the present invention provides a method to universally exploit a recombinant virus preparation for the targeted delivery of genetic material to many different cell types . to this end , the invention describes methods for the production of recombinant viruses carrying on their surface molecules ( members of a specific binding pair ) which can specifically interact with a set of secondary molecules ( conjugates comprising the counterparts of the members of a specific binding pair ). the secondary molecules possess the ligand specificity for target cell - specific antigens . the indirect binding of the recombinant virus to the target cell via a single secondary molecule , which allows redirection of the same recombinant virus preparation to different target cells depending on the added secondary molecule , is a very important aspect of the invention . useful secondary molecules to be employed in the invention include immunoglobulins or fragments thereof , chemically modified natural protein ligands for target cell antigens , fragments thereof , or recombinant derivatives thereof , and immunoglobulins , fragments thereof , recombinant derivatives thereof , natural protein ligands for target cell antigens , fragments thereof , or recombinant derivatives thereof that are coupled to a peptide motif that can interact with a specific counterpart in suspension . biotinylation is the paradigm for the chemical modifications which could be employed . typically , the specificity of the secondary molecules for the target cell antigen is high and , preferably , the affinity of the secondary molecules for the target cell antigen is high . example 1 describes the specific interaction between a cytokine receptor molecule expressed on a mammalian cell surface and a biotinylated cytokine ligand . the invention is not restricted in the range of target cell antigens which could be employed to mediate targeted gene delivery . in principle , any target cell antigen for which a specific secondary molecule is available or can be made available is eligible for application of the invention . it is recognized , however , that not every target cell - specific molecule might serve as an internalization site for viruses bound to it . furthermore , the efficiency of gene delivery may depend on the composition of the molecular bridge between the virus and the target cell - specific molecule ( etienne - julan et al ., j . gen . virol . 73 ( 1992 ): 3251 ). hence , attempts to target gene delivery vehicles to specific cell types relying on methods in which a specific target cell ligand is expressed on the surface of the virus particle , either as a wild - type molecule or as a hybrid with a heterologous protein , can be extremely costly and time - consuming since certain chosen approaches may be destined to fail . the procedures disclosed in this invention , however , allow for comprehensive screening of useful target molecules by employing many different secondary molecules added to the same gene delivery vehicle preparation . therefore , application of the invention will tremendously increase the chances for successful targeted gene delivery and allow optimization of the procedures at relatively low costs . in addition , standardization and validation of the gene delivery preparations will be simplified as compared to strategies using antibody - antibody or antibody - ligand complexes or methods relying on direct chemical modification of the virus envelope or capsid . the binding of the secondary molecules to the recombinant viruses is mediated by substances which are exposed on the virus surface and have specific binding capacity for the secondary molecules . preferably , the substances bind to the secondary molecules with high affinity . the substances are selected from or contain regions from proteins including , but not restricted to , protein a , protein g , fcr , anti - immunoglobulin scfv , avidin , streptavidin , proteins containing structural peptide domains that can specifically interact with a peptide domain counterpart , and recombinant derivatives from the above . their exposure on the surface of recombinant viruses is envisaged in several ways , which are listed below : recombinant retroviruses are described in the invention as the paradigm for recombinant enveloped viruses . the invention is , however , not restricted to retroviruses . the invention also applies to other enveloped viruses , such as e . g . rhabdoviruses or herpes viruses . 