referring to fig1 - 4 , an embodiment of an articulator 100 redintigrating a pair of full arch dental models 10 and 11 is there shown . the articulator 100 comprises a pair of arms 33 , 34 that are identical in structure . it should be noted that the following description generally employs a pair of reference characters to refer to a particular element or feature of the respective arms . the arms 33 , 34 each include an arm segment 33 b , 34 b and a pair of parallel , bifurcated arm segments 33 a , 34 a . the parallel arm segments 33 a , 34 a terminate at a distal end in cylindrical rod - like elements 35 , 38 and at a proximal end in a pair of coaxial cymbals 60 , 61 . the arm segment 33 b , 34 b terminates at a distal end in cylindrical rod - like element 36 , 37 and at a proximal end in node 40 , 41 . the node is retained between the pair of cymbals 60 , 61 supported by the bifurcated arm segments 33 a , 34 a to form a hinge joint 20 , 21 . [ 0043 ] fig4 illustrates arm 33 which is identical to arm 34 . a preferred assembly of articulator 100 is formed by connecting the arms 33 , 34 to each other in a complementary fashion to provide a single assembly for ease of handling . specifically , the complementary connection is formed by snap - fitting cylindrical stem 35 a into cylindrical rod - like element 36 and stem 38 a into element 37 to form the articulator shown in fig1 - 3 . referring to fig5 the portion of arm 33 that includes parallel arm segments 33 a is shown connected to the portion of arm 34 that includes arm segment 34 b . a model connector defining a single axis pivot mechanism is incorporated into the base of each model 10 , 11 in the form of transverse half - cylinders or channels 12 and 13 which traverse the posterior of the models ( fig1 and 3 ). the channels can be either cut into the existing models or formed when the models are cast to provide connection at a range of angles about the radial axis of the transverse channels for mating the cylindrical rod - like elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 which form the complement to these pivot mechanisms . while the channels 12 , 13 are shown located on the posterior of the models , it is also possible to locate the channels at the top or bottom of the respective models . in alternate embodiments , the channels can instead be formed at the distal ends of the arm segments and the cylindrical elements can be incorporated in the models to provide the single axis connexus . the cylindrical elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 have sufficient transverse axial width such that any adjustment motion of the cylindrical elements within the channels is limited to radial motion about the channel axis and transverse motion along this axis . with the dental models placed at a closed and centric occlusal ( i . e ., closed bite ) relationship as shown in fig2 the arm segments of the respective arms intersect at an angle α of between approximately 40 to 170 degrees , the angle being dependent upon the vertical distance between the models 10 and 11 . it should be noted that while it is preferable to interconnect the arms 33 , 34 to form a single assembly for ease of operation as described above , it is also possible to keep the arms 33 , 34 unconnected for individual attachment to the dental models . this alternate configuration allows the arms 33 , 34 to be separated laterally to provide a closer approximation to the positioning of the temporomandibular joints of the patient . the attachments of such unconnected arms can be made to the same channels 12 , 13 or to separate channels on the models that need not be parallel nor coaxial . the multiaxial motion provided by the articulator of the present invention will now be described . referring again to fig5 node 40 , 41 includes two opposed outwardly facing convex portions 40 a , 41 a . referring to fig6 a partial cross - section of one joint 20 of the articulator is shown . the cymbals 60 , 61 are concave and toroidal in shape . when the node 40 , 41 is engaged with the cymbals 60 , 61 , the convex portions 40 a , 41 a of each node 40 , 41 are held in depressions or detents 60 a , 61 a at the center of each cymbal by resilience of the material in the bifurcated arm segment 33 a , 34 a . the primary rotational motion of the node between the parallel arm segments is radial to an axis b that is shared coaxially by the cymbals . because node 40 , 41 and its connected arm segment 33 b , 34 b has no fixed axis when captured between the cymbals 60 , 61 , hinging motion between the arm segment 33 b , 34 b and parallel arm segments 33 a , 34 a is allowed an amount of orthogonal deviation from the axis b , that is , motion is provided about a set of orthogonal axes . this multiaxial motion of the hinge joint 20 , 21 allows the cylindrical connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 at the extremities of the arms 33 , 34 to align with the nonparallelism that is likely to exist between the channels 12 , 13 of models 10 , 11 . multiaxial motion is only required and exhibited during alignment of the articulator 100 to the models . once the two arms of the articulator 100 are affixed to the models , the only axial motion allowed by the articulator between the models is about a single axis a defined together by the