looking first at fig1 , there is shown one example embodiment of a shoulder prosthesis 10 suitable for use in the invention . the upper portion of the humerus 12 is replaced by a humeral component 14 including a stem 16 that extends into a bore formed within the humerus 12 . typically , the stem 16 is fixed within the bore formed within the humerus 12 . the stem 16 has a longitudinal stem axis s . a generally hemispherical head 18 is connected to the stem 16 . the stem 16 can be monolithic with the head 18 , or the stem 16 and the head 18 can formed as separate parts . the hemispherical head 18 has a base surface 19 and a longitudinal head axis h . the hemispherical head 18 of the humeral component 14 articulates with a complementary concave section 22 of a glenoid component 24 that is fixed within the glenoid cavity of the scapula 26 ( shown cutaway ) using cemented or uncemented posts 28 . the glenoid component 24 includes a base surface 27 opposite the concave section 22 that serves as an articular surface of the glenoid component 24 . proper design and selection of the hemispherical head 18 and the glenoid component 24 can be achieved using the method of the invention . in one non - limiting example method of the invention , eleven measurements are obtained using ct slices . the eleven measurements are as follows : ( 1 ) glenoid version ; ( 2 ) anterior - posterior ( ap ) diameter at the articular surface ; ( 3 ) anterior - posterior width at a neutral face plate ; ( 4 ) depth of the glenoid vault from a neutral face plate ; ( 5 ) depth of the glenoid vault from a neutral face plate with a diameter of the center post ( an example center post diameter being five millimeters ); ( 6 ) superior - inferior glenoid height ; ( 7 ) determination of the anterior - posterior width fourteen millimeters from the inferior border of the glenoid ; ( 8 ) humeral head diameter ; ( 9 ) humeral head thickness ; ( 10 ) greater tuberosity length of the humerus ; ( 11 ) greater tuberosity width of the humerus ; and ( 12 ) humeral inclination . proper design and selection of an augmented glenoid component can be achieved using the method of the invention . in one non - limiting example method of the invention , measurements are obtained using ct slices as shown in fig7 - 9 . the degree of anterior - posterior glenoid wear has been defined in a series of patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty . this angle allows one to determine a specific anatomic range of augments to accommodate anterior - posterior bone loss in patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty and reverse shoulder arthroplasty . superior glenoid wear may occur in patients with rotator cuff insufficiency undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty . previously , there was no information on the specific range of inferior - superior glenoid wear among these patients . therefore , in order to design a glenoid baseplate that accommodates the anatomy of these patients and allows for proper fit with minimal bone removal , it is critical to understand the anatomic distribution in these patients . thus , a method has been developed and utilized among patients who have undergone reverse arthroplasty of the shoulder to determine the anatomic distribution . the concept of superior wear angle and depth expands and is an extension on the neutral face plate concept described herein . the most frequently used glenoid baseplate in the united states has a diameter of 25 millimeters . therefore , one may determine the angle of an augmented glenoid component by placing an angle to the most medial aspect of the glenoid 25 millimeters from the inferior aspects of the glenoid compared to one parallel to the faceplate of the glenoid . however , the method is not limited to 25 millimeter diameter circular baseplates . one may determine the angle of an augmented glenoid component by placing an angle to the most medial aspect of the glenoid about 20 to about 40 millimeters from the inferior aspects of the glenoid compared to one parallel to the faceplate of the glenoid . this would accommodate circular baseplates having a 20 - 40 millimeter diameter , or oval baseplates having a major axis up to 40 millimeters . in cases where superior glenoid erosion has resulted in loss of the superior aspect of the glenoid , the scapular spine can be used with a standardized population based average to determine the inclination plane of the glenoid face . various combinations of these measurements are used for manufacturing a prosthetic component for replacing a part of a bone of a joint in a subject ( e . g ., mammal ). the prosthetic component may be formed from , for example : ( i ) a metal or metal alloy such as a titanium alloy ( e . g ., titanium - 6 - aluminum - 4 - vanadium ), a cobalt alloy , a stainless steel alloy , or tantalum ; ( ii ) a nonresorbable ceramic such as aluminum oxide or zirconia ; ( iii ) a nonresorbable polymeric material such as polyethylene ; or ( iv ) a nonresorbable composite material such as a carbon fiber - reinforced polymers ( e . g ., polysulfone ). the prosthetic component can be manufactured by machining an article formed from these materials , or by molding these materials in a suitable mold . the following examples have been presented in order to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way . using an axial 2d ct scan of a human shoulder , the mid point of the glenoid was determined . a first line was then