at the outset , the invention is described in its broadest overall aspects with a more detailed description following . as is shown in fig1 and 2 , the ophthalmoscope 10 of the present invention includes a contact lens 12 and a plurality of optical fibers 14 . one end of each of the fibers 14 faces the patient &# 39 ; s cornea when the ophthalmoscope is in use , and together the fibers 14 form a ring 15 within lens 12 . ring 15 forms a circular pattern of light when the instrument is in use . as is shown in fig1 the ophthalmoscope of the present invention is designed so that contact lens 12 contacts the patient &# 39 ; s cornea when the instrument is in use . as is explained in more detail below , the fibers which form ring 15 contact the surface of the patient &# 39 ; s cornea when lens 12 itself is positioned on a patient &# 39 ; s cornea . optical fibers 14 extend through the viewing end of contact lens 12 whereupon they are protected by a covering 16 . the fibers extend through covering 16 to a metal connector 18 . metal connector 18 is connected to a fiber optic cable 20 which in turn is plugged into a fiber optic illuminator 22 . thus , light from the illuminator 22 is conducted through cable 20 and into the ophthalmoscope for illumination of the patient &# 39 ; s retina . for best results , it has been discovered that the optical fibers in cable 20 should be the same fibers as those used in the ophthalmoscope , i . e ., fibers 14 . the image of the retina is viewed through contact lens 12 and may be photographed with a camera 24 . camera 24 may be a conventional camera . because of the wide field of view resulting from the use of the ophthalmoscope of the present invention , it is desirable to include a field lens as part of the optical train in camera 24 to condense this field . for optimum results , the field lens should have an aperture equal to the cone containing the image of the retina which in most cases is f / 1 . field lens 13 may be an aspheric lens or a system composed of as many as five lenses . in addition to having an aperture of f / 1 , the field lens 13 should be fairly wide ( 60 mm . radius ). any corrected lens , however , that has a radius of 60 mm . and an aperture of f / 1 may be used as part of the optical train . in instances where the ophthalmoscope is used to simply view the retina without taking a photograph , the field lens may be hand held by the physician . when the ophthalmoscope is used as part of a fundus camera , as is shown in fig1 it is advantageous to attach a field lens 13 to the camera 24 by a bellows 17 . the ophthalmoscope of the present invention is constructed not only to be compatible with the organs in the eye , but also to utilize such organs to maximum advantage . for example , the field of view of a normal individual extends temporally to at least 90 degrees of arc . this means that the rays emitted toward the observer &# 39 ; s pupil by all the points in a field of about 180 degrees of arc pass through an undilated pupil and reach points in the observer &# 39 ; s retina . rays reaching the retina from the nasal portion of the field fall on an area of the retina that is not photosensitive . inversely , if the retina is illuminated , its points emit rays which when passing through an undilated pupil , contain the aerial image of the whole retina and form a solid angle of about 180 degrees of arc . thus , a small - pupil ophthalmoscope with an optimally corrected condensing lens permits observation of the peripheral retina through an undilated pupil . however , to view the entire retina in a single image , the entire retina must be illuminated without producing bothersome reflections , and the solid angle containing the aerial image of the fundus must be condensed to permit its simultaneous projection into the observer &# 39 ; s retina . in order to illuminate the entire retina without reflections and to condense the image of the fundus , fibers 14 are maintained in a pre - determined orientation within lens 12 . by referring to fig3 which shows a model of an average human eye , the importance of this pre - determined orientation is evident . as is shown in fig3 two rays 26 and 28 extend through an eye 30 from both the nine o &# 39 ; clock and three o &# 39 ; clock ends of the equator . both rays 26 and 28 pass through a one millimeter pupil located in the pupillery plan of eye 30 on its axis . the two rays 26 and 28 , in the air , limit a solid angle which contains the image of the whole posterior hemisphere of the fundus that can be seen from outside the pupil . thus , the limiting rays 26 and 28 emerge at 3 . 6 mms . on both sides of the axis 34 . in view of this fact , the central area of the cornea extending at least up to 3 . 