particular embodiments of the present disclosure are described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings . in the following description , well - known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail . the present disclosure provides for a system and method for determining a volume of an ablation lesion and providing a geometric reconstruction of the ablation volume . the ablation lesion may be created by applying any suitable energy , such as radiofrequency (“ rf ”), microwave , electrical , ultrasound , heat , cryogenic , and laser . for the purposes of illustration , the following description assumes the application of rf energy to create ablation lesions in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure . referring to fig1 a , an ablation electrode 100 is shown having an insulated shaft 102 and an electrically exposed tip 103 . electrode 100 may be , for example , a high frequency or ri thermo - ablation electrode configured to be placed in the body of a patient ( not explicitly shown ) so that the tip 103 is near a target volume , such as a cancerous tumor or other tissue structure within the body . a hub or junction connector element illustrated schematically by 106 may be any type of connection device such as jacks , hoses , ports , etc . that connect the rf electrode to a power source , such as a radiofrequency ( rf ) generator 107 . the generator 107 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can perform monopolar and bipolar electrosurgical procedures , including tissue ablation procedures . the generator may include a plurality of outputs for interfacing with various electrosurgical instruments ( e . g ., a monopolar active electrode , return electrode , bipolar electrosurgical forceps , footswitch , etc .). further , the generator includes suitable electronic circuitry configured for generating radio frequency power specifically suited for various electrosurgical modes ( e . g ., cutting , blending , division , etc .) and procedures ( e . g ., monopolar , bipolar , vessel sealing , tissue ablation ). also shown is a control system 109 coupled to generator 107 , which may be a computer , a microprocessor , or an electromechanical device configured to receive rf energy input parameters from rf generator 107 , such as power , current , voltage , energy , time , impedance , etc . in some embodiments , a coolant supply system ( not explicitly shown ) may also be included , for example , in operative cooperation with rf generator 107 and / or incorporated within rf generator 107 . the coolant supply system is configured to output various feedback parameters such as temperature , multiple temperatures at different points , and the like into the control system 109 . the coolant supply system parameters can then be used as feedback control input parameters . based on one or more of these parameters , the control system 109 modulates , moderates , or otherwise monitors output response at the generator 107 . also shown in fig1 is a computer system 111 , which may be , for example , a pc or computer graphic workstation . the computer system 111 is coupled to the control system 109 . computer system 111 processes the parameters of the rf generator 107 and coolant supply system ( not explicitly shown ) plus other geometric parameters regarding the electrode as well as image scan data taken before , during or after thermo - surgery . computer system 111 assimilates all of these parameters and displays them in various representations , digital representations , and analog meter type representations , as an interface to the operator or controller of the processor during the preplan process or during the process of ablation heating itself . in one embodiment , image data 120 might represent image scan data from such image scanners such as from ct , mri , pet , or other tomographic or x - ray , plain film , or digitized image scan data . that data may be stored in the computer system 111 and be represented as an array of raw data , slices , reconstructed slices , three - dimensional renderings , “ slice and dice ” three - dimensional or two - dimensional renderings , contoured or segmented anatomical structures , color rendered , differentiated structures , both pathological and normal so that the surgeon may substantially visualize the anatomy and pathology of the patient prior to , during , or after the procedure . data from ct or mri may be taken days or even months prior , and could be put into stereotactic or non - stereotactic space , for example , by utilizing any suitable imaging software and / or image processing software in conjunction with one or more graphic references or other suitable marking systems or software . image data 121 may represent ultrasound scan data or sonic monitoring data such as from a sonic detector system that can visualize before , during , and after the thermo - surgery procedure the course of the electrode in the body , electrode position with respect to anatomy , and even the process of the heating mechanism and result thereof . this data could also be fed into