the mentation test method and mentation test apparatus in an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings . as shown in the construction diagram in fig1 the mentation test apparatus in an embodiment according to the present invention comprises : a display device 1 for displaying an image by electronic control ; a transparent touch panel 2 overlaid on the screen of the display device 1 ; an image control device 3 for randomly distributing and displaying a given number of targets to be pointed in a prescribed order on the screen by controlling the display device 1 , and for erasing a target pointed in a prescribed order by allowing a test subject point the target by pressing the position corresponding to the target on the touch panel in a prescribed order ; a time counter 4 for measuring the search response time required for the test subject to search the targets in a correct order , and or the search response time required for the test subject to search a given number of the targets having a sequential order ; a processing unit 5 for calculating the test subject &# 39 ; s mentation based on the search response time measured with the time counter 4 ; and cpu 6 and rom 7 for controlling these devices . for example , a 17 inch crt display device is used for the display device 1 . a number of switching elements comprising a transparent electrode are aligned into a matrix in the touch panel 2 as known in the art , and the switch panel at the position corresponding to a target is turned on when the target displayed on the display device 1 is pressed from over the touch panel to input the coordinate of the display position of the target into the image control device 3 . the image control device 3 comprises a data base 31 storing an initial screen table for recording the coordinates , colors , shapes and sizes of 25 targets to be displayed on the screen ( the initial screen ), a main unit 32 for controlling the display device 1 based on the data read from the data base 31 or the data transferred from the touch panel 2 , and a selection unit 33 to be described hereinafter . a screen table having different dispositions of the targets and dummy targets after the targets have been pointed , for example a table filled with the data of 24 sorts of emergence patterns , are stored in the data base 31 , in addition to the initial screen table . the colors , shapes and sizes of the dummy targets are also stored in the data base 31 . the main unit 32 is waiting for the test subject to point the first target , after reading the initial screen table from the data base 31 and randomly distributing and displaying 25 targets on the screen of the display device 1 . as shown in the pattern diagram in fig2 the background of the screen is colored to pale bluish gray , and each target is displayed as a black circular button with an appropriate size in which a mark comprising a figure indicating the order of pointing is displayed as a white contrast in the gray background . the main unit 32 allows the display position of the target to be fixed and displayed until all the targets have been sequentially pointed . also , the main unit comprises a function for displaying a dummy target having a different color from the pointed target in place of the pointed target , a function for fixing the display position and displaying the target until all the targets have been pointed , besides displaying a dummy target at random positions in place of the pointed target , and a function for displaying the remaining targets by changing their positions every time when a target has been pointed . any one of these functions is selected and effectively used by the selection unit 33 . for example , suppose the coordinate of the first target is imputed from the touch panel 2 when the first function is selected with the selection unit 33 . then , display of the target at the input position is halted as shown in the pattern diagram in fig3 and a dummy target read from the data base is displayed at the corresponding position in place of the target . while the dummy target is displayed as a circular button with the same shape and size as the target and with a figure indicating the pointing order displayed as a white contrast , the color of the dummy target is changed to orange color . suppose the coordinate of the first target is imputed from the touch panel 2 when the second function is selected with the selection unit 33 . then , display of the target at the input position is halted as shown in the pattern diagram in fig4 instead a dummy target read from the data base is displayed at the corresponding position of the erased target . the dummy target configured as a black circular button with the same shape and size as those of the target , and a figure that has not been displayed , for example “ 26 ” when the first target is pointed or “ 27 ” when the second target is pointed , is displayed as a white contrast . suppose the coordinate of the first target is imputed from the touch panel 2 when the third function is selected with the selection unit 33 . then , display of the target at the input position is halted as shown in the pattern diagram in fig5 and a dummy target read from the data base is displayed in place of the target . the display image table of the modified display positions of the targets and dummy targets after , for example , the first target has been pointed is read from the data base in this case , and the targets and dummy targets are randomly rearranged and displayed in accordance with the data . a figure that has not been displayed is displayed as a white contrast in this black