the headgear 10 of this invention is shown in fig1 - 3 , and comprises an upper helmet portion 11 defining an integrally formed , outer central reinforcing ridge 12 and a corresponding interior reinforcing grid area 13 . into the grid area 13 are mounted removable or rechargeable lithium ion battery packs 14 and 15 which connect to a circuit board 16 , the circuit itself being shown in fig4 . wire connections from the batteries to the circuit board and to the led arrays are shown in fig5 . a rearwardly installed led array 17 is mounted on the upper helmet portion 11 and are connected to the circuit board and driven by the battery packs . the led array 17 is shielded by a transparent acrylic sheet 18 mounted on the exterior of the upper helmet 11 . the front area of the upper helmet 11 is provided with an enclosure 20 shielded by a curved , transparent acrylic sheet 21 which protects an enclosed , front facing led array 22 . an interfitting helmet portion 25 is configured to interlock with the upper helmet portion 11 , the two helmet portions being secured together vertically by screws 26 . the helmet portion 25 defines a flat portion 27 which registers with grid area 13 and contacts the lower sides of the battery packs 14 , 15 thereby securing the battery packs in place . as indicated , the front area of the helmet 25 defines the enclosure 20 into which the front facing led array 22 is mounted . the led array 22 is driven through the circuit board 16 from the battery packs 14 and 15 as shown in fig4 , similarly to the led array 17 and the circuit of fig4 , which will be described , infra . fig3 - 5 show an on - off switch 28 connected to the circuit board 16 and circuit of this invention . fig3 also shows a charging outlet pin 29 for the battery packs 14 and 15 , the charging pin being adjacent to the on - off switch 28 . the batteries also may be removed for recharging or replacement . an integrally formed , reinforcing wrap - around section 11 a on the helmet portion 11 defines bores 30 coinciding with bores ( not shown ) in the helmet portion 25 through which pass screws 31 which horizontally secure the helmet portions 11 and 25 together . the screws 26 and 31 thereby secure the helmet portions 11 and 25 both vertically and horizontally . if desired , an edge liner 25 a of injection molded polypropylene may be employed to engage the edges between the helmet portions 11 and 25 , and thereby effect additional securement between the two helmets . as shown in fig3 , a protective foam head enclosure 32 such as constructed from polyurethane or polystyrene foam is provided to cushion the wearer &# 39 ; s head from impact against the much harder abs plastic materials of both the helmet portions 11 and 25 . similar bores ( not shown ) in the head enclosure 32 register with the bores 30 and enable the helmet portions 11 and 25 and the head enclosure to be secured together using the screws 31 . the circuit shown in fig4 and 5 enables a relatively long and uniform battery power output before charging is required . the lithium ion batteries jp 1 and jp 3 shown in fig4 and 5 each deliver about 6600 milliamps at 7 . 2 volts and are isolated from each other by a diode d 3 . when the on - off switch 28 ( fig3 ) is turned on at jp 1 , the batteries jp 1 and jp 3 will turn on a comparator such as an op amp comparator jp 2 , e . g . an lm358 . the comparator jp 2 shows a direct coupled amplifier configuration driven from the battery jp 1 through transistors pnp q 1 and npn q 2 , and through the coupling resistance r 7 to the input pin 1 of jp 2 . resistances r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , r 6 / r 4 respectively will protect a zener d 1 , q 1 , r 5 - jp 2 and led arrays d 2 ( 17 , 22 ) from excessive current / voltage . battery power from jp 3 is applied to the voltage divider r 5 and then to pin 2 of jp 2 , while pins 3 , 4 of jp 2 are both at ground . obviously , the op amp comparator jp 2 is driven by both batteries jp 1 and jp 3 . capacitor c 1 and resistance r 8 are both grounded , and provide ripple filtering , and r 8 also shunts voltage from pin 3 of the jp 2 to the