the components of the present embodiment of the subject invention are largely symmetric about the vertical plane . terms such as “ right ,” “ left ,” “ front ,” and “ back ,” are given from the perspective of an individual using the instrument and are intended as a means for easier comprehension of the design and not to constrain the design . the majority of views are given from a left perspective , due to the symmetry of many of the components and assemblies . features of asymmetric components are clarified with further views . fig1 - 4 depict the structure and connection of the cartridge assembly ( 200 ) and the handle assembly ( 400 ) as well as the cartridge subassemblies such as the end effector assembly ( 100 ), tube portion ( 202 ), detensioner assembly ( 210 ), proximal joint ( 300 ), and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). the end effector assembly ( 100 ) is mounted to the end of the tube portion ( 202 ). the tube ( 202 ) is in turn mounted to the detensioner assembly ( 210 ) which connects to the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). the cartridge assembly ( 200 ) is detachably connected to the handle ( 400 ). fig2 and 3 illustrate the functionality of the motion control system . when the handle ( 400 ) rotates in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from the left about a primary control axis as seen in fig2 , the end effector assembly ( 100 ) rotates similarly about a corresponding control axis such that the end effector assembly ( 100 ) remains aligned with the handle ( 400 ). when the handle ( 400 ) rotates in a clockwise direction as viewed from the top about a secondary control axis as seen in fig3 , the end effector assembly ( 100 ) rotates similarly about a corresponding control axis to produce the same effect . the combination of these two axial responses maintains alignment between the end effector assembly ( 100 ) and handle ( 400 ). the details of how this is achieved , as well as the means by which the cartridge assembly ( 200 ) is detachably connected to the handle ( 400 ) will be further specified . fig5 and 6 detail the components of the cartridge assembly ( 200 ). the end effector assembly ( 100 ) is controlled by the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). the proximal joint block ( 246 ) constrains the angle through which the proximal joint ( 300 ) can articulate and provides means for locking the proximal joint ( 300 ) in a particular position ; this feature will be further detailed below . fig7 - 12 detail the components of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) and the cabling that controls it . the distal center joint element ( 104 ) is pivotally connected to the distal joint base element ( 102 ) via a pin ( 120 ) which defines a primary articulation axis . the jaw base ( 106 ) is pivotally connected to the distal center joint element ( 104 ) via two pins ( 122 , 124 ) which define a secondary articulation axis . these pivotal connections may in general be made by any number of pins or pin features which define two perpendicular axes of articulation . the jaw driver ( 108 ) is pivotally connected to the jaw base ( 106 ) by the jaw driver pin ( 118 ). the jaw ( 110 ) is pivotally connected to the jaw base ( 106 ) by the jaw pin ( 116 ). the jaw ( 110 ) and jaw base ( 106 ) contain grip inserts ( 112 , 114 ) which may be customized to the purpose of a particular instance of the subject invention . for example , a version of this device that is specifically for grasping sutures would likely have inserts made of a hard material with sharp teeth , whereas a version designed for grasping tissue would likely have inserts of softer , pliable material with rounded features . with specific reference to fig9 - 12 , the control system for the end effector assembly ( 100 ) is described herein . there are four control cables ( w , x , y , z ) that produce three principal motions of the end effector assembly ( 100 ). these motions are articulation about a primary axis , articulation about a secondary axis , and actuation of the jaw ( 110 ). cable w enters the distal joint base element ( 102 ) and passes underneath a horizontal round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) before passing around the right side of a vertical round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) and entering the jaw base ( 106 ). cable x enters the distal joint base element ( 102 ) and passes over a horizontal round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) before passing around the right side of a vertical round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) and entering the jaw base ( 106 ). cable y enters the distal joint base element ( 102 ) and passes underneath a horizontal round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) before passing around the left side of a vertical