referring to the figures , there are shown several , but not the only , embodiments of the invented prosthetic attachment system . in this description and the claims , the term “ proximal ” means toward the center / torso of the body , and so toward the top / upper end of the liner and prosthetic device . thus , in the case of a prosthetic device for a person &# 39 ; s leg , “ proximal ” would mean nearer or toward the upper thigh and trunk . “ distal ” means away from the center / torso of the body , and so the regions of the liner or prosthetic device farther out from the trunk , and farther out on the leg . referring to fig1 - 12b , buckle 26 includes base 10 , which is mounted on the external surface of the hard socket 12 by means of a rivet 20 , glue or other fastener , or it may even be molded integrally with the socket 12 . the buckle 26 is positioned proximally higher up the socket than conventional “ distal ” locks that are mounted near the distal end of the socket , typically at the bottom of the inside “ well ” of the hard socket 12 . connected to base 10 are a lever 11 and pin 11 ′ with e - clips 11 ″, which together create a biased system for receiving and capturing strap 22 , as seen in fig8 and 12b . strap 22 , as discussed below , is preferably secured to the liner 16 , by means of a umbrella 18 ( see fig1 a ), and is long enough to comfortably and conveniently extend from the middle to upper region of the side of the liner to reach the lower region of the liner ( see fig2 ). liner 16 may be a custom or a pre - manufactured liner as described in the related art section above . examples of currently - available conventional liners are iceross , alpha , luxury liner , alps , silipos ( all trademarks ). modern urethane liners are especially preferred . as is well - known in this field , the currently - available liners listed above are examples of interface liners that are positioned between a residual limb and a prosthetic socket and are frequently called “ suction liners ,” “ gel liners ,” or “ roll - on liners .” these liners typically are rolled - onto the residual limb for a suction , slight compression , and / or gripping connection of the inner gel layer of the liner to the skin of the residual limb . the liner - covered limb is then inserted into the prosthetic socket , and the outer surface / layer of the liner preferably forms a suction , grip , or other interference fit to the socket to interfere with the socket falling off the limb . the liners called by these names (“ suction liners ,” “ gel liners ,” or “ roll - on liners ”) include the modern “ second generation ” liners currently preferred by most wearers of prosthetics , which include a textile / fabric outer layer , as well as the older , “ first generation ” liners that typically did not have a textile / fabric outer layer . the term “ suction liner ” is still used by many manufacturers , prosthetic technicians , insurance and medicare / medicaid entities , and wearers of prosthetics , even though the modern liners , with their textile / fabric outer layers , do not form what would be called “ true ” or “ pure ” suction with the socket . see , for example , discussion of suction liners in janusson , et al . ( u . s . pat . no . 6 , 706 , 364 ) and janusson , et al . ( u . s . pat . no . 6 , 626 , 952 ). strap 22 is connected at its proximal end to liner 16 , preferably by an umbrella 18 or other fixture or bracket . the umbrella 18 may be glued to the liner , as seen in fig2 . umbrella 18 , as shown in fig1 a , is preferably an aluminum plate structure of approximately ¾ ″ in diameter and ¼ ″ thick , with preferably a slightly - concave inner surface for contacting the glue , and with apertures at various locations on the umbrella to assist in receiving and better gripping of the glue that connects the umbrella 18 to the liner &# 39 ; s 16 outside side surface . however , umbrella 18 may also be sewn onto or into liner 16 , or it may be formed integrally with liner 16 . also , alternatively , other shapes of an attachment plates or other attachment means may be used instead of the umbrella , as long as preferably they are thin and easily slide / fit into the socket . the strap 22 is attached to the umbrella 18 , for example , with a 10 / 24 - spanner bolt or screw . the screw is then tightened down to the umbrella 18 , rather than allowing the strap 22 to pivot around the screw . this results in the strap 22 being adjustable , allowing the user or prosthetist to move the strap 22 and then lock it into the optimum position , even if the strap 22 or lock mechanism have been attached to their respective structures in less - than - perfect position or location . when hard socket 12 is installed on the residual limb , it extends up over and around liner 16 and umbrella 18 , as shown in fig1 . strap 22 extends from umbrella 18 on liner 16 a short distance on the inside of socket 12 through an aperture 15 in socket 12 to the external surface of socket 12 ( see fig2 and 3 ). there , the strap 22 continues to extend to and through the preferred