various non - limiting embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following examples . where appropriate , the following abbreviations are used . the resins were washed with dry dmf then treated with 1 . 5 ml of a solution of 20 % v / v piperidine in dmf . the resins were shaken for 1 h and then drained and washed with dmf . the procedure was then repeated with the resins being finally washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). b ) cleavage from resin ( and removal of any boc groups on side chains ) each resin was treated with a solution of 10 % tfa , 20 % et 3 sih in dry dcm ( 1 . 5 ml ) for 3 h , drained into a test tube and washed with dcm ( 2 . 0 ml ), the samples were concentrated in vacuo on the rvc . each cleaved product was treated with a solution of saturated ammonia in methanol ( 1 . 0 ml ) and left at room temperature for 2 h . the samples were again concentrated in vacuo on the rvc . acylating mixtures were prepared by dissolving the requisite carboxylic acid ( 0 . 5 mm ) in anhydrous dmf ( 0 . 5 ml ) and treating this solution first with hbtu ( 0 . 5 mm ) followed by dipea ( 0 . 5 mm ). following mixing , each solution was allowed to stand for 10 min . prior to addition of the resin bound substrate . the reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight , filtered and washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 1 ), dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 1 ) and dcm (× 3 ). equal volumes of a solution of 1 , 4 - dithio - dl - threitol ( dtt , 0 . 2 m in dmf ) and lithium tert - butoxide ( 0 . 2 m in dmf ) were added to the resin bound substrate and the reaction mixture shaken at room temperature for 6 h . the resin was drained , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ), dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . synthetic schemes are given for two of the libraries synthesised as being representative of the general approach taken during monosaccharide synthesis . this is not exhaustive and variations on these approaches were used . conditions : i ) a ) lio t bu ( 0 . 5 m ) in dmf , 10 min . b ) 1 - fluoro - 2 - nitrobenzene ( 0 . 5 m ) in dmf , 20 min ., 3 cycles ii ) 5 % nh 2 nh 2 · h 2 o in dmf , 1 h iii ) 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 15 m ) in dmf , o / n iv ) 4 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzenesulfonyl chloride ( 0 . 1 m ) and dipea ( 0 . 2 m ) in dcm , o / n v ) lio t bu ( 0 . 2 m ) and dtt ( 0 . 2 m ) in dmf , 6 h vi ) aldehyde ( 0 . 2 m ), nacnbh 3 ( 0 . 175 m ) in thf / meoh / acoh ( 2 : 2 : 1 ), o / n vii ) biphenyl - 4 - sulfonyl chloride ( 67 . 2 mm ) and dipea ( 0 . 1348 m ) in dcm , o / n viii ) acid ( 0 . 25 m ), hbtu ( 0 . 25 m ) and dipea ( 0 . 5 m ) in dmf , o / n ix ) 20 % piperidine in dmf , 1 h , 2 cycles x ) sncl 2 · 2h 2 o ( 2 . 0 m ) in dmf , o / n xi ) 10 % tfa , 20 % et 3 sih in dcm . conditions : ( i ) 5 % nh 2 nh 2 · h 2 o in dmf , 1 . 5 h ( ii ) 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl isocyanate in dmf at room temperature overnight or 4 - trifluoromethyl sulphonyl chloride ( 2 eq ) and dipea ( 4 eq ) in dcm overnight ( iii ) dtt ( 0 . 2m ) and li - t - buo ( 0 . 2m ) in dmf at room temperature overnight ( iv ) 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 5 eq ) or 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 3 . 5 eq ) and dipea ( 0 . 25m ) in dmf at 50 ° c . overnight ( v ) sncl 2 · 2h 2 o ( 2 . 0m ) in dmf overnight ( vi ) cnbr ( 1 . 0m ) in dcm ( vii ) amino acid ( 3 eq ) and dipea ( 4 eq ) in dmf with hbtu solution ( 3 eq ) and shake overnight ( viii ) arch 2 br ( 5 eq , 0 . 4m ) and dipea ( 10 eq , 0 . 8m ) in dmf at room temperature overnight ( ix ) isothiocyanate ( 10 eq ) in dmf for 4 h then drain and add dic in dmf and shake overnight ( x ) 10 % tfa / 20 % et 3 si / 70 % dcm for 3 h and treat dried product with saturated nh 3 in methanol solution for 2 h . conditions : ( i ) 5 % nh 2 nh 2 · h 2 o in dmf , 1 . 5 h ( ii ) 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitro - benzotrifluoride or 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 0 . 25m ) and dipea ( 0 . 25m ) in dmf at 50 ° c . overnight ( iii ) dtt ( 1 . 2m ) and triethylamine ( 2 . 7m ) in dmf at room temperature overnight ( iv ) amino acid ( 3 eq ) and dipea ( 4 eq ) in dmf with hbtu solution ( 3 eq ) and shake overnight ( v ) sncl 2 · 2h 2 o ( 2 . 15m ) in dmf overnight ( vi ) p - toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate in trimethylorthoformate ( for benzimidazole ), 1 , 1 - carbonyldiimidazole ( 0 . 