the nuclear factor erythoid - 2 related factor 2 agonist may be selected from the group consisting of allyl isothiocyanate , andrographolide , apigenin , asiatic acid , baicalein , tert - butyl hydroxyquinone , (+)- catechin , chrysin , chrysin dimethylether , curcumin , docosahexaenoic acid , epigallocatechin gallate , esculetin , fraxetin , galangin , genistein , granilin , guaiacol , hesperetin , 4 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxyacetophenone , jasmonic acid , kaempferol , ( s )-(+)- ketoprofen , kinetin , kinetin riboside , gamma linolenic acid , lipoic acid , lutein , luteolin , lycopene , nordihydroguaiaretic acid , parthenolide , peonidin chloride , phloroglucinol carboxaldehyde , pinocembrin , pinostrobin , protocatechinic acid , pterostilbene , quercetin , rauwolscine , resveratrol , silibinin , silichristin , sulforaphane , taxifolin , theaflavin , vanillyl acetone , trans - zeatin riboside , chamomile oil , parsley peel ethanol extract , sage peel ethanol extract , sour orange peel ethanol extract , tangerine peel ethanol extract and thyme peel ethanol extract . preferably the nuclear factor erythroid - 2 related factor 2 agonist is selected from the group consisting of allyl isothiocyanate , apigenin , asiatic acid , catechin , curcumin , docosahexaenoic acid , epigallocatechin gallate , esculetin , genistein , hesperetin , kaempferol , lipoic acid , lutein , luteolin , lycopene , pinocembrin , pinostrobin , quercetin , resveratrol , sulforaphane , theaflavin , vanillyl acetone , chamomile oil , sour orange peel ethanol extract and tangerine peel ethanol extract . preferably in a composition in accordance with any of the aforementioned aspects , the nuclear factor erythroid - 2 related factor 2 agonist comprises a eudesmane sesquiterpenoid and / or a ring a - hydroxylated isoalantolactone . examples of eudesmane sesquiterpenoids include , in particular : α - eudesmol , β - eudesmol , γ - eudesmol , (+)- 4 - epi - cryptomeridiol , ( 1r , 2r , 4as , 5r , 8ar )- 2 - isopropyl - 4a - methyl - 8 - methylenedecahydronaphthalene - 1 , 5 - diol , 1β - hydroxy - 6 , 7α - dihydroxyeudesm - 4 ( 15 )- ene , 10 - epi - γ - eudesmol , 1beta , 6alpha - dihydroxy - 4 ( 14 )- eudesmene , 4 ( 15 )- eudesmene - 1beta , 7alpha - diol , 4 , 6 - diene - 1beta , 14 - dihydroxyeudesma - 3 - one , alpha - cyperone ( chebi : 80919 ) corymbolone ( chebi : 65659 ), cryptomeridiol ( chebi : 67796 ), cycloeudesmol chebi : 4001 ), cyperol ( chebi : 80813 ) cyperusol c ( chebi : 69847 ) dihydroagarofuran , encelin ( chebi : 4790 ) eudesobovatol a farinosin ( chebi : 4977 ) granilin ( chebi : 5536 ) isoalantolactone ( chebi : 5981 ), isocyperol ( chebi : 80836 ), ivalin ( chebi : 6077 ), kikkanol a ( chebi : 81209 ), kikkanol b ( chebi : 81210 ), kikkanol c ( chebi : 81211 ), and samboginone ( chebi : 67795 ) the liver x receptor agonist may be selected from the group consisting of a compound of general formulae : r represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a keto , an acetyl , a c 1 to c 7 , substituted or unsubstituted , branched or unbranched , saturated or unsaturated alkyl group , or a substituted or unsubstituted , branched or unbranched , unsaturated c 8 alkyl group ; r 1 represents a lower alkyl group , a hydrogen or cor 6 ; r 3 represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a halogen , a keto or lower alkyl group ; r 5 represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a halogen or lower alkyl group ; wherein the plant extract is selected from the group consisting of an acetone extract of dragon &# 39 ; s blood resin ( daemorgos draco ), an ethyl acetate extract of damar gum , a non - saponified methanol extract of nettle ( lamium albim ), a methanol extract of breuzihno resin , a hexane extract of red seaweed , a methanol extract of mastic gum ( pistacia lentiscus ), a dichloromethane extract of mountain ash berry , a dichloromethane extract of plantain leaves , and mixtures thereof . a “ lower alkyl ” as employed herein includes both straight and branched chain radicals of up to four carbon atoms , examples of suitable groups are outlined above . preferably r represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a keto or a c 1 to c 4 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group , most preferably r represents a substituted unbranched c 1 to c 4 alkyl group . alternatively r represents — h , — oh , ═ o , — coch 3 , ═ cohch 3 , ═ chch 3 , ═ chch 2 oh , and — ococh 3 , in particular r represents — c ( ch 3 )( ch 2 ) 3 c ( ch 3 ) 2 . preferably when the liver x receptor agonist is according to general formula a , then y is a keto group . preferably when the liver x receptor agonist is according