a plate set for 3 rd - degree coma image errors of the x axis and 3 rd - order spherical aberration , each with a subset for polynomial coefficients from 0 . 5 to 10 , is schematically represented in fig1 . the plate set for 3 rd - degree coma image errors in the x axis according to the formula w ( p , θ )=( 3p 2 − 2p ) sin ( θ ) is designated a and the sub - plate set for the image error of the 3 rd - order spherical aberration according to the formula w ( p , θ )= 6p 4 − 6p 2 + 1 is designated b . these two subsets a and b together form the plate set according to fig1 . subsets a and b each consist of five individual plates which are laid out within the defined zernike polynomial for different polynomial coefficients , i . e . amplitudes . thus subset a has individual plates for polynomial coefficients 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 2 . 5 , 5 and 10 . subset b also consists of five plates with different polynomial coefficients 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 2 . 5 , 5 and 10 . with this plate set , consisting of subsets a and b , image errors can then be determined and compensated according to the two addressed zernike polynomials . these aberrations of higher orders in these optical systems can be established and compensated in a targeted manner with the help of this ordered selection of phase plates by establishing in a targeted manner wavefronts which are deformed as desired and of which the spherical and cylindrical parts have previously been corrected with standard lenses , and by correcting the individual orders quasi - continuously and orthogonally . this takes place through a kind of modular principle with which a universal establishment and correction of any wave profiles can be carried out . image errors of optical systems can thus be minimized and therefore maximum imaging quality can be achieved . in this way , a universal possibility is provided to analyze wavefront profiles and to compensate them on the basis of a target value . through the modular principle , the wavefront profile is iteratively established and guided to a minimum of deviation . the plate set ideally consists of further subsets c , d . . . ( not represented ) in order to be able to compensate the desired image errors according to further zernike polynomials . an arrangement of circular discs with subsets of plates according to the present invention arranged , each in a circular disc , is schematically represented in fig2 . a plate set 25 is represented here with individual subsets 26 . 1 to 26 . 6 of a plate set , wherein , within the individual subsets 26 for one special zernike polynomial in each case , plates of different amplitudes of this zernike polynomial are provided in a classified manner , each in a circular disc . the circular disc 12 . 1 is represented particularly enlarged , on which plates 26 . 1 . 1 to 26 . 1 . 5 are represented which compensate the aberration of different amplitudes of a particular zernike polynomial . in addition to these , an opening 26 . 1 . 0 has been left free — this corresponds to the amplitude 0 for this zernike polynomial , i . e . indeed no correction of the corresponding aberration in error - free optical systems . in addition , an observation channel 15 is schematically represented by a straight line . through this observation channel 15 , an eye 5 can see centrally through a recess in each circular disc . the sum of the plates , swivelled in the observation channel , of the subsets 26 arranged on the individual circular discs 12 then have an effect on the eye . in order to then establish the aberrations , all the circular discs 26 . 1 to 26 . 6 are aligned such that the plate with amplitude 0 of all the circular discs comes to rest in the observation channel 15 , i . e . in the end that no compensations take place . one circular disc after the other is then further swivelled such that the person looking through the observation channel 15 can subjectively determine whether there is an improvement due to the individual plates of the subset and when this is at its most optimal . once the optimum compensation of the individual plate of a subset is found , the next circular disc is swivelled or introduced into the observation channel 15 and thus the plates of the next subset are offered , until the optimum is also calculated for this aberration . after all six subsets are set via the circular discs such that in each case the plate with the optimal compensation is swivelled in the observation channel 15 , the sum of the individual plates , which compensates the entire wavefront deformation optimally according to the person &# 39 ; s subjective impression , has an effect on the eye 5 . with these transparent thin - glass or plastic plates and the thus - ordered number of phase plates in a circular disc which are classified in terms of their classification according to the order of the zernike coefficients and the respective amplitude , these plates are incorporated in a defined manner into the mechanical system for example of a phoropter in which plates of an order of the zernike coefficients with a different amplitude have preferably been arranged in a circular disc . through centred arrangement of such circular discs one behind the other , it is possible to swivel optionally phase plates of a different order of the zernike coefficients and of a different amplitude into an optical axis with a target apparatus . thus , on this optical axis with target or centering apparatuses , every combination of aberrations of higher order can be corrected quasi - continuously for the eye or optical system to be corrected . a particular advantage of this version lies in the comparatively robust reproducible design in which the lateral spatial resolution of the phase plates is determined by the production technology and can be in the submillimetre range . the additive structure of the zernike polynomials allows an additive compensation of any wavefront deformation through to an ideal , desired wavefront ( flat wave , etc .). a proven mechanical system is resorted to by the use of the phoropter principle for phase plates of a different strength of the respective aberration of higher order . such a phase - plate phoropter particularly preferably has exactly centred phase plates which have with regard to position and angle deviation of less than 0 . 1 mm , or 0 . 1 degrees ( dx , dy & lt ; 0 . 1 mm ; dv & lt ; 0 . 