the invention described herein features methods involving the administration of pramipexole ( or other dopamine - d3 / d2 agonists ) for the treatment of stimulant dependency , and preferably for the treatment of cocaine craving and its symptoms , as well as cocaine dependency and associated self - destructive behaviors . described below is an example of the successful use of pramipexole for the treatment of cocaine craving and related symptoms . this example is provided for the purpose of illustrating the invention and should not be construed as limiting . mr . a , a 34 year - old single , successful business man , was referred for evaluation of possible bipolar disorder . currently depressed , he had in the previous year brought financial ruin on himself by a pattern of cocaine freebasing and sexual and other extravagance that absorbed nearly one million dollars . along with current major depression , persisting cocaine craving but rare use , and a question of past primary or secondary ( to substance abuse ) mania , he manifested an extraordinary movement disorder with constant restlessness and thrashing of his legs , leaving the inner aspects of his knees and thighs bruised and discolored with hematomas in various stages of evolution and resolution . for the restless legs , he had consulted a neurologist who diagnosed “ pre - parkinsonism ” presumed secondary to neurological damage from cocaine . the disfiguring movements limited his ability to return to and conduct business . previously , he had failed to respond to or tolerate most of the new generation of antidepressants . treatment was begun with lamotrigine up to 200 mg with modest improvement in mood . given his severe restless legs syndrome and persisting depression , pramipexole was added , titeated to 1 . 5 mg a day in divided doses . in response to this treatment , his leg movements quieted substantially , his mood brightened , and he reported that these were the first days in a year that he awoke without craving cocaine , a benefit sustained for one year on this drug , combined with 75 mg of lamotrigine . during the subsequent year , mr . a . reported one day of non - compliance when he was out of town without his medication . that night , for the first time , he dreamt about cocaine and the next day experienced a renewed craving on awakening which resolved when treatment was restored . although he faces an array of financial and business challenges , his mood following treatment is nearly euthymic , his leg movements at worst resemble mild restlessness , and his cocaine craving remains abolished . these dramatic results demonstrate that dopamine agonists , like pramipexole , represent treatments for cocaine craving , and may be particularly useful for patients with comorbid refractory depression . the synthesis of pramipexole is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 886 , 812 and european patent 186 087 . pramipexole is a non - ergot derivative which may be used at a range of between about 1 . 5 mg to 6 . 0 mg per day ) and is preferably administered between about 1 . 5 mg and 4 . 5 mg per day . higher dosages may be used with the concomitant risk of potential side effects . other formulations for treatment or prevention of stimulant dependency or craving , such as cocaine craving , as described herein , may take the form of a dopamine agonist compound that may be combined with a pharmaceutically - acceptable diluent , carrier , stabilizer , or excipient . conventional pharmaceutical practice is employed to provide suitable formulations or compositions to administer such compositions to patients . oral administration is preferred , but any other appropriate route of administration may be employed , for example , parenteral , intravenous , subcutaneous , intramuscular , intracranial , intraorbital , ophthalmic , intraventricular , intracapsular , intraspinal , intracisternal , intraperitoneal , intranasal , or aerosol administration . therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions ( as , for example , for intravenous administration ); for oral administration , formulations may be in the form of liquids , tablets or capsules ; and for intranasal formulations , in the form of powders , nasal drops , or aerosols . methods well known in the art for making formulations are described , for example , in “ remington : the science and practice of pharmacy ” ( 19th ed .) ed . a . r . gennaro a . r ., 1995 , mack publishing company , easton , pa . formulations for parenteral administration may , for example , contain excipients , sterile water , saline , polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol , oils of vegetable origin , or hydrogenated napthalenes . if desired , slow release or extended release delivery systems may be utilized . biocompatible , biodegradable lactide polymer , lactide / glycolide copolymer , or polyoxyethylene - polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds . other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems include ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer particles , osmotic pumps , implantable infusion systems , and liposomes . formulations for inhalation may contain excipients , for example , lactose , or may be aqueous solutions containing , for example , polyoxyethylene - 9 - lauryl ether , glycocholate and deoxycholate , or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops , or as a gel . in general , a