6 mms . from the center should be kept unobstructed by the fibers 14 when the ophthalmoscope is in use . by designing the ophthalmoscope so that fibers 14 stay clear of this central area of the cornea , an image of the entire retina can be viewed without obstructions . at this point , it should also be noted that the 65 ° half angle aperture of the solid angle contains the image . in connection with the model shown in fig3 at this point it should be emphasized that eye 30 represents a model of an average emmotropic adult eye . thus , any dimensions given in the specification in connection with eye 30 represent the dimensions of such an average eye . the significance of the foregoing is that the parameters of the ophthalmoscope of the present invention are optimized to be compatible with the model eye 30 . however , as will be apparent to those skilled in this art , the parameters of the ophthalmoscope can be varied so that the instrument can be utilized on a patient whose eyes deviate from this model . a case where such deviation is noteworthy is the case of small children . however , from the present specification , one skilled in the art is provided with all the information necessary to make whatever corrections are necessary to provide an ophthalmoscope in accordance with the general concepts of the present invention which can be effectively utilized to examine and photograph the retinas of children or any other patients having eyes which deviate from the model eye 30 . in connection with reflections , since fibers 14 are in contact with the cornea , when the ophthalmoscope is in use , the front corneal surface of eye 30 produces no reflections which interfere with observation . there are , however , annoying reflections from the front and back surfaces of the crystalline lens 36 . fig4 shows a meridional section of the optical system composed of the eye 30 and ring 15 formed by fibers 14 . it should be noted that in fig4 as well as in other figures of the drawing , the size of fibers 14 is greatly exaggerated . two points on ring 15 are labeled a and b . the corresponding limits of the illuminating beam are indicated by thin solid lines 38 . the images of a and b formed by the front surface of the crystalline lens 36 ( which is considered as a mirror ) are labeled c and d . the dashed lines 40 starting from images c and d show the beams carrying the reflections . the reflections from a and b formed by the back surface of the crystalline lens 36 are labeled e and f . corresponding beams carrying the reflections are indicated by dotted lines 42 starting from e and f . as is apparent from fig4 to prevent the reflections from entering the observer &# 39 ; s eye , the only place where the entrance pupil of the observation system can be located is the cross - hatched area 44 . fig5 shows that an observer placed at a reading distance from the aerial image of the fundus sees no more than a very small portion of it . to obtain a wide view of the retina , a field lens 46 is necessary . thus , fig5 is a complete diagram of a system for viewing an image of a retina from the posterior pole to the equator . fig5 includes patient &# 39 ; s eye 30 , contact lens 12 , field lens 46 and the observer &# 39 ; s pupil labeled p . in fig5 lines cp and dp limit a beam entering the observer &# 39 ; s eye without a field lens . lines ap and bp show how an entire image is seen by an observer with the use of a field lens 46 . as has been set forth above , the field lens may be hand held by the observer or in the case of a fundus camera , the field lens may be attached to the camera by a bellows so as to be adjustably positioned between the camera and the patient &# 39 ; s pupil . as is set forth above , the entrance pupil of the observation system must be located in a relatively small area ( crosshatched area 44 of fig4 ) of the meridional section of the patient &# 39 ; s eye . the entrance pupil of the observation system is the image of the observer &# 39 ; s pupil formed by the entire observation system , i . e ., the field lens 46 , the contact lens 12 and the optical system of the patient &# 39 ; s eye . the parameters : radius , thickness and refractive index , of the contact lens 12 are adjusted in order to condense and locate the image of the fundus . the parameters available for correcting and locating the image of the observer &# 39 ; s pupil are those of the field lens . it should be noted , however , that the choice of parameters for field lens 46 is well within the skill of those in this art . in addition to the fact that the location of the fibers 14 is critical in that the fibers must be placed on the patient &# 39 ; s cornea so as not to obstruct the observation system , the correct placement of fibers 14 is also critical if optimum illumination of the retina is desired . in connection with the foregoing , fig6 shows eye 30 with a bundle of rays 48 passing through the crystalline lens of the eye . the first limiting ray 49 of the bundle 48 strikes a point located on the retina between five and six o &# 39 ; clock . the other limiting ray 50 strikes the equator . as is shown in fig6 all rays in bundle 48 enter the eye through the cornea at a single point a located 4 mms . from the optical axis 34 . since bundle of rays 48 represent a cone of light , a symmetrical cone of light entering the cornea from a point b which is symmetrical of a about axis 34 would illuminate the whole posterior hemisphere of the globe . as is apparent with such an arrangement , there is some overlap of light at the