1 . if the binding substance is itself a trans - membrane molecule , e . g . fcr , the complete wild - type binding substance can be expressed on the surface of the retrovirus producing cell line . alternatively , retrovirus packaging constructs can be expressed in cells naturally expressing the binding substance . whether these approaches will result in inclusion of the binding substance in the retrovirus particle depends , at least in part , on the nature of the substance . during the assembly of murine retroviruses at the cell surface , cellular membrane molecules are merely excluded from the virus particle , although exceptions have been observed ( zavada , j . gen . virol . 63 ( 1982 ): 15 ; calafat et al ., j . gen . virol . 64 ( 1983 ): 1241 ). in addition , exclusion of the binding substance from the virus membrane may be overcome by expressing it at very high density on the membrane of the retrovirus producing cell line ( suomalainen and garoff , j . virol . 68 ( 1994 ): 4879 ). 2 . in the application of method no . 1 , it is preferred that the trans - membrane binding substance lacks sequences which might elicit intracellular processes in the retrovirus producing cell line or intraviral processes in the virus particle . such could perhaps occur upon binding of the secondary targeting molecule . therefore , the binding substance can also be a modified derivative of the wild - type molecule . modifications include any mutation preventing signal processing through the binding substance . the use of such truncated binding substances is furthermore preferred as to prevent interactions with cellular proteins in the retrovirus producing cell line . it has been suggested that interactions with cytoplasmic proteins might be partially responsible for the exclusion of host cell surface proteins from retrovirus particles ( young et al ., science 250 ( 1990 ): 1421 ). 3 . since the fusion process between an infective retrovirus particle and a target cell is assumed to be mediated by an as yet undefined region in the carboxy terminal envelope peptide , it can be envisaged that target cell binding according to method no . 1 or 2 might be insufficient to obtain internalization of the gene delivery vehicle into the target cell . therefore , it may be necessary to co - express the trans - membrane binding substances on the retrovirus surface with wild - type retroviral envelope molecules or segments thereof , which provide the retrovirus with fusion capability . examples 2 and 3 describe the co - expression of hfcgria and wild - type retroviral envelope molecules on the surface of recombinant retrovirus producing cell lines and functional igg fc - binding by the exposed hfcgria molecules . it is preferred that the co - expressed envelope molecule is incapable of recognizing receptor molecules on cells present in the mixture of cells or in the living animal body subjected to the gene delivery preparation . this can be achieved by employing truncated envelope molecules lacking their receptor recognition site or wild - type envelope molecules from a retrovirus species with a tropism restricted to cells not present in the mixture of cells or in the living animal body subjected to the gene delivery preparation . 4 . hybrid molecules can be made containing ( segments of ) a binding substance and ( segments of ) a heterologous protein which anchors the hybrid molecule in the membrane of the retrovirus producing cell line . this method also applies to binding substances which are not themselves trans - membrane proteins . molecules serving as a membrane anchor can be derived from natural trans - membrane proteins including but not restricted to cytokine or hormone receptors , cell adhesion or interaction molecules , complement receptors , and immunoglobulin receptors . alternatively , the hybrid molecule could comprise a membrane attachment region from a glycosylphosphatidylinositol - anchored protein . the invention is not restricted to a defined junction site between the heterologous molecules . 5 . in the application of method no . 4 , it is preferred that the membrane anchor molecule lacks sequences which might elicit intracellular processes in the retrovirus producing cell line or intraviral processes in the virus particle , or interact with cellular proteins in the retrovirus producing cell line . it is , therefore , preferred that sequences conferring the above be deleted from the hybrid binding substance . 6 . because the retroviral envelope molecule is selectively incorporated in retroviral particles and is assumed to mediate fusion between the virus and the target cell , it is preferred over methods nos . 