described in this paper are ceramic - metallic - alloy articles comprised of ceramic zirconium alloy material . in one aspect , an article consists of zirconium of about 70 % unalloyed zirconium and about 30 % niobium . in another aspect , an article consists of between about ( 95 - 98 %) unalloyed zirconium and about ( 2 - 5 %) niobium ( zr705 ). the article may be heated in oxygen environment at temperatures ranging between about 200 ° c . to about 880 ° c ., for a duration of between about 10 minutes to 110 minutes . exposing the article to thermal treatment in an oxygen - rich environment provides an oxidized - zirconium - alloy apparatus . one , two , or three heating cycles may be used , with a quenching cycle , such as a water or air , interposed between each heating step . the temperature and duration of heating are selected to provide a strongly adherent oxide - rich layer with increased scratch , wear and hardness resistance , and decreased friction resistance . the surface of the alloy may be polished to increase wear and impact resistance while decreasing friction resistance . other machining , casting , or forging of the alloy into a desire shape may be achieved by any suitable methods used with titanium or zirconium alloys . in use , an example methodology is used to produce articles that consisting of unalloyed zirconium with niobium within the composition range desirable to produce a hard , scratch - resistant surface . the article may provide outer surfaces having ceramic properties for use with sporting goods equipment , dishware , appliances , helmets , guns , tips for bullets or armor - piercing shells , penetrator materials for an armor piercing sabot , bullet - proof vests , armor vehicles including tanks and other armor - protecting vehicles , boat hulls , ship hulls , automobile bodies , truck bodies , airplane fuselages , the leading edge of airplane wings , helicopter rotors , and rockets . the inventors believe that airplanes , vehicles , boats hulls and other applications in which the surfaces must be hardened , and exhibit reduced friction and durability will benefit from the use of unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium . the article may also be used as a casing in lieu of or in conjunction with plastics for computers , laptops , tablets , smart phones , cell phones , and the like . the article may also be used to construct sports equipment . in one example , the material is a ceramic - metallic alloy such as unalloyed zirconium with niobium . heretofore , sports - equipment materials , such as golf - club heads have consisted of wood , laminates of various woods and woods filled with resins , metals of aluminum , stainless steel , brass , bronze , titanium , various alloys of these and other metals , graphite fiber , and reinforced plastics of various kinds . tennis rackets and golf - club shafts heretofore have consisted of monolithic - metal alloy such as carbon steel , stainless steels , high alloyed steels , titanium and aluminum alloys and plastic - matrix composites reinforced with graphite fiber , boron fiber and various metal wires such as titanium . an ideal golf club material is lightweight , has high strength , hardness ; wear resistance , impact strength or toughness and high modulus or resistance to bending . a shaft , and especially composite shafts , should have high - shear strength and torsional modulus , i . e ., high resistance to torqueing or twisting . in one example , a golf - club head ( such as a driver , fairway wood , putter , irons , and the like ) contains ceramic - metallic - alloy articles comprised of ceramic zirconium alloy material in different forms , such as a coating , as one or more layers of a portion of the head , encapsulated , integral , or selectively distributed at various locations of a golf - club head . articles comprised of ceramic zirconium alloy material may also be used singularly , or as a part of composite mixed with other materials such wood , metal , or plastic , and other suitable materials for use as part of the club head . for instance , fig1 is a perspective view of an example golf - club head 100 which contains ceramic zirconium alloy materials such as zirconium of about 70 % unalloyed zirconium and about 30 % niobium . in another aspect , the head 100 consists of between about ( 95 - 98 %) unalloyed zirconium and about ( 2 - 5 %) niobium ( zr705 ). club head 100 includes a face portion 102 , a sole portion 104 , a heel portion 106 , a toe portion 108 , a hosel portion 110 , a top edge 112 , a sweet - spot portion 114 , a bottom edge 115 , and a back portion 116 . face portion 102 forms a leading edge 117 of head 100 . conversely , back portion 116 is opposite leading edge 117 , and forms the back - most portions of head 100 ; i . e . back portion 116 is the trailing edge . face portion 102 is a surface for striking a ball , and may include groves 118 or other patterns . sole portion 104 forms a bottom of head 100 . heel portion 106 forms a rear - striking portion of head 100 . hosel portion 110 forms an interface for inserting a shaft 120 into head 100 , and securing shaft 120 therein by any suitable fastening means , including adhesive and / or other fasteners . face portion 102 may be formed of the aforementioned ceramic zirconium alloy materials . that is , a selectable area of an outer - most surface of face portion 102 may include ceramic zirconium alloy materials consisting of a ceramic compound such as zirconia , and a metal - inner core ( i . e ., a backing layer ) such as zirconium , and zirconium with niobium and oxygen ( zr - 2 . 5nb ) and may also include titanium alloys in addition to the nb . for instance , the unalloyed zirconium and niobium may form the outer surface of sweet - spot portion 114 . in another example , the outer surface may extend beyond sweet - spot portion 114 , such as along the entire leading edge 117 of head 102 . in another example , the ceramic zirconium - niobium composition may extend between heel portion 106 and toe portion 108 , such as approximately commensurate with an area of face portion 102 where grooves 118 are located . in areas , where ceramic the zirconium - niobium composition does not form a portion of head 100 , other suitable materials may be used , such as steel , titanium , titanium alloys , graphite , boron , steel alloys or mixtures of the foregoing . the zirconium - niobium composition may be integrally formed by forging or casting , or other suitable means . that is , the surface portions of head 100 may be integrally formed by forging or casting . for parts of head 100 that are zirconium - niobium composition , those areas may be joined together by any suitable means such as adhesive , welding , forging , casting , or other means . alternatively , at outer - surface areas head 100 may be formed of ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium . fig2 is a top cross - sectional view of club head 100 . as depicted in fig2 , leading edge 117 includes a surface layer 202 formed of ceramic - zirconia oxide . the thickness of surface layer 202 may vary . for example , in one implementation surface layer is about 5 μm - to - 10 μm thick measured , in a perpendicular manner to leading edge 117 ( i . e ., measured from face to back ). in another example , surface layer 202 may have other thicknesses , greater or less than 5 μm - to - 10 μm , such as between about 10 μm to about 1 cm . for instance , a thickness of surface layer 202 consisting of ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium may range from about 0 . 