fig1 shows a schematic of an embodiment of a vehicle access control system ( vacs ) configured according to the invention , comprising a microprocessor that monitors and regulates vehicle operation based on the identity of the operator and / or according to tests that determine the operator &# 39 ; s aarr . the aarr is a measure of an operator &# 39 ; s ability to safely operate the vehicle based at least partly on data collected during tests administered by the vacs prior to or after startup of the vehicle . performance during a test may be compared to operator &# 39 ; s previously obtained performance or baseline data that may be stored on - board or at a remote data storage location . it shows a vehicle envelope 1 which comprises the vacs system central processing unit ( scpu ) 2 configured to collect information about the vehicle , its surroundings and the operator and to control certain aspects of vehicle operation . the scpu interfaces with sensors 3 that obtain information from both within and outside the vehicle . sensors may detect , for example , the position of the brake and accelerator pedals , the current in the horn circuit , and the position of the steering wheel . sensors may also be used to detect , for example , whether a particular seat is occupied , the speed at which the vehicle is traveling , if it is braking , and if the vehicle is swerving . sensors may also detect , for example , ambient data such as weather conditions as well as the presence of other vehicles , pedestrians and obstructions . sensors may also include , for example , transducers capable of collecting information about a vehicle operator or would - be operator such as , for example , fingerprint readers . the scpu shown in fig1 is also configured to communicate , by using a communications link 4 , with individuals within the vehicle including the operator or would - be operator or with individuals outside the vehicle or at remote locations . the communications link may also be used to collect information from transmitters , which may be located , for example , in an ankle bracelet , that provide information such as , for example , about the identity and blood alcohol level of a vehicle operator . a communications link may also be used to allow the operator to communicate , for example , with a remotely located technician who may participate in the determination of the operator identity and aarr . the system in fig1 also may comprise a video link 5 capable of obtaining video information from within and outside the vehicle . video cameras may be used , for example , in conjunction with facial recognition software to identify the person sitting in the driver &# 39 ; s seat . video cameras may also be used , for example , to identify and interpret traffic signals and signs such as speed limit signs and stop signs or to locate other vehicles , pedestrians or obstructions . the scpu also may use controllers / actuators 6 to control various vehicle functions , such as speed , and to activate devices such as , for example , the horn , the emergency flashers , headlights , and taillights . it may be used to control fuel and air supply to the engine , the ignition system , and available electrical power . the scpu may also interface with one or more vehicle microprocessors 7 to collect sensor data and effect vehicle operation . data storage 8 may be incorporated within the vacs to store data such as , for example , personal profile data about individuals authorized to operate the vehicle or baseline or driver data for comparison during aarr testing . profiles may include information such as whether an individual has a valid license , a learner &# 39 ; s permit or any restriction on where and when such an individual may operate a vehicle . such a list may be modified , for example , if an individual &# 39 ; s license is suspended for drunk driving . information may also include , for example , operator restriction imposed by parents or guardians to , for example , restrict their childrens &# 39 ; access to a particular vehicle . included in the profile may also be an indication of who may add an additional driver to the authorized list and any necessary passwords . fig2 is a flowchart that shows an example of a vehicle startup procedure using a vacs configured according to another embodiment of the present invention . a request to start a vehicle , such as a car , at block 11 may be generated by turning an ignition key , pressing one or more buttons in a keyless arrangement , and by using voice commands or a fingerprint reader . the vacs intercepts the request and initiates an operator identification at block 12 . preferably positive identification will be obtained by , for example , using a fingerprint scanner , facial recognition or voice recognition . alternatively , identity data may be obtained , for example , by entering a password code with a key pad , verbally by saying one &# 39 ; s name or using a magnetic id card . the system then confirms the identity of the operator in block 13 against a list of individuals , in its database , who are authorized to operate the vehicle at a given time and location . such a database may be stored in data storage 8 . if there is a match , the startup procedure is allowed to continue . otherwise the would - be operator is informed that he or she is not authorized to operate the vehicle and startup is aborted . based on the operator profile , the vacs determines if the operator needs to be tested in block 14 . if not , the vacs checks the database to determine if the operator &# 39 ; s profile calls for operational restrictions in block 15 and allows startup to proceed in block 16 with these restrictions . however , depending on the information in the database , it may be determined that testing is necessary . the startup procedure may also be configured such that only certain individuals need to be tested and all others are allowed to start and operate the vehicle without testing . the vacs may also be configured so that if the same driver attempts to start the vehicle after a short stop of , for example , 5 minutes or less , no aarr tests are performed . if testing is required , the would - be operator is instructed to begin the test in block 17 . such instructions may be , for example , communicated by one or more various means such as visually , acoustically or verbally . the would - be operator may be required to take certain actions such as , for example , touching certain touch sensitive switches or surfaces or pressing certain pedals or buttons in a certain sequence . alternatively or additionally , the test subject may be asked to respond verbally to questions or requests . the time to attempt and / or successfully complete one or more tasks as specified by the vacs is determined . the measured duration is then , preferably , compared in block 18 to the time taken , by the same individual , to perform the same or equivalent tasks previously under similar or controlled conditions or during previously administered tests . data under controlled conditions may be previously collected , for example , at a state motor vehicle department or police station and stored on the vacs data storage . alternatively , the time measured during the test may be compared to threshold data that is based on expected performance by the general population or a certain class of individuals such as persons of a certain age . if the measured time is below an acceptable threshold , the would - be operator is informed that he or she has passed the test and vehicle startup is allowed to proceed in block 19 . if the test subject fails to perform the tasks sufficiently quickly or accurately , the system will indicate that the vehicle may not be started and may offer a retest option after a predetermined delay in block 20 . this may be based on , for example , the operator profile and the number of previously failed tests . if the retest option is not available or is rejected by the would - be operator , the startup is aborted in block 21 . fig3 is a flowchart that shows an example of a post - startup procedure configured according to a further embodiment of the present invention . during operation , the identity of the operator may be rechecked after startup at block 30 . if the identification of the operator cannot be confirmed , if the operator is not the person who was tested during the pre - startup process or if the operator is identified as a person who has not passed a required startup test , the operator is warned in block 31 and the vehicle is stopped in block 32 or alternatively its operation is restricted ( not shown ). for example , the maximum speed of the vehicle may be limited and the operator may be precluded from entering a highway . if the operator id is confirmed , the vehicle operation is allowed to continue in block 33 based on restrictions in the operator &# 39 ; s profile and previous test results . the system will also monitor the operation in block 34 of the vehicle to determine if the operator may be impaired . for example , the system may monitor whether the operator is reacting properly to road conditions , for example , by applying the brakes at the proper time and to the correct degree to decelerate the vehicle in a timely fashion when necessary , by not swerving unnecessarily and by abiding with traffic regulations . during vehicle operation , the vacs may also inform the operator that he or she will be retested in block 35 . retest may occur at a random time or because the vacs has detected unacceptable driver behavior . the system will then indicate tasks that need to be performed and give a cue to begin . the system may also monitor vehicle operation during the test to determine if vehicle operation is degrading during the test in block 36 . if vehicle operation degrades or a dangerous situation arises , the test may be discontinued . if the operator fails the test or if it has to be discontinued , the operator may be given one or more opportunities at block 37 to retest . if the operator passes the test , operation may continue . tests may be repeated in block 38 periodically . id match and / or tests may be repeated ( not shown ) when there is a possibility that a new operator may be in control of the vehicle . for example , if the vehicle is stopped and the driver &# 39 ; s door is opened or when a seat sensor indicates that the driver has gotten off the driver &# 39 ; s seat , the system may repeat with at least an id check . fig4 is a flowchart that shows a startup procedure using a system configured according to yet another embodiment of the invention . in this procedure , the would - be operator is identified in block 41 . subsequently , he or she is asked to repeat a series of words or sentences in block 42 . based on voice analysis of the response or preferably by comparison of the real time voice samples to prerecorded voice samples of the particular individual , it is determined whether the test subject is impaired in block 43 . if the would - be operator is not impaired , the startup is allowed to continue 44 . if it is determined that the would - be operator is impaired , he or she is given a live test option in block 45 . during the live test , the would - be operator may be asked to repeat certain words or sentences . a remotely located technician may analyze at block 46 the voice records of