scope of the invention is limited solely by the appended claims .
a method for treating intractable pain via electrical stimulation of the spinal cord . remote , non - contact stimulation of a selected region of spinal cord is achieved by placement of a transceiver patch directly on the surface of that region of spinal cord , with said patch optionally being inductively coupled to a transmitter patch of similar size on either the outer or inner wall of the dura surrounding that region of the spinal cord . by inductively exchanging electrical power and signals between said transmitter and transceiver patches , and by carrying out the necessary electronic and stimulus signal distribution functions on the transceiver patch , the targeted dorsal column axons can be stimulated without the unintended stray stimulation of nearby dorsal rootlets . novel configurations of a pliable surface - sheath and clamp or dentate ligament attachment features which realize undamaging attachment of the patch to the spinal cord are described .