the burs of the present invention are designed for use with a dental system having a dental unit connected to a dental handpiece . the dental unit provides power to the handpiece . the dental burs of the invention engage and are captively held by the handpiece which rotates the dental bur at a preselected rotational speed upon receipt of compressed air operating power from the dental unit . each of the dental burs , as shown in the embodiments below , has a drive shaft engaged with the handpiece which provides the operative power from the dental unit to rotate the bur head and enable it to perform dental procedures on a tooth . the dental handpiece may be a low speed handpiece that rotates up to 5 , 000 - 80 , 000 rotations per minute , or a high - speed handpiece that rotates at 300 , 000 - 400 , 000 rotations per minute or greater . as shown in fig1 , 1 a , and 1 b , a first embodiment of a dental bur 300 according to the present invention includes a bur head 360 having a body 370 with a base 385 and an opposed vertex 380 . a drive shaft 355 is coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis 350 of the body 370 for mounting in a handpiece . the drive shaft 355 in this picture is a surgical length friction grip type for use with high speed dental handpieces . the drive shaft 355 is connected to the head by a tapering shank 325 that tapers in diameter from the drive shaft 355 of the bur 300 to a neck 326 and mount 327 . the drive shaft and shank are typically constructed of metal , typically steel , and the bur head 360 , which may be made of tungsten carbide is mounted to the shank at mount 327 . the shank 325 tapers over a length of approximately 0 . 384 inches from 0 . 630 inches in diameter at the drive shaft 355 to approximately 0 . 025 inches at the neck 326 . the difference between the diameter of the shank 325 at the neck 326 and mount 327 and the bur head base 385 is minimized . the shank is designed so as to taper at a conical angle as the bur head , and to minimize the transition between the shank 325 and the bur head 385 , so that the microscopic sight line to the bur head 360 is uninterrupted . the shank 325 , however , is designed to be stiff so as to allow the bur to be self - centering . in addition , the bur head base 385 , neck 326 and mount 327 may be machined so as to form a smooth , gradual transition between the bur head 360 and the shank 325 . in this manner , the possibility of damage caused by the bur head base to the dentin or enamel upon withdrawal of the bur from the tooth is minimized . as shown in fig1 , the diameter of the head 360 of the dental bur 300 is 0 . 011 inches at a location near the vertex 380 of the bur . the bur head 360 has a conical shape and a length measured along the longitudinal axis 350 in this embodiment being 0 . 055 inches in length . the base 385 has a diameter of approximately 0 . 028 inches . it is understood that variations to the diameter width at the base 385 of the bur head 360 may be made . the bur head 360 , as shown in fig1 a , includes an outer surface 310 having cutting members 320 extending outwardly from the outer surface of the bur head 360 and in which at least a portion of the cutting members 320 are positioned between the base 385 and vertex 380 and extend along the outer surface over the length of the head measured along the longitudinal axis . the bur head 360 with its elongate cutting members 320 may be formed of a carbide material such as tungsten carbide . the conical bur head 360 has its maximum diameter proximate the base 385 with the diameter of the bur head gradually decreasing as it extends toward the opposed vertex 380 . the cutting members 320 are preferably elongated blades having a height extending radially from the bur head 360 . the blades 120 are generally parallel to the longitudinal axis 350 of the body 370 and may curve from the vertex to the base at a helix angle of preferably two degrees . however , an acceptable range for the helix angle of the blades is zero degrees ( 0 . degree .) to twelve degrees ( 12 . degree .). preferably six cutting members 320 are located on the bur head 360 with two opposing cutting members 335 extending past the remaining cutting members to form a drill tooth 140 ( see fig1 b ). the cutting members 320 provide a variable cutting intensity along the longitudinal axis 350 upon rotation of the dental bur 300 at a preselected speed . it is understood that diamonds or other durable cutting materials may selectively be employed as cutting members at the outer surface of the bur head . each of the six