the automated or the live test to determine if the test taker is impaired . preferably the technician will also have access to previously obtained baseline voice samples to compare to . if the technician determines that the operator is not impaired , the startup procedure is allowed to proceed . if it is determined that the operator is impaired , the startup is aborted . fig5 is a schematic that shows a car or truck steering wheel configured according to still another embodiment of the invention . wheel 50 comprises touch sensitive switches that may be used to test an operator &# 39 ; s aarr prior to or after startup . the horn 51 and buttons 52 - 55 ( labeled a - f ) may have other conventional uses such as , for example , controlling the radio and cruise control . these buttons may also be used to test the aarr of the vehicle operator by determining the length of time it takes the operator to push one or more of these buttons in a particular sequence after being instructed to do so . for example , the operator may be instructed to press buttons in the sequence cdg as quickly as he / she is able to . the test may be conducted while the vehicle is in motion . the time for completing the task is measured and used to determine the operator &# 39 ; s aarr . preferably this time is compared to the time taken by the operator to complete the same or similar tasks under controlled conditions or during previous tests . alternatively , special purpose dedicated detectors 56 - 59 may be used to measure the operator response . in fig5 , detector 59 is a conventional switch that may be pressed to close a circuit or generate a signal that may be detected by the scpu . one or more detectors 56 - 58 may be fingerprint scanners that can sense when the operator places his or her finger on it , as well as read that person &# 39 ; s fingerprint . the operator may be tested based on the time taken to complete a given task as well as how accurately the task is completed . by including the fingerprint scanners in the test sequence , the vacs system can determine the identity of the person taking the test . for example , the operator may be instructed to keep his left thumb on sensor 58 and then place his or her right index finger on detectors 52 , 55 , and 57 in a specified order and then rest his or her right thumb on sensor 56 . as an added test , especially if the vehicle is in motion , the system may also monitor any movement of the steering wheel to determine if any unnecessary movements are made by the operator during the test . such unnecessary movements may also be used as an indicator of impaired operation . fig6 is a schematic that shows the dashboard 60 and steering wheel 61 of a car or truck configured according to a yet further embodiment of this invention . detectors 62 and 63 are dedicated detectors that are touch sensitive . preferably , they are also fingerprint scanners . display 64 may be used to convey visual commands to the driver to perform certain tasks such as to place a finger on detectors 62 or 63 or to press one or more buttons such as 65 or 66 . video camera 67 may be used to confirm the identity of the person sitting in the driver &# 39 ; s seat . the radio speaker 68 may be used to give the driver voice commands . one or more microphones 69 - 71 may be used by the vacs to obtain verbal responses from the driver . the system may use voice analysis of the voice record obtained by these microphones to identify the speaker . by using multiple microphones , the system may use various methods , such as , for example , by measuring time of flight of sound waves or relative sound energy at different locations , to assure that the responses being received are being spoken by the occupant of the driver &# 39 ; s seat . fig7 shows a schematic of an automobile configured according to an embodiment of the invention with camera 72 for capturing images of traffic signs and signals . these images may be interpreted to determine posted speeds and if the operator is properly following the rules of the road . alternatively , this information may be used to establish a speed limit that restricts the operator of the vehicle to a fraction of the posted speed limit . sensors 73 , 74 and 75 may be used to detect the motion of the various pedals and the steering wheel . 73 and 74 may be , for example , proximity sensors while 75 may be a shaft encoder . fig8 shows a schematic of a steering wheel 80 configured according to still another embodiment of this invention . the steering wheel comprises three touch sensitive detectors . preferably , at least one of the detectors is also a fingerprint scanner . at least one fingerprint scanner is preferably located so that it is convenient for the operator to substantially continuously maintain his or her thumb on the detector during the operation of the vehicle . therefore , the operator may be asked by the vacs to place his thumb on a fingerprint scanner during the operation of the vehicle so that the operator identity may be determined at any time . during an aarr test , the operator may first be asked to maintain his thumbs on detectors 81 and 83 . the operator may then be given verbal , audible or visual cues to touch one or more of the other touch sensitive surfaces as quickly as possible . the time to perform the task is measured by the vacs . fig8 b shows the operator placing his right thumb on detector 82 while maintaining his left thumb on 83 . fig8 b shows that the operator has returned his right thumb to detector 81 and placed his left thumb to detector 82 . the time to perform each of these tasks is measured . the ability of the operator to maintain the stability of the steering wheel