the obesity treatment apparatus 10 of the present invention depicted in fig1 - 25 comprises one or more intragastric members 11 , each comprising one or more digestive - resistant or indigestible member 12 sized and configured such that the intragastric member 11 can be placed into the stomach of a mammalian patient and reside therein , and being generally unable to pass through the pylorus . as used herein , the terms digestive - resistant and indigestible are intended to mean that the material used is not subject to the degrative effects of stomach acid and enzymes , or the general environment found within the gastric system over an extended period of time , therefore allowing the device to remain intact for the intended life of the device . this does not necessarily mean that the material cannot be degraded over time ; however , one skilled in medical arts and gastrological devices would readily appreciate the range of material that would be suitable for use as a long - term intragastric member . many well - known plastics have suitable properties , including selected polyesters , polyurethanes , polyethylenes , polyamides , silicone , or other possible materials . mammalian hair has been found to form natural bezoars , and thus , is also a possible material . however , some materials , such as certain polyamides , have been found to expand over time , which can be an undesirable property . most other natural materials are generally much less resistant to acids and enzymes , and would therefore typically require treatment or combination with resistant materials to function long term , unless a shorter - term placement is intended or desired . in the preferred embodiments , the digestive - resistant or indigestible member 12 comprises a low density polyethylene having a thickness of about 40 - 50 microns . fluorinated ethylene propylene , ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer , nylon , or types of polymers that are biocompatible and to which food will generally not adhere may also be utilized . fig1 depicts a single intragastric member 11 in which the digestive - resistant members 12 include a plurality of elongate plastic strips 30 that are secured together in the middle by a retaining element 34 , such as a nylon thread . the thread can be elongated to serve as a coupling mechanism 26 , such as a tether 27 . the number of digestive - resistant members 12 or strips 30 used to form the intragastric member 11 depends on the material used , their length and width , and how many intragastric members 11 comprise a set or grouping . the optimal length of the intragastric member 11 is determined by considering these same factors , as well by what is determined through experimentation to work best . feasibility studies have been primarily limited to placement in pigs with both 8 cm and 16 cm intragastric members being used , both having a total volume of about 40 ml when placed in the stomach of the animal . although the experiments were designed to establish the safety of the device , significant weight loss was nevertheless observed in the test animals . although no gastric ulcers were found in animals with polyester intragastric members , there was a 20 % incidence of gastric ulcers in animals having polyamide devices . results from human trials may lead to modifications in the configuration being depicted in the figures of this application . nevertheless , it is already understood that the dimensions shape , and construction of the intragastric member can be quite variable and still produce the desired results . for example , fig6 - 7 depict an alternative digestive - resistant member 12 . in the embodiment shown in fig6 , the strips 30 of fig1 are replaced by digestive - resistant member 12 comprising a folded or pleated sheet 31 of plastic or other material . either a single sheet 31 or multiple sheets can be used to form the intragastric member 11 of this embodiment . the embodiment shown in fig7 depicts an intragastric member 11 in which the digestive - resistant members 12 comprise a plurality of elongated fibers or hairs 32 , typically made of polymer or other synthetic material . in the illustrative embodiments , the retaining element 34 ( see fig1 ) is located about the center of the device to hold the digestive - resistant members 12 together . however , a skilled artisan would appreciate that other designs utilizing differently placed retaining elements 34 , or eliminating them entirely , could also be utilized . for example , fig8 depicts an expandable device 33 that comprises a retaining element 34 at one end to secure the digestive - resistant members 12 , which in this embodiment are typically made of a material having a certain degree of stiffness . the other end is secured by