dopamine agonist for use in the methods of the invention is administered at a dosage appropriate to the effect to be achieved and is typically administered in unit dosage form . as noted above , the preferred route of administration for most indications is oral . an effective quantity of a dopamine agonist - containing compound of the invention is employed to treat the stimulant dependency or craving , for example , cocaine craving as described herein . the exact dosage of the compound may be dependent , for example , upon the age and weight of the recipient , the route of administration , and the severity and nature of the symptoms to be treated . in general , the dosage selected should be sufficient to prevent , ameliorate , or treat the condition , or one or more symptoms thereof , without producing significant toxic or undesirable side effects . one particular source of pramipexole is pharmacia & amp ; upjohn , inc . which markets mirapex ( pramipexole dihydrochloride ) tablets which have the molecular structure shown in fig1 . examples of other dopamine agonists include , but are not limited to , amantadine , bromocriptine , cabergoline , lisuride , pergolide , ropinirole , quinpirole , or quinelorane . pramipexole , or any other dopamine agonist , may be administered as a monotherapy , or in combination with other compounds , for the treatment of multiple substance abuse or other physiological or psychological conditions . in one particular example , the dopamine agonist ( e . g . pramipexole ) may be administered in combination with an antidepressant , anticonvulsant antianxiety , antimanic , antipyschotic , antiobsessional , sedative - hypnotic , or stimulant medication . examples of these medications include , but are not limited to , the antianxiety medications alprazolam , buspirone hydrochloride . chlordiazepoxide , chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride , clorazepate dipotassium , desipramine hydrochloride , diazepam , halazepam , hydroxyzine hydrochloride , hydroxyzine pamoate , lorazepam , meprobamate , oxazepam , prazepam , prochlorperazine maleate , prochlorperazine , prochlorperazine edisylate , and trimipramine maleate ; the anticonvulsants amobarbital , amobarbital sodium , carbamazepine , chlordiazepoxide , chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride , clorazepate dipotassium , diazepam , divalproex sodium , ethosuximide , ethotoin , gabapentin , lamotrigine , magnesium sulfate , mephenyloin , mephobarbital , methsuximide , paramethadione , pentobarbital sodium , phenacemide , phenobarbital , phenobarbital sodium , phensuximide , phenyloin , phenyloin sodium , primidone , secobarbital sodium , trimethadione , valproic acid , and clonazepam ; the antidepressants amitriptyline hydrochloride , amoxapine , bupropion hydrochloride , clomipramine hydrochloride , desipramine hydrochloride , doxepin hydrochloride , fluoxetine , fluvoxamine imipramine hydrochloride , imipramine pamoate , isocarboxazid , lamotrigine , maprotoline hydrochloride , nortriptyline hydrochloride , paroxetine hydrochloride , phenelzine sulfate , protriptyline hydrochloride , sertraline hydrochloride , tranylcypromine sulfate , trazodone hydrochloride , trimipramine maleate , and venlafaxine hydrochloride , the antimanic medications lithium carbonate and lithium citrate ; the antiobsessional medications fluvoxamine , and clomipramine hydrochloride ; the antipsychotic medications acetophenazine maleate , chlorpromazine hydrochloride , chlorprothixene , chlorprothixene hydrochloride , clozapine , fluphenazine decanoate , fluphenazine enathrate , fluphenazine hydrochloride , haloperidol decanoate , haloperidol , haloperidol lactate , lithium carbonate , lithium citrate , loxapine hydrochloride , loxapine succinate , mesoridazine besylate , molindone hydrochloride , perphenazine , pimozide , prochlorperazine maleate , prochlorperazine , prochlorperazine edisylate , promazine hydrochloride , risperidone , thioridazine , thioridazine hydrochloride , thiothixene , thiothixene hydrochloride , and trifluoperzine hydrochloride ; the sedative - hypnotic medications amobarbital , amobarbital sodium , amobarbital , butabarbital , chloralhydrale , chlordiazepoxide , chbordiazepoxide hydrochloride , clorazepate dipoiassium , diazepam , diphenhydramine , estazolam , ethchlorvynol , flurazepam hydrochloride , glutethimide , hydroxyzine hydrochloride , hydroxyzine pamoate , lorazepam , methotrimeprazine hydrochloride , midazolam hydrochloride , non prescription , oxazepam , pentobarbital sodium , phenobarbital , phenobarbital sodium , quazepam , secobarbital sodium , temazepam , triazolam , and zolpidem tartrate ; and the stimulants dextroamphetamine sulfate , methamphetamine hydrochloride , methylphenidate hydrochloride and , pemoline . all publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference . while the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof , it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations , uses , or adaptations of the invention following , in general , the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure that come within know n or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth , and follows in the scope of the appended claims .
disclosed herein are methods for reducing stimulant dependency or craving , involving administration of a therapeutically - effective amount of a dopamine agonist , such as pramipexole .