the following description of preferred embodiments and methods provides examples of the present invention . the embodiments discussed herein are merely exemplary in nature , and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner . rather , the description of these preferred embodiments and methods serves to enable a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art to make , use and perform the present invention . in order to provide for the effective monitoring , management , and tailoring of treatments for congestive heart failure , the present invention provides a wireless sensing system . the system comprises an implantable monitor in the form of a sensor which is securely anchored in a cavity of the heart ; and an external reader that may transmit power to and receive transmitted data from the sensor . data transmitted from the sensor may include pressure , temperature , calibration data , identification data , fluid flow rate , chemical concentration , and / or other physiologic parameters . in the preferred embodiment , the sensor transmits data corresponding to left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( lvedp ) or mean left atrium pressure ( mlap ). to accomplish this , the sensor is located such that it reads pressure in the left ventricle ( lv ) or left atrium ( la ). alternatively , pressures correlated to lvedp or mlap may be transmitted if the sensor is located such that it reads pressures from the wedge position in the pulmonary artery . furthermore , additional useful pressure data for monitoring chf or other cardiovascular diseases may be obtained ( by suitable location of the sensor ) from pressures in the la , aorta , right ventricle ( rv ), right atrium ( ra ), or pulmonary artery ( pa ). note that the sensor may be located directly in the cavity whose pressure is being monitored , or it may be located in an intermediary structure , such as the atrial or ventricular septum , as long as communication with the parameter of interest is maintained . in addition to lvedp and mlap , data useful to the physician and measurable with the described invention ( in conjunction with appropriate mathematical algorithms ) include , but are not limited to : dp / dt ( pressure change over time ) of the lv pressure , dp / dt of the la pressure , dp / dt of the rv pressure , rvedp , and mean ra pressure . each of these may be measured and / or derived from pressures measured in the appropriate heart cavities . for cases of chf with mitral valve stenosis , a second sensor would be placed such that mitral valve gradient can be assessed ( for example , one sensor in the la and one in the lv ). this allows assessment of the severity of mitral disease using the pressure gradient . ultimately , this would provide critical information to help the physician decide whether to proceed with early valve surgery and / or balloon angioplasty / valvuloplasty . the wireless telemetry link between the sensor and the reader is preferably implemented using either a resonant or passive , magnetically coupled scheme . a resonant device 101 ( shown in fig2 ) is the simplest approach , and consists only of a packaged inductor coil 103 and capacitive pressure sensor 102 . together , the sensor 102 and coil 103 form a circuit that has a specific resonant frequency . at that resonant frequency , the circuit presents a measurable change in magnetically coupled impedance load to an external coil 105 associated with an external reader 104 . because the resonant frequency is a function of the inductance of the coil 103 and the capacitance of the sensor 102 , as pressure changes the resonant frequency changes as well . the external reader 104 is able to determine pressure by monitoring the frequency at which the coil antenna 105 impedance changes . the preferred communication scheme for the present invention , shown in fig3 as being between a passive implant device 201 and an external reader 202 , is based on magnetic telemetry . devices that have on - board circuitry but still receive their operating power from an external source ( i . e ., are batteryless ) are referred to herein as passive . without the external reader 202 present , the implant device 201 lays passive and without any internal means to power itself . when a pressure reading is desired , the reader 202 is brought into a suitable range to the implant device 201 . in this case the external reader 202 uses an alternating magnetic field to induce a voltage in the implant device 201 . when sufficient voltage has been induced in the implant device 201 , a rectification circuit 203 converts the alternating voltage on the receiver coil 204 into a direct voltage that can be used by the electronics 205 as a power supply for signal conversion and communication . at this point the implant device 201 can be considered alert and , in the preferred embodiment , also ready for commands from the reader 202 . the maximum achievable distance is mostly limited by the magnetic field strength necessary to turn the implant device 201 on . this telemetry scheme has been proven and used extensively in the identification and tracking industry ( e . g ., implantable rf id technology from texas instruments or digital angel ) with a great deal of acceptance and success . once the direct voltage in the implant device 201 has been established for the circuit operation , a number of techniques may be used to convert the output of the device 201 into a form suitable for transmission back to the reader 202 . in the preferred embodiment , a capacitive pressure sensor 206 and sigma delta conversion or capacitance to frequency conversion of the sensor output may be easily used . capacitive sensors are preferred due to the small power requirements for electronics when reading capacitance values . many pressure sensors are based on piezoresistive effects and , while suitable for some applications , do suffer in this application due to the higher power levels needed for readout . sigma delta converters are preferred due to the tolerance of noisy supply voltages and manufacturing variations . as those skilled in magnetic telemetry are aware , a number of modulation schemes are available for transmitting data via magnetic coupling . the preferred schemes include but are not limited to amplitude modulation , frequency modulation , frequency shift keying , phase shift keying , and also spread spectrum techniques . the preferred modulation scheme may be determined by the specifications of an individual application , and is not intended to be limited under this invention . in addition to the many available modulation techniques , there are many technologies