for ease of understanding the present invention , the dynamics of snoring are explained with reference to fig1 - 4 . the hard palate hp overlies the tongue t and forms the roof of the mouth m . the hard palate hp includes a bone support b and does not materially deform during breathing . the soft palate sp is soft and is made up of mucous membrane , fibrous and muscle tissue extending rearward from the hard palate hp . a leading end le of the soft palate sp is anchored to the trailing end of the hard palate hp . a trailing end te of the soft palate sp is unattached . since the soft palate sp is not structurally supported by bone or hard cartilage , the soft palate sp droops down from the plane of the hard palate hp in an arcuate geometry of repose . the pharyngeal airway passes air from the mouth m and the nasal passages n into the trachea tr . the portion of the pharyngeal airway defined between opposing surfaces of the upper surface of the soft palate sp and the wall of the throat is the nasopharynx np . during normal breathing , the soft palate sp is in the relaxed state shown in fig1 with the nasopharynx np unobstructed and with air free to flow into the trachea tr from both the mouth m and the nostrils n . during swallowing , the soft palate sp flexes and extends ( as shown in fig2 ) to close the nasopharynx np thereby preventing fluid flow from the mouth m to the nasal passages n . simultaneously , the epiglottis ep closes the trachea tr so that food and drink pass only into the esophagus es and not the trachea tr . the soft palate sp is a valve to prevent regurgitation of food into the nose n . the soft palate sp also regulates airflow through the nose n while talking . since the soft palate sp performs such important functions , prior art techniques for surgically altering the soft palate sp can compromise these functions . the majority of snoring is caused by the soft palate sp flapping back and forth . if breathing is solely through the nose n with the mouth closed , the trailing edge te of the soft palate sp is sucked into the nasopharyngeal space np obstructing the airway and subsequently falls opening the airway in a repeating cycle . when the mouth is open , air flows over the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate sp causing the soft palate sp to flap up and down alternating in obstructing the oral and nasal passageways m , n . the snoring sound is generated by impulses caused by rapid obstruction and opening of airways . huang , et al ., state the airway passage opening and closing occurs 50 times per second during a snore . huang , et al ., utilize a spring - mass model ( fig5 ) to illustrate oscillation of the soft palate in response to airflow ( where the soft palate is the ball b of mass depending by a spring s from a fixed anchor a ). huang , et al ., analogize the shortening of the soft palate sp in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty as effectively raising the critical air flow speed at which soft palate flutter will occur . the shaded area sa in fig3 shows the area of the trailing end te of the soft palate sp to be removed during this procedure . the alternative procedure proposed by huang , et al ., reduces the flexibility of the soft palate sp through surface scarring which is asserted as effecting the critical flow speed . the shaded area sa ′ in fig4 shows the area to be scarred by this alternate procedure . in fig4 , dashed line l shows the demarcation between the soft and hard palates . using the spring - mass model of fig5 as a convenient model of the soft palate sp , the present invention is directed to a surgical implant into the soft palate sp to alter the elements of the model and thereby alter the dynamic response of the soft palate sp to airflow . the implant can alter the mass of the model ( the ball b of fig5 ), the spring constant of the spring s , the dampening of the spring s or any combination of these elements . unlike the prior art surgical techniques , the implants that will be described are easy to insert in a small incision resulting in reduced patient discomfort and are not exposed to the interior of the mouth ( such as the surface scarring of huang , et al .) as a patient irritant . also , as will be described , the degree of dynamic remodeling can be fine tuned avoiding the need for excessive anatomical modification and are reversible in the event of adverse consequences . fig6 - 7 illustrate a first embodiment of the present invention where individual units 10 of mass ( in the form of implantable modular devices such as spheres or implants of other geometry ) are imbedded in the soft palate sp in close proximity to the trailing end te . with reference to the model of fig5 , the spheres add mass to the mass - spring system thereby altering dynamic response to airflow and adding resistance to displacement and accelerating . the placement of the units 10 of mass also alter the location of the soft palate &# 39 ; s center of mass further altering the model and dynamic response . the embodiment of fig6 - 10 is tunable to a particular patient in that multiple modules 10 can be implanted ( as illustrated in fig7 ). this permits the surgeon to progressively increase the number of implanted modules 10 until the altered dynamic response is such that snoring inducing oscillation is abated at normal airflow . the individual modules 10 may be placed into the soft palate sp through small individual incisions closed by sutures which is much less traumatic than the gross anatomical destruction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or the large surface area scarring proposed by huang , et al . preferably , such modules 10 of mass are solid modules such as spheres of biocompatible material which are radiopaque ( or radio - marked ) and compatible with magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). titanium is such a material . by way of non - limiting example , the modules 10 of mass may be about 2 - 4 mm in diameter . in the case of pure , non - sintered titanium , each such sphere 10 would add 0 . 