5 m ) in dcm ( for benzimidazolone ), 1 , 1 - thiocarbonyldiimidazole ( 0 . 5m ) in thf ( for thiobenzimidazole ), cnbr ( 0 . 5m ) in dcm ( for iminobenzimidazole ) ( vii ) 10 % tfa / 20 % et 3 si / 70 % dcm for 3 h ( viii ) saturated nh 3 in methanol solution for 2 h to wang resin ( 20 g , loading : 0 . 9 mmol / g , 18 . 0 mmol , dried over p 2 o 5 overnight ) was added dry dcm ( 200 ml ) and dry trichloroacetonitrile ( 0 . 32 mol , 17 . 7 equiv .). the resin suspension was cooled in an ice water bath and gently stirred for 15 min . dbu ( 13 . 4 mmol , 0 . 74 equiv .) was then added dropwise over 15 min . the resulting suspension was then gently stirred at 0 ° c . with occasional shaking for 1 h to give a dark brown suspension . the resin was then filtered in the glove box and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry thf (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac over koh overnight . tca resin ( 19 . 6 g , 15 . 6 mmol ) was washed in the glove box with dry thf (× 4 ). a solution of the appropriate building block ( 46 . 9 mmol , 3 equiv .) in dry dcm ( 75 ml ) was added to the resin , which was shaken for 3 min . bf 3 · oet 2 ( 11 . 0 mmol , 0 . 7 equiv .) was then added and the resin was shaken for a further 10 min . the resin was drained and washed with dry dcm (× 5 ). the combined filtrate was washed with sat nahco 3 ( 500 ml ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give the recovered building block . the resin was washed further with dry thf (× 4 ) and dry dcm (× 4 ) and dried in vacuo overnight . the resin bound substrate ( 22 . 2 g ) was treated with a solution of naome ( 30 mm ) in dry thf ( 310 ml ) and dry meoh ( 62 ml ). the resin was shaken overnight , filtered in the glove box and washed with dry thf (× 3 ), dry thf / acetic acid / dry meoh ( 8 : 1 : 1 , × 5 ), dry thf (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was dried in vacuo overnight . note : resin with an sme group at the anomeric position , as well as hydrogen , was used for this library . the resin bound substrate was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ). a solution of lithium tert - butoxide in dry dmf ( 0 . 25 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 10 min . and drained . a solution of methyl iodide in dry dmf ( 0 . 25 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 20 min . the resin was then filtered and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ). this cycle was performed an additional two times . the resin was finally washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry thf / dry meoh / acetic acid ( 8 : 1 : 1 , × 5 ), dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac overnight . the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of dipea in dry dmf ( 0 . 36 m ) and shaken at room temperature for 30 min . the resin was drained , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ) and treated with a solution of the isocyanate in dry dmf ( 0 . 15 m ). the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight , drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution the sulfonyl chloride ( 0 . 1 m ) and dipea ( 0 . 2 m ) in dry dcm and shaken at room temperature for 2 . the resin was drained , washed with dry dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin bound substrate was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ). a solution of lithium tert - butoxide in dry dmf ( 0 . 5 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 10 min . and drained . a solution of 1 - fluoro - 2 - nitrobenzene in dry dmf ( 0 . 5 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 20 min . the resin was then filtered and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ). this cycle was repeated twice . the resin was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry thf / dry meoh / acetic acid ( 8 : 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac overnight . the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of 5 % hydrazine hydrate in dmf and shaken at room temperature for 1 h . the resin was drained , washed with dmf (× 5 ) and dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . the resin bound substrate was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ). a solution of 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate in dry dmf ( 0 . 15 m , 1 . 