4 and 5 to construct hybrid molecules containing the retroviral envelope peptide sequences responsible for the above processes and the peptide sequences from the binding substance responsible for binding to the secondary target molecule . also this method applies to binding substances which are not themselves trans - membrane proteins . the invention is not restricted to a defined junction site between the heterologous molecules . example 4 describes the construction of two such hybrid binding substances and example 5 shows that the hybrid binding substances retain functional binding capacity for secondary target molecules . 7 . hybrid molecules can be made containing ( segments of ) a binding substance and ( segments of ) a heterologous protein which specifically interacts with extracellular regions of membrane molecules on the retrovirus producing cell surface . preferably , the hybrid molecule interacts with membrane molecules which are specifically incorporated into retrovirus particles . typically , these membrane molecules are ( segments of ) retroviral envelope proteins . this method also applies to binding substances which are not themselves trans - membrane proteins . 8 . the expression of viral membrane proteins on the cell surface requires correct folding and assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ) of the virus producing cell line ( reviewed by doms et al ., virology 193 ( 1993 ): 545 ). retroviral envelope molecules assemble into dimers , trimers , or tetramers , depending on the retrovirus species . incorrect oligomerization may prevent proper transport to the golgi apparatus , leading to degradation of the molecule . it can be anticipated that this would be the faith of some hybrid substances produced according to methods nos . 4 to 7 . this could possibly be prevented by co - expressing the hybrid substance with wild - type envelope molecules or segments thereof . the formation of hetero - oligomers might ensure correct processing in the er . the preferred requirements for co - expressed envelope molecules described under no . 3 also apply here . the principles of methods a 1 – 8 also apply to pseudotyped viruses in which the envelope glycoproteins from one virus species are carried on the membrane of a heterologous virus species . such phenotypic mixing of envelope glycoproteins occurs between a variety of different virus families ( reviewed by závada , j . gen . virol . 63 ( 1982 ): 15 ). the invention also applies to enveloped viruses with hybrid envelope proteins , comprising fragments of related or even unrelated viruses . it has , e . g ., been shown possible to generate infectious recombinant retroviruses carrying hybrid influenza hemaglutinin / retrovirus envelope proteins ( dong et al ., j . virol . 66 ( 1992 ): 7374 ). the invention is described for , but not restricted to , recombinant adenoviruses and adeno - associated viruses . hybrid molecules can be made containing ( segments of ) a binding substance and ( segments of ) virus capsid proteins . for adenoviruses , it is preferred to locate the binding substance in the head domain of the fiber protein . this domain carries the receptor recognition site and it has been shown possible to change the adenovirus receptor specificity by manipulating this segment ( stevenson et al ., j . virol . 69 ( 1995 ): 2850 ). for certain hybrid molecules , it may be necessary to co - express the hybrid molecule with wild - type fiber protein to ensure proper fiber trimerization and association with the penton base complex . alternatively , other capsid proteins of adenovirus may be used to incorporate the binding substance . e . g ., curiel et al . ( hum . gene ther . 3 ( 1992 ): 147 ) have generated a chimeric serotype 5 adenovirus that contains a mycoplasma pneumoniae p1 protein epitope as part of the hexon protein . it is furthermore preferred that the natural adenovirus receptor binding sequences be deleted from the hybrid molecule . hybrid aav capsid proteins with altered binding specificity are preferably made using ( segments of ) vp3 , since the aav capsid mainly comprises of this molecule . alternatively , vp1 or vp2 could be used . the aav viral proteins allow insertions which are exposed on the capsid surface ( unpublished results from the group of dr . r . samulski , univ . of north carolina , chapel hill , n . c .). for certain hybrid molecules , it will be necessary to co - express the hybrid molecule with wild - type capsid protein . the invention is not restricted to specific junction sites between the heterologous proteins . since many virus capsids self - assemble independent of the presence of viral dna , empty pseudocapsids can be generated in vitro . assembly of empty aav - like particles does not even require all three capsid proteins ( ruffing et al ., j . virol . 