during the tests may also be monitored and used in the evaluation of the operator . fig9 shows a schematic of a portable aarr tester 90 with multiple touch sensitive detectors 91 - 93 . preferably , one or more of these detectors is also a fingerprint scanner . a display 94 is used to give visual cues or commands to a test taker . in fig9 a , the test taker is instructed to place his left thumb ( lt ) on detector 91 and right thumb ( rt ) on detector 93 . in fig9 b , the test subject is instructed to keep his left thumb on detector 91 and to place his right index ( ri ) finger on detector 92 . the portable tester may be used to perform a pre - startup aarr test prior to entering the vehicle . data storage on the portable tester will retain test results . the results of the test may be transferred to the vacs by means of connecter 95 or other communication link in lieu of taking the test while seated in the vehicle before startup . fig1 shows a steering wheel 100 configured to accept a portable tester 101 . the tester may also be used after it is attached to the steering wheel . fig1 shows a schematic of an aarr tester 110 with four touch sensitive detectors 111 - 114 , with an integrated camera 115 and lcd display 116 . preferably one or more of the detectors are fingerprint scanners . fig1 a shows that the test subject is placing his right thumb ( rt ) on 114 and left thumb ( lt ) on 112 . fig1 shows that the test subject is placing his left index ( li ) finger on detector 113 and right thumb ( rt ) on 114 . labels such as lt , rt , and li are displayed on the display 116 to instruct the test subject which finger to place on which detector at any given time . aarr tester 110 may be incorporated in the vehicle or be configured to function independently and communicate remotely with the vacs using a communication link . it may also be used in a test facility , such as , for example , at an airport where pilots or other air crew may be tested prior to operating aircraft . a telephone booth sized enclosure may be configured with tester 110 where a test taker may receive verbal instructions in privacy and without disturbing others . fig1 is a schematic of an aarr test booth that may be placed , for example , in an airport terminal . the test subject stands in the booth and closes door 118 to ensure privacy and that he or she does not receive any assistance . the door is configured with sensors so that the vacs system can determine when it is closed . sensors may also be used to ensure that there is only one person in the booth during the test . for example , the floor 119 may be configured to measure the test subject &# 39 ; s weight . the subject &# 39 ; s weight may then be compared with the test subject &# 39 ; s profile in the database once the test taker is identified . in the embodiment in fig1 , during the test , the test taker receives verbal or written instruction , for example , by means of speakers 120 or monitor 121 . cues and instructions may also be given by other means , such as , for example , chimes or leds . the test subject may also be instructed to use keyboard 122 , joystick 123 , or touch sensitive detectors 124 , 125 , and 126 . these touch sensitive scanners may be biometric sensors , such as palm or fingerprint readers , that are used to identify the person touching them . microphone 127 may be used to receive verbal responses from the test subject . video camera 128 may be used to capture an image of the test subject so that his or her identity may be confirmed by using facial recognition . based on test results obtained and evaluated by the vacs , the test subject may be cleared to board the aircraft as a member of the flight crew for a certain period of time after the test . the vacs may then generate appropriate credentials and notify appropriate authorities to permit the tested individuals to board a particular flight . the test booth may be configured to include other testing devices such as , for example , a breathalyzer ( not shown ). the vacs scpu may be located at the booth or at a remote location and connected to the booth by means of a communication link . fig1 shows the foot well area 130 of a car or truck configured according to a further embodiment of the invention . a transmitter or transmitter / receiver 131 communicates with a transmitter or transmitter / receiver 132 attached to the ankle bracelet 133 of a driver . preferably , the transmitter / receiver 131 is directional so that communication is established only with an ankle bracelet located in the driver &# 39 ; s wheel well . information may be obtained about the identity and blood alcohol level of the driver . the data profile of certain operators may indicate that continuous communication with the ankle bracelet is a requirement for vehicle operation by a particular operator . the invention has been described in terms of its functional principles and several illustrative embodiments . many variants of these embodiments will be obvious to those of skill in the art based on these descriptions . therefore , it should be understood that the ensuing claims are intended to cover all changes and modifications of the illustrative embodiments that fall within the literal scope of the claims and all equivalents thereof .
a vehicle access system is disclosed for preventing the operation of vehicles by operators who are impaired due to various reasons including alcohol consumption , drug use and fatigue . the system identifies the vehicle operator and implements automated tests or tests with manual intervention to determine the ability of vehicle operators to properly control the vehicle prior to and during the operation of the vehicle .