fig1 shows in diagrammatic form a simple method of observing the skin without elm techniques ; it depicts a highly enlarged vertical section through human skin 150 at the observation point 151 . the black filled - in circles represent the pigment cells or trelanocytes 156 which form clusters of pigment 157 . the arrangement of these pigment cells 156 is characteristic of the disease process in pigmented skin lesions . three essentially physical boundary layers are important here : a ) the boundary layer between the air and the stratum corneum 152 , b ) the boundary layer 154 between the epidermis 153 and the dermis 155 , c ) the boundary layer between the pigmented cells 156 in the skin 150 and their surrounding medium . the thickness d ) of the epidermis is approximately 0 . 1 - 0 . 3 mm . the sketch shows the incident light ray a . most of the light is already diffusely reflected at the uppermost boundary layer between the air and the stratum corneum 152 ; here the corresponding light ray is denoted by the letter r . a much smaller amount of light , e . g . &# 34 ; gr &# 34 ;, is reflected from the other boundary layers . most of the incident light a is absorbed in the upper parts of the dermis 155 . therefore , if elm techniques are not used , it is not possible to see into the epidermis 153 , because most of the light has been reflected and far exceeds the quantity of penetrating light , so that very little light from these zones reaches the observer 40 , and such light is furthermore completely swamped by the light reflected from the skin surface . fig2 -- in which the reference numbers are completely analogous to those in fig1 -- symbolizes an examination of the skin using conventional elm techniques . the application of a plane glass plate 210 , as well as of a droplet of immersion oil 21 underneath this glass plate 210 , reduces the diffusely reflected portion of the light at the uppermost boundary layer . it is now possible to detect relatively more light gr , r , reflected from the deeper - lying portions of the epidermis 153 . the essential disadvantage of this method is that the surface of the skin is wetted with oil 21 , which causes disruptive reflections , and disruptive air bubbles 211 are formed in the oil film 21 , where new boundary layers occur between optically thin and denser media , and these substantially impair observation of a skin site 151 which needs to be examined . fig3 which also uses reference numbers similar to those in fig1 depicts the method according to the invention for observing skin 150 using a polarization filter 600 , 610 , namely as an analyzer , without using immersion oil . light a impinges on the skin surface 151 . the amount of light r reflected at the first boundary layer 152 is then linearly polarized and can be filtered out , depending on the polarization plane of a polarization filter 600 , 610 ( analyzer ) positioned in font of the lens plane of a camera or in front of the eye 40 . in this way , it is possible , without using immersion fluid , to achieve the elm effect attained with such fluid . by rotating the analyzer 600 , 610 in the direction indicated by the arrow , it is possible to obtain both types of display , namely on the one hand the conventional magnifying glass display to assess the surface , and on the other hand the elm display , during one examination session . however , this procedure does not permit any relative intensification of the image of the melanin pigment 156 , 157 , because only a polarization filter 600 , 610 is used . this principle is very sensible for routine applications , because relatively more light is available for observing a pigmented lesion . fig4 again uses reference numbers similar to those in fig1 and it shows the skin being examined in the manner according to the invention , using two polarizing devices 600 , 650 without the need for immersion oil . with 650 , linearly polarized light a impinges on the skin site 151 . the amount of light r reflected back from the first boundary layer 151 is now also linearly polarized and can be filtered out depending on the polarization plane of a second polarization filter or analyzer 600 arranged in front of the lens plane or the eye 40 . it is thus possible , without using immersion oil , to achieve the elm effect . by rotating the second polarization filter 600 , it is also possible to obtain both types of display , namely on the one hand the conventional magnifying glass display to assess the surface , and on the other hand the elm display , at one examination session . since the pigment contained in the pigment cells ( melanocytes ) 156 , 157 is an optically active substance , the optical impression of this population of cells can be further enhanced by suitably positioning the analyzer 600 . the compact device 100 shown in fig5 for examining human skin 150 at a desired site 151 possesses a housing 200 having a front housing section 201 bearing a front plate 210 made of transparent material and adjoining and in alignment with this front section a rear housing section 202 ( both housing sections 201 , 202 together form a rotatable housing section 221 ), and the 22 housing base section 203 . at the base 203 of the housing , a housing extension 300 projects