buckle 26 attached on the outside surface of the socket 12 , as shown in fig4 . the buckle 26 adjustably receives the distal end of the strap 22 , by means of the strap 22 extending through the buckle 26 between the base 10 and the lever 11 . the strap 22 is pushed / pulled through the buckle 26 to the point where the hard socket 12 is securely , but comfortably secured around and connected to liner 16 via the strap 22 and umbrella 18 combination . this way , the advantages of the invention are realized . strap 22 is preferably sufficiently rigid , sufficiently long , and is positioned so that , upon the limb / liner being inserted into the socket , the strap naturally tends to slide to and through the aperture 15 , to the buckle 26 , and through the buckle 26 with little or no need for the user to thread or pull the strap 22 through the aperture 15 or buckle 26 . a prosthetist will be able to adjust the strap and / or buckle locations and aperture size to enable this smooth movement and latching of the strap in the buckle . optionally , the socket wall surface , on the interior or exterior , may be contoured to facilitate and direct the strap . the release button of the buckle 26 is buckle lever 11 , which features sharp edge 13 , as shown in fig7 . the top surface of base 10 ramps up in thickness in the distal direction . this provides for easier strap 22 entry into the buckle - style latch mechanism , and increasing pressure on the strap 22 when engaged by means of the buckle lever 11 pressing / ratcheting against the strap 22 . edge 13 engages the sharp “ ratchet teeth ” of strap 22 , extending into the transverse detents 17 and abutting against the teeth walls upending from the strap top surface ( see fig1 b ). any pull on the strap 22 in the proximal direction is resisted by the engagement of edge 13 in detents 17 and the pressure of lever 11 against e - clips 11 ″. the attachment system may be placed in a position on the liner and socket that the prosthetist deems most advantageous and convenient for the patient . the mechanism is attached to the exterior of the socket at a location determined by test socket fitting , but in any event , not at the distal end of the socket . typically , when a single attachment system is employed , it will placed in a lateral position so that the user may reach it by reaching toward the outside of his limb . after mounting of the base 10 of the buckle 26 onto the socket 12 , the umbrella 18 onto the liner 16 , and strap onto the umbrella 18 , the roll - on prosthetic liner 16 of choice is applied to the patient . the patient can then step into the hard socket 12 and engage the attachment system , by inserting the strap 22 through the aperture 15 and into the buckle 26 . this procedure may be used in the retrofitting of the attachment system to an existing prosthetic . if a new prosthetic is being created , the liner 16 is applied to the patient , and the ideal location for the umbrella 18 is marked on liner 16 . a mold over the patient &# 39 ; s limb and liner 16 is then taken . after the mold and liner 16 are removed , the umbrella 18 is then attached to the liner 16 in the location marked . from the mold the hard socket 12 is created , and the base 10 of the lock mechanism is attached in the proper location on the outside of hard socket 12 , and then the aperture 15 is created in hard socket 12 as above . the aperture 15 or any other opening through the socket preferably may be easily sealed by a gel suction wrap / cover , or other air - tight wrap or plug that preferably encases the lock mechanism and aperture . this allows and maintains a “ suction ” fit between the socket and the liner that improves the function of the prosthetic . as shown to best advantage in fig2 - 5 , after donning of the prosthetic , the roll - on liner proximal wall extends generally parallel to the socket proximal wall , and the liner extends above the upper extremity edge of the socket while the strap at its attachment to the liner proximal wall is inside the socket . the above attachment system was fit to three test patients . all three of these patients utilized alpha ™ liners in a normal manner . the locking tab was attached to the alpha ™ liners in a normal manner . two of these patients were unilateral transtibial amputees , and one patient was a unilateral congenital above - knee amputee . the above - knee amputee was a congenital amputation resulting from pffd , and his amputation level was consistent with a knee disarticulation level . all three of these patients either demonstrated problems with conventional distal pin - lock systems , or , in the case of the transfemoral amputee , did not have sufficient room to install any of the distal locking mechanisms currently on the market . these patients were using the prosthetic lock suspension according to the present invention on their prosthesis on a daily basis . these patients were all experimentally fit in june of 2000 and no problems were encountered with mechanical failures or with patient acceptance or satisfaction . we continue to monitor