to general formula b , then r 1 represents a hydrogen and y represents a hydroxyl group , a hydrogen or an acetyl group . the bond by which the r group is linked to the carbon at position 17 will depend on the nature of the r group ( indicated by wavy bond ). when r is an alkyl group , this group may be linked to the carbon at position 17 via a saturated or unsaturated bond , preferably an unsaturated bond . for the purpose of the present invention , r may represent a hydroxyl , a keto or an acetyl group . r may also represent a c 1 to c 7 ( i . e . including c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 , c 5 , c 6 and c 7 ) substituted or unsubstituted , saturated or unsaturated , branched or unbranched alkyl group . preferably said c 1 to c 7 alkyl group comprises at least one substituted group selected from hydroxyl , keto and acetyl groups and r may in particular represent substituted alkyl groups having two and three of said substitutions . more preferably the alkyl groups have undergone substitution with one or more keto or hydroxyl groups . further preferred is an alkyl r group substituted at one or more positions corresponding or equivalent to c 20 , c 21 , c 22 and c 23 shown in the figure below : where the substitution is with a keto group , this is most preferably bonded to c 20 , whereas when substitution is with a hydroxyl group , this is most preferably bonded to a carbon at c 21 and / or c 22 . it is preferred that the alkyl r group remains unbranched as this helps to maintain a favoured linear configuration , however in the event that the alkyl group is branched , said branches preferably comprise 2 carbons , more preferably 1 carbon . where the r group is an alkyl group as described above , this will preferably have some degree of unsaturation . preferably unsaturation occurs in the form of one or more substituted keto groups . where r represents an unsaturated c 1 to c 8 alkyl group , it is most preferred that this group has the formula — c ( ch 3 )( ch 2 ) 3 c ( ch 3 ) 2 . while not wishing to be bound by any theory , it is believed that it is the conformation of the r group of a molecule according to the general formulae provided herein which determines the correct interaction with the active site and thereby the activation of liver x receptor alpha . more particularly from computer modelling of molecular structures , it is believed , where the r group is a carbon chain , that in order to allow correct active site interaction , the r group should preferably adopt a substantially linear conformation . this may be achieved in those molecules wherein the r group is a substantially linear carbon chain and / or has at least one unsaturated c — c bond . it is also believed that the more effective agonists of liver x receptor alpha comprise a small r group . in a preferred embodiment , the r group of the liver x receptor alpha agonist therefore represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a keto or an unsubstituted or , more preferably , substituted c 1 to c 4 alkyl group . preferably substitution occurs at c 20 or c 21 within the alkyl group . where the r group is an alkyl group , it is preferred that this forms an unsaturated bond with c 17 of the ring structure . in a preferred embodiment , r represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl , a keto or a substituted / unsubstituted c 1 to c 4 alkyl group . suitable unsubstituted groups include methyl , ethyl , n - propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , isobutyl or tert - butyl . in a preferred embodiment r 1 is a hydrogen . r 2 represents a hydrogen , a halogen , preferably chlorine , or a hydroxyl group . preferably r 2 represents a hydrogen . r 3 represents a hydrogen , a halogen , preferably a fluorine or chlorine , a keto or a lower alkyl group . preferably r 3 is either a keto group or a hydrogen . in a most preferred embodiment r 3 is a hydrogen . preferably r 4 and r 5 represent a hydroxyl group or hydrogen . most preferably these represent a hydrogen . r 6 represents a lower alkyl , preferably a methyl group . x preferably represents a hydrogen , a fluorine or a chlorine , most preferably x is a hydrogen . preferably y represents a hydrogen , a hydroxyl or a keto group . when y is a hydrogen , in a compound according to general formula a , a double bond may form between c 16 and c 17 . in a compound according to formula b , when y is hydrogen , r 1 is preferably a hydrogen or — cor 6 . preferably when y is a keto group , the liver x receptor agonist conforms to general formula a , whereas when y is a hydroxyl group , the liver x receptor agonist preferably conforms to general formula b . in a most preferred embodiment the liver x