the following examples are for illustrative purposes only , and do not represent a limitation of the scope of this invention . set out below are some examples of trials that can be used to determine the activity of the compositions of the present invention . protection of the immune and hepatic function of animals undergoing chemotherapy treatment the purpose of the experiment was to study the impact of the administration of a composition of the invention that comprises nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ® on the immune function of dogs undergoing chemotherapy treatment . the clinical study design was randomised and double blind . the protocol was approved by the ethical committee of animal research at the university of murcia . a total of 25 adult beagle dogs with an average 15 kg body weight ( healthy males and females between 1 and 2 years old ) were divided randomly into four groups ( c , a , b and a + b ) ( n = 6 ) and fed during a 30 - day period with a standard commercial diet supplemented with : group ( a + b ): a composition of the invention formed by nucleoforce ® dogs ( 30 mg / kg body weight ) and ahcc ® ( 30 mg / kg body weight ). after 30 days of receiving supplements together with the standard diet , all the dogs received chemotherapy treatment comprising : a single dose of lomustin ( 70 mg / m 2 of body surface ) orally , and a single dose of cyclophosphamide ( 180 mg / m 2 of body surface ) orally . after the chemotherapy treatment , the dogs were monitored daily and clinical signs such as their level of attention / activity were recorded . serial blood samples were taken weekly for nine weeks subsequent to the administration of the chemotherapy drugs . all the blood samples were subjected to complete haemograms , the biochemical profile was analysed , plasmatic concentrations of non - specific iga , igg and igm immunoglobulins were measured , as was the percentage of sub - type cd3 + , cd4 + , cd8 + b and t lymphocytes . the concentrations of immunoglobulin in plasma were analysed , because they constitute an index of the activity of the immune system , and therefore permit the immunosuppression associated to the chemotherapy treatment to be measured . a full biochemical profile was also carried out to characterise the toxicity of the treatment , especially on hepatic function . the biochemical measurements were carried out using an olympus au400 autoanalyser . the concentration of non - specific immunoglobulins was analysed using the elisa commercial kits ( iga , igg and igm ; bethyl , tex ., usa ). the lymphocyte phenotype was determined by flow cytometry using an immunofluorescence detection ( facscalibur , becton dickinson ) and the data were analysed using the cell - quest ™ software . all the data were analysed using a variance analysis ( anova ) based on the glm procedure ( general linear model ) of the sas statistical software ( 1996 ). for all the treatments , the effect of the experimental treatment and the effect of time were studied , as well as the interaction between both parameters . mean values were compared using the ls - means sas procedure . a two - tailed p value & lt ; 0 . 05 was considered significant . one week after the chemotherapy treatment , all the dogs presented severe leucopoenia . the same day , severe symptoms of depression and diarrhea were recorded in 50 % ( 3 / 6 ) of the dogs in the control group . the percentage of animals affected was slightly lower in the group treated with nucleoforce ® dogs ( 33 % ( 2 / 6 )) and in the group treated with ahcc ® ( 33 % ( 2 / 6 )), while in the group treated with the composition of the invention ( nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) none of the animals ( 0 % ( 0 / 6 )) presented clinical signs of the disease . one week after the chemotherapy treatment , the percentage of b lymphocytes was reduced in all the groups . the percentage of change with respect to the baseline value was of − 43 , − 69 , − 55 and − 50 % for group c ( control ), group a ( nucleoforce ® dogs ), group b ( ahcc ®) and group a + b ( nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) respectively . however , the group of dogs receiving the combination of nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ® showed a tendency to recover the percentage of b cells with respect to the other groups , because on day 28 the percentage of change in the ratio of b lymphocytes with respect to the baseline value increased to − 23 % while in the other three groups the values remained constant throughout the experimental period (− 51 %, − 59 % and − 49 % for the control , groups , nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ® groups respectively ). the increased recovery of the type b lymphocyte populations was clearly seen in the production of non - specific antibodies . fig1 shows how in control group c the concentration of iga fell abruptly seven days after chemotherapy treatment , while in group a ( nucleoforce ® dogs ) and in group b ( ahcc ®) was maintained , and in group a + b ( combination of nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) it increased slightly ( p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). the same response pattern is observed in fig2 for the igm ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ). in the case of the igg ( fig3 ) a significant increase was observed ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ) in the plasmatic concentration of immunoglobulin in the group receiving the composition of the invention ( combination of nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) with respect to groups a ( nucleoforce ® dogs ), b ( ahcc ®) and c ( control ), observing a synergetic effect . apart from the effect on the immune function , dietary supplementation with the composition of the invention ( nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) had a protective effect on the hepatotoxicity associated with chemotherapy treatment . as it can be seen in fig4 , on day 28 an increase was seen in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase ( alt ) which was significantly higher ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) in the control group ( 563 . 8 ui / l ) than in groups a ( nucleoforce ® dogs ) ( 266 . 3 ul / l ), b ( ahcc ®) ( 221 ui / l ) and a + b ( nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) ( 141 . 