these patients at 2 - 3 week intervals . one may see , after reviewing the disclosure of this description and the drawings , that the invented attachment system tends to prevent rotation of the prosthesis on its longitudinal axis ( axis extending between its proximal end and distal end ) relative to the amputated limb . by providing one of the invented side - located , “ proximally - located ” attachment systems , such rotation is limited or prevented . this is because the strap extends from a fixed anchor location on the side of the liner / limb to a fixed anchor location on the side of the socket , thus connecting those two fixed locations together at substantially a fixed distance apart , thereby not allowing the anchor location on the socket to rotate any significant distance away from the anchor location on the liner . although one of the invented attachment systems is preferred , more than one may possibly be used , for example , at two positions around the side of the limb / socket , as described below . other benefits of the attachment system include comfort and ease of use . the preferred attachment system is simple to use , each to reach , and requires a minimum of dexterity . the externally - mounted lock mechanism eliminates the jamming of conventional distal locks often caused by a sock worn over the roll - on liner . while a ratchet - style buckle and strap combination is preferred , other releasable attachments and fasteners may be used . for example , extension members other than a flat strap with detents may be used , such as a cord ( s ), loop ( s ), tab ( s ), or other rigid or flexible extension members . latch mechanisms other than a buckle may be used , such as a hook ( s ), clip ( s ), snap ( s ), or other devices that adjustably or non - adjustably grip the extension member . the connection between the extension member and the latch mechanism is preferably , but not necessarily , adjustable . this permits the user or the prosthetist to manipulate the connection for optimum use and comfort , either by lengthening or shortening the connection or by pivoting or otherwise moving the location of the extension member or latch mechanism . in the description and claims , the term “ lateral ” means on / toward the outer surface or region of the body , and therefore , on / toward the outer surface or region of the apparatus that is installed on the human body . thus , a lateral surface of the liner or socket is an outer side surface , away from the inner or medial plane of the body . see lateral surfaces 101 , 101 ′ of the liner and socket , respectively , in fig1 and 14 , wherein the apparatus is on the left leg and fig1 is a ventral ( front ) view . the term “ medial ” means on / toward the inside or medial plane of the body . thus , a medial surface of the liner or socket is an inner side surface , away from the outside of the body . see medial surfaces 102 , 102 ′ of the liner and the socket , respectively , in fig1 , wherein the apparatus is on the left leg . referring to fig1 - 17 , attachment systems are shown with improved straps and latch mechanisms that make donning and doffing the prosthesis more convenient and comfortable . the embodiment of fig1 - 17 comprises two straps 122 , one attached to the lateral surface 101 of the liner 16 and one attached to the medial surface 102 of the liner 16 , as shown in fig1 . these two straps are secured to the liner by means of an umbrella 18 described above and shown in fig1 - 12b . the especially preferred strap 122 has a “ nipple ” shaped tab extension 114 , or other tapered , narrow tip , at its distal end . the extension 114 preferably has a width less than half of the width of the strap 122 . the extension facilitates the strap 122 from the inside of the socket 12 to the socket &# 39 ; s external surface and through the buckle 126 ( see fig1 ). the bottom surface 123 of the especially preferred strap 122 may have a longitudinal channel 124 , or other grove or ramp - like shape at the distal end , to prevent the strap 122 from “ catching ” on the rivet 20 in the base 110 of the buckle 126 . the thinness ( from top surface to bottom surface ) of the central region of the distal end , caused by the channel 124 , aids in smooth insertion of the strap 122 into the buckle 126 , and allows the distal end to slide over the rivet 20 . this way , the rivet 20 need not be lowered or countersunk into the base 110 . alternatively , the entire bottom surface of the distal end of the strap may be slanted / thinned , but this would result in a weaker distal end . in order to install the socket 12 on the residual limb , the user places the two straps 122 inside the socket 12 and then feeds them through two apertures 115 located medially and laterally in the socket &# 39 ; s 12 side wall , as seen in fig1 and 16 . once the tabs 114 of the straps 122 exit the apertures 115 to the external surface of the socket 12 , they feed into two buckles 126 , distal from the apertures 115 , on the medial and lateral surface of the socket 12 ( see fig1 and 17 ). preferred buckle 