receptor agonist conforms to formula a wherein y is a keto group . when r is a hydrogen or a hydroxyl group , y is preferably a keto group in an liver x receptor agonist according to formula a . when r is — coch 3 , y is preferably a hydrogen or a keto group in a liver x receptor agonist according to either formulae a or b , preferably according to formula a . when r is ═ chch 3 or — ococh 3 , y is most preferably a keto group in a liver x receptor agonist according to general formula a . when r is ═ chch 2 oh , y is preferably either : ( a ) a hydrogen in a liver x receptor agonist according to general formula a , wherein r 4 is preferably a hydroxyl group ; or ( b ) a hydroxyl group in a liver x receptor agonist according to formula b wherein r 1 is a hydrogen . when r is — c ( ch 3 )( ch 2 ) 3 c ( ch 3 ) 2 , y is preferably a hydrogen in a liver x receptor agonist according to formula b wherein r 1 is also a hydrogen . preferably the liver x receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of 4 - androsten - 3 , 16 - dione , androst - 4 - ene - 3 , 6 , 16 - trione , 4 - androsten - 17β - ol - 3 , 16 - dione acetate , 16 - ketotestosterone , 3β - acetoxypregna - 5 , 16 - dien - 20 - one , 3β - acetoxypregna - 5 - en - 20 - one , 3β - hydroxypregna - 5 , 16 - dien - 20 - one , 3β - hydroxypregn - 5 - en - 20 - one , 5 , 16 - dien - pregnane - 3 , 20 - diol , 4 , 16 - dienpregna - 3 , 20 - dione , 4 , 17 ( 20 )-( trans )- pregnadien - 3 , 16 - dione , 4 - pregnen - 3 , 16 , 20 - trione , 4 , 17 ( 20 )- pregnadien - 11β , 21 - diol - 3 - one , 5 , 17 ( 20 )- pregnadien - 3 , 16 - diol , 5 - pregnen - 3β , 16α , 21 - triol - 20 - one , 24 - hydroxychol - 4 - en - 3 - one , cholesta - 5 , 24 - dien - 3β - ol , ( 3β )- 3 - hydroxyurs - 12 - en - 28oic acid , cis - guggulsterone , desmosterol , 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , stigmasterol , brassicasterol , 7 - hydroxycholesterol , and mixtures thereof . more preferably the liver x receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of desmosterol , stigmasterol , brassicasterol , β - sitosterol , and mixtures thereof , or is selected from the group consisting of 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , stigmasterol , and 3 -[ 3 -[[[ 2 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ] methyl ]( 2 , 2 - diphenylethyl ) amino ] propoxy ] benzeneacetic acid ( referred to herein as gw 3965 ) and / or salts thereof ( especially the hydrochloride salt ), and mixtures of the aforementioned compounds . the topical composition of the first to fourth aspects of the invention will comprise a dermatologically acceptable vehicle which acts as a diluent , a dispersant and / or a carrier not only for the ingredients which are essential for the invention but also for any other optional but often preferred ingredients . the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may be water or oil - based , anhydrous or an emulsion , with water - in - oil or oil - in - water emulsions being generally preferred . if water - based or an emulsion , the dermatologically acceptable vehicle comprises 5 to 99 , most preferably 40 to 80 % w / w of the topical composition , including all ranges subsumed therein . the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may also comprise organic solvents , such as alkanols and ester oils . typical examples of alkanols are ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol . typical examples of ester oils are isopropyl myristate , cetyl myristate , 2 - octyldodecyl myristate , avocado oil , almond oil , olive oil , and neopentylglycol dicaprate . the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may also comprise 0 . 1 to 50 % w / w emollients such as alcohols ( for example cetyl alcohol ), silicone oils and esters , and esters . silicone oils include cyclic or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9 , preferably from 4 to 5 , silicon atoms . non - volatile silicone oils include polyalkyl siloxanes ( for example polydimethylsiloxanes ), polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyether siloxane copolymers . esters include alkenyl or alkyl esters of fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms ( for example isoarachidyl neopentanoate , isononyl isonanonoate , oleyl myristate , oleyl stearate and oleyl oleate ), ether - esters ( for example fatty acid esters of ethoxylated fatty alcohols ), polyhydric alcohol esters ( for example ethylene glycol mono - and di - fatty acid esters , diethylene glycol mono - and di - fatty acid esters , polyethylene glycol ( 200 - 6000 ) mono - and di - fatty acid esters , propylene glycol mono - and di - fatty acid esters , polypropylene glycol 2000 monooleate , polypropylene glycol 2000 monostearate , ethoxylated propylene glycol monostearate , glyceryl mono - and di - fatty acid esters , polyglycerol poly - fatty esters , ethoxylated glyceryl mono - stearate , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol monostearate , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol distearate , polyoxyethylene polyol fatty acid ester , sorbitan fatty acid esters , and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters ), wax esters ( for example beeswax , spermaceti , stearyl stearate and arachidyl behenate ), and sterols esters ( for example cholesterol fatty acid esters ). the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may also comprise fatty acids having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms ( for example pelargonic , lauric , myristic , palmitic , stearic , isostearic , oleic , linoleic , arachidic , behenic and erucic acids ). the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may also comprise 0 . 2 to 25 , preferably 0 . 5 to 15 % w / w humectant which increase the effectiveness of the emollient , reduces scaling , stimulates removal of built - up scale and improves skin feel . typically the humectants is a polyhydric alcohol ( for example glycerol , polyalkylene glycols and more preferably alkylene polyols and their derivatives , including propylene glycol , dipropylene glycol , polypropylene glycol , polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof , sorbitol , hydroxypropyl sorbitol , hexylene glycol , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol , 1 , 2 , 6 - hexanetriol , ethoxylated glycerol , propoxylated glycerol and mixtures thereof ). preferably the humectant is glycerol . the dermatologically acceptable vehicle may also comprise 0 . 0001 to 5 %, preferably 0 . 001 to 1 %, most preferably 0 . 01 to 0 . 5 % w / w thickener ( for example cross - linked acrylates such as carbopol 982 , hydrophobically - modified acrylates such as carbopol 1382 , cellulosic derivatives ( such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose , hydroxypropyl methylcellulose , hydroxypropyl cellulose , hydroxyethyl cellulose , ethyl cellulose and hydroxymethyl cellulose ) and natural gums ( such as guar , xanthan , sclerotium , carrageenan , and pectin )). the topical composition of the first and second aspects of the invention may also comprise 0 . 001 to 40 , preferably 0 . 001 to 20 , most preferably 0 . 01 to 5 % w / w surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic , nonionic , cationic , amphoteric surfactants , and mixtures thereof . preferred nonionic surfactants include a c10 - c20 fatty alcohol or acid hydrophobe condensed with from 2 to 100 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe , mono - and di - fatty acid esters of ethylene glycol , fatty acid monoglyceride , sorbitan -, mono - and di - c8 - c20 fatty acids , block copolymers ( such as ethylene oxide / propylene oxide ), polyoxyethylene sorbitan , and alkyl polyglycosides and saccharide fatty amides ( such as methyl gluconamides ). preferred anionic surfactants include soap , alkyl ether sulfate and sulfonates , alkyl sulfates and sulfonates , alkylbenzene sulfonates , alkyl and dialkyl sulfosuccinates , c8 - c20 acyl isethionates , acyl glutamates , and c8 - c20 alkyl ether phosphates . the topical composition of the first and second aspects of the invention may also comprise other optional ingredients such as fragrances , fillers ( such as talc and silica ), alpha - hydroxy acids , beta - hydroxy acids ( such as salicylic acid ), zinc salts ( such as zinc pyrithione ), preservatives , sunscreens , both organic and inorganic ( such as derivatives of para - aminobenzoic acid ( paba ), cinnamate and salicylate ( for example avobenzophenone , octyl methoxycinnamate and 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methoxy benzophenone , zinc oxide and titanium dioxide ), and anti - dandruff actives ( such as ketoconazole , climbazole , and zinc pyrithione ). the topical composition of the first and second aspects of the invention may also comprise 0 . 01 to 10 , more preferably 0 . 1 to 5 , most preferably 0 . 5 to 3 % w / w conditioning silicone ( such as dimethiconol , silicone gums and amino functional silicones ). in combination with conditioning silicone , the topical composition of the invention will normally comprise 0 . 01 to 5 , preferably 0 . 05 to 1 , more preferably 0 . 08 to 0 . 