fig1 a and 1b are the block diagrams depicting the flow of the procedure for detecting biosignals in a noninvasive manner , calculating the intensity of the biosignals , and making a judgment on the presence or absence of the biosignals and a bedding state , such as being in or out of bed , using the biosignal intensity output , according to an exemplary embodiment . fig1 b is a partial sectional view of fig1 a in the direction viewed from the arrow . a noninvasive sensor 1 comprises a minute differential pressure sensor 1 a and a pressure detecting tube 1 b , and is arranged on a bed 8 . as shown in fig1 a and 1b , the pressure detecting tube 1 b is folded back and forth several times to extend over a large portion of the bed to secure ample space for detecting pressure . the pressure detecting tube 1 b is placed on a hard sheet 9 spread on the bed 8 , as shown in fig1 a and 1b . the hard sheet 9 is covered with an elastic cushion sheet 10 , which is further covered with bedclothes ( a “ futon ” in japanese , not shown in the drawings ), on which a subject is laid . the pressure detecting tube 1 b may be incorporated into the cushion sheet 10 to stabilize the position of the pressure detecting tube 1 b . the minute differential pressure sensor 1 a detects the fluctuation of micropressure , and is of a capacitor microphone type for low frequency according to this exemplary embodiment . the minute differential pressure sensor 1 a of this type , however , can be replaced with another type if the replaced type has a proper resolution and a dynamic range . while an acoustic microphone , in general use , has a structure showing less sensitivity to a low - frequency region , the capacitor microphone for low frequency used for the embodiment is provided with a chamber formed behind a pressure - receiving surface , which improves the characteristics of the capacitor microphone for the low - frequency region . this makes the capacitor microphone applicable to the detection of the fluctuation of micropressure in the pressure detecting tube 1 b . the capacitor microphone is also superior in measuring minute differential pressure , having a resolution of 0 . 2 pa ( pascal ) and a dynamic range of approximately 50 pa to exert a capability several times as high as a conventional minute differential pressure sensor using ceramics . the capacitor microphone , therefore , is suitable for detecting micropressure applied to the pressure detecting tube 1 b via biosignals transmitted through the body surface of a subject . the frequency characteristics of the capacitor microphone are almost flat in a range from 0 . 1 hz to 30 hz ( hertz ), which is another factor for making the capacitor microphone appropriate to the detection of minute biosignals , such as heart rate , breathing rate , pulse , very small body movements or the like . the pressure detecting tube 1 b , which functions as a pressure detecting section in the noninvasive sensor 1 , must have proper elasticity so that the inner pressure of the pressure detecting tube 1 b changes in response to the fluctuation range of pressure caused by the biosignals . also , the capacity of a hollowed part in the tube 1 b should be selected properly so that a pressure change inside the tube 1 b is transmitted to the minute differential pressure sensor 1 a at a proper response speed . when the pressure detecting tube 1 b cannot have the proper elasticity and hollowed part capacity simultaneously , a core wire of proper thickness may be inserted into the hollowed part and extended along the entire length of the tube 1 b to secure the proper capacity of the hollowed part . inserting the core wire of the proper thickness into the pressure detecting tube 1 b also prevents such trouble that the tube 1 b is completely crushed and becomes unable to transmit the pressure change to the minute differential pressure sensor 1 a . a non - bedding detecting sensor 11 is a sensor for helping to see if a subject is out of a bed 8 . fig1 a shows , as an example of the sensor 11 , that a tape switch is stretched across the whole length of the bed 8 . the tape switch is turned on when the subject &# 39 ; s body is on the switch , and turned off when the body is removed . fig2 is an example where an infrared sensor is used as the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 . the infrared sensor comprises an emitting part 11 a and a light - receiving part 11 b , and they are in an arrangement where infrared rays emitted from the emitting part 11 a are received by the light - receiving part 11 b . the infrared sensor is switched on when the subject lies on the bed and switched off when the subject is out of the bed . fig3 is the block diagram that depicts the details of a signal amplifying / shaping section 2 , which has a function of amplifying signals output from the noninvasive sensor 1 while attenuating noises other than biosignals included in the output signals . as shown in fig3 , the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 comprises a signal amplifying circuit 21 and a band - pass filter 22 . the signal amplifying circuit 21 amplifies output signals from the noninvasive sensor 1 and the band - pass filter 22 passes only the signals that have frequencies required for measuring the intensity of biosignals out of the output signals . according to this exemplary embodiment , the band - pass filter 22 is given a preset filtering function that passes signals having frequencies ranging from approximately 7 hz to 30 hz and attenuates the signals in the frequency bandwidth other than 7 hz to 30 hz . signals caused by the subject include heartbeat signals , pulse signals , respiratory signals , and signals generated by body motions , such as tossing . the heartbeat signals appear in a frequency bandwidth of 10 hz to 20 hz , while the pulse signals in a frequency bandwidth of 0 . 8 hz to 1 . 5 hz , and the respiratory signals in a frequency bandwidth of 0 . 2 hz to 0 . 4 hz . meanwhile , noises , which are not caused by the subject , include noises due to wind , which appear as signals having frequencies of around 1 hz , noises due to emissions from a fluorescent lamp , appearing as signals of 50 hz to 60 hz , low - frequency noises due to voices , appearing as signals of more than 300 hz , and low - frequency noises from a construction site or factory , appearing as signals of 20 hz to 300 hz . when the passing band of the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 is set within the range of 7 hz to 30 hz as in the exemplary embodiment , most of noises not caused by the subject can be attenuated , and the passed heartbeat signals and pulse signals are sent to an automatic gain control section 3 . although the respiratory signals are cut off , the presence or absence of biosignals can be confirmed without the respiratory signals , as the respiratory signals are sometimes discontinued when a non - breathing time occurs , so that the above passing band setting presents no trouble in measuring the intensity of biosignals . the band - pass filter 22 can be eliminated from the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 when the signal amplifying circuit 21 is given the characteristics that amplify signals in the main frequency band of biosignals and attenuates signals in the frequency band of noises . it is also applicable that the signal amplifying circuit 21 is set to pass signals in the main frequency band and the band - pass filter 22 is provided to further attenuate noise elements . the automatic gain control section 3 is composed of an automatic gain control ( agc ) circuit , through which the gain of output from the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 is automatically controlled so that the output is processed into signals within a prescribed level . the gain resulting from the gain control is sent to a signal intensity calculating section 4 . in this exemplary embodiment , the gain of output signals is set so that the amplitude of the signals is reduced when the peak of the signals surpasses an upper limit threshold while being increased when the peak drops below a lower limit threshold , as shown in fig6 . respective output signals processed into the prescribed level are sent to a bedding state judgment control section 6 . the signal intensity calculating section 4 calculates the intensity of the signals , using the gain resulting from the gain control on the output from the noninvasive sensor 1 and the environmental noise sensor 2 at the automatic gain control section 3 . because the gain given by the agc circuit is small when the signals are large and is large when the signals are small , a function that represents signal intensity in inverse proportion to the gain is required in order to represent signal intensity using the gain . on the other hand , when output from the noninvasive sensor 1 repeatedly surpasses the upper limit of the automatic gain control in a prescribed time , it is assumed that the subject &# 39 ; s body is in motion , such as tossing or turning . a body motion detecting / calculating section 5 monitors such a time , during which output from the noninvasive sensor 1 surpasses the upper limit , and detects the body motion . the bedding state judgment control section 6 is a judgment section that makes a judgment on the presence or absence of biosignals and the subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed on the basis of output from the signal intensity calculating section 4 , the body motion detecting / calculating section 5 , and the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 . next , a method for measuring the biosignal intensity and for making judgments on the presence or absence of biosignals and the subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed are described . according to the exemplary embodiment , biosignals are detected by detecting a pressure change in the pressure