66 ( 1992 ): 6922 ). thus , there is significant freedom to design novel pseudocapsids . empty virus - like particles can be used to package and transfer exogenous non - viral dna . this has been shown for polyoma virus pseudocapsids ( forstová et al ., hum . gene ther . 6 ( 1995 ): 297 ). furthermore , exogenous non - viral dna can be chemically coupled onto the exterior of virus capsids ( curiel et al ., hum . gene ther . 3 ( 1992 ): 147 ; cotten et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 89 ( 1992 ): 6099 ). the invention emphatically also applies to the latter two approaches and their combination , i . e . chemical coupling of exogenous dna to the outer surface of empty capsids . specific binding of biotinylated g - csf to g - csfr molecules expressed on the surface of mouse fibroblasts . to express receptors for granulocyte - colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) on the cell membrane of murine fibroblasts , pa317 cells ( miller and buttimore , mol . cell . biol . 6 ( 1986 ): 2895 ) were transduced with ecotropic lncx / grdcyt virus . the construct plncx / grdcyt ( generated in the laboratory of dr . i . touw , erasmus university , rotterdam , nl ) was made by inserting the cdna sequence for a mutant g - csf receptor ( dg - csfr ) into plncx ( miller and rosman , biotechniques 7 ( 1989 ): 980 ). dg - csfr differs from the wild - type molecule by an almost complete deletion of the intracellular domain , rendering the receptor incapable of signal - transduction . the extracellular and trans - membrane domains of dg - csfr are of wild - type structure . dg - csfr exhibits , therefore , normal binding capacity for its cytokine ligand . transduced pa317 cells were isolated by selecting for resistance to 1 mg / ml g418 ( geneticin ; gibco , paisley , uk ), conferred by expression of the neo r gene in lncx / grdcyt . resistant pa317 cells were incubated with biotinylated g - csf . bound g - csf was visualized on a fluorescence activated cell sorter ( facs ) after incubation with pe - conjugated streptavidin ( molecular probes , eugene , oreg . ), biotinylated goat - anti - streptavidin antibodies ( vector laboratories , burlingame , calif . ), and a second incubation with pe - streptavidin . as can be seen in fig1 , untransduced pa317 cells did not bind any biotinylated g - csf , whereas approximately 27 % of the transduced cells bound g - csf . after facs sorting of positive cells and cloning by limiting dilution , a clone was isolated which strongly bound biotinylated g - csf ( fig1 c ). this example shows that a biotinylated cytokine specifically binds to its natural receptor expressed on the membrane of a mammalian cell line . generation of recombinant retrovirus packaging cell lines expressing hfcgria proteins on their cell membrane . for expression of functional hfcgria on the surface of retrovirus packaging cell lines , the construct prc / cmv - hfcgria was used . this construct was generated by inserting a 1 . 3 kb hindiii - noti fragment including the full - length p135 hfcgria - cdna sequence ( allen and seed , science 243 ( 1989 ): 378 ; genbank accession number m21090 ) from clone cdm into the polylinker of prc / cmv . twenty microgram prc / cmv - hfcgria was transfected onto the ecotropic packaging cell line gp + e - 86 ( markowitz et al ., j . virol . 62 ( 1988 ): 1120 ) and onto the amphotropic packaging cell line pa317 , according to the method described by chen and okayama ( mol . cell . biol . 7 ( 1987 ): 2745 ). transfectants were selected for resistance to 1 mg / ml g418 , conferred by expression of the sv40pr - neo r - p ( a ) cassette on the prc / cmv - hfcgria construct . pools of resistant cells were analyzed for hfcgria expression on a facs , after staining with the anti - fcgri monoclonal antibody ( moab ) 22 ( guyre et al ., j . immunol . 143 ( 1989 ): 1650 ) and fitc - conjugated goat - anti - mouse igg antibodies ( gam - fitc ; becton dickinson immunocytometry systems , san jose , calif . [ bdis ]). table 1 shows that only few g418 - resistant gp + e - 86 cells ( e86fcr ) and g418 - resistant pa317 cells ( pafcr ) were found to express fcgri on their surface . fcgri - expressing cells were sorted using the facs and expanded . after two weeks of culture , the sorted populations were analyzed for fcgri - expression as before . as can be seen in table 1 , the sorting procedure resulted in significantly enriched fcgri - expressing e86fcr and pafcr cell populations . to study whether hfcgria remained stably expressed on the packaging cell surface in the absence of g - chain coexpression , two sorted cell populations expressing different levels of hfcgria , as deduced from their median fitc - signals after staining with moab 22 as compared to staining with irrelevant isotype controls , were cultured for up to eight weeks in culture medium containing g418 . regular reanalysis showed rather stable median fluorescence signals ( approx . 