drawn through the midpoint and parallel to the scapular body . the first line intersects a second line drawn parallel to the joint surface . the glenoid version was the angle between the first line and the second line , and was recorded in degrees . using an axial 2d ct scan of a human shoulder , the diameter ( ap width ) was measured at the mid - point of the glenoid in millimeters . looking at fig2 , an axial 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained and a 90 degree angle a ( shown in broken lines ) was oriented from the scapular body 26 and then placed on the glenoid 30 to create a neutral face plate 32 ( shown in broken lines ) that runs from one side border 34 to the other side border 36 of the glenoid 30 . this width was then measured in millimeters . this measurement is important to determine the true ap width of the glenoid after creating a flat neutral face plate by removing bone during arthroplasty . this is what occurs at surgery according to the method of the invention , yet this measurement has never been previously described . prior measurements have been made of the articular surface only of the glenoid . this explains why many glenoid component sizes are too large . the measurement at a neutral faceplate is usually several millimeters less than the measurement at the articular surface due to reaming or removing glenoid bone to make the surface flat to place the glenoid component 24 . when manufacturing a glenoid component , a manufacturer can be supplied with the length of the neutral face plate 32 which provides a true ap width of the glenoid after creating a flat neutral face plate by removing bone during arthroplasty . a predetermined percentage of the length of the neutral face plate 32 can be used to machine or mold the glenoid component to have a selected width for the base surface 27 ( see fig1 ). 4 . depth of the glenoid vault from a neutral face plate still looking at fig2 , a line 38 ( shown in broken lines ) was started at the neutral face plate 32 and was drawn medially to determine the depth of the glenoid vault 40 . previous reports have mentioned only the depth from the articular surface which overstates the depth of the glenoid . this explains why many central posts or peripheral pegs of glenoid components that are currently in the market are too long and perforate the glenoid . prior designs have not been designed based on patients with arthritis and associated bone loss who have undergone shoulder arthroplasty . when manufacturing a glenoid component , a manufacturer can be supplied with the length of the line 38 . a predetermined percentage of the length of the line 38 can be used to machine or mold the glenoid component to have a selected longitudinal length for the post 28 ( see fig1 ). still looking at fig2 , a five millimeter line 42 ( shown in broken lines ) was placed within the vault parallel to the line 38 . this will show one the depth of the glenoid vault that one can drill back to a five millimeter diameter . this allows accurate determination of the safe length for a central post or screw . other post diameters are allowed in the design , five millimeters is used only as an example . when manufacturing a glenoid component , a manufacturer can be supplied with the length of the line 42 . a predetermined percentage of the length of the line 42 can be used to machine or mold the glenoid component to have a selected length for the post 28 ( see fig1 ). turning to fig3 , a 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained and on the sagittal cut , an anterior - posterior width on line 46 ( shown in broken lines ) was measured . line 46 was perpendicular to and fourteen millimeters up line 50 ( shown in broken lines ) from the inferior border 48 of the glenoid 30 . this measures the anterior - posterior width of the glenoid fourteen millimeters above the inferior rim of the glenoid . this allows determination of the appropriate width of a glenoid base plate for reverse arthroplasty . when manufacturing a glenoid component , a manufacturer can be supplied with the length of the line 46 . a predetermined percentage of the length of the line 46 can be used to machine or mold the glenoid component to have a selected width for the base surface 27 ( see fig1 ). turning to fig4 , a 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained and on the coronal slice the diameter of the humeral head was measured in millimeters at line 52 ( shown in broken lines ). a line 54 ( shown in broken lines ) was then drawn perpendicular from line 52 to the surface 56 of the humeral head . the length of line 54 ( here measured in millimeters ) gives one the thickness of the humeral head . a 90 degree line 58 ( shown in broken lines ) was taken off the most inferior aspect of the humeral head cut . a line 62 ( shown in broken lines ) was then placed from the superior aspect of the greater tuberosity ( intersection with the superior end point of line 52 ) to intersect this line 58 . this line 62 shows the true distance of the greater tuberosity in length ( superior - inferior ). next a line 64 ( shown in broken lines ) was taken 90 degrees to this line 62 to show the maximum diameter of the greater tuberosity . this line 64 shows the true distance of the greater tuberosity in width ( medial - lateral ). this facilitates designing a humeral component that maximizes tuberosity healing as well as anatomic component shape . this data also facilitates the design of different