at right angles radially from the housing 200 , and through this extension run power supply , data , signal and control lines 350 , 351 , 352 which are controllable and switchable by means of switching elements 310 -- track ball 311 , microswitch 312 and micro - button 313 -- and from here power supply lines 351 run to an optical image - recording device 400 and to an illumination device 500 in housing 200 , and at least one control line 352 runs to an external control , image reproduction , image storage , documentation , archiving and / or diagnostic device , preferably to a computer 700 , with screen or display , programmed for at least one of the above - mentioned functions . a microvideo camera 400 with a lens section 410 mounted in the lens housing 411 is arranged centrally and axially in the housing 200 as an image - recording and observation device , together with the camera mount 420 and the end - stage of the camera 421 , which projects beyond the housing 200 . in the front section of the housing 201 , in the annular space 240 between the wall of the housing section 201 and the lens housing 411 , is arranged an illumination device 500 comprising a plurality of light emission elements , in particular miniature incandescent bulbs 510 , and a holder 515 made of transparent plastic material carrying said elements . towards the optical opening with the transparent plate 210 , this illumination device is adjoined by an annular prism 520 having a slanting , roughened inner surface 521 serving as a light diffuser , said prism being provided on its upper surface , optionally or selectably , with a polarization foil or a controllable polarization device 650 which , if desired , can be used to generate light vibrating in any required plane to be beamed onto the skin site 151 which is to be examined . in order to analyze , or to attenuate , or to perform other similar operations on , in a controlled manner , the at least partially polarized light reflected from the skin site 151 and thereby provide an image of the said skin site , before it enters the enlarging lens 410 of the video camera 400 , a polarization foil 610 of a polarization device 600 is arranged in front of the said lens . the polarization device is held by a cylindrical projecting section 621 of a rotatable support 620 for the polarization filter or analyze , which projecting section fits over the housing of the camera lens 411 . from this projecting section 621 , an annular section 622 extends outwards -- here at a right angle -- through an intermediate space 212 between the front 201 and rear 202 housing sections . said annular section is engaged peripherally by a coupling sleeve 630 fitting over both the said housing sections 201 , 202 , which sleeve is provided with an outer surface suitable to permit rotatory manipulation . the said coupling sleeve 630 is in turn rotatably - slidingly mounted by means of a type of groove and key construction 631 on the outer sides of the two cylindrical housing sections 201 , 203 . in the actual embodiment depicted , the housing 200 , with the projecting end - stage of the camera 421 , has an overall height of 81 mm and the housing extension 300 has an overall length of 131 mm . using otherwise the same reference numbers as in fig5 fig6 shows in detail how a substantially hollow - cylindrical illumination device holder ( 515 ), made for example from transparent plastic , is arranged in the housing front section 201 having a front plate 210 , in such a way that it adjoins peripherally the inner wall of the housing ; four 4 . 5 v halogen miniature incandescent bulbs 510 are positioned in four uniformly distributed recesses in this holder . below and in alignment with this illumination device holder 515 there follows an annular - shaped incident light polarizer 650 and an annular prism 520 with a roughened light emitting surface 521 . in the view from below , the wiring 351 supplying power to the electric incandescent bulbs can be seen . the details of the &# 34 ; rotatable &# 34 ; attachment of the outer coupling sleeve 630 of the analyzing device 600 , as illustrated in fig7 show the groove and key construction of the rotating - sliding mounting 631 of the coupling sleeve 630 on the outer surfaces of the housing sections 201 , 202 ; here a simple grub screw 631 &# 39 ; is used as the &# 34 ; key &# 34 ;. the other reference numbers appearing in this figure require no further explanation because they are similar to those used in fig5 . the variant of the new skin examination device 100 according to fig8 differs only little in principle from the device depicted in fig5 ; it possesses a particularly &# 34 ; low &# 34 ;, vertical housing 200 and the housing extension 300 -- which is also designed as a handle -- in this case accommodates the optical image - recording device , i . e . a video camera 400 with a lens or enlarging lens 410 and an illumination device 500 having radially arranged miniature incandescent bulbs 510 in recesses 516 of a transparent holder 515 with reflectors 517 for parallel alignment of the light beams . the end section 325 of the housing extension containing the illumination device 500 is detachably connected to the remainder of the housing extension and possesses