two hinge joints 20 , 21 ( fig1 ). this common transverse hinge axis a lies interjacent and posterior to the dental models 10 , 11 and is approximately perpendicular to a sagittal plane of the models . each bifurcated arm segment 33 a , 34 a includes a resilient pawl or latch 50 , 51 that is used to increase or decrease pressure ( i . e ., compression ) on the node 40 , 41 between the cymbals 60 , 61 . the pawl includes a hooked portion 50 a , 51 a for engagement through opening 33 c , 34 c in the bifurcated arm segment 33 a , 34 a . when the pawl is engaged , it increases the resilient pressure on the node between the cymbals to an amount that effectively limits or restrains any motion between the arm segments 33 a , 33 b and 34 a , 34 b to rotational motion about the common axis a . releasing the pawl lessens the resilience to an amount such that protrusive and retrusive motions are permitted between the articulated models 10 , 11 by allowing the cymbals to move apart , thereby permitting the convexities of the node to slide across the surfaces 60 b , 61 b of the cymbals . this free sliding motion is then limited in excursion by ridges 70 , 71 at the periphery of the cymbals . note that while the multiaxial motion about the hinge joints 20 , 21 is used for alignment of the articulator , the free sliding motion is used for simulation of lateral and protrusive translatory motions once the articulator has been aligned and mounted to the models . in an alternate embodiment , the channels can be in the form of clips that are affixed externally to the models . fig7 shows a clip 90 that includes a channel 92 formed therein for receiving a cylindrical element of the arm segments . a transverse projection or shelf 94 extending along the length of the clip 90 is adapted for mounting the clip to a dental model base of the type having an indexing slot . alternatively , a clip without the shelf 94 can be mounted directly to a flat wall of a dental model base . [ 0052 ] fig8 and 9 illustrate an alternate embodiment of an articulator 200 that provides simple hinging motion between the models and can be manufactured as one piece . in this embodiment , model connection elements 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 are joined with webs 72 and 73 that allow separate torsional movements of the joined elements . hinge elements 260 , 261 , which are best illustrated in fig9 are relieved at areas 81 and 82 to promote the primary hinging action and are relieved at areas 83 and 84 to allow orthogonal alignment of the primary hinge axis . to use the articulator embodiments of the present invention , channels 12 , 13 are cut or molded into the base of the dental models 10 , 11 . these channels 12 , 13 are made with sufficient diameter and radial depth to receive the corresponding arm connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 of the arms 33 , 34 . in alternate embodiments , the channels can be made to provide a slight interference frictional fit with the arm connection elements . in the case of the first embodiment , the mating segments 33 a , 33 b and 34 a , 34 b of each arm of articulator 100 ( fig1 ) are assembled so as to form two separate hinge jointed arms . the two arms 33 , 34 are then joined together at their adjacent arm connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 so that each pair of connection elements is held adjacent and coaxial . this allows the articulator 100 to be handled as one flexible unit as would be the case when handling the second embodiment 200 ( fig8 ) of the invention . the models 10 , 11 are placed at the proper closed and centric occlusal relationship and held either by hand or other means known to a person skilled in the art of dental laboratory procedures . a temporary placement and alignment of the arm connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 of the articulator 100 is made into the respective channels 12 , 13 on the models by adjusting the angular relationships of the arms within the hinge joints 20 , 21 defined by each node / cymbal pair 40 , 60 and 41 , 61 respectively . the articulator 100 is fixed by introducing an adhesive within the connexus formed between the arm connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 and the model connection elements 12 , 13 and allowing it to cure . once fixed , the articulator hinge joints 20 , 21 allow simulation of occlusal and masticatory motions between the models . the articulator embodiments described herein are capable of being manufactured inexpensively . the articulators can be made of plastic such as nylon , glass - filled nylon , polycarbonate or glass - filled polycarbonate . referring now to fig1 , a flexible rubber mold 300 suitable for forming a dental model base 400 ( fig1 ) for use with the articulator embodiments of the present invention is shown . a cross - sectional view of the mold 300 is shown in fig1 . the mold 300 is of flexible rubber construction and includes a cavity 310 formed by a back wall 312 and a curved side wall 314 projecting upward to edge 320 from a horizontal bottom portion 316 . the back wall 312 includes a convex portion 318 that extends along the length of the back wall and into the cavity 310 for forming a half - round channel 410 traversing the posterior 412 of the dental model base 400 . preferably , the convex portion 318 extends horizontally along the full length of the back wall 312 . to use the mold 300 to form the dental model base 400 , which is shown in fig1 , a hardenable material such as pourable dental stone or plaster is poured into the mold . after the material hardens , the dental model base 400 is removed from the mold 300 by pushing upward against the bottom portion 316 to raise the anterior 414 of the dental model base upward about the convex portion 318 until the base completely disengages from the mold . the half - round channel 410 functions as a pivot mechanism element for receiving connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 of articulator 100 or connection elements 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 of articulator 200 as described hereinabove . referring now to fig1 and 14 , an alternate embodiment of a flexible rubber mold 500 suitable for forming a dental model base 600 ( fig1 ) for use with the articulator embodiments of the present invention is shown . the mold 500 is of flexible rubber construction and includes a cavity 523 defined or formed by a back wall 522 and a curved side wall 521 projecting or extending upward from a horizontal bottom or floor portion 516 . the upper edges 520 , 524 of walls 522 , 521 respectively define an opening to the mold . the back wall 522 includes recesses 510 , 511 which extend horizontally along a portion of the back wall . recesses 510 , 511 are spaced apart and are defined in part by excurvate cylindrical elements 512 , 513 , respectively , and by incurvate surfaces 530 , 532 , respectively ,, as shown in the cross - sectional view of fig1 . the excurvate cylindrical elements 512 , 513 are longitudinal sections of a cylinder . the excurvatures of the excurvate cylindrical elements are coaxial with an axis lying between the recesses and oriented in a transverse relationship to the rear wall . an alternate embodiment of the mold shown in fig1 a includes vertical portions 525 a , 525 b of the back wall 522 which separate recesses 510 a , 510 b and 511 a , 511 b . the vertical portions 525 a , 525 b form additional surfaces in the back wall of the base 600 described below . the mold 500 can be used to form the dental model base 600 shown in fig1 using pourable dental stone or plaster as described above . the dental model base 600 includes stanchions 541 , 542 which protrude from a back wall 545 and correspond to recesses 510 , 511 , respectively . the stanchions 541 , 542 include incurvate elements 543 , 544 which correspond to and are formed by the excurvate elements 512 , 513 , respectively , of mold 500 ( fig1 ). the incurvate elements 543 , 544 function as a pivot mechanism element for receiving connection elements 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 of articulator 100 or connection elements 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 of articulator 200 as described hereinabove . this can be seen in fig1 , wherein an articulator arm 33 is shown connected to the stanchions 541 , 542 of dental model base 600 . in particular , connection element 35 of arm 33 engages with , or mates to , the incurvate elements 543 , 544 to form a pivot mechanism at the dental model base with motion about a single pivot axis as shown . another alternate embodiment of a flexible mold 700 is shown in fig1 . the mold 700 includes a cavity 710 defined or formed by a back wall 712 and a curved side wall 714 projecting or extending upward from a horizontal bottom or floor portion 716 . the upper edges 722 , 724 of walls 712 , 714 respectively define an opening to the mold . in this embodiment , the back wall 712 is essentially flat . the mold includes excurvate elements 761 , 762 located at the sides of the mold cavity 710 and adjacent the back wall 712 . while this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation , many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described specifically herein . such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims .
a dental model articulator includes two hinge - jointed arms , each arm having segments connected to a hinge joint having mating elements , one integral to each segment of an arm . one element includes two cymbals that are coaxial on a major hinge axis and concave facing which resiliently capture between them a node of the mating element on the other segment which has the form of opposed , outwardly facing convexities . multiaxial motion between the segments of each arm is accomodated by the rotation of the convexities of the node within detents at the apices of the cymbals . the extremities of each arm terminate in cylindrical rod - like elements that are parallel to the major hinge axis . the rods engage with transverse , cylindrical channels either cut - in , molded - in or affixed to the models . with the models positioned in centric occlusal relationship and the arms adjacently positioned and engaged , the four rods are adhesively fixed in the channels . once fixed , the two hinge joints together define a single hinge axis posterior and interjacent to the models . further , each hinge joint can allow the node elements to release from the axis detents and slide between the cymbals to permit protrusive and lateral masticatory motions between the dental models .