round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) and entering the jaw base ( 106 ). cable z enters the distal joint base element ( 102 ) and passes over a horizontal round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) before passing around the left side of a vertical round feature of the distal center joint element ( 104 ) and entering the jaw base ( 106 ). cable w passes underneath the jaw base central guiding feature ( 106 a ) and over the top of the jaw driver ( 108 ) before being fixed in place by a cable retention feature ( 108 a ). cable x passes over the jaw base central guiding feature ( 106 a ) and under the jaw driver ( 108 ) before being fixed in place by a cable retention feature ( 108 d ). cables w and x are actually one continuous cable in the depicted instance of the subject invention ; they are described as separate cables because they function equivalently to two separate cables fixed at the jaw driver ( 108 ). cable y passes underneath the jaw base central guiding feature ( 106 a ) and under the jaw driver ( 108 ) before being fixed in place by a cable retention feature ( 108 c ). cable z passes over the jaw base central guiding feature ( 106 a ) and over the jaw driver ( 108 ) before being fixed in place by a cable retention feature ( 108 b ). cables y and z are actually one continuous cable in the depicted instance of the subject invention ; they are described as separate cables because they function equivalently to two separate cables fixed at the jaw driver ( 108 ). in each of the above cable configurations , the tension of the cables locks the cables between the cable retention features ( 108 a , 108 b , 108 c , 108 d ) and the central body of the jaw driver ( 108 e ). in general , this cable fixation may be achieved by swaging , adhesive attachment , or any other method which fixes multiple cables to the cable driven element : in this instance , the jaw driver . fig1 and 14 show the interaction between the jaw driver ( 108 ) and the jaw ( 110 ) as well as the means by which the cabling controls these elements . the jaw driver ( 108 ) has a cam feature ( 108 f ) which engages a cam surface ( 110 a ) of the jaw ( 110 ). the cam surface ( 110 a ) has front and back surfaces ; the front surface drives the jaw to a proximately closed position , whereas the back surface is utilized when driving the jaw to a proximately open position . the cam surface ( 110 a ) is designed to produce a particular pattern of force amplification ; at different positions of the jaw driver ( 108 ), a different mechanical advantage is obtained between the jaw driver ( 108 ) and jaw ( 110 ). the particular shape of the cam surface ( 110 a ) may be designed to produce different force amplification effects . in general , producing one of the three motions of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) requires retracting two cables and relaxing two other cables . as shown in fig1 , opening the jaw ( 110 ) requires a counterclockwise rotation as viewed from the left of the jaw driver ( 108 ). this motion is produced by retracting cables x and y and relaxing cables w and z ; this will be denoted in general as a xy / wz motion . when cables x and y are retracted , this produces no motion about the primary axes of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) because these cables are opposed with respect to both axes . both of these cables act to rotate the jaw driver ( 108 ) in a counterclockwise direction , which in turn pulls cables w and z to translate in a distal direction , producing the xy / wz cable motion seen in fig1 and 14 . fig1 and 16 depict articulation of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) about its primary axis . this is produced by a wy / xz motion . cables w and y are opposed with respect to the secondary axis of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) and the jaw driver ( 108 ) rotation . these cables thus produce motion about the primary axis of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) when retracted simultaneously . in response , cables x and z are translated in a distal direction , producing the wy / xz motion shown . fig1 and 18 depict articulation of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) about its secondary axis . this is produced by a wx / yz motion . cables w and x are opposed with respect to the primary axis of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) and the jaw driver ( 108 ) rotation . these cables thus produce motion about the secondary axis of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) when retracted simultaneously . in response , cables y and z are translated in a distal direction , producing the wx / yz motion shown . in each of the three previously described motions , the opposite action can be produced by opposite cable actuation . for example , the jaw is opened by a xy / wz motion , and can thus be closed by a wz / xy motion . fig1 - 24 depict the structure and cabling of the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). the proximal joint center element ( 304 ) is pivotally connected to the proximal joint base element ( 302 ) via two pins ( 310 , 312 ) that define a primary axis of articulation . the proximal joint end element ( 306 ) is pivotally connected to the proximal joint center element ( 304 ) via a pin ( 308 ) which defines a secondary axis of articulation . these pivotal connections may in general be made by any number of pins or pin features which define two perpendicular axes of articulation . the proximal joint end element ( 306 ) is connected to the proximal control base element ( 352 ). the tensioner element ( 354 ) is pivotally connected to the proximal control base element ( 352 ) via the tensioner pin ( 370 ) and tensioner bearings ( 366 , 372 ). the tensioner pulley ( 368 ) is also mounted on the tensioner pin ( 370 ). the tensioner element ( 354 ) also contains the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ), and cable guide pins ( 360 , 362 ). the cable crimp cover ( 358 ) is attached via a pin ( 364 ) to the tensioner ( 354 ) and houses the four cable crimps ( 358 w , 358 x , 358 y , 358 z ). with specific reference to fig2 - 24 , the details of the cabling within the proximal control assembly ( 350 ) are described herein . cable w enters the proximal joint base ( 302 ) and passes underneath a horizontal round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) before passing around the right side of a vertical round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) and entering the proximal joint end ( 306 ). cable x enters the proximal joint base ( 302 ) and passes over a horizontal round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) before passing around the right side of a vertical round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) and entering the proximal joint end ( 306 ). cable y enters the proximal joint base ( 302 ) and passes underneath a horizontal round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) before passing around the left side of a vertical round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) and entering the proximal joint end ( 306 ). cable z enters the proximal joint base ( 302 ) and passes over a horizontal round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) before passing around the left side of a vertical round feature of the proximal center joint element ( 304 ) and entering the proximal joint end ( 306 ). cable w passes underneath the proximal joint end central guiding feature ( 306 a ), over a cable guide pin ( 376 ), under the tensioner pulley ( 368 ), over another cable guide pin ( 360 ), through the tensioner ( 354 ) and terminates in a crimp ( 358 w ). cable x passes over the proximal joint end central guiding feature ( 306 a ), under a cable guide pin ( 374 ), over the tensioner pulley ( 368 ), under a cable guide pin ( 362 ), through the tensioner ( 354 ) and terminates in a crimp ( 358 x ). cable y passes underneath the proximal joint end central guiding feature ( 306 a ), over the tensioner pulley ( 368 ), under a cable guide pin ( 360 ), through the tensioner ( 354 ) and terminates in a crimp ( 358 y ). cable z passes over the proximal joint end central guiding feature ( 306 a ), under the tensioner pulley ( 368 ), over a cable guide pin ( 362 ), through the tensioner ( 354 ) and terminates in a crimp ( 358 z ). fig2 - 27 illustrate the means by which the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ) achieve the xy / wz motion to open the jaw ( 110 ) as described previously . when the tensioner ( 354 ) is rotated in a clockwise direction as viewed from the left , the crimps ( 358 x , 358 y ) retain cables x and y against the tensioner ( 354 ) and cause cables x and y to be retracted as they are pulled around the tensioner pulley ( 368 ). since these cables are opposed with respect to the first and second axes of articulation , they produce no effect on the proximal joint ( 300 ). thus , cables x and y are retracted , and cables w and z are relaxed , producing the xy / wz motion . fig2 - 30 illustrate the means by which the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ) achieve the wy / xz motion to articulate the end effector assembly ( 100 ) about a primary axis as described previously . when the proximal control assembly base ( 352 ) is rotated in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from the left about the proximal joint base &# 39 ; s ( 302 ) primary axis of articulation , cables w and y are retracted . since these cables are opposed with respect to the secondary axis of articulation and the tensioner &# 39 ; s ( 354 ) axis of rotation , this has no effect on those elements . the corresponding relaxation of cables x