9 equiv .) was added and the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight . the resin was filtered in the glove box , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . compounds with a free hydroxyl at the 3 - position were subsequently treated in the following manner : the resin was then swollen in dry thf and treated with a solution of naome in dry meoh ( 0 . 3 m ). the resin was heated at 70 ° c . and under nitrogen for 4 h , allowed to cool , transferred into a solid phase vessel with dry thf and washed with dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac overnight . the resin bound substrate was treated in the glove box with a solution of 4 -( trifluoromethyl )- benzenesulfonyl chloride ( 0 . 11 m , 2 eq ) and dipea ( 0 . 22 m , 4 eq ) in dry dcm . the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight , filtered , washed in the glove box with dry dcm (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . a solution of aldehyde ( 0 . 2 m ) and sodium cyanoborohydride ( 0 . 175 m ) in dry thf / dry meoh / acetic acid ( 2 : 2 : 1 ) was added to each resin bound substrate . the resins were shaken at room temperature overnight , filtered and washed with thf / meoh ( 1 : 3 , × 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 3 , × 3 ), dcm / meoh ( 1 : 3 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). to each resin bound substrate was added a solution of biphenyl - 4 - sulfonyl chloride ( 76 . 2 mm ) and dipea ( 0 . 135 m ) in dry dcm . the resins were shaken at room temperature overnight , filtered and washed with dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). each resin bound substrate was washed with dmf (× 2 ), then treated with a solution of sncl 2 · 2h 2 o in dmf ( 2 . 0 m ) and shaken at room temperature overnight . the resins were filtered and washed with dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin bound substrate was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ). a solution of lithium tert - butoxide in dry dmf ( 0 . 5 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 10 min . and drained . a solution of 1 - fluoro - 2 - nitrobenzene in dry dmf -( 0 . 5 m ) was added and the resin was shaken for 20 min . the resin was then filtered and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ). this cycle was performed an addition two times . the resin was finally washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry thf / dry meoh / acetic acid ( 8 : 1 : 1 , × 5 ), dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac overnight . the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of 5 % hydrazine hydrate in dmt and shaken at room temperature for 1 h . the resin was drained , washed with dmf (× 5 ) and dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . the resin bound substrate was washed in the glove box with dry dmf (× 3 ). a solution of 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate in dry dmf ( 0 . 15 m , 1 . 9 equiv .) was added and the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight . the resin was filtered in the glove box , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . compounds with a free hydroxyl at the 3 - position were subsequently treated in the following manner : the resin was then swollen in dry thf and treated with a solution of naome in dry meoh ( 0 . 3 m ). the resin was heated at 70 ° c . and under nitrogen for 4 h , allowed to cool , transferred into a solid phase vessel with dry thf and washed with dry thf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ). the resin was then dried on the high vac overnight . the resin bound substrate was treated in the glove box with a solution of 4 -( trifluoromethyl )- benzenesulfonyl chloride ( 0 . 11 m , 2 eq ) and dipea ( 0 . 22 m , 4 eq ) in dry dcm . the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight , filtered , washed in the glove box with dry dcm (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ) and dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . to each resin bound substrate was added a solution of the alkyne in dry toluene ( 0 . 44 m ). the resins were heated in test tubes in a graphite bath at 100 ° c . overnight , allowed to cool , transferred into solid phase tubes in the bohdan block with toluene and washed with toluene (× 3 ), thf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resins were dried in vacuo for 2 h . the reaction was repeated . to each resin bound substrate was added a solution of the p - ketoester in dry dmf ( 0 . 5 m ) followed by a solution of naoet in etoh ( 0 . 