15 - 1 . 22 gm of mass to the trailing end te of the soft palate sp and contribute to re - modeling the mass distribution of the soft palate sp . an example of an alternative material is any biocompatible ceramic . as shown in fig9 , the spheres ( labeled 10 ′ to distinguish from the version 10 of fig8 ) may be sintered throughout or otherwise provided with tissue growth inducing material 12 on their outer surface . such material may be a sintered outer layer or a coating or covering such as a polyester fabric jacket . such material permits and encourages tissue in - growth to secure the implant 10 ′ in place . also , placement of an implant 10 or 10 ′ will induce a fibrotic response acting to stiffen the soft palate sp ( and further alter the dynamic response and resistance to displacement and acceleration ). a sintered or coated sphere 10 ′ will enhance the fibrotic response and resulting stiffening . while tissue in - growth and enhanced fibrotic response have the benefits described above , such embodiments may make the implant 10 ′ more difficult to remove in the event reversal of the procedure is desired . therefore , as shown in fig1 as an alternative , the spheres ( labeled 10 ″ to distinguish from the implants 10 , 10 ′) maybe coated with smooth coating 14 ( such as parylene or ptfe ) to reduce fibrosis . the embodiments of fig6 - 10 add to and relocate the mass of the spring - mass system of fig5 to remodel the dynamic response . the amount of mass is selected to alter the dynamic response but not preclude the soft palate sp being moved to close off nasal passages n during swallowing . through fibrotic response and incision healing , the spring s of the model is stiffened . in addition to modifying the mass profile of the spring - mass system , the spring component s of fig5 can be modified ( alone or in combination with mass modification ) to alter dynamic response . fig1 - 16 illustrate an implant 20 in the form of a flexible strip for placement in the soft palate . the use of the term “ strip ” herein is not intended to be limited to long , narrow implants but can also include plates or other geometries implanted to alter the dynamic model of the soft palate sp . elongated strips are presently anticipated as a preferred geometry to facilitate ease of implant . the strip 20 has a transverse dimension less than a longitudinal dimension . by way of non - limiting example , the strip may have a length l s of about 20 - 30 mm , a thickness t s of about 2 - 4 mm and a width w s of 5 - 10 mm . as shown in fig1 , the strip 20 is embedded in the soft palate sp with the longitudinal dimension l s extending from adjacent the hard palate hp toward the trailing end te of the soft palate sp . as shown in fig1 , multiple strips 20 may be embedded in the soft palate sp extending either straight rearward or angled to the sides while extending rearward . the strips 20 may be formed straight ( fig1 ) or pre - shaped ( fig1 ) to have a rest shape approximate to the side - cross section shape of the soft palate in a relaxed state . the strips 20 may be any flexible , biocompatible material and are preferably radiopaque or radio - marked as well as mri compatible . the strips 20 need not be elastic and having a material spring constant biasing them to their original shape . such strips 20 could simply be flexible , plastically deformable strips which are stiffer than the soft palate sp to reinforce the soft palate sp and assist the soft palate sp in resisting deflection due to airflow . such stiffening of the soft palate sp stiffens and dampens the spring s in the spring - mass system of fig5 and alters the dynamic response of the soft palate sp . the strip 20 may be a spring having a spring constant to further resist deflection of the soft palate sp as well as urging the soft palate sp to the relaxed state of fig5 . the stiffness of the strip 20 , a spring constant of the strip 20 , and the number of strips 20 , are selected to avoid preclusion of closure of the soft palate sp during swallowing . examples of suitable materials include titanium and nitinol ( a well - known nickel - titanium alloy ). as with the examples of fig9 and 10 , the strips 20 may be provided with tissue in - growth surfaces or may be coated as desired . also , the strips may be structurally modified to control their flexibility . in fig1 , the bottom 22 of the strip 20 ( facing the tongue after placement ) is provided with transverse notches 24 to enhance downward flexion of the strip 20 relative to upward flexion of the strip 20 following placement . fig1 provides an alternative to the strips 20 of fig1 . in fig1 , the strip 20 ′ includes a housing 26 having an interior space 28 with an access opening 25 . tne interior space 28 extends in the longitudinal dimension of the housing 26 . the strip 20 ′ further includes a longitudinal insert 32 sized to be