126 may include a spring - biased member with one or more sharp edges 113 , that frictionally engage transverse detents 17 located between transverse raised ridges on the strap &# 39 ; s surface . connected to each base 110 of the buckles 126 , are a lever 111 , pivot axle pin 111 ′, and e - clips 111 ″ or other biasing spring or member , which together create a biased system for receiving and capturing the straps 122 . the top surface of each base 110 ramps up towards the distal end of the buckle 126 , allowing easy insertion of the straps 122 , as shown in fig1 . as the distal end of each strap 122 moves into the proximal end of each buckle 126 , the sharp edge or edges 113 of the buckles 126 engage the transverse detents 17 of the straps 122 ( see fig1 ). the channel 124 , on each strap 122 , bypasses the rivet 20 in base 110 of its respective buckle 126 , allowing the distal end strap 122 to exit the distal end of the buckle 126 , in turn securing the socket 12 to the residual limb ( see fig1 ). the preferred method for releasing the straps 122 from the buckles 126 , is for the user to pull up on the distal end of each lever 111 to pivot the lever 111 into a raised position as shown in fig1 a , which corresponds to pivoting the distal end of the lever 111 away from the socket . this , in turn , disengages the sharp edge or edges 113 of each buckle 126 from the transverse detents 17 of each strap 122 ( see fig1 and 19 ). the user is then able to remove the socket 12 from the residual limb by holding on to each lever 111 and pulling the socket 12 off the liner and also by maneuvering his / her residual limb out of the socket . having a plurality of attachment systems for a single prosthetic device may improve stability and comfort for the user . by utilizing lateral and medial strap and buckle combinations , rotation of the prosthetic device relative to the user &# 39 ; s residual limb is minimized , if not prevented . further , the levers of the lateral and medial buckles provide a hand - hold for the user , especially during removal of the socket from the liner - covered residual limb . the lift - to - release buckle levers may be easier to operate and may provide a better hand - grip for the user , compared to the embodiment of fig1 - 12b which requires that the user push and hold down the levers of the buckles during removal of the prosthesis . the buckles illustrated in fig1 are depicted to be quite large and to protrude significantly from the socket , but the buckles may be made to small and low - profile , so that the strap and buckle combination is discreet when covered by clothing and comfortable for walking without the buckle catching on the other leg or clothing . alternative buckles may be made to be small and / or low - profile , so that the strap and buckle combination is discreet when covered by clothing and comfortable for walking without the buckle catching on the other leg or clothing . one way of establishing a low - profile system is to locate at least a part of a buckle / latch mechanism ( s ) inside the socket wall , rather than on the socket wall . for example , a portion of the buckle may be recessed into the socket wall from the outer surface , but , more preferably , at least a portion of the buckle extends through the socket wall from at or near an internal surface of the socket . either way , the buckle is , in effect , “ sunk ” into the socket rather than resting on the outer surface of the socket , so that the strap enters the buckle closer to the outer surface of the socket and the buckle protrudes from the socket to a lesser amount . the preferred buckle has only about 25 - 50 %, and more preferably about 25 %, of its thickness above the plane of the outer surface . referring to the embodiment shown in fig2 - 27 , one or buckles 226 are mounted in the socket by inserting the buckle 226 through an opening in the socket wall . the buckle extends through the wall to protrude slightly beyond the external surface of the socket . strap 222 may enter the buckle at or near the plane of the external surface of the socket ; and the buckle may protrude minimally from the socket , so that it tends not to catch on the user &# 39 ; s clothing or other leg , and tends to be less noticeable . preferably , two straps 222 and two buckles 226 are used . the straps 222 are attached to the lateral surface 101 and medial surface 102 of the liner 16 , respectively , as shown in fig2 a and 22 , by an “ umbrella ” or other attachment . the buckles 226 extend through the wall of the socket , with the bottom surface 250 of the buckle preferably being coplanar with the inside surface 103 . top surface 260 of the buckle , which is configured for receiving the strap , is preferably approximately coplanar with the lateral or medial outside surfaces 101 ′, 102 ′ of the socket near the buckle . one may understand that , due to the typically generally - cylindrical shape of the inner and outer surfaces of the sides of the socket , neither the inner or outer surfaces are expected to be exactly planar in the region of the buckle . however , given the relatively small size of the preferred buckles ( less than about 1 . 