( how to separate signal component from noise component by utilization of known light absorbance ratio ) first , the light received by the light receiver 3 provided in the probe 1 having such a configuration as that shown in fig1 is converted into a voltage by the input section 5 . a component reflecting an optical characteristic of pulsation arising in an area subjected to the measurement appears in the received light signal as an ac component . the signal output from the light receiver 3 is separated and demodulated into a waveform of infrared light ( ir ) and a waveform of red light ( r ) by the demodulator 6 , and the waveforms are digitized by the a / d converter 7 . a data sequence of the infrared light observation signal ir , a data sequence of the red light observation signal r , pulse wave components of the observation signal s , and noise components of the observation signal n are respectively taken as : as shown in fig4 provided that the gradient of the pulse wave component is taken as φ and the gradient of the noise component is taken as φ , the resultant observation signals ( iri , ri ) are expressed as the sum of vectors , i . e ., a signal component si and a noise component ni , as follows : ( ir i r i ) = ( cos   φ cos   ϕ sin   φ sin   ϕ )  ( s i n i ) ( 15 ) w = ( cos   φ cos   ϕ sin   φ sin   ϕ ) ( 16 ) if a transformation matrix a which is an inverse matrix of w can be caused to act on observation data , the signal component s can be separated from the noise component n as represented below . ( s i n i ) = a  ( ir i r i ) ( 17 ) this means that the signal component s is converted into a horizontal axis and the noise component n is converted into a vertical axis . the transformation matrix a to be used for implementing whitening is determined as : a =  ( cos   φ cos   ϕ sin   φ sin   ϕ ) - 1 =  1 sin  ( ϕ - φ )  ( sin   ϕ - cos   ϕ - sin   φ cos   φ ) =  ( 1 - 1 tan   θ 0 1 sin   θ )  ( cos   φ sin   φ - sin   φ cos   φ ) ( 18 ) ( s n ) = ( 1 - 1 tan   θ 0 1 sin   θ )  ( cos   φ sin   φ - sin   φ cos   φ )  ( ir r ) ( 19 ) the light absorbance ratio φ designates the gradient of a signal component . the relationship existing between the gradient φ and the light absorbance ratio φ is expressed as φ = tan φ . if a period of time is sufficiently shorter than the duration of a pulse rate , an immediately preceding value ( e . g ., a value obtained 10 msec previously ) can be taken as a known value of φ . alternatively , the light absorbance ratio which has been determined that the noise is not mixed therein is used as the known value of φ . still alternatively , a candidate for φ obtained by the technique described later can also be employed . since ( φ is unknown , θis determined as an angle at which a norm in the direction of the horizontal axis becomes minimum between − φ to ( π / 2 − φ ). when the observation signal is processed through use of the transformation matrix a using the thus - obtained φ , θ , a signal component appears along the horizontal axis , and the noise component appears along the vertical axis . more specifically , the determinant expressed as equation 19 means a coordinate transformation from a first coordinate system in which the observed signals ir and r are selected as the coordinate axes shown in fig3 b , to a second coordinate system in which the signal component and the noise component are selected as the coordinate axes shown in fig3 c . [ 0104 ] fig4 shows observed values ( iri , ri ) at a certain time point t = ti . the vector xi representing the observed values is a synthesis vector of a signal component vector si and a noise component vector ni . upon performing the above coordinate transformation , the signal component vector si is first operated to be made coincident with the horizontal axis of the second coordinate system , namely , the vector si shown in fig4 is rotated clockwise by an angle of φ . the value of φ is obtained through the above relationship using the known value of φ . the coefficient θ in equation 19 corresponds to an operation to make the noise component vector ni coincident with the vertical axis of the second coordinate system . since the waveform shown in fig3 b is a set of the observed values , if the values of φ are made constant for the observed values at any of the time points , the values of θ accordingly vary corresponding to the respective time points . in order to uniquely determine the value of θ as the coefficient , dispersion of values ( norm ) in the horizontal axis ( signal component ) direction is checked while varying the value of θ within a range from − φ to ( π / 2 − φ ). the value of θ is finally determined as a value making the norm minimum . [ 0106 ] fig3 c shows a graph obtained by subjecting the graph shown in fig3 b to processing performed by the transformation matrix a . further , fig3 d shows a waveform from which noise has been separated through the processing . [ 0107 ] fig5 shows an infrared - ray spectrum ( ir ) and a red light spectrum ( r ), both being obtained through frequency analysis performed before processing , and fig6 shows a spectrum obtained through frequency analysis of a signal component and a noise component performed after corresponding processing . a peak - to - peak interval ts ( fig3 d ) is obtained from the signal waveform extracted through the foregoing conversion processing , whereby a pulse rate = 1 / ts × 60 [ beats / min .] can be readily determined . alternatively , the fundamental frequency fs of a pulse wave in relation to the spectrum ( fig6 ) obtained from the processed signal through frequency analysis becomes clearer than the spectrum ( fig5 ) obtained through frequency analysis performed before processing . hence , a pulse rate can be computed by a pulse rate = fs × 60 [ beats / min .]