circular dummy target with the same shape and size as those of the target , as in the second function . the order for selecting these functions is not particularly restricted , and the selection may be switched either manually or automatically . the mentation test method in an embodiment according to the present invention is carried out using , for example , the mentation test apparatus as described above . the test is executed in the order of the test 1 in which a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order are displayed on the screen of the display device by being randomly distributed , the test subject is made to point each target in a prescribed order , and a dummy target having a different color from the pointed target is displayed at the position of the pointed target in place of the pointed target when the target has been pointed in a correct order ; the test 2 in which a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order are displayed on the screen of the display device by being randomly distributed , the test subject is made to point each target in a prescribed order , and a dummy target is displayed at random positions in place of the pointed target when the target has been pointed in a correct order ; and the test 3 in which a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order are displayed on the screen of the display device by being randomly distributed , the test subject is made to point each target in a prescribed order , and a dummy target is displayed at random positions in place of the pointed target while changing the display positions of each target and dummy target when the target has been pointed in a correct order . the time required for the test subject to search and point each target in each test is measured with the time counter 4 . the measurements were carried out with respect to normal adults of 40 males and 44 females with the age 18 or more and age 75 or less ( mean age 43 . 2 ± 17 . 0 , s . d ± 1 ), respectively , as shown in table 1 . the mean search response times for the test 1 ( task a ), test 2 ( task b ) and test 3 ( task c ) were determined . for example , the mean search response time of 14 normal adults ( nine males and five females ) in their forties for each target was 2400 to 2550 ms from the first through the fifth targets as shown in the two dimensional analysis of variance in fig6 showing no evident difference among the tests . however , the mean search response time was delayed in the test 3 ( task c ) and contracted in the test 1 and test 2 . in the test 3 ( task c ), the dispositions of all the targets and dummy targets change every time when the targets have been pointed . since the total number of the targets and dummy targets is unchanged , delay in the search response time seems to be caused by fatigue . since the positions of the target once appeared and of the dummy targets are unchanged in the test 2 ( task b ), search of a target and memory of the display positions of the other targets and dummy targets are processed in parallel . accordingly , the score in the test 2 ( task b ) is contracted relative to the score in the test 3 ( task c ) due to operation of the working memory . a remarkable contraction is observed in the test 1 ( task a ) as compared with the test 2 ( task b ). this is because the search area is limited to the targets that have not been pointed yet by changing the color of the dummy targets to the orange color that is different from the black color of the targets , besides the number of the targets that has not been pointed is decreased , or the number of the buttons is decreased . after the similar tests carried out for each age range , the search response times for the first to fifth targets were omitted from the analysis considering the effects of tension and inexperience . among the sixth to 25 th targets , the sixth to 15 th targets were classified as the first half targets and the 16 th to 25 th targets were classified as the last half targets . as shown in table 2 , the mean search response time was prolonged in all the tests as the ages of the test subjects are higher , showing delay by aging . the results are more closely related to the age than the results in the one - digit addition task ( simplified task in uchida - kraepelin &# 39 ; s test ) do , and a quite strong correlation with the age were observed particularly in the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) and in the last half of the test 3 ( task c ). the search response time for each target in each test was in the fast half and last half of the test , respectively . the ratios ( task a ) between the fast half and last half ( last half / first half ) in the test 1 ( task a ), and between the first half and last half ( last half / first half ) in the test ( task c ), and the ratio of the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the half of the test 3 ( task c ) were determined . as shown in table 3 , the search response time in the last half of the test was more contracted than that in the first half of the test in any generation with respect to the ratio between the last half and first half in the task a , showing no correlation with the age . in the test 3 ( task c ), the search response time was more delayed in the last half than in the first half with a slight correlation with the age , showing that the effect of fatigue was larger in the aged . since contraction of the search response time in the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the last half of the test 3 ( task c ) is conjectured to be caused by permitting the working memory to operate , a correlation with the age that the working memory dulls in the higher age was observed . since correlation of each search response time in the first half and last half of the test 1 ( task a ), in the first half and last half of the test 2 ( task b ) and in the first half and last half of the test 3 ( task c ) with aging was observed , the following equations 1 and 2 were obtained from a step - wise regression analysis with additional correction of curve . x = 0 . 