referring to fig1 - 3 , shaft 10 comprises a generally tubular object which is hollow and has a circular cross - section along most , if not all , of its central axis or longitudinal length . for purposes of describing the flex characteristics of the illustrated example of shafts , reference will be made to three sections of shaft 10 : an upper section 12 , a lower section 16 ; and a central section 14 . the geometry of the club has three segments : a butt portion 18 , a tapered portion 24 and a tip portion 26 . in this illustrated example , the butt portion 18 , which is part of the upper section 12 , is parallel , meaning that it does not taper and has a consistent cross - sectional outer diameter . the shaft transitions to the tapered portion 24 at a point indicated by dashed line 20 . the tapering stops at a point indicated by dashed line 22 , where it transitions to the tip portion 26 of the club . tip portion 26 of the lower section 16 is also parallel , meaning it has a consistent cross - sectional diameter and does not taper . the tapered portion 24 has , in the illustrated example , has a uniform taper and comprises part of the lower section 16 . in one example of a shaft for a wood club , the shaft measures 44 inches , plus or minus 2 inches , in total length and weighs between 80 to 115 grams . in an example of a shaft for an iron club , the length is 41 inches , plus or minus 2 inches , and weighs between 80 to 115 grams . the length of the upper section 12 is 20 inches , plus or minus 3 inches . the central section 14 of the shaft is 10 inches , plus or minus 2 inches in total length . the length of the lower section 16 , from bottom of the central section to the lower end of the tip portion 26 is 17 inches , plus or minus 2 inches . the butt portion 18 of the upper section 12 extends from the end of the upper end of the shaft to a point indicated by dashed line 20 . this point is , in the example , 12 inches , plus or minus 2 inches , above a top end of the central section 14 . the total length of the butt portion 18 is approximately 8 inches for woods and 9 inches for irons . the outer diameter 28 of the shaft tip made for a wood is sized to fit into a hosel of a wood head with an inner diameter in the range of 0 . 335 to 0 . 375 of an inch . if made for an iron , the outer diameter 28 for the shaft is sized to fit into a hosel having 0 . 370 inch inner diameter . outer diameter 30 at the butt end is 0 . 600 of an inch . the shaft is , for example , fabricated in a manner that results in a single , unitary structure . in the exemplary embodiment , the shaft is comprised of high modulus graphite fibers . however , other materials may be substituted to provide enhanced stability . during the manufacture , the fibers are cut and layered onto a metal rod , or mandrel , with the layers being positioned so as to provide the desired flexure of the particular shaft . the fibers are impregnated with resin . after the shaft has been constructed on the mandrel , it is heated to form the fibers into a composite mass . the patterning of fibers and the number of layers of fiber at points along the mandrel controls how the shaft flexes . generally , fibers that are laid longitudinal to the axis of the shaft have their greatest resistance to bending , but offer the least resistance to twisting . conversely , a fiber that is laid at a diagonal to the axis provides the shaft with a greater resistance to twisting but offers reduced resistance to bending . generally , the greater the angle of the fibers to the shaft , the greater the resistance to twisting and the lower the resistance to bending there is in the shaft at that point along its axis . in an exemplary club , lower section 16 and upper section 12 are made comparatively very stiff , and central section 14 is made relatively less stiff . the upper and lower sections are each longer than the center section . the shaft can thus be described as having two levers joined by a relatively flexible joint . because of this , the flex pattern of the shaft will be referred to herein as a two lever flail design . both the upper 12 and lower 16 sections are made to resist bending , preferably with as close to zero bending as possible during a normal golf swing . this is achieved in one example by laying 70 %, plus or minus 10 %, of the fibers in a longitudinal direction , and 30 %, plus or minus 10 %, diagonally with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shaft . the lower section , particularly the tip portion , is further stiffened by thickening the wall of the shaft in that section or portion with additional layers of fiber . the greater diameter of the upper section , particularly where the butt portion does not taper , as compared to the average diameter of conventional shafts , helps to stiffen the upper section 12 . the central section 14 is of comparatively much greater flexibility than the upper and lower sections . in the central section 14 of the exemplary shaft , 75 %, plus or minus 15 %, of the fiber content of the shaft at each point along this section is laid diagonally in a crossing pattern , with an equal number of fibers going each direction around the mandrel . the angle of the diagonally laid fibers with respect to the axis of the shaft is preferably between 35 and 55 degrees in one direction , and − 35 to − 55 degrees in the other