several embodiments of an irrigated ablation catheter having a valve to prevent backflow are depicted in the figures . as described further below , the irrigated ablation catheter having a valve to prevent backflow according to the present invention provides a number of advantages , including , for example , reducing delivery of saline to a patient &# 39 ; s bloodstream and reducing blood clotting inside the catheter . fig1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) are cross - sectional views of the distal end 100 of an irrigated ablation according to one embodiment of the invention . the distal end 100 comprises an electrode 102 , a catheter body 104 , a fluid tube 106 , a valve element 108 , and a valve element support core 110 . electrode 102 includes an inner cavity 112 which houses valve element 108 and valve element support core 110 , and a plurality of through holes 114 from the inner cavity 112 to the exterior of electrode 102 . valve element support core 110 may be made of any stiff material and offers structural support to valve element 108 . valve element support core 110 may be attached to electrode 102 and valve element 108 by any means well - known in the art , including , but not limited to bonding and threading . valve element 110 is in the shape of an umbrella and made of a flexible material such as silicone rubber , polyurethane , and other synthetic rubbers . catheter body 104 is a flexible hollow tube attached to the proximal end of electrode 102 by any means well - known in the art such as bonding and swaging . catheter body 104 may be constructed from a number of different polymers ( e . g ., pelletliane , polypropylene , oriented polypropylene , polyethylene , crystallized polyethylene terephthalate , polyethylene terephthalate , polyester , polyvinyl chloride , etc . ), in which braiding is embedded . catheter body 104 may be guided by a user by such means well - known in the art as puller wires . fluid tube 106 is centered within the catheter body 104 , and is attached to the proximal open end of electrode 102 by any means well - known in the art such as bonding or swaging . fluid tube 106 allows the flow of saline through holes 114 to providing cooling for electrode 102 . the umbrella shape of valve body 110 in the absence of a set amount of pressure , prevents flow of blood into , or saline out of , through holes 114 . when the pressure of saline within electrode 102 exceeds a preset amount , valve element 108 collapses around valve element support core 110 , allowing passage of the saline through holes 114 to cool electrode 102 . fig1 ( a ) shows distal end 100 with valve element 108 in a position such that it blocks through holes 114 , preventing saline flow through holes 114 . this is known as the closed position . fig1 ( b ) shows distal end 100 with valve element 108 in a position such that through holes 114 are uncovered , allowing flow through holes 114 . this is known as the open position . while not shown in the figures , signal wires for providing rf energy to the electrode may be routed within the wall of catheter body 104 , or in the region between the inner wall of catheter body 104 and the outer diameter of fluid tube 106 . the signal wires are preferably electrically insulated from each other to allow the wires to share a single lumen . the signal wires extend the length of catheter body 104 . the details of routing of the signal wires are not critical to any embodiment of the present invention . fig2 ( a ) and 2 ( b ) show a modification of the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) , with similar numbers corresponding to the numbers in fig2 ( a ) and 2 ( b ) . the only difference between the invention shown in fig2 ( a ) and 2 ( b ) and that described above is the presence of a thermally insulating element 220 between electrode 202 and catheter body 204 , and that the through holes 214 are in the insulating element 220 rather than in the electrode 202 . thermally insulating element 220 may be made from a plastic such as e . g ., delrin ®, polyetheretherketone ( peek ), and high - density polyethylene ( hdpe ). fig3 ( a ) and 3 ( b ) show a cross - sectional view of another embodiment of the invention . the distal end 300 comprises an electrode 302 , a catheter body 304 , a fluid tube 306 , a valve element 308 , and a coil spring 310 . electrode 302 includes an inner cavity 312 which houses valve element 308 , which has a slightly smaller diameter than the inner diameter of inner cavity 312 , and coil spring 310 . there is also a plurality of through holes 314 from inner cavity 312 to the outer surface of electrode 302 . the distal end of inner cavity 312 includes a reduced diameter extension 332 . stem 330 of valve element 308 has a slightly smaller diameter than reduced diameter extension 332 of inner cavity 312 to allow stem 330 to slide back and forth , so that valve element 308 covers or uncovers through holes 314 to prevent or allow , respectively , saline flow through holes 314 . valve element 308 may be prevented from moving too far in the proximal direction by any number of ways well - known in the art . for example , fluid tube 306 may extend far enough into inner cavity 312 to prevent valve element 308 &# 39 ; s moving farther in the distal direction