5 m ). the resins were heated in test tubes in a graphite bath at 100 ° c . overnight , allowed to cool , transferred into solid phase tubes in the bohdan block with dmf and washed with dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resins were dried in vacuo for 2 h . the reaction was repeated for the biphenyl derivatives . each resin was then swollen in thf and then treated with a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate in water ( 1 . 5 m ). the resins were shaken on a merrifield shaker ( reactions were not successful when performed using the bohdan block presumable due to insufficient mixing ) at room temperature overnight , drained and washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ), thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). to the resin bound substrate was added a solution of 4 - biphenylacetonitrile in dry dmf ( 0 . 5 m ) followed by a solution of naoet in etoh ( 0 . 5 m ). the resin was heated in a test tube in a graphite bath at 100 ° c . overnight , allowed to cool , transferred into solid phase tubes in the bohdan block with dmf and washed with dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin was dried in vacuo for 2 h . the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of 5 % hydrazine hydrate in dmf and shaken at room temperature for 1 . 5 h . the resin was drained , washed with dmf (× 5 ) and dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . the resin bound substrate was washed with dry dmf and then the 4 - chloro - 3 - trifluoromethyl isocyanate in dmf added and the reaction shaken overnight . the resin was drained and washed with dmf , meoh and dcm . compounds with a free hydroxyl at the 3 - position were subsequently treated in the following manner : the resin bound substrate was shaken for 3 h with a naome solution ( 0 . 15m ) made by dissolving 260 mg of na metal in meoh ( 15 ml ) and mixing with thf ( 65 ml ). the resin was washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ) and dried under vacuum . the resin bound substrate was washed with dry dcm (× 3 ) and dipea ( 4 eq , 0 . 3m ) in dcm added . 4 - trifluoromethyl sulfonylchloride ( 2 eq , 0 . 15m ) was taken up in dcm and also added to the resin and shaken overnight . the resin was drained and washed with dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrates were treated with a solution of either 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 5 . 40 mmol , 5 eq ) or 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 3 . 75 mmol , 3 . 5 eq ) and dipea ( 5 . 4 mmol ) in dmf ( 15 ml ) at 50 ° c . overnight without shaking . the resins were then transferred into fritted vessels and drained and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ), dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . each resin bound substrate was washed with dmf (× 2 ), then treated with a solution of sncl 2 · 2h 2 o in dmf ( 2 . 0 m ) and shaken at room temperature overnight . the resins were drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrated was washed with anhydrous dcm then treated with cyanogen bromide ( 1m in dcm ) overnight . after this time , the resins were then drained and washed with dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). a solution was made up of each amino acid ( 1 . 6 mmol ) and dic ( 0 . 125 ml ) in dmf ( 3 . 8 ml ). this was stirred for one hour and then one solution was added to each resin bound substrate and the reaction mixture was shaken overnight . the resins were drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin bound substrates were subsequently treated with a solution of sodium methoxide 0 . 1 m in thf / meoh ( 5 : 1 ) overnight then drained and washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ), thf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). each resin bound substrate was treated with a solution containing a substituted aryl bromide ( 5 eq , 0 . 4m ) and dipea ( 10 eq , 0 . 8m ) in dmf . the solutions were shaken overnight . the resins were drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of an aromatic isothiocyanates ( 3 . 08 mmol , 10 eq ) in dmf for 4 h and then drained . following this treatment , a solution of dic ( 3 . 08 mmol , 10 eq ) in dmf was added and the reaction mixture was shaken overnight . the resins were then drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the decyl isothiocyanate ( 6 . 16 mmol , 20 eq ) and dipea ( 9 . 24 mmol , 30 eq ) were taken up in dmf and added to each of the resin bound substrates . the resins were shaken overnight and then drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ). a solution of dic ( 20 eq , 1 . 