detecting tube 1 b arranged under the lying subject . because of this , vibrations not caused by the subject and transmitted to bedclothes , such as vibrations caused by wind or voices , steps of people other than the subject in a room , by traffic , construction , or factory operation , etc ., may also be applied to the pressure detecting tube 1 b as additional signals , which makes it impossible to detect the accurate intensity of biosignals . thus , according to the method for measuring biosignal intensity the above problem is solved by attenuating signals caused by vibrations other than the subject , which are included in output signals from the noninvasive sensor 1 for detecting biosignals , at the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 and calculating the accurate intensity of biosignals at the biosignal intensity calculating section 4 . the signal amplifying / shaping section 2 is set to attenuate signals in a bandwidth other than that ranging from 7 hz to 30 hz . a bandwidth set for attenuation , however , is not limited to the above bandwidth , and its range may be changed if the intensity of biosignals can be measured after all . a biosignal intensity f is calculated at the biosignal intensity calculating section 4 using the following equation ( a ): where aa is the transfer average of the intensity of signals from the noninvasive sensor 1 in a certain time , while aa 0 is that of the intensity of signals from the noninvasive sensor 1 in a second when no load is applied on the noninvasive sensor 1 . aa 0 is measured at initial setting and the absence of the subject to use the latest value . the value of the biosignal intensity f is a maximum at f ( 100 ), and f ( 50 ) indicates 50 % intensity of f ( 100 ). fig4 is the flowchart of an example of the procedure for judging the presence or absence of biosignals at the bedding state judgment control section 7 . at the start of the procedure , ‘ biosignal is absent ’ is set . when data of aa and aa 0 are taken in , the biosignal intensity f is calculated using the equation ( a ). when the biosignal intensity f exceeds f ( 30 ), a judgment of ‘ biosignal is present ’ is given . when the biosignal intensity f is f ( 30 ) or lower , a judgment of ‘ biosignal is absent ’ is given . when the biosignal intensity f exceeds f ( 30 ) to produce the judgment of ‘ biosignal is present ,’ the data of aa and aa 0 are taken in again and the calculation using the equation ( a ) is repeated . if the calculation gives the biosignal intensity f of f ( 20 ) or lower , the judgment of ‘ biosignal is absent ’ is given , and the same steps are repeated . thus , the value f ( 30 ) is used as a threshold for the biosignal intensity f in judging the presence or absence of biosignals . this threshold , however , may be changed according to differences in age , physical structure , or condition among individual subjects . fig5 is a flowchart of an example of the procedure for judging a subject &# 39 ; s moving from in bed to out of bed or being in or out of bed , and / or the presence or absence of biosignals . in other words , the procedure is used to monitor the subject to see if he or she is on the bed or leaving the bed , or to see if on the bed , any accident , such as the stoppage of biosignals , is occurring . at the start of the procedure , ‘ out of bed ’ is set . when data of aa and aa 0 are taken in , the biosignal intensity f is calculated using the equation ( a ). when the tape switch used as the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 is on and the biosignal intensity f is above f ( 30 ), it is confirmed that the subject is in the bed 8 and biosignals are detected , therefore , the judgment of ‘ in bed ’ is given . when the presence of the subject in the bed is confirmed , the data of aa and aa 0 are taken in again and the calculation by the equation ( a ) is repeated . if the calculation gives the biosignal intensity f of f ( 20 ) or lower , output from the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 is checked . when the output from the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 is not observed , it indicates that a given weight is not applied to the bed , which leads to a judgment that the subject is out of the bed . at this time , the procedure returns to the start of the flowchart . on the other hand , when the output from the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 is observed , it indicates that the biosignal intensity f is at a low level of f ( 20 ) or lower despite the fact that the subject is in the bed . this leads to a judgment of ‘ biosignal stoppage ’, that is , the abnormal state of the subject , at which an alarm is emitted from an alarm device 12 to report the abnormal state to the prescribed personnel , institution , or post . fig7 a - 7d are graphs showing the biosignal output actually measured according to the biosignal intensity measuring method and the bedding state judging method . fig7 