turning now to the drawings , fig1 shows an exploded isometric view of a first exemplary embodiment of the spine - reinforced microelectrode array probe of the present invention , generally indicated at reference character 10 . the probe is shown as a single shank probe , having two main components , ( 1 ) an elongated probe body 11 which has an electrically - insulating material construction enclosing a plurality of conductive lines ( and therefore also characterizable as an insulating probe body , a polymeric probe body if insulating polymers are used , or a flexible probe body if elastomeric insulating materials are used ), and ( 2 ) a rigid spine ( also characterized as an insertion shank ) 30 . both the probe body 11 and the rigid spine 30 have an elongated configuration extending between respective opposing ends . in particular , the probe body 11 has an insertion end 12 with a pointed insertion tip 13 and an opposite connector end 14 , and the rigid spine 30 has an insertion end 31 with a pointed insertion tip 32 and an opposite base end 33 . while a single shank probe is shown in fig1 to illustrate the features of the present invention , the present invention may also be realized and implemented as multi - shank probes . for such multi - shank embodiments , it is appreciated that the shanks are typically arranged in parallel and connected to a common base . furthermore , each probe shank may have one or more contacts or exposed electrodes or leads . microelectrodes 15 - 19 are shown located along the probe body 11 suitably near the insertion end 12 . in particular , the microelectrodes are shown exposed through a top surface 28 of the probe body 11 . and leads 20 are formed at the connector end 14 of the probed body for connecting to a connector , such as a percutaneous connector ( not shown ). connecting the leads 20 to the respective microelectrodes 15 - 19 are the conductive lines ( not shown ) also characterized as wire traces . fig2 is a cross - sectional view taken along the line 2 - 2 in fig1 illustrating the thin film construction of the elongated probe body 11 and the particular electrical connection of microelectrode 15 . as shown , two insulating layers 25 and 27 surround a conductive line , represented by bond pad 29 . the electrode 15 is shown connected to the bond pad 29 and exposed at a top surface 28 through a via in the polymer layer 27 . the microelectrode material may be , for example , activated iridium metal . and the spine 30 is shown spanning substantially the full length of the probe body , and illustrating the assembly and attachment of the separately fabricated components . as can be seen in fig1 both the polymer probe body 11 and the rigid spine 30 were fabricated and released as separate components prior to being joined as shown . for the spine , foils of various thicknesses may be used , such as for example , 15 , 25 , or 50 um thick titanium foils . fig3 and 4 show the elongated probe body 11 and the rigid spine 30 , subsequently joined and assembled together along an upper surface 34 of the spine and a lower surface 26 of the probe body . in particular , fig3 is an isometric view of the embodiment of fig1 and 2 as assembled , and illustrating the fixed attachment of the pre - fabricated rigid spine 30 , to the elongated probe body . and fig4 is a cross - sectional view taken along the line 4 - 4 in fig3 illustrating the thin film construction of the assembled microelectrode array probe through microelectrode 15 . preferably a bond or adhesive 36 is used to fixedly attach the two together . the adhesive may be either a type which produces a permanent bond , or a temporary one . for example , in one exemplary embodiment the adhesive used is a bio - adhesive ( such as polysaccharide ) of a type which loses its adhesion properties ( e . g . dissolves ) when placed in the body , so that the rigid spine only may be removed after insertion while the polymer probe body remains implanted . fig5 is an exploded isometric view of a second exemplary embodiment of the spine - reinforced microelectrode array probe of the present invention , generally indicated at 40 , having an elongated probe body 41 extending between an insertion end 44 and a connector end 45 , and attached to a spine 50 which has a length shorter than the probe body . in particular , the length of the spine 50 is shown substantially equivalent to an insertion section 42 of the probe body . the spine is shown aligned with the probe body with an insertion tip 51 adjacent the insertion tip 44 of the probe body . and a trailing end 52 of the spine demarcates the transition from the insertion section 42 to the cable section 43 . and fig6 is an isometric view of the embodiment of fig5 as assembled , and illustrating the rigidity of the insertion section of the probe body due to structural reinforcement by the spine , and the flexibility of the cable section . attached in this manner , the spine only reinforces the insertion section of the probe body , while the cable section 43 of the probe body remains unreinforced and flexible ( if an elastomeric insulating material is used ). fig7 is an exploded isometric view of another embodiment of the microelectrode array probe of the present invention , indicated at 60 , and having a spine 70 that includes a tab 73 , which may be near a trailing end 72 of the spine , for use as a handle to remove the spine after insertion and implantation of the probe body 61 . and fig8 is an isometric view of the embodiment of fig7 as assembled , and fig9 and 10 show cross - sections of the embodiment take along lines 9 - 9 and 10 - 10 , respectively . fig7 - 10 together illustrate several concepts of the present invention . first , the probe body 61 is shown having microelectrode contacts on both top and bottom surfaces 69 and 77 of the probe body 61 . in particular , microelectrodes 64 , 66 , and 68 are exposed through the top surface 69 , while electrodes 65 and 67 , shown as dotted lines , are exposed through the bottom surface 77 . for example , electrode 64 is shown exposed through top surface 69 as shown in fig1 , and electrode 65 is shown embedded in the probe adjacent lower surface 77 as shown in fig9 . similar to fig2 and 4 , bond