the matrix of the skin ( the dermal matrix ), a structural framework that supports the cells and other structures in the skin , is comprised of collagen and elastin proteins for structural and dynamic ( elastic ) support . scarring of acne - affected skin has been known for a long time , and the typical treatment philosophy is that curing the acne will eliminate future scarring . as described in the background section , it has also been known that acne includes bacterial infestation and an inflammatory reaction . we have discovered that neutrophils ( pmns ), immune cells that migrate to areas of injury , invade acne - affected skin , and release both a collagenase ( mmp - 8 ) and another protease ( neutrophil elastase ) that likely exacerbate scarring . additionally , we have discovered that acne - affected skin has an elevated collagenase ( mmp - 1 ) level from resident skin cells that further exacerbates scarring . by inhibiting these dermal matrix - degrading enzymes , scarring of acne - affected skin can be lessened . neutrophils circulate in the blood and therfore must be recruited by a signalling mechanism to induce their presence in the skin , facilitate their infiltration to the affected site , and enable their release of mmp - 8 and elastase . accordingly , impeding or disrupting the signalling which induces their presence in the skin and / or the activity of mmp - 8 or elastase is likely to diminish the accompanying inflammation and the degradatory action of mmp - 8 and / or elastase . matrix metalloproteinases ( mmps )- are a family of enzymes that play a major role in physiological and pathological destruction of connective tissue , especially collagen . various types of collagen and collagenases ( types of mmps ) are known in this field , and a further description can be found in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 837 , 224 , and in our co - pending application 89 , 914 , filed 3 jun . 1998 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes . inhibitors of mmps ( e . g ., direct inhibitors of the proteinase ) and of molecular pathways ( e . g ., inhibitors of ap - 1 and / or nf - κb ) that affect mmp expression are known in other fields and likewise are described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 837 , 224 and the 89 , 914 co - pending application . mmp - 8 preferentially degrades type i collagen and is a more active enzyme than mmp - 1 and so degrades collagen better . neutrophils also release an elastase , a serine protease , an enzyme that degrades elastin protein in the dermal matrix . this invention inhibits scar formation in acne - affected skin by inhibiting mmps , especially neutrophil collagenase , generated in such acne - affected skin , and by inhibiting other dermal matrix - degrading enzymes . this invention also inhibits the redness ( erythema ) and discomfort caused by the inflammatory reaction accompaning acne . for the experiments , the results of which are shown in the figures described below , human volunteers ( each having given informed consent ) were used to assess the differences in collagenase and elastase concentration between areas of the skin having an acne lesion and uninvolved adjacent skin areas , and to evaluate ex vivo the likely effectiveness of certain inhibitors . fig1 depicts a western blot of mmp - 8 collagenase protein in human skin biopsied from an area having an acne lesion ( l in the figure ) and from clear , uninvolved , adjacent areas of skin ( c in the figure ) in patients (“ pt ”) 1 , 2 , and 3 . as shown in this figure , all three patients clearly have mmp - 8 present in the acne lesion , and have no mmp - 8 present in unaffected , adjacent areas of skin . fig2 a and 2b are photomicrographs of stained cross - section biopsies from human dermis and epidermis of a volunteer &# 39 ; s skin . the photographic section on the right ( 2 b ) was taken through an acne lesion , and the one on the left ( 2 a ) was taken from normal , uninvolved skin . each biopsy section was stained to show the presence of neutrophil elastase , a matrix - degrading serine protease . the presence of neutrophil elastase in fig2 b indicates the presence of neutrophils in the skin , presumably due ( directly and / or indirectly ) to the acne . the existence of neutrophil elastase in the skin would be expected to result in a breakdown of the elastin in the dermal matrix . thus , we have found that acne - affected skin contains a significant amount of neutrophil elastase and that uninvolved skin contains essentially no neutrophil elastase . this finding indicates that the presence of acne causes the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells to acne - affected areas of the skin . fig3 a and 3b depict stained cross - sectional biopsies from a volunteer &# 39 ; s acne - affected and uninvolved skin . the biopsies were taken and stained for the presence of collagenase ( mmp - 1 ). fig3 a and 3b show biopsies from acne - affected ( 3 a ) and uninvolved ( 3 b ) skin that were taken from the lower dermis of a volunteer &# 39 ; s skin . in these two figures , stained cells are seen ( 3 a ) from acne - affected skin at the level of the dermis , whereas no staining is found in the uninvolved skin ( 3 b ) at the same level of the dermis of uninvolved ( not acne - affected ) skin . thus , we have found that acne induces collagenase in the dermis through skin cells ( keratinocytes , fibroblasts ) resident in the skin . fig4 a and 4b are photomicrographs of stained cross - sectional biopsies from the skin of a volunteer which have been stained for the presence of type i procollagen ; fig4 a is from non - acne - affected skin and fig4 b is from acne - affected skin . ( the reader is referred to our co - pending application number 285 , 860 , filed 2 apr . 1999 , which describes preventing uv - induced inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in human skin , and our co - pending application number 28 , 435 , filed 24 feb . 1998 , regarding the reduced biosynthesis of procollagen in aged skin , and so are useful for a further understanding the significance of the lack of type i procollagen ; the disclosure of those applications is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes ). the presence of type i procollagen indicates that dermal cells are producing this collagen precursor , whereby the dermal matrix is being rebuilt by new collagen . ( procollagen is made in cells and is soluble ; it passes into the dermal matrix where it is formed into insoluble collagen .) uninvolved skin , as shown in fig4 a , is producing procollagen as would be expected , since acne generally starts affecting people in their teens , and these people typically have skin that is producing normal , significant amounts of procollagen . however , as shown in fig4 b , skin from the same subject as was taken for fig4 a , there is almost no procollagen production in acne - involved skin . thus , we have found that acne - involved skin is deficient in procollagen production . as we discuss in our prior applications and patents regarding photoaging , exposure of human skin to uv radiation induces in that skin mmps , and it is believed that imperfect repair of the skin after such mmp - inducing exposure leads to dermal scarring . based on the present results , it would appear that scarring due to acne is significantly exacerbated by the absence of procollagen in the skin : although the skin is attempting to heal itself , the lack of procollagen in that skin means that there is likely to be an imperfect repair . thus , the more acne - involved the skin , the less procollagen production , and , combined with the existence of increased amounts of mmps in acne - involved skin , there is a greater probability of imperfect repair of the acne lesion . fig5 a depicts acne - involved skin stained for neutrophil elastase . neutrophils enter from the blood vessel ( off the picture towards the bottom ) and migrate to the surface of the skin ( the epidermis being shown at the top of the panel ). the staining is more significant at the top of the lesion in the dermis , while there is some staining ( black dots ) along the bottom portion of the lesion ( suggesting that there are still other neutrophils migrating to the area ). the other panel ( fig5 b ) is an in - situ zymogram showing the presence of collagenase activity ; a section of the acne lesion is placed on a fluorescently - labelled collagen - coated slide , and where there is active collagenase that enzyme will destroy the fluorescently - labelled collagen on the slide and leave a black background on the panel . as seen in fig5 b , there was significant collagenase activity around the acne lesion . thus , we have discovered that in the area of acne lesions there is neutrophil infiltration with significant elastase and collagenase activity . while not desirous of being constrained to a particular theory , we believe that scarring due