5 % w / w cationic polymer for enhancing deposition of the silicone on hair fibres ( such as dimethyldiallylammonium chloride homopolymer ( polyquaternium 6 ), copolymers of acrylamide and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride ( polyquaternium 7 ), mineral acid salts of amino - alkyl esters of homo - and co - polymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids having from 3 to 5 carbon atoms ( as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 009 , 256 ), cationic polyacrylamides ( as described in wo 95 / 22311 ), and cationic polysaccharide polymers ( for example polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium - substituted epoxide ( polyquaternium 24 ), and guar hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride )). the topical composition of the first and second aspects of the invention can be manufactured by mixing the ingredients in no particular order and usually at 70 to 80 ° c . and under atmospheric pressure . the packaging for the topical composition of the invention can be a patch , bottle , tube , roll - ball applicator , propellant driven aerosol device , squeeze container or lidded jar . the invention also provides a method for promoting hair fibre growth comprising the step of applying to hair fibres and / or scalp the topical composition of the first or second aspects of the invention . the oral composition of the first and second aspects of the invention may be in the form of a solid , a slurry , a solution , a suspension , a gel or an emulsion . when solid , the oral anti - ageing composition of the first aspect of the invention may be in the form of a supplement of one or more unit dosages such as capsules , cachets , lozenges , pills , tablets , caplets , each comprising a predetermined amount of the essential ingredients of the invention . more specifically , the oral composition of the first and second aspects of the invention may be selected from the group of foodstuffs consisting of a beverage ( for example a fruit or tea ( for example camellia sinensis ) based beverage , a supplement , a soup ( in dry , paste or liquid form ), margarine , a ready - to - eat meal , a dressing , a mayonnaise , mustard , a tomato - based condiment , a sauce , a seasoning ( for example as unit doses in the form of a powder , a compressed powder in the form of , for example , a cube , a liquid or suspension , or a gel ), a yoghurt and a frozen confection . by “ frozen confection ” is meant a sweet - tasting fabricated foodstuff intended for consumption in the frozen state ( i . e . under conditions wherein the temperature of the foodstuff is less than 0 ° c ., and preferably under conditions wherein the foodstuff comprises significant amounts of ice ). frozen confections include ice cream , sorbet , sherbet , frozen yoghurt , water ice , milk ice and the like . preferably the frozen confection has a total solids content ( i . e . the sum of the weights of all the ingredients other than water , expressed as a percentage of the total weight ) of at least 20 %, more preferably at least 25 %. frozen confections may be aerated or unaerated . preferably the frozen confection is aerated . the frozen confection may be manufactured by any suitable process , typically by preparing a mix of ingredients ; then pasteurising and optionally homogenising the mix ; and then freezing and optionally aerating the mix to produce the frozen confection . the invention also provides a method for promoting hair fibre growth comprising the step of imbibing the oral composition of the first or second aspects of the invention . hacat ( immortal human keratinocyte ) cells ( p42 ) were stored in liquid nitrogen and revived in dmem containing 10 % fbs . the cells were sub - cultured and cryostocks made in 10 % dmem containing 10 % dmso from the first two passages . to generate a stable cell line , the optimal antibiotic concentration was determined for selecting stable cell colonies . a kill curve was performed using untransfected hacat cells to evaluate their hygromycin b sensitivity ( as the are - luciferase construct to be used for transfection contains the gene for hygromycin b resistance ). hacat cells were plated in a 24 - well tissue culture plate at a cell density of ˜ 80 , 000 cells per well . 24 hours later the cells were treated with different concentrations of hygromycin b ( ranging from 100 μg / ml to 800 μg / ml for seven days ). pgl4 . 37 ( luc2p / are / hygro ) vector ( promega cat . no . # e3641 ) transformed into dh5α competent cells ( invitrogen cat . no . # 18263 - 012 ). these were then plated on to an lb - ampicillin plate and kept overnight at 37 ° c . in an incubator . the next day , single colonies were picked and inoculated in 5 ml lb amp medium and kept at 37 ° c . for 8 hours in a shaker incubator at 250 rpm . the starter culture was then inoculated at 1 : 100 in 100 ml lb amp medium . 