size humeral components specifically for fracture cases to improve tuberosity healing . this would include different size “ fins ” or other components to accommodate and secure fracture fragments based on the size of the patient . on fig4 , taking the angle b between lines 52 and 62 in degrees and adding 90 ° defines the inclination angle of the humeral head in degrees ( i . e ., angle b in degrees + 90 °= the inclination of the humeral head ). this measurement can determine the true range of inclination necessary for humeral component design . when manufacturing a humeral component , a manufacturer can be supplied with the inclination angle of the humeral head . the inclination angle of the humeral head can be used to machine or mold the humeral component to have a selected angle , or a selected range of angles ( for adjustable humeral inclination ) between the longitudinal head axis h ( see fig1 ) and the longitudinal stem axis s ( see fig1 ) or the longitudinal head axis h and the base surface 19 ( see fig1 ). using the measurement technique of examples 1 - 12 , a review of 800 patients who have undergone shoulder arthroplasty ( 436 total shoulder arthroplasties , 210 reverse shoulder arthroplasties , and 154 hemiarthroplasties ) was completed and is shown in table 1 below . in addition , statistical analysis revealed that when evaluating for specific anatomic ratios there were very tight confidence intervals . this can be further used to ensure proper component design as shown in table 2 . glenoid wear typically occurs in a posterior pattern with osteoarthritis and a superior direction with rotator cuff insufficiency . anterior wear may also occur as well as combined patterns , however posterior or superior wear patterns are the dominant wear patterns . there are two primary means to resurface a worn glenoid component : anatomic shoulder arthroplasty and reverse arthroplasty . anatomic arthroplasty is typically done in the setting of a posterior wear pattern . reverse arthroplasty may be done in a posterior or superior wear pattern . in order to design appropriately sized augmented components , one needs to know the dimensions of wear . the angle of the augment is determined by determining the version of the glenoid . looking at fig7 , an axial 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained . one orients a line 231 parallel to the scapular body 226 that intersects a line 232 parallel to the joint surface at 90 degree angle a 2 . the line 232 runs at least from a posterior side border 234 to an anterior side border 236 of the glenoid 230 . the thickness dimension of the augment is determined by measuring along line 238 in millimeters the amount of wear of the posterior aspect of the glenoid 230 . one can also determine where the junction 241 occurs between native bone and eroded bone . this facilitates design of the augment by determining what percent of the glenoid 230 should have an augmented surface . for example , a distance along line 232 from the posterior side border 234 to the anterior side border 236 can be determined , and then a distance along line 232 from the anterior side border 236 to a point p at a line 243 passing through the junction 241 and perpendicular to the line 232 . an augment angle can be determined from angle g between line 232 and an angle reference line 239 from the anterior side border 236 to the line 238 where line 238 intersects the bone . the thickness of the augment , angle , and percent of surface covered by the augment may be less depending on the amount that the surgeon would want to ream the glenoid . however , reaming weakens the bone as well as decreases the moment arm for the rotator cuff muscles . therefore , there has been increasing interest for the use of augments rather than reaming glenoid bone . looking at fig8 , a coronal 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained . one determines the thickness of an augment needed by measuring a set distance from the inferior part 242 of the glenoid 230 . for example , for a glenoid baseplate that is 25 millimeters in diameter , one can measure 25 millimeters ( as dimension d of fig8 ) from the inferior part 242 of the glenoid 230 along a line 244 parallel to the neutral face plate 246 of the glenoid 230 for a baseplate placed in neutral tilt . one can then measure medially along line 248 from the line 244 to the bone surface to determine the thickness of the superior augment needed . one can determine the angle of an augmented glenoid by placing a line 249 creating an angle a 3 to the most medial aspect of the glenoid 230 compared to the line 244 parallel to the neutral face plate 246 of the glenoid 230 . one can also determine where the junction 251 occurs between native bone and eroded bone . this facilitates design of the augment by determining what percent of the glenoid should have an augmented surface . for example , a distance along line 244 from the inferior part 242 to the superior side border 256 can be determined , and then a distance along line 244 from the inferior part 242 to a point p 1 at a line 253 passing through the junction 251 and perpendicular to the line 244 . one can create a glenoid component with 10 degrees of inferior tilt as preferred by some surgeons . looking at fig9 , a coronal 2d ct scan of a human shoulder was obtained . one determines the thickness of an augment needed by measuring a set distance from the inferior part 342 of the glenoid 230 . for example , for