to acne is exacerbated , if not caused , by defects in skin repair . the skin is continuously trying to repair itself ; in this instance from the degradation caused by acne . acne , though more likely the bacterial infestation , leads to inflammation . the inflammatory response defense mechanism includes infiltration into the skin of neutrophil immune cells ; these cells generate collagenase and elastase that degrade to dermal matrix , the degradation products being removed and the matrix then being repaired . this process of degradation , which is part of the repair process ( i . e ., the need to breakdown and remove materials for further repair and cell growth ) is not perfect , and imperfections or defects in the repaired matrix can be manifest or presented as scars . pursuant to the present invention , the administration of an inhibitor of a dermal matrix - degrading enzyme effective to affect acne - involved skin inactiviates these destructive proteins or eliminates their presence by blocking the pathway ( s ) that creates or activates them ; whether topical or systemic , if the inhibitor is conveyed to the skin , it will be effective for inhibiting dermal matrix - degradaing enzymes and thus eliminates their consequences . again while not desirous of being constrained to a particular theory , the possible mechanism by which this invention functions is depicted in the cartoon of fig6 . on the left side of fig6 a hair follicle infected with p . acnes is shown . these bacteria release lps ( lipopolysaccharide )- like compounds which are sensed by keratinocytes ( kc ) ( triangles in fig6 ). ( b r vowels , s yang , and j j leyden , “ induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of propionibacterium acnes : implications for chronic inflammatory acne , infect . immun . 1995 63 : 3158 - 3165 ; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference ). the toll - like receptor ( tlr ) family includes lps receptors , and those in the keratinocytes are activated by lps - like products from p . acnes . activation of the tlrs causes nf - κb to enter the cell nucleus of keratinocyes , as shown in fig9 a and 9b discussed below . the keratinocytes are thus induced to release chemotactic factors , especially cytokines ( il - 1β , il - 8 , il - 10 , tnfα ). these factors activate the ap - 1 and nf - κb pathways , and nf - κb activates more il - 1 and tnfα ( a cyclical process ; see fig1 in our prior patent u . s . pat . no . 5 , 837 , 224 on photoaging due to uv radiation , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference ). the release of these factors causes inflammation , including the recruitment of neutrophils ( pmns ; i . e ., polymorphonuclear leukocytes ) from the blood supply to the acne lesion ; mmp - 8 and elastase are preformed in the neutrophils and so their presence in skin is due to their presence in neutrophils . as shown in this cartoon , the cytokines also effect other keratinocytes and fibroblasts ( fb ), which are resident in the skin , to generate mmps . the induction of matrix - degrading enzymes due to the presence of acne , and the continual repair of the damage they do , leads to imperfect repair of the skin . thus , elimination of the enzymes that degrade the dermal matrix reduces imperfect repair of the skin , and so lessens scarring . as shown above in fig3 a - 3b , collagenase expression in acne - affected skin occurs in the dermis . accordingly , a preferred composition includes indirect inhibitors of matrix degrading enzymes , such as glucocorticoids that block recruitment of neutrophils and other inflammatory immune cells , optionally retinoids that inhibit mmps in resident skin cells , and direct inhibitors of these enzymes , such as serpine ( a serine protease inhibitor analogous to timp ), all preferably in combination with at least one compound for treating acne ( e . g ., benzoyl peroxide or tetracycline ). while retinoids and antibacterials are commonly used to treat acne , they have not been used in combination with non - retinoid mmp inhibitors , elastase inhibitors , and / or inhibitors of the pnm recruitment pathway leading to degradation of the dermal matrix . fig8 a and 8b compare levels of collagen - degrading enzymes and inflammatory signalling molecules for four individuals , from their uninvolved and acne - involved skin ; for the acne - involved skin , each of the volunteers is represented by a differently - shaped data point ( square , circle , diamond , triangle ). fig8 a shows the change in the amount of mrna encoding for three different dermal matrix - degrading enzymes ( mmp - 1 , mmp - 3 , and mmp - 9 ) between uninvolved ( uninv ) and acne - affected ( acne ) for these individuals ; the dashed horizontal line represents the mean value ; and the three different scales should be noted . in general , fig8 a shows that in acne - affected skin , mmp - 1 is elevated an average of over 500 times from uninvolved skin , mmp - 3 is elevated an average of over 1000 times from uninvolved skin , and mmp - 9 is elevated an average of almost 15 times compared with uninvolved skin . fig8 b shows the difference in the amount of mrna encoding for the inflammatory cytokines mentioned above ( tnfα , il - 1β , il - 8 , and il - 10 ) between uninvolved and acne - affected skin ; as with fig8 a , each of the individuals is represented by a differently - shaped data point , and the mean value is shown as the horizontal dashed line . as with the collagen - degrading enzymes , the amounts of mrna encoding the cytokines increased from ininvolved to acne - affected skin : tnfα was about four times higher , il - 1β was over 25 times higher , il - 8 was over 5000 times higher , and il - 10 was about 75 times higher . these data confirm that increased cytokine concentrations ( inferred from an increase in their mrna levels ) are present in acne lesions , and thus the scarring and collagen degradation due to acne can be treated with a combination of mmp inhibitors and cytokine inhibitors . fig9 a and 9b compare the location of fluorescent p65 - labelled nf - κβ in uninvolved and acne - involved human skin biopsies via immunohistological techniques ; p65 antibody forms a complex with nf - κβ , and the fluorescent labelling allows the location of the antibody to be visualized . the biopsy in fig9 a shows that any nf - κβ present in the epidermis is present in the body of the cells ; the insert is a close - up showing that the nuclei of the cells ( dark objects ) are surrounded by the cell body in which the fluorescently - p65 - labelled nf - κβ resides ( red area ). the treatment offered in this application involves , as shown in fig6 , activation of cells by nf - κβ . fig9 b , taken through an acne lesion , shows that the nf - κβ has entered the cell nucleus of keratinocytes throughout the follicular epidermis involved in the lesion , with the staining being somewhat reduced in the remaining epidermis ; the insert shows that the nf - κβ has entered the cells &# 39 ; nuclei ( hence the red fluorescence is ovoid ) and that the cell body is no longer stained by the presence of nf - κβ . these figures thus show that there is prominent nuclear localization of nf - κβ in acne - involved human skin lesions in vivo as compared with uninvolved human skin . this nuclear localization is consistent with the mechanism proposed in fig6 ( but not relied upon for patentability ), that nf - κβ is present in the inflammatory signalling associated with acne lesions . in light of our findings , acne - affected patients can be helped by decreasing the activity of matrix - degrading enzymes in the area of acne lesions . this can be accomplished by various means which are not mutually exclusive . one method is to disrupt the signalling caused by p . acnes byproducts that results in cytokines and mmps . another method is to disrupt the signalling that results in the recruitment of neutrophils with the accompanying neutrophil elastase and collagenase . our present results suggest the mechanism shown in fig6 , a cartoon depicting the signalling in acne lesions . the p . acnes products induce keratinocytes ( kc ) to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnfα ), interlukin - 1β ( il - 1β ), and interlukins - 8 and 10 ( il - 8 , il - 10 ), all cytokines . these cytokines induce resident skin cells to produce mmps which degrade the dermal matrix . they also cause inflammation ( e . g ., redness , vasodilation , etc .) which is a signal for recruitment of neutrophils containing collagenase and elastase to the acne lesion ; the neutrophil collagenase and the elastase contribute to degradation of the dermal matrix . the lack of procollagen biosynthesis , as shown in fig4 b , contributes to imperfect repair of the matrix . the end result is scarring . to thwart the apparently inevitable result of acne scarring and inflammation , this invention disrupts the signalling pathways . more particularly , this invention uses