0154 ×( first half of task a )+ 0 . 00978 ×( last half of task c )− 0 . 005535 ×( first half of task c )+ 0 . 003645 ××( last half of task b )− 3 . 681 ( distinction of sex )− 6 . 612 , equation 1 wherein the term “ distinction of sex ” is substituted with 1 or 2 in male and female , respectively . as shown in the two dimensional dispersion analysis diagram with respect to the correlation between the calculated age and actual age , the mentation age of the test subject &# 39 ; s brain calculated as described above is highly reliable , since the calculated age is closely approximated with the actual age in the age thirties or more , although a slight distribution is observed in the age twenties . similarly , the test 1 , test 2 and test 3 were applied to 17 normal adults with the age sixty or more ( nine males and eight females , mean age 66 . 9 ± 4 . 6 ), and to 14 patients with mild senile dementia and boundary senile dementia ( eight males and six females , mean age 68 . 6 ± 3 . 3 ) who visited the senile internal medicine clinic . the patients with mild senile dementia and boundary senile dementia ( referred as early dementia patients hereinafter ) were restricted to those who have experienced at least two times of episodes skeptical of symptoms of dementia and showing a hasegawa &# 39 ; s dementia scale of 22 or more and 27 or less . the test subjects were divided into two groups of the normal adults and early dementia patients , and the mean search response times in the first half and last half of each test in each group were determined by the same method as described above . the results are shown in table 4 . the test subjects were also divided into two groups of the normal adults and early dementia patients , and the ratios between the first half and last half ( last half / first half ) in the test 1 ( task a ), and between the first half and last half ( last half / first half ) in the test 3 ( task c ), and the ratio of the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the last half of the test 3 ( task c ) were determined . the results are shown in table 5 . table 5 shows that , while significant differences were observed between the normal adults and dementia patients in the ratio between the first half and last half ( last half / first half ) of the test 1 ( task a ), no difference was observed in the ratio between the first half and last half ( last half / first half ) of the test 3 ( task c ) that is thought to indicate the degree of delay by fatigue . the ratio of the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the last half of the test 3 ( task c ) is conjectured to indicate the extent of application of the working memory , and a significant difference was observed between the normal adults and early dementia patients . to verify the difference between the normal adults and early dementia patients , the ratios ( the degree of contraction ) of the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the last half of the test 3 ( task c ) for the 84 normal adults with their age in the range of 18 to 74 , and those of the early dementia patients were filled in the two dimensional dispersion analysis diagram shown in fig8 . it was revealed that the values of the early dementia patients were completely distributed in the range of 0 . 85 or more , in contrast to the distribution of the normal adults of less than 0 . 85 with few exceptions of three subjects in total of 84 subjects . according to the mentation test method , the early dementia patients can be detected with a detection ratio of 100 % including 0 % of pseudo - negative ratio and 3 . 5 % of pseudo - positive ratio , by calculating the ratio of the last half of the test 2 ( task b ) relative to the last half of the test 3 ( task c ) and deciding whether the ratio is 0 . 85 or more or less than 0 . 85 . the search response time is measured for each target , and the display position of the target is stored as a coordinate in the data base . consequently , testing of dominance of the cerebral hemisphere and visual field disorders such as constriction of peripheral attention visual field is possible based on the positional coordinates ( vector ) of the pointed targets and search response time in the test 3 ( task c ) in which the positional coordinates are changed every time when the targets have been pointed . the test method can be also applied for testing the degree of mental function due to drinking and , medication , or for testing the degree of drinking , medication dose and side effect of medicines . with respect to the effect of intake of alcohol on the test results , a significant decrease of the test score can be detected in the test subject who has exhibited no effect of alcohol on his sense of equilibrium and behavior . a significant improvement of the test achievement after intake of caffeine can be also detected , showing the ability of the test for quite sensitively detecting the mentation of the brain . the test subject can enjoy the mentation test of the brain as if he ( or her ) is playing a game , because the test subject is able to learn his ( her ) mentation age of the brain at the test site