. an observation signal is separated into signals each associated with one of predetermined frequency ranges which are divided . the division of the observed frequency band may be performed for consecutive frequency ranges or discrete ranges . in each frequency range , an infrared light component is taken as a horizontal axis ( or a vertical axis ), and a red light component is taken as the axis orthogonal to the horizontal axis ( or the vertical axis ). [ 0114 ] fig7 shows graphs plotted with the infrared light component being taken as the horizontal axis and the red light component being taken as the vertical axis . a gradient corresponding to the principal component of the graph is determined over the entire pulse wave frequency range (“ all bands ” shown in fig7 and 8 ) and for each frequency range obtained after separation . the observation signal is determined to be a single signal or the sum of a plurality of signals , on the basis of whether a match exists between the gradients . specifically , a method for determining whether an observation signal is a single signal is to determine whether the gradient of the entire pulse wave frequency band and the gradients of all the separated frequency range fall within a predetermined range , or whether the gradient of a frequency range having a relatively large power and the gradient of the entire pulse wave frequency band fall within the predetermined range . specifically , fig7 and 8 show that the entire pulse wave frequency band and the range from 0 . 5 hz to 6 hz are divided in increments of 0 . 5 hz . the gradient of the principal component is described at the top of each graph . [ 0118 ] fig7 shows different values in ranges having a relatively large power , such as 0 . 5 to 1 hz : 0 . 54 , 3 . 5 to 4 . 0 hz : 0 . 84 , and 4 . 0 to 4 . 5 hz : 0 . 84 . summation of a plurality of signals can be determined to be observed . [ 0119 ] fig8 shows a value of 0 . 50 is exhibited in a range of 1 to 1 . 5 hz , a range of 2 to 2 . 5 hz , and a range of 2 . 5 to 3 hz , each having a relatively large power . hence , the observation signal is determined to be a single signal . the pulse wave signal frequency band is divided into a plurality of ranges , as in the case of determination of mixing of noise . independent component analysis is performed for each of the thus - separated frequency ranges . under the assumption that a longitudinal vector of the observation signal is taken as x and a transposed matrix is taken as t , the following equation is derived from equations 11 and 12 . x = ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , … ) t ( 21 ) ( x i ) = ( ir i r i )  ( i = 0 , 1 , 2 , … ) ( 22 ) a variance - covariance matrix h of the longitudinal vector x of the observation signal is expressed as : a diagonal matrix having eigenvalues as diagonal elements is taken as λ , and a matrix formed from eigenvectors is taken as γ . provided that the transformation matrix is taken as u , the independent component y is obtained as : y = u · x = γ · λ - 1 2 · γ t · x ( 24 ) if signal components are present in the thus - separated frequency ranges , the signal components can be converted into a signal component - noise component plane such as that shown in fig3 c . if the matrix formed from eigenvectors is converted through use of an inverse matrix u − 1 of the transformation matrix u , a vector is projected onto the ir - r plane . the gradient of the vector expressing the signal component is obtained as φs , and the gradient of the vector representing the noise component is obtained as φn . [ 0128 ] fig1 shows results of determination of the gradient of the observation signal shown in fig2 on each of the frequency ranges shown in fig8 . the light absorbance ratios 1 are understood to be close to each other over the respective frequencies ( i . e ., 0 . 5 ± 0 . 02 ). fig9 shows results obtained by processing the graphs shown in fig7 and a result showing φs is obtained within a range including fs shown in fig6 . the oxygen saturation spo 2 is obtained as a function of φs ; that is , spo 2 = f ( φs ). operation of the processor of the device block shown in fig1 will now be described in detail with reference to fig1 . when measurement is commenced , digital signals obtained as a result of observation of infrared light and red light are subjected to preliminary processing ( step s 1 ). here , the preliminary processing refers to logarithmic computation or pulse wave band filtering on the basis of the lambert - beer law . the signals are divided into predetermined frequency ranges ( e . g ., in increments of 0 . 