preservation of organs by machine perfusion has been accomplished at hypothermic temperatures with or without computer control with crystalloid perfusates and without oxygenation . see , for example , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 149 , 321 , 5 , 395 , 314 , 5 , 584 , 804 , 5 , 709 , 654 and 5 , 752 , 929 and u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 484 , 601 to klatz et al ., which are hereby incorporated by reference . ideally organs would be procured in a manner that limits their warm ischemia time to essentially zero . unfortunately , in reality , many organs , especially from non - beating heart donors , are procured after extended warm ischemia time periods ( i . e . 45 minutes or more ). the machine perfusion of these organs at low temperature has demonstrated significant improvement ( transpl int 1996 daemen ). numerous control circuits and pumping configurations have been utilized to achieve this objective and to machine perfuse organs in general . see , for example , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 338 , 662 and 5 , 494 , 822 to sadri ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 745 , 759 to bauer et al . ; u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 217 , 860 and 5 , 472 , 876 to fahy et al . ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 051 , 352 to martindale et al . ; u . s . pat . no . 3 , 995 , 444 to clark et al . ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 629 , 686 to gruenberg ; u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 738 , 914 and 3 , 892 , 628 to thome et al . ; u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 285 , 657 and 5 , 476 , 763 to bacchi et al . ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 157 , 930 to mcghee et al . ; and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 141 , 847 to sugimachi et al ., which are hereby incorporated by reference . the cannulas and clamping methods described herein may be used in conjunction with apparatus and methods described in u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 014 , 864 , 6 , 183 , 019 , 6 , 241 , 945 and 6 , 485 , 450 to owen , which are hereby incorporated by reference . while these apparatus and methods are related to organ recovery and transplantation , the cannulas and clamping methods described herein may also be used in various other medical procedures and with various other medical equipment where clamping with fluid flow is desired . thus , the cannulas and clamping methods described herein are not limited to the applications described below in conjunction with the exemplary implementations . fig4 shows a perfusion clamping apparatus or cannula 100 according to a first exemplary implementation . the cannula 100 is capable of connecting one or more arteries of an organ to a perfusion machine or system ( not shown ), for example , by connection to tubing of the perfusion machine or system . all medical fluid contact surfaces are preferably formed of or coated with materials compatible with the medical fluid used , preferably non - thrombogenic materials . the medical fluid for perfusion may be any suitable medical fluid . for example , it may be a simple crystalloid solution , or may be augmented with an appropriate oxygen carrier . the oxygen carrier may , for example , be washed , stabilized red blood cells , cross - linked hemoglobin , pegolated hemoglobin or fluorocarbon based emulsions . the medical fluid may also contain antioxidants known to reduce peroxidation or free radical damage in the physiological environment and specific agents known to aid in tissue protection . further , the medical fluid may also include blood or blood products . the cannula 100 is shown in fig4 in an open condition and in fig5 in a closed condition . in the open condition , a first circumferential portion 110 and a second circumferential portion 120 are rotated away from one another on a first hinge 150 . the first and second circumferential portions are rotated into contact with one another to form a second clamping surface 134 ( described later ). when vasculature is disposed between the first circumferential portion 110 and second circumferential portion 120 in such a closed condition , the circumference of the vasculature is supported . a fastening structure 140 secures the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 in this closed condition . the fastening structure 140 can be achieved in numerous ways . in the figures , the fastening structure 140 is shown as a releasable snap fit , but other fastening structures , such as a strap or tie will have similar effect . when a releasable snap fit is used , the cannula can be reopened without breaking so that the vasculature can be trimmed or repositioned . although the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 are shown as rotatably connected at the first hinge 150 , other methods of connection are contemplated by the broad inventive principles described herein . for example , at least one of the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 could be unattached before closure , and then snap fitted to the other of the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 . alternatively , first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 could translate on pins or rails . many implementations of relative movement between these two parts are within the broad inventive principles described herein . both of the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 include a tapered portion 190 . as shown in fig6 , the tapered portion 190 is narrower in diameter than the cylindrical space 200 formed between the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 . the tapered portion 190 helps to secure the vasculature , but should not excessively constrict fluid flow through the vasculature . to allow adequate fluid flow within the vasculature , the tapered portion 190 may constrict an outer diameter of the vasculature up to about twelve percent . after the vasculature is supported between the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 , a seal 130 is brought into contact with an end of the vasculature . this can be achieved by rotating a chamber portion 160 , via a second hinge 152 , into a closed position ( as shown in fig5 ), which will bring the seal 130 into contact with an end of the vasculature . in this closed position , the first clamping surface 132 and the second clamping surface 134 secure and end of the vasculature . the complementary conical surfaces of a first clamping surface 132 and the second clamping surface 134 secure the end of the vasculature in a manner that allows free flow of liquid to an interior of the vasculature . of course , other implementations of movement that secure the end of the vasculature are within the broad inventive principles described herein . free flow to and from an interior of