referring to fig1 one sees the sectional view of a typical embodiment of the cardiac type catheter electrode . the electrode will have an insulative exterior 2 , except for exposed tip regions 1a , 1b , and 1c . other independent tip exposures could also be present . in the case of 1a , it is connected via a conductor indicated as 1 along the length of the catheter , and that in turn can be connected via contact 1 &# 39 ; to a voltage source 3 . each of the surface electrodes 1a , 1b , and 1c can be independently connected to similar contacts as 1 &# 39 ;, or they can be all connected together . typically such contacts in catheter electrodes can be used for recording or stimulation , and thus would be independent . for the purpose of illustration , we have focused on electrode surface 1a , which is connected electrically through conductor 1 to pin 1 &# 39 ;. on surface 1a , we have connected the temperature - measuring conductor 5 , which runs the length of the catheter to a junction element ( for example thermocouple ) with 5 , which is designated as 5 &# 34 ;. the junction , therefore , consists of the end element 5 &# 34 ; of the thermocouple element 5 and the end element surface 1a , which is electrically connected to 1 . elements 5 and 1 could , for example , be dissimilar metals such as copper and constantan or stainless steel and constantan to form a thermocouple junction . for instance , the conductor 1 could be a stainless steel , flexible , braided wire running the length of the catheter , and its end portion designated as 1 &# 39 ; could attach to the surface element 1a , which could be a stainless steel ring . 1 &# 39 ;, which is the end portion of conductor 1 could then join to the end portion 5 &# 39 ; of constantan element 5 . this forms the junction 4 . the junction 4 is on the surface and the exterior portion of the ring 1a and forms part of that external surface . because of the dissimilar metals , there is a potential difference generated at junction 4 which reflects itself as a voltage difference between pins 1 &# 39 ; and 5 &# 39 ; which connect to stainless steel conductor 1 and constantan conductor 5 respectively . these contacts can then in turn be connected through a radiofrequency filter 8 to a thermometric measuring box circuitry 7 so that the temperature precisely at the surface 1a or correspondingly at the junction 4 is measured . element 1 could be another material , such as copper , as long as it is dissimilar from the material 5 of the second conductor so that the thermocouple junction potential will be generated . we have described the electrical and geometric configuration for only the electrical surface element 1a . typically , the cardiac catheters have more surface elements , such as 1b and 1c and so on . between them are insulative rings designated as 2 &# 39 ; and 2 &# 34 ; in the figure . each of the electrical surfaces could have such surface thermocouple junctions , and there could be pairs of thermocouple connectors at the proximal end of the catheter , such as 1 &# 39 ; and 5 &# 39 ; for the surface 1a . fig2 shows more detail in the section view of another embodiment to the invention . here we see the surface elements 1a , 1b , and 1c with insulative portions 2 , 2 &# 39 ;, and 2 &# 34 ; as before . now in this geometry there are two thermometric independent conductors 5a and 5b which are run inside of the catheter and , of course , insulated from each other over the entire length , except for the junction point 4 where they meet at the surface of the electrical contact 1a . there may be yet another conductor 1 , not shown , which runs the entire length of the catheter and provides the voltage v from a source 3 as shown in fig1 . in this configuration , the two thermometric connections 5a and 5b could be copper and constantan , and still they meet at the surface to give a faithful , fast - acting thermocouple readout just where you want it , namely at the surface of the electrical contact 1a . fig3 shows the type of geometry which was illustrated in fig1 only in a bit more detail . here we only have one surface electrode for illustration designated as 1 &# 34 ;. it is connected to a conductive element which runs the length of the catheter designated as 1 . this could be a helical , stainless steel , or other metal , coil helix that goes the entire length of the catheter and ends up terminating on surface 1 &# 39 ;, and in fact being integral with 1 &# 39 ;. alternatively , it could be a separate conductive wire that is buried within the insulation 2 and runs the length of the catheter structure and makes electrical contact with surface area 1 &# 34 ;. the thermometric conductor 5 is insulated by insulation 9 and runs the length of the catheter to terminate at the junction 4 at the surface of the electrode 1a . this is a simplified kind of thermocouple junction , as it involves only one thermometric carrier 5 . this carrier could be , for example , constantan , and the entire electrical conveyance 1 could be stainless steel , making a stainless steel and constantan junction . the simplicity of this geometry in fig3 is ideal for rugged and easily - configured tip . it would require only one thermometric line 5 in a helical or otherwise simplified catheter with a single electrical conductor 1 . of course , this geometry could be devised with multiple electrodes ; each one of the electrode contacts could have thermometric reading . one of the important features of this construction beyond its simplicity of fabrication is the fact that it gives faithful and rapid temperature reading just where you want it ; namely , the place where you are making the temperature reading in the tissue . because the electrical junction , for example in fig3 designated as 4 , is exactly at the surface of the electrical surface 1a means that you have no thermal mass effects at the tip , and the temperature that you read is precisely the