a second , slidable retaining element 41 that is disposed over a tether 27 attached to the first retaining member 34 . the intragastric member 11 is deployed in an elongated configuration with the retaining elements 34 , 41 located near their maximum possible difference apart . after the device is placed in the gastric lumen , the slidable retaining element 41 is urged along the tether 27 and toward the first retaining element 34 by using a tube , probe , or other device , until the digestive - resistant members 12 have bowed outward , thus increasing the overall dimensions and volume of the device . the slidable retaining element 41 continues to grip the tether 27 after the urging mechanism is removed , retaining the increased dimensions of the intragastric member 11 until further manipulation is needed to reduce its diameter for removal from the patient . deployment of intragastric member 11 can be accomplished in a number of ways , depending on the size , number , and configuration of the devices , or according to physician or patient preference . fig2 - 4 depict one such delivery system 44 in which first and second intragastric members 24 , 25 are mounted over a plastic overtube 18 and secured by a series of suture ties 43 , such as cotton thread . a wire guide 19 is typically used in the procedure , and is placed through the passageway 52 of the overtube 18 . as shown in fig3 , the overtube 18 includes a plurality of apertures 21 , a pair of which ( e . g ., apertures 22 and 23 ) are distributed approximately every 2 cm along the distal portion of the overtube 18 . to secure the intragastric members 24 , 25 , the suture tie is pulled through the first aperture 22 using a device 42 such as a loop , hook , snare , etc . it is fed through a releasing mechanism 20 , such as the illustrative wire loop , and then pulled through the opposite aperture 23 . the intragastric members 24 , 25 are then placed on the overtube 18 , and the suture ties 43 are secured , thereby constraining the intragastric members into a first configuration 14 for delivery . once the delivery system 44 has been introduced into the gastric lumen , the releasing mechanism 20 is pulled back through the overtube 18 , thereby severing the suture ties 43 one by one and releasing the intragastric members 11 into the gastric lumen where they can assume a second configuration 15 ( see fig1 ) that is sufficiently voluminous such that they cannot pass from the stomach . in order to create an obesity treatment apparatus 10 that will be retained in the stomach , it may be necessary that the intragastric members 11 be coupled together to form a grouping or set 45 of intragastric members . fig4 shows the two deployed intragastric members 24 , 25 that each have a coupling mechanism 26 ( tether 27 ) attached about them such that they can be drawn together as depicted in fig5 . a push member 29 , such as a corrugated metal tube , is placed into gastric lumen by using an endoscope , and is guided over the tethers 27 to urge a securing element 28 , such as a rubber patch , tightly against the two intragastric members 24 , 25 . the tethers 27 can then be cut , allowing the grouping 45 to float free within the stomach . this method can also be used to join additional intragastric members 11 to form a larger grouping 45 . likewise , the illustrative delivery system 44 of fig2 can be used to deliver any practical number of intragastric members 11 , which can then be joined in the manner described above , or they can be delivered singly or in pairs , and then grouped together after all of the intragastric members 11 have been placed . fig9 - 11 depict intragastric members 11 that are delivered into the gastric lumen within an outer member 35 , such as a sheath , tube , package , wrapping , etc ., and subsequently released . for example , fig9 depicts a delivery system 44 in which the intragastric member 11 ( or multiple devices ) is preloaded into an outer tube or introducer , then deployed therefrom by being pushed out by using a pusher member ( not shown ). the intragastric member 11 is shown twisted to aid in loading and deployment . fig1 depicts a delivery system 44 in which the intragastric member is loaded over a tube 18 ( as in fig2 ), but is secured by an outer member 35 comprising a splittable sheath 37 or sleeve made of a thin plastic material . in the illustrative embodiment , the releasing mechanism 20 comprises a nylon thread or wire that is looped under and over the sheath 37 , such that it can be withdrawn to tear through the thin material of the sheath 37 to release the intragastric member ( s ) 11 mounted on the tube 18 . the releasing mechanism of fig1 feeds into an aperture 21 and passageway 52 of the tube 18 , where it extends to the proximal