5 inches in width transverse to the length of the socket ), one may still say that the bottom surface 250 of the buckle is generally parallel to the plane of the inner surface 103 of the socket , and one may still say that the top surface 260 ( which is typically planar but slanted / ramped ) is generally parallel to the plane of the outer surface 101 ′, 102 ′. in this discussion , “ top ” is used to refer to the surface 260 across which the strap slides or otherwise moves , and “ bottom ” is used to refer to the opposing surface , as this is convenient in view of the orientation of the buckle 226 when it is set , for example , on a table prior to installation . this terminology is not intended to limit the orientation of the buckle when installed in the prosthetic system , however . buckle 226 preferably comprises base 210 having a flange 230 around at least part of the base . the flange 230 is thinner than the main body of the base 210 and thinner than the thickness of the socket wall . this way , the flange lies within the wall of the socket but does not extend all the way through the wall , so that a portion of the socket wall ( such as lip 270 ) extends over the flange to help prevent the buckle from being pulled out of the socket wall from the outside of the socket . connected to the base 210 are a lever 211 and pin 211 ′ with resilient e - clips 211 ″, which together create a bias system generally located over , and cooperating with , top surface 260 to retain strap 222 in the buckle . as shown to best advantage in fig2 and 24 , the top surface 260 of the base 210 ramps up slightly in thickness in the distal direction . proximal end 260 ′ of the top surface is at or slightly below the plane of the outer surface of the socket wall , to assist in easy sliding of the strap into the buckle from the distal region of the socket . distal end 260 ″ of the top surface is farther out from said plane for better clamping of the strap between the top surface 260 and the bias system and for placing the end of the strap slightly distanced from the outside of the socket in a position that is easily reachable by the user ( fig2 ). the lever 211 acts as both the securement device for fastening the strap 222 in the buckle 226 , as well as the release button to allow release the strap 222 from the buckle 226 . the lever 211 preferably comprises a generally sharp edge 213 at its distal end . the edge 213 engages the “ ratchet teeth ” of strap 222 by extending into the transverse detents 17 and abutting against the teeth walls upending from the strap top surface . a pull on the strap 222 in the proximal direction is resisted by the engagement of edge 213 in detents 17 and the pressure and bias of lever 211 against e - clips 211 ″. the preferred , but not the only , method of installing buckles 226 through the wall of the socket 12 is as follows . the socket 12 is molded with a dummy piece in the place where the buckle 226 will be inserted , wherein the dummy piece will typically be about the width and length of the base without its flange . this typically results in the space for the buckle substantially being “ reserved ” so that the laminate materials used to make the socket do not fill said space . a thin layer or layers of laminate over the outer surface of the dummy piece may form and remain after the molding , which layer / layers may be drilled or cut away so that the dummy piece may be “ popped out ” the exterior of the socket . after the dummy piece is removed , the wall around the dummy - created hole is modified to receive the flange , that is , so that the wall has step or lip 270 extending over the hole at the outer perimeter of at least some areas of the hole . this way , the buckle base may be inserted into the stepped hole , with the flange retained by the lip 270 and with the ramped top surface being exposed on / near the outside of the socket and the bias system protruding from the socket . at least a portion of the base is adhered to the interior surface 103 of the socket , for example , the flange 230 is preferably adhered to the lip 270 by glue , other adhesive , or other securement means . a rivet , screw , or other fastener may be used to secure various embodiments of the buckle in the wall of the socket , for example , a rivet through the flange 230 and through the lip 270 . instead of such hardware , however , it is preferred that the dimensions of the buckle be formed to make it unlikely that it will be pulled out of the socket by the strap and that adhesive further ensures this and also keeps the buckle in place in the wall when there is no force being applied to the buckle by the strap . strap 222 is preferably sufficiently rigid , sufficiently long , and is positioned so that , upon the limb / liner being inserted into the socket , the strap naturally tends to slide to and through the aperture 215 in the socket , to the buckle 226 , and through the buckle 226 with little or no need for the user to thread