computer system 111 and represented in various ways alternatively on a graphics display screen . image data 121 may be stored in computer system 111 to correspond with particular configurations of electrode 100 , such as , for example , geometric parameters of the electrode tip 103 . in this manner , a library of feedback data may be stored in computer system 111 and indexed according to particular configurations of the electrode , thereby assisting the surgeon in predicting future ablation results for a given electrode configuration . further , there may be calculation algorithms , look - up tables , heuristic algorithms , historical clinical data , etc . that can be used in a preplan setting and displayed , implemented , overlaid , and used to control the image data , course of rf generator output , as well as the control system to tailor or preplan the results of the ablation that can be visualized again on the computer system 111 and further computed and stored therein . computer system 111 includes a display 115 for outputting image data 120 and 121 , such as the real - time or preplanned trajectory of a probe path 126 and electrode tip as the tip 126 is inserted into the body and / or a tumor structure represented by a cloud of dots 125 . this might also be , for example , the display from an ultrasonic , ct , or mri scanner that actually visualizes the probe 126 and a tumor 125 or a profused volume corresponding to the destructive ablation volume , perhaps represented or visualizable as volume 125 . use of ct contrast agents or dyes can be used to mark the ablation volume following ablation , and this can give a direct view of the results immediately following the heating process . display 115 may also be configured to show a preplanned path of an electrode in a particular slice or reconstructed slice plane of volumetric rendering in a three - dimensional aspect ( not explicitly shown ), and also configured to show isotherm surfaces or intersected surfaces or isotherm lines ( not explicitly shown ), which might represent a preplan or a calculation of the ablation volume around the tip of the electrode . display 115 may also be configured to show a view , slice , or reconstructed slice , and within it a preplanned or actual plan or post - thermosurgery path representing the approach of a thermosurgical probe 100 into the patient &# 39 ; s anatomy to achieve a target volume that might be seen on that image slice such as for example a tumor as seen on image data 120 and 121 . volumetric calculations for ablation volumes may be determined from cross - sectional perimeters of slices of a target tissue site and / or block of tissue and subsequently reconstructed and graphically represented in a 2 - d and / or 3 - d manner on display 115 , as will be discussed in further detail below . turning now to fig1 b , a trajectory or path 131 of electrode 100 through ablation volume 125 is shown . path 131 may also be defined as an axis of electrode 100 through ablation volume 125 . electrode 100 is used to create an ablation lesion at a targeted site such as volume 125 by heating tissue via application of rf energy from the generator 107 to the tissue . path 131 of electrode 100 through volume 125 provides a trajectory reference or point 135 from which volumetric calculations may be made for volume 125 , as will be discussed in further detail below . volume 125 may be deconstructed into a plurality of slices , depicted here as 125 a , 125 b , 125 c , and 125 d , for enabling volumetric determination of volume 125 and , further , graphical representation in display 115 , fig1 c shows a cross - sectional view of any slice 125 n of the plurality of slices 125 a - d indicated by line 1 c - 1 c in fig1 b . each of the plurality of slices 125 n defines a cross - sectional perimeter 140 n generally concentric about trajectory point 135 n . in one embodiment of the present disclosure , the reconstructed graphical representation is fitted to a specific geometry ( e . g ., ellipsoidal , spherical , etc .) for viewing on display 115 . for example , euclidean distances between perimeter 140 of volume 125 and the perimeter of a pre - specified geometry may be minimized to fit volume 125 to the pre - specified geometry . in this manner , valuable feedback may be provided to a surgeon on the consistency and / or the predictability of the ablation volume achieved based on given energy applicator configurations ( e . g ., electrode size , electrode tip geometry , etc .). the graphical representation of the reconstructed ablation also allows the surgeon to qualify the completeness or a completeness factor of the ablation lesion achieved based on geometrical similarity between the lesion and any one or more of a particular preplanned geometry provided , for example , by the control system 109 . the graphical representation of the reconstructed ablation may also be used to determine the impact from adjacent structures such as , for example , other electrodes , lungs , bones , vessels , tissue extraneous to the present procedure , etc . on a given ablation , as will