end of the apparatus 10 . other types of splittable sheaths 37 can also be used , such as the cook ® peel - away introducer sheath . fig1 depicts an intragastric member 11 that includes an outer member 35 comprising a dissolvable enclosure 38 . the material , such as cellulose , gelatin , or some other dissolvable or rapidly degrading synthetic or biomaterial material , allows the intragastric member 11 to be deployed in the first configuration 14 into the stomach , where it expands into the second configuration 15 ( see , e . g ., fig1 ) once the outer enclosure 38 has dissolved or degraded away . the embodiment of fig1 can be delivered with or without a catheter - based delivery system 44 , or swallowed by the patient , depending on the outer dimensions of the apparatus 10 . fig1 also depicts a method of delivering the apparatus 10 of the present invention without a catheter or tube 18 . it has been found that the intragastric members 11 can be pulled into the gastric lumen using an endoscope 39 and endoscopic instrument 40 , such as a forceps , basket , snare , etc . this technique can be employed to pull groupings 45 ( see , e . g ., fig4 ) of intragastric members 11 into the gastric lumen , as long as the alimentary tract is sufficiently wide to accommodate the grouping 45 . fig1 - 14 depict a grouping 45 of four intragastric members 24 , 25 , 49 , 50 that are pre - coupled to one another by a coupling mechanism 26 prior to introduction into the gastric lumen . although such an arrangement or grouping 45 is sufficiently small such that it can be introduced into the gastric lumen as a set , the adherence of mucous and other changes that occur within the stomach environment can , over time , significantly increase the volume of the apparatus 10 from , for example , an original size of about 60 ml up to a possible size of about 150 ml . the increased size can make it very difficult to remove the grouping 45 from the stomach . to address this problem , multiple intragastric members 45 are grouped together for introduction , and then cut apart when it is time to remove them from the patient . the coupling mechanism 26 comprises a grouping mechanism 46 , such as a nylon thread ( e . g ., standard nylon fishing line ), that is wrapped around the grouping 45 to pull them into close contact with one another . the grouping is released by severing the line comprising the grouping mechanism 46 and the intragastric members 24 , 25 , 49 , 50 are removed one at time using a retrieval device such as that shown in fig1 . to assist the operator in cutting the line 46 to release the grouping 45 , two different coupling components 47 , 48 are included in the illustrative embodiment . the first coupling component 47 comprises a curved polymer piece which is traversed by the line 46 in such a manner that the line 46 can be readily visualized under the scope , thereby providing a place to grasp and / or cut the line with an instrument extending from the endoscope . the second coupling component 48 comprises a fishing line swivel , which being metal , can be readily visualized , as well as providing a hard surface against which a cutting instrument can be applied to sever the line 46 , especially if the line has proved difficult to cut using other methods . it also provides an easily accessible point on the apparatus 10 which can be grabbed with a forceps or other device . fig1 depicts another embodiment of an intragastric member 100 of the present invention . in this embodiment , the intragastric member 100 comprises a single strip of high - density polyethylene 102 that has been folded and bundled to form eighty - nine ( 89 ) loops 104 in the general shape of a butterfly . as best seen in fig1 , the single strip of high - density polyethylene 102 of the embodiment is formed from a tube of material having a wall thickness of 7 . 5 microns and a perimeter of 6 cm that has been sliced in half . each half of the material is then folded to form a strip 102 having two walls 106 , 108 , wherein each wall 106 , 108 has a width of 1 . 5 cm . of course , the strip 102 could comprise a different number of walls 106 , 108 , have a different width and thickness , or be formed from a tube of material . in the embodiment of the intragastric member 100 shown in fig1 , each loop 104 is 40 cm in length . accordingly , the intragastric member 100 is formed from single strip 102 having a total length of approximately 35 . 