the present invention combines of the consistency of properties of the fibrous casing with the elasticity equal to if not superior than that of collagen casing , while being price competitive . abaca ( manila ) paper wet - strengthened using regenerated cellulose from viscose , in a basis weight of no more than 15 g / m 2 , and preferably 13 g / m 2 , is used as the long fiber reinforcement to produce a lightweight fibrous casing product of exceptional elasticity properties combined with an exceptional strength to weight ratio , possessing an exceptionally smooth inner surface . another embodiment of this invention relies on alternative wet - strengthening systems not incorporating viscose alone . because the present invention combines high elasticity at a good weight to strength ratio it will be able to compete in markets which were previously unavailable to the fibrous cellulose casing , and were more traditionally served by collagen or pure cellulose casing . the present application describes a method to overcome the problems associated with reduced paper stretch which arises from the paper manufacturing process and process chemistry , that is insofar as the paper is treated , in order to make it strong and resistant to alkalis and acids in the wet state for the casing manufacturer &# 39 ; s purposes . the present application &# 39 ; s specification presents paper substrates of 13 to 15 g / m 2 to make a range of light - weight casings of about 32 mm diameter and greater . the goals of the present invention are achieved by minimizing the wet strengthened paper substrate - metal surface contact in the area of the die , and by judicious overfeeding of the paper to the inlet side of the die on the one hand , while at the same time carefully controlling the paper draw or tension on the impregnated web on the lead - out side of the die on the other , to minimize the longitudinal extension of the substrate paper and obtain the subject paper embedded within the casing in a non - extended fashion . this new arrangement of viscose die , designed expressly for the purpose of impregnating lightweight papers in the 10 to 15 g / m 2 range at line speeds faster than those previously used for treating lightweight paper substrates , will now be described with reference to fig1 against the background of those of the prior art which are regarded less than ideal for the subject casings . paper , providing the casing substrate , is unwound from rolls delivered by the paper supplier in lengths of for example 10 , 000 meters , that is from paper rolls of weights from about 10 to 50 kg . with the assistance of paper unwind rolls , some of which are driven , the substrate paper is fed to the viscose die over metal guides where it is formed into a tube in such a manner as to keep the die overfed with paper . the dimensions of the die are critical for the reasons previously indicated , i . e ., since they impinge on paper extension properties which are affected by frictional forces , or drag , in the region of the die directly following viscose - impregnation , and an important objective of the present application is to reduce the effects of such frictional forces to a minimum . ( many of the die arrangements described in the prior art appear without dimensions , except insofar as drawings of dies are presented . actual dimensions are often absent , and where actual dimensions have been given , most notably in connection with so - called double - sided viscosing methods , which are not directly relevant to the present application , the ranges have been so wide as to describe non - critical situations ). u . s . patent application ser . nos . 2 , 105 , 273 and 2 , 144 , 900 which appeared jan . 8 , 1938 and jan . 24 , 1939 are good examples of the former which is for many years undoubtedly represented the state of the art of viscose die technology and indeed of fibrous casing manufacture . sizing the dies of these specifications from their drawings suggested they are of a low viscose pressure type since drawings suggest they are of a low viscose pressure type since the gap between the list of the die , corresponding to dimension of 2 . 5 to 3 . 0 mm for a die to produce a 45 mm casing . the die described in these prior art specifications would be regarded as of robust design usually suitable to the requirements of substrate papers in the 21 to 28 g / m2 basis weight interval , which characterized fibrous casing manufacture in the era under review . such dies would not be expected to give rise to good viscose penetration of the paper substrate , and so it is not surprising that subsequent improvements tended to focus on higher pressure die technology , using narrower gaps between the lips of the dies to increase viscose velocities , and increasingly to focus attention on double - sided viscosing as in , for example u . s . pat . no . 3 , 709 , 720 , where the two impregnations with viscose are conducted within a second or a fraction of a second of each other where kindl , its author , claims the apparatus such as that used in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 105 , 273 for single - sided viscosing , required adequate time for the viscose to penetrate the paper properly before beginning the cellulose coagulation and regeneration stages under acid , otherwise the poor penetration would have resulted in casings being produced of inferior strength and poorer transparency than where effective saturation of the tube with viscose is first carried out . the present invention retains the excellent viscose penetration properties offered by the higher pressure type of die , and thereby contains distances between die and coagulation baths to short distances of the order of 0 . 3 to 0 . 