direction . the crossing pattern allows the shafts to have a proportional amount of flex and twist in all directions . the remaining fibers , which should be 25 %, plus or minus 15 %, of the total fiber content of the shaft , are laid longitudinally , parallel to the axis of the shaft . fibers laid diagonally lower the resistance to bending proportionally and allow a controllable point of bending with increased resistance to twisting . with the crossing pattern , the fibers function both equally and in opposing directions , resulting in stability within the central section 14 . diagonally oriented fibers laid in opposite directions around the shaft also generate a strong spring force when twisted . with this construction , very little twisting exists within the full shaft length during a conventional swing once a golfer &# 39 ; s downswing has commenced and the club head has traveled a short distance . the length of the shaft over which twisting can occur is limited to the central section , and the strong spring forces generated by twisting counteract torque on the shaft and tend to return the shaft to a neutral position . the relatively large diameter of the shaft butt portion and thickened wall of the tip portion provide resistance to twisting and a reduced torque in the shaft . the more that the upper and lower sections are stiffened , the more the flex of the club is centered within the single zone and , therefore , the more controllable that flex becomes . the cross patterning of the fibers in the central section 14 has another benefit . when the shaft bends , the circular wall of the shaft distorts and becomes oval in cross - section . the ability of the shaft wall to return to circular is determined by its inherent structure . the central section will , once bent , return to circular cross - section , and the shaft to its static configuration , very rapidly because of the high proportion of cross patterned fibers in this region . the butt section is proportionally larger and heavier than the central section 14 and lower section 16 of the shaft than as compared to conventional shafts . this places the center of gravity 32 ( fig3 ) of the shaft closer to the butt section than in conventional shafts , which makes a club with the shaft easier to swing . the thicker , butt end 18 of the upper section 12 of the shaft also enables golfers to have a uniform section to place a grip over . this longer parallel butt section — it is preferably long enough to accommodate the length of a standard golf club grip — enhances the shaft &# 39 ; s overall stiffness and can increase a golfer &# 39 ; s performance by enlarging the bottom portion of the player &# 39 ; s grip . the longer parallel segment avoids a need to add additional tape under the bottom hand portion of the grip as a means to alleviate hooking a golf shot . in addition to the fiber content and patterning , the stiffness of the lower section is achieved in the exemplary shaft by limiting the parallel portion 26 of the tip 16 to three inches , plus or minus 1 inch , rather than a longer tip typically found in conventional shafts . this permits the shaft to transition sooner to the tapered portion of the shaft , thus allowing the outer diameter of thee shaft to be made larger nearer the head of the club . the increased diameter enhances stability by increasing lateral and torsional rigidity . further , the wall thickness in the tip portion may also be increased relative to conventional shafts for the purpose of increasing the stiffness of the tip portion . making the parallel tip portion shorter , with greater wall thickness , permits the outer diameter of the tip to be changed during fabrication to fit hosels having different inner diameters , while still offering more resistance to bending and twisting as compared to the tip sections of shafts with conventional flex patterns . the tip section according to this example provides greater stability of the club head immediately prior to and through the impact zone of the golf swing . the forces and inertia of a golfer &# 39 ; s downswing create flexing and twisting in conventional shafts . however , the flexing and twisting is substantially reduced , and could be eliminated , within the first few feet of downswing travel using a shaft constructed according to the example described above . a shaft made in accordance with this design permits the club to arrive at impact with the shaft in a fully recovered , straight - line configuration , with little bending and twisting , and with very little droop . furthermore , the exemplary golf shaft substantially removes the element of “ kick ”, which is typically found in conventional shafts . the exemplary shaft tends to inhibit kick during a normal golf swing , so that the tip section and , therefore , the club head , do not pass the butt section of the club , and thus , the golfer &# 39 ; s hands , during a normal swing of the club . the purported principle of kick is such that applied energy within the shaft flex and recovery in the downswing creates additional acceleration of a golf club head . however , it is very difficult for the golfer to time the release of the club head at precisely the point of impact . further , if a golf shaft could successfully store energy by flexing backwards then any such energy must be applied against a resistance that is both equal