cutting members 320 in fig1 has a rake face 341 that is the leading face of each blade . a rake angle of each cutting member 320 is defined as the angle of the rake face 341 of the cutting member to the cross - sectional axis or radius 342 of the dental bur 300 extending outwardly from the longitudinal axis of the dental bur . a preferred rake angle is minus eight degrees (− 8 . degree .) for each of the cutting members 320 of the bur head 360 . the rake angle for the blades of the bur head may selectively range from zero degrees ( 0 . degree .) to minus fifteen degrees (− 15 . degree .). the rake face 340 may also vary along the length of the bur head 360 . the above - described embodiment of the dental bur of the present invention is intended for use in initial ( cavosurface ) access for small incisors , and may be used for troughing calcified canals and roof “ sawing ” in molars . in a second embodiment according to the present invention , shown in fig2 - 2b , a bur 500 has a head similar in overall structure to the head according to fig1 - 1b in terms of the general conical shape and structure of cutters 520 and rake faces 541 ; however , the head in this instance has a length from base 585 to vertex 580 of approximately 0 . 094 inches , and the diameter ranges from 0 . 013 inches near the vertex 580 to a maximum of approximately 0 . 045 inches at the base . the shank 525 tapers in diameter over a length of approximately 0 . 342 inches from a diameter of approximately 0 . 630 inches at the drive shaft 555 to approximately 0 . 042 inches at the neck 526 , with the neck 526 , base 585 , and mount 527 machined to provide a smooth transition between the neck of the shank 525 and the bur head 560 . this embodiment of the bur is particularly useful for initial endodontic access in non - restored anterior and bicuspids . in a third embodiment , shown in fig3 - 3b , a bur 600 also employs a surgical length friction grip drive shaft 625 . in this embodiment , the bur head 660 is longer , a length of approximately 0 . 132 inches , and a diameter widening from approximately 0 . 011 inches near the vertex 680 to 0 . 028 inches at the base 685 . the shank 625 tapers over a length of approximately 0 . 389 inches , from a diameter of approximately 0 . 630 inches near the drive shaft 655 to 0 . 025 inches at the neck 626 . again , the transitions between the neck 626 , mount 627 , and head base 685 is machined to be smooth and gradual so as to prevent damage on withdrawal . the bur head 660 is similar to other embodiments , with its structure of six cutters 620 , a drive tooth formed of extended cutters 635 , and rake faces 641 . the long , narrow bur 600 according to this embodiment is particularly suited to deep troughing , and for navigating super ovoid and calcified canals . a fourth embodiment according to the present invention is shown in fig4 - 4b . a bur 700 according to this embodiment utilizes a standard - length right angle type drive shaft 755 with latching member 756 for use with slow - speed handpieces , having a diameter of approximately 0 . 0920 inches . like the previously described third embodiment , this fourth embodiment bur 700 has a conical head 760 with six cutting members 720 and rake faces 741 . the bur head 760 has a length of approximately 0 . 132 inches , widening from 0 . 011 inches near the vertex 780 to 0 . 028 inches at the base 785 . the shank 725 is machined to taper down from the drive shaft to the head in a stepwise progression , tapering from 0 . 0930 inches to approximately 0 . 039 inches over a portion 728 near the drive shaft 755 over a length approximately 0 . 118 inches along longitudinal axis 750 . the shank 725 has a second , non - tapered portion 724 having a diameter of 0 . 039 inches and a length of 0 . 233 inches . a third portion 729 of shank 725 tapers again from 0 . 039 inches to 0 . 025 inches at the neck 726 over a length of 0 . 137 inches along longitudinal axis 750 . in this manner , the shank 725 is designed to allow a sightline from the instrument to the bur head . the neck 726 , mount 727 , and bur head base 785 are machined to provide a smooth , gradual transition . the fourth embodiment of the bur of the present invention is designed especially for deep troughing , deep orifice enlargement , and for navigating calcified canals . in a fifth embodiment , shown in fig5 , 5 a , and 5 b , the bur 800 has a head 860 shaped and sized similarly to the bur head 560 of the second embodiment ( see fig5 ), with a head length of approximately 0 . 094 inches , and widening from 0 . 