1 . 5 and 2 . 3 for the two sorted populations , as compared to 1 . 0 for untransfected pa317 cells ; fig2 ) throughout the observation period . immunophenotypic analysis of wild - type hfcgria revealed three distinct epitopes , one of which comprises the fc - binding domain ( guyre et al ., j . immunol . 143 ( 1989 ): 1650 ). one of the sorted cell populations was analyzed using the directly fitc - stained moabs 22 and 32 . 2 ( medarex , annandale , n . j . ), which each define one of the two non - fc - binding epitopes . table 2 shows that both moabs recognized the hfcgria molecule exposed on the cell surface . the increase in fluorescence which was observed when both moabs were combined demonstrate that they bind to distinct epitopes on the packaging cell surface . pre - incubation of the cells with irrelevant unstained mouse inununoglobulins of igga1 or igg2a isotype ( bdis ) did not influence the binding of moabs 22 and 32 . 2 ( not shown ). these results demonstrate that hfcgria of correct immunophenotypic structure was expressed on the cell surface of a retrovirus packaging cell line . ecotropic and amphotropic hfcgria - expressing populations were cloned by limiting dilution . twelve individual e86fcr and eleven individual pafcr clones were expanded and analyzed for hfcgria - expression . the two clones expressing the highest level of hfcgria from each population were used to investigate whether hfcgria - expression on the cell surface of packaging cells influences the retrovirus production . to this end , cell - free supernatant was harvested from these four clones , as well as from the parental packaging cell lines under standard conditions ( 72 h at 32 ° c . in 10 ml alpha - modified dmem with 10 % bcs per 80 cm 2 confluent cell monolayer ). the supernatants were analyzed for reverse transcriptase activity ( goff et al ., j . virol . 38 ( 1981 ): 339 ), in a two - fold dilution titration . comparison of the radiation intensity of incorporated 32 p - dttps by exposure to x - ray film revealed that expression of hfcgria did not influence the shedding of virus particles into the culture medium more than a factor 2 . 3 ( table 3 ). to test whether hfcgria expressed on the surface of retrovirus packaging cells is capable of specific immunoglobulin - fc binding , pafcr sorted - 315 cells were incubated with irrelevant mouse immunoglobulins of igg 1 or igg2a isotype . fcgri molecules should bind igg2a molecules with high affinity and igg 1 molecules with low affinity . as can be seen in table 4 , approximately one third of the sorted cells were expressing low amounts of hfcgria , as indicated by moab22 - staining with low relative median signal . all hfcgria molecules on pafcr cells also bound mouse igg2a ( similar percentage positive cells and signal intensity ), whereas mouse igg1 was hardly bound . on human primary monocytes , which were used as a positive control , hfcgria molecules were strongly expressed and specifically bound mouse igg2a immunoglobulins . the capacity of hfcgria molecules on monocytes to bind immunoglobulins , however , was lower than measured on prc / cmv - hfcgria transfected packaging cells ( 55 % of moab22 - positive monocytes bound igg2a , with a much lower signal intensity ). in conclusion , all hfcgria molecules characterized by moab22 - binding expressed on the surface of pafcr cells exhibit a correct structure for specific high affinity binding of immunoglobulins . human primary monocytes , pa317 cells , or a pool of prc / cmvhfcgria transfected pa317 cells partially expressing hfcgria ( pafcr sorted - 315 ) were first incubated with moab22 ( igg1 isotype ), anti - klh igg1 , anti - klh igg2a , or pbs / 1 % bsa (“ none ”), followed by an incubation with gam - fitc . the percentage of positive cells and the median fluorescence intensities were determined on a facs . 