an non - retinoid , non - steriod topically - applied composition , optionally in combination with a retinoid and / or a steriod , to inhibit this signalling , whereby degradation of the matrix is decreased and procollagen biosynthesis is restored , allowing the skin to heal with less scarring and less inflammation . aspirin and e5510 ( described by fujimori , t ., et at ., jpn j pharmacol ( 1991 ) 55 ( 1 ): 81 - 91 ) inhibit nf - κb activation . farnesyl transferase inhibitors such as b - 581 ( described by garcia a . m ., et al ., j biol chem ( 1993 ) 268 ( 25 ): 18415 - 18 ), bza - 5b ( described by dalton m . b . et al ., cancer res ( 1995 ) 55 ( 15 ): 3295 - 3304 ), farnesyl acetate , and ( α - hydroxyfarnesyl ) phosphoric acid act on ras and thus inhibit activation of the resultant erk cascade ; erk leads to c - fos , which heterodimerizes with c - jun to create ap - 1 . other useful inhibitors are those that inhibit nf - κb , such as sulfasalazine and parthenolide , serine protease ( elastase ) inhibitors , and antiadhesion molecules such as neutrophil infiltration inhibitors ( e . g ., selectin antagonists ). as described in the aforementioned applications relating to uv - induction of mmps , we have shown that so - called “ antioxidants ”, like n - acetylcysteine ( nac ), are useful at inhibiting mmps , and have been shown in the literature ( discussed below ) to inhibit ap - 1 , nf - κb , and il - 8 . because the signalling that we have identified ( which contributes to scarring and inflammation in acne ) appears similar to the signalling by which uv irradiation induces mmps , similar “ antioxidants ” as disclosed in those application and discussed below ( e . g ., nac , fdo ) are likely to be useful for combatting acne scarring and inflammation . as used herein , “ inhibitors ” of mmps and other dermal matrix - degrading enzymes , such as elastase , inhibit one or more of the steps in the natural physiological pathways leading to the production of these enzymes and / or directly inhibit one or more of these proteases , or they directly inhibit the activity of the enzyme . thus , as used herein an “ inhibitor ” excludes retinoids , inasmuch as retinoids and tetracyclines have been known for treating acne , this invention is directed to the novel use of a non - retinoid enzyme inhibitor , which use may be combined with the conventional use of a retinoid and / or a tetracycline . thus , an “ inhibitor ” is a non - retinoid compound that directly inhibits one or more dermal matrix - degrading enzymes and / or indirectly inhibits the enzyme by inhibiting some portion of an upstream pathway ( s ) leading to one or more of these dermal matrix - degrading enzymes . inhibition of the upstream pathway of these dermal matrix - degrading enzymes includes inhibition of one or more of the various signalling compounds and / or of the transcription factors ( e . g ., nf - κb , or cjun and cfos which together create ap - 1 ) by which these enzymes are produced naturally . mmps are also inhibited by bb2284 ( described by gearing , a . j . h . et al ., nature ( 1994 ) 370 : 555 - 557 ), gi129471 ( described by mcgeehan g . m ., et al ., nature ( 1994 ) 370 : 558 - 561 ), and timps ( tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases , which inhibit vertebrate collagenases and other metalloproteases , including gelatinase and stromelysin ). other compounds useful for the present invention are direct mmp inhibitors such as hydroxamate and hydroxy - urea derivatives , the latter exemplified by galardin , batimastat , and marimastat , and those disclosed in ep - a1 - 0 558635 and ep - a1 - 0 558648 ( disclosed as useful for inhibiting mmps in the treatment of , among other etiologies , skin ulcers , skin cancer , and epidermolysis bullosa ). indirect mmp inhibitors include kinase inhibitors genistein and quercetin ( as described in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 637 , 703 , 5 , 665 , 367 , and fr - a - 2 , 671 , 724 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference ) and related compounds , as well as other antioxidants such as nac ( n - acetyl cysteine ), discussed below . still further , other kinase inhibitors are sb202190 ( described by lee , j . c ., et al ., nature ( 1994 ) 372 : 739 - 746 ) and pd98059 ( described by dudley , d . t ., et al ., pnas ( usa ) ( 1995 ) 92 : 7686 - 7689 ) inhibit specific kinases in the cascades , geranyl geranyltransferase inhibitors and lisofylline , which inhibit activation of the jnk cascade resulting from rac / cdc42 activation , and u0126 ( 1 , 4 - diamino - 2 , 3 - dicyano - 1 , 4 - bis [ 2 - aminophenylthio ] butadiene ). as noted above , compounds that inhibit cytokines are indirect mmp inhibitors because interrupting the signalling pathway effectively inhibits mmps . compounds such as as mentioned , various compounds termed “ antioxidants ” are also useful as mmp inhibitors . while not desirous of being constrained to any particular theory of operation , these compounds may quench or otherwise reduce free radicals and reactive oxygen species which may initiate or lead to mmp induction , such as via the map kinase cascade . these compounds include glutathione and its precursors , such as n - acetyl cysteine ( nac ) or glutathione ethyl ester , more broadly n — ch 3 ( ch 2 ) n co cysteine ( wherein n is an integer from zero to eight , more preferably not more than 4 ), and related compounds and derivatives thereof as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 296 , 500 ( the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference ). these other mmp inhibitors include water - soluble compounds such as vitamin c and nac , and fdo . various other compounds that may act as mmp inhibitors include : lipid - soluble compounds such as β - carotene and its derivatives or other carotenoids ; glutathione and derivatives thereof ( or of nac ); α - lipoic acid ( 1 , 2 - dithiolane - 3 - pentanoic acid ); selenium compounds such as ebselen ( 2 - phenyl - 1 , 2 - benzisoselenazol - 3 ( 2h )- one ); isoflavones such as genistein ( isoflavone ), quercetin ( flavon - 3 - ol ), and pycnogenol ( flavan - 3 - ol ( s )); ergothioneine ; saponin ( e . g ., from polypodium leucotomos ); ginkgo biloba extract ( flavoneglycoside and terpenelactone ) and fever few ( chrysanthemum parthenium ) extract ( sesquiterpene lactone ). inhibitors of activator protein - 1 ( ap - 1 ) are likely to inhibit the subsequent signalling that results in the presence of mmps in the dermal matrix ; the more of the pathway that is inhibited , the more likely there will be no induction of mmps . among various compounds that have been found to inhibit ap - 1 and may likely be used topically include the following . cannabinoids : faubert and kaminski ; “ ap - 1 activity is negatively regulated by cannabinol through inhibition of its protein components , c - fos and c - jun ”, j leukoc biol , vol . 67 , no . 2 ( 2000 february , pp . 259 - 66 ) ( cannabinoid compounds exhibit immunosuppressive actions that are putatively mediated through gi - protein coupled receptors that negatively regulate adenylate cyclase . however , recent studies suggest that cannabinoids modulate other signaling cascades . cannabinol inhibited binding to ap - 1 - containing sites from the interleukin - 2 promoter , in part , due to decreased nuclear expression of c - fos and c - jun . thus , cannabinoid - induced immunosuppression involves disruption of the erk signaling cascade .) deferroxamine ( dfo ); kramer - stickland et al ., “ inhibitory effects of deferoxamine on uvb - induced ap - 1 transactivation ”, carcinogenesis , vol . 20 , no . 11 , november 1999 , pp . 2137 - 42 ( production of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) by iron can contribute directly to dna and protein damage and may contribute to cell signaling and proliferation . dfo treatment 24 h prior to uvb irradiation reduced uvb - induced ap - 1 transactivation by approximately 80 %, with the effect of dfo diminishing as pre - treatment time was shortened . treatment with fecl ( 3 ) a minimum of 6 h prior to uvb potentiated the uvb induction of ap - 1 transactivation by 2 - 3 - fold .) separately , gadolinium chloride and alpha - tocopherol : camandola et al ., “ liver ap - 1 activation due to carbon tetrachloride is potentiated by 1 , 2 - dibromoethane but is inhibited by alpha - tocopherol or gadolinium chloride ”, free radic biol med , vol . 26 , no . 9 - 10 , may 1999 , pp . 1108 - 16 . cyclosporin a : sugano et al ., “ cyclosporin a inhibits collagenase gene expression via ap - 1 and jnk suppression in human gingival fibroblasts , j periodontal res , vol . 33 , no . 8 , november 1998 , pp . 