as shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration , the invention is embodied in an improved brachytherapy source with a more even radiation distribution and a method of making the same . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the brachytherapy sources are for use in the treatment of cancer in humans and animals . however , it will be recognized that further embodiments of the invention may be used in other small radiation sources , such as those used for identification or the like , in which consistent and even radiation distributions are required , or may be used to treat other illnesses , such as heart disease , pain , non - cancerous growths , gland therapy or the like . other embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to weld other small capsules requiring tight tolerances on the sealed end of the capsules . as shown in fig6 a brachytherapy source 1000 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention utilizes a unitary capsule formed with laser welding technology . the laser welding procedure provides for consistency of the welds in the brachytherapy sources to enable the production of radiation sources that are consistent in characteristics from one brachytherapy source to another . preferably , the brachytherapy source 1000 uses a single tube 1002 having two ends 1004 and 1006 that are sealed by welds 1008 and 1010 . the single tube 1002 contains the radioactive material 10012 and the marker material 1014 . the single tube 1002 of the brachytherapy source 1000 may be formed from titanium , stainless steel , nickel , metal , or any other material , suitable for welding and which meets medical application criteria . the single tube 1002 is selected to have an initial wall thickness of 0 . 002 inches , as shown at &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; in fig6 . in alternative embodiments , the single tube 1002 thickness may be thinner or thicker , with the thickness being determined by the material contained in the seed , the radiation distribution pattern desired , the strength of the radiation desired , and the environment in which the brachytherapy source 1000 will be used . although a single tube 1002 is preferred , alternative embodiments may use multiple tubes that are joined together , so long as an even radiation distribution around the brachytherapy source can be obtained . in preferred embodiments , once the ends 1004 and 1006 have been sealed by the welds 1008 and 1010 , the welds 1008 and 1010 taper from the wall thickness of 0 . 002 inches ( shown as &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; in fig6 ) to a maximum thickness of 0 . 020 inches ( shown as &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; in fig6 ) at the point 1016 . however , the maximum thickness of 0 . 020 inches only occurs at the extreme end of the brachytherapy source 1000 and tends to taper off substantially to the 0 . 002 thickness as the welds 1008 and 1010 merge with the wall of the single tube 1002 . the tapered welds 1008 and 1010 avoid the thick bead that forms across a single tube when conventional tig welding is used in the earlier embodiments . in alternative embodiments , different wall thicknesses may be used , with the thickness being dependent on the type of radioactive material being used , the size of the brachytherapy source , and the material used to form the single tube 1002 , such that wall thickness may range from 0 . 001 inches to 0 . 010 inches or higher , and the maximum weld thickness may range from 0 . 002 inches to 0 . 030 inches or higher . the result of the laser welding procedure is a brachytherapy source 1000 that provides a very even and consistent radiation distribution with only a minimal dip ( or cold zone ) through the ends 1004 and 1006 , as shown by the radiation distributions in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( a ), as compared to those produced in brachytherapy sources that are formed using conventional tig welding or plug closures , as shown in fig5 ( a ) and 5 ( b ). as shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ), the radiation distributions 1100 and 1102 are substantially uniform between sides 1104 , 1106 , 1108 , 1110 , 1112 , 1114 , 1116 and 1118 , regardless of direction . thus , the brachytherapy source 1000 has been shown to provide a good approximation of a theoretical , spherical radiation point source . the preferred brachytherapy sources are linear elements , and tend to produce a more ovoid radiation source , than the theoretical spherical point source . however , as shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ), the radiation distribution approximates a theoretical , spherical point source when observed from a distance of as little as 1 cm . in further embodiments , it may be possible to adjust the length of the brachytherapy source , the thickness of the single tube 1002 , the placement of radioactive materials 1012 in the single tube 1002 , and maximum thickness of the laser welds 1008 and 1010 to approximate theoretical point sources at observable distances that are substantially less than 1 cm . the preferred radiation material 1012 is iodine - 125 or palladium - 103 . however , in alternative embodiments , other radioactive materials , such as cobalt - 57 , cobalt - 60 , cesium - 137 , iridium - 192 , or the like may be used . preferably , the marker material 1014 is made of gold or sliver . however , in alternative embodiments , the marker material may be formed out of other radiation blocking materials , such as lead or the like . in preferred embodiments the radiation material 1012 and the marker material 1014 are spherical . in addition , multiple markers 1014 can be used , as shown and described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 904 , 695 filed aug . 