5 hz ) through use of band - pass filters , thereby determining a principal component of light absorbance ratio ( i . e ., the gradient of the principal component on an ir - r plane ) for each frequency range ( step s 2 ). whether a match exists between the gradients determined for the respective frequency ranges is determined , thereby determining a candidate for a light absorbance ratio of a pulse wave ( step s 3 ). a plurality of candidates may be acceptable . a determination is made as to whether the candidate ( signal source ) is single or plural ( step s 4 ), on the basis of the results obtained in the step s 2 . in a case where the determination is single , oxygen saturation is determined from the principal component light absorbance ratio , and the fundamental cycle is determined from the result obtained in the step s 1 . thus , a pulse rate is computed ( step s 5 ). in a case where the determination is plural , at the step s 6 , affine transformation is performed through use of the candidates for the light absorbance ratio obtained in the step s 3 or the result of the light absorbance ratios corresponding to an immediately - preceding spo 2 value ( sufficiently shorter than the pulse rate : for example , 10 msec faster ), or a light absorbance ratio which has been determined that the noise is not mixed therein . equation 19 is used for the transformation matrix , and the matrix is rotated with reference to φ ( i . e ., a value corresponding to a light absorbance ratio ), and θ is determined as an angle at which a norm value in the direction of the φ axis becomes minimum . in order to identify a pulse rate , the fundamental cycle ts ( see fig3 d ) is determined from a cycle determined along the time axis of the signal obtained in the direction of φ determined in the step s 6 , or the frequency analysis is performed to identify the fundamental frequency fs ( see fig6 ). a signal - to - noise ( s / n ) ratio is determined for each frequency , and the thus - determined ratio is taken as one index for evaluating the reliability of the obtained light absorbance ratio ( step s 7 ). on the other hand , time domain data for the respective frequency ranges , which are divided at the step s 2 , are used to perform independent component analysis ( step s 8 ). the gradients at the irk plane of the eigenvectors obtained in the step s 8 are determined , and it is checked whether a match exists between the frequency ranges , to thus determine a candidate for a light absorbance ratio ( step s 9 ). a plurality of candidates may be acceptable . outputs obtained in the steps s 3 , s 5 , s 7 , and s 9 are compared with the light absorbance ratio and bands obtained in the past . current oxygen saturation is determined from a common item , consistency , and reliability ( output from the step s 7 ). the oxygen saturation is averaged , as required , and the thus - averaged oxygen saturation is output ( step s 10 ). when measurement is performed continuously , processing returns to the step s 1 , and processing is iterated . if measurement is not performed continuously , measurement is terminated . according to the invention , the pulse wave signal is separated from the noise signal through use of a known light absorbance ratio , thereby acquiring a pulse wave signal whose noise has been reduced . affine transformation is used for utilization of a known light absorbance ratio , thereby whitening an observation signal . the pulse wave signal is separated from the noise signal . thus , a pulse wave signal whose noise has been reduced can be acquired . the pulse wave signal frequency band is divided into a plurality of frequency ranges . the principal component of the light absorbance ratio is determined for each frequency band . by judging whether a match exists between the light absorbance ratios , a determination can be made as to whether noise is mixed into the observation signal . the affine transformation utilizing a known light absorbance ratio enables determination of a first rotation utilizing a known light absorbance ratio and a coefficient suitable for reducing noise . thus , a pulse wave signal whose noise has been reduced can be acquired . a pulse can be detected from the pulse wave signal whose noise has been reduced , or a pulse rate can be determined through frequency analysis of the pulse wave signal . dividing the pulse wave signal frequency band into a plurality of frequency ranges enables a reduction in the number of signal sources . further , performing whitening operation on a per - frequency - range basis enables determination of a light absorbance ratio of the pulse wave signal and a light absorbance ratio of the noise signal since the pulse wave signal is separated from the noise signal , an s / n ratio is obtained for each divided frequency range , and the thus - obtained s / n ratio can be utilized as an index to be used for evaluating a signal .
a living body is irradiated with a first light beam having a first wavelength and a second light beam having a second wavelength which is different from the first wavelength . the first light beam and the second light beam , which have been reflected or transmitted from the living body , are converted into a first electric signal corresponding to the first wavelength and a second electric signal corresponding to the second wavelength , as the observed pulse data . a light absorbance ratio obtained from the first electric signal and the second electric signal is computed , for each one of frequency ranges dividing an observed frequency band . it is determined that noise is not mixed into the observed pulse wave data in a case where a substantial match exists among light absorbance ratios computed for the respective frequency ranges .