24 hours later , the culture was harvested and transfection grade plasmid prepared using sigma &# 39 ; s plasmid midiprep kit ( cat . no . # pld35 - 1kt ). hacat cells were plated in 6 - well tissue culture plate at a cell density of 500 , 000 cells per well . after 24 hours , the cells were transfected with 2 μg of endotoxin - free transfection grade pgl4 . 37 [ luc2p / are / hygro ] vector in duplicates using lipofectamine 2000 reagent ( invitrogen ) as per manufacturer &# 39 ; s protocol . after transfection , hacat cells were allowed to grow and to express the protein for hygromycin b resistance under non - selective conditions for 24 hours . one day post transfection cells were treated with hygromycin b at a concentration of 400 μg / ml to initiate the antibiotic selection pressure . for the selection of stably expressing cells , hacat cells were grown in 10 % dmem medium containing 400 μg / ml of hygromycin b . under hygromycin b selective conditions , resistant cells will outgrow non - resistant cells thereby resulting in a polyclonal population of stably - expressing cells . stably expressing hacat cells were fed every 2 - 3 days with 400 μg / ml hygromycin b selection medium . after 3 weeks of selection with 400 μg / ml of hygromycin b medium stable pools were observed on the plate . individual clones were picked using cloning rings and transferred to 96 - well plate and expanded up to t25 cm 2 flask . out of a dozen individual clones , clone 7 was chosen and validated for expression of luciferase upon treatment with d , l - sulforaphane . hacat_are_luc2p_clone_7 cells were seeded in a 96 well plate at a cell density of ˜ 7 . 5 × 10 3 cells per well . 24 hours later d , l - sulforaphane was added at increasing concentrations ( 0 μm , 0 . 2 μm , 0 . 4 μm , 0 . 6 μm , 0 . 8 μm and 1 μm ). a standard curve for the luciferase assay was generated for relative light units ( rlu ) for hacat_are_clone_7 cells treated with increasing concentrations of d , l - sulforaphane . hacat_are_luc2p_clone_7 cells were seeded in 96 well plates at a cell density of ˜ 7 , 500 cells per well . all test compounds were added to the cells at a final dilution of 1 : 1000 and the luciferase assay performed . the following combinations of test compounds were evaluated in the assay : ( a ) granilin , an nrf2 agonist , and 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist ; ( b ) granilin and 3 -[ 3 -[[[ 2 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ] methyl ]( 2 , 2 - diphenylethyl ) amino ] propoxy ] benzeneacetic acid hydrochloride ( also known as gw 3965 hydrochloride and available from tocris ), a liver x receptor α / β agonist ; and ( c ) granilin and stigmasterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist . the results are summarised in table 1 from which it is apparent that synergistic induction of are ( using a luciferase assay ) in hacat immortalised human keratinocyte cells treated with a combination of 1 μm granilin , an nrf2 agonist , and 1 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist was observed . synergy was also observed with combinations of 5 μm granilin and 1 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , 1 μm granilin and 10 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , and 5 μm granilin and 10 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol . synergies were also observed when using 3 -[ 3 -[[[ 2 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ] methyl ]( 2 , 2 - diphenylethyl ) amino ] propoxy ] benzeneacetic acid hydrochloride ( also known as gw 3965 hydrochloride and available from tocris ) and stigmasterol as the liver x receptor α / β agonists . hacat ( immortal human keratinocyte ) cells ( p42 ) were stored in liquid nitrogen and revived in dmem containing 10 % fbs . the cells were sub - cultured and cryostocks made in 10 % dmem containing 10 % dmso from the first two passages . cells were routinely plated out in 6 - well tissue culture dishes , at a seeding density of ˜ 5000 cells / cm2 in 2 ml complete medium / well for 24 hours , and incubated at 37 ° c . in 5 % co2 . test solutions were prepared in ethanol or dmso and added directly to the cells and treated for 24 hours . the test solutions were prepared with selected concentrations of test material as set forth in table 2 . the cells were then pelleted . all cell pellets were lysed on ice for 30 minutes in 1 ml cell lysis buffer per 2 . 5 × 106 cells . the lysis buffer contained 1 % np - 40 , 0 . 1 % sodium deoxycholate , 0 . 1 % sds , 6 mm sodium chloride and 0 . 05 m tris at ph 7 . 6 . protease inhibitor cocktail ( 1000 ×; sigma p8340 ) was added prior to use at a level of 10 μl per ml of lysis buffer . the clarified cell lysate was frozen at − 80 ° c . until needed . the total protein concentration of each cell lysate was measured using the pierce bca protein assay kit . a set of eight standard solutions ranging from 0 to 1200 μg / ml protein was prepared from the supplied 2 mg / ml bsa stock solution . 