1 , 1997 , which is herein incorporated by reference , to indicate position as well as orientation of the brachytherapy source 1000 . in particular embodiments , the interior of the brachytherapy source 1000 at the welds 1008 and 1010 are curved to further minimize the thickness and radiation attenuation at the thickest part of the welds 1008 and 1010 . this interior curvature is the result of the welding process , which first collapses the ends 1004 and 1006 of the singe tube 1002 and then quickly liquefies the collapsed ends 1004 and 1006 to form the welds 1008 and 1010 sealing the brachytherapy source 1000 . in further embodiments , the interior curvature can be accentuated by using spherical radioactive material 1012 or marker material 1014 in the ends 1004 and 1006 of the brachytherapy source . this assists in distributing the heat and minimizes formation of a bead as the softened ( or slightly melted ) ends 1004 and 1006 conform to the shape of the radioactive material to produce a curved interior surface that minimizes the thickness of the welds 1008 and 1010 . the brachytherapy sources 1000 are manufactured using precisely controlled laser welding techniques . as shown in fig8 a laser welding system 2000 includes a series of single tubes 1002 having ends 1004 and 1006 contained in a guide tube 2002 . the guide tube 2002 is used to feed the single tubes 1002 to a chuck 2004 , which holds and rotates the single tube 1002 during the laser welding process . the single tubes 1002 are moved through the guide tube 2002 towards the chuck 2004 by a push wire 2006 . in preferred embodiments , the push wire is moved incrementally by a step motor assembly ( not shown ); however , in alternative embodiments , the push wire may be advanced manually or by other automated advancing techniques . in alternative embodiments , the guide tube 2002 and / or the push wire 2006 may be omitted and the single tubes may be delivered to the chuck 2004 by other methods known in the art . once the single tubes 1002 are fed into the chuck 2004 , a geiger counter 2008 connected to a radiation sensor 2010 through a cable 2012 determines if any of the radioactive material 1012 is positioned under the laser 2014 . if radioactive material 1012 is detected , the laser welding procedure for that brachytherapy source 1000 is aborted to avoid radiation contamination from exposure and vaporization of the radioactive material 1012 by the laser 2014 . if no radioactive material 1012 is detected , the laser welding procedure will continue . in addition , a video camera 2016 is used to line up the ends 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 to assure accurate placement of the laser welds 1008 and 1010 . in further embodiments , a stop ( not shown ) may be positioned to stop the progression of the single tube 1002 as it is fed through the chuck 2004 . when the single tube 1002 is position , the chuck 2004 is engaged and the stop is removed prior to the welding . in preferred embodiments , one end of the single tube 1002 is crimped , and then the radioactive material ( and any marker material ) are loaded into the single tube 1002 ( e . g ., by vacuum suction through the crimped end or by sliding the radioactive material ( and any marker material ) in through the open end and then pushing it into position against the crimped end of the single tube 1002 . in alternative embodiments , one end of the single tube 1002 is laser welded first and then radioactive material ( and any marker material ) are loaded into the single tube prior to laser welding the other end of the single tube 1002 . alternatively , one end may be crimped , next the radioactive material ( and any marker material ) are loaded into the open end of the single tube 1002 , and finally the other end is crimped prior to laser welding the brachytherapy source 1000 . in further alternatives , a temporary filler compound is placed inside each open end 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 , which is then cut off during the laser welding procedure . in an alternative embodiment , rather than crimping the single tube 1002 , one end of the single tube 1002 may be sealed by laser welding prior to insertion of the radioactive material ( and any marker material ). to facilitate good thermal characteristics of this weld , a wire may be positioned inside of the single tube 1002 to simulate the presence of radioactive material ( and any marker material ). then the wire is removed and the radioactive material ( and any marker material ) are inserted into the open end of the brachytherapy source after which the open end of the brachytherapy source is laser welded in the manner described above . prior to activating the laser 2014 , the chuck 2004 is rotated at high speed relative to the laser 2014 by a drive motor 2018 connected to the chuck 2004 . this allows the laser 2014 to apply a laser welding beam on all sides of the single tube 1002 . rotation assists in preventing too much heat from being generated on one side of the single tube 1002 , and thereby over liquefy or collapse unevenly . in addition , the relatively minor centrifugal forces generated on the single tube 1002 , helps minimize the collapse of the single tube 1002 . in preferred embodiments , the chuck 2004 rotates at 42 rpm ; however , in alternative embodiments higher or lower rpms , for example , rpms in the range of as low as 10 rpm or as high as 100 rpm ( or even substantially higher with proper control of the laser ) may be used , with the rpms being selected based on the diameter of the single tube 1002 , the thickness of the single tube 1002 , and the type of material used to form the single tube 1002 . in further alternative embodiments , the laser may be rotated around a stationary chuck and single tube to produce the laser welded ends . in preferred embodiments , the single tube 1002 has a first end 1004 laser welded , then the single tube 1002 is replaced by another single tube 1002 supplied by the guide tube 2002 . after all of the single tubes 1002 have had the end 1004 laser welded to form the weld 1008 , the single tubes 1002 are turned around and reloaded into the guide tube 2002 to seal the other end 1006 of the single tubes 1002 with the laser weld 1010 . as discussed above , radioactive material ( and any marker material ) may be loaded before or in between the laser welding of the ends 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 . in alternative embodiments , the end 1004 of the single tube is sealed with the laser weld 1008 , and then the other end 1006 is immediately laser welded with the weld 1010 before moving onto another single tube 1002 . in preferred embodiments , an inert gas source 2020 supplies inert gas , such as helium , argon or the like , through outlet hose 2022 across the exposed single tube 1002 during laser welding of the ends 1004 and 1006 . the presence of the inert gas minimizes or eliminates oxidation during the laser welding procedure . in addition , the inert gas