in fig1 a microwave probe ( 1 ) has a first circular waveguide ( 2 ) of a first diameter at one end being of custom - determined diameter according to probe use and a second circular waveguide ( 3 ) of a second , larger diameter at the other end . the transition between the first waveguide ( 2 ) and the larger diameter second waveguide ( 3 ) comprises a frusto - conical waveguide ( 4 ) and a dielectric rod ( 5 ) located mainly within the first waveguide ( 2 ). the dielectric rod ( 5 ) has a tapered end ( 6 ) extending into the transition waveguide ( 4 ). disposed about the dielectric tapered end ( 6 ) is a dielectric buffer plug ( 7 ) having dielectric properties greater than air but less than that of the dielectric rod ( 6 ). the first waveguide ( 2 ) extends towards the free end of the probe ( 1 ) but terminates short of the free end to leave an exposed antenna portion ( 8 ). the exposed antenna portion ( 8 ) and the first waveguide ( 2 ) are provided with a protective removable and disposed sheath ( 9 ) of bio - medically inert and microwave transparent material , for example a protective ptfe or similar material , which may be profiled as shown according to probe use . in order to sense the operating temperature , the probe ( 1 ) includes thermocouple wire temperature sensing means ( 10 ). as can be seen from fig1 the second waveguide ( 3 ) also includes waveguide tuning stubs ( 11 ). the stubs ( 11 ) are set in the wall of the second waveguide ( 3 ) to provide means of intrinsically matching the antenna portion ( 8 ) in a body . a probe matched to a specific load , preferably endometrium tissue in this application will relieve the need for extensive pre - operative tuning . in addition , the provision of stubs ( 11 ) limit the existence of standing waves in the coaxial feed line ( 12 ) which can form there when matching is initiated at the system tuning network end of the coaxial feed line . standing waves in the coaxial feed line will generate heat and reduce the working life of the cable . however , subtle load variations from patient to patient can be fine tuned using the system tuning network ( 13 ) shown in fig2 . in fig2 the probe ( 1 ) of the invention is supplied with a microwave frequency input in the microwave spectrum , preferably in the region of 8 - 12 ghz , from a microwave frequency generator source and amplifier ( 14 ). the amplified signal is passed to the probe ( 1 ) via waveguide line ( 15 ) and the coaxial feed line ( 12 ). although , the provision of stubs ( 11 ) permits the tuning of the probe to the specific load , fine tuning is provided by the tuning network ( 16 ) controls the fine turning of the match of power into the loaded probe . the power level of the source / amplification unit ( 14 ) is monitored by a power sense ( 17 ) on the waveguide line ( 15 ). a thermometry unit ( 18 ) is provided to take temperature sensor readings at the probe / tissue interface ( 1 ). the various signals are collated and conditioned and fed to a pc / user interface ( 19 ) which may interface with a user &# 39 ; s conventional pc graphics monitor ( 20 ). in this way the user may vary the frequency of the source ( 14 ), set the power level required , and vary the tuning network ( 16 ) to achieve optimum match into a load . also during the treatment , real - time graphs of temperature data can be viewed on the monitor ( 20 ). in the embodiment of fig3 and 4 the probe arrangement is similar to that described with reference to fig1 and 2 except that the probe is formed in two parts . in fig3 a microwave probe ( 101 ) has a dielectric input stage ( 102 ) and a dielectric output stage ( 103 ). the input stage ( 102 ) includes a circular waveguide ( 104 ) of a first diameter at one end and a circular waveguide ( 105 ) of a second , smaller diameter at the other end , the diameter being of custom - determined diameter according to probe use . the transition between the waveguide ( 104 ) and the smaller diameter waveguide ( 105 ) comprises a frusto - conical waveguide ( 106 ) and a first dielectric rod ( 107 ) located mainly within the waveguide ( 105 ) but having a tapered end ( 108 ) extending into the transition waveguide ( 106 ). disposed about the dielectric tapered end ( 108 ) is a dielectric buffer plug ( 109 ) having dielectric properties greater than air but less than that of the dielectric rod ( 107 ). the circular waveguide ( 105 ) terminates in a flange ( 110 ) and the rod ( 107 , extends beyond the flange ( 110 ) to a joint ( 111 ). the dielectric output stage ( 103 ) includes a second dielectric rod ( 112 ), an inner end of which abuts the end of the dielectric rod ( 107 at the joint ( 111 ). the output stage ( 103 ) is provided with a further waveguide ( 113 ) which extends from the flange ( 110 ) towards the free end of the probe ( 101 ). however , the waveguide ( 113 ) terminates short of the free end of the probe ( 101 ) to leave an exposed antenna portion ( 114 ). the exposed antenna portion ( 114 ) and the waveguide ( 113 ) are provided with a protective sheath ( 115 ) of ptfe or other suitable material as with the first embodiment . in order to sense the operating temperature , the probe ( 101 ) includes thermocouple wire temperature sensing means ( 130 ). the temperature sensing means ( 130 ) is connected to a temperature sensor interface ( 116 ) at the flange ( 110 ). the probe ( 101 ) disclosed by way of example is a probe for endometrial ablation and , in order to facilitate insertion of the probe inside the uterus , the probe ( 101 ) includes two balloon catheters ( 117 ) ( only one shown ), one fixed to each side of the waveguide ( 113 ). the catheters ( 117 ) are provided with air by means of air tubes ( 118 ) and an air tube interface ( 119 ) is provided adjacent the flange ( 110 ) on the circular waveguide ( 105 ). the probe system of fig3 is preferably arranged as disclosed in fig4 . in that arrangement , it will be seen that the probe ( 101 ) is supplied with a microwave frequency input in the region of 8 - 12 ghz from a microwave frequency generator source ( 120 ), the signal of which is amplified by amplifier ( 121 ) and passed through a tuning network ( 122 ) before entering the input dielectric stage ( 112 ) at the circular waveguide ( 114 ). the tuning network ( 122 ) controls the match of power into a loaded probe ( 101 ) and the match is monitored using a power meter ( 123 ). personal computer instrumentation ( 124 ) is used to vary the frequency of the source ( 120 ), set the power level required , and vary the tuning network ( 122 ) to achieve optimum match into a load . this could also be done manually , if required . a thermometry unit ( 125 ) is provided to take temperature sensor readings from the probe ( 101 ) received via the interface ( 116 ) and store these on disk in the p . c . ( 124 ). during the treatment , real - time graphs of temperature data can be viewed on the monitor ( 126 ). in order to facilitate manipulation of the probe within the uterus , an inflation unit 127 is provided which is operative to supply sufficient air pressure to inflate the catheters ( 117 ) on the probe surface . the probe 140 of the embodiment of fig5 as similar to that of fig3 and where appropriate similar references have been used . the main difference in the embodiment of figure is that the waveguide surrounding the dielectric rod ( 107 ) is formed by thermocouple wire 142 coil ed about the exposed antenna portion 114 for temperature sensing . the flange 110 is again separable into two parts 144 , 146 each of which includes thermocouple connectors allowing connection of the thermocouple wire 142 to a thermocouple interface 148 . in order to serve as a waveguide as well the thermocouple wire 142 is wound so as to provide controlled radiation along the length of the dielectric rod 107 . the embodiment of fig6 is an alternative arrangement where there is a single wave guide . in this arrangement a microwave probe 201 has a circular waveguide 202 filled with a dielectric material 23 . the waveguide 202 terminates short of the end of the probe 201 providing an exposed antenna portion ant . towards the end of the probe 201 remote from the exposed antenna portion 204 there is a coaxial feed line input 205 and a waveguide excitation stud 206 . which directly excites the dielectric filled waveguide 202 . the probe 201 is matched to the load of the body into which it is to be inserted by means of tuning stubs 207 fixed to the wall of the waveguide 202 . as with previous embodiment , the probe 201 is provided with a protective sheath 208 of ptff or other suitable material and reference is particularly directly to the disclosure of one form of the sheath given in fig7 . a temperature sensor 209 is provided between the sheath 208 and the waveguide 202 feeding a temperature indicative signal back to the control ( not shown ). in fig7 an embodiment similar to the embodiments of fig3 - 5 is illustrated where the probe 301 includes a first waveguide 302 of small diameter , a second waveguide 303 of larger diameter and a frusto - conical transition waveguide 304 between the two . the first waveguide includes a dielectric rod 305 one end 306 of which is tapered at the transition and the other end of which provides an exposed antenna portion 307 . the respective waveguides are interconnected by flange fittings 308 , 309 . the first waveguide 302 is protected by a sheath 310 of bio - medically inert material which is substantially transparent to microwave energy of the desired frequency . the sheath 310 is arrange to interconnect with the flange 309 so as to be removable and replaceable