1 relative median fluorescence intensity of cells incubated with indicated primary moab and gam - fitc as compared to cells incubated with gam - fitc alone . for the construction of hybrid molecules with immunoglobulin - binding properties of hfcgria and virus - incorporation and membrane - fusion properties of envelope glycoprotein , prc / cmv - hfcgria ( see above ) was used in combination with mo - mulv env sequences ( shinnick et al ., nature 293 ( 1981 ): 543 ). two different hybrid hfcgria / mo - mulv - env constructs were made ( fig3 ). in both constructs , 3 ′ hfcgria sequences in the prc / cmv - hfcgria construct were replaced by 3 ′ mo - mulv env sequences . both constructs contain p135 sequences from the leader sequence to the hinp 1 i - site at position 849 – 852 . this fragment comprises the three extracellular domains of hfcgria , excluding the 61 carboxy terminal nucleotides . in hybrid construct prc / cmvfcrenv - 15 , the p135 - fragment is coupled to p15e env sequences encoded by a fragment starting from the hpai - site at position 7195 – 7200 of mo - mulv until position 7823 in the ir sequence of the 3 ′ ltr . to this end , the hpai - site was converted into a hinp1i - site by pcr , and a noti - site was introduced in the 3 ′ ltr by pcr . an internal spei - pvuii fragment ( nt 7487 – 7747 ) was exchanged for cloned sequences . the correct sequence of the hfcgria / mo - mulv - env junction and of all sequences generated by pcr was confirmed by sequencing . hybrid gene fcrenv - 15 encodes an in - frame fusion protein comprising the extracellular domains of hfcgria until an arg - residue 12 amino acids downstream from the 3 ′ cys - residue forming the third immunoglobulin - like extracellular loop and all but the five most 5 ′ p15e amino acids . to generate hybrid construct prc / cmv - fcrenv - 70 , the hinpii - site from the 5 ′ p135 - fragment was made blunt - end and was ligated to a bamhi ( position 6537 – 6542 )- pvuii ( position 7745 – 7750 ) fragment of mo - mulv , after the bamhi - site was made blunt - end , and the 3 ′ pvuii - noti pcr - fragment from prc / cmv - fcrenv - 15 . ligation of the blunt - end hinpii and bamhi - sites restored the bamhi - site . the correct structure of the hfcgria / mo - mulv - env junction was confirmed by sequencing . hybrid gene fcrenv - 70 comprises the same hfcgria - fragment as described for prc / cmv - fcrenv - 15 coupled to the mo - mulv env sequences starting from an ile - residue at the bamhi - site in the amino terminal domain of gp70 and including the complete proline - rich hinge - like region and carboxy terminal domain of gp70 and the complete p15e peptide . on jul . 24 , 1996 , the applicants deposited with the european collection of cell cultures ( ecacc ), salisbury , wiltshire , u . k ., the plasmid prc / cmv - fcrenv - 15 , given ecacc accession number p96072515 , and plasmid prc / cmv - fcrenv - 70 , given ecacc accession number p96072514 . these deposits were made under the provisions of the budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure and the regulations thereunder . hybrid hfcgria / mo - mulv envelope genes fcrenv - 15 and fcrenv - 70 encode proteins of correct molecular weight that have immunoglobulin binding capacity . to test whether the fusion genes fcrenv - 15 and fcrenv - 70 encode functional hybrid molecules with immunoglobulin binding properties , the prc / cmv - fcrenv - 15 and prc / cmv - fcrenv - 70 constructs ( example 4 ) were used as templates for coupled in vitro transcription and translation . transcription was initiated at the t7 promoter upstream of the gene insertion in the prc / cmv vector . one microgram prc / cmv - fcrenv - 15 or prc / cmv - fcrenv - 70 dna was added to a 25 microliter leucine - free t7 tnt coupled reticulocyte lysate reaction mixture ( promega , madison , wis .) with 20 units rnasin ribonuclease inhibitor ( promega ) and 20 microci 3 h - leucine ( amersham , buckinghamshire , uk ). the reaction was allowed to proceed for 120 minutes at 30 ° according to the guidelines provided by the manufacturer . control reactions were performed without dna template , with an irrelevant control dna template ( firefly luciferase control dna provided with the t7 tnt coupled reticulocyte lysate system ), and with positive control prc / cmv - hfcgria encoding wild - type hfcgria . to 5 microliter of the reaction mixture , 20 microliter sds - page loading buffer ( to a final concentration of 62 . 5 mm tris ph 6 . 8 , 10 % glycerol , 2 % beta - mercaptoethanol , 0 . 5 % sds , 0 , 0025 % bromo phenol blue ) was added . the remaining 20 microliter was diluted with 180 microliters of precipitation buffer ( 10 mm tris - hcl ph 7 . 5 , 150 mm nacl , 5 mm edta , 1 % triton - 100 with protease inhibitors pmsf at 0 . 1 mm , aprotinin at 10 microgram / ml , pepstatin at 5 microgram / ml , trypsin inhibitor at 10 microgram / ml , and leupeptin at 10 microgram / ml ). next , 10 microliter klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose slurry was added and mixed by tilted rotation for 90 minutes at room temperature . the slurry was prepared according to the following procedure . first , 16 . 