be discussed in further detail below . a method for volumetric determination of an ablation volume for subsequent geometric reconstruction and graphical representation according to embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to fig2 in conjunction with fig1 b and 1c . in step 300 , electrosurgical energy is supplied from the rf generator 107 to the electrode 100 . as illustrated in fig1 b , electrode 100 is used to create an ablation lesion by heating volume 125 via application of rf energy from the generator 107 to volume 125 . in step 310 , path or trajectory 131 of electrode 100 through a target site such as , for example , volume 125 ( fig1 b ) is indicated . path 131 of electrode 100 through volume 125 defines trajectory point 135 therethrough relative to perimeter 140 of tissue block 125 . trajectory point 135 may be substantially defined through the center of mass of tissue block 125 . trajectory 131 and / or trajectory point 135 may be marked with ct contrast agents or dyes following ablation , giving a direct view of the results immediately following the heating process . in step 320 , volume 125 is cut or “ sliced ” substantially perpendicular to trajectory point 135 into a plurality of slices 125 a - d . slices 125 a - d may be obtained via an image scanner such as , for example , ct , mri , pet , or other tomographic or x - ray , plain film , or digitized image scan data for subsequent 2d or 3d graphical representation . in this manner ; various dimensions and / or measurements of each of the plurality slices 125 a - d may be indicated such as , for example , thicknesses , volume , cross - sectional perimeter , etc . for each of the plurality of slices . in step 330 , a thickness , indicated in fig1 b as a , and a cross - sectional perimeter 140 a - d for each of the plurality of slices 125 a - d is determined . cross - sectional perimeters 140 a - d for each of the plurality of slices 125 a - d may be derived , for example , from scan data 121 in the computer system 111 such as post - ablation mr images that may or may not include ct contrast agent . other embodiments of the present disclosure may include deriving from a measurement taken using conventional means such as , for example , dial calipers , slide calipers , digital calipers , electronic calipers , or the like . in step 340 , the volume of each of the plurality of slices 125 a - d is determined . any suitable method for determining volume may be used such as , for example , the contour or perimeter method . this method utilizes each slice of volumetric data individually and models the shape of the volume as defined on each slice . for example , cross sectional perimeter 140 a - d for each slice 125 a - d may be used to determine the volume using such method . alternatively , for each slice 125 n , thickness a may be multiplied by the perimeter area of that particular slice to determine the slice volume . this determination is carried out for each of the plurality of slices 125 a - d . in step 350 , the volume determinations derived in step 340 for each of the plurality of slices 125 a - d are summed to yield an ablation volume . in this manner , an accurate volumetric determination is made rather than approximated calculations yielded by conventional and / or presently competing volumetric calculation methods . referring now to fig3 in conjunction with fig1 b , 1 c , and 2 , a patient &# 39 ; s body is represented schematically by element p , and there is a target volume represented by the dashed line 301 . a thermosurgery probe 302 is inserted into the patient &# 39 ; s body such that the tip of the probe 303 is placed within the target volume 301 . attached to or in conjunction with or cooperatively coupled with the probe ( or probes ) 302 is an imaging device 311 which , when placed against the surface of the patient &# 39 ; s skin or an organ within the patient &# 39 ; s body , images a portion of the patient &# 39 ; s body p , including the probe 302 and the target volume 301 or the environment around these elements . the radiofrequency , laser , high frequency , or other power generator is represented by 304 , and in the case of a high frequency generator , a reference electrode 305 is attached to the patient &# 39 ; s body around the shoulder region is shown in fig3 . the reference electrode 305 might be a gel pad , large area , conductive pad or other type of standard reference electrode that is used in electrosurgery . the imaging device 311 is connected to a monitoring circuit or controller system 360 that can be used to image , analyze , filter , and monitor the image scan data or the like which is received from the imaging device 311 . this system 360 may also involve a power source and processor for the imaging device 311 . the system 360 includes a feedback unit 309 configured to control monitoring , preplanning , and / or imaging of an ablation area . feedback unit 309 includes at least one display 315 and / or 325 configured to graphically display 2d or 3d image data . for example , in display 315 there may be represented in 2d or 3d