temperature of the adjacent tissue outside of the electrode . in the cardiac application , the electrode surface will be used for heating via radiofrequency current which emanates from the surface as produced by the voltage source 3 in fig1 . the burst of energy from the radiofrequency source may be rapid , and the heating also very rapid . thus you want extremely rapid temperature measurement to prevent unwanted damage to tissue or unfaithful recording of temperature in a critical temperature region . one of the reasons why the construction , as shown in this invention , is so important is that it gives you the best possible thermometric reading just where you want it at the surface of the electrode . it is also important to note that the thermocouple junctions can be extremely small yet rugged in construction , meaning that they have very little thermal mass and thus will not affect the temperature reading of the tissue which you wish to measure . there are many other orientations , configurations , and embodiments of this general concept . in particular , the thermocouple or temperature measuring conductor 5 could be embedded within the insulation 2 of the entire catheter . it could also be helicly wound with the electrical conductor 1 over the entire length of the catheter . these two elements , 1 and 5 , could be insulated from each other over the length of the catheter to prevent unwanted thermocouple junctions except at the very tip and where the measurement should be made . in the case of cardiac catheters , it is most important that the entire structure be very rugged and simple . this is one of the ideal features of the thermocouple construction because it is robust and still retains the flexibility that one needs in the cardiac application . one should also note that with these cardiac catheters , they are fed up through the vein in the groin to the cardiac region by a very stiff stylet . the stylet is often used to retain the tip of the electrode against the desired tissue wall for recording or , in this case , radiofrequency ablation . thus , with the design shown here , all of the critical thermometric wires could be embedded in the wall and thus not perturb the inner stylet for the job that it must do . it would also be such that the stylet would not mechanically perturb or destroy these important thermometric and radiofrequency - carrying conductors . we have been discussing this catheter in terms of radiofrequency heating , but the heating could be done in other ways . it could be resistive heating by other elements in the catheter or could be done with other frequency ranges of electrical current . in any case , the thermocouple junction concept , as described , still pertains and has the merits described above . one of the features of the cardiac catheter which is important in some applications is the lumen , which is shown as 16 in fig1 in fig2 and 14 in fig3 . this would be used for insertion of the introducing stylet to work the flexible catheter up into the body . the electrical wires , shown as 1 and 5 in fig4 could be buried in the wall of this catheter and not be inside of the lumen . they could potentially be inside of the lumen if the structure were so arranged that the stylet could also be introduced for manipulation of the catheter . the presence of the lumen , however , is important in the sense that it is needed for introducing a stylet . this is one of the features of the cardiac electrode which has classically been used and is shown in the embodiments in fig1 , and 3 . however , one can also have a similar flexible cardiac catheter with no lumen inside it , but with sufficiently stiff nature that it could be directed into the heart intravenously . we claim this embodiment in this invention , although it is not shown in the figures . as a technical note , one usually refers to the distal end of such catheter as the far end that is the most extremely into the body , and the proximal end , which is closest to the surgeon , that is out of the body . it is also worth noting that there are many variations on the embodiments shown in fig1 , and 3 that are possible for those skilled in the art . the conductive elements as they are embedded in the insulating wall 2 could have a number of geometries , including spiral , helices , or just straight wire elements , and they could be preinsulated wires of various materials as discussed above . also , the wall of the catheter itself could be made in a variety of ways , including fiber - impregnated tubing , or could be an integral structure of an insulative material . the conductors mentioned above could be wrapped over such an insulated core , and an insulation layer placed on top of that assembly . polyurethane coatings are common in this application . the lumen , for example , in number 12 in fig2 could go all the way through the catheter and actually have a front - facing , open end at the distal end . the number of electrical contacts could be great , far more than shown in the figures . each one of those could have their own electrical contact for recording and stimulation , even for radiofrequency heating and temperature control as discussed in this patent .
this invention relates to the construction of a cardiac ablation electrode with a thermosensing detector at one or more positions in the distal tip . the distal tip is uninsulated in contrast to the rest of the flexible length of the electrode to enable radiofrequency potential to be applied there . this rf potential causes heating of cardiac tissue when the catheter electrode is inserted into the heart via venus pathways . a thermocouple sensor is embedded in the electrode tip with the detection wires running along the catheter to external apparatus for measurement to application of radiofrequency . the thermocouple sensor is integral and at the surface of the distal electrodes for true surface temperature recording with fast response .