and opposite . therefore , if the head end of a golf club is to be accelerated then the butt end must be decelerated , causing a golfer to make an unnatural golf motion in essence , a shaft utilizing a two - lever flail design as described above provides a more effective transmission of energy into the golf ball as compared to a shaft without the design . the greater the transmission of energy at the point of collision with the golf ball , the further the ball will travel in flight . further supporting the reduction or elimination of shaft kick is the stability of the shaft tip , which is attached inside the hosel of the club head . once acceleration of the head mass exceeds that of the shaft body , a shaft that offers kick will commence to drag on the inside extremity of the club head . the face length will act as a radial accelerator , applying a torque to the shaft and resulting in the shaft twisting , causing the toe of the golf club to pass the heel . this rotation of the head relative to the axis of the shaft leads to shots that deviate from the golfer &# 39 ; s intended target . the exemplary shaft described above further provides a more stable support for the club head throughout the impact phase . the layup of the fibers , the wall thickness , length , weight and rigidity of the tip section fully support the head and result in greater resistance to deceleration caused by impact with the golf ball . a typical club head will decelerate at approximately 20 % upon collision with a golf ball . one factor in determining a golf ball &# 39 ; s total distance is the speed of the ball upon separation from the club head , and not the overall speed of the golf club . a shaft made in accordance with the example described above can have a deceleration of as little as 8 %, providing a greater energy transmission into the golf ball . for this reason , a golfer can swing a club fitted with such a shaft easier , at lower club head speeds , and yet impart the same amount , or possibly more , energy to the golf ball during the swing , thus hitting the ball as far as , or possibly further , than a conventional golf club , be it iron or wood , swung with greater effort . the human mechanical system is a highly complex , multi - lever assembly and the golfer is such an assembly to which an additional lever , a golf club , has been added . if the club is balanced to be in compliance to the human system to which it is attached , then golf club will react in harmony to the motions and intentions of the player . it is the center of gravity that the brain of the golfer reacts to and responds to , not the head weight , feel or the overall weight of the golf club . if a golf club is not well balanced and assembled , the golfer will tend to react to the influences of the golf club . a club with a shaft made according to the example given above , is in enhances the unity and harmony of the assembly of a golfer and his golf club . such a club has a positive effect on all players in the instinctive , reactive manner in which they adapt to swing the golf club . during the manufacture , shaft 10 is not trimmed from the tip section 26 for use in wood clubs of different lengths , including drivers , fairway woods or hybrid clubs . rather , the constant diameter butt portion 18 is trimmed to the designed length . this characteristic will enables immediate installation the shaft into a club head 34 , and trimming a portion 36 off the butt end of the shaft to arrive at the overall desired length of the shaft . thus , according to the foregoing example of a golf club shaft , a shaft is comprised of stiff upper and lower sections joined in the middle by a relatively less stiff central section . the shaft is made in a manner that isolates the flex of the shaft to a central section of the club , allowing enhanced control of the amount of flex and reducing twist and droop of a golf club while in motion . a tip section having uniform outer diameter is made , as compared to typical golf shafts , shorter in length in order to stiffen it . a butt section having uniform outer diameter is formed during fabrication of the shaft so that it is long enough to permit trimming of the shaft to a desired length , depending on the type of club , during assembly of the club , and to accommodate a standard grip the foregoing description is of exemplary and preferred embodiments employing at least in part certain teachings of the invention . the invention , as defined by the appended claims , is not limited to the described embodiments . alterations and modifications to the disclosed embodiments may be made without departing from the invention . the meaning of the terms used in this specification are , unless expressly stated otherwise , intended to have ordinary and customary meaning and are not intended to be limited to the details of the illustrated structures or the disclosed embodiments .
a shaft for a golf club is comprised of upper , central and lower sections . flex is isolated to the central section of the club by making the upper and lower sections relatively stiffer than the central section . though more flexible , the central section resists twisting by fabricating the section using a higher percentage of diagonally oriented fibers laid in a crossing pattern . a thickened tip and larger diameter butt end enhance resistance to twisting of the shaft .