013 inches near the vertex 880 to 0 . 042 inches at the base 885 along longitudinal axis 850 . the bur head is similarly shaped to other embodiments , with six cutting members 620 , rake faces 641 , and extended cutting members 635 . the shank 825 tapers in a stepwise progression , a first portion 828 having a length of 0 . 087 inches along longitudinal axis 850 , which tapers from 0 . 092 inches at the drive shaft to 0 . 053 inches in diameter . a second portion 824 has a diameter of approximately 0 . 053 inches over a length of 0 . 233 inches . a third portion 829 , which has a length of 0 . 211 inches , tapers from 0 . 053 inches to approximately 0 . 036 inches at the neck 827 . again , the base 885 , mount 827 , and neck 826 are machined for a smooth , gradual transition . this fifth embodiment is particularly suited to de - roofing the pulp chamber , and deep orifice enlargement and calcified canals . a sixth embodiment of the invention , shown in fig6 , 6 a , and 6 b , is an extra - long right angle bur 900 intended for low - speed dental handpieces . the bur 900 has a head of the same shape , and size , as the first embodiment ( fig1 - 1b ), having a conical head 960 approximately 0 . 055 inches in length , having a diameter approximately 0 . 011 inches near the vertex 980 widening to 0 . 028 inches at base 985 . the bur head 960 has six cutting members 920 and six rake faces 941 with two of the cutting members 935 extending forward of the remainder . the bur 900 has a drive shaft 955 of approximately 0 . 0920 inches in diameter , with a latching member 956 . the shank 925 tapers in a stepwise progression , and has a portion 928 that tapers from 0 . 0920 inches at the drive shaft 955 to 0 . 039 inches over a length of 0 . 118 inches along longitudinal axis 950 . a second portion 924 has a diameter of 0 . 039 inches and a length of 0 . 483 inches . a third portion 929 tapers over a length of 0 . 120 inches along the longitudinal axis 950 from 0 . 039 inches to 0 . 025 inches at neck 926 . the neck 926 , mount 927 , and bur head base 985 are machined so as to provide a smooth , gradual transition from bur head 960 to shank 925 . this sixth embodiment is designed for deep troughing , retrieving separated instruments and navigating deeply calcified canals . a seventh embodiment , shown in fig7 , 7 a , and 7 b , is also designed for deep troughing , retrieving separated instruments and navigating deeply calcified canals . the head 1060 of bur 1000 is sized and shaped similarly to the embodiment shown in fig7 , having a length along longitudinal axis 1050 of approximately 0 . 094 inches , and widening from 0 . 011 inches in diameter near vertex 1080 to 0 . 028 inches at base 1085 . the bur head 1060 has six cutting members 1020 and six rake faces 1041 with two of the cutting members 1035 extending slightly forward of the remainder . the bur 1000 has a drive shaft 1055 of approximately 0 . 0920 inches in diameter , with a latching member 1056 . the shank 1025 tapers in a stepwise progression , and has a portion 1028 that tapers from 0 . 0920 inches at the drive shaft 1055 to 0 . 039 inches over a length of 0 . 118 inches along longitudinal axis 1050 . a second portion 1024 has a diameter of 0 . 039 inches and a length of 0 . 483 inches . a third portion 1029 tapers over a length of 0 . 121 inches from a diameter of 0 . 039 inches to a diameter of 0 . 025 inches at neck 1026 . the neck 1026 , mount 1027 , and bur head base 1085 are machined so as to provide a smooth , gradual transition from bur head 1060 to shank 1025 . an eighth embodiment , shown in fig8 , 8 a , and 8 b , is also designed for deep troughing , retrieving separated instruments and navigating deeply calcified canals . the head 1160 of bur 1100 has a similar cutter design as other embodiments , with a length of approximately 0 . 055 inches , widening from 0 . 013 inches in diameter near vertex 1180 to 0 . 028 inches at base 1185 . the bur head 1160 has six cutting members 1120 and six rake faces 1141 with two of the cutting members 1135 extending forward of the remainder . the bur 1100 of the eighth embodiment has a drive shaft 1155 of approximately 0 . 0920 inches in diameter , with a latching member 1156 . the shank 1125 tapers in a stepwise progression , and has a portion 1128 that tapers from a diameter of 0 . 0920 inches at the drive shaft 1155 to a diameter of 0 . 052 inches over a length of 0 . 089 inches along longitudinal axis 1150 . a second portion 1124 has a diameter of 0 . 052 inches and a length of 0 . 452 inches . a third portion 1129 tapers over a length of 0 . 