posterior pole which is desirable to compensate for the overlap of the light from adjacent fibers . as is also shown in fig6 to achieve the foregoing illumination , the angular aperture of the bundle of light rays 48 in ocular media of the eye must be 50 ° of an arc . in connection with this point , it should be noted that conventional optical fibers have an angular aperture of 70 ° of arc , in air , which is reduced to about 40 ° in an eye . thus , in addition to the requirement that fibers 14 be located at the 4 mm . separation from the axis 34 , wide - angle or high numerical aperture fibers must be used to produce a cone of light which will travel with an angular aperture greater than 50 ° of an arc in the ocular media of an eye . in addition , the inclination of the fibers at the contact point with the cornea must coincide with the axis of the cone which is making an angle of 30 ° of arc with axis 34 of eye 30 . in connection with the foregoing and as is shown in fig3 the half aperture of the solid angle containing the image of the fundus is 65 °. any fibers that protrude inside this solid angle of the image will obstruct part of the field . in view of the foregoing , in accordance with the present invention , fibers 14 are bent inside contact lens 12 in order to prevent fibers 14 from intruding into the solid angle of the image . thus , the inner radius of the ring of fibers 14 is 4 mm . and the angle of inclination of the fibers in the lens 12 as they contact the cornea is 30 °. in connection with the radius of ring 15 , it should be noted that the ring can have an inside radius as small as 3 . 6 mm . the width of the ring is preferably about 1 mm . if the radius is increased and the inclination made more oblique , the posterior pole becomes dark . if the fibers are not bent , but continue in a straight line with the slope required for the illumination of the posterior pole , they protrude into the solid angle containing the image of the retina . as is set forth above , the ophthalmoscope of the present invention employs optical fibers 14 for illuminating the retina . fibers 14 operate on the principle of total internal reflection . this principle is so well known that it requires only a brief description . a transparent elongated smooth surfaced body of higher refractive index than its surroundings can transmit light applied to one end so that it emerges with little loss at the other end , due to total internal reflection from its surfaces , of light rays divergent from the longitudinal axis of the body . to produce total internal reflection within each fiber , each fiber is formed of a central glass core surrounded by a thin sheath or clading of glass having a lower refractive index than the core . although glass fibers are preferred , light guiding fibers may be formed of transparent plastics . however , the construction of light guiding fibers from either glass or plastic is well within the skill of those in this art . since fibers 14 do not transmit an image , but only are used for illuminating the retina , fibers 14 are not arranged to be coherent . as is set forth above , one important embodiment of the ophthalmoscope of the present invention utilizes wide - angle clad fibers . a suitable wide - angle fiber is one with a numerical aperture ( n . a .) of 0 . 86 . such a fiber has a total effective acceptance angle of 82 °. a suitable refractive index relationship for a clad fiber , which can be utilized to produce a numerical aperture of 0 . 86 , includes a core glass with a refractive index of 1 . 62 and a cladding formed from a second glass having a refractive index of 1 . 52 . fibers 14 preferably have a diameter of 0 . 002 inches or 2 mils . suitable wide - angle fibers can be purchased from applied fiber optics , inc ., 46 river street , southbridge , mass . of course , as is apparent , fibers with numerical apertures higher than 0 . 86 can be utilized in accordance with the present invention . however , fibers with a numerical aperture of 0 . 86 and a total effective acceptance angle of 82 ° have been found to be satisfactory . furthermore , &# 34 ; selfoc &# 34 ; fibers as they are called can be utilized in place of clad fibers . the &# 34 ; selfoc &# 34 ; fiber is a recent addition to the fiber optics technology . as has been explained above , total internal reflection in a fiber is normally achieved by cladding a core of a fiber of a pre - determined refractive index with a cladding having a lower refractive index than the core . in the case of selfoc fibers , a refractive index gradient is formed in the fibers . thus , the refractive index of the fiber is highest at its axis and gradually decreases to a minimum at its periphery . selfoc fibers , however , do not emit light in a divergent beam but actually focus the light . because selfoc fibers focus light , when these fibers are utilized in the ophthalmoscope of the present invention , the reflections of light emitted by these fibers are modified by locating its focus close to the crystalline lens . thus , the entrance pupil of the observation system does not have to be restricted to the cross - hatched area 44 of