6 m . the intragastric member 100 is bundled by passing a nylon thread 110 through an aperture 112 in the strip 102 at the center of the each loop 104 . as best seen in fig1 , the apertures 112 are formed in each wall 106 , 108 of the strip 102 , and are spaced so that loops 104 are formed 40 cm in length when adjacent apertures 112 are pulled together to form the intragastric member 100 shown in fig1 . in other words , the apertures 112 are located every 40 cm along the length of the strip 102 . the embodiment of the intragastric member 100 shown in fig1 may be too large for delivery or insertion into the gastric lumen while in its bundled , final configuration . accordingly , the intragastric member 100 is preferably inserted into the gastric lumen is stages . for example , and as shown in fig1 , the intragastric member 100 is separated into nine ( 9 ) separate bundles 114 , each of which comprise approximately ten ( 10 ) loops 104 of the strip 102 . the loops 104 of each separate bundle 114 are temporarily grouped or held together by a twist tie 116 or similar device . grouping the separate bundles 114 in this manner improves the handling of the material and prevents the strip 102 from becoming tangled or contaminated . as shown in fig1 , the separate bundles 114 of the intragastric member 100 are inserted into the gastric lumen one at a time by using a wire guide 118 such as a savary - gilliard ™ wire guide , manufactured by wilson - cook medical inc ., winston - salem , n . c . the wire guide 118 comprises a central opening through which the nylon thread 110 passes . the end of the nylon thread 110 is connected to or tied around a small piece of nylon tubing 120 that is sized so as to not pass through the apertures 112 in the strip 102 . prior to the insertion procedure , the nylon tubing 120 is placed near the distal ( forward or insertion ) end of the wire guide 118 so as to prevent the strip 102 of the first bundle 114 from sliding off the end of the wire guide 118 . once the distal end of the wire guide 118 is positioned in the gastric lumen , the first bundle 114 is threaded over the proximal ( rearward ) end by passing the apertures 112 over the wire guide 118 . a plastic tube 122 is then positioned over the proximal end of the wire guide 118 , and slid towards the distal end of the wire guide 118 so as to push the folds 104 of the first bundle against the nylon tubing 120 . this procedure is then repeated by threading subsequent bundles 114 over the wire guide 118 and pushing them against the previously inserted bundles 114 until all of the bundles 114 have been inserted into the gastric lumen . the bundles 114 are then secured together by pushing a small rubber stopper or similar device 124 ( see fig1 ) along the wire guide 118 so as to press against the last bundle 114 to be inserted . the wire guide 118 is then withdrawn so as to leave the nylon thread 110 extending through the apertures 112 of all of the bundles 114 . the nylon thread 110 is then tied or otherwise secured to the stopper 124 so as to form a complete intragastric member 100 as shown in fig1 . to remove the intragastric member 100 from the gastric lumen , the nylon thread 110 is typically cut so as to release the folds 104 . one end of the strip 102 is then grasped by an endoscopic or similar device and pulled out of the patient . fig1 depicts yet another embodiment of an intragastric member 200 of the present invention . in this embodiment , the intragastric member 200 comprises a double strip of low - density polyethylene 202 that has been folded and bundled to form approximately forty - five ( 45 ) loops 204 in the general shape of a butterfly . as best seen in fig2 , the double strip of low - density polyethylene 202 of this embodiment comprises a pair of strips 202 each having two walls 206 , 208 , wherein each wall 206 , 208 has a width of 15 mm and thickness in the range of 40 - 50 microns . in the embodiment of the intragastric member 200 shown in fig1 , each loop 204 is 20 cm in length . accordingly , the intragastric member 200 is formed from a double strip 202 of material having a total length of approximately 18 m ( i . e ., each strip 202 has a total length of approximately 18 m ). a double strip 202 having longer or shorter lengths may also be used depending on the desired size and mass of the intragastric member 200 . the intragastric member 200 is bundled by passing a nylon thread 210 through an aperture 212 in each strip 202 at the center of the each loop 204 . as best seen in fig2 , the apertures 212 are formed in each wall 206 , 208 of each strip 202 , and are spaced so that loops 204 are formed 20 cm in length when adjacent apertures 212 are pulled together to form the intragastric member 200 shown in fig1 . in other words , the apertures 212 are located every 20 cm along the length of the strip 202 . in the preferred embodiment shown , apertures 212 have a diameter of approximately 3 . 