the present invention incorporates by reference herein in its entirety u . s . provisional patent application ser . no . 60 / 896 , 960 , filed mar . 26 , 2007 . the term “ a ” or “ an ” as used herein in the specification may mean one or more . as used herein in the claim ( s ), when used in conjunction with the word “ comprising ”, the words “ a ” or “ an ” may mean one or more than one . as used herein “ another ” may mean at least a second or more . some embodiments of the invention may consist of or consist essentially of one or more elements , method steps , methods and / or systems of the invention . it is contemplated that any system , method , or composition described herein can be implemented with respect to any other method or composition described herein . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art , that is , to those who have knowledge or experience in this area of technology , that many variations are possible for the system for anchoring bone disclosed herein . the following detailed discussion of various and particular features and embodiments will illustrate the general principles of the invention with reference to an improved bone anchoring device for use in mammalian bone , including vertebrae , for example . other embodiments suitable for other applications will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure . any mammalian bone , including human bone , may have the inventive systems , methods , and / or compositions of the present invention applied thereto . examples include long , short , flat , irregular , accessory , and sesamoid bones . particular examples include but are not limited to vertebrae , femur , humerus , radius , ulna , femur , tibia , fibula , clavicle , rib , metacarpals , metatarsals , phalanges , skull bones , sternum , scapulae , innominates , vertebrae , maxillae , sphenoid , carpus , tarsus , patella , interfrontal bone , epipteric bone , coronal ossicle , bregmatic ossicle , sagittal ossicle , lambdoid ossicle , and squame - parietal ossicle . the materials of the components of the present invention may be of any suitable kind . materials of the anchor and locking member are biocompatible , in certain embodiments . examples of materials include biomedical metallic materials , including stainless steel ; alloys ( al , co , ni , ta , w , v , etc . ); cobalt - based alloys ; or titanium and its alloys . other examples of materials include polymeric biomaterials , such as synthetic non - biodegradable polymers : polyethylene ( high density polyethylene — hdpe -, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene — uhmwpe -), poly ( ether ether ketone ) or peek . polymer matrix composite biomaterials may be employed and include fiber - reinforced composites ( for example , carbon fiber or kevelar ). the shape , diameter , length , and any associated angles of the anchor , locking member , and , by extrapolation , fastener ( s ) of the invention maybe of any kind , so long as the locking member is able to be positioned within the anchor at an angle to generate a v - shaped ( or l - shaped , in a 90 degree configuration ) configuration and so long as the corresponding fastener ( s ) can be inserted in the respective socket 104 in the head of anchor and / or locking member to apply torque for affixing them into bone . referring now to fig1 to 9 , in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention , an anchoring device or implant , generally referred to using the numeral 100 , will now be described . the anchoring system 100 is generally comprised of an anchoring member a and a locking member l ( see fig3 ) fig1 illustrates an anchoring member a in accordance with a certain embodiment . the anchoring member a generally has cancelous screws &# 39 ; features such as a 2 - portion shaft comprising an optionally coarse , self - tapping thread 103 , designed to anchor in the softer medullary or cancelous bone , and topped by a smooth unthreaded portion 101 that allows it to act as a lag screw . the unthreaded upper portion 101 presents an oblique aperture 102 having an angle ( for example , of about ) 25 ° with respect to an axial plane of the anchoring member &# 39 ; s shaft . the proximal end of the anchoring member a has a proximal end socket 104 such that it can be engaged by a fastener like a key , screwdriver , or wrench ( see fig2 b ). in specific embodiments , the proximal end of the anchoring member a has a hex ( hexagonal ) type &# 39 ; s proximal end socket 104 such that it can be engaged by a hex tip fastener like a key or wrench ( see fig2 b ). the term “ fastener ” as used herein refers to a tool , such as a wrench , key , or screwdriver , that is employed to insert the corresponding anchor in the bone via the head of the anchor and / or to insert the corresponding locking member in the anchor via the socket 104 of the head of the locking member . although the socket 104 of the head of the anchor or locking member may be of any shape , the embodiment presented herein wherein both heads are hexagonal is merely illustrative . that is , the shape of the socket 104 for insertion of the respective fastener in the anchor or locking member may be of any shape , including hexagonal , pentagonal , square , triangular , cross - shaped , plus sign - shaped , linear , star - shaped , and so forth , for example . in a specific embodiment , the head of the locking member is smaller than the head of the anchor , although in other embodiments the head of the locking member is the same size as the head of the anchor . in another specific embodiment , the socket 104 of the proximal end of the anchor and the socket 104 of the proximal end of the locking member are identical in shape and / or size , whereas in other specific embodiments the socket 104 of the proximal end of the anchor and the socket 104 of the proximal end of the locking member are not identical in shape and / or size . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view of the anchoring member ( fig2 a ) and a top plan of the proximal end of the anchoring member ( fig2 b ). the shape of the socket 104 for insertion of the respective fastener in the anchor or locking member may be of any shape , including hexagonal , pentagonal , square , triangular , cross - shaped , plus sign - shaped , linear , star - shaped , and so forth , for example ( see below ); these may be referred to as slotted , phillips , pozidriv , torx , hex key , robertson , tri - wing , torq - set , or spanner , for example . however , an exemplary hexagonal ( hex ) socket in the head ( 104 ) of the anchoring member brings the following advantage : a ball end hex key ( or wrench ) can be used for angulated screwing and insertion , the contact surfaces of the screw are protected from external damage , the tool can be used with a headless screw , there are six contact surfaces between screw and driver , the socket &# 39 ; s depth are less prone to stripping , and this room can be used for cannulation , for example . fig3 illustrates the anchoring system 100 comprising the anchoring member a and the locking member l . the angle α between the two members is fixed and set up at 25 degrees in a certain embodiment . this angle allows using a standard hex second fastener f 2 ( wherein f 1 fastener refers to the fastener for the anchor and f 2 fastener refers to the fastener for the locking member ) equipped with an end ball hex end since it can be used with an angulation up to 30 degrees . in other embodiments , the angle can be set up to another value comprised between 1 to 90 degrees . in a specific embodiment , the angle can be 15 - 25 degrees . beyond 30 degrees angulation , another embodiment of the second fastener f 2 with an inclinable hex tip end may be used ( differential inner mechanism ). fig4 is a schematic cross - sectional plan view of the anchoring system 100 . in this representation , a headless locking member l is engaged into a oblique aperture ( 111 ) within the exemplary hex - shaped socket ( 104 ) of the head of the anchoring member a . the surface of the inner wall of the aperture may be threaded , smooth , or rough . one end of the aperture is at the proximal head of the anchor , and the opposite end is on one side of the anchor . fig5 is a perspective view of an anchoring member holding an exemplary object ( plate ) p . fig6 illustrates the first fastener f 1 with its hex type tip ( 112 ). in this representation , the fastener comprises a head or tip that engages with the socket of the anchor to apply torque by rotating the tip , such as but not limited to a screwdriver , key or wrench . the tip is not limited to hex type . the second fastener f 2 in certain aspects comprises a ball end hex type end to allow screwing of the locking member . the second fastener f 2 can have the same features as the first fastener f 1 when used in a particular embodiment e . g . with an angle α between the two members equal at 25 degrees , or inferior at 30 degrees at the maximum , in accordance with the working angle ( 25 to 30 degrees ) of such ball end hex tip . in this case , only the size differs from the first fastener f 1 , the second fastener f 2 being thinner than the first fastener f 1 in order to be able to slid within the inner socket 104 of the first fastener f 1 , in particular embodiments . in another embodiment an angle β , higher than the angle α , e . g . superior at 30 degrees between the two members a and l , is set up . in this embodiment , the second fastener f 2 presents an inclinable tip able to match the angle β and is equipped with an inner mechanism applying the torque in accordance with an oblique transmission of the rotating motion imparted to the handle of the fastener . such mechanism can be but is not limited to a differential , a screw gear , or a set of gears . fig7 illustrates the principle of such mechanism and shows a schematic conceptual view of a differential . such a fastener can be rotated manually or by an electric or other motor . whatever the mechanism can be , it is intended to allow an oblique screwing while the handle of the fastener remains straight forward , in certain embodiments . such a feature is useful when the local anatomical requirements forbid the tool to be tilted . for example , when a surgery using a minimally invasive approach through a small incision is performed , the instruments must go through this small cutaneous aperture , and therefore can not be angulated in order to avoid damaging soft tissue . fig8 a is an enlarged perspective view of the distal end ( ball end hex tool ) of the fastener . the concept by which ball ends slide into a screw head is known as funnel insertion . basically , it means that the sides of the ball end direct ( funnel ) it into place . this allows fast funnel entry , eliminates wasted time even in blind applications , and the full depth engagement reduces “ stripping ” problems . fig8 b is an enlarged lateral view of the distal end ( ball end hex tool ) showing a 25 to 30 degree angle entry to hex . as maximum allowable angle increases , neck size decreases , and strength also decreases . by contrast , increasing the strength of a ball - end tool requires a corresponding increase in neck size and decrease in maximum allowable angle . designing the perfect ball - end tool means choosing the ideal balance between strength and allowable angle . fig8 c is an example of oblique insertion . fig8 d is a lateral view of the first fastener f 1 engaged within a hex