when the calculated mentation age of the test subject &# 39 ; s brain is displayed on the screen of the display device 1 after completing the entire tests . when the apparatus according to the present invention is installed , for example , in the waiting room of a hospital , visitors of the hospital would be interested in finding early onset of dementia or in the probability of onset of dementia to make them easy to voluntarily receive the mentation test . this will enable onset of dementia to be found in its early stage , or probability of onset of dementia to be informed , thereby giving an opportunity to be alert on onset of dementia , or to take preventive measures against onset of dementia . in the method according to the present invention , a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order is randomly distributed and displayed on the screen of the display device , the search response time required for the test subject to search each target is measured by requesting the test subject to point each target in a prescribed order , and the mentation of the test subject is calculated based on the measured values . accordingly , the mentation age of the brain can be conjectured , and onset of early dementia and the probability of onset of dementia can be diagnosed , besides enabling the degree of drinking , the effects of medication and side effects of medication , the effects of rehabilitation of cerebrovascular disorder , dominance of cerebral hemisphere and peripheral attention visual field to be sensitively discriminated . a highly reliable mentation test is possible without any correlation with educational carrier as seen in the uchida - kraepelin &# 39 ; s dementia scale , or without being affected by the effects of repeated learning as seen in the hasegawa &# 39 ; s dementia scale . it is possible to repeatedly apply the mentation test within a short period of time because no effects of the repeated learning are observed , enabling the test to be quite favorably applied for the action of medicines and side effects of medicines , decision of the effects of rehabilitation of cerebrovascular disorder , and decision of the effects of medicines . further , the test is promptly carried out by electronic control to rapidly display the calculated results , for example the test results are displayed on the screen in place of the targets that have been displayed . accordingly , the test subject can enjoy the test as if he ( or she ) is playing a game , visitors of the hospital would be interested in finding early onset of dementia or in the probability of onset of dementia to make them easy to voluntarily receive the mentation test by installing the apparatus in , for example , the waiting room of a hospital . the apparatus according to the present invention comprises a display device for displaying the image by electronic control , a transparent touch panel overlaid on the screen of the display device , an image control device for randomly distributing and displaying a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order by controlling the display device , and for erasing the targets that have been pointed in a correct order when the test subject presses the position corresponding to each target on the touch panel in a prescribed order to point the target , a time counter for measuring the search response time required for the test subject to search the target in a correct order , and / or the search response time required for the test subject to search a given number of the continuous targets , and a processing device for calculating the mentation of the test subject based on the search response time measured by the time counter . consequently , it is possible to apply the method according to the present invention by which a given number of the targets to be pointed in a prescribed order are randomly distributed and displayed on the screen of the display device , the search response time required for the test subject to search each target is measured by allowing the test subject to point each target in a prescribed order and mentation of the test subject is calculated based on the measured values . the mentation age of the brain can be conjectured , and presence of early onset dementia and prediction probability of onset of dementia can be accurately diagnosed , besides enabling the degree of drinking , the effects of medicines and side effect of medicines , and rehabilitation effects of cerebrovascular disorder to be sensitively and accurately decided with repetition within a short period of time . when the apparatus according to the present invention is installed , for example , in the waiting room of a hospital , visitors of the hospital would be interested in finding early onset of dementia or in the probability of onset of dementia to make them easy to voluntarily receive the mentation test .
a mentation test method that can test mentation of a human such as conjecture of brain &# 39 ; s mentation age , discrimination of early stage of dementia and prediction of onset of dementia in addition to diagnosis of prediction probability of onset of dementia and screening of mental functions of senile dementia patients , decision of the effect of rehabilitation of the aftereffects of cerebrovascular disfunction , investigation of the therapeutic effects of medicines and side effects such as sleepiness , testing of degree of intoxication , testing of peripheral attention visual field , testing of cerebral dominant hemisphere , testing of various psychoneurosis such as schizophrenia and cerebrovascular disorder , and check of the degree of fatigue .