448 - 452 ( cyclosporin a is able to affect signal transduction of lipidpolysaccharide - induced collagenase expression in fibroblasts ; treatment of fibroblasts with lps caused activation of collagenase gene , activator protein - 1 ( ap - 1 ) and c - jun n - terminal kinase ( jnk ). these activations were blocked by csa . they suggest that inhibitory effects of csa on lps - induced signal transduction may contribute to the mechanism of csa - induced gingival overgrowth . catachins : barthelman et al ., “(−)- epigallocatechin - 3 - gallate inhibition of ultraviolet b - induced ap - 1 activity ”, carcinogenesis , vol . 19 , no . 12 , dec . 1998 , pp . 22014 ( using cultured human keratinocytes , uvb - induced ap - 1 activity is inhibited by egcg in a dose range of 5 . 45 nm to 54 . 5 microm ; egcg is effective at inhibiting ap - 1 activity when applied before , after or both before and after uvb irradiation ; egcg also inhibits ap - 1 activity in the epidermis of a transgenic mouse model ). naphthopyranomycins and exfoliamycins , such as k1115 a ( naruse et al ., “ k1115a , a new anthraquinone that inhibits the binding of activator protein - 1 ( ap - 1 ) to its recognition sites . ii . taxonomy , fermentation , isolation , physico - chemical properties and structure determination ,” j antibiot ( tokyo ), vol 51 , no . 6 , june 1998 , pp . 545 - 52 ; the anthraquinone 3 , 8 - dihydroxy - 1 - propylanthraquinone - 2 - carboxylic acid ). dhea : dashtaki et al ., “ dehydroepiandrosterone and analogs inhibit dna binding of ap - 1 and airway smooth muscle proliferation ”, j pharmacol exp ther , vol . 285 , no . 2 , 1998 may ( pp . 876 - 83 ) ( dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) and its analogs such as 16 - alpha - bromoepiandrosterone ). oleanolic acid glycosides : lee et al ., “ momordins inhibit both ap - 1 function and cell proliferation ,” anticancer res , vol . 18 , no . 1a , january - february 1999 ( pp . 119 - 24 ). monoterpene perillyl alcohol : barthelman et al ., “ inhibitory effects of perillyl alcohol on uvb - induced murine skin cancer and ap - 1 transactivation ”, cancer res ., vol . 58 , no . 4 , 15 february 1998 ( pp . 711 - 6 ). curcumin , which inhibits both ap - 1 and nf - κb : xu et al ., “ curcumin inhibits ill alpha and tnf - alpha induction of ap - 1 and nf - kb dna - binding activity in bone marrow stromal cells ,” hematopathol mol hematol , vol . 11 , no . 1 , 1997 - 8 ( pp . 49 - 62 ); and pendurthi et al ., “ suppression of activation of transcription factors egr - 1 , ap - 1 , and nf - kappa b ,” arterioscler thromb vasc biol , vol . 17 , no . 12 , december 1997 ( pp . 3406 - 13 ); and bierhaus et al ., “ the dietary pigment curcumin reduces endothelial tissue factor gene expression by inhibiting binding of ap - 1 to the dna and activation of nf - kappa b ,” thromb haemost , vol . 77 , no . 4 , 1997 april ( pp . 772 - 82 ). aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ): huang et al ., “ inhibition of ultraviolet b - induced activator protein - 1 ( ap - 1 ) activity by aspirin in ap - 1 - luciferase transgenic mice ”, j biol chem , vol . 272 , no . 42 , 17 october 1997 ( pp . 26325 - 31 ). pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and n - acetyl cysteine ( inhibit ap - 1 , nf - κb , and il - 8 ): munoz et al ., “ pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits the production of interleukin - 6 , interleukin - 8 , and granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor by human endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators : modulation of nf - kappa b and ap - 1 transcription factors activity ”, blood , vol . 88 , no . 9 , 1996 nov 1 ( pp . 3482 - 90 ). metal salts , such as gold ( i ) and selenite : handel et al ., “ inhibition of ap - 1 binding and transcription by gold and selenium involving conserved cysteine residues in jun and fos ,” proc natl acad sci usa , vol . 92 , no . 10 , 1995 may 9 ( pp . 4497 - 501 ) ( in electrophoretic mobility - shift analyses , ap - 1 dna binding was inhibited by gold ( i ) thiolates and selenite , with 50 % inhibition occurring at approximately 5 microm and 1 microm , respectively ; and other metal ions inhibited at higher concentrations , in a rank order correlating with their thiol binding affinities ); and spyrou et al ., “ ap - 1 dna - binding activity is inhibited by selenite and selenodiglutathione ”, febs lett , vol . 368 , no . 1 , 1995 jul 10 ( pp . 59 - 63 ) ( selenite and selenodiglutathione ( gs - se - sg )); and williams et al ., “ aurothioglucose inhibits induced nf - kb and ap - 1 activity by acting as an il - 1 functional antagonist ”, biochim biophys acta , vol . 1180 , no . 1 , 1992 oct 13 ( pp . 9 - 14 ). elastase inhibitors include procyanidines and proanthocyanidines , which non - competitively inhibit the activities of the proteolytic enzymes collagenase ( ic 50 = 38 nmol / l ) and elastase ( ic 50 = 4 . 24 nmol / l ) ( arzneimittelforschung ( germany ) may 1994 , 44 ( 5 ) p592 - 601 ), n - acetyl cysteine ( e . g ., u . s . pat . no . 5 , 637 , 616 for a disclosure of nac as an inhibitor of proteases that result in mucosal or skin lesions ) and derivatives thereof ( as described in our copending application 89 , 914 , filed 3 jun . 1998 ( the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference )). additional elastase inhibitors are described in the following disclosures . 6 - acylamino - 2 -( alkylsulfonyl ) oxy - 1h - isoindole - 1 , 3 - dione and related diones : kerrigan et al ., “ 6 - acylamino - 2 -( alkylsulfonyl ) oxy - 1h - isoindole - 1 , 3 - dione mechanism - based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase ”, bioorg med chem lett , vol . 10 , no . 1 , 2000 jan 3 ( pp . 27 - 30 ) ( acylamino substitution in the 6 - position increases selectivity and potency of these inhibitors for human leukocyte elastase ); gutschow et al ., “ 2 -( diethylamino ) thieno - 1 , 3 - oxazin4 - ones as stable inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase ”, j med chem , vol . 42 , no . 26 , 1999 dec 30 ( pp . 5437 - 47 ) ( 2 -( diethylamino ) thieno [ 1 , 3 ] oxazin - 4 - one ). caffeic acid derivatives : melzig et al ., inhibition of granulocyte elastase activity by caffeic acid derivatives ”, pharmazie , vol . 54 , no . 9 , 1999 sep ( pp . 712 ). pyridyl esters of benzopyrans : doucet et al ., “ 6 - substituted 2 - oxo - 2h - 1 - benzopyran - 3 - carboxylic acid as a core structure for specific inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase ”, j med chem , vol . 42 , no . 20 , 1999 oct 7 ( pp . 4161 - 71 ). certain beta - lactams : taylor et al ., “ novel mechanism of inhibition of elastase by beta - lactams is defined by two inhibitor crystal complexes ”, j biol chem , vol . 274 , no . 35 , 1999 aug 27 ( pp . 24901 - 5 ) ( the presence of a hydroxyethyl substituent on the beta - lactam ring provides a new reaction pathway resulting in the elimination of the hydroxyethyl group and the formation of a stabilizing conjugated double bond system ); wilmouth et al ., “ inhibition of elastase by n - sulfonylaryl beta - lactams : anatomy of a stable acyl - enzyme complex ”, biochemistry , vol . 37 , no . 50 , 1998 dec 15 ( pp . 17506 - 13 ); pyrrolidone trans - lactams and trans - lactones ) such as disclosed by macdonald et al ., “ syntheses of trans - 5 - oxo - hexahydro - pyrrolo 3 , 2 - bpyrroles and trans - 5 - oxo - hexahydro - furo 3 , 2 - b - pyrroles ( pyrrolidine trans - lactams and trans - lactones ): new pharmacophores for elastase inhibition ”, j med chem , vol . 41 , no . 21 , 1998 oct 8 ( pp . 3919 - 22 ). benzoyl aminoacetic acid derivatives : sakuma et al ., “ ono - 5046 is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil elastase in human pleural effusion after lobectomy ”, eur j pharmacol , vol . 10 353 , no . 2 - 3 , 1998 jul 24 ( pp . 273 - 9 ) ( sodium n - 2 - 4 -( 2 , 2 - dimethylpropionyloxy ) phenyl - sulfonylamino - benzoyl - aminoacetic acid ). complex sulfates : fujie et al ., “ release of neutrophil elastase and its role in tissue injury in acute inflammation : effect of the elastase inhibitor , fr134043 ”, eur j pharmacol , vol . 374 , no . 1 , 1999 jun 11 ( pp . 117 - 25 ) ( disodium -( z , 1s , 15s , 18s , 24s , 27r , 29s , 34s , 37r )- 29 - benzyl - 21 - ethylidene - 27 - hydroxy - 15 - isobutyrylamino - 34 - isopropyl - 31 , 37 - dimethyl - 10 , 16 , 19 , 22 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 38 - octaoxo - 36 - oxa - 9 , 11 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 28 , 31 , 33 - octaazatetracyclo 16 , 13 , 6 , 1 ( 24 , 28 ) 0 ( 3 , 8 )- octatriconta - 3 , 5 , 7 - trien - 5 , 6 - diyl disulfate . azaisochromens : mitsuhashi et al ., “ pharmacological activities of tei - 8362 , a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase ”, br j pharmacol , vol . 126 , no . 5 , 1999 mar ( pp . 1147 - 52 ) ( 4 -( n -( 3 -(( 3 - carboxypropyl ) amino )- 8 - methyl - 1 - oxo - 4 - azaisochromen - 6 - yl ) carbamoyl )- 4 -(( phenyl - methoxy ) carbonylamino ) butanoic acid ( c 26 h 28 n 4 o 9 )). acetamides : yamano et al ., “ protective effects of a paf receptor antagonist and a neutrophil elastase inhibitor on multiple organ failure induced by cerulein plus lipopolysaccharide in rats ”, naunyn schmiedebergs arch pharmacol , vol . 