6 meters , but only by relying on the need for a single sided viscose impregnation in order to reduce drag between viscosed paper substrate / metal surface contact / viscose pressure forces in the area of the die involved with viscose penetration , that is at the lips of the die and directly following them . in order to reduce the effects of drag , paper lead - in and lead - out distances into and out of the area of viscose issue , from the lips of the die , have been kept small , and balanced with machine line speeds and paper basis weight , in an attempt also to achieve the best possible viscose penetration . accordingly , based on a fixed gap through which the viscose passes of 0 . 5 mm , dimension 1 in fig1 the gap between the lips of the die , both upwards and downwards in cylindrical disposition with the formed tube of paper and the face of the supporting metal ring or cylinder , “ c ”, is fixed at 0 . 5 to 0 . 7 mm and preferably 0 . 55 to 0 . 60 mm and regarded critical within the context of the other specified dimensions . this has been found suitable to accommodate the relatively narrow range of substrate paper thicknesses , in the range 50 to 80 μm , and generally thinner than those of the prior art for 17 to 28 g / m 2 substrates . it will be appreciated that the effects of frictional factors increase as basis weight decreases , while increased line speeds , which of necessity involve also increased draw or paper web tension , directly following viscose impregnation , since the draw is applied after the turn - over roll , “ d ” in fig1 also increase the effects of friction . the paper lead - in distance , dimension 3 , fig1 has accordingly been set at between 10 mm and 5 mm in one preferred arrangement of the dies of the present application depending on the basis weight of paper impregnated and the line speed used . with reasonable line speed running , viscose flow from the point of issue from the lips of the extrusion die , is predominantly downward with the paper making a seal backwards from the die upper “ a ” between paper “ b ” and paper support “ c ” with viscose . similarly , on the lead - out side of the die , the lip width , dimension 2 in fig1 of the present application , should be between 10 mm and 2 mm in conjunction with a paper support ring , “ c ” in fig1 of 10 to 25 mm in length , supporting the paper on its approach to the area of influence of the die &# 39 ; s upper lip and extending to a distance horizontal ± 1 - 2 mm with the lower end of the lower lip in order to contain frictional effects , the combined result of paper / viscose / metal contact - surface interactions which in turn interact with line speed and paper tension effects . despite the reduced metal surface contact of the lower lips of these new die arrangements and also of the metal ring paper support element , herein described , together with relatively short distances for the impregnated web to travel before entering the acid bath , but conducted at acceptably high speeds from the commercial standpoint as indicated elsewhere , no loss of quality is observed for the subject fiber reinforced casings either in terms of transparency , strength properties or otherwise . indeed , rather the converse can be claimed and casings result which possess exceptionally good transparency , exceptionally high weight to strength ratios , and where there exists good evidence by way of bendtsen smoothness measurements to suggest the physical property mix of the subject casings are of a superior order . so specified the die may be used to advantage to produce the subject casings in the paper basis weight interval from 15 to 10 g / m 2 and while the longer metal - surface traverse , denoted as dimensions 2 and 3 in fig1 of respectively 10 and 10 mm at one end of the range , may be regarded as appropriate for the impregnating of 12 to 15 g / m 2 substrates at line speeds of up to 10 meters / minute , the shorter metal - surface traverse of 6 and 2 mm is regarded more appropriate for the impregnating of 10 to 13 g / m 2 substrates at line speeds of 10 meters per minute and greater . the benefit of these new die arrangements then , as will be shown shortly by way of examples , is to obtain similar casing tube extension properties from paper substrates which rely more exclusively on resins such as the polyamide epihalohydrin types for their wet strength rather than on small amounts of these together with the use of regenerated cellulose from viscose , or alternatively of regenerated cellulose from viscose used alone . that is because papers wet strengthened with resins possess inherently less stretch at a given basis weight . to compensate for this reduced substrate paper stretch , paper basis weight has been reduced to a level of up to 30 to 40 percent lower , which advantage is lost unless the said paper can be treated in a manner which engenders less machine or longitudinal direction tension during the crucial stages of paper impregnation , viscose penetration of the substrate , coagulation of the cellulose of the viscose and its attendant regeneration . without the use of the new die arrangement the lighter - weight substrates tend to stretch excessively in their machine directions , particularly for smaller diameter casings running at high line speeds , which has the simultaneous effect of reducing their capacity for stretching in their cross directions . to understand the effect this has on casing strength one needs to consider the strength parameter of “ toughness ”, alternatively referred to as “ tensile energy absorption ” for which internationally recognized standards , such as that put out by tappi , the technical association of the pulp and paper industry in the united states of america , under the reference : t494 om - 81 , and cross referenced with other standards published elsewhere . simply put the toughness of a material may be defined as the work done when the specimen is stressed to rupture , in tension under prescribed conditions , as measured by the integral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile stretch from zero to maximum strain . it is also clear from a study