and z acts with this retraction to produce the wy / xz motion . fig3 - 33 illustrate the means by which the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ) achieve the wx / yz motion to articulate the end effector assembly ( 100 ) about a secondary axis as described previously . when the proximal control assembly base ( 352 ) is rotated in a clockwise direction as viewed from above about the secondary axis of articulation , cables w and x are retracted through the proximal joint ( 300 ). since these cables are opposed with respect to the primary axis of articulation and the tensioner &# 39 ; s ( 354 ) axis of rotation , this has no effect on those elements . the corresponding relaxation of cables y and z acts with this retraction to produce the wx / yz motion . fig3 - 37 depict the aggregate effect of the motions described previously that produce the three primary motions of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) as controlled by the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). in the presently described embodiment of the subject invention , cables w , x , y , and z all pass through the tube ( 202 ) and detensioner assembly ( 210 ) between the end effector assembly ( 100 ) and proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). in these figures , the tube ( 202 ) and detensioner assembly ( 210 ) are not show ; this shows a simplified schematic representation of the cabling within the device . in each case , two cables are retracted and two are relaxed ; the distal translation of cables is matched by the cable retraction such that there is no net gain or loss of tension in these cables in the current embodiment . fig3 specifically depicts the rotation of the tensioner ( 354 ) which causes a xy / wz motion which in turn rotates the jaw driver ( 108 ) and subsequently the jaw ( 110 ) into a proximately open position . fig3 depicts the articulation of the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ) about its primary axis , thus producing a wy / xz motion , which in turn causes the end effector assembly ( 100 ) to articulate about its primary axis . fig3 depicts the articulation of the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ) about its secondary axis , thus producing a wx / yz motion , which in turn causes the end effector assembly ( 100 ) to articulate about its secondary axis . all combinations of these three motions may in turn be produced by combinations of the controlling movements of the proximal joint ( 300 ) and proximal control assembly ( 350 ). fig3 - 61 depict the handle ( 400 ) and its components . the handle ( 400 ) contains a base element ( 402 ) and cover element ( 404 ) with trigger element ( 406 ) pivotally mounted within via two features ( 406 c , 406 d ). the trigger ( 406 ) is biased by a spring ( 408 ) mounted within a pocket feature ( 406 i ) to a proximately open position . with specific reference to fig4 - 42 , the means by which the cartridge ( 200 ) interfaces with the handle ( 400 ) is described herein . the proximal control base element ( 352 ) is detachably connected to the handle adapter element ( 410 ). this connection may be achieved by a variety of means , including but not limited to a friction fit , latch mechanism , or removable screws or pins . the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ) is actuated by the trigger latch element ( 432 ). fig4 - 47 detail the connection features of the trigger ( 406 ) and trigger latch ( 432 ). the trigger latch element ( 432 ) is connected to the trigger ( 406 ) via two screws ( 433 , 435 ) which are mounted in holes ( 406 e , 406 f ) and subsequently enter two slots ( 432 d , 432 e ) in the trigger latch element ( 432 ). this connection allows the trigger latch ( 432 ) to rotate as well as translate in a front / back direction with respect to the trigger ( 406 ). a trigger clutch spring ( 434 ) biases the trigger latch ( 432 ) to a rear position and applies a torque that locks the trigger latch ( 432 ) against the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ). this clutch spring ( 434 ) is mounted around a round feature ( 406 g ) of the trigger ( 406 ) and within a pocket feature ( 432 c ) of the trigger latch ( 432 ). the trigger latch ( 432 ) engages the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ) via two slot features ( 432 a , 432 b ). the slot features ( 432 a , 432 b ) provide a removable pivotal connection between the trigger latch ( 432 ) and the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ). linear motion of the trigger latch ( 432 ) is translated into rotational motion of the tensioner ( 354 ) via the tensioner drive pin ( 356 ). fig4 shows the trigger ( 406 ) in a proximately open position ; this corresponds to an angular position of the tensioner ( 354 ) that causes the jaw ( 110 ) to be in a proximately open position . fig4 shows the