a shows the waveform of the agc output of a noninvasive sensor signal . fig7 b is a graph showing the signal intensity aa given by calculating the intensity of signals from the noninvasive sensor 1 at the signal intensity calculating section 4 , where the signal intensity aa is normalized to have a maximum value of 1 . fig7 c is a graph showing a signal from which the biosignal intensity aa 0 under a non - loaded condition is deducted . fig7 d represents a signal output for judging the presence or absence of biosignals , which is a result of a judgment made in accordance to the flowchart shown in fig4 . if the signal output reaches 1 , it is judged that biosignals are present . the signal output shown in fig7 d is combined with output from the non - bedding detecting sensor 11 for judgment about a subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed and for monitoring of the abnormal state of the subject according to the flowchart shown in fig5 . the method and apparatuses according to the described embodiments enable noninvasive monitoring of a subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed , of the biosignal intensity , and of the presence or absence of body motion , such as tossing or turning . this makes it possible to detect the abnormal state of the subject , such as the stoppage of biosignals , and also to know the daily behavior of the subject , including a pattern of tossing or turning , getting in or out of bed , etc ., by recording information of the subject constantly . as a result , checking the overall life pattern of the subject becomes possible . such detected or checked information may be transmitted to subject &# 39 ; s close relatives or family doctor in a remote location to help the receiver maintain the subject &# 39 ; s health . also , according to the biosignal intensity measuring method , by using the noninvasive sensor as a detecting unit for detecting biosignals from the subject , the subject is freed from any physical burden in daily activity during the monitoring operation , so that the noninvasive sensor can be used without any concern . additionally , the method includes a unit that reduces environmental noises not caused by the subject , which realizes accurate measuring of biosignal intensity . furthermore , the bedding state judging method and the bedding state judging apparatus , which includes the use of the biosignal intensity measuring method , enable the confirmation of a subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed and monitoring of the subject to detect any abnormal state and thereby inform a medical professional or subject &# 39 ; s family members of the abnormality . if the subject is an elderly person , his or her family members do not have to visit the subject frequently to see if he or she is all right because the family members are assured that they are informed of any abnormality immediately upon occurrence . further , the family members are provided with information of the subject &# 39 ; s being in or out of bed as well . in a case of an elderly person living alone , monitoring information of the elderly person can be transmitted to a remote place using the method and apparatus as described , which makes remote monitoring of the person possible . the method and apparatus are also applicable to institutions like hospitals or homes for the elderly , reducing the burden on nurses and the labor to patrol the bed areas . as described above , the biosignal intensity measuring method , bedding state judging method , and bedding state monitor are useful , for example , in medical institutions , institutions for the elderly , hospices , and homes and are also good for use as a monitoring system and condition detecting system for the elderly .
a person who is elderly , requires care , or an inpatient who is under the care by his or her family members , a nursing care worker , or a nurse in a hospital or medical institution must be monitored constantly , however the caregiver cannot be in attendance on the patient all the time . a biosignal intensity measuring method is provided to solve the above problem according to the measuring method , output signals from a noninvasive sensor , which detects biosignals from a lying subject , are amplified and noises other than the biosignals are attenuated via a signal amplifying / shaping unit , and the amplified signals are controlled by an automatic gain control unit to have sizes within a prescribed range , then parameters acquired by signal gains in a control circuit upon carrying out automatic gain control are output as the output signal intensity of the biosignals to calculate biosignal intensity . a bedding state monitoring method is also provided . according to the monitoring method , the calculated signal intensity is used to monitor the bedding state of the subject , such as a state of being in or out of bed , of weakening or stoppage of biosignals , of body motion , or the like .