in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments , reference is made to the accompanying drawings , which form a part thereof , and within which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments by which the invention may be practiced . it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention . the present disclosure makes reference mainly to persons with cognitive impairment . however , application of certain embodiments of the present invention to persons of any emotional state , physical state , and cognitive ability is contemplated . generally , as depicted in fig2 , the idea is for a system to use time ( e . g ., time of day , time of week , time of year , etc .) to provide individualized media to any person , the media including both content and format . understimulation is a problem for many older adults in the midst of cognitive decline . it can show up in a variety of forms , including crying , yelling , repeating questions , restlessness , wandering and / or confusion . as minds and bodies of individuals age , it generally becomes harder and harder to enjoy the activities once enjoyed . often , memories from earlier in life continue to provide a positive response . difficulty with short - term memory may lead to boredom and frustration , or understimulation . one of the main effects of aging is that details of short - term memories become difficult to retrieve , while specific life details or time periods from earlier in life remain accessible . certain embodiments of the current invention provide a personalized mix of music and images , specific to each resident &# 39 ; s level of cognitive functioning . these embodiments can determine which long - term memories provide positive stimulation for residents , so as to offset understimulation during a particular time of day . using these memories , a personal care show can be created and repeatedly presented to the resident to show the resident pleasant memories of family and friends , places and times . personal care shows may comprise images , music , trusted voice , or other pieces of similar content with the appropriate format . when a resident is understimulated , the resident needs more active , upbeat content ( e . g ., images and music ) to overcome the understimulation . these personal care shows may also result in improved cognitive performance , as residents may be informed of upcoming events , reminded of daily tasks and oriented to their surroundings . thus , the resident can live more independently . levels of cognitive impairment may vary across residents and severities . overstimulation is also a problem for many older adults in the midst of cognitive decline . overstimulation occurs when chaotic situations overwhelm a resident &# 39 ; s senses and lowers the resident &# 39 ; s ability to concentrate . as cognitive capacity decreases , the stress threshold is also lowered . this poses problems for residents facing memory challenges . overstimulation can be manifested in a variety of forms , including anxiety , stress and confusion . the amount of stimulation that residents can comfortably handle varies from resident to resident . certain embodiments of the current invention provide a therapy to soothe and relax anxiety caused by overstimulation . by playing personalized images and music at an appropriate volume and tempo at the time of day when the resident is overstimulated , residents are able to control their level of stimulation . once a resident has fine - tuned their most comfortable level of stimulation , they are free to relax and re - engage at their own pace . when a resident is overstimulated , the resident needs calmer images and music to eliminate the overstimulation . the same individual can be both understimulated and overstimulated at different points during the day . late - day confusion , also known as sundowning or sundowning syndrome , is a problem for many older adults during rapid decline of brain function . sundowning can manifest itself in various forms , including confusion , agitation , disorientation , roaming , paranoia and hallucinations . sundowning generally is a temporary condition usually appearing around 4 : 00 pm to 7 : 00 pm each afternoon / evening , wherein a resident who is sundowning may exhibit mood swings , become abnormally demanding , suspicious , upset or disoriented , and / or hallucinate . a resident may feel clear and relaxed in the morning but exhibit fear and confusion as the afternoon progresses . certain embodiments of the current invention combine images and music that a resident personally finds most comforting and can re - focus the resident to being consciously aware of his / her present environment . media is presented in a manner and format with an aim to relax and engage the resident . by accessing pleasant therapies and applying them to a distressed resident , stress is reduced and comfort levels heightened . these embodiments also direct the appropriate content and format at the appropriate time personalized to each resident to reduce stress and confusion . for example , a sundowning resident , who worked as a farmer thirty years earlier , may become confused in the afternoon / evening and believe he must tend to his evening farm chores when in actuality , he lives in an assisted living facility and no longer farms . in this case , an embodiment of the current invention would play images in particular intervals to turn the resident &# 39 ; s attention off of farming and onto other hobbies that the resident enjoys more than farming . the embodiment may also play calming music at a particular tempo to reduce the resident &# 39 ; s stress level . in another example , a sundowning resident who believes she should be at her childhood home , rather than the assisted living facility , may be shown a personalized show of her siblings as adults . once the resident accepts that her siblings are adults , then the resident realizes that she can no longer be living at her childhood home . again , calming music may be played as well . the format of the images and / or music would be customized to ensure the show &# 39 ; s effectiveness in bringing the resident out of her sundowning state . validation therapy involves entering a resident &# 39 ; s personal reality and meeting them where they are to orient the resident back to the proper time and / or place . validation therapy may be needed to orient a resident to a place when the resident believes he / she is at a location separate from his / her current location . familiar settings / locations allow residents to feel comfortable and relaxed . individuals with mild cognitive impairment may become disoriented when faced with an unfamiliar environment , and individuals with dementia may not feel comfortable even in familiar settings . certain embodiments of the current invention alleviate this disorientation to space by having a resident undergo a therapy that is spatially and temporally relevant . for example , a resident may be presented with a trusted voice that describes the setting in her room and that assures her that she is safe . this resident may be presented with similarly relevant music as well to calm her . the appropriate images , music , voice recordings , etc . are determined by this embodiment of the current invention by using the proper content and format to achieve the desire result at the right time of day . advancing age may cause one &# 39 ; s focus to narrow , permitting one to concentrate only on a single subject at any given moment and limiting one &# 39 ; s ability to comprehend the time from one &# 39 ; s surroundings . with advancing age , time orientation reminders that once occurred naturally may begin to lose their significance . for example , when one is beginning to struggle with memory difficulties , one may lose the association of the sun setting with the approach of going to bed , or the clue to time is not being processed and / or the clue to time is processed but forgotten within short - term memory . often , cognitively - impaired residents feel suspicion that they should be doing something else at a given time . the resident may feel as though something is left undone but cannot recall what it is . disorientation to time may manifest itself as anxiety or distress . certain embodiments of the current invention establish time - driven cues to orient residents to the time of day , week , and / or year . for example , a resident who no longer understands when dinner is served may be shown images of dinner items and soft music to orient him to time and upcoming events . the images shown and music played would be based on this embodiment &# 39 ; s ability to transform the resident &# 39 ; s ratings of the variables ( i . e ., content + format ) to produce an effective personal care show therapy . an example of a cue orienting a resident to time of the week can include cuing for religious services on sunday , football on monday , and / or any event that may occur regularly or irregularly in the resident &# 39 ; s weekly schedule . an example of a cue orienting a resident to time of the year can include cuing for the holidays in december , birthdays , summer season , and / or any event that may occur regularly or irregularly in the resident &# 39 ; s yearly schedule . certain embodiments also provide for a macro - rating system and / or a micro - rating system , as depicted in fig2 . a macro - rating system is directed to the format of media output , the format including , but not limited to , tempo of music , volume of music , number of times a trusted voice ( i . e ., familiar voice that calms the resident ) is played , time interval length for images , among any other attributes of format of media . a micro - rating system is directed to the content of the media output , the content including , but not limited to , the images shown , brightness of images , contrast of images , music played , and familiar voices heard , among any other attributes of content of media . when determining therapy for altered cognitive states , such as understimulation , overstimulation and sundowning , the time of day is considered . with understimulated residents , shows are generally time - sensitive for format . with overstimulated residents , shows are generally time - sensitive for format . with sundowning , shows are generally time - sensitive for content . time - sensitivity for content may include time of day , time of week and / or time of year . a resident , caregiver or system itself might use the macro - rating system to change or adapt the format of the shows to the personal needs of the resident . a resident , caregiver or system itself might use the micro - rating system to change or adapt the content of the shows to the personal needs of the resident . each therapy can be optimized for time - sensitivity of format and content , such that a resident has therapies when experiencing an altered cognitive state , such as overstimulation , understimulation and / or sundowning . whether a resident needs more stimulation , less stimulation or sundowning direction in relation to time can determine the construction of each show . the therapies are driven by results and time - sensitivity , so if a particular therapy is not working at a particular time of day , the micro - rating system and macro - rating system can change or adapt the format and content of the therapy to be more effective for the resident . in one embodiment , as depicted in fig3 , three variables are presented — media , format and time of day . media comprises individual pieces of media , including , for example as here , image and genre of music ( depicted in table 1 as a , b , c , d , e , g ). format comprises three options — fast , medium or slow ( depicted in table 2 as f , m , s , respectively ). format includes length of time image is on the screen and tempo of music in this embodiment but can include other considerations , such as number of trusted voice recordings played or color contrast of image . time of day may include any categories of time but in this embodiment comprises 8 : 00 pm to 6 : 00 am as “ night ,” 6 : 00 am to noon as “ morning ,” noon to 4 : 00 pm as “ afternoon ,” and 4 : 00 pm to 8 : 00 pm as “ evening .” table 1 depicts an example of a resident &# 39 ; s positive engagement for various media or content . the symbol “ y ” indicates a positive engagement with the content . the symbol “ n ” indicates a non - positive engagement with the content . table 1 depicts an example of a resident &# 39 ; s positive engagement for various media or content , in this case dogs , former occupation as a police officer , the city of atlanta , jazz music , blues music and folk music . the term “ positive engagement ” is used herein to refer to a resident &# 39 ; s enjoyment of particular content and / or format , which tends to have a positive effect on the resident &# 39 ; s mood , for example reducing confusion , reducing stress levels , increasing communication , increasing calmness , etc . positive engagement can be