a detailed description of the preferred embodiments and best modes of practicing the invention are described therein . the invention will now be described in the following non - limiting examples . sugar cane setts rooted in distilled water were incubated in distilled water at 35 ° c . for one month . after this time , the mucilaginous material produced by the sugar cane material was extracted by dissolving in absolute alcohol . the mucilaginous material was tested using a range of plants known to be susceptible to browning in culture . sugar cane , date palm , bamboo and banana were chosen as representative examples of such plants . the mucilaginous material was added to explant ( sugar cane , date palm and bamboo ), callus cultures ( sugar cane , date palm , bamboo and banana ) and suspension cultures and liquid embryogenic cultures ( sugar cane , date palm , bamboo and banana ) and its ability to control browning in these cultures was observed . explants comprised leaf explants , since leaves tend to be most affected by browning when wounded . the mucilaginous material was added to culture media at a concentration corresponding to the product of one sugar cane node per litre . for cultures grown on solid media , the mucilaginous material was incorporated into a liquid medium which was poured on top of the solid media to form a double layer . alternatively it can be incorporated in the solid media before solidification . sugar cane setts were immersed in a water bath at 52 ° c . for 2 days to expose any contamination and to promote shooting . the setts were subsequently grown on regularly fertilised compost at 25 ° c . with a 16 hour light photoperiod in a glasshouse from november to april and using natural daylight from may to october . leaf explants were excised at three months as 5 mm segments of outer and inner leaves . the sugar cane leaf explants were sterilised by soaking in 95 % ethanol for 20 minutes . date palm seeds were washed under running water for 5 minutes , before being placed in 2 % sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes . the seeds were then washed 3 - 4 times in sterile water and placed on sterile tissue paper to dry under laminar flow . the seeds were then immersed in 90 % alcohol and flamed , and placed on damp tissues or damp filter paper inside a petri dish . the petri dish was sealed and the culture incubated at 27 ° c . under a cycle of 8 hours of light , 16 hours dark . after one week , the resultant shoot was excised . an ornamental bamboo plant was grown in liquid culture . the auxiliary shoots were removed and sterilised in 2 % sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes . the shoots were then washed 3 times using distilled water . the bases of leaf sheaths were isolated from a small plant or sucker . the cut ends were waxed , sterilised in 2 % sodium hypochlorite solution and washed 3 times in distilled water . the waxed part was removed and the leaves cut into small fragments about 3 mm long and placed in solid or liquid culture medium . the culture was incubated either in dark or light and was shaken at 100 rpm . the basic culture medium was prepared from stock solutions and then supplemented with various combinations of plant growth regulators , vitamins and sugars , as required . myoinositol , solidifying agent ( agar ) and carbohydrates were added to the media during preparation , as required . culture media were made up using double distilled water . heat - stable plant growth regulators as well as other compounds were added before autoclaving , while any heat labile compounds were added to the lukewarm media just prior to pouring into sterile plates . all media were adjusted to ph 5 . 8 using 1m naoh or 1m hcl prior to autoclaving . in the case of solid media , 0 . 9 % agar was added before adjustment of the ph . 3 % sucrose was added to the media . adjustments were made to the media , as required , depending upon the plant and cell type grown . callus cultures were established by culturing explants in 90 mm × 15 mm sterile plastic petri dishes containing ms medium solidified with 0 . 9 % agar and containing 3 mg / l 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2 , 4 - d ). the petri dishes were sealed using parafilm to reduce water loss . suspension cultures were initiated by placing 05 .- 1 . 0 g ( fresh weight ) of callus material into sterile 250 ml erlenmeyer shake flasks containing 50 ml of ms medium . the flasks were sealed with sterile aluminium foil and placed on rotary shakers at 100 rpm . the mucilaginous material was found to be effective in controlling browning of the callus and suspension cultures tested . in the absence of the mucilaginous material , browning was noted and growth of the plant material was inhibited . the mucilaginous material was also found to be effective with explant material . by way of example , mucilaginous root material was used after being sterilised . explants from sugar cane , banana , bamboo were immersed in this material for one week . all explants were found to be well preserved and no browning at all was seen . parent u . s . application ser . no . 09 / 377 , 941 , of which this application is a continuation - in - part , describes explant growth and reference is made to that application for further details . various methods of breaking down plant tissue by homogenisation to provide multiple explants have been used for micropropagation in order to reduce the labour cost , e . g . ferns . machine homogenisation is useful but can be very harmful for an explant which produces phenolic compounds due to browning . experiments were conducted using the sugar mucilage material as follows : aseptic leaves of banana weighing about 4 g were placed in a sterile blender with 40 ml sterile ms shoot multiplication medium and root mucilage . the mixture was blended for 2 seconds . 10 ml aliquot was aseptically transferred into a 10 ml culture container with 10 ml solid ms shoot multiplication medium and shaken at 100 rpm under continuous light conditions . no oxidation was observed , and the culture produced healthy shoots within one month . this mucilage material could be used not only for somatic embryogenesis but for large scale micropropogation for shoot production . as mentioned in the parent application , abscissic acid ( aba ) is useful . aba with an auxin ( depending on the kind of plant material ) with root mucilage provides a medium which can be used for any plant for successful callus and embryogenic suspension . since aba stops the growth of non - embryogenic cells and the mucilage controls the browning , good results can be obtained . non - embryogenic cells can also be controlled either by cold storage or heat treatment or agitation at 500 rpm . embryos can be encapsulated prior to germination as with sugar cane as described in the parent application . the invention is not intended to be restricted to the above examples , which are included by way of illustration only . although embodiments and examples of the invention have been shown and described , it is to be understood that various modifications and substitutions , as well as rearrangements of method steps , parts , components , equipment , apparatus , plants and cells types , can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of this invention .
plants , particularly sugar cane plants , are reproduced using explant material which may be derived from leaves , shoots , roots and other plant parts . somatic embryos are produced by culturing immature embryos from the explant material and then culturing mature , somatic embryos from the immature embryos . all achieved in liquid suspension culture , which allows micro propagation of sugar cane without the culture suffering , browning at any stage . the mature embryos can then be encapsulated to form artificial seeds for germination purposes .