the present invention is based on advanced biological research on barnacle cypris larvae . we have found a method to prevent the release of the adhesive and by inhibiting this process , the barnacle cypris larvae are unable to attach themselves to the surface and thereby inhibit marine biofouling caused by barnacles . basically , the invention herein is a method and product for preventing marine biofouling of a substrate by a marine biofouling organism , comprising a protective coating and applying the protective coating to the substrate . the coating contains a receptor antagonist that inhibits release of adhesive by the marine biofouling organism . in its preferred embodiment , the receptor antagonist is a dopamine antagonist , preferably selected from d1 receptor antagonists and d5 receptor antagonists , and most preferably is sch 23390 (( r )-(+)- 7 - chloro - 8 - hydroxy - 3 - methyl - 1 - phenyl - 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetrahydro - 1h - 3 - benzazepine ). all the below described experiments are on the species balanus improvisus . the release of the adhesive is governed by a g - protein coupled receptor and it is possible to stimulate release of the adhesive glands by adding dopamine . according to the same principle , it is possible to block the release of the adhesive proteins by using a dopamine antagonist that block the action of dopamine . we have found that the antagonist sch 23390 (( r )-(+)- 7 - chloro - 8 - hydroxy - 3 - methyl - 1 - phenyl - 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetrahydro - 1h - 3 - benzazepine ) ( tocris cookson ltd ., bristol , uk ) can inhibit the release of barnacle adhesive . the invention herein includes use of sch23390 , and salts and derivatives thereof , as well as other d1 or d5 receptor antagonists such as propranolol , sch 39166 , sch 233388 and the like or antagonists against other receptors with the same function . the following example shows how the settling and metamorphosis of barnacle cypris larvae is inhibited by sch 23390 . in a petri dish containing 5 ml of filtered seawater , 20 cypris larvae and a defined concentration of the different pharmacological agents . fig1 shows the settlement rate for barnacle cypris larvae . 20 barnacle cypris larvae were added into a petri dish containing 5 ml filtered seawater and different concentration of haloperidole and sch 23990 . 1 μm sch 23390 has an almost complete reducing effect of the settlement rate , whereas the haloperidol was less effective , proving the importance of the substance sch 23390 as the more effective antifouling substance . fig1 shows the accumulative barnacle settling frequency over 10 days with the presence of 1 μm haloperidol ( 1h ), 10 μm haloperidole ( 10h ), 1 μm sch 23990 ( 1 s ) and 10 μm sch 23990 ( 10 s ). this shows that sch 23990 effectively inhibits the settling rate of barnacle cypris larvae in comparison with haloperidole as well as the control ( kontroll ). the experiment shows that sch 23390 is more effective than haloperidole . instead 1 μm of sch 23390 inhibits the settling rate almost completely . typically , 0 . 01 - 1 . 0 % of the dopamine antagonist effects the desired result , typically dissolved in ethanol and mixed with commercially available paints , such as vc 17 new technology ( solid paint ) international coatings ( akzo nobel bv , arnhem , nl ), spf ( self polishing , spc ) ( loutrec ab , lidingo , sweden ), tf ( combined solid / ablative ) ( loutrec ab ), fabi eco ( ablative paint ) international coatings ( akzo nobel bv ). this is one example of how to prevent biofouling by inhibition of adhesive release . the advantage is that it is based on research that specifically inhibits a biological response . by doing so , it is possible to reduce the usage of heavy metal and bioaccumulation thereof in the marine environment . further , the described effect is not lethal to the target organism , only preventing it from settling on a treated surface . by adding the dopamine antagonist sch 23390 or other so called dopamine antagonists of the d1 / 5 subtypes or other receptors with the same function into a marine antifouling paint , it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the paint without negative impact on the marine environment . as to a further discussion of the manner of usage and operation of the present invention , the same should be apparent from the above description . accordingly , no further discussion relating to the manner of usage and operation will be provided . while the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments , it will be appreciated that numerous variations , modifications , and embodiments are possible , and accordingly , all such variations , modifications , and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the invention .
use of relatively harmless pharmacological substances , such as dopamine antagonists , that prevent the release of adhesive or in other way prevent the attachment of the barnacle larva . dopamine antagonists are mixed with a paint polymer and applied on a ship hull , or any other man - made solid surface in the marine environment .