zener d 1 . jp 2 ( at pin 8 ) also drives the zener which functions as a shunt to maintain the load voltage constant for changing current / voltage variations due to running down of the batteries . in the reverse conduction condition as shown , the zener d 1 also reduces ripple voltage . when the switch 28 ( fig3 ) is turned on at jp 1 , and voltage from the voltage divider r 5 exceeds the pin 3 reference voltage , the comparator jp 2 ( lm358 ) will turn on , and hence transistors q 1 and q 2 ( driven from jp 1 and jp 3 ) will then turn on the led arrays d 2 ( 17 , 22 ). typically , the lumen output of the present device for about 93 leds is about 4000 mcd @ 20 milliamps for 5 - 5½ hours using 7 . 2 volt batteries . moreover , the device of this invention frees up the wearer &# 39 ; s hands when viewing an operating field , especially in an emergency situation . it will be appreciated that while a zener diode is preferred for use in the circuit described , other semiconductor devices with similar turn - on characteristics may be utilized , and they are described in the “ scr manual , including triacs and other thyristors ” sixth edition , 1979 by general electric , and incorporated herein , by reference . additionally , the circuit of this invention may be employed for illuminating purposes other than in a helmet , such as an led array in a flashlight ; to function as a traffic signal ; as an led turn on device used with an alarm detection system ; and so forth . as distinguished from the mode of operation employing the comparator circuit shown in fig4 , the microprocessor controlled circuit is shown in fig6 a , 6b , and the circuit itself may be a specific circuit board or form part of the circuit board 16 shown in fig4 . the microprocessor may be used to actuate leds for : helmets ( front and / or rear ); traffic signal lights ; flashlights ; vehicles ; marine and aircraft lights ; airport runway lights , etc ., using a combination of blinking and continuous lights , that are shown generally in fig6 b . a battery supply for the circuit shown in fig6 a , 6b may be charged from a power source , including a wall plug , car cigarette lighter , etc ., and the batteries are resistively connected r 30 and a diode d 4 to a turn - on switch sw 1 . the diode d 4 also provides a temperature sink , while c 5 , c 3 reduce oscillations from the batteries . power for the circuit is shown at various circuit locations as + b , + b 1 and + b 2 . battery power at + b drives major components of the circuit , while battery power at + b 1 , + b 2 drives the leds . the front lights ( e . g ., yellow led &# 39 ; s ) and rear lights ( e . g ., red led &# 39 ; s ) are shown respectively as cn 2 and cn 1 on the circuit diagram . since the front and rear lights can be programmed for display as on - off , blinking and continuous modes , various led display combinations or formats are available . the power distribution portion of the circuit comprises two - stage , resistance - coupled , power transistor amplifiers q 8 and q 9 . transistor q 8 is resistance connected to a pass transistor q 7 for supplying power to + b 1 , as shown . transistor q 9 is connected through resistances r 27 and r 28 to a pass transistor q 10 for the + b 2 power source which drives one set of leds ( yellow ) at cn 2 . transistor q 9 distributes power to + b 1 and to another set of leds ( red ) at cn 1 , and q 9 also supplies power to + b through resistances r 27 , r 28 and r 29 . battery + b also supplies power to pass transistor q 7 and + b 1 . use of the two pass transistors q 7 and q 10 improves power dissipation and output power regulation , particularly for a varying load , such as a blinking mode . q 8 and q 9 are grounded through respective resistances to stabilize transistor operation and to prevent thermal run - away ; they may be matched and encapsulated in a single package . diodes d 11 , d 12 are used as heat sinks to provide additional temperature stability and to prevent drift . a microprocessor ic 2 ( motorola mc14320 ) is used for programming the circuit system , and is driven from the power supply + b / r 15 / pin 2 , + b / pin 16 , + b / r 14 / pin 10 , + b / r 23 / pins 3 , 12 and , + b / r 18 / pin 12 . diodes d 5 , d 9 provide rectified power to ic 2 at pin 12 , and d 10 provides positive voltage from + b / r 23 to ic 2 pin 3 . pins 8 , 9 and 15 are grounded , the latter being grounded through an rc filter r 6 , c 2 . resistance r 4 provides the necessary operating level for the ic 2 microprocessor output . the microprocessor ic 2 is fed a signal from a tactile switch sw 2 through pins 9 and 10 , the tactile switch sw 2 being driven from the power supply + b through an rc filter r 14 and c 4 . sequence touching of the tactile switch sw 2 will activate corresponding programs of ic 2 , and hence can activate various led display modes . these display modes can be led display combinations such as on - off , blinking and continuous . as noted , battery power for cn 2 is from + b 2 which also provides power for led 2 a ( yellow blinking ) through an led interface q 2 which may be a pnp germanium transistor . + b 2 battery power is also provided for led 2 b ( yellow continuous ) through a differential amplifier transistor npn pair q 1 , q 3 which are resistance - coupled to led 2 b by r 12 . q 1 , q 3 also reduce or minimize drift , and for low circuit drift requirements , q 1 and q 3 may be matched and encapsulated in a single package . ic 1 a , ic 1 b are inverters from say a 4049 inverter package to control the pulse lighting frequency of led 2 a and led 1 a . these two inverters send a clock signal to ic 2 pin 1 through r 16 , and the frequency and duration of the clock signal can be varied by adjusting r 2 , c 1 which in turn determine the blinking frequency of the led &# 39 ; s . see for example u . s . pat . no . 5 , 544 , 027 . the actuation signals to cn 1 are from the microprocessor ic 2 at pins 3 and 12 . blinking ( red ) led 1 a is powered from + b / r 23 and an inverter ic 1 e ( which avoids the positive pulses from d 10 ). ic 1 e is coupled to an led interface npn transistor q 6 that is resistance coupled r 22 to led 1 a of cn 1 . the actuation signal to ic 1 e is from the microprocessor ic 2 at pin 3 . power for led 1 b continuous ( red ) is from + b through q 4 which drives an interface transistor q 5 that is resistance coupled r 20 to continuous led 1 b ( red ). q 4 , q 5 and q 6 are grounded and function similarly to q 8 , q 9 and q 1 , q 3 to prevent a run away temperature excursion and to impart drift stability . in one mode of operating the leds , when the sw 1 switch is first turned on , the output of ic 1 a , ic 1 b and ic 2 are fed to an or gate ic 1 c . with ic 1 a and ic 1 b in the “ on ” state , the or gate ic 1 c will pass the pulse signals to the led interface q 2 which is resistance - coupled ( r 11 ) to led 2 a ( yellow blinking ) of cn 2 . the output from pin 11 of ic 2 will be fed through resistance r 4 to the or gate ic 1 c . hence , when the switch sw 1 is initially turned on , the program of ic 2 will light led 2 a as a yellow blinking mode ; cn 2 of course will be in an on mode . thus for the above mode , during led operations when the switch sw 1 is initially closed , the ic 2 microprocessor program will be actuated causing led 2 a to blink , the blinking frequency signal depending on the r 2 , c 1 setting of the 4049 inverter ic 1 b and ic 1 a . this frequency signal is sent to the inverter gate ic 1 c along with the microprocessor output from ic 2 . the inverter gate ic 1 c will pass both output signals to activate cn 2 and led 2 a , causing led 2 a to blink on yellow , and cn 1 to be on red . a first touching of the tactile switch sw 2 will turn off led 2 a , and the output signal from ic 1 c will then be resistance coupled ( r 9 ) from + b 2 to the differential amplifiers q 1 and q 3 . this will cause led 2 b to turn on continuously ( yellow ) and cn 1 ( red ) to remain on . to turn off led 2 a and turn on led 2 b , the microprocessor ic 2 will send appropriate signals to ic 1 c from pin 11 and r 4 , and also through the coupling resistance r 13 to the differential amplifier q 1 , q 3 to control led 2 b ( yellow on ) at cn 2 and to control led 1 b ( continuous