358 , no . 2 , 1998 aug ( pp . 253 - 63 ) ( 2 -( 3 - methylsulfonylamino - 2 - oxo - 6 - phenyl - 1 , 2 - dihydro - 1 - pyridyl )- n -( 3 , 3 , 3 - trifluoro - 1 - isopropyl - 2 - oxopropyl ) acetamide ). molecules having only a few amino acid residues which are effective for penetrating the skin : yamano et al ., “ protective effect of a pancreatic elastase inhibitor against a variety of acute pancreatitis in rats ” jpn j pharmacol , vol . 77 , no . 3 , 1998 jul ( pp . 193 - 203 ) ( trifluoroacetyl - l - lysyl - l - alaninanilide hydrochloride ). trifluoromethyl ketones : huang et al ., “ effect of trifluoromethyl ketone - based elastase inhibitors on neutrophil function in vitro ”, j leukoc biol , vol . 64 , no . 3 , 1998 sep ( pp . 322 - 30 ) ( new family of elastase inhibitors ic1200355 and zd0892 ). sulfone derivatives of thiazolidine - 3 - ones : groutas et al ., “ potent and specific inhibition of human leukocyte elastase , cathepsin g and proteinase 3 by sulfone derivatives employing the 1 , 2 , 5 - thiadiazolidin - 3 - one 1 , 1 dioxide scaffold ”, bioorg med chem , vol . 6 , no . 6 , 1998 jun ( pp . 661 - 71 ). peptidyl trifluoromethylalcohols : amour et al ., “ stereoselective synthesis of peptidyl trifluoromethyl alcohols and ketones : inhibitory potency against human leucocyte elastase , cathepsin g , porcine pancreatic elastase and hiv - 1 protease ”, j pharm pharmacol , vol . 50 , no . 6 , 1998 jun ( pp . 593 - 600 ) ( beta - peptidyl trifluoromethyl alcohols ( tfmas ) z - l - val - nh -* ch ( y )* ch ( oh )— cf 3 , where * c is the chiral centre , varied in the nature of the substituent y , a phenylethyl —( ch 2 ) 2 — c 6 h 5 or an isopropyl — ch ( ch 3 ) 2 group ; phenylethyl had ic 50 = 15 μm , whereas isopropyl had ic 50 = 200 μm ). benzoylamino acetates : shinguh et al ., “ biochemical and pharmacological characterization of fk706 , a novel elastase inhibitor ”, eur j pharmacol , vol . 337 , no . 1 , 1997 oct 15 ( pp . 63 - 71 ) ( fk706 , sodium 2 - 4 -( s )- 1 -( s )- 2 -( rs )- 3 , 3 , 3 - trifluoro - 1 - isopropyl - 2 - oxopropyl - aminocarbonyl - pyrrolidin - 1 - yl - carbonyl - 2 - methylpropyl - aminocarbonyl - benzoylamino acetate , c 26 h 32 f 3 n 4 nao 7 , a synthetic water - soluble inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase ). cephalosporin derivatives : rees et al ., “ inhibition of neutrophil elastase in cf sputum by l - 658 , 758 ”, j pharmacol exp ther , vol . 283 , no . 3 , 1997 dec ( pp . 1201 - 6 ); buynak et al ., “ 7 - alkylidenecephalosporin esters as inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase ”, j med chem , vol . 40 , no . 21 , 1997 oct 10 ( pp . 3423 - 33 ) ( 7 - alkylidene , 7 - haloalkylidene , and 7 - cyanomethylidene benzhydryl ester 7 -( cyanomethylidene ) cephalosporin sulfone derivatives ). azabicyclic compounds and perhydroindoles : portevin et al ., “ dual inhibition of human leukocyte elastase and lipid peroxidation : in vitro and in vivo activities of azabicyclo 2 . 2 . 2 - octane and perhydroindole derivatives ”, j med chem , vol . 40 , no . 12 , 1997 jun 6 , ( pp . 1906 - 18 ) ( selective human leukocyte elastase ( hle ) inhibitors of the val - pro - val type in which the central proline residue was replaced by normatural amino acids phi (( 2s , 3as , 7as )- perhydroindole - 2 - carboxylic acid ) and abo (( 3s )- 2 - azabicyclo - 2 . 2 . 2 - octane - 3 - carboxylic acid ). trialkylammonium salts : kouadri - boudjelthia and wallach , “ hydrophobic interactions are involved in the inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by alkyltrimethylammonium salts ”, int j biochem cell biol , vol . 29 , no . 2 , 1997 feb ( pp . 353 - 9 ) ( preferably alkyl chain longer than ten carbon atoms ). pivaloyloxy benzene derivatives : imaki et al ., “ non - peptidic inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase : the design and synthesis of sulfonanilide - containing inhibitors ”, bioorg med chem , vol . 4 , no . 12 , 1996 dec . ( pp . 2115 - 34 ) ( sulfonanilide - containing analogues most promising ). functionalized n - aryl azetidin - 2 - ones : joyeau et al ., “ synthesis and inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by functionalized n - aryl azetidin - 2 - ones : effect of different substituents on the aromatic ring ”, j pharm pharmacol , vol . 48 , no . 12 , 1996 dec . ( pp . 1218 - 30 ) ( n - aryl - 3 , 3 - difluoroazetidin - 2 - ones featured by a latent electrophilic methylene quinoniminium moiety , and incorporate on their aromatic ring either an alkyl moiety , a methoxy substituent or a carboxylic group ; some proved to be good inactivators of human leucocyte elastase ). saccharine derivatives : groutas et al ., “ design , synthesis , and in vitro inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase , cathepsin g , and proteinase 3 of saccharin - derived sulfones and congeners ”, bioorg med chem , vol . 4 , no . 9 , 1996 sep . ( pp . 1393 - 400 ) ( derivatives has sulfinate leaving group ; inhibitory activity is dependent on the nature and pka of the leaving group , and the synthesized saccharin derivatives exhibit selective inhibition toward hle ). mucopolysaccharides , such as heparin : volpi , “ inhibition of human leukocyte elastase activity by heparins : influence of charge density ”, biochim biophys acta , vol . 1290 , no . 3 , 1996 aug 13 ( pp . 299 - 307 ) ( heparins strongly inhibit elastase activity , and there is a significant linear dependence between charge density ( sulfate - to - carboxyl ratio ) and enzymatic activity ). exopolysaccharides : ying et al ., “ alginate , the slime exopolysaccharide of pseudomonas aeruginosa , binds human leukocyte elastase , retards inhibition by alpha 1 - proteinase inhibitor , and accelerates inhibition by secretory leukoprotease inhibitor ”, am j respir cell mol biol , vol . 15 , no . 2 , 1996 aug . ( pp . 283 - 91 ) ( data support a model in which each elastase molecule interacts with a total of 19 uronic acid units on the alginate , primarily through electrostatic forces ). nf - κb inhibitors include those disclosed in the following references . cyclopentenone prostaglandins : rossi et al ., “ anti - inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of ikappab kinase ”, nature , vol . 403 , no . 6765 , 2000 jan 6 ( pp . 103 - 8 ). quercetin and staurosporine : peet and li , “ ikappab kinases alpha and beta show a random sequential kinetic mechanism and are inhibited by staurosporine and quercetin ”, j biol chem , vol . 274 , no . 46 , 1999 nov 12 ( pp . 32655 - 61 ) ( but not the quercetin analogue daidzein ). nepalolide a : wang et al ., “ nepalolide a inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by modulating the degradation of ikappab - alpha and ikappab - beta in c6 glioma cells and rat primary astrocytes ”, br j pharmacol , vol . 128 , no . 2 , 1999 sep . ( pp . 345 - 56 ). turmeric ( curcumin ): plummer et al ., “ inhibition of cyclo - oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of nf - kappab activation via the nik / ikk signalling complex ”, oncogene , vol . 18 , no . 44 , 1999 oct 28 ( pp . 6013 - 20 ). salicylates : stevenson et al ., “ salicylic acid and aspirin inhibit the activity of rsk2 kinase and repress rsk2 - dependent transcription of cyclic amp response element binding protein - and nf - kappa b - responsive genes ”, j immunol , vol . 163 , no . 10 , 1999 nov 15 ( pp . 5608 - 16 ). diterpenes : de las heras et al ., “ inhibition of nos - 2 expression in macrophages through the inactivation of nf - kappab by andalusol ”, br j pharmacol , vol . 128 , no . 3 , 1999 oct ( pp . 605 - 12 ) ( andalusol , ent - 6a , 8a , 18 - trihydroxy - 13 ( 16 ), 14 - labdadiene , is a naturally occurring diterpene , isolated from sideritis foetens ( lamiaceae ). n - substituted benzamides : liberg et al ., “ n - substituted benzamides inhibit nfkappab activation and induce apoptosis by separate mechanisms ”, br j cancer , vol . 81 , no . 6 , 1999 nov ( pp . 981 - 8 ). while not preferred due to potential toxicity issues , arsenic : estrov et al ., “ phenylarsine oxide blocks interleukin - 1β - induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor nf - κb , inhibits proliferation , and induces apoptosis of acute myelogenous leukemia cells ”, blood , vol . 94 , no . 8 , 1999 oct 15 ( pp . 2844 - 53 ). genistein : tabary et al ., “ genistein inhibits constitutive and inducible nfkappab activation and decreases il - 8 production by human cystic fibrosis bronchial gland cells ”, am j pathol , vol . 155 , no . 2 , 1999 aug ( pp . 473 - 81 ). theophylline : tomita et al ., “ functional assay of nf - kappab translocation into nuclei by laser scanning cytometry : inhibitory effect by dexamethasone or theophylline ”, naunyn schmiedebergs arch pharmacol , vol . 359 , no . 4 , 1999 apr ( pp . 