5 mm . the embodiment of the intragastric member 200 shown in fig1 may be too large for delivery or insertion into the gastric lumen while in its bundled , final configuration . accordingly , the intragastric member 200 is preferably inserted into the gastric lumen is stages . for example , and as shown in fig2 , the intragastric member 200 is separated into nine ( 9 ) separate bundles 214 , each of which comprise approximately five ( 5 ) loops 204 of the strip 202 . the loops 204 of each separate bundle 214 are grouped or held together by a breakable tie 216 , made of cotton thread , or similar device . as will be explained below , grouping the separate bundles 214 in this manner improves the handling of the material and prevents the strips 202 from becoming tangled or contaminated during the insertion thereof . as shown in fig2 , the separate bundles 214 of the intragastric member 200 are inserted into the gastric lumen one at a time by using a wire guide 218 such as a savary - gilliard ™ wire guide , manufactured by wilson - cook medical inc ., winston - salem , n . c . the wire guide 218 comprises a central opening through which the nylon thread 210 passes . the end of the nylon thread 210 is connected to or tied around a small nylon disc 220 that is sized so as to not pass through the apertures 212 in the strips 202 . prior to the insertion procedure , the nylon disc 220 is placed near the distal ( forward or insertion ) end of the wire guide 218 so as to prevent the strips 202 of the first bundle 214 from sliding off the end of the wire guide 218 . once the distal end of the wire guide 218 is positioned in the gastric lumen , the first bundle 214 is threaded over the proximal ( rearward ) end by passing the apertures 212 over the wire guide 218 . a pusher tube 222 , which may be plastic , metal or some other suitable material , is then positioned over the proximal end of the wire guide 218 , and slid towards the distal end of the wire guide 218 so as to push the folds 204 of the first bundle 214 , which remain bundled by tie 216 , against the nylon disc 220 . in the preferred embodiment shown , one or more of the apertures 212 in each bundle 214 have an increased diameter that is sufficient to allow one more folds 204 to slide over the outside of the pusher tube 222 . this permits the portion of the strips 202 connected between adjacent bundles 214 to be guided ( extended ) along the wire guide 218 without interfering with the deployment of each bundle 214 . in the preferred embodiment shown , those apertures 212 having an increased diameter are approximately 9 - 10 mm in diameter . this procedure is then repeated by threading subsequent bundles 214 over the wire guide 218 and pushing them against the previously inserted bundles 214 until all of the bundles 214 have been inserted into the gastric lumen . the bundles 214 are then secured together by pushing a small rubber stopper or similar device 224 ( see fig1 ) along the wire guide 218 so as to press against the last bundle 214 to be inserted . the wire guide 218 is then withdrawn so as to leave the nylon thread 210 extending through the apertures 212 of all of the bundles 214 . the nylon thread 210 is then tied or otherwise secured to the stopper 224 so as to form a complete intragastric member 200 as shown in fig1 . to remove the intragastric member 200 from the gastric lumen , the nylon thread 210 is typically cut so as to allow the intragastric member 200 to separate in separate bundles ( see fig2 ). the separate bundles 214 , which remain connected to each other by strips 202 , can then be removed one at a time . in the event that the removal of the intragastric member 200 in separate bundles 214 becomes difficult or problematic , then breakable ties 216 may be severed to release the folds 204 of one or more of the bundles 216 . as best seen in fig2 , visual markers 226 , such as colored tubing , are sutured to the side of the strips 202 of the first or last fold 204 on either side of the aperture 212 . these markers 226 assist the physician in locating the nylon thread 210 , which may be difficult to identify after the device has resided within the gastric lumen for an extended period of time . once the nylon thread 210 is cut , one end of the pair of strips 202 , or one of the bundles 216 , is then grasped by an endoscopic or similar device and pulled out of the patient . fig2 depicts yet another embodiment of an intragastric member 400 of the present invention . in this embodiment , the intragastric member 400 comprises nylon thread 402 that has been tied into a series of nylon balls 404 . the nylon balls 404 are inserted into the gastric lumen separately and then connected together to form a single , larger mass of nylon thread ( not shown ). the above - described embodiments , particularly the embodiments of fig1 and 19 , can be deployed using alternative procedures . for example , and