measured by a resident &# 39 ; s level of engagement ( i . e ., the micro - rating system ) to each element of media at each time of day . the resident is seen to have a positive engagement for dogs at all times . the resident is seen to have an positive engagement for his former occupation as a police officer in the early morning time period . the resident is seen to have no positive engagement for the city of atlanta at any time . the resident is seen to have a positive engagement for jazz music at all times . the resident is seen to have no positive engagement for blues music at any time . the resident is seen to have an positive engagement for folk music during mid - day , afternoon and evening time periods . these results are due to the effects of this resident undergoing different cognitive states , for example sundowning at different times of the day and night , and thus needing particular content at those times . the macro - rating system determines the overall effect of a show , for example images with dogs combined with jazz music from table 1 , with each format . in table 2 , “ fast ” is defined as five ( 5 ) seconds per image of dog and greater than 160 beats per second of jazz music ; “ medium ” is defined as six ( 6 ) to 119 seconds per image of dog and 159 to 41 bears per second of jazz music ; “ slow ” is defined as 120 seconds per image of dog and less than sixty ( 40 ) beats per second of jazz music . table 2 depicts an example of a resident &# 39 ; s positive engagement for format of media . the symbol “ y ” indicates a positive engagement for the format . the symbol “ n ” indicates a non - positive engagement with the format . table 2 depicts how formats can be changed and personalized to each resident . in this embodiment , the resident has an positive engagement for a fast format in the early morning and afternoon ; for a medium format in the early morning , mid - day and afternoon ; and a slow format for night , mid - day and night . these results are due to the effects of this resident undergoing an altered cognitive state , such as understimulation , overstimulation or sundowning , at different times of the day and night and thus needing particular format at those times . the resident may or may not know what the various formats utilized are . for example , this procedure may use metatags to recognize that the resident needs a slower tempo at a particular time of day based on the micro - rating system , and automatically slow the tempo of the music . the resident himself / herself or a resident proxy may alter the format as well . when table 1 and table 2 are combined resulting in table 3 , the resident receives therapies that are personalized to that resident at particular times of the day and night . according to tables 1 and 2 , the resident will experience positive effects with the following combinations during the listed time categories : table 3 depicts an example of a resident &# 39 ; s positive engagement for content and format , resulting from the findings of tables 1 and 2 . combining content and format in this manner creates a rule set that is used to help residents cope with their altered cognitive states on a daily basis during particular time periods . other types of content include , but are not limited to , familiar voice recordings , and other types of format , such as the time format ( e . g ., different categories , time of the week or year , etc .) or color contrast of images . this content can be utilized using a substantially similar procedure as described to create the personalized therapies . an embodiment of the current invention provides an “ on demand ” service , wherein a user , caregiver , etc . chooses an option that media is needed . the media is then outputted by this embodiment in the appropriate content and format based on time , whether it is time of the day , time of the month , time of the year , etc . because the device outputs a proper content and format of media , the caregiver , for example , who determines that some form of media is needed , is not required to know which altered cognitive state the resident is experiencing , whether it is understimulation , overstimulation , sundowning , or none . the caregiver need only know that the media is needed . for example , using table 3 from example 1 , if a resident becomes visibly upset in the morning time , the caregiver may simply choose an option that media is needed . this particular device may then know to output media with a content of “ police officer ” and “ jazz ,” and a format of “ fast .” the caregiver need only determine that media is needed . an embodiment of the current invention provides a “ scheduler ” service , wherein media is preset for particular times of the day / month / year . this embodiment requires the caregiver only to determine that media is needed at a particular predetermined time , and the device implements the proper content and format of the media . for example , if a resident typically sundowns at 7 : 30 pm , his particular device may be preset to show media at 7 : 30 pm . the device may then determine the proper format and content of media to bring the resident out of his sundowning state . the idea generally is that this embodiment does not provide just a pure cue for a particular event , but it connects the media with the event or activity . thus , it is personalized for each user . fig1 a , 1b , and 1c depict example systems for use in implementing a time - driven analyzer of media preference . for example , fig1 a depicts an exemplary system 500 that includes a standalone computer architecture where a processing system 502 ( e . g ., one or more computer processors ) includes a time - driven analyzer of media preference 504 being executed on it . the processing system 502 has access to a computer - readable memory 506 in addition to one or more data stores 508 . the one or more data stores 508 may include a variety of data 510 , 512 . fig1 b depicts a system 520 that includes a client server architecture . one or more user pcs or tablets 522 accesses one or more servers 524 running a time - driven analyzer of media preference 526 on a processing system 527 via one or more networks 528 . the one or more servers 524 may access a computer readable memory 530 as well as one or more data stores 532 . the one or more data stores 532 a variety of data 534 , 536 . fig1 c shows a block diagram of exemplary hardware for a standalone computer architecture 550 , such as the architecture depicted in fig1 a that may be used to