contact pins 357 for at least the switching and control lines 352 of the switching and control element 310 with track ball 311 and microswitch 312 , and said contact pins cooperate with corresponding contact elements 356 in the remainder of the housing wetension 300 to make connection between the various lines . the control lines 352 lead to a control , switching , image signal , reduction , processing , reproduction , storage , documentation and / or archiving device 700 , in particular a computer with screen , display , loudspeaker or similar . the end surface 515 &# 39 ; of the illumination device holder 515 fits tightly against the light - conducting and emitting device 550 , which is manufactured for example from plastic , in particular from plexiglas , and coated with reflective material 551 , and which extends here in tubular fashion , with an elbow section , into the housing 200 . at the transition from the housing extension 300 into the housing , a reflector 560 is arranged to reflect the image of the skin site into the video camera 400 . a rotatable support 620 , which with the transparent plate 410 closes off the housing 200 to the skin 150 , is provided for the polarization analyzing 600 . the plate 410 is connected with a coupling sleeve 630 , which is again rotatably - slidingly mounted by means of a groove and key arrangement 631 on the outer surface of the housing . the annular disc - shaped section 622 of this coupling sleeve possesses a downward - oriented anti - glare device 640 and and an upward - projecting tubular section 621 to which the polarization foil 610 of the analyze is attached . the other reference numbers appearing in the fig8 which are not further explained here , are the same as those used in . fig5 . fig9 -- which uses similar reference numbers to those in fig8 -- shows the illumination device 500 , housed in the end section 325 of the extension of the housing , which can be unscrewed from the housing ( not shown here ). said illumination device possesses central power supply and control lines 350 - 352 and a transparent holder 515 with recesses 516 for spring - mounted incandescent bulbs 510 . the end surface 515 &# 39 ; fits tightly and without any loss of light against the tubular light guide 550 , inside which is mounted the adapter 480 of the video camera ( not shown here ). in the free space remaining behind the illumination device it is possible to house , for example , some of the electronics for the pointing device and control system . in the old technology described at the beginning , immersion oil is used to reduce the amount of light reflected from the surface of the skin . as shown , the same principle can be obtained by using double - polarized light . a polarization filter can be optionally mounted or inserted in front of the exit opening from the light source , and a rotatable polarization filter is mounted in front of the inlet opening to the lens of an image - recording device . the amount of light entering the lens is now thus regulatable . the portion of the light polarized by reflection can be eliminated by using filters . this arrangement makes it possible to observe the pigmented skin lesions with and without the known elm effect . tests conducted with a prototype have shown that not only can the elm effect be achieved with this technique , but also the quality can be considerably exceeded . it is appropriate to add the following remarks regarding the structure and functioning of the devices illustrated in fig5 and 8 , or regarding the functional aspects of the image - recording device used in them : the image - recording device 400 comprises a video camera with a micro - lens which supplies a video signal via a cable . the image - recording device is supplied with power via another cable . the analyze 600 or its polarization filter 610 is used to exploit the described physical effect of eliminating disruptive reflections . the analyze is located in the housing 200 and is engaged by a cylindrical projecting section 621 . a design using a coupling sleeve 630 permits the projecting section and thus the analyze filter 610 to be rotated as desired . the front housing section 201 serves as a spacer unit and thus maintains the correct focus to the light - sensitive element or sensor 400 . a high pitch thread permits the focus to be adjusted . the glass plate 210 which seals off the device keeps the object to be recorded , namely the skin 150 , flat and prevents any foreign bodies from entering the device . for hygienic reasons , the glass plate 210 is designed to be replaceable . the illumination device 500 provides the illumination of the area to be examined 151 . the light sources used are commercially available miniature halogen bulbs 510 . this illumination device 500 can be housed axially , i . e . in the housing section 200 , as well as in the extension 300 of the housing , with handle , below the light conductor 550 . optionally , in both cases , the light can already be polarized at the time when it is emitted . a light control system can be provided to protect the light sources and to reduce the thermal stress on the patient &# 39 ; s skin : a permanent , weak light source emits light , a phototransistor with circuitry