1 mm to about 1 . 0 mm . in another example , the thickness of layer 202 consisting of ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium is about 0 . 2 mm to about 0 . 8 mm . in yet another example , the thickness of layer 202 is about 0 . 4 mm to about 0 . 6 mm . and in still another example , the thickness of layer 202 is about 0 . 5 mm . club head 100 may also include a support layer . for example , fig3 illustrates a top cross - sectional view of club head 100 . as depicted in fig3 , a support layer 302 is sandwiched between surface layer 202 , and rear - portion 304 of club head 100 . in the illustrated example , support layer 302 may include zirconium or zirconium with niobium and oxygen ( zr - 2 . 5nb ). support layer 302 may have any thickness or depth as well as height and length desired . the density of support layer 302 may be less than or more than the density of surface layer 202 . alternatively , support layer 302 may also constitute the remaining portion of club head 100 . for example , support layer 302 may extend from a juncture of surface layer 202 to back portion 116 of club 100 . that is , rear portion 304 and support layer 302 may comprise a single material with no demarcation line . surface layer 202 , consisting of ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium , in conjunction with support layer 302 or other materials in a multi - component head , may be integrally formed with these other materials by any suitable means , such as forging or casting . alternatively , surface layer 202 and support layer 302 be joined together by adhesive bonding , welding , infrared brazing , combination of the foregoing , or other means . other materials forming head 100 may be used with ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium . fig4 shows a perspective view of another example club head 100 , such as a driver head . in this example , support layer 304 ( not shown in fig4 ) forms an inner core of club head 100 , and is encapsulated in surface layer 202 . the interior of club head 100 beyond support layer 304 , such as its core ( not shown ) may be hollow or any suitable solid materials including support layer 304 . that is the core may include a plethora of materials such as wood , metal , or plastic , and other suitable materials for use as part of club head 100 . the volume of club head 100 depicted in fig4 is generally between about 280 cc and 480 cc . in addition , weighting of club 100 as depicted in fig1 - 4 and dimensions of each feature of club 100 may vary . the shaft of the club or a tennis racket frame may also contain ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium , and may be reinforced with other materials or intermixed as part of matrix . the shaft may also contain selectively concentrated portions or areas containing ceramic - zirconium oxide containing niobium or other forms of zirconium oxide . the material of the shaft may also be encapsulated or layered . although some of the discussion above focuses on golf clubs and tennis rackets as the sample sports equipment , methodologies and principles described herein are not necessarily limited to golf clubs and tennis rackets , and may be applied to other sports equipment , including hockey sticks , baseball bats , lacrosse sticks , golf balls , pool sticks , and various other sports equipment . in addition , the thickness , and weight of the ceramic - zirconium oxide alloy ( such as the alloy containing niobium above ) of an outer surface material may vary depending on the application . thickness of the layer of ceramic - zirconium oxide alloy ( such as the alloy containing niobium above ) of an outer surface of an article may be varied by the amount of time these materials are exposed to heat and pressure . the process of creating the ceramic - zirconium oxide alloy may result in a ceramicized - metal article . in other application , the outer surface ( skin ) of the wing of an airplane contains unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium having a thickness and configuration suitable for the aviation application . for instance , the skin of the airplane includes zirconium alloy materials such as zirconium of about 70 % unalloyed zirconium and about 30 % niobium . in another example , the skin consists of between about ( 95 - 98 %) unalloyed zirconium and about ( 2 - 5 %) niobium ( zr705 ). the aforementioned oxidized zirconium alloy compositions may be rolled to form skin plates or extruded . the inventors believe that these composition will exhibit a combination of properties which render them suitable for use in the wing structure or fuselage of aircraft . in another application , the outer surface of the hull of a boat or ship contains unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium having a thickness and configuration suitable for boating or shipping application . the inventors believe that airplanes , vehicles , boats hulls and other applications in which the surfaces must be hardened , and exhibit reduced friction and durability will benefit from the use of unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium . in another application , the inner most and / or outer most surface of a container for containing liquid or gas , used on trucks , trains , ships , airplanes , or other mobile or stationary containers that may contain an unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium having a thickness and configuration suitable for such an application . in any of the aforementioned embodiments , one skilled in the art , after having the benefit of this disclosure , may appreciate that the entire article ( or multiple layers of the article ) may consist of an unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium , i . e ., a ceramicized metal . therefore , the article may have varying thicknesses and layers of ceramicized metal . although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts , it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described . rather , the specific features and acts are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing the claims .
described are articles having , at least , an outer surface comprising unalloyed oxidized zirconium with niobium having a thickness and configurations suitable for sports equipment , golf clubs , aircraft , boat hulls , motor vehicle , propellers , helicopter rotors , and various other non - medical applications .