the present invention is based on discovery of an implantable , bioresorbable , biocompatible , knitted , porous silk mesh ( the “ device ”) which upon implantation provides soft tissue support and , as the device bioresorbs , transfer of its load bearing ( support ) function to new tissue formed at the site of implantation . the device is preferably made from bombyx mori silkworm silk . it can also be made from spider silk , including recombinantly made spider silk . the preferred knit pattern of the device accomplishes variation in tension between yarns at the knit nodes ( the yarn interlocking loops ) thereby preventing unraveling of the mesh when cut for use in surgery . fig5 a ( left hand side ) shows a 16 × magnification of the device knit pattern and fig5 b ( right hand side ) shows ease of cutting without fraying or unraveling . importantly , the device made according to the present invention allows significant and consistent tissue ingrowth while bioresorbing at a rate which permits smooth transfer of load bearing support to the newly formed tissue . thus the device is made of a biocompatible silk protein that is eventually bioresorbed . the raw silk fibers obtained from bombyx mori silkworms comprise a fibroin protein core filament coated with the antigenic globular protein sericin . the sericin is removed or substantially all removed by hot aqueous ( i . e . soap ) extraction ( wash ) leaving behind fibroin protein filament consisting of layers of antiparallel beta sheets which provide both stiffness and toughness . fig3 a is a sem photograph of native ( sericin coated ) silk fibers , and fig3 b of the fibers after sericin extraction , as then used to make ( knit ) the device . the porous knit structure of the device so made is shown by fig1 a , 4 and 5 . multiple sericin - depleted fibroin protein fibers are combined and twisted together to form a multi - filament yarn . the multi - filament fibroin yarn is subsequently knitted into a three dimensional pattern to serve as soft tissue support and repair . the resulting device is mechanically strong , flexible , and tear - resistant . the device is a single use only scaffold that can be produced in a variety of shapes , sizes and thicknesses and can be terminally sterilized . the device provides immediate physical and mechanical stabilization of tissue defects because of its strength and porous construction and is useful as a transitory scaffold for soft tissue support and repair . it provides reinforcement for deficiencies where weakness or voids exist that require additional material reinforcement to obtain the desired surgical outcome . the bioresorption process occurs over time after implantation of the device as tissue in - growth and neovascularization takes place . the device can be used to assist soft tissue repair . examples of soft tissue repair include breast reconstruction , hernia repair , cosmetic surgery , implementation of a bladder sling , or the like . silk is the material used to make the device . particular embodiments may be formed from bombyx mori silkworm silk fibroin . as explained a preferred embodiment of the device is made using sericin extracted silk fibers with certain knit machine parameters or settings . a detailed explanation of the knit pattern and knit process used to make a most preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be set forth . fig1 a is a photograph of a pattern layout for a device ( silk - based mesh or scaffold ) in accordance with the present invention . fig1 a shows the wale direction 10 and the course direction 15 and placement of the silk yarns in either the wale 10 or course 15 scaffold material direction or location . the device is preferably formed on a raschel knitting machine such as comez dnb / el - 800 - 8b set up in 10 gg needle spacing by the use of three movements as shown in pattern layout in fig1 b and 1c : two movements in the wale direction , the vertical direction within the fabric , and one movement in the course direction , the horizontal direction of the fabric . the movements in the wale direction occur on separate needle beds with alternate yarns ; loops that occur on every course are staggered within repeat . the yarn follows a repeat pattern of 3 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 for one of the wale direction movements as shown in fig1 d and 1e and 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 - 3 / 1 for the other wale direction movement as shown in fig1 h and 1i . the interlacing of the loops within the fabric allows for one yarn to become under more tension than the other under stress , locking it around the less tensioned yarn , thereby keeping the fabric from unraveling when cut . the other movement in the course direction as shown in fig1 f and 1g occurs in every few courses creating the porous design of the device . these yarns follow a repeat pattern of 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 /- 1 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 for the course direction movement . the pattern simulation layout of this pattern was rendered using comezdraw 3 software in fig1 j considering a yarn design made with 3 ends of td ( denier count ) 20 / 22 raw silk twisted together in the s direction to form a ply with 20 tpi ( turns per inch ) and further combining three of the resulting ply with 10 tpi . in fig1 j the same yarn design is used for the movements occurring in the wale and course directions . the stitch density or pick count for the design in fig1 j is 34 picks per centimeter considering the total picks count for the technical front face and the technical