can be used to quickly cool the end 1004 and 1006 , and the laser welds 1008 and 1010 , of the single tube 1002 to more accurately control formation of the welds 1008 and 1010 . an optional suction tube 2024 is used to remove the inert gas and recycle the inert gas for use in later laser welds . to achieve the desired laser welds 1008 and 1010 , very careful control of the laser welding procedure must be used to avoid forming a large bead at the end of the brachytherapy source , which would distort the radiation distribution to resemble the pattern for the brachytherapy source 70 , as shown in fig4 ( a ) and 5 ( b ). preferably , for each weld 1008 and 1010 , two separate pulse periods from the laser 2014 are used . the first series of pulses by the laser consists of 30 pulses at the rate of 8 pulses a second and 226 v from the laser 2014 , which is primarily directed at least partially closing off the end of the single tube 1002 . thus , the first set of pulses by the laser 2014 melts ( or softens ) the metal so that it starts to collapse and form a bead , but the laser 2014 is then stopped to permit the metal of the single tube 1002 to cool . a second series of pulses by the laser consists of 30 pulses at the rate of 8 pulses a second and 244 v . the second series of pulses cuts off excess material from the ends 1004 and 1006 , and remelts the ends of the partially closed single tube 1002 to seal off the ends 1004 and 1006 and form the welds 1008 and 1010 . the higher voltage in the second series of pulses assists in removing the excess material . in alternative embodiments , a single series of pulses may be used to from the welds 1008 and 1010 ; however , experience has shown that it is more difficult to accurately control the formation of the welds 1008 and 1010 . the two pulse series makes obtaining the desired welds 1008 and 1010 easier to obtain . in addition , rather than varying voltage between the two series of pulses , the number of pulses may be varied . also , different voltage levels may be used as long as excessive melting does not occur , which would then form a bead on the end of the single tube 1002 ; rather than the consistent welds obtained by carefully controlling voltage , number of pulses , and the timing of the pulses . in preferred embodiments , a laser of 10 watts from unitek miyachi corp , of monrovia , calif . is used , however , smaller or larger lasers may be used . in preferred embodiments , a high powered laser source is used since it quickly melts and congeals the metal to avoid a thickening or beading effect similar to what is encountered in tig welding procedures . in alternative embodiments , an electron beam , or the like , may be used instead of a laser . however , electron beams are not preferred , since they require a complete vacuum in the welding environment , whereas laser welding may be performed in the presence of a stream of inert gases at normal air pressure . in still further alternative embodiments , it may be possible to adapt tig welding methods to provide a more controlled weld that approximates that obtainable by the laser welding procedure . this might be done by limiting the heat distribution , timing and possibly drawing out the ends rather than folding them over , as is done in conventional tig welding . a key aspect to controlling the formation of the welds 1008 and 1010 , on the ends 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 of the brachytherapy source 1000 , is to control the heat distribution and the amount of energy applied to the ends 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 . this is controlled by setting rotation rate , laser power levels , laser pulse length , the number of laser pulses , the number of ; laser pulse series , and the amount of inert gas applied for a particular type of single tube 1002 . thus , one can use higher or lower rotation rates by adjusting the other factors , such as , for example , the laser pulse length or the number of laser pulses . the important aspect of the laser welding procedure is to control the rate and the amount of the melting experienced by the ends 1004 and 1006 of the single tube 1002 during the laser welding procedure . insufficient heat fails to seal the brachytherapy source 1000 , and too much heat forms a large bead and results in a brachytherapy source that is similar to the brachytherapy source 70 , as described above . in preferred embodiments , the single tube 1002 has a circular cross - section . however , in alternative embodiments the single tube 1002 may utilize different tube cross - sections , such as square , rectangular , triangular , hexagonal , or the like , may be used . while the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention , it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof . the accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention . the presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims , rather than the foregoing description , and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein .
a brachytherapy source for use in radiation treatment of the body includes radioactive material , and a housing . the housing is used to contain the radioactive materials , and is formed by at least one tube having two ends . the two ends of the at least one tube are sealed by welding such that a radiation distribution of the brachytherapy source approximates a point source that is free of cold zones to minimize underexposure or overexposure of the body to radiation and to simplify the placement of the brachytherapy source in the body . preferably , the ends of the at least one tube are sealed by laser welding , and a laser performs the laser welding while the brachytherapy source is rotated relative to the laser , which is activated in short pulses . for example , the laser is activated in a first series of pulses to initially collapse one end of the at least one tube and to at least partially close off the one end , then the laser is activated for a second series of pulses to seal off the one end of the at least one tube and remove excess material , next the laser is activated in a third series of pulses to initially collapse the other end of the at least one tube and to at least partially close off the other end , and finally , the laser is activated for a fourth series of pulses to seal off the other end of the at least one tube and remove excess material .