4 mg keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( klh ; sigma , st . louis , mo .) was coupled at 1 . 8 mg / ml to 1 gram cnbr - activated sepharose 4b ( pharmacia biotech , uppsala , se ) according to the manufacturers &# 39 ; instructions . the klh - sepharose product was stored in pbs with 0 . 002 % sodium azide at 4 ° c . next , klh - sepharose was mixed 1 : 1 with 50 microgram / ml anti - klh - igg2a monoclonal antibody ( beckton - dickinson immunocytometry systems , san jose , calif .) and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature . finally , the klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose beads were washed two times in 20 volumes pbs . this procedure should result in sepharose beads coated with immunoglobulins of the igg2a isotype that have their fc domain projecting outwards . after incubation of the in vitro transcribed and translated reaction product with klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose , the klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose beads were spun down and the precipitation supernatant was removed . to 5 microliter precipitation supernatant 20 microliter sds - page loading buffer was added as above . the pelleted klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose beads were washed 6 - times in 1 ml precipitation buffer . after a final spin , 25 microliter sds - page loading buffer was added to the pellet . the above described procedure resulted in three different samples of each coupled in vitro transcription - translation reaction , i . e ., the total reaction product , the immunoglobulin bound precipitated product , and the remaining material in the precipitation supernatant . ten microliters of these samples were heated at 85 ° c . for 2 minutes and subsequently separated by sds - page through a 10 % gel according to standard procedures ( laemmli , nature 227 ( 1970 ): 680 ). after separation , the proteins in the gel were fixed in water / isopropanol / acetic acid ( 65 %/ 25 %/ 10 % vol .) for 30 minutes at room temperature and thereafter incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature in amplify ( amersham ) for fluorographic enhancement of the signal . finally , the gel was dried for 90 minutes at 80 ° c . under vacuum and exposed to x - ray film with an enhancing screen . fig5 shows the result of this experiment . as can be seen , the constructs with genes encoding wild - type hfcgria or hfcgria / mo - mulv envelope fusion molecules all expressed proteins exhibiting a migration pattern corresponding to their predicted molecular weights , i . e ., 42 . 5 kd for hfcgria , 52 kd for fcrenv - 15 , and 75 . 6 kd for fcrenv - 70 . the latter gene furthermore encodes a smaller protein product . this molecule perhaps represents the approximately 60 kd proteolytically processed protein after release of the p15e peptide . as can furthermore be seen in fig5 , all these protein products were precipitated by klh - aklh - igg2a - sepharose beads , in contrast to the irrelevant control protein luciferase , demonstrating that the immunoglobulin binding property of wild - type hfcgria is retained after fusion of the three extracellular domains of hfcgria to mo - mulv envelope sequences .
a method for producing viral gene delivery vehicles which can be transferred to pre - selected cell types by using targeting conjugates . the gene delivery vehicles comprise : 1 ) the gene of interest ; and 2 ) a viral capsid or envelope carrying a member of a specific binding pair , the counterpart of which is not directly associated with the surface of the target cell . these vehicles can be rendered unable to bind to their natural cell receptor . the targeting conjugates include the counterpart member of the specific binding pair , linked to a targeting moiety which is a cell - type specific ligand . the number of the specific binding pair present on the viral vehicles can be , for example , an immunoglobulin binding moiety , or biotin , avidin or streptavidin . the virus &# 39 ; outer membrane or capsid may contain a substance which mediates entrance of the gene delivery vehicle into the target cell . due to the specificity of the ligand , the binding pair &# 39 ; s high affinity , and the gene delivery vehicle &# 39 ; s inability to be targeted when used alone , the universality of the method for gene delivery , together with its high cell type selectively can be achieved by using various targeting conjugates .