back face of the fabric , or 17 picks per cm considering only on the face of the fabric . the operating parameters described in fig1 b to 1i are the optimum values for the specific yarn design used for the pattern simulation layout of fig1 j . in fig1 j item 17 is a simulated double needle bed mesh or scaffold . to further explain aspects shown by fig1 f : following standard terminology well known in the knit industry “ f ” means front and “ b ” means back and with regard to fig1 f shows the incremental sequence of pattern lines for the course direction . the numbers “ 12 , 9 , 6 and 3 ” at the bottom of fig1 f represent the number of needles in the needle bed starting count from left to right . the upwards pointing arrows near the bottom of fig1 f show the needle slots occupied by a needle actively engaged with the yarn for the knit machine / knit process . rows 1 f to 6 b of fig1 f show the knit pattern used to make the device . the fig1 f rows 1 f to 6 b knit pattern is repeated 94 times to make a 25 cm sheet length of the fabric of the device , the number of repeats of the pattern being fewer or more if respectively a smaller or larger section of device fabric is desired to result from the knit process . the fig1 f rows 1 f to 6 b knit pattern is equivalently described by the above set forth , combined three knit movement : the first wale direction 3 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 knit pattern ; the second wale direction 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 - 3 / 1 knit pattern , and ; the course direction 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 /- 1 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 knit pattern . rows 7 f to 10 b in fig1 f ( and equivalently the terminal 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 portion of the course knit pattern ) show the knit pattern used to make a spacer which creates a knitted area of fabric separation ( i . e . a cut location ) between adjacent 25 cm lengths of the knitted device fabric which is knitted by the process set forth above as one continuous sheet of fabric . the specific feed rates for the yarn forming this most preferred embodiment of the device is shown in fig1 k where column 17 shows the yarn feed rate used for the first wale direction 3 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 knit pattern . a rate of 212 is equivalent to 74 . 8 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack . column 23 of fig1 k reports the yarn feed rate that is used for the second wale direction 1 / 1 - 1 / 3 - 3 / 3 - 3 / 1 knit pattern , where again a rate of 212 is equivalent to 74 . 8 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack . column 22 of fig1 k shows the yarn feed rate that is used for the course direction 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 /- 1 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 knit pattern ; a rate from line 1 f to 6 b of 190 is equivalent to 67 . 0 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack , while a rate from line 7 f to 10 b of 90 is equivalent to 31 . 7 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack . column 21 of fig1 k shows that the yarn feed rate that is used for the second to last yarn at each edge of the knitted device fabric in the course direction 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 /- 1 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 knit pattern ; a rate from line 1 f to 6 b of 130 is equivalent to 45 . 8 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack , while a rate from line 7 f to 10 b of 90 is equivalent to 31 . 7 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack . column 20 of fig1 k reports ( shows ) the yarn feed rate that is used for the last yarn at each edge of the knitted device fabric in the course direction 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 - 7 / 7 - 9 / 9 /- 1 / 1 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 knit pattern ; a rate from line 1 f to 6 b of 130 is equivalent to 45 . 8 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack , while a rate from line 7 f to 10 b of 90 is equivalent to 31 . 7 cm of yarn per 480 coursed or per rack . the knit pattern shown in fig1 a can be knit to any width depending upon the knitting machine and can be knitted with any of the gauges available with the various crochet machines or warp knitting machines . table 1 outlines the device fabric widths that may be achieved using a different numbers of needles on different gauge machines . the dimensions in table 1 are approximate due to the shrink factor of the knitted fabric which depends on stitch design , stitch density , and yarn size used . the device was knit with 9 - filament , twisted silk yarns . a yarn was made from three silk bundles , each of which was comprised of individual silk fibrils as illustrated in fig2 . the 9 - filament yarns were knit into the surgical scaffold . the wales ran horizontally and the courses ran vertically along the scaffold . a preferred embodiment of the device ready for surgical use has a thickness between about 0 . 6 mm and about 1 . 0 mm , a width of about 10 cm (± about 1 cm ) and a length of about 25 cm (± about 3 cm ). additionally the device has pores with an average diameter greater than about 10 , 000 um 2 , a density of from about 0 . 14 mg / mm 3 to about 0 . 18 mg / mm 3 ( as determined by dividing the mass of the device by its volume [ thickness , width , and length multiplied together ]), and is comprised of at least about 95 % silk fibroin . furthermore , the device has a burst strength of from about 0 . 