10 μl of standard or cell lysate was added to duplicate wells of a flat - bottomed , 96 - well microtitre plate . the reagent solution was prepared according to the kit instructions from 50 parts reagent a and 1 part reagent b . 200 μl of the final reagent was added to each well of the microtitre plate . the plate was mixed , covered and incubated at 37 ° c . for 30 minutes and absorbance read at 562 nm . a protein standard curve was constructed and used to determine the protein concentration of each cell lysate . the hemeoxygenase - 1 ( ho - 1 ) protein concentration of each cell lysate was assayed using the duoset human total ho - 1 / hmox1 assay ( r & amp ; d systems dyc3776 ) according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . eight ho - 1 standards were prepared in reagent diluent ( 0 . 5 % trition - x100 and 1 mm edta in pbs at ph 7 . 2 ) at concentrations ranging from 0 . 15625 to 10 ng / ml , including a negative control . the ho - 1 capture antibody was diluted to a concentration of 8 μg / ml in pbs and was bound to the microtitre plate ( greiner bio - one ) overnight at room temperature . the unbound antibody was then removed by washing 3 times with wash buffer ( 0 . 05 % tween 20 in pbs ) on an automatic plate washer . the plate was blocked with 300 μl per well of 1 % bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) in pbs for 1 hour and washed 3 times in wash buffer . 100 μl of cell lysate , diluted ⅕ , or standard was added to duplicate wells . the plate was incubated at room temperature for 2 hours before being washed three times with wash buffer . 100 μl of ho - 1 detection antibody , diluted to a concentration of 200 ng / ml , was added to each well and the plate incubated at room temperature for 2 hours . the plate was washed as before . 100 μl of 1 / 200 diluted streptavidin horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) was added to each well and incubated in the dark for 20 minutes at room temperature . the plate was washed as before and then 100 μl of substrate solution ( r & amp ; d systems dy999 , 1 : 1 mixture of colour reagent a and colour reagent b ) was added to each well and incubated , in the dark at room temperature , until colour developed ( approx 20 minutes ). 50 μl of stop solution ( 2m h2so4 ) was applied to each well and the plate read on a microplate reader ( dynex mrx ) at 450 nm with wavelength correction set at 540 nm . a standard curve was plotted of mean od versus ho - 1 concentration and the line of best fit calculated by regression analysis . the unknown concentration of ho - 1 protein in all the samples was calculated from this . the results were normalised using the total protein data and expressed as ng ho - 1 per μg protein . the test compounds were sulforaphane , an nrf2 agonist , and 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist , and mixtures thereof . the results are summarised in table 2 from which it is apparent that there was an up - regulation of hemoxygenase 1 protein in hacat immortalised human keratinocyte cells treated with a combination of 1 μm sulforaphane , an nrf2 agonist , and 10 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist . synergy was also observed with the combination of 0 . 05 μm sulforaphane and 10 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol . synergies were not seen with combinations of 0 . 01 μm sulforaphane and 10 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , 1 μm sulforaphane and 1 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , 0 . 05 μm sulforaphane and 1 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , and 0 . 01 μm sulforaphane and 1 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol . temporal or occipital human scalp skin was obtained from subjects undergoing face - lift or hair transplant surgery with informed consent and ethics approval . anagen vi hair follicles were isolated and maintained according to the method described in philpott et al ( j . cell sci 97 , 463 - 471 ( 1990 )). dhurat et al ( int j trichology , 2 ( 2 ), 96 - 100 ( july - december 2010 )) describe that anagen is conventionally divided into six stages , anagen i - v ( proanagen ), when the hair shaft grows within the hair follicle , and anagen vi ( metanagen ), when the tip of the hair shaft emerges from the hair follicle . hair follicles were stabilised in rnalater ( for pcr ). five individual anagen vi hair follicles were used for each culture condition / patient . in order to evaluate the effect of nrf2 agonists on hair follicles , test groups ( n = 4 donor subjects ) received nrf2 agonist ( sulforaphane or tert - butyl hydroxyquinone ( tbhq )) for 24 hours and control groups ( n = 4 donor subjects ) received dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle alone . rna was extracted using the qiagen rneasy microkit ( maximum 5 mg tissue per extraction ). 