pads 65 ′ and 64 ′ are shown connecting the respective electrodes to conductive lines and leads at a connector end , not shown . and two polymeric layers 74 and 75 are shown surrounding / enclosing the bond pads . when the spine 70 is fixedly attached and connected to the probe body 61 , the upper electrode contact 64 is exposed , while the lower electrode contact 65 is embedded and only exposed upon removal of the spine . only after the bond or adhesive 76 loses its bonding / adhesion properties , may the spine 70 be removed , using the tab 73 . fig1 shows an insertion tip 80 of a spine embodiment of the present invention . the tip 80 is shown having two side converging faces 84 and 82 , which may be formed by etching a 2d convergence pattern . the tip 80 is also shown having two additional top and bottom convergence faces 84 and 86 to provide another ( 3 rd ) dimension of convergence , and thereby increase the sharpness of the insertion tip 80 . various methods may be used , such as for example employing thin film fabrication techniques , i . e . using layer - by - layer photolithographic production of two additional converging surfaces in the 3 rd dimension . this is illustrated in fig1 where the layers 87 - 93 of the spine material are staggered at the insertion end , between a top layer 87 and a bottom layer 93 . alternatively , a 2d converging insertion tip of a probe may be further isotropically etched to produce two additional converging surfaces . fig1 - 26 together show a first exemplary fabrication method of microelectrode arrays of the present invention having a spine reinforced insertion section and a non - reinforced cable section , capable of flexing especially if constructed using an elastomeric material . the insertion section and the cable section are monolithically formed so as to be integrally connected , and so that no additional connecting step is necessary . generally , the process uses a spine substrate on which the probe body is fabricated , such as using photolithography . subsequently , a section of the spine substrate is removed , so that an adjacent section of the polymer probe body is free to flex . in particular , fig1 a and b show top and cross - sectional views , respectively , of a first layer provided in a first exemplary embodiment of the fabrication method of the present invention , and in particular showing a silicon carrier substrate 100 upon which the probe is fabricated , including the connection between the spine and the probe body . the carrier substrate can be composed of but not limited to silicon ( semiconductor ), glass ( insulator ) and / or metal ( conductor ) material . fig1 a and b next show a release layer 101 ( e . g . 5 μm of photoresist ) deposited on the silicon substrate . thicknesses can range from a few nanometers to several hundred microns . fig1 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of the multilayer following fig1 , after attaching a rigid material substrate 102 ( such as titanium ) which will become the spine of the probe . the combined material can be subjected to a temperature cycle in an open environment or under vacuum and / in a nitrogen filled environment or any combination thereof . the silicon carrier substrate 101 serves as a rigid material and prevent damage to the thin titanium substrate 102 due to processing . fig1 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of the multilayer following fig1 , after depositing and patterning a sacrificial layer 103 over the spine substrate 102 . the sacrificial layer may be but is not limited to photoresist , which will be used as the release layer in a subsequent step . additionally , the sacrificial layer acts as barrier for a laser ablation process or deep reactive ion etch or wet chemical etch that defines the shape and size of the spine substrate without damaging the flexible polymer cable portion of the device . fig1 - 21 next illustrate the fabrication of the elongated probe body portion . in particular , fig1 a and b show an insulating film 104 , e . g . a polymer film like but not limited to parylene , polyimide and silicone deposited onto the surface of the attached spine substrate . the deposited polymer film can range from a few nanometers to several hundred of microns . and fig1 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of the multilayer following fig1 , after depositing and defining a conductive material , which can consist of several layers of different metal layers , onto the surface of the polymer film . the conductive material is represented by bond pads 105 . the conductive material can be deposited using a variety of the methods like but not limited to spin , spray , screen or metal printing , sputtering , electroplating and / or evaporation techniques . the thickness of the film deposited can range from a few nanometers to several millimeters . the film is then placed under a temperature curing cycle if necessary . next , in fig1 a and b , a second polymer film layer 108 is deposited which may be composed of a similar material as that of the first polymer film layer 104 . preferably the first polymer film is provided with adhesion treatment , as known in the art , prior to depositing the second polymer film layer , to improve adhesion / bonding therebetween . the thickness of the film deposited can range from a few nanometers to several millimeters . the bond pad and electrode openings in the polymer film may be defined all the way down to the conductive material by using dry ( deep ) reactive ion etch or wet chemical etch techniques . fig2 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of the multilayer following fig1 , after patterning the overall shape and pattern 109 of the titanium based microelectrode arrays into the polymer film layers using dry ( deep ) reactive ion etch or wet chemical etch techniques . the dry ( deep ) reactive ion etch or wet chemical etch should etch all the polymer layers all the way down to the surface of a titanium substrate . in fig2 a and b , the microelectrode material 110 like but not limited to iridium oxide , platinum , platinum iridium , doped diamond , etc . is deposited onto the electrode portions of the device using electroplating techniques . the