54 mpa to about 1 . 27 mpa , and a stiffness of between about 30 n / mm to about 50 n · mm ( the latter two mechanical properties of the preferred device determined by american society for testing and materials d3787 - 07 , “ standard method for burst strength of textiles : constant rate of transverse ball burst test ” or astm f2150 - 07 standard guide for characterization and testing of biomaterial scaffolds used in tissue engineered medical products ) the cross - sectional area of full pores of the scaffold was measured using a microscope with sufficient magnification and image capture capability . the magnification was selected based upon the resolution of the pores in the knit pattern being examined . ball burst testing — per astm d3787 - 07 , each device tested was compressed between the two circular fixation brackets of the mechanical testing equipment , while leaving exposed a circular area of the test article that covers the radius of the inner fixture diameter . the sample device was secured with a constant fixation bolt torque to the locking nuts of the burst jig . care was taken to ensure that the knit structure of the sample was organized and not skewed or sheared . the sample remained taut within the fixation brackets with equal distribution of tension . the ball burst fixture was attached to the mechanical testing equipment with a calibrated load cell . for the burst test , the fixture ball was inserted through the center diameter of the fixation brackets with a uniform pressure applied to the test article . the ball was inserted at a constant rate until the scaffold fails . burst stiffness was calculated by determining the slope of the middle 60 % of the linear region of the compressive load vs . extension curve . the exposed area was the circular area of the test article covering the radius ( r ) of the inner fixture diameter and was calculated using the equation below . tensile testing — the tensile strength and elongation of the device were measured in accordance with astm d5035 . device samples were clamped in the mechanical test equipment . the upper clamp was mounted to the load cell , which was attached to the actuator and the lower clamp was mounted to the support plate . the lower limit of the actuator was set so that the upper and lower clamps were prevented from colliding . the upper clamp was aligned to make the faces of both clamps parallel to each other . the height of the mechanical equipment crosshead was adjusted so that the actuator was positioned to allow for a defined amount of upward movement and a specific sample gauge length resided between the upper and lower sample clamps . the device was loaded by clamping the first 10 mm of the sample into the upper clamp and allowing the remainder of the sample to fall unrestrained into the bottom clamp opening . the last 10 mm of the sample was held by the bottom clamp . care was taken to avoid pre - staining the device sample . once the sample was clamped the actuator height was adjusted so that the sample had a pre - load of 2n . the actuator position was adjusted to achieve a specific gauge length and then reset to the zero - position at this point . the device sample was strained until it experienced ultimate tensile failure . the average maximum tensile strength , maximum tensile stress , percent elongation at break , and the tensile stiffness were determined . tensile stiffness was calculated by determining the slope of the trend line of the linear portion of the tensile load vs . elongation curve bound by an upper and lower tensile load . tensile stiffness was calculated as the slope of the linear portion of the load verses elongation curve . the average maximum tensile strength , maximum tensile stress , linear stiffness , and percent elongation at break were determined . whereby , the thickness and width were provided by the respective device sample thickness and width measurements . tear testing — a device sample with a width that is two - thirds that of the length was cut from each device . before the samples are incubated in phosphate buffered saline , a small cut that was one - fourth the size of the sample width was made in the center of the device sample perpendicular to the length ( through a single row of wales ). mechanical test equipment was used to measure the maximum tear resistance load . clamps were inserted in the equipment . the upper clamp was mounted to the load cell that was attached to the actuator and the lower clamp was mounted to the base support plate . the lower limit of the actuator was set so that the upper and lower clamps were prevented from colliding . the upper clamp was aligned to make the faces of both clamps parallel to each other . the height of the mechanical equipment crosshead was adjusted so that the actuator was positioned to allow for a defined amount of upward movement and a specific sample gauge length resided between the upper and lower clamps . the device sample was placed in the upper clamp . the top 10 mm of the sample was covered by the clamp . the device sample was positioned so that the cut was located on the left side . the sample was aligned perpendicular with the clamp before the clamp was closed . the bottom portion of the sample was allowed to fall unrestrained into the bottom clamp opening . the clamp was closed and the sample was preloaded with 3n . the sample was strained at a constant rate until the sample tore at the cut point . from the resulting data the maximum tear resistance load was obtained . embodiments of the device according to the present invention can be knitted on a fine gauge crochet knitting machine . a