1 °), as well as particularly preferably a target apparatus for the patient &# 39 ; s view . as a result of this , a subjective establishment of the value of the aberration of higher orders is possible within the framework of a sight test ( determination of visual acuity ) before a correction using vision aids or lasers . furthermore , it is possible to optimize the resolution of optical moments when examining the ocular fundus ( retina ) by compensating the aberrations of higher order of the special eye . furthermore , the aberrations of higher orders of any optical systems can be established and compensated with the help of a device according to the invention . the procedure for the determination of an aberration of the human eye using the present invention is typically as follows : a phase platelet p n m of a phase set p m is swivelled in front of the optical system of the eye . the eye and the optical axis of the phase platelets are overlaid by an optical target and centering apparatus . it is therefore guaranteed that the optical centres of the eye and of the phase platelets lie on top of each other . thereafter the amplitude of this phase set is increased ( by swivelling the next platelet p + 1 m of the phase set p m ). this takes place iteratively , or alternately until the patient &# 39 ; s subjectively firm image impression is found . once this has taken place , the image error of the phase plate p m is described and guided to a subjective minimum . in the next step , the above - described procedure is continued with the following set p m + 1 of phase plates which describe a further image error to be corrected . all previously found phase platelets of the optimal correction remain swivelled . through this procedure , the patient is led step - by - step to an optimum — i . e . to the minimization of all the image errors . the classification of the phase platelets is such that all the possible amplitudes can be set in a sensible range . the statistical occurrence of the aberrations in the optical systems or patients is used here a starting point . particularly preferably , these curves are developed equidistant between a maximum and minimum value . the lower limit of the wavefront amplitude is determined by the rayleigh criterion from which it can be deduced that only wavefront differences of greater than λ / 4 have a significant effect on the image quality . as a result , it is possible to determine subjectively the aberration of the eye in the case of wavefront deformations of higher orders , the natural light spectrum being able to be used simultaneously . this is not possible in the case of the known aberrometers for the determination of the wavefront deformation of higher order , as these require monochromatic light . a further advantageous application of the present invention will be explained with reference to fig3 . an arrangement of a device according to the invention for the examination of an eye by means of a fundus camera is schematically represented in fig3 . a camera 6 or a microscope or a slit lamp is represented here which can observe an eye 5 via an observation channel 15 ( represented as an idealized optical axis in the form of a straight line ). phase plates 20 . 1 to 20 . 3 are introduced in the observation channel 15 between the eye 5 and the camera 6 . the wavefront w 1 , which emerges from the eye 5 , is deformed by aberrations due to the suboptimal optical system of the eye . this is symbolized by a corresponding wave - shaped representation of the wavefront w 1 . upon passing through the phase plates 20 . 1 to 20 . 3 , these errors of higher order are compensated so that the emerging wavefront w 2 no longer has these aberration errors and therefore these deformations , and strikes the camera 6 as a flat wave . as a result of this , an application in ophthalmology is opened up by an embodiment of the present invention , in which the rear section of the eye is observed . this serves for medical observations . for this high - precision and high - resolution observation , the aberration of the eye to be examined plays a not insignificant role , as it limits the resolution of the area to be examined . in order to compensate the aberrations of this eye for observation with a fundus camera or similar , a set of phase platelets which fully compensate the aberration is introduced into the beam path . thus the best possible observation and resolution is possible with optimum optical quality . a further area of application is schematically represented in fig4 . the use of a device according to the invention for the correction of the beam profile in laser diodes is shown schematically here . a laser diode 7 serves as a beam source and emits beams along an observation channel lying in the optical axis ( schematically represented by a straight line 15 ). the beams emerging at the laser diode 7 are spherocylindrically corrected ( not represented ) and strike phase plates 20 . 1 to 20 . 3 as wavefront w 1 with aberrations of higher orders . here the beam profile is corrected such that it emerges as corrected beam profile w 2 and has a desired wavefront w 2 . the forming of this wavefront from beam sources can be desired as a flat wave or as a pure gaussian profile . intentional deformation is involved here , or intentional forming of wavefront profiles . this is very easily and universally possible using a device of the present invention . a very fine correction of the established wavefront profile can thus be carried out for corresponding applications . the wavefront aberrations are conventionally recorded and corrected by means of phase plates of the present invention . it is therefore possible to produce one and the same wave profile for each laser diode which varies greatly in its wavefront aberrations . the present invention therefore also differs greatly from the production of a correction plate for a particular laser diode for a particular optical application . in the absence of the laser diode or if the optical application is changed , this integral correction plate must be completely replaced . when using the present invention , the correspondingly corrected beam profile can be subsequently corrected or aligned for new applications . it is therefore possible to convert any forming of the wavefront profiles of beam sources by the universal use of the present invention . the phase plates 20 can also be arranged in a conjugated image plane for example in the phase phoropter 2 according to fig5 . the observation channel 15 is arranged offset relative to the eye 5 , for example roughly opposite the not directly examined eye . the beam path of the observation channel 15 is reflected into the eye 5 via an optical - square arrangement consisting of a first mirror 27 a and a second mirror 27 b , this can also be for example a prism arrangement or the like . the first mirror 27 a can be designed semipermeable , so that a further device 29 can be arranged in the beam path 28 of the eye 5 . this can be for example a device for the targeted stimulation of the eye 5 . with the present invention , a method of a device for the subjective determination of aberrations of higher order is provided , with which it is possible to compensate in a target - oriented manner aberrations of higher order with the help of an ordered selection of phase plates . any wavefronts , which were previously corrected conventionally by spherical and cylindrical lenses or else corrected with integrated compensation of aberrations of higher orders of the form of aspherical orders , arranged in a targeted manner according to the amplitudes in the individual orders , can therefore be corrected quasi - continuously . the use of sensitive adaptive lenses can be dispensed with and it is made possible to reproducibly and quasi - continuously establish and compensate optical aberrations of higher order , in particular in ophthalmology , with a comparatively robust instrument .
a device for the subjective determination of aberrations of higher orders xi in an optical system , in particular in an eye includes at least one observation channel into which defined plates can be introduced , the individual plates having optically active structures which correspond to a defined zernike polynomial and to a defined amplitude , at least one order xi of the zemike polynomial being greater than two .