the vasculature can be achieved by a flow passage 136 . the flow passage 136 may be a circular hole through the seal 130 , which may also be circular . the shape of the seal 130 and flow passage 136 are not limited to being circular , and may be influenced by other design considerations . the seal 130 may be made of an elastomeric material . this will help to prevent damage to the vasculature , particularly an interior of the vasculature , which may be more susceptible to damage than an exterior of the vasculature . the shore a hardness ( also known as the durometer ) of the seal 130 can be chosen to be within a range of not less than about 32 and not greater than about 70 or within any smaller range therein , such as , preferably not less than about 60 and not greater than about 65 . as used herein , the term “ about ” is intended to account for inherent manufacturing tolerances and inaccuracy in measurement . the hardness may be further tailored within or outside of these ranges depending upon the needs of the vasculature to be cannulated . seals 130 of various hardness and / or seals 130 with different sizes of the flow passage 136 may be included with the cannula 100 to form a kit that can be used with different vasculatures . the seal 130 is mated with a first opening ( not labeled ) in a chamber 162 of the chamber portion 160 . the flow passage 136 allows liquid communication from the vasculature to the chamber 162 . the chamber portion 160 also includes a second opening 166 and a third opening 168 in fluid communication with the chamber . the second opening 166 and the third opening 168 provide a “ lateral ” fluid flow , i . e ., a flow of fluid that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow to and from the tissue to which the cannula is attached . for example , the one or more fittings of the cannula are oriented to have an axis of fluid flow that is substantially perpendicular to an axis of fluid flow into / out of the flow passage 136 . this “ lateral ” fluid flow arrangement allows the cannula to be connected to tubing of an organ transporter , for example , that is substantially in a single plane , for example , as described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 678 , 563 and u . s . patent application publication no . 2004 / 0221719 , both of which are hereby incorporated by reference . further , multiple cannulas may be connected and even interconnected within substantially the same plane . one or both of the second opening 166 and the third opening 168 may be connected to a fitting utilized for priming and / or air bubble removal . a second fitting 107 comprises a port or valve for such purpose . the second opening 166 and the third opening 168 may be may also be used to network multiple cannulas , for example , by connecting tubing in parallel , for example , by running a split infuse line to the first fitting of each cannula , or in series , for example , by connecting the first fitting of a cannula to the second fitting of another cannula . standard luer geometry or other suitable structure may be used for the fittings . the chamber portion 160 may include an optically clear portion 170 . the optically clear portion 170 allows for visual inspection of the interior of the cannula . this is particularly advantageous in that it allows a user to inspect the clamping of vasculature within the cannula and to inspect for other things such as damage to the vasculature or bubbles within or flowing through the cannula . the optically clear portion may provide optical magnification to allow the user to see more detail of the vasculature , which can be relatively small , perhaps three to seven millimeters in diameter . as shown in fig4 , both the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 include a surface 220 that is outside a diameter of the second clamping surface 134 and is approximately perpendicular to a circumference of a vasculature that is supported within the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 . this surface includes serrations and / or knurls 180 . such serrations and / or knurls 180 may be included to secure additional tissue of the vasculature . although the cannula 100 is fully operational when securing vasculature without an aortic patch , the surface 220 and serrations and / or knurls 180 cooperate with corresponding structure ( not labeled ) on the chamber portion 160 to optionally secure an aortic patch . thus , exemplary implementations of the broad inventive principles described herein provide for a cannula that can be used with or without an aortic patch . for example , when a kidney is cannulated , significant portions of the renal artery may or may not be present . thus , the cannula 100 can be effectively used in either situation . the serrations and / or knurls 180 may also be included on the second clamping surface 134 . preferably , there are no serrations and / or knurls on the first clamping surface 132 because the first clamping surface 132 may contact an interior of the vasculature , which is more susceptible to damage . the relatively soft elastomeric material of the seal 130 ( and therefore of the second clamping surface 132 ) will help to prevent damage to the interior surface of the vasculature . the length of the seal that enters the intima of the artery is minimized , therefore minimizing damage to the inside of the artery . a notch 210 may also be included in one or both of the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 . four such notches are shown in fig4 . each notch 210 may be used to secure sutures or side branches of the vasculature . the sutures may be attached to the side branches . fig5 includes two posts 230 . these posts may be used to anchor one or more straps that wrap around the cannula 100 to fasten the chamber portion 160 to the first circumferential portion 110 and the second circumferential portion 120 and keep the cannula in a closed state . alternative structures may also be used such as a snap fit or ratcheting mechanism . while various features have been described in conjunction with the examples outlined above , various alternatives , modifications , variations , and / or improvements of those features and / or examples may be possible . accordingly , the examples , as set forth above , are intended to be illustrative . various changes may be made without departing from the broad spirit and scope of the underlying inventive principles .
disclosed is a cannula including a first circumferential portion , a second circumferential portion , and a seal with a first clamping surface . the first circumferential portion and the second circumferential portion are configured to mutually cooperate to support a circumference of vasculature , and form a second clamping surface . the first clamping surface and the second clamping surface are configured to cooperate to secure an end of the vasculature .