non - limiting list of crochet machines capable of manufacturing the surgical mesh according to aspects of the present invention are provided by : changde textile machinery co ., ltd . ; comez ; china textile machinery co ., ltd . ; huibang machine ; jakkob muller ag ; jingwei textile machinery co ., ltd . ; zhejiang jingyi textile machinery co ., ltd . ; dongguan kyang the delicate machine co ., ltd . ; karl mayer ; sanfang machine ; sino techfull ; suzhou huilong textile machinary co ., ltd . ; taiwan giu chun ind . co ., ltd . ; zhangjiagang victor textile ; liba ; lucas ; muller frick ; and texma . embodiments of the device according to the present invention can be knitted on a fine gauge warp knitting machine . a non - limiting list of warp knitting machines capable of manufacturing the surgical mesh according to aspects of the present invention are provided by : comez ; diba ; jingwei textile machinery ; liba ; lucas ; karl mayer ; muller frick ; runyuan warp knitting ; taiwan giu chun ind . ; fujian xingang textile machinery ; and yuejian group . embodiments of the device according to the present invention can be knitted on a fine gauge flat bed knitting machine . a non - limiting list of flat bed machines capable of manufacturing the surgical mesh according to aspects of the present invention are provided by : around star ; boosan ; cixing textile machine ; fengshen ; flying tiger machinary ; fujian hongqi ; g & amp ; p ; görteks ; jinlong ; jp ; jy leh ; kauo heng co ., ltd . ; matsuya ; nan sing machinery limited ; nantong sansi instrument ; shima seiki ; nantong tianyuan ; and ningbo yuren knitting . a test method was developed to check the cutability of the device formed according to aspects of the present invention . in the test method the device evaluated according to the number of scissor strokes needed to cut the device with surgical scissors . the mesh was found to cut excellently because it took only one scissor stroke to cut through it . the device was also cut diagonally and in circular patterns determining that the device did not unraveled once cut in either or both its length and width directions ( see fig5 b ). to determine further if the device would unravel a suture was passed through the closest pore from the cut edge , and pulled . this manipulation did not unravel the device . thus the device was easy to cut and did not unravel after manipulation . a device according to the present invention has been found to bioresorb by 50 % in approximately 100 days after implantation , that is at least about 50 % of the mass of the device bioresorbs after about 100 days after implantation in a human patient . physical properties of the device include thickness , density and pore sizes . the thickness of the device was measured utilizing a j100 kafer dial thickness gauge . a mitutoyo digimatic caliper was used to find the length and width of the samples ; used to calculate the density of the device . the density was found by multiplying the length , width and thickness of the mesh then dividing the resulting value by the mass . the pore size of the device was found by photographing the mesh with an olympus szx7 dissection microscope under 0 . 8 × magnification . the measurements were taken using imagepro 5 . 1 software and the values were averaged over several measurements . physical characteristics of sample meshes , and two embodiments of the device are shown in table 2 . to summarize a device according to the present invention is a biocompatible , bioresorbable , surgical matrix ( mesh or scaffold ) made preferably from the silk of the bombyx mori silkworm . because raw silk fibers are comprised of a fibroin protein core filament that is naturally coated with the antigenic globular protein sericin the sericin is removed by aqueous extraction . yarn is then made from the sericin - depleted fibroin protein filaments by helical twisting to form a multi - filament protein fiber . the multi - filament protein fiber yarn is then knit into a three dimensional patterned matrix ( mesh or scaffold ) that can be used for soft tissue support and repair . the device upon implantation provides immediate physical and mechanical stabilization of tissue defects because of its strength and porous construction . additionally , the porous lattice design of the device facilitate native tissue generation ( that is tissue ingrowth ) and neovascularization . the natural tissue repair process begins with deposition of a collagen network . this network integrates within the protein matrix , interweaving with the porous construct . neovascularization begins with endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in the developing functional tissue network . this new functional tissue network and its corresponding vascular bed ensure the structural integrity and strength of the tissue . in the beginning stages of the tissue ingrowth process , the device provides the majority of structural support . the device ( made of silk ) is gradually deconstructed ( bioresorbed ) into its amino acid building blocks . the slow progression of the natural biological process of bioresorption allows for the gradual transition of support from the protein matrix of the device to the healthy native tissue thereby achieving the desired surgical outcome .
an implantable knitted silk mesh for use in human soft tissue support and repair having a particular knit pattern that substantially prevents unraveling and preserves the stability of the mesh when cut , the knitted mesh including at least two yarns laid in a knit direction and engaging each other to define a plurality of nodes .