of the stress - strain properties of the substrate paper of fibrous casings that while the paper possesses higher tensile strength in its machine , or length direction , compared to its cross direction , the paper may be said to be equally as tough in both directions by virtue of possessing more stretch in its cross compared to this length direction : that is the areas under their respective stress - strain curves are the same . classical mechanics demands twice the strength in the hoop of a tube or hose compared to its length direction for good performance and a paper substrate possessing minimum sheet directionality has been the best approximation so far reached with cellulose - based material , and it is the cross direction strength which is crucially important in a casing for subsequent meat stuffing and casing expansion purposes . anything which detracts from maximizing the cross toughness of a casing product , or anything which has the effect of reducing the size expectations from a given die - paper combination must be deemed to be counter productive . for these reasons the chief objective of the present application has been to produce casing products as far as possible similar to those in the original specification in terms of their stretch and performance properties but using so - called resin ( s )— and viscose plus resin ( s ), as opposed to viscose - bonded paper substrates , using either dies of the prior art under certain operating conditions or the new die arrangements herein described , with improved performance . examples will now be presented which describe the tube properties sought . * viscose here refers to viscose plus a small amount of a polyamide epihalogenhydrin resin , which resin can be seen not to affect substrate paper cross direction stretch , to an appreciable extent compared to the resin ( s ) of the exclusively resin ( s )- bonded substrates , and indeed the higher values are typical of predominantly viscose - bonded paper whilst the lower typical of paper bonded without viscose . table 1 shows how the exceptional casing elasticity properties of products based on abaca paper substrates , wet - strengthened by regenerated cellulose from viscose , together with a small amount of a polyamide epichlorohydrin resin , in the 13 . 0 to 15 . 4 g / m 2 basis weight range , and possessing paper cross direction wet stretch levels in the 9 . 6 to 13 . 2 % range , are essentially reproduced in casings of similar overall basis weight but based on abaca paper substrate wet - strengthened by resins , without the use of ragene - rated cellulose from viscose , which possess cross direction wet stretch levels of 6 . 7 to 9 . 2 % but of significantly lower substrate paper basis weights in the 10 . 2 to 13 g / m 2 range . elasticity is here defined as the capacity of the casing , after soaking in water at 40 degree celsius for minutes , to expand from an uninflated condition to one of inflation by 30 kpa air pressure , expressed as a percentage of the starting size . generally speaking two aspects of light - weight casing construction are demonstrated by the data of table 1 , viz , that for a given size of casing , casing elasticity follows paper cross direction stretch at the same paper basis weight but that lower paper cross stretch can be compensated by lower paper basis weight to preserve casing elasticity levels when switching from a viscose and / or viscose plus resin ( s )- bonded to a resin - bonded substrate , but not without fully taking into account casing machine tension effects , etc ., as described above . casing burst strengths for the new products based on resin - bonded paper compare favorably to those based on viscose - bonded paper in terms of strength per unit weight of substrate . data is collected in table 2 , page 20 , to illustrate this : greater absolute strength is obtained for heavier substrate paper , but relative to paper weight , greater burst coefficients are obtained for the lighter substrates . casing smoothness properties as determined using the bendtsen method are shown in table 3 , page 21 , for light - weight casings produced from viscose plus resin ( s ) and resin ( s )- bonded paper substrates . the original specification pointed to significant differences between the bendtsen smoothness properties of fibrous casings produced in accordance with the prior art based on heavy - weight paper substrates of 17 to 23 g / m 2 , and the light - weight viscose - bonded paper substrates of 13 to 15 g / m 2 , the subject of table 3a . while the latter showed the lighter weight paper substrates gave rise to casings of smoother inside surfaces compared to those of the prior art , the results of the present application show there are no significant differences between viscose and / or resin ( s )- bonded paper substrates , in the 11 . 0 to 14 . 5 g / m 2 interval of paper substrate basis weight , incorporated in casings of 64 . 0 to 74 . 7 g / m 2 .
the invention is a method of manufacturing lightweight fibrous casings constructed of abaca paper substrates suitably wet - strengthened using viscose , or viscose and resin , and subsequently viscosed a second time , and the casings made by this method . the method of this invention employs an arrangement of a die and related apparatus for the single - sided viscosing of light weight paper substrates at increased machine speeds . the die arrangement of this invention provides superior impregnation of viscose during the casing manufacturing stage , ensures smooth surfaces of both the inner and outer casing surfaces and renders the need for double - sided viscosing unnecessary , or undesirable . this new arrangement of viscose die minimizes drag upon impregnating the paper matrix with viscose and during the subsequent crucial period before coagulation of the viscose and its regeneration into cellulose has been completed ; so as to permit the casing to be stretched but not irreversibly .