fig4 . thus , when selfoc fibers are used , the viewer can observe the entire retina of a patient from the posterior pole to the ora serrata . from the foregoing , it is apparent , that the orientation of fibers 14 in conjunction with lens 12 is critical . furthermore , the angle at which light traveling through the fibers strikes the cornea is also critical . to achieve the proper relationship between lens 12 and fibers 14 , lens 12 is made in two parts , and the fibers 14 are sandwiched between the two parts . as is shown in fig7 lens 12 is inclusive of two parts , a central mushroom member 52 and an external ring 54 . during construction of the ophthalmoscope , fibers 14 are suspended around the mushroom member 52 and are evenly distributed on the ring 54 . the mushroom member 52 and rings 54 are then forced together with fibers 14 between them . an epoxy is injected in the space between mushroom member 52 and ring 54 . when the epoxy has cured inside the lens , the fibers outside the lens are arranged in a convenient shape and covered with epoxy . the epoxy not only cements mushroom member 52 and ring 54 together , but also maintains the fibers 14 at their predetermined position and protects the fibers from damage when the ophthalmoscope is in use . various resins have been found satisfactory for making ophthalmoscopes in accordance with the present invention . one such resin is prepared by applied fiber optics , 46 river street , southbridge , mass ., under their designation afo - 21b - 13 . another epoxy which can be utilized in the ophthalmoscope of the present invention is sold by the shell oil company under their trade name epon - 828 . it should be understood , however , that the purpose of the epoxy is to cement the lens components together and protect fibers 14 from breakage . thus , other materials which performs the foregoing function are usable in accordance with the present invention . as is set forth above , the image of the fundus formed by the optical system of the eye is contained in a solid angle of about 130 ° of arc with its summit in the subject &# 39 ; s pupil . however , with lens 12 formed of a glass with a refracted index of 1 . 96 , or higher , and with the foregoing configuration , the solid angle containing the aerial image of the retina is reduced to 90 ° of arc and the aerial image of the fundus is formed at about 50 mm . from the pole of the contact lens . thus , in order to condense the image into this smaller solid angle , glass of a very high refractive index ( at least 1 . 96 ) is employed for contact lens 12 . a suitable glass for forming both mushroom member 52 and ring 54 of contact lens 12 is sold by jenaer glaswerk schott & amp ; gen ., mainz , west germany , under their designation lasf 6 - 961349 . this glass has a refractive index ( n d ) of 1 . 96052 . after the fibers are cemented in place between the mushroom member 52 and the ring 54 of lens 12 , the lens is ground and polished to the configuration shown by the solid lines of fig7 . when fully fabricated , lens 12 has an outer convex surface 56 with a radius of curvature of 10 . 7 mm . and an inner concave surface 58 with a radius of curvature of 7 . 8 mm . with this configuration , the lens 12 provides about 2 . 5 power magnification of the fundus of a normal emmotropic eye . as is also shown in fig7 the ring 54 and mushroom member 52 are fabricated so that the angle between the tip of the fibers 14 and the axis of the lens 12 in the vicinity where the fibers contact the cornea is 30 °. this angle has been found to be very satisfactory ; however , as is apparent , some deviation from this angle is possible . it has been found that this deviation should not exceed plus or minus 5 °. thus , the permissible range for the angle between the tip of fibers 14 and the axis of lens 12 is 25 °- 35 °. ophthalmoscopes constructed in accordance with the foregoing teachings have been utilized in various tests taken in conjunction with a camera . the focusing is obtained by the camera objective , and the field lens is utilized to adjust the magnification and field of view . the image seen through the wide - angle system of ophthalmoscope 10 by either an observer or a camera is clear , sharp and bright . in fact , the serial image is bright enough to photograph with panchromatic plus film ( 32 asa ) at 1 / 30 of a second with a lens set at f 11 . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof . the present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description , and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein .
a wide - angle indirect ophthalmoscope that enables an operator to view the retina from the posterior pole to the equator as a single image . the ophthalmoscope has an observable field that can include the entire retina . the ophthalmoscope includes optical fibers built into a contact lens in a circular pattern . the fibers are connected to a light source to illuminate the retina , and the contact lens is utilized for observation . the fibers are maintained in a pre - determined fixed orientation in the lens to produce uniform illumination over the entire retina .