trigger ( 406 ) in a position that corresponds to an angular position of the tensioner ( 354 ) that causes the jaw ( 110 ) to be in a proximately closed position . when the trigger ( 406 ) is closed beyond the position that has closed the jaw ( 110 ), as seen in fig4 , the trigger clutch spring ( 434 ) compresses , applying additional force to close the jaw ( 110 ). the trigger clutch spring ( 434 ) acts to regulate the amount of force that may be applied to the jaw ( 110 ). with specific reference to fig3 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 47 and 57 - 61 , the operation of the trigger ( 406 ) is further described herein . a ratchet latch ( 430 ) is pivotally mounted to the trigger ( 406 ) at connection points ( 406 a , 406 b , 430 e ) on the trigger ( 406 ) and ratchet latch ( 430 ). the ratchet latch ( 430 ) is biased into a locking position by a spring ( 431 ) mounted within pocket features ( 430 d , 406 h ) on the ratchet latch ( 430 ) and trigger ( 406 ). when the trigger ( 406 ) is closed , tooth features ( 430 a , 430 b ) on the ratchet latch ( 430 ) engage two ratchet plates ( 426 , 428 ). the second ratchet plate ( 428 ) is a mirror image of the first ratchet plate ( 426 ); thus , only the details of the first ratchet plate ( 426 ) are shown . fig5 details the first ratchet plate ( 426 ) and shows the tooth features ( 426 a ) that engage the ratchet latch ( 430 ). the ratchet release element ( 416 ) is biased into a disengaged position by a spring ( 418 ) mounted in a pocket feature ( 416 c ). when the ratchet release element ( 416 ) is depressed by engaging its top surface ( 416 b ), this spring ( 418 ) compresses , and the cam surface ( 416 a ) of the ratchet release ( 416 ) engages the cam surface ( 430 c ) of the ratchet latch ( 430 ), causing the ratchet latch ( 430 ) to disengage the ratchet plates ( 426 , 428 ). this releases the trigger ( 406 ). with specific reference to fig3 , 42 , and 48 - 56 , the function of the brake assembly ( 450 ) and associated braking function of the handle ( 400 ) is described herein . the brake assembly ( 450 ) is biased to an engaged position by two springs ( 436 , 438 ) on two shafts ( 444 , 446 ). these shafts ( 444 , 446 ) control the linear movement of the brake assembly ( 450 ) and are in turn controlled by the brake slide element ( 422 ). the brake slide element ( 422 ) is constrained to move linearly in a forward / backward direction by four guide rails ( 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 ) that are mounted in the handle adapter ( 410 ) and guide rail mount ( 424 ). the brake actuation element ( 420 ) is pivotally mounted in the handle base ( 402 ) and handle cover ( 404 ) via a hole ( 420 b ) which may be used for a pin , screw , pin feature , or other pivotal connection means . cam features ( 420 c , 420 d ) engage a flange on the brake slide element ( 422 ) and allow rotation of the brake actuation element ( 420 ) to cause a translational movement of the brake slide element ( 422 ) toward the proximal end of the instrument . this rotation is caused by a cam engagement between a round feature ( 412 c ) of the brake control element ( 412 ) and a cam surface ( 420 a ) of the brake actuation element ( 420 ). the brake control element ( 412 ) is contained with in a slot ( 414 c ) of the brake grip element ( 414 ) and attaches at two connection points ( 412 a , 412 b , 414 a , 414 b ). the brake grip element ( 414 ) allows the user to control the translational movement of the brake control element ( 412 ) which in turn controls the rotation of the brake actuation element ( 420 ) and subsequently the translational movement of the brake slide element ( 424 ). the brake assembly ( 450 ) is translated linearly in a forward / backward direction , and in doing so engages and disengages the proximal joint block ( 246 ) which is mounted on bearings ( 242 , 244 ). the bearings ( 242 , 244 ) allow the distal portion of then instrument to rotate freely of the proximal joint block ( 246 ). the joint brake assembly ( 450 ) is composed of a joint brake element ( 456 ), thrust bearing ( 454 ), and joint brake collar ( 452 ). the joint brake collar ( 452 ) has two pocket features ( 452 a , 452 b ) at which the joint brake assembly ( 450 ) connects to the two shafts ( 444 , 446 ) which control its linear movement . the joint brake element ( 456 ) has three detent features ( 456 a , 456 b , 456 c ) which engage the edge of the proximal joint block ( 246 ) when the handle ( 400 ) is in a proximately centered position . this provides a soft lock at a proximately centered position . these detent features ( 456 a , 456 b , 456 c ) intermittently engage the interior surface of the proximal joint block ( 246 ) providing resistance to motion of the handle ( 400 ) which stabilizes the instrument . the joint brake element ( 456 ) also contains