after each use of the probe . the second waveguide 303 includes an excitation stub 311 which receives input from coaxial cable 312 . the interconnection between the sheath 310 and the flange 309 is shown diagrammatically but will comprise a sacrificial joint causing breakage of the sheath 310 on removal , eg . it may comprise co - operating wedged ribs on the sheath 310 and the flange 309 which allow engagement but resist disengagement without breakage . the arrangement of fig8 a , 8b and 8c employs a protective sheath 320 and a disposable handle 302 which can be supplied in a sterile pack for single use only . in order to ensure disposal of the protective sheath 300 , and the handle 302 following use , the probe 301 , of construction as exemplified in fig1 is housed in the handle 302 for use . the handle 302 comprises two halves 303 , 304 hinged at hinge points 305 , 306 . the handle 302 is moulded of microwave absorbing material and the hinged halves 303 , 304 fold around the probe base and cable 307 leaving the first dielectric filled waveguide 308 and antenna portion 309 protruding from the handle as shown . the two halves 303 , 304 of the handle 302 are secured together by means of the protective sheath and antenna portion 309 . the sheath 300 has a sacrificial join 310 which fits over the handle halves 303 , 304 and can only be removed by breaking the join 310 . the sheath 300 is moulded from a biomedical material that is low - loss to microwaves . in order to control use of the disposable handle 302 and reference the disposable items to a systems treatment log , a bar code 311 is used which can be automatically read by a bar code reader ( not shown ) when the assembled probe is placed in a system holster 313 . the holster 313 is provided on a trolley 314 including the control elements of the system described in more detail with reference to fig2 . for example , a control keypad 315 , display arm 316 and display 317 are shown . in order to ensure that a handle 302 and sheath 300 are used with the probe 901 , the cable 307 suitably includes a control switch 318 which is operative by means of a spring switch 319 on the handle 302 . the control switch 318 is 15 operative through were 320 in the cable 307 which also includes a wire 321 from the thermocouple temperature sensor 322 . the bar code 311 on the handle 302 will be unique and the software of the system is designed to reject second use to ensure disposal and replacement by a new sterile pack comprising handle and sheath for each treatment . if desired , the sheath may also include a bar code and the bar code may include batch and date information for data logging purposes . in most applications , and particularly , in the preferred method of the invention , the probe will be used to apply heat to a load . when the load is of a biological nature , the addition of temperature sensors in the probe body as shown in some of the figures is important for safety , monitors allowing for in - situ temperature readings which can be input to feedback control and data logging systems . in use , with reference to diagrammatic fig9 a and 9b , the probe 401 of the invention is supplied with a microwave frequency or put in the region of 8 - 12 ghz from microwave frequency generator . the dielectric material 402 within the first waveguide optimists a smooth transition without causing undue reflection . the probe 401 is suitably provided with a handle allowing manipulation by the operator and providing sterile single use as described by way of example with reference to fig8 a , 8b , 8c . the patient is prepared by drugs being administered to contract the endometrial layer 403 of the uterus 404 as necessary . the cervix 405 is dilated and the surgeon , will then insert a tool ( not shown ) to determine the depth of the uterus 404 to determine the area for treatment . the probe 401 is then inserted into the uterus 404 and the probe tip 406 positioned using markers 407 on the length of the probe as shown diagrammatically . when the applicator tip is placed in biological tissue the generated field shape 408 in the tissue 409 can be a uniform sphere - like shape of about 4 - 5 mm from the dielectric surface of the probe tip 406 as shown diagrammatically in fig9 a . electromagnetic heating of the tissue 409 only occurs within this sphere . in the particular treatment disclosed the probe 401 is inserted to the fundus of the uterus 404 and the probe 401 slowly withdrawn to expose the full endometrial lining to the electromagnetic field . the microwave electromagnetic energy radiated from the exposed probe tip 406 heats the localised area of endometrium 43 and during treatment the temperature is continually monitored by means of the temperature sensors . thus , for example , the power may be switched on for a period of 9 