100 ng rna was reverse transcribed using the invitrogen cloned amv first strand synthesis kit , according to manufacturers &# 39 ; instructions . taqman primer sets for ho - 1 ( hs01110250_m1 ), nqo - 1 ( hs00168547_m1 ) and nrf2 ( hs00232352_m1 ) were obtained from the invitrogen inventoried assays ( life technologies ltd .). cdna was diluted 1 : 10 in rnase free water . each reaction consisted of 1 μl 20 × taqman assay , 10 μl taqman fast advance mastermix , 5 μl rnase free water and 2 ng of cdna . plates were run on an applied biosystems steponeplus ™ real time pcr machine . fast cycling conditions were used , utilising a 2 minute polymerase activation step at 95 ° c ., followed by 45 cycles of denaturing at 95 ° c . for 1 second , and annealing / extension at 60 ° c . for 20 seconds . all pcr reactions were normalised to the housekeeping control ppia , which showed no variation between treatments . data was analysed by the δδct methodology the test compounds were sulforaphane , an nrf2 agonist , and 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol , a liver x receptor α / β agonist , and mixtures thereof . results are presented in table 3 which shows nqo - 1 gene expression ( fold change compared to 18s ) in hair follicles treated with sulforaphane and 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol . significant ( p ≦ 0 . 01 ) up - regulation of nqo - 1 mrna in human hair follicle cells treated with 10 μm sulforaphane and 5 μm 22 ( r )- hydroxycholesterol was observed compared to the next most effective nqo - 1 agonist which was 10 μm sulforaphane . scalp biopsies ( 4 mm ) were obtained from patients following ethical approval and informed patient consent ( intertek crs , manchester , uk ). immunohistochemical staining of nqo - 1 protein expression and localisation was performed on 6 μm scalp cryosections . briefly , cryosections were fixed in acetone before permeabilisation in 0 . 1 % triton x 100 ( an octyl phenol ethoxylate ). washes were performed in phosphate - or tris - buffered saline ( pbs , tbs ). the primary antibody ( 1 : 100 anti - nqo - 1 antibody [ a180 ] ( ab28947 ; abcam , cambridge , uk )) was incubated overnight at 4 ° c . before incubation with the secondary antibody ( 1 : 200 ; alexafluor ® 488 donkey anti - mouse igg ( h + l ) antibody ( a - 21202 ; life technologies , paisley , uk )) for 60 minutes . imaging of immunolocalisation was performed using a zeiss lsm confocal microscope . the results are shown in fig2 which shows localisation of nqo - 1 protein expression in human hair follicles by indirect immunofluorescence . positive staining for nqo - 1 ( in white ) was observed particularly within the matrix region of the hair bulb ( 2b ) and in the outer root sheath ( ors ) of the hair follicle bulb region ( 2c ). in fig2 , dp is the dermal papilla . immunohistochemical analysis of nadp ( h ): quinone oxidoreductase ( nqo - 1 ) in hair follicles demonstrates that nqo - 1 was observed particularly within the matrix region of the hair bulb and in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle bulb region .
disclosed is an oral or topical composition comprising a nuclear factor erythroid - 2 related factor 2 agonist and a liver x receptor agonist , wherein the amounts of each of the nuclear factor erythroid - 2 related factor 2 agonist and the liver x receptor agonist produce a synergistic benefit of hair fibre growth , wherein the oral or topical composition comprises ≦ 9 , preferably ≦ 8 % w / w β - sitosterol , wherein when the oral or topical composition comprises a catechin , the oral or topical composition comprises 0 . 001 to 90 , preferably 0 . 005 to 70 , most preferably 0 . 01 to 50 % w / w catechins , wherein the oral or topical composition excludes pregnenolone , 4 , 5 - dihydrofuranodiene - 6 - one , epoxy santamarin , hydroquinone , longistyline , monacolin k , protoanemonin , n -- n -- phenyl ]- benzenesulfonamide , dihydronepetalactone , iridomyrmecin , and dihydroactinidiolide , wherein when the oral or topical composition comprises guggelsterone and epigallocatechin gallate , the oral or topical composition excludes a guggelsterone to epigallocatechin gallate weight ratio of 1 to 28 , and wherein when the oral or topical composition comprises sodium dilauramide glutamide lysine , the oral or topical composition excludes 0 . 3 % w / w sodium dilauramide glutamide lysine .