slice or volume representations , image scan data taken from an image scanner such as ct , mr , pet , or ultrasound prior to , during , or after the thermal ablation . in this instance , a patient &# 39 ; s skin 317 is defined , a target volume ( e . g ., tumor 316 ) is shown , and in the dashed line is a preplanned probe path 318 for a thermal ablation high frequency electrode ( e . g ., probe 326 ). by means of such visualization , the probe path 318 can be manipulated within the image or image stack of ct or mr slices , and an optimal path for placement can be achieved . this path could be achieved by criterion from the surgeon such as bringing the probe path along a principal axis of the tumor 316 or from a direction that avoids some critical structures such as arteries , lung , optic nerve , neural structures , etc . thus , based on image scan data taken from the imaging device 311 prior to the thermal ablation , the surgeon can do a preplanned study and decide on the optimal positioning of the probe 326 . on the display 325 is shown a real - time representation of the probe 326 as it is inserted into the patient &# 39 ; s body . the margin 327 may be a reconstruction , either theoretical or actual , of the result of the rf heat ablation . for example , if the window represents an ultrasonic reconstruction , this could be a theoretically generated graphic representation within a preplanned ultrasonic slice direction and probe direction to show what the ecogenic or ultrasonic image would look like when particular cooled tip rf , generator parameters are invoked or used . this window may alternatively represent real - time image data from the ct or mr or other type of scanning means , if the patient is within such a scanner during the rf heating process . the window may also represent the changes or modifications or digitally subtracted differential changes of the tissue volume as a result , directly or indirectly , of the ablation isotherms . thus , one may visualize directly the effect of heating on the patients tissue , and this may be displayed in such a window . there may be a superposition of a preplanned or prescanned tumor volume , as compared to the actual volume of the tumor at the time of surgery or the ablation volume as one detects it during surgery . direct detection of changes in the physiology as a result of the heating to gauge the extent of the ablation volume can be done by ultrasound , ct , mri , pet , and other imaging modalities , and can be displayed on the display 325 of the feedback unit 309 or , indeed , on the graphics display of the ultrasound or ct , mr , or other scanning machine as supplied by standard manufacturers . each of these scanning devices has a graphics display on a crt , liquid crystal , or other means which can display the results of the tomographic or volumetric scanning . these can be used in conjugation with the thermosurgery to evaluate the effect of the thermosurgery itself . use of ultrasound and standard sonic detection and scanning may be used in conjugation with the thermosurgery to evaluate the effect of the lesion or ablation process . the entire process of the heating could be preplanned by the operator hours or days before based on the imaging and preplanned calculations of ablation volume with the tip geometry and ablation parameters described with respect to fig1 . thus , system 360 could basically mediate the entire process of supply of rf power from generator 304 . indwelling controllers , electronics , microprocessors , or software may be programmed to govern the entire process or allow preplan parameters by the operator based on his selection of a tip geometry and overall ablation volume as selected according to a tumor or pathological volume to be destroyed . many variants or interconnections of the block diagram shown in fig3 or additions of said diagram could be devised by those skilled in the art of regulation systems . while several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings and / or discussed herein , it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto , as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise . therefore , the above description should not be construed as limiting , but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments . those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto .
a method for determining a volume of ablated tissue includes the steps of supplying energy to tissue , indicating an axis within the tissue , and simulating slicing of the tissue substantially perpendicular to the axis to obtain a plurality of simulated slices . each of the plurality of simulated slices has a thickness , a cross - sectional perimeter , and a trajectory point defined by the axis within the tissue . the method further includes the steps of determining a volume of each of the plurality of simulated slices based on the trajectory point , the cross - sectional perimeter , and the thickness of each simulated slice , and summing the volumes from each of the plurality of simulated slices to obtain the volume of the ablated tissue .