seconds and then switched off for a period of 1 second whilst the temperature is measured . whilst the control in this respect may be manual it is preferred to provide an automatic control system for maintaining the controlling temperature by means of the fibre - optic thermometry systems and data acquisition and control means . the microwave energy is strong absorbed by the tissue of the endometrium and , by controlling the frequency and the power , the depth of absorption can be restricted solely to the endometrium itself which is about 5 mm in depth . this has the advantage that physical injury or radiation effects on surrounding tissue are avoided . the markers 407 on the probe 401 assist the surgeon in knowing where the probe tip 406 is in the uterine cavity during treatment . the treatment time is likely to be less than 20 minutes minimising gynaecclogist time and allowing the patient a minimum time in hospital typically 1 day or less . the treated endometrium is left as scar tissue . although , the invention has been described using substantially continuous heating using lower power eg 60 watts to achieve a temperature in excess of 60 ° c ., the microwave electromagnetic energy may be pulsed at a much higher power by means of a pulse magnetron . this provides pules of kilowatt power in microseconds each pulse being spaced by the order of a millisecond . for example , it may be possible to provide pulses with a peak output of 80 kilowatts for a duration of 1 microsecond spaced by 1 millisecond . pulsing may have the advantage of countering the body &# 39 ; s natural reaction to continuous heating of tissue of increasing the blood flow to the area being treated to provide cooling . thus continuous heating may not be as efficient in destroying the cells as pulsed heating where the effect of the increased blood flow is minimised or not even promoted in the first instance . from the drawings it will be seen that the probe of the present invention is designed to propagate and radiate microwave electromagnetic energy in a controlled fashion . the design makes use of a dielectric material within a circular waveguide with dimensions dictated by the microwave frequency used and the electrical properties of the dielectric material . the preferred dielectric material is alumina which provides an antenna diameter which is compatible with the narrow neck the uterus . however , choosing a material with a higher dielectric constant , this diameter could be made even smaller . the dielectric material may be ceramic , plastics or other suitable material . although , the choice of dielectric material will fix the probe diameter , the tip of the exposed antenna portion will be shaped to achieve the desired radiation pattern . the profile of the protective sheath can also be shaped to provide more accurate coverage of radiation in a specifically shaped load . in certain applications part of all of the probe may be designed to swivel or rotate to achieve better radiation coverage across a load . thus , careful design of the shape and size of the probe will automatically match it to an application specific load , thus reducing the effects of standing waves which can cause loss of power and hot spots . this optimum matching can be offset by the variance of load shape and size . tuning can be done by introducing tuning screws into the antenna / waveguide body or by adding specifically designed metal tuning washers into the dielectric / antenna assembly . the protective sheath is , preferably of a sterile , single use , and disposable design will be used to provide a medically inert external for all parts of the probe that come in contact with a body . the material will be medically inert , low - loss at microwave frenzies , capable of withstanding extended exposure to harsh chemicals and high temperatures , and it will lend itself to production molding techniques . the protective sheath suitably includes a bar code to ensure single use to prevent cross - contamination and to provide traceability . as an alternative to bar codes , the unique identification means may comprise any other suitable means , eg . a passive electronic transporter which , if desired , may be embedded in the material of the protective sheath and / or the handle .
a probe is designed to propagate and radiate microwave electromagnetic energy in a controlled fashion . the probe includes at least one waveguide of cross - section which would not normally pass microwaves at the operational frequency . the waveguide therefore includes dielectric material , such as alumina , in the form of a rod an exposed portion of which forms an antenna . the probe is preferably for use in endometrial ablation and therefore the reduced dimension of the waveguide can be made compatible with the narrow neck of the uterus .