developed that allow the implant device 201 to communicate back to the reader 202 the signal containing pressure information . it is understood that the reader 202 may transmit either a continuous level of rf power to supply the needed energy for the device 201 , or it may pulse the power allowing temporary storage in a battery or capacitor device ( not shown ) within the device 201 . similarly , the implant device 201 of fig3 may signal back to the reader 202 at any interval in time , delayed or instantaneous , during reader rf ( radio frequency ) transmission or alternately in the absence of reader transmission . the implant device 201 may include a single coil antenna 204 for both reception and transmission , or it may include two antennas 204 and 221 , one each for transmission and reception , respectively . there are many techniques for construction of the reader coil 219 and processing electronics known to those skilled in the art . the reader 202 may interface to a display , computer , or other data logging devices 220 . the electronic circuit may consist of the coil antenna 204 , rectification circuitry 203 , signal conditioning circuitry 211 , and signal transmission circuitry 212 . a large number of possible geometries and structures are available for the coil 204 and are known to those skilled in the art . the coil conductor may be wound around a ferrite core to enhance magnetic properties , deposited on a flat rigid or flexible substrate , and formed into a long / skinny or short / wide cylindrical solenoid . the conductor is preferably made at least in part with a metal of high conductivity such as copper , silver , or gold . the coil 204 may alternately be fabricated on implantable sensor substrates . methods of fabrication of coils on the sensor substrate include but are not limited to one or more or any combination of the following techniques : sputtering , electroplating , lift - off , screen printing , and / or other suitable methods known to those skilled in the art . the rectification circuitry 203 outputs a constant voltage level for the other electronics from an alternating voltage input . efficient realizations of such circuitry are standard electronic techniques and may include full bridge diode rectifiers in the preferred embodiment . this rectification circuitry may include a capacitor for transient energy storage to reduce the noise ripple on the output supply voltage . this circuitry may be implemented on the same integrated circuit die with other electronics . the signal conditioning circuit 211 processes an output signal from the sensor 206 and prepares it for transmission to an external receiving and / or analyzing device . for example , many pressure sensors output a capacitance signal that may be digitized for radio frequency ( rf ) transmission . accordingly , the signal conditioning circuit 211 places the output signal of the sensor into an appropriate form . many different signal conditioning circuits are known to those skilled in the art . capacitance to frequency conversion , sigma delta or other analog to digital conversion techniques are all possible conditioning circuits that may be used in a preferred embodiment . the signal transmission circuitry 212 transmits the encoded signal from the signal conditioning circuitry 211 for reception by the external reader 202 . magnetic telemetry is again used for this communication , as the transmission circuitry 212 generates an alternating electromagnetic field that propagates to the reader 202 . either the same coil 204 is used for signal reception and for transmission , or alternately the second coil 221 is dedicated for transmission only . a third option , particularly useful for ( but not limited to ) situations in which long - term data acquisition without continuous use of the readout unit is desirable , is to implement the sensor using an active scheme . this approach incorporates an additional capacitor , battery , rechargeable battery , or other power - storage element that allows the implant to function without requiring the immediate presence of the readout unit as a power supply . data may be stored in the sensor and downloaded intermittently using the readout unit as required . the implantable sensor may be physically realized with a combination of any of several technologies , including those using microfabrication technology such as microelectromechanical systems ( mems ). for example , capacitive and piezoresistive pressure sensors have been fabricated with mems technology . a hermetic sensor package may be formed from anodically bonded layers of glass and silicon ( doped or undoped ). anchoring provisions may be incorporated directly into such a hermetic package , or they may alternately be added with an additional assembly step ( e . g . as shown in fig4 ). an example of this would be insertion of the package into a molded plastic or metal shell that incorporates anchoring provisions . possible anchoring methods include those conventionally used for cardiac pacing leads , such as screws or tines , as well as septal occluder schemes . many such packaging schemes are known to those familiar with the art , and the present description should not be construed as limiting . in addition to the basic implant - and - reader system , a number of other embodiments of the technology can be realized to achieve additional functionality . the system may be implemented as a remote monitoring configuration , including but not limited to home monitoring , which may include but not limited to telephone based , wireless communication based , or web - based ( or other communication means ) delivery of information received from the implant by the reader to a physician or caregiver . the system may be implemented as a closed - loop pacing / icd ( implantable cardioverter defibrillator ) tuning system as represented in fig6 , in which sensor data is fed to a patient pacemaker of a pacing / icd unit 106 for tailoring of pacing / icd function . the implanted sensor device 101 / 201 may be directly interrogated by the pacing / icd unit 106 ( i . e . without requiring the intermediate external reader 104 / 202 ). it may also be interrogated by the pacing / icd unit 106 , but with an additional , external power unit 107 solely for transmitting power to the sensor device 101 / 201 . alternatively , the sensor data may first be transmitted to an external reader 104 / 202 and then re - transmitted to the pacing / icd unit 106 . finally , the system may be configured such that both an external reader 104 / 202 and the pacing / icd unit 106 may interrogate and / or power the sensor device 101 / 201 . a closed - loop