a gasket feature ( 456 d ) which locks the articulation of the handle ( 400 ) when the joint brake assembly ( 450 ) is pressed against the proximal joint block ( 246 ) by the joint brake springs ( 436 , 438 ). even when articulation is locked , the thrust bearing ( 454 ) and joint block bearings ( 242 , 244 ) permit axial rotation of the handle ( 400 ) which translates to axial rotation of the jaw base ( 106 ) and all mechanisms contained therein . fig6 - 72 detail the components and function of the detensioner assembly ( 210 ). the detensioner assembly ( 210 ) contains a detensioner end element ( 214 ) mounted on a detensioner base element ( 212 ). the detensioner base element ( 212 ) engages the detensioner end element ( 214 ) via a protrusion ( 212 a ) that engages an interior surface ( 214 d ) and allows for linear movement of the detensioner end element ( 214 ) relative to the detensioner base element ( 212 ). this movement allows the detensioner assembly ( 210 ) to shift between proximately expanded and proximately compressed positions . a detensioner arm ( 216 ) engages the detensioner base ( 212 ) in a pivotal connection via two pins ( 222 , 224 ) which engage hole features ( 216 c , 216 d ) in the detensioner arm ( 216 ) and hole features ( 212 b , 212 c ) on the detensioner base ( 212 ). two springs ( 218 , 220 ) bias the detensioner assembly ( 210 ) into a proximately compressed position , and are anchored at their ends by pins ( 227 , 229 , 230 , 231 ). expansion of the detensioner assembly ( 210 ) is achieved by the interaction of the detensioner arm ( 216 ) and two cam pins ( 234 , 235 ) mounted on bearings ( 232 , 233 , 237 , 236 ) within hole and pocket features ( 214 b , 214 c ) in the detensioner end ( 214 ). two pins ( 226 , 228 ) engage the end ( 202 a ) of the tube ( 202 ). a cutout feature ( 214 a ) at the end of the detensioner end ( 214 ) engages the proximal joint base ( 302 ). the engagement of the cam surfaces ( 216 a , 216 b ) of the detensioner arm ( 216 ) is detailed in fig6 - 66 . when the detensioner arm ( 216 ) is rotated in a proximately counterclockwise direction as viewed from the left , the cam surfaces ( 216 a , 216 b ) drive the detensioner end ( 214 ) to the right via their engagement with the cam pins ( 234 , 235 ). this applies an equal marginal amount of tension to all control cables . during assembly , the detensioner ( 210 ) would likely be in an expanded configuration . after pre - loading was applied to all control cables , and the cables were secured , the detensioner ( 210 ) would be switched to a compressed configuration , relieving the tension on the control cables . this would extend the shelf life of the cables . in the previously described figures , the end effector assembly ( 100 ) articulated in the opposite direction of the handle assembly ( 400 ) and proximal joint ( 300 ). this maintains a constant orientation of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) relative to the handle assembly ( 400 ), providing simple control to the user . the degree of articulation shown in these figures is meant for demonstrative purposes and is not an indication of any limitation of the design . the design of the end effector assembly ( 100 ) in this embodiment is meant to be generalized to any assembly utilizing four cables for actuation which achieves two degrees of articulation about perpendicular coplanar axes and a third degree of motion defined by another element designed to interact with the surgical environment ; possible elements include but are not limited to cauterizing contacts , pliers , and scissor blades . while the materials of the instrument are not intended to be constrained by this description , in application it is likely that the majority of the parts would be made from stainless steel or plastic . the end effector assembly ( 100 ), proximal joint ( 300 ) and tube ( 200 ) would be made from steel . the handle assembly ( 400 ) would be composed of hard plastic and metal components . the control cables would either be stainless steel rope , aramid fiber cables , or aligned polymer fiber cables .
a surgical tool comprises a manipulator adapted to receive at least a portion of a hand of an operator . a proximal universal joint has a first end mounted to the manipulator . a hollow elongated member has a first end mounted to a second end of the proximal universal joint . a distal universal joint has a first end mounted to a second end of the elongated member . an end effector comprises a universal joint element pivotally mounted to a second end of the distal universal joint for rotation about a first axis , and a base member pivotally connected to the joint element for rotation about a second axis perpendicular to the first axis . pivoting of the first end of the proximal universal joint causes the end effector to move in a corresponding motion .