a glenoid baseplate that is 25 millimeters in diameter , one can measure 25 millimeters ( as dimension d of fig9 ) from the inferior part 342 of the glenoid 230 along a line 344 that has 10 degrees of tilt with respect to the neutral face plate 346 of the glenoid 230 for a baseplate placed in 10 degrees of inferior tilt . one can then measure medially along line 348 from the line 344 to the bone surface to determine the thickness of the superior augment needed . one can determine the angle of an augmented glenoid by placing a line 349 creating an angle a 4 to the most medial aspect of the glenoid 230 compared to the line 344 . one can also determine where the junction 351 occurs between native bone and eroded bone . this facilitates design of the augment by determining what percent of the glenoid should have an augmented surface . for example , a distance along line 344 from the inferior part 342 to the superior side border 356 can be determined , and then a distance along line 344 from the inferior part 342 to a point p 2 at a line 353 passing through the junction 351 and perpendicular to the line 344 . in a series of 50 consecutive shoulders that underwent reverse arthroplasty , ct scans indicated that there were 28 with no superior glenoid wear ( 56 %) and 22 with superior glenoid wear ( 44 %). among the glenoids without wear , superior inclination averaged 8 degrees . among the glenoids with superior wear , there were 3 with mild wear with 5 - 10 degrees superior inclination , 10 with moderate wear with 10 - 15 degrees superior inclination , and 9 with severe wear with greater than 15 degrees of superior inclination . among the 9 with severe wear , two had wear greater than 20 degrees . this study revealed a high rate of superior glenoid wear in patients undergoing reverse arthroplasty ( 44 %). the data derived from this method has provided insight for the range of augments necessary to accommodate patients undergoing reverse arthroplasty . the methodology has revealed the potential benefit of an augmented glenoid baseplate for the reverse arthroplasty not only in the setting of significant glenoid erosion but also in the patient with no glenoid erosion . an augmented glenoid can facilitate the inferior tilting of the glenoid component to decrease the chance of loosening — while maintaining better quality bone and preserving bone . among shoulders with no wear , there was on average 8 degrees of superior tilt . a preferred amount of inferior inclination is approximately 10 degrees . one strategy would allow the surgeon to ream the glenoid to a neutral position and then use a 10 degree augmented glenoid to create the appropriate tilt . this allows the surgeon to provide optimal inferior tilt without removing more inferior bone — a bone preserving approach . this is particularly important in a large glenoid with a deep concavity . if an augmented glenoid is not used , an excessive amount of glenoid reaming may be necessary to create the appropriate inferior tilt . the method has also revealed that augments ranging up to 20 degrees can accommodate 96 % of glenoids undergoing reverse arthroplasty without the need for bone grafting . in a deformity up to 20 degrees , the surgeon can ream back to 10 degrees of superior tilt and use an augment with a 20 degree angle . this would create 10 degrees of inferior tilt . this method has also facilitated creation of an algorithm to manage superior glenoid wear . see table 3 below . use of the method described herein for superior wear and inclination has revealed the optimum range of augments necessary for reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a superior wear pattern . in addition , this method has helped identify a bone preserving technique of placing the glenoid baseplate in patients with minimal to no wear . thus , the invention provides a method for the optimization of shoulder arthroplasty component design . use of this method and the data that it provides gives unique insight into the number , size and shape of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty and reverse shoulder arthroplasty as well as humeral heads for shoulder arthroplasty and resurfacing arthroplasty . this method also provides valuable information for the optimal design , shape , and size of the proximal humeral body for a fracture stem to maximize tuberosity healing and humeral component design for hemiarthroplasty / total shoulder arthroplasty . a method for the optimization of an augmented glenoid design for shoulder arthroplasty is also provided . in the course of new product development , this method is a valuable resource that can be used to radiographically evaluate each new component design to ensure optimal fit prior to component production and product launch . while the invention is described herein as a method for the optimization of shoulder arthroplasty component design , it can be used for other joints ( e . g ., elbow , wrist , hand , spine , hip , knee , ankle , foot , etc . . . . ). although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to certain embodiments , one skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments , which have been presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation . therefore , the scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein .
methods and devices are disclosed for the optimization of shoulder arthroplasty component design through the use of computed tomography scan data from arthritic shoulders .