the foregoing and other objects and advantages are attained by a variety of compositions , devices methods , and kits according to the present invention that are useful in the intentional promotion of adhesions . in accordance with one aspect of the invention , fig1 a , b provide two diagrammatic perspective views of a urinary bladder sling of the prior art , which does not use the present invention . fig1 a shows a standard bladder sling , 100 , having two ends for attachment , 110 . the urethra , 115 , coming from the bladder , 120 , is shown in its proper position , in the center of the sling , 110 . this typifies the position immediately after a surgical implant of the sling , which is implanted in order to apply pressure to a desired contact area of the urethra , 115 , to thereby reduce or eliminate incontinence . this desired contact area is the bottom side of the span of the urethra , 115 , between the lines b — b . fig1 b illustrates a possible outcome of surgically implanting a typical implant not incorporating the present invention . some time after surgery , the urethra , 115 , and particularly the desired contact area , has slipped away from the intended alignment line , 111 , between the sling , 100 , and the urethra , 115 . this results in less pressure against the urethra and consequently lower or no effectiveness in reducing or eliminating incontinence . fig2 a - c provide views of a urinary sling prepared according the present invention , and that sling &# 39 ; s surgical implantation into a living body . fig2 a is a top view of urinary bladder sling , 200 , an implant structure having two ends for attachment , 210 , and a center area , 220 , which contains an overlying layer of a composition containing adhesion - forming particulates according to the present invention . fig2 b is a perspective view of the sling , 200 , in proper position under the desired contact area of the urethra , 115 . in fig2 c , which provides a cross section along the a — a axis of fig2 b , the center area , 220 , is shown with the now visible overlying layer , 230 , of the composition containing adhesion - forming particulates according to the present invention . the overlying layer , 230 , contacts the desired contact area of the urethra , 115 . the composition promotes formation of an adhesion with the desired contact area . once this adhesion is formed , the desired contact area remains adhered to the center area , 220 , as a result of the activity induced by the overlying layer , 230 . this contacting between the desired areas thereby effectively reduces or eliminates incontinence , with long - term stability and avoidance of slippage . another aspect of the present invention is a method of preparing an implant having at least one area containing an adhesion promoting preparation . the preparation is includes at least one material known to promote inflammation and , consequently an adhesion , and a carrier having the property of being adherable to an implant material , a tissue surface , and preferably , both an implant surface and a tissue surface . in the first step , one or more adhesion - promoting materials are combined with the carrier . once well mixed , this preparation is applied to at least one specific area of an implant . when placed in a patient during a surgical procedure , each specific area so treated has the capability to induce the formation of an adhesion with an adjacent tissue or organ area with which that specific area is in contact . the implant structure , being the body of the implant onto which the carrier and the adhesion - promoting material are applied , is formed for a range of functions known in the art . the composition of the implant structure may be selected from the non - exclusive group consisting of allograft tissue , xenograft tissue , autograft tissue , processed or semi - processed products made from allograft , xenograft or autograft tissue , biomaterials , metallic , polymeric ( natural and synthetic ), and combinations formed from these materials . for the devices and the methods of the present invention , the adhesion - promoting material may be selected from or may be a combination of materials selected from the following non - exclusive list : fine particles of bone ; fine particles of hydroxyapatite , in the 1 to 1 , 000 micrometers particle size range , preferably in the 1 to 70 micrometers particle size range ; non - osteoinductive precipitated bone matrix ( dbm ), collagen particles that have been intentionally partially demineralized , preferably in the 1 to 70 micrometer particle size range ; collagen shards , preferably in the 1 to 70 micrometer particle size range ; insoluble salts , and talc . cross - linked tissues , such as with glutaraldehyde may also be used for this purpose . required characteristics of such material are : non - toxic , insoluble in water ; and capable of inducing a mild inflammatory response to induce fibrosis . preferred characteristics are that the material is biodegradable and will disappear in between 7 and 30 days of introduction into the person or animal . the preferred source of the bone , bone derivatives , and collagens is from human tissue , such as cadaveric tissue . other possible sources are bovine , ovine , and other non - human cultured species . combinations of these materials are also contemplated . further , those skilled in the art will appreciate that a vast array of materials may meet this requirement and hence