thickness of the iridium oxide can range from a few nanometers to several hundred microns . a sacrificial material may be used to define the iridium location on the microelectrodes . various methods of depositing the thin film iridium metal may be employed , including for example sputtering and evaporation . in one embodiment , approximately 250 nm of iridium was deposited . furthermore , the thin film iridium metal may then be preferably activated to convert the thin film iridium to thin film iridium oxide using voltage cycling in a physiological saline solution . fig2 - 24 show a first example method of patterning the titanium substrate and releasing the array , following fig2 . in fig2 a and b , the attached titanium substrate is then immersed into a solution that will dissolve or etch away the release layer 103 . this will allow the separation of titanium substrate 102 from the carrier substrate 101 . and in fig2 a and b , the spine regions 111 a and 111 b of the device are defined on the backside by patterns 112 and 113 produced using laser , ( deep ) reactive ion , or wet chemical etch techniques on the backside of the titanium substrate as shown in fig1 . k . this is the step that uses the sacrificial layer 103 deposited above that will protect the flexible cabling portion of the device . in fig2 a and b , the titanium substrate 102 is immersed into a solution that will dissolve or etch away the remaining sacrificial layer thus releasing the device . fig2 a , b , and c show a top view , a cross - sectional view through the electrodes , and a cross - sectional view through the conductive lines , respectively , of the multilayer following fig2 , after immersing in a solution to remove the sacrificial layer and release microelectrode array . as can be seen , there are three distinct regions , including a rigid insertion section , a rigid connector section where leads 107 are shown , and a flexible cable region between the insertion and connector regions . another way of characterizing the probe of fig2 is that it includes a first rigid spine layer , with a second rigid spine layer at a removed location from the first rigid spine layer . the first and second rigid spine layers are integrally formed as part of a monolithic rigid spine layer that is subsequently separated from each other by removing a mid section of the monolithic rigid spine layer connecting between the first and second rigid spine layers . a first insulating layer has a first end section formed on the first rigid spine layer , a second end section formed on the second rigid spine layer , and a mid section formed on a sacrificial layer previously formed between the mid section of the first insulating layer and the mid section of the monolithic rigid spine layer , but which is now removed to effect the removal of the mid - section of the monolithic rigid spine layer . also , the probe includes a plurality ( i . e . an array ) of at least one conductive line formed on the first insulating layer so that each conductive line extends across the mid section of the first insulating layer and terminates at conductive pads formed at the first and second end sections . a second insulating layer is formed over the array to surround and insulate the array while leaving the conductive pads exposed . in this manner , the first rigid spine layer rigidly supports the conductive pads formed at the first end section , the second rigid spine layer rigidly supports the conductive pads formed at the second end section , and sections of the array , the first insulating layer , and the second insulating layer that are located along the mid - section of the first insulating layer are flexible . and fig2 and 26 show a second example method of patterning the spine substrate 102 and releasing the array probe , that is different from fig2 and 23 . in particular , fig2 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of a multilayer formed in a second exemplary embodiment of the fabrication method of the present invention , after performing steps shown in fig1 - 21 as described above , and further defining and etching away backside of substrate and release layer using wet and / or dry etch techniques . in fig2 a and b , the backside of the carrier substrate is defined and etched using wet or dry etch techniques . the substrate material should be etched all the way down to the titanium substrate . a protective film can be used on the top surface of the titanium substrate in order to protect it from the wet or dry etch techniques used in this step and subsequent steps . fig2 a and b show top and cross - sectional view , respectively , of the multilayer following fig2 , after etching away titanium substrate from backside of carrier substrate using wet or dry etch techniques . in fig2 a and b the titanium regions of the device are defined using wet or dry etch techniques . a last step following fig2 is the same as fig2 , where the attached titanium substrate is immersed into a solution that will remove any protective layer used in previous steps , remove the release layer and remove the sacrificial layer thus releasing device . while particular operational sequences , materials , temperatures , parameters , and particular embodiments have been described and or illustrated , such are not intended to be limiting . modifications and changes may become apparent to those skilled in the art , and it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims .
a rigid spine - reinforced microelectrode array probe and fabrication method . the probe includes a flexible elongated probe body with conductive lines enclosed within a polymeric material . the conductive lines connect microelectrodes found near an insertion end of the probe to respective leads at a connector end of the probe . the probe also includes a rigid spine , such as made from titanium , fixedly attached to the probe body to structurally reinforce the probe body and enable the typically flexible probe body to penetrate and be inserted into tissue , such as neural tissue . by attaching or otherwise fabricating the rigid spine to connect to only an insertion section of the probe body , an integrally connected cable section of the probe body may remain flexible .