red on ). during the time cn 2 is activated , cn 1 may be disabled by signals from ic 1 c and pins 11 , 12 of ic 2 . these two ic 2 signals are applied to diodes d 1 , d 2 which drive an inverter icld . a signal from ic 2 ( pin 12 ), is also applied to a gate ic 1 f and diode d 3 ( or a zener ). the diode d 3 ( or zener ) functions to maintain the load voltage constant for changing current / voltage variations due to running down of the batteries . in the reverse conduction condition as shown , d 3 or the zener will also smooth and reduce ripple voltage from d 1 , d 2 to the inverter ic 1 d , which will thereby invert the entire reduced positive ripple voltage from d 1 and d 2 . when applied to the opposite positive power supply from + b 1 , the smoothed and reduced inverted signal from ic 1 d is sufficient to disable the + b 1 power source , without affecting the positive + b power supply . as indicated , supra , various modes of led functions are possible , for example when the sw 1 switch of the unit is first turned on , initially the front lights of led 2 a may be turn on in a blinking mode yellow and led 1 b can turn on continuously red . a first touching of the tactile switch sw 2 will cause the ic 2 program to turn off the blinking yellow at led 2 a , turn on a continuous yellow at led 2 b ; led 1 b remains continuously on red . a second tactile touching of sw 2 will turn off the continuous yellow mode and red modes and also turn on both cn 1 and cn 2 to blinking . thus , both cn 1 and cn 2 will be changed from continuous to blinking modes . this is accomplished by sending turn off signals to gate ic 1 c and hence q 1 , q 3 ; this will disable + b 2 . with diodes d 1 , d 2 and gate ic 1 f being turned off , the + b 1 power supply will be restored . a third touching of sw 2 will turn sn 2 blinking yellow off to continuous yellow on , while sn 1 will turn red continuous on , and , the cycle may then be repeated . operationally , the third touching of the tactile switch sw 2 ( supra ) will send a turn off signal to led 1 a from the microprocessor ic 2 , pin 3 and the program will actuate q 4 from pin 12 . this will turn led 1 b on continuously red , while led 2 b of cn 2 will be turned on continuously yellow . in a second example of an led display mode or format , when the unit is first turned on at sw 1 , the ic 2 program will cause led 2 a to be a blinking yellow on , and sn 1 red will be off . a first touching of the sw 2 tactile switch will cause the ic 2 program to turn yellow sn 2 off , and turn led 1 b on continuously red . a second touching of sw 2 will turn sn 2 yellow off and turn on cn 1 and led 1 a to a blinking mode ( red ). a third touching of sw 2 will turn led 2 a on blinking yellow and turn on led 1 a as a blinking red , and the program cycle can be repeated . thus , the circuit of this invention has the advantage of enabling use of a device in various on - off , blinking and continuous modes . for example , suitable modes could be used to control traffic lights at signal orientations of say 90 ° and / or 180 °. another mode could include displaying left and right hand turn blinking or continuous yellow and / or red signals , rather than displaying a continuous red turn signal . minimizing a continuous red signal could reduce waiting turn times for non - existing oncoming or cross traffic , as can frequently be the case . moreover , the circuit of this invention can also reduce battery power requirements when used for example in helmets and flashlights by using the device in a blinking mode rather than in a continuous mode , the latter which consumes greater energy . also , battery power consumption can be reduced by changing the blink frequency setting of r 2 , c 1 in the 4049 package .
a three - component , protective headgear or helmet , and circuits therefor is provided with a battery - powered led head lamp , which may be used by construction workers , search and rescue persons , cyclists , police , fireman , and the like . the battery may be replaceable or rechargeable and has long - term , uniform output characteristics driven by unique circuitry .