may be used according to this invention , even though not specifically mentioned herein . it is noted , that throughout this specification , including the claims , by “ particle size range ” is meant that the median of the range of particle sizes for the middle 80 percent of the total particle mass falls within the specified range . that is to say , excluding the 10 percent of the smallest particles , and the 10 percent of the largest particles , on volume , number or mass basis , the median of the remaining smallest and largest particles falls within the specified numerical range . thus , a 1 to 7 micrometers particle size range may include some particles smaller than 1 - micrometer in maximum dimension , and some particles greater than 70 micrometers in maximum dimension , but the median of the majority of the particles falls within the 1 to 7 micrometers range . for the devices and the methods of the present invention , the carrier may be selected from or may be a combination of materials selected from the following non - exclusive list : collagen ; gelatin ; carboxymethyl cellulose ; hyaluronic acid ; polyvinyl alcohol ; thrombin ; fibrin ; albumin ; and mucoadhesive polysaccharides such as chitosan , polyalcohols , polyamines , polyvinyls , polyamides , polyesters , polyanhydrides , polyorthosters , polyurethanes , polycarbonates , polyphosphazines , and polysilicates . also , the composition may contain , for example in the carrier , growth factors including but not limited to pdgf , fgf , vegf , bmp , and antibiotics . required characteristics of the carrier are : non - toxic ; able to suspend particles of adhesion promoting materials during application onto an implant ; sets in or onto implant without undue spreading ; and upon setting adheres the particles to the implant . typically , the carrier preparation including the adhesion - promoting material is applied to the implant material , in advance of an operation , in the form of a foam or sheet . combinations of these materials are also contemplated . adherence of the carrier to tissue surfaces is also beneficial according to some embodiments of this invention . another aspect of the invention is a surgical implant , such as that prepared according to the foregoing method . the surgical implant , shown in fig2 comprises a general structure , 1 , having the desired shape , thickness , and characteristics of an implant for its intended purpose . for example , the surgical implant has a middle top section of a linear generalized structure . examples of sources of the generalized structure include allograft tissue , xenograft or autograft tissue , biomaterials , metallic implants , ceramic implants , bone , demineralized bone , hydroxyapatite , synthetics , such as polylactic acid and combinations formed from these materials . by biomaterials is meant materials that are specifically adapted for use within a human being or animal , having the characteristic of being biocompatible for the application . the surgical implant shown in fig2 also comprises , as a key feature , at least one specialized area into or onto which are adhered water - insoluble particles that promote the formation of an adhesion . in the specific embodiment shown in fig2 which is a bladder sling , one specialized area , 220 , is positioned central and dorsal on the general structure , 200 , at a point where the bladder sling is intended to remain adhered to the bladder or urethra . in the application of the sling shown in fig2 when the bladder sling is placed into a patient to control incontinence , the specialized area contacts the bladder neck . as a result of the bladder neck being in contact with the particles of the adhesion - promoting material ( s ) adhered in or on the specialized area , an adhesion forms . this adhesion holds the implant in the desired position , without slippage , to better ensure long - lasting results . slippage , such as may occur without the adhesion may result in poor functional results of the operation , and the possible need for additional corrective surgeries . a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a specific composition that promotes the formation of an adhesion , and which is applied to an area of an implant for that purpose . this composition comprises hydroxyapatite particles in the size range of 1 to 1 , 000 micrometers , preferably in the 1 to 70 micrometers particle size range , generally having sharp points . the composition , including the hydroxyapatite particles , should degrade within 10 years , and preferably degrades between 7 and 30 days after implantation . in one embodiment , the particles are suspended in an adherent composition , such as but not limited to , gelatin . typically the gelatin is made into an aqueous solution having a 1 to 70 percent gelatin weight / total weight concentration , preferably 25 to 40 percent concentration , and the hydroxyapatite particles are mixed into this solution to form a suspension . upon application to a specific area of an implant , the gelatin provides adhesive properties to bind the particles to the implant . in a further application of the present invention , the composition of hydroxyapatite particles and gelatin is applied to a center top area of a urinary bladder sling , in a place where , upon implantation , the that area is adjacent to and comes in contact with the neck of the bladder , and consequently the formation of an advantageous adhesion between the neck of