204 inches from a diameter of 0 . 052 inches to a diameter of 0 . 036 inches at neck 1126 . the neck 1126 , mount 1127 , and bur head base 1185 are machined so as to provide a smooth , gradual transition from bur head 1160 to shank 1125 . many other variations of burs according to the invention can be produced to suit various endodontic procedures . by way of example , the bur heads may be fitted with eight , twelve or another number of cutting blades placed around the diameter of the bur head . the cutter blades may be of a design where all of the blades meet at the vertex , with no two blades forming a drill tooth . it is contemplated that bur heads useful in endodontic procedures may range from a length of 0 . 039 inches to 0 . 177 inches , and a base diameter between 0 . 016 and 0 . 059 inches . the bur head in all of the aforementioned embodiments of the present invention may be a carbide material , such as tungsten carbide . however , any number of materials may be used to form the bur head , including stainless steel , hardened tool steel , sintered metals , sintered diamonds , sintered ceramics , plated diamond , diamond , zirconia , polymers , ceramics , ceramic oxides , lithium disilicate , titanium , nickel titanium , aluminum , and combinations of the aforementioned materials . it is also contemplated that burs of the current invention may be packaged together in kits so that all burs contemplated for an endodontic procedure can be grouped together . by way of example , it is contemplated that burs according to the aforementioned first , second , fourth , and fifth embodiments would be packaged together in a kit designed for anterior / bicuspid endodontic procedures . a kit including burs of the first , third , fourth , fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth embodiments would be packaged together in a kit designed for molar endodontic procedures . the burs according to the present invention may be packaged in a kit by themselves , or a kit may also include other types of burs , including larger diamond or carbide burs designed for crown removal or initial access to molars . in using the kit for initial access , the clinician identifies the material makeup of any existing restorations ( or lack thereof ) that must be removed or penetrated to gain access . once the material is identified , the appropriate bur is selected for the task . once selected , the clinician applies only enough force to the bur to guide the bur . for deep troughing operations , a light sweeping motion is recommended . in using burs of the kit for endodontic exploration , the clinician identifies the task to be performed with the corresponding bur according to the present invention . the bur is installed in the dental handpiece and operated at the correct speed . the clinician may use a dental operating microscope or loops in order to provide magnification to the area being explored . the tapering shanks and conical shape of the bur heads are ideal for use with dental microscopy . the burs of the present invention create smoother incisions and troughs than round tipped , diamond - tipped and ultrasonic devices of the prior art . the burs according to the above embodiments provide numerous advantages over all prior systems in the following areas : 1 ) cutting ability ; 2 ) positive control for deep troughing ; 3 ) flexibility ; 4 ) vision requirements ; 5 ) dentinal polishing / avoiding the dust and heat buildup ; 6 ) precision ( anti - ledging , accuracy in location of root canals ; 7 ) cost ( especially with respect to ultrasonic tips ); 8 ) greater efficiency ; and 9 ) reducing the number of instruments needed for a procedure . while a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been given , it should be appreciated that many variations can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims .
a conical dental bur for endodontic procedures , including exploration , deep troughing , enlargement of orifices , and canal navigation is presented . the bur of the present invention has a narrow , conical bur head with cutting members along its length . the head of the bur of the present invention is mounted to a shank that tapers to the bur head , allowing microscopic observations of endodontic procedures . the bur may be manufactured of tungsten carbide , diamond , ceramics , or other materials . burs according to the present invention of various shapes and sizes , suited for particular procedures , may be packaged together in kits . methods of using the burs in endodontic procedures are also disclosed .