as shown in fig2 and 25 , the intragastric member 300 could be deployed by extending the strip 302 along a nylon thread 304 that has been formed into a loop 306 . once the end 308 of the loop 306 has been inserted into the gastric lumen , then a locking device 310 , such as plastic cone ( shown in detail in fig2 ), is pushed over both strands of the nylon thread 304 so as to close the loop 306 . as the loop 306 is closed , the strip 302 is compressed so as to form an intragastric member 300 having a configuration similar to that shown in fig1 and 19 . knots 312 are included along the nylon thread 304 to provide a ratcheting action with the locking device 310 . after the intragastric member 300 has been deployed inside the gastric lumen , then the portion of the nylon thread 304 extending beyond the locking device 310 can be severed with an endoscopic scissors and removed . alternatively , the strip 302 can be compressed by sliding a tube ( not shown ) along one or both halves of the loop 306 . in addition , the intragastric member 300 can be inserted in bundles ( see fig1 and 20 ), as opposed to the insertion of a single strip 302 of material ( as described above ). an anchor stent ( not shown ) could be utilized to temporarily secure the end of the nylon thread 304 ( or the end 308 of the loop 306 ) inside the gastric lumen during the insertion procedure . for example , an anchor stent enclosing a portion of the nylon thread 304 would be inserted into the pylorus and lodged therein . one end of the nylon thread 304 ( or loop 306 ) enclosed within the anchor stent is then removed therefrom and pulled out of the subject . the other end of the nylon thread 304 ( or loop 306 ) remains attached to the anchor stent . the intragastric device 300 can then be inserted into the gastric lumen by pushing or sliding the strip 302 ( or bundles ) down the nylon thread 304 ( or loop 306 ), the end of which remains secured within the gastric lumen by the anchor stent . once the insertion procedure is removed , then the anchor stent and any excess nylon thread 304 is removed . experimental testing of the present invention has been conducted on mammals . in particular , an embodiment of an intragastric member similar to the embodiment shown in fig1 - 21 was inserted into the gastric lumens of a group of ten ( 10 ) pigs for a period of 49 days . no deaths or major complications were observed in any of the test subjects . the initial weight for the test subjects was measured to be in the range of 25 . 0 to 31 . 2 kg , with an average weight of 27 . 8 kg . at the end of the 49 day testing period , the weight of the test subjects was measured to be in the range of 29 . 5 to 39 . 0 kg , with an average weight of 34 . 5 kg . the anticipated weight for the test subjects at the end of the testing period , in view of the normal and expected growth for these animals , was 57 kg . accordingly , the test subjects gained an average weight that was significantly less than the weight gain observed in similar animals without the intragastric member . any other undisclosed or incidental details of the construction or composition of the various elements of the disclosed embodiment of the present invention are not believed to be critical to the achievement of the advantages of the present invention , so long as the elements possess the attributes needed for them to perform as disclosed . the selection of these and other details of construction are believed to be well within the ability of one of even rudimentary skills in this area , in view of the present disclosure . illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described in considerable detail for the purpose of disclosing a practical , operative structure whereby the invention may be practiced advantageously . the designs described herein are intended to be exemplary only . the novel characteristics of the invention may be incorporated in other structural forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .
an apparatus and method comprising at least one intragastric member or artificial bezoar made of a digestive - resistant or substantially indigestible material that is introduced into a gastric lumen of a mammal for the treatment of obesity . the intragastric member or artificial bezoar is typically at inserted into the gastric lumen in a partially compacted configuration , whereby it is then manipulated into , or allowed to assume , a second expanded configuration sufficiently large to remain within the reservoir of the stomach during normal activities and not be passed through the pylorus into the intestines . in animals , the present invention has been found to be effective in achieving weight loss over a several month period , while being easy to place and retrieve .