passed through the access opening 25 and into the space 28 . by way of non - limiting example , the housing 26 could be silicone rubber ( with radio - markers , not shown , to indicate placement ) and the inserts 32 could be titanium rods or other flexible member . with the embodiment of fig1 , the housing 26 ( without an insert ) may be embedded in the soft palate sp . the housing 26 acts independently as a stiffening strip to add stiffness to the soft palate sp to alter the soft palate &# 39 ; s dynamic response . in the event further stiffening or a spring action is desired , the implant 20 ′ can be selectively tuned to the patient &# 39 ; s unique dynamic model by placing the insert 32 into the space 28 at the time of initial surgery or during a subsequent procedure . the embodiment of fig1 , permits selection of an insert 32 from a wide variety of materials and construction so that an insert 32 of desired characteristics ( e . g ., stiffness and spring action ) can be selected to be inserted in the space 28 and alter the dynamic response as desired . the embodiment of fig1 also permits later removal of the insert 32 and replacement with a different insert 32 of different properties for post - surgery modification of the soft palate &# 39 ; s dynamic response . the embodiment of fig1 is similar to that of fig1 . the housing 26 ′ is provided with multiple , parallel - aligned interior spaces 28 ′ and access openings 25 ′. in addition to the function and benefits of the embodiment of fig1 , the number of inserts 32 may be varied to alter and adjust the dynamic response of the soft palate sp . fig1 illustrates a still further embodiment of the strip implant . in fig1 , the strip 20 ′″ is a bladder having a housing 26 ″ in the form of a completely sealed envelope of flexible synthetic material defining an interior space 28 ″. the envelope 26 ″ is preferably self - sealing following needle injection . fluid is injected into the housing 26 ″( e . g ., through hypodermic needle 40 injection ) to stiffen the strip 20 ′″. addition of fluid further stiffens the strip 20 ′″ and further alters the dynamic response of the soft palate sp . removal of fluid increases the flexibility . unlike the embodiments of fig1 ( where inserts 32 are most effectively replaced post - operatively through incision to alter flexibility ), the embodiment of fig1 permits selectively varying flexibility of the soft palate sp through needle injection . an alternative to fig1 is to fill the space 28 ″ with a so - called phase change polymer and inject a stiffening agent into the space 28 ″ to alter the flexibility of the polymer . fig2 - 23 illustrate a still further embodiment of the present invention . in the foregoing embodiments , the spring - mass system of fig5 is altered by altering the mass of the soft palate sp or the spring characteristics of the soft palate sp . the dynamic response can also be altered by altering the force acting on the spring - mass system . namely , the force acting on the soft palate sp is generated by airflow over the surface of the soft palate . the soft palate acts as an airfoil which generates lift in response to such airflow . by modifying the longitudinal ( i . e ., anterior to posterior ) cross - sectional geometry of the soft palate sp , the aerodynamic response and , accordingly , the dynamic response are altered . in the embodiments of fig2 - 23 , the implant 30 is inserted into the soft palate sp through an incision . the implant 30 has an oval shape to cause deformation of the geometry of the soft palate sp . prior to implantation , the implant 30 is preferably formed as a flat oval ( fig2 and 22 ) for ease of insertion . after implantation , the implant 30 expands to an enlarged oval ( fig2 and 23 ). while such expansion could be accomplished mechanically ( i . e ., through balloon expansion ), the implant 30 is preferably formed as a shape - memory alloy ( such as nitinol ) which expands to the enlarged shape in response to the warmth of the body . in addition to changing the aerodynamics of the soft palate sp , the implant 30 can be constructed with a mass and stiffness as desired to alter the spring and mass components of the spring - mass system of fig5 . the foregoing describes numerous embodiments of an invention for an implant for the soft palate to alter a dynamic response of the soft palate . the invention is much less traumatic than prior surgical treatments . further , the invention permits use of reversible procedures as well as procedures which can be selectively tuned both during surgery and post - operatively . having described the invention , alternatives and embodiments may occur to one of skill in the art . for example , the strips of fig1 may be encased coiled springs which may be tightened to further stiffen the strips . such strips may also be hinged segments . it is intended that such modifications and equivalents shall be included within the scope of the following claims .
a method and apparatus for treating snoring of a patient includes providing an implant for altering a dynamic response of a soft palate of the patient to airflow past the soft palate . the implant is embedded in the soft palate to alter the dynamic response . for example , the implant has a mass , stiffness or dampening sufficient to alter the dynamic response following the implantation without substantially impairing a function of the soft palate to close a nasal passage of the patient during swallowing .