it has been discovered that it is possible to take advantage of the high modulus of elasticity inherent in the pitch type carbon fiber even when the pitch type carbon fiber is used in combination with the pan type carbon fiber . thus , if the inventive tubular member is used as a fishing rod , this fishing rod may retain sufficient flexibility even when the rod is bent by pulling from a fish , so that the rod may sufficiently cope with a stronger pulling force , whereby such troubles as breakage of a fishing line or detachment of the hook from the fish may be effectively avoided . further , if this member is used as a golf club shaft damage hardly occurs in the shaft since the inner and outer layers thereof may retain sufficient strength even when the shaft experiences a strong reaction force causing a significant amount of flexion . both pan and pitch type carbon fibers are well known and can be prepared by a number of methods . pan and pitch fibers , and methods for preparing them , are described , for example , by s . yamane , &# 34 ; carbon fibers &# 34 ;, in carbon fiber 1985 , chapter d1 , pp . d - 1 to d - 7 ( toray corporation acm technical group , tokyo , japan 1986 ), which is incorporated herein by reference . pan type fibers can be commercially obtained , for example , from toray corporation and toho reiyon corporation , of japan . pitch type fibers can be commercially obtained , for example , from nippon steel corporation , of japan . table 4 and fig3 show flexion characteristics of tubular members of a variety of hybrid constructions each having an intermediate layer formed by winding of prepreg containing pitch carbon fiber and overlaying winding of prepreg containing pan carbon fiber . table 4______________________________________ α = bending measured elasticload flexion w ( mm ) calculated × modulus ( g ) measured calculated 100 (%) ( ton / mm2 ) ______________________________________hybrid 1 200 88 . 5 91 . 2 97 . 0 outer : pan 40 ton / mm . sup . 2 400 187 . 5 193 . 0 97 . 2 inner : pitch values 70 ton / mm . sup . 2 600 297 . 8 302 . 9 98 . 2 calculated hybrid 2 200 89 . 3 92 . 3 96 . 7 based on outer : pitch pitch 33 . 5 , 70 ton / mm . sup . 2 400 187 . 8 195 . 2 96 . 2 pan 19 . 5 inner : pan 40 ton / mm . sup . 2 600 297 . 8 308 . 9 96 . 4 hybrid 3 200 77 . 5 83 . 6 92 . 7 outer : pan 40 ton / mm . sup . 2 middle : pitch 400 163 . 5 176 . 8 92 . 5 70 ton / mm . sup . 2 inner : pan 600 257 . 5 275 . 1 93 . 6 40 ton / mm . sup . 2______________________________________ referring to fig3 in the case of a hybrid member 1 , with the load of 600 g causing a large amount of flexion , the ratio a of the measured flexion amount relative to the theoretical flexion amount approaches 100 %. that is , with the decrease in the measured elastic modulus of the tubular member , this measured value approaches the theoretical elastic modulus used in the calculation of the theoretical flexion amount . in the case of a hybrid member 2 , as the testing load is varied from 200 g , 400 g and then to 600 g , the ratio hardly varies . hence , the elastic modulus of this member may be considered to be substantially constant . in the case of a further hybrid member 3 , although the elastic modulus exceeds the theoretical value for the load of 400 g , the modulus again slightly approaches the theoretical value for the load of 600 g . before describing preferred embodiments of the invention , there will be described the method used in the measurement of flexion amounts w shown in tables 1 , 2 and 4 . as shown in fig4 a flexion amount measuring device x includes a mount table 3 to which a test piece 1 cut into a piece of 1 m length is attached , a round bar 5 to be attached to a butt end of the test piece 1 , a further round bar 7 to be attached to a leading end of the test piece 1 , a weight 9 and a reader member 11 . the mount table 3 has a sufficient rigidity so as not to affect measurements to be effected thereon . referring to the test piece 1 which provided the results of table 4 , in a hybrid member 1 , a pan type carbon fiber was used for forming inner and outer layers a , c . this pan carbon fiber has an elastic modulus of 24 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 27 . 5 g / m 2 , and a resin amount of 42 wt %. an intermediate layer b of the test piece 1 is formed of a combination of a pan carbon fiber and a pitch type carbon fiber , with the pan carbon fiber having a modulus of elasticity of 40 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 150 g / m 2 , and a resin amount of 24 wt %, the pitch type carbon fiber having a modulus of elasticity of 70 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 150 g / m 2 and a resin amount of 25 wt %, respectively . in a hybrid member 2 , in comparison with the above - described hybrid member 1 , in the intermediate layer b , the arranging order of the pan carbon fiber and the pitch carbon fiber is reversed from each other between the inner side and the outer side . a hybrid member 3 has a triple - layered intermediate layer b , and the inner and outer layers of this intermediate layer are formed of pan carbon fiber . the inner and