contain and / or implement the program instructions of system embodiments of the present invention . a bus 552 may serve as the information highway interconnecting the other illustrated components of the hardware . a processing system 554 labeled cpu ( central processing unit ) ( e . g ., one or more computer processors ), may perform calculations and logic operations required to execute a program . a processor - readable storage medium , such as read only memory ( rom ) 556 and random access memory ( ram ) 558 , may be in communication with the processing system 554 and may contain one or more programming instructions implementing a time - driven analyzer of media preference . optionally , program instructions may be stored on a computer readable storage medium such as a magnetic disk , optical disk , recordable memory device , flash memory , or other physical storage medium . computer instructions may also be communicated via a communications signal , or a modulated carrier wave . a disk controller 560 interfaces one or more optional disk drives to the system bus 552 . these disk drives may be external or internal floppy disk drives such as 562 , external or internal cd - rom , cd - r , cd - rw or dvd drives such as 564 , or external or internal hard drives 566 . as indicated previously , these various disk drives and disk controllers are optional devices . each of the element managers , real - time data buffer , conveyors , file input processor , database index shared access memory loader , reference data buffer and data managers may include a software application stored in one or more of the disk drives connected to the disk controller 560 , the rom 556 and / or the ram 558 . preferably , the processor 554 may access each component as required . a display interface 568 may permit information from the bus 556 to be displayed on a display 570 in audio , graphic , or alphanumeric format . communication with external devices may optionally occur using various communication ports 572 . in addition to the standard computer - type components , the hardware may also include data input devices , such as a keyboard 572 , or other input device 574 , such as a microphone , remote control , pointer , mouse and / or joystick . as additional examples , for example , the systems and methods may include data signals conveyed via networks ( e . g ., local area network , wide area network , internet , combinations thereof , etc . ), fiber optic medium , carrier waves , wireless networks , etc . for communication with one or more data processing devices . the data signals can carry any or all of the data disclosed herein that is provided to or from a device . additionally , the methods and systems described herein may be implemented on many different types of processing devices by program code comprising program instructions that are executable by the device processing subsystem . the software program instructions may include source code , object code , machine code , or any other stored data that is operable to cause a processing system to perform the methods and operations described herein . other implementations may also be used , however , such as firmware or even appropriately designed hardware configured to carry out the methods and systems described herein . the systems &# 39 ; and methods &# 39 ; data ( e . g ., associations , mappings , data input , data output , intermediate data results , final data results , etc .) may be stored and implemented in one or more different types of computer - implemented data stores , such as different types of storage devices and programming constructs ( e . g ., ram , rom , flash memory , flat files , databases , programming data structures , programming variables , if - then ( or similar type ) statement constructs , etc .). it is noted that data structures describe formats for use in organizing and storing data in databases , programs , memory , or other computer - readable media for use by a computer program . the computer components , software modules , functions , data stores and data structures described herein may be connected directly or indirectly to each other in order to allow the flow of data needed for their operations . it is also noted that a module or processor includes but is not limited to a unit of code that performs a software operation , and can be implemented for example as a subroutine unit of code , or as a software function unit of code , or as an object ( as in an object - oriented paradigm ), or as an applet , or in a computer script language , or as another type of computer code . the software components and / or functionality may be located on a single computer or distributed across multiple computers depending upon the situation at hand . it will thus be seen that the objects set forth above , and those made apparent from the foregoing disclosure , are efficiently attained . since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention , it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing disclosure or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense . it should be understood that as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow , the meaning of “ a ,” “ an ,” and “ the ” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise . also , as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow , the meaning of “ in ” includes “ in ” and “ on ” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise . finally , as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow , the meanings of “ and ” and “ or ” include both the conjunctive and disjunctive and may be used interchangeably unless the context expressly dictates otherwise ; the phrase “ exclusive or ” may be used to indicate situation where only the disjunctive meaning may apply . it is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described , and all statements of the scope of the invention that , as a matter of language , might be said to fall therebetween .
the present invention relates to time - driven personalization of media preference . in an embodiment , the present invention includes a therapy for treating altered cognitive states , such as understimulation , overstimulation and sundowning , in individuals suffering from cognitive impairment , including dementia . the present invention uses time to focus its therapies through personal care shows . the time - based personal care shows include personalized content and format to ensure effectiveness of the personal care shows in reaching the desired results .