54m ) in dmf was added to each resin and the mixture shaken overnight . the resins were then drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). the resin bound substrate was treated with a solution of 5 % hydrazine hydrate in dmf and shaken at room temperature for 1 . 5 h . the resin was drained , washed with dmf (× 5 ) and dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . resin bound substrates were treated with a solution of either 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 5 . 40 mmol , 5 eq ) or 3 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitro - benzotrifluoride ( 3 . 75 mmol , 3 . 5 eq ) and dipea ( 5 . 4 mmol ) in dmf ( 15 ml ) at 50 ° c . overnight without shaking . the resins were then transferred into fritted vessels and drained and washed with dry dmf (× 3 ), dry meoh (× 3 ), dry dcm (× 3 ) and dried in vacuo . resin bound substrate was washed with dmf (× 2 ), then treated with a solution of sncl 2 . 2h 2 o in dmf ( 2 . 0 m ) and shaken at room temperature overnight . the resins were filtered and washed with dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ), dmf (× 3 ), dmf / meoh ( 1 : 1 , × 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was washed with thf (× 3 ). p - toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate ( catalytic ) in trimethyl orthoformate and added to each of the resins . after shaking overnight the resins were drained and washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was washed with dcm (× 3 ). 1 , 1 - carbonyldiimidazole ( 0 . 1m ) in dcm and added to each of the resins . after shaking overnight the resins were drained and washed with dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was washed with thf (× 3 ). 1 , 1 - thiocarbonyldiimidazole ( 0 . 5m ) in thf and added to each of the resins . after shaking overnight the resins were drained and washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was washed with dcm (× 3 ). a 0 . 5m solution of cyanogen bromide was added to each of the resins . after shaking overnight the resins were drained and washed with dcm (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). at this point the ( benzimidazolone and thiobenzimidazole ) resins were treated with a sodium methoxide in thf / meoh solution ( 0 . 04m ) to remove any 3 - position carbamates / thiocarbamates which may have formed . the resins were then drained and washed with thf (× 3 ), meoh (× 3 ), thf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was drained , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ) and treated with a solution of an isocyanate in dry dmf ( 0 . 15 m ). the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight , drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). resin bound substrate was drained , washed with dry dmf (× 3 ) and treated with a solution of an isothiocyanate in dry dmf ( 0 . 15 m ). the resin was shaken at room temperature overnight , drained and washed with dmf (× 3 ) and dcm (× 3 ). examples of the kind of molecules synthesised are shown below . acl00016124 has been shown to have an mic of 1 μg / ml against s . aureus in the absence of serum . acl00016116 has shown mic &# 39 ; s of 4 μg / ml and 16 μg / ml against s . aureus in the absence and presence ( 5 % horse serum ) of serum , respectively . finally , acl00016105 has demonstrated mic values from 2 - 4 μg / ml , against s . aureus , s . aureus mrsa , e . faecium , e . faecium vanb and e . faecalis in the absence of serum . antibacterial testing was undertaken at a number of contract research organizations , and methods and procedures for the culture and testing of antibacterials are well documented in the scientific and technical literature . the following general procedures are provided as examples of the methods applied . testing was conducted to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of a series of compounds synthesised by alchemia pty ltd . the antimicrobial activity of each compound was determined at a single concentration ( 128 μg / ml ) in mueller hinton ( mh ) broth against the atcc type strain of staphylococcus aureus . compounds that demonstrate activity at this level were then subjected to mic determination in s . aureus in mh broth in the absence of serum and in the presence of 5 % heat inactivated horse serum . compounds showing activity at concentrations up to 32 - 64 μg / ml in the presence / absence of serum were then tested for mic activity against a standard set of 5 microorganisms comprising of atcc type strains of mrsa , enterococcus faecalis , enterococcus faecium , vre and escherichia coli . clsi ( formerly nccls ) microbroth dilution technique was used . each compound is initially dissolved in 100 μl of dmso . each solution is then diluted further in 0 . 