the bladder and the treated area of the implant is promoted . more broadly , this composition may be utilized for application to areas that promote adhesions on a wide range of surgical implants for a range of surgical procedures in which a specific , localized adhesion is desired . for example , one specific surgical procedure to benefit from the present invention is a “ reversible vasectomy ”. here an injection of a composition of the present invention is injected into a small area of the vas deferens , resulting in a blockage that later could be removed . another example is blockage of arteriovenous malformations , as by injection of a composition according to the present invention . another embodiment of the present invention is a method of forming an adhesion by the steps of : 1 . preparing a preparation of particles that , upon placement in a living body , promotes formation of an adhesion , and the injection into the body area promotes formation of an adhesion in the area of the injecting . multiple injections may be given at one time , in different body areas , to promote a number of adhesions . a further embodiment is to prepare the particles in an aqueous solution of gelatin , to form a suspension for injecting . a further embodiment is to inject the preparation using a syringe . depending on the site of injection , this method may result in the narrowing or the closure of a body opening . for instance , where it is medically desirable or necessary to close the cervical opening of the uterus , an injection of the preparation at or near the cervical opening results in adhesion formation ( or scar tissue formation ) that closes the uterus . more broadly , this method can be applied to a wider range of medical conditions where it is desirable to close or narrow an opening . in accordance with another aspect of the invention , a method of promoting formation of an adhesion following a surgical procedure is achieved by the steps of : 1 . preparing or obtaining an implant having at least one specialized area having material with adhesion - promoting properties , and 2 . surgically placing the implant in a patient , so that each at least one specialized area is positioned adjacent to a tissue or organ area of the patient on which adhesion formation is desired with the specific at least one specialized area . as a consequence of situating a specialized area next to a tissue or organ area onto which it is desired to form an adhesion with the implant specialized area , the promotion of an adhesion is achieved . it is noted that , depending on the nature of the surgery and the anatomy and condition of the patient , certain procedures may be used to assure the correct positioning , at least until the adhesion is formed . for instance , temporary sutures or other means , such as adhesives , or the application of one or more enzymes that promote a binding of adjacent structures , such as by enzymatic catalysis , may be used to maintain the desired juxtaposition during formation of an adhesion . specifically , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 549 , 904 ( juergensen et al .) is incorporated by reference regarding a biological adhesive composition employing as the key ingredient a tissue transglutaminase enzyme . this enzyme has been found to promote adhesion between tissue surfaces by catalyzing the reaction between glutaminyl residues and amine donors . such technology is applied by incorporating into the implant glutaminyl residues and / or amine donors near or in the implant area ( s ) having an adhesion promoting preparation or composition according to the present invention . also , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 219 , 895 , 5 , 354 , 336 , and 5 , 874 , 537 ( kelman et al . ), are incorporated by reference regarding disclosed and claimed specific collagen - based compositions and related methods , where the collagen is polymerizable . collagens such as these may be used as adhesives to provide attachment points in or around an adhesion promoting preparation or composition according to the present invention . upon inducing polymerization of the collagen , this adhesive system maintains the desired juxtaposition during formation of an adhesion according to the present invention . it is noted that fig2 a - c depicting this invention are merely representative of particular embodiments and are not meant to limit the range of possible configurations to which this invention may be applied . the features are represented and described by numbers consistent from drawing to drawing , where possible . having generally described this invention , including the best mode thereof , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention contemplates the following embodiments , and equivalents thereof . however , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the scope of this invention should be measured by the claims appended hereto , and not merely by the specific embodiments exemplified herein .
disclosed and claimed are compositions , devices , methods and kits that are useful in surgical procedures , specifically to induce adhesions for the purposes of stabilizing implants , closing apertures , and otherwise promoting the adhesion of implants and anatomical structures to one another . the invention pertains to a composition containing specific particulate components , wherein the particulates promote an inflammatory reaction that results in the formation of an adhesion .