outer layers a , c of this hybrid member 3 are the same as those of the hybrid member 1 . the pan carbon fiber used in this hybrid member 3 has a modulus of elasticity of 40 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 75 g / m 2 , and a resin amount of 24 wt %. the round bars 5 , 7 comprise drawn material with tapered cutting having a modulus of elasticity of 24 ton / mm 2 and a 50 % volumetric content of carbon fiber . next , prior to the measurements of the flexion amounts w , theoretical values of the flexion amounts w under a fixed modulus of elasticity are calculated . as shown in fig5 the test piece 1 , the round bar 5 and the round bar 7 are divided into 200 segments of an equal length . then , by applying the flexion expression commonly used in the field of strength of materials , flexion angles are obtained . then , by using these obtained flexion angles and applying difference calculus , the flexion amounts w are obtained . in case the piece or the bar has a relatively short length , the same is divided into 100 same - length segments , rather than 200 segments . where θ is a flexion angle , s is a length , m is a bending moment , e is a modulus of elasticity and i is a sectional secondary moment , respectively . if the above expression is applied to each of the n - divided segments ; then , ## equ1 ## where δθ k : an angle formed between the ` k `- th segment and ( k + 1 )- th segment , e k : a modulus of elasticity at a middle point of the ` k `- th segment , i k : a sectional secondary moment at the middle point of the ` k `- th segment , m k : a moment due to a load at the middle point of the k - th segment . e k is determined by the material composition of the middle point of the segment , i k is determined by the inner and outer diameters of the middle point of the segment , m k is determined by the horizontal distance between the middle point of the segment and the point of load application and the magnitude of the load . from the above , the angle δθ k is obtained . then , as shown in fig5 if the x - y coordinates of the number k position and the number ( k + 1 ) position are ( x k , y k ), ( x k + 1 , y k + 1 ), respectively . thus , ( x n , y n ) may be calculated , from which the flexion amounts w may be derived . table 4 show the values theoretically obtained in the above - described manner and the measured values . fig3 which was drafted based on the data of table 4 , show that the measured flexion amounts of the materials are closer to the theoretically obtained values with the application of 600 g load than with the application of 400 g load . this indicates that with these hybrid structures , in comparison with the pan carbon fiber structures , the increase of the modulus of elasticity under a high load is restricted , thus providing improved elasticity characteristics . turning now to the preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrated in fig6 ( a ) and 7 , each of an inner layer a , an intermediate layer b and an outer layer c is formed into a tubular shape by winding of a prepreg , containing carbon fiber 13 impregnated with resin 15 , in order around a mandrel 10 . in this , the alignment orientation si of the carbon fiber of the inner layer a is set substantially circumferentially , i . e ., along the periphery of the tubular member , while the alignment orientation sm of the carbon fiber of the intermediate layer b is set substantially axially , i . e ., along the axis of the tubular member . both of the inner layer a and the intermediate layer b are formed by winding of a prepreg . on the other hand , for forming the outer layer c , as shown in fig6 ( b ), the prepreg preferably is rendered into a prepreg tape ct having a narrow width relative to the length of the tubular member , for example a width of approximately 5 mm . this prepreg tape ct is wound in such a manner that the fiber orientation so of the outer layer is aligned substantially circumferentially , along the peripheral direction of the tubular member , and also that side edges of neighboring turns of the tape ct are placed in abutment to each other without their overlapping . in the case of this construction using the winding of the tape ct having a narrower width than the prepreg sheets forming layers a and b , a winding tension acts uniformly over the entire width of the tape ct , so that formation of wrinkle may be avoided advantageously . consequently , it is possible to provide more firm contact between the outer layer c and the intermediate layer b , thereby to improve the strength of the entire rod . incidentally , when desired , the fiber alignment orientation so of the outer layer c may be set substantially axially , along the axis of the tubular member . though not shown , after the above , on the wound outer layer c , a polyester forming tape is wound in an overlapping manner ( as is known in the art ). the wound tubular member is then baked . after this baking , the polyester tape is removed , and a painting job is done on the surface of the tubular member , thereby to finish the member as , e . g . a fishing rod . in this particular embodiment , the intermediate