or pull the strap 222 through the aperture 215 or buckle 226 . strap 222 optionally may have a tapered , narrow , or otherwise specially - shaped tip or extension at its distal end , to assist in the strap 222 easily moving through the aperture 215 , and along the buckle ; this is not know in fig2 - 27 , but one embodiment is shown in fig1 - 20 . such a tip or extension facilitates the strap from the inside of the socket 12 to the outside of the socket and through the buckle because the tip / extension tends to center the strap as the tip / extension enters the aperture or buckle . also in a similar manner as described for the strap shown in fig1 - 20 , the bottom surface of strap 222 may have a longitudinal channel , or other grove or ramp - like shape especially at the distal end , to prevent the strap 222 from “ catching ” in the base 210 of the buckle 126 . this may be helpful , especially in the case of the buckle comprising a rivet or other fastener that might get in the way of the strap 222 , but , for the preferred low - profile buckle with proximal surface 260 ′ being recessed relative to the surrounding outer surface of the socket , the channel or grove in the bottom surface of the strap is typically not as necessary . in order to install the socket 12 on the residual limb , the user places the two straps 222 inside the socket 12 and then feeds them through two apertures 215 located medially and laterally in the socket &# 39 ; s 12 side wall , as illustrated by fig2 and 22 . once the ends of the straps 222 exit the apertures 215 to the external surface of the socket 12 , they tend to automatically feed into two buckles 226 , distal from the apertures 215 , on the medial and lateral surfaces of the socket 12 ( see fig2 and 22 ). the preferred method for releasing straps 222 from the buckles 226 , is for the user to push down on the proximal end of each lever 211 to pivot the lever 211 from the “ lowered position ” of fig2 into the “ raised position ” as shown in fig2 , which corresponds to pivoting the distal end of the lever 211 away from the socket 12 . this , in turn , disengages the sharp edge or edges 213 of each buckle lever 211 from the transverse detents 17 . the user is then able to remove the socket 12 from the residual limb , preferably by continuing to keep the buckles unlatched by pushing on the proximal end of the lever 211 , by pushing the socket 12 off the liner 16 , and also by maneuvering his / her residual limb out of the socket 12 . alternatively , lift - to - release buckle levers , for example , as illustrated in fig1 - 18 , may be easier to operate than push - to - release levers for some users and may provide a better hand - grip for some users . the inventors envision that both styles may be used in embodiments of low profile buckles . while lateral and medial positions for two strap and buckle combinations are preferred , a single strap and buckle combination may add prosthetic stability and operability for many users . alternatively , other numbers and arrangements of straps and buckles / latch mechanisms may be effective . preferred levers 11 , 111 , and 211 are deemed to be convenient and reliable for latching and unlatching their respective buckles , and preferably , each lever is biased into the latched position and requires positive action by the user or prosthetist to unlatch it . however , other styles of latch mechanisms may be used , such as other pivotal arms or hooks , snaps , clips , loops , ties , or other releasable locks and latches . preferably , the prosthesis attachment system comprises the invented extension member and latch system , with or without the aid of suction between the liner and the socket , but no other straps or attachments . preferably , there is no belt or strap extending to encircle part of the user &# 39 ; s body , and preferably no attachment between the distal end of the limb / liner and the bottom of the well of the socket . although this invention has been described above with reference to particular means , materials and embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed particulars , but extends instead to all equivalents within the broad scope of this disclosure and the following claims .
an attachment system secures a residual limb to an artificial limb in a comfortable and substantially non - rotational manner . the attachment system offers proximal anchoring of the residual limb in a hard socket , by connecting a side surface of a residual limb liner to the side surface of the socket . preferably , this connection is accomplished using an extension member extending from the liner through a portion of the socket interior , through the socket wall , and attaching to a latch mechanism . the preferred attachment system requires no clearance in the bottom of the socket well because neither the extension member nor the latch mechanism is located between the distal end of the residual limb / liner and the bottom of the well . the attachment system is preferably disposed entirely along the side of the limb and the side of the socket .