249 - 55 ). cepharanthine : a plant alkaloid ( i ) ( merck index 11 , 306 , 1981 ), and described in u . s . pat . nos . 2 , 206 , 407 and 2 , 248 , 241 , and japanese patents 120 , 483 , 128 , 533 , and 141 , 292 . trifluoroalkyl salicylates : bayon et al ., “ 4 - trifluoromethyl derivatives of salicylate , triflusal and its main metabolite 2 - hydroxy - 4 - trifluoromethylbenzoic acid , are potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappab activation ”, br j pharmacol , vol . 126 , no . 6 , 1999 mar ( pp . 1359 - 66 ) ( 2 - hydroxy - 4 - trifluoromethylbenzoic acid ( htb ) and 2 - acetoxy4 - trifluoromethylbenzoic acid ( triflusal ), both more potent than aspirin or salicylate as inhibitors of nf - κb , indicating that the incorporation of a 4 - trifluoromethyl group to the salicylate molecule strongly enhances its inhibitory effect on nf - κb activation ). quinapril : quinapril hydrochloride is chemically described as [ 3s -[ 2 [ r *( r *)], 3r *]]- 2 -[ 2 -[[ 1 -( ethoxycarbonyl )- 3 - phenylpropyl ] amino ]- 1 - oxopropyl ]- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 3 - isoquinolinecarboxylic acid , monohydrochloride . its empirical formula is c 25 h 30 n 2 o 5 . hcl . cyclosporine a : meyer et al ., “ cyclosporine a is an uncompetitive inhibitor of proteasome activity and prevents nf - kappab activation ”, febs lett , vol . 413 , no . 2 , 1997 aug 18 ( pp . 354 - 8 ). arachidonic acid derivatives : thommensen et al ., “ selective inhibitors of cytosolic or secretory phospholipase a2 block tnf - induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor - kappa b and expression of icam - 1 ”, j immunol , vol . 161 , no . 7 , 1998 oct 1 ( pp . 3421 - 30 ) ( tnf - induced activation of nf - κb inhibited by trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of arachidonic acid ( aacocf 3 ), methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate , trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of eicosapentaenoic acid ( epacocf 3 ), 12 - epi - scalaradial , and ly311727 ; arachidonyl methyl ketone analogue ( aacoch 3 ) and the eicosapentanoyl analogue ( epachohcf 3 ) had no effect on tnf - induced nf - κb activation . genistein , erbstatin : natarajan et al ., “ protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors block tumor necrosis factor - induced activation of nuclear factor - kb , degradation of iκbα , nuclear translocation of p65 , and subsequent gene expression ”, arch biochem biophys , vol . 352 , no . 1 , 1998 apr 1 ( pp . 59 - 70 ). fasudil : 1 -( 5 - isoquinolinesulfonyl ) homopiperazine hydrochloride ( fasudil hydrochloride ); sato et al ., “ inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a bioavailable serine / threonine kinase inhibitor , fasudil hydrochloride ”, aids res hum retroviruses , vol . 14 , no . 4 , 1998 mar 1 ( pp . 293 - 8 ). ace ( angiotensin converting enzyme ) inhibitors , like quinipril : hernandez - presa et al ., “ angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibition prevents arterial nuclear factor - kappa b activation , monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 expression , and macrophage infiltration in a rabbit model of early accelerated atherosclerosis ”, circulation , vol . 95 , no . 6 , 1997 mar 18 ( pp . 153241 ). synthetic 1 , 3 , 7 - trialkyl xanthine derivatives , such as pentoxifylline ( 3 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 -( 5 - oxohexyl ) xanthine ; drugs & amp ; aging 1995 , 7 / 6 : 480 - 503 ) and denbufylline ( 1 , 3 - dibutyl - 7 -( 2 - oxopropyl ) xanthine ); lee et al ., “ pentoxifylline blocks hepatic stellate cell activation independently of phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity ”, am j physiol , vol . 273 , no . 5 pt 1 , 1997 nov ( pp . g1094 - 100 ). benzophenanthradine derivatives : chaturvedi et al ., “ sanguinarine ( pseudochelerythrine ) is a potent inhibitor of nf - κb activation , iκbα phosphorylation , and degradation ”, j biol chem , vol . 272 , no . 48 , 1997 nov 28 ( pp . 30129 - 34 ) ( sanguinarine , a benzophenanthridine alkaloid ). actinomycin d : faggioli et al ., “ protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and anisomycin induce interleukin - 6 gene expression and activate transcription factor nf - κb ”, biochem biophys res commun , vol . 233 , no . 2 , 1997 apr 17 ( pp . 507 - 13 ) ( il - 6 mrna accumulation in two human cell lines , mda - mb - 231 and hela , stimulated by cycloheximide or anisomycin is almost completely inhibited in the presence of actinomycin d ). hydroxyanthranilic acids : sekkai et al ., “ inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in macrophages by 3 - hydroxyanthranilic acid , a tryptophan metabolite ”, arch biochem biophys , vol . 340 , no . 1 , 1997 apr 1 ( pp . 117 - 23 ) ( 3 - hydroxyanthranilic acid but not anthranilic acid ). nordihydroguaiaretic acid and aa861 : lee et al ., “ inhibition of 5 - lipoxygenase blocks il - 1 beta - induced vascular adhesion molecule - 1 gene expression in human endothelial cells ”, j immunol , vol . 158 , no . 7 , 1997 apr 1 ( pp . 3401 - 7 ). prostaglandin a1 : rossi et al ., “ inhibition of nuclear factor kappa b by prostaglandin a1 : an effect associated with heat shock transcription factor activation ”, proc natl acad sci usa , vol . 94 , no . 2 , 1997 jan 21 ( pp . 746 - 50 ). sialyl lewis x ( sle . sup . x ) mediates binding of neutrophils to vascular endothelial cells by binding to e - selectin . ( m . phillips , et al ., science 1990 , 250 , 1130 ; j . lowe , et al ., cell 1990 , 63 , 475 ; t . feizi , trends biochem sci 1991 , 16 , 84 ; m . tiemeyer ., et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 1991 , 88 , 1138 ; l . lasky , science 1992 , 258 , 964 ; and t . springer , l . a . lasky , nature 1991 , 349 , 196 .) sialyl lewis x ( sle . sup . x ) is a cell surface carbohydrate ligand found on neutrophils , anchored onto the outer membrane thereof by integral membrane glycoproteins and / or glycolipids . administration of sle . sup . x inhibits the sle . sup . x / e - selectin interaction and blocks adhesion of neutophils to endothelial cells . ( m . buerke , et al ., j . clin . invest ., 1994 , 1140 .). neutrophil - mediated inflammatory diseases may be treated by administration of sialyl lewis x ( sle . sup . x ). selectin inhibitor include those in the following references . e -, p -, and l - selectin inhibitors in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 830 , 871 . sulfatides and sialylated or sulfated fucooligosaccharides , as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 985 , 852 , and other fucose derivatives as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 962 , 422 and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 919 , 769 ; as well as described by ikami et al ., “ synthetic studies on selectin ligands - inhibitors : synthesis and inhibitory activity of 2 - o - fucosyl sulfatides containing 2 - branched fatty alkyl residues in place of ceramide ”, journal of carbohydrate chemistry , vol . 17 , no . 3 , 1998 ( pp . 453470 ) ( sulfated 2 - o - alpha - l - fucopyranosyl beta - d - galactopyranosides containing 2 - branched fatty - alkyl residues in place of ceramide ); todderud et al ., “ bms - 190394 , a selectin inhibitor , prevents rat cutaneous inflammatory reactions ”, j pharmacol exp ther , vol . 282 , no . 3 , 1997 sep ( pp . 1298 - 304 ) ( selectin antagonist bms - 190394 , a structural analog of sulfatide ). tbc - 1269 ( available from texas biotechnology corp ., houston , tex .) and other mannose derivatives : for example , dupre et al ., “ glycomimetic selectin inhibitors : ( alpha - d - mannopyranosyloxy )- methylbiphenyls ”, bioorganic & amp ; medicinal chemistry letters , vol . 6 , no . 5 , 1996 ( pp . 569 - 572 ); lin et al ., “ synthesis of sialyl lewis x mimetics as selectin inhibitors by enzymatic aldol condensation reactions ”, bioorg med chem , vol . 7 , no . 3 , 1999 mar ( pp . 425 - 33 ) ( d - mannosyl phosphate / phosphonate derivatives enzymatically prepared as sialyl lewis x tetrasaccharide mimics ); kogan et al ., “ rational design and synthesis of small molecule , non - oligosaccharide selectin inhibitors : ( alpha - d - mannopyranosyloxy ) biphenyl - substituted carboxylic acids ”, j med chem , vol . 38 , no . 26 , 1995 dec 22 ( pp . 4976 - 84 ). leumedins : endemann et al ., “ novel anti - inflammatory compounds induce shedding of l - selectin and block primary capture of neutrophils under flow conditions ”, j immunol 1997 may 15 ; 158 ( 10 ): 4879 - 85 ( leumedins are small molecules that inhibit neutrophil movement into inflamed tissues ). di - and tri - valent small molecules , mainly 3 - carboxyaralkyl - substituted 2 - α - d - mannopyranosyloxy - phenyl unsubstitued , oxygen -, or nitrogen - substituted alkanes ( e . g ., oxobutane , piperidine ), as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 919 , 768 . gsc - 150 : wada et al ., ueffect of gsc - 150 , a new synthetic selectin inhibitor , on skin inflammation in mice ”, japanese journal of pharmacology , vol . 