9 ml of sterile mh broth to give a total volume of 1 ml ( 1000 μg / ml ) this stock solution is then further diluted in mh broth to give a test solution with final concentration of 128 μg / ml using the following formula : the test solutions are prepared on the same day as initial testing is performed . remaining stock and test solutions are then stored in labelled containers at − 20 ° c . the same series of organisms were tested for all compounds . these include atcc strains : each test organism was subcultured from the − 70 ° c . deep freezer onto horse blood agar . the plates were streaked to obtain isolated colonies and incubated at 35 ° c . in non - co 2 incubator for 24 hours . a second subculture was carried out onto horse blood agar . for each test organism , 1 - 2 colonies were selected from an 18 - 24 hour culture and inoculated into 2 ml sterile mh broth . the turbidity was adjusted to 0 . 5 mcfarland standard . a 1 : 10 dilution in mh broth ( 200 μl in 2 ml mh ) of the 0 . 5 mcfarland control was prepared . 5 μl of this diluted solution was used to inoculate the trays . mics to vancomycin for each test organism were determined in a single series of testing as a means of confirming the test organisms were reacting within defined . mic parameters . 100 μl of test solution was added to each well . the final row on each tray had sterile mh broth only added ( positive control ). 5 μl of test organism solution was added to each well including the final row . the final well on each row had no organism solution added ( negative control ). the plate was then sealed and incubated at 35 ° c . in a non - co 2 incubator for 18 - 24 hours . the plates were examined for growth after the incubation time . each compound that showed activity against s . aureus ( inhibition of growth in the well ) was tested further to determine the actual mic . 100 μl of sterile mh broth was added in columns 2 - 12 . 200 μl of test solution was added in column 1 . 100 μl was transferred in column 2 giving a ½ dilution . 100 μl from column 2 was then transferred to column 3 ( ¼ dilution ). this dilution was carried on until column 12 . a second tray containing the same test solution was inoculated in a similar manner using sterile mh broth with 5 % heat inactivated horse serum . 5 μl of organism solution was then added to each well . the plates were then sealed and incubated at 35 ° c . in a non - co 2 incubator for 18 - 24 hours . the plates were examined for growth after the incubation time . each compound that showed activity at mic level at 32 or less in sterile mh broth and at mic level of 64 or less in the presence of serum was tested to determine full mic against 5 microorganisms . the trays were prepared in a similar way as mentioned above and incubated at 35 ° c . in a non - co 2 incubator for 18 - 24 hours . the plates were examined for growth after the incubation time . after 18 - 24 hour incubation 5 μl from each well was then inoculated onto horse blood agar and incubated for 18 - 24 hours at 35 ° c . in a non - co 2 incubator . if the test organism is sensitive to the compound in the broth the growth will be inhibited . similarly , if the organism grows on the antibiotic containing medium then it is resistant to this particular antibiotic . the liquid phase used was h 2 o — acetonitrile in the gradients described below . 5 % acetonitrile from 0 - 1 min then gradient to 100 % acetonitrile at 7 min and hold until 12 min for tg 23 , 24 , 27 and 29 . 5 % acetonitrile from 0 - 1 min then gradient to 30 % acetonitrile at 3 min , gradient to 60 % acetonitrile at 11 min and gradient to 100 % acetonitrile at 12 min and hold until 15 min for tg 25 5 % acetonitrile from 0 - 1 min then gradient to 100 % h 2 o at 7 min and hold until 12 min for tg 26 compounds apart from al00016098 and al00016114 which used 5 % acetonitrile from 0 - 1 min then gradient to 40 % acetonitrile at 3 min , gradient to 70 % acetonitrile at 11 min and gradient to 100 % acetonitrile at 12 min and hold until 15 min . it should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications can be made to the specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .
the present invention , in one aspect , provides a method of inhibiting bacterial growth by contacting bacteria with an effective amount of at least one monosaccharide compound of formula as described herein :