screw . fig9 illustrates the three possible designs of the locking member l . in certain embodiments , the locking member l is thinner than the anchoring member a so that it can be slid through the oblique aperture and positioned within the empty room of the hexagonal socket of the anchoring member . its length can be smaller , equal or bigger than the anchoring member . its proximal end can be equipped with a head ( 105 ) or be wide - mouthed ( 106 ) to block within the anchoring member &# 39 ; s head , or be headless ( 107 ). whatever the type of the locking member l can be ( headed 105 , wide - mouthed 106 or headless 107 ), the socket has a hex type shape , in certain embodiments . the locking member can be a cortical type screw ( fig9 a ) with a fine thread ( 108 ) all along its shaft and therefore screwed into an oblique threaded canal within the anchoring member &# 39 ; s head , or a cancelous type screw ( fig9 b ) with a coarser thread ( 109 ), designed to anchor the bone and a smooth , unthreaded portion ( 110 ), designed to slid within an oblique unthreaded canal within the anchoring member &# 39 ; s head . depending of its type , the locking member l can just act as an anti - rotational device and prevent the unscrewing of the anchoring member a in the cortical type design , or be both a blocking system as described above and an additional fastening device intended to secure and reinforce the grip within the medullary bone in the cancelous type design . moreover , due to its divergent positioning , it brings to the construct a v - shaped design which opposes to pull - out forces . whatever cancelous or cortical type design be used , the adjunction of a second divergent member ( locking member l ) advantageously increases both the grip and the purchase within the bone , especially in cancelous and / or osteoporotic bone and therefore opposes to pull - out and secures the fixation of any object to the bone . fig1 illustrates various angulation patterns of the interlocking anchor and locking members . upon certain angulations of the locking member within the anchoring member , and therefore , certain angulations required for the corresponding fastener to screw the locking member , the proximal end of the anchoring member requires a cavity at its socket to allow the fastener access to the locking member . fig1 illustrates one embodiment of a locking member within an anchoring member , in addition to the respective fastener having a corresponding angulation to the angulation of the locking member within the anchoring member . in this specific embodiment , the proximal end of the anchoring member has a cavity that allows insertion of the fastener for the locking member . fig1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a fastener and its corresponding locking member within the anchoring member . the proximal end of the anchoring member comprises a cavity that allows insertion of the fastener for the locking member . in certain embodiments , the anchor and locking member are coated with antibiotic or other medicine useful upon implantation of an implant on and / or in a bone . in other embodiments , the surface of the anchor and / or locking member is rough for a better grip within the bone . any of the compositions described herein may be comprised in a kit . where there are more than one components in the kit , the kit also may contain a second , third or other additional container into which the additional components may be separately placed . the kits of the present invention may include a means for containing the invention component ( s ) in close confinement for commercial sale . such containers may include injection or blow molded plastic containers into which the components are retained , for example . the kit may comprise the anchor , locking member , and / or fastener ( s ). in some cases , all components are sold separate , whereas in other cases all or a subset of components are sold together . irrespective of the number and / or type of containers , the kits of the invention may also comprise , and / or be packaged with , an instrument other than a fastener ( s ) of the invention for assisting with placing the anchor / locking member within the body of an animal . in particular embodiments of the invention , a variety of anchors , locking members , and / or fasteners may be provided in a kit . for example , a variety of lengths , diameters , socket shapes , and / or angles of the corresponding anchors , locking members , and / or fastener ( s ) may be provided in a kit . from the foregoing disclosure and detailed description of certain embodiments , it will be apparent that various modifications , additions and other alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention . the embodiments discussed were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . all such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly , legally , and equitably entitled .
an anchoring device and method for attaching an object to a bone comprises an anchoring member having proximal and distal ends , with the proximal end being adapted to hold the object to the bone while the distal end is in the bone , and a locking member having proximal and distal ends , with the proximal end adapted to secure the anchoring member into the bone and oppose its pull - out or loosening by stopping its backing or preventing its unscrewing while the distal end is in the bone . also provided are first and second fasteners , with the first fastener adapted to fit to the proximal end of the anchoring member , and the second fastener adapted to fit to the proximal end of the locking member . the end of the second fastener can have an angle that matches an angle of the locking member .