71 , no . suppl . 1 , 1996 ( page 302p ). sialyl lewis x analogs : kiso et al ., “ studies of selectin binding inhibitors : synthesis of sialyl - lewis x and sialyl - lewis a epitope analogs containing 2 - acetamido derivative of n - methyl - 1 - deoxynojirimycin ”, journal of carbohydrate chemistry , vol . 15 , no . 1 , 1996 ( pp . 1 - 14 ) ( synthesis of sialyl - lewis x ( 15 ) and sialyi - lewis a ( 17 ) epitope analogs containing the 2 - acetamido derivative of n - methyl - 1 - deoxynojirimycin ). glycolipid sulfatide : nair et al ., “ inhibition of immune complex - induced inflammation by a small molecular weight selectin antagonist ”, mediators of inflammation , vol . 3 , no . 6 , 1994 ( pp . 459 - 463 ). triterpene glucosides such as glycyrrhizin : rao et al ., “ glycyrrhetinic acid glycosides are sialyl lewis x mimics , and function as selectin inhibitors ”, molecular biology of the cell , vol . 5 , no . suppl ., 1994 ( pp . 480a ); narasinga et al ., “ sialyl lewis x mimics derived from a pharmacophore search are selectin inhibitors with anti - inflammatory activity ”, journal of biological chemistry , vol . 269 , no . 31 , 1994 ( pp . 19663 - 19666 ) ( glycyrrhizin , an l - fucose derivative , and a c - fucoside derivative ; subramanian et al ., “ attenuation of renal ischemia - reperfusion injury with selectin inhibition in a rabbit model ”, am j surg , vol . 178 , no . 6 , 1999 dec ( pp . 573 - 6 ). gm - 1925 : cornell and bowyer , “ attenuation of lung injury in a rabbit acid aspiration model using gm - 1925 , a novel selectin inhibitor ”, surgical forum , vol . 45 , 1994 ( pp . 107 - 110 ). diisopropyl fluorophosphate : palecanda et al ., “ complete inhibition of cross - linking and activation induced shedding of i selectin by the serine protease inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate dpf ”, j immunol , vol . 150 , no . 8 part 2 , 1993 ( page 304a ). br 44 - 09 and br 44 - 096837 : heavner et al ., “ multiple binding site involvement in neutrophil selectin adhesion implications for design of peptide and carbohydrate inhibitors bio br 44 - 09 br 44 - 096840 ”, j cell biochem suppl , no . 17 part a , 1993 ( p . 342 ); dalton et al ., inhibition of selectin mediated adhesion in - vivo and in - vitro bio br 44 - 09 br 44 - 096837 ”, j cell biochem suppl , no . 17 part a , 1993 ( p . 342 ). gmp - 140 : may et al ., “ gmp - 140 p selectin inhibits human neutrophil activation by lipopolysaccharide analysis by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy bio ba 93 - 00 ba 93 - 130631 ”, biochem biophys res commun , vol . 183 , no . 3 , 1992 ( pp . 1062 - 1069 ). tetrasaccharides : ushakova et al ., “ inhibitory activity of monomeric and polymeric selectin ligands ”, vopr med khim , vol . 45 , no . 5 , 1999 sep - oct ( pp . 375 - 83 ) ( tetrasaccharides sialex , sialea , hso 3 lex , their conjugates with polyacrylamide ( 40 kda ), and several other monomeric and polymeric substances ; all monomeric inhibitors were about two orders of magnitude weaker ; paa - conjugates , containing as a ligand tyrosine - o - sulfate in addition to one of the above mentioned oligosaccharides , were the most potent synthetic blockers compared with fucoidan , bi - ligand glycoconjugate hso3lea - pm - styr ); bertozzi et al ., “ sulfated disaccharide inhibitors of l - selectin : deriving structural leads from a physiological selectin ligand ”, biochemistry , vol . 34 , no . 44 , 1995 nov 7 ( pp . 14271 - 8 ) ( generated a simple small molecule ( lactose 6 ′, 6 - disulfate ) with greater inhibitory potency for l - selectin than sialyl lewis x ). panosialins : shinoda et al ., “ panosialins , inhibitors of an alpha1 , 3 - fucosyltransferase fuc - tvii , suppress the expression of selectin ligands on u937 cells ”, glycoconj j , vol . 15 , no . 11 , 1998 nov ( pp . 1079 - 83 ). cy - 1503 : schmid et al ., “ carbohydrate selectin inhibitor cy - 1503 reduces neutrophil migration and reperfusion injury in canine pulmonary allografts ”, j heart lung transplant , vol . 16 , no . 10 , 1997 oct ( pp . 1054 - 61 ). inhibitors of tlrs ( toll - like receptors ) and / or other receptors that are sensitive to the lps - like compounds associated with acne lesions can be used to ameliorate the signalling that induces the cytokines tnfα , il - 1β , il - 8 , and il - 10 , as shown in fig6 and 8 b , and any other related cytokines that are induced by the p . acnes bacteria . diglucosamine - based lps antagonists include e5564 and e5531 , described by e . lien et al ., j . biol . chem . 276 ( 3 ): 1873 - 80 ( 2001 ), and by t . k . means et al ., j . immunol ., 166 ( 6 ): 4074 - 82 ( 2001 ), inhibit certain tlrs . generally , molecules having a molecular weight of less than about 600 will pass through the skin , and lipophilic molecules are preferred ( or a conjugate having a lipophilic portion ). accordingly , while short chain peptides are not listed above , those having a low molecular weight and a high proportion of lipophilic amino acid residues are likely to be useful as topical inhibitors of ap - 1 , nf - κb , elastase , and / or selectin . fig7 a - 7f show the effect of a control and some of these inhibitors on acne - affected skin . each of these figures is an in - situ zymogram showing collagenase ( mmp - 1 and / or mmp - 8 ) activity in a biopsied section ; green is fluorescently - labelled collagen placed on a slide , over which is placed a biopsy section from an acne lesion from a human volunteer . fig7 a is a zymogram of a biopsy of uninvolved ( not acne - affected ) skin ; there is almost no collagenase activity . fig7 b is a zymogram of acne - involved skin ; there is significant collagenase activity as evidenced by the dark ( black ) areas where the fluorescently - labelled collagen has been degraded by the collagenase in the biopsied specimen . fig7 c is a zymogram of acne - involved skin which was treated with a control compound c1006 structurally analogous to known inhibitors but found to be inactive ( the subject compound is applied over the biopsy section laid on the fluorescently - labelled collagen - coated slide ); as seen by the dark areas , there was still significant collagen degradation ( and hence collagenase activity ). fig7 d is a zymogram of acne - affected skin treated with a collagenase inhibitor ag 3340 ( drugs r d 1999 february ; 1 ( 2 ): 137 - 8 ); the amount of collagenase activity is minimal and comparable with that seen for uninvolved skin . fig7 e is also a zymogram of acne - involved skin treated with collagenase inhibitor gm1489 ; again there is significant inhibition of collagenase activity . finally , fig7 f is a zymogram of acne - involved skin treated with gm6001 ; again there is significant suppression of collagenase activity . the mmp inhibitor gm6001 is n -[( 2r )- 2 - hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl ) 4 - methylpentanoyl ]- l - tryptophan methylamide ( ilomastat ) ( see r e galardy et al ., ann . ny acad . sci ., 732 : 315 - 323 ( 1994 )). the inhibitor gm1489 is n -[( 2r )- 2 -( carboxymethyl )- 4 - methylpentanoyl ]- l - tryptophan methylbenzylamide ( see w m holleran et al ., ( 1997 ) arch . dermatol . res . 289 : 138 - 144 ). the control compound c1006 is n - t - butyloxycarbonyl - l - leucyl - l - tryptophan methylamide . these three compounds ( gm6001 , gm1489 , and c1006 , were obtained from ams scientific inc ., concord , california ). the compositions of this invention can be provided in any cosmetically suitable form , preferably as a lotion or cream , but also in an ointment or oil base , as well as a sprayable liquid form ( e . g ., a spray that includes the mmp inhibitor in a base , vehicle , or carrier that dries in a cosmetically acceptable way without the greasy appearance that a lotion or ointment would have if applied to the skin ). in addition , the compositions contemplated by this invention can include one or more compatible cosmetically acceptable adjuvants commonly used , such as colorants , fragrances , emollients , humectants , and the like , as well as botanicals such as aloe , chamolile , and the like . when used topically , an inhibitor ( of a dermal matrix - degrading enzyme ) is used preferably at concentrations of between about 0 . 05 % and about 5 %, more preferably between 0 . 1 % and 1 %; antioxidants are preferably taken in “ megadoses ” ( e . g ., at least 1 g / d of vitamin c , at least 1000 i . u . of one or more tocopherols ). a direct inhibitor includes ag3340 , used at 0 . 3 %± 0 . 