drug delivery system may also be envisioned . data from the implanted sensor is fed directly to a drug delivery device ( which may or may not be implanted , and may or may not be an integral part of the implanted sensor ). this approach would allow continuous adjustment of medications for chf - related conditions with minimal physician intervention . implanted sensor data may be used as feedback for a la to ra unidirectional valve , which can be used to prevent pulmonary edema . la decompression is accomplished by allowing blood to flow directly from the la to the ra , thus reducing the pressure in the la and the pulmonary bed . the implantable sensor can be any suitable miniature sensor adapted to detect and / or monitor various physiological parameters . for example , the sensor can comprise a pressure sensor , a temperature sensor , a flow sensor , a velocity sensor , or a sensor adapted to measure specific chemistries such as gas content ( e . g ., o2 and co2 ) and glucose levels . various specific examples of these types of miniature sensors are known to those skilled in the art , and any one or more of these suitable sensors can be utilized in the sensor module of the present invention . while the specific type of sensor ( s ) chosen will depend on the application of the implantable system , the sensor ( s ) should be of a sufficiently small size in order to facilitate placement within a catheter for delivery and implantation . to limit the risk of thrombogenesis , the preferred embodiment has limited protrusion of volume into the blood stream ( particularly in the left side of the heart ), as both shape and size are factors in thrombogenesis . another shell may be overmolded or preformed to house the glass / silicon module , and the outer shell contains the necessary apparatus for anchoring the implant . in a preferred embodiment , the outer shell may be formed with existing plastic injection technologies suitable for medical implantation . a coating , preferably of silicone , parylene and / or polymers provides a non - thrombogenic exterior for the biologic environment . the implant may be located in various places depending on the blood pressure measurement of interest . for chronic heart failure the end - diastolic pressure or mean left atrium pressure may be of most importance , and therefore the left chambers of the heart or immediately attaching vessels may be preferred locations . because the number of implants is not practically limited by the technology , multiple locations for blood pressure and / or other physiologic parameter measurements are easily established , including all chambers of the heart , major arteries and appendages . the atrial septum is the preferred embodiment , represented in fig5 , since embedding the module in the atrial septum does not significantly impede blood flow and thus minimizes the thrombogenic effect of flow turbulence caused by this volume . the implant may be modified with anchoring methods found on devices already used for implantation . devices such as septal occluders , pacemaker leads , left atrial appendage occluders , etc ., may be used as carriers for the current invention . devices have been made and approved by the fda to occlude atrial septum defects ( a septal occluder ) and other vascular holes . an umbrella structure 14 comprising , for example , oppositely - disposed foldable umbrella structures having vertices that face away from each other as shown in fig5 , may be folded inside a catheter for delivery and then expanded for implantation . in a preferred embodiment , the present invention may be anchored to the septum with similar techniques , as shown in fig5 . an important aspect of this preferred embodiment is that the majority of the implantable sensing device is located in the right side of the heart , with minimum protrusion in the left side of the heart . this embodiment will greatly reduce the thrombogenicity . pacemaker leads have a well - established history for implantation methods , and similar techniques are possible for the current invention . a screw 13 ( fig4 ) or barb may be used to attach the implant to a heart or vessel wall . in the first package option shown in fig4 , a screw 13 may be molded into the device shell 26 , and screwed into the ventricle wall so that the screw buries below the wall surface . in addition , the package may have mesh 25 attached to the device to promote tissue growth and anchoring . a second package option can be attached with a metal tine or barb placed with a catheter . these devices work well in trabeculated areas of the heart , and therefore are used often for implanting pacing leads in the right ventricle . clips or expanding probes may also be used , both of which would penetrate the heart or vessel wall slightly . note that in addition to sensing physiologic parameters , the described system could be augmented with various actuation functions . in such case , the implant device would be augmented with any of various actuators , including but not limited to : thermal generators ; voltage or current sources , probes , or electrodes ; drug delivery pumps , valves , or meters ; microtools for localized surgical procedures ; radiation - emitting sources ; defibrillators ; muscle stimulators ; pacing stimulators . the foregoing disclosure includes the best mode devised by the inventors for practicing the invention . it is apparent , however , that several variations in the apparatuses and methods of the present invention may be conceivable by one skilled in the art . inasmuch as the foregoing disclosure is intended to enable one skilled in the pertinent art to practice the instant invention , it should not be construed to be limited thereby , but should be construed to include such aforementioned variations .
a method of monitoring physiological parameters for diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure in a patient . the method includes implanting at least one sensing device in a cavity of the patient &# 39 ; s cardiovascular system , preferably so that the sensing device passes through and is anchored to a septum of the heart and , to minimize the risk of thrombogenicity , a larger portion of the sensing device is located in the right side of the heart and a smaller portion of the sensing device is located in the left side of the heart . electromagnetic telecommunication and / or wireless powering of the sensing device is performed with an external readout device . the method can be used to perform effective monitoring , management , and tailoring of treatments for patients suffering from congestive heart failure , as well as many other diseases .