9 ui / l ). the overall results of the study show that the administration of a composition of the invention comprising the combination of nucleoforce ® dogs with ahcc ® enable the immune response to be improved and the hepatic lesions in animals undergoing chemotherapy treatment to be reduced . they also show that there is a synergic effect between nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®, because the effect of the combination surpasses the sum of the individual effects of each component . the purpose of the experiment was to study the impact of the administration of a composition of the invention that comprises nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ® on the immune function of healthy dogs . the study design was randomised and double blind . the protocol was approved by the ethical committee of animal research at the university of murcia . a total of 24 adult beagle dogs with an average 15 kg body weight ( healthy males and females between 1 and 2 years old ) were divided randomly into four groups ( c , a , b and a + b ) ( n = 6 ) and fed during a 30 - day period with a standard commercial diet supplemented with : group ( a + b ): a composition of the invention formed by nucleoforce ® dogs ( 30 mg / kg body weight ) and ahcc ® ( 30 mg / kg body weight ). the animals were monitored daily , and any clinical signs of disease were monitored . in the beginning ( day 0 ) and at the end of the experimental period ( day 30 ) blood samples were taken to determine the index of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro . this index was used because it is considered that it is a measurement that reliably measures the capacity of the immune system to respond to an infection . to determine the proliferation of lymphocytes , the lymphocytes were isolated in heparinised blood samples from the animals and cultured in absence or presence of phytohaemaglutinin with presence of 10 μm bromodeoxyuridine ( 5 - bromo - 2 - deoxyuridine , brdu ). the cell proliferation index was determined using a non - radioactive elisa technique ( cell proliferation elisa ; boehringer mannheim , germany ). the results were expressed as optical density units ( od ). all the data were analysed using a variance analysis ( anova ) based on the glm procedure ( general linear model ) of the sas statistical software ( 1996 ). mean values were compared using the ls - means sas procedure . a two - tailed p value & lt ; 0 . 05 was considered significant . as shown in fig5 , after 30 days of administering the products to be tested , the animals that received the composition of the invention ( combination of nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®) presented a significantly higher index of lymphocyte proliferation ( 13 . 42 ± 0 . 72 od ) ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) than that in animals receiving nucleoforce ® dogs ( 7 . 04 ± 1 . 72 od ), ahcc ® ( 7 . 18 ± 1 . 79 od ) or placebo product ( 8 . 01 ± 1 . 81 od ). no signs of toxicity were observed associated to the administration of the product . these results showed the preventive or prophylactic effect of the composition of the invention that comprises the combination of nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®, given that the administration of this composition improves the immune response capacity , enabling the animal to be prepared for any processes capable of causing depression of the immune system . effects of supplementing a combination of nucleoforce ® and ahcc ® to dairy calves prior weaning on respiratory afflictions and immune response during the postwening period the aim of the present study was to test the effect of a combination of nucleoforce ® and ahcc ® on the incidence of respiratory problems and immune function of weaning calves from a commercial farm with a high incidence of respiratory disease . 78 dairy replacement calves ( initial age = 18 ± 6 . 3 days and body weight = 43 ± 6 . 1 kg ) were fed with 2 l of milk replacer ( mr ) twice daily via a bottle at 07 . 30 h and 16 . 30 h until 45 days of life , and then a daily dose of 2 l of mr at 07 . 30 h for an additional week . at 37 day of age half of the calves received a daily dose of 3 g of the combination of nucleoforce ® ( bioiberica , spain ) and ahcc ( aminoup , japan ) supplemented through the morning feeding of mr until weaning time ( 52 days ). after weaning , calves were moved from individual hutches into pens holding 8 animals until reaching 111 ± 2 . 1 days ( when the study was completed ). animal performance was monitored from 52 until 111 days of life . respiratory afflictions were monitored daily from 37 to 111 days of life . blood samples from half of the animals randomly chosen from each treatment group were obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein at the age of 37 days and 52 days . incidence of respiratory afflictions was analyzed using mixed - effects logistic regression analysis , and the number of respiratory cases using a mixed - effects poisson regression analysis . blood determinations were analysed using a mixed - effects anova . blood plateletcrit was higher ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) in supplemented than in control calves ( 22 . 9 vs 21 . 5 ± 0 . 45 %, respectively ). also , means platelet volume was higher ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) in supplemented than in control calves ( 10 . 3 vs 7 . 9 ± 0 . 01 fl , respectively ). similarly , the percentage of monocytes was also higher ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) in supplemented than in control calves ( 10 . 7 vs 9 . 1 ± 0 . 10 %, respectively ). as can be seen in fig6 , the incidence of animals affected by respiratory problems tended ( p = 0 . 06 ) to be lower in calves that received the supplement ( 27 ± 0 . 45 %) than in the unsupplemented animals ( 48 . 7 ± 0 . 51 %). it could be concluded that 3 g / day of the combination of nucleoforce ® and ahcc tended to be effective in providing animals with an adequate immune response to reduce the incidence of respiratory upsets during transition from liquid to solid feeds .
the present invention relates to compositions comprising nucleobases and / or sources of nucleobases and polysaccharides from extracts of fungi , yeasts or bacteria . preferably , the compositions include nucleoforce ® or nucleoforce ® dogs and ahcc ®. said compositions are useful in the treatment and prevention of immunosuppression , of the toxicity derived from chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment , of diseases of the immune system , of cancer or an infection ; and are also useful to stimulate the immune function in a mammal , including a human .