1 %. in view of the foregoing , another facet of this invention is the use of an mmp inhibitor in combination with a clinical therapy for acne . the various treatments for acne , as noted in the background section , involve the topical or oral administration of any number of active ingredients , ranging from antibacterials to anti - inflammatories . by virtue of this invention , combination therapies , such as combined oral and topical administration of tetracycline ( which may involve use of two different tetracyclines ), combined oral and topical administration of a retinoid , or a combination topical composition containing ( i ) an mmp inhibitor and / or an elastase inhibitor and ( ii ) another compound ( such as an antibiotic , comedolytic , and / or anti - inflammatory ). in another aspect this invention includes an improved process for treating acne . as mentioned above , retinoids are known and presently used for treating acne . according to this invention , the improvement to that process is the use of a compound that inhibits the degradation of the retinoid . one enzyme that degrades retinoids and can be inhibited is cytochrome p - 450 . in the skin , retinoids are converted into retinoic acid ( ra ) as the active form . natural retinoids that function in the skin are all trans or are metabolized to all trans . retinoic acid ( ra ; all trans ) is metabolized to inactivation by hydroxylation ( via ra 4 - hydroxylase ) to 4 - hydroxy - ra , which is then oxidized by a reaction mediated by the cytochrome p450 - dependent monooxygenase system . ( s . kang et al ., “ liarczole inhibits human epidermal retinoic acid 4 - hydroxylase activity and differentially augments human skin responses to retinoic acid and retinol in vivo ,” j . invest . dermatol ., 107 : 183 - 187 ( august 1996 ); e . a . duell et al ., “ human skin levels of retinoic acid and cytochrome p - 450 - derived 4 - hydroxyretinoic acid after topical application of retinoic acid in vivo compared to concentrations required to stimulate retinoic acid receptor - mediated transcription in vitro ,” j . clin . invest ., skin retinoid levels and reporter gene activity , 90 : 1269 - 1274 ( oct . 1992 ); e . a . deull et al ., “ retinoic acid isomers applied to human skin in vivo each induce a 4 - hydroxylase that inactivates only trans retinoic acid ,” j . invest . dermatol ., 106 : 316 - 320 ( february 1996 ); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference ). accordingly , compounds which interfere with the elimination metabolism of all trans ra , the active metabolite of topically applied retinoids such as 9 - cis ra and 13 - cis ra , will beneficially increase the amount of ra in the skin . thus , preventing the degradation of natural ( all trans ) ra in the skin effectively increases its concentration , and so provides the benefits useful for its treatment of acne . retinoids that are or may likely be useful for treating acne include natural and synthetic analogs of vitamin a ( retinol ), vitamin a aldehyde ( retinal ), vitamin a acid ( retinoic acid ( ra )), including all - trans , 9 - cis , and 13 - cis retinoic acid ), etretinate , and others as described in ep - a2 - 0 379367 , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 887 , 805 , and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 888 , 342 ( the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference ), and the dissociating retinoids that are specific for ap - 1 antagonism ( such as those described by fanjul , et al . in nature ( 1994 ) 372 : 104 - 110 ). various synthetic retinoids and compounds having retinoid activity are expected to be useful in this invention , to the extent that s they exhibit anti - mmp activity in vivo , and such are described in various patents assigned on their face to allergan inc ., such as in the following u . s . patents , numbered : u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 514 , 825 ; 5 , 698 , 700 ; 5 , 696 , 162 ; 5 , 688 , 957 ; 5 , 677 , 451 ; 5 , 677 , 323 ; 5 , 677 , 320 ; 5 , 675 , 033 ; 5 , 675 , 024 ; 5 , 672 , 710 ; 5 , 688 , 175 ; 5 , 663 , 367 ; 5 , 663 , 357 ; 5 , 663 , 347 ; 5 , 648 , 514 ; 5 , 648 , 503 ; 5 , 618 , 943 ; 5 , 618 , 931 ; 5 , 618 , 836 ; 5 , 605 , 915 ; 5 , 602 , 130 . still other compounds described as having retinoid activity are described in other u . s . patents , numbered : u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 648 , 563 ; 5 , 648 , 385 ; 5 , 618 , 839 ; 5 , 559 , 248 ; 5 , 616 , 712 ; 5 , 616 , 597 ; 5 , 602 , 135 ; 5 , 599 , 819 ; 5 , 556 , 996 ; 5 , 534 , 516 ; 5 , 516 , 904 ; 5 , 498 , 755 ; 5 , 470 , 999 ; 5 , 468 , 879 ; 5 , 455 , 265 ; 5 , 451 , 605 ; 5 , 343 , 173 ; 5 , 426 , 118 ; 5 , 414 , 007 ; 5 , 407 , 937 ; 5 , 399 , 586 ; 5 , 399 , 561 ; 5 , 391 , 753 ; and the like , the disclosures of all of the foregoing and following patents and literature references hereby incorporated herein by reference . examples of compounds dermatologically acceptable and having or likely to have inhibitory effects on the p - 450 - mediated degradation of ra and other retinoids include azoles , especially triazoles , including , for example , ketoconazole ( u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 144 , 346 and 4 , 223 , 036 ), fluconazole ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 404 , 216 ), itraconazole ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 267 , 179 ), liarozole , irtemazole , and the like ; compounds related to these that may also be useful include , for example , diazines such as flucytosine . it would also be beneficial to use such cytochrome p - 450 inhibitors in combination with a reduced amount of retinoid ; the p - 450 inhibitor decreases the metabolic elimination of the retinoid and so less retinoid is needed to achieve the same result . still further , analytical methods are available for determining whether a given compound inhibits the degradation of ra by applying the compound and testing for changes in crabp ( cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding protein ), which will have increased levels if the levels of ra are also increased by the topical application of the test compound . the references noted in this section are incorporated herein by reference . preparation of skin supernatants for biochemical analysis . skin samples were ground by mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen , and homogenized in a dounce tissue grinder in buffer containing 10 mm hepes , 1 mm edta , 5 mm egta , 10 mm mgcl 2 , 50 mm glycerophosphate , 5 mm navo 4 , 2 mm dtt , 0 . 5 mm pmsf , 10 μg / ml aprotinin , 10 μg / ml leupeptin , and 10 μg / ml pepstatin , and 0 . 5 % np - 40 . homogenates were centrifuged at 14 , 000 g for 15 min ., and supernatants were collected and used for biochemical determinations as described herein . immunohistology : immunihistology of type i pn collagen , mmp - 1 , and neutrophil elastasewere performed as has been described by griffiths , c . e . m ., et al ., n . engl . j . med ., 329 : 530 - 535 ( 1993 ). type i pn collagen was detected with mouse monoclonal igg1 antibody ( sp1 . d8 ; available from univ . of iowa dept . of biological sciences developmental studies hybridoma bank , iowa city , iowa ) raised against the aminopropeptide region of human type i procollagen ( foellmer , h . g ., et al ., euro . j . biochm ., 134 : 183 - 189 ( 1983 )). the mmp - 1 antibody is available from comicon ( temecula , calif . ), and the neutrophil elastase antibody is available from dako ( carpinterina , calif .). western analysis of proteins . immunoreactive proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence detection and quantified by laser densitometry , or by enhanced chemifluorescence detection and quantified by a storm imager ( molecular dynamics , palo alto , calif .). in - situ zymography : performed as described by fisher et al . in “ pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet radiation ,” new engl . j . med ., vol . 337 , pp . 1419 - 1428 ( 1997 ). the foregoing description is meant to be illustrative and not limiting . various changes , modifications , and additions may become apparent to the skilled artisan upon a perusal of this specification , and such are meant to be within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims .
acne - affected skin has been found to be accompanied by the presence of matrix - degrading enzymes such as mmps and neutrophil elastase , induction of neutrophils , and a reduction in procollagen biosynthesis . this invention treats scarring and inflammation accompanying acne by administering , topically or systemically , at least one of an inhibitor of the matrix degrading enzymes and a cytokine inhibitor that alleviates inflammation and thus also alleviate neutrophil infiltration . alleviating the matrix degradation and renormalizing procollagen biosynthesis allows for reduced inflammation and better natural repair of acne - affected skin . inhibiting cytokines alleviates induction of mmps in resident skin cells , and also alleviates inflammation with its concommitant induction of neutrophils from the blood stream bringing mmps and elastase into the acne lesion . dimishing the presence of matrix - degrading enzymes in the acne lesion reduces imperfect repair of the skin and thus decreases scarring in acne - affected skin .