layer b includes a first layer bo contacting the outer layer c , a second layer bm contacting an inner face of the first layer bo , and a third layer bi contacting an inner face of the second layer bm . the first layer bo and the third layer bi preferably comprise pan carbon fiber , while the second layer bm preferably comprises pitch carbon fiber . that is , the intermediate layer b is formed as a triple - layer construction in which the windings of at least two layers of prepreg including the pan carbon fiber impregnated with resin bind therebetween the prepreg layer of pitch carbon fiber having a greater modulus of elasticity than the pan type carbon fiber . with this construction , by the ingenious combination of the high elastic modulus , i . e . high rigidity inherent in the pitch type carbon fiber , and the superior mechanical strength inherent in the pan type carbon fiber , the tubular member having this construction will be less vulnerable to , e . g . inner cracking . the following are exemplary specifications of the prepregs forming the respective layers . of those prepregs constituting the intermediate layer b , the specifications of the prepregs containing the pan type carbon fiber are : an elastic modulus of 40 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 75 g / m 2 , a resin content of 24 wt %. the specifications of the prepreg containing the pitch type carbon fiber are : an elastic modulus of 70 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 150 g / m 2 , a resin content of 25 wt %. on the other hand , the prepregs containing pan carbon fiber for forming the inner layer a have the following specifications : an elastic modulus of 30 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 30 g / m 2 , a resin content of 40 wt %. the prepreg tapes containing pan carbon fiber for forming the outer layer c have the following specifications : an elastic modulus of 30 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 23 g / m 2 , and a resin content of 40 wt %. each of the prepregs of the intermediate layer b is formed into a thickness of approximately 0 . 2 mm , while each of the prepregs of the inner and outer layers a , c is formed into a thickness of approximately 0 . 03 mm , respectively . fig8 and 9 show a second embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , the intermediate layer b is provided as a double - layer construction b1 or b2 consisting solely of the first layer bo and the second layer bm or of the second layer bm and the third layer bi ; respectively . in this case , however , both of the two layers forming the double - layer construction b1 , b2 are formed of prepregs having pitch type carbon fiber , with the fiber alignment orientation being set substantially axially , along the axis of the tubular member . this pitch type carbon fiber has the following specification : an elastic modulus of 60 to 75 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 150 g / m 2 , a resin content of 25 wt %. in the case of the construction of this embodiment the peripherally oriented pan type carbon fibers of the inner and outer layers a , c function to compensate for the insufficient strength of the pitch type carbon fiber of the intermediate layer b . the specifications of the prepreg having pan type carbon fiber for forming the inner layer a are : an elastic modulus of 30 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 30 g / m 2 , a resin content of 40 wt %. the resin tape containing the pan type carbon fiber and forming the outer layer c has the following specification : an elastic modulus of 24 ton / mm 2 , a carbon fiber density of 27 . 5 g / m 2 and a resin content of 42 wt %. more generally , as shown in fig1 , the intermediate layer b may be provided as any other multiple - layered construction having a desired number of layers including the pan type carbon fiber layers and pitch type carbon fiber layers in a mixed state , i . e , having layers including pan type carbon fibers and other layers including pitch type carbon fibers . in addition to the above , irrespective of the number of layers forming the intermediate layer b , the pitch carbon fiber used in this intermediate layer b may provide a modulus of elasticity ranging substantially above 60 ton / mm 2 , while the pan type carbon fiber used in the same may provide a modulus of elasticity ranging substantially below 60 ton / mm 2 . a tubular member provided with this construction too may provide favorable characteristics .
a tubular member for use as a fishing rod , a golf club shaft or the like , in which the member is formed of a plurality of layers containing carbon fiber impregnated with resin , with the layers being overlaid one on another . according to the present invention , the tubular member includes an inner layer formed of carbon fiber and resin and configured into a tubular shape , an intermediate layer including a plurality of layers formed of carbon fiber and resin , and an outer layer formed of carbon fiber and resin and configured into a tubular shape . at least one of the plurality of layers together forming the intermediate layer contains pitch type carbon fiber .