recognizes when the device is approaching the patient &# 39 ; s skin or the contact of the glass plate causes the led light to be reflected and switches [ off ] the current supply to the bulbs . the following arrangement can be provided in a second variant : a circuit is incorporated into the serial mouse cable and recognizes signals from the track ball 411 or microswitch 412 ; an electronic timer circuit switches the power off when no mouse movement signals are received , i . e . when the system remains inactive during the examination process . a pointing device for the serial computer interface can be housed in the handle 300 . it is thus possible to operate the program with the incident light microscope . a computer program which can advantageously be used for &# 34 ; live &# 34 ; examinations , storage and comparison of the recorded images at different points in time receives the image information via a video digitizing card . the program is designed in such a way to process the signals of the pointing device that the doctor is spared the cumbersome procedure of operating the customary keyboard . all functions -- with the exception of the input of personal data -- can be remotely controlled from the incident light device . if a computer program is provided for independent assessment of the recorded pigment lesions , then by using image - processing methods a pigment lesion can be automatically recognized as an object of interest ; it can be analyzed according to a wide range of criteria and it can be compared with data from a neuronal network . in this way it is possible to obtain a computer - supported classification or diagnosis . elm equipment : camera travel : +/- 2 . 5 mm ; rotational range of the analyze : & gt ; 180 °; effective field of view : 10 mm ; light sources : 4 × 1 . 5 v or 4 . 5 v incandescent bulbs ( dimensions 5 by 3 mm ); front panel : mineral glass ; computer programs : programming language : visual basic or c or c ++. as far as the video camera used is concerned , the following remarks apply : a miniature video camera manufactured by panasonic and having a diameter of 15 mm and a length of 25 mm has proved particularly suitable in practice . the resolution is 780 × 640 pixels and pal is available as the signal . all video cameras which meet at least these structural and technical requirements can be used . the power supply to the camera is electrically separate from the rest of the system . the lens is also a commercially available unit and achieves a field of view of slightly more than 10 mm in diameter . the resulting field of view is smaller than the field of view of the lens and uses only the central , optically high - grade portions of the lens . the cost - effective variant of a device according to the invention , which is shown in sectional view and top view in fig1 , possesses a relatively short -- in this case hollow cylindrical -- housing 200 closed off at the bottom by a push - on end cap 201 and a glass plate 210 . from this housing an extension 200 , which is also hollow - cylindrical in shape and is externally advantageously configured as a manipulating handle , projects at a right angle and carries a switching and control element 310 with track ball 311 and microswitch 312 , for switching and controlling an external control , reproduction and / or storage device , in particular a computer ( not shown here ). in the geometrical opening between housing 200 and extension 300 , a two - part cube prism 560 is arranged directly behind the glass plate 210 as a light - conducting and light - reflecting element , and further along the optical axis of the housing 200 are arranged a -- in this case fixed -- polarizer 650 and an illumination device 500 with a housing 501 and an incandescent bulb 512 , as well as a parabolic refector 517 . along the optical anus of the extension 300 of the housing , starting from prism 560 , the following units are arranged : a rotatable analyze with polarization foil 610 and , in a support 411 , an optical lens system 410 as well as a video sensor 405 of an optical image - recording unit 400 , and the focus of the said video sensor can be adjusted by means of the setting screw 401 . this variant of the design is characterized in particular by a reflecting prism . by using this prism , orthogonal illumination is possible , while observation is carried out through an offset camera unit aligned perpendicular to the direction of illumination . the structure is in principle the same as in the variants already depicted in the preceding figures .
a device for optical examination of human skin and its pigmentation comprises a cylindrical housing in which are arranged an optical observation device and a vertical illumination device . where it faces the skin the housing is delimited by a plate made of transparent plastics or glass , which is applied to a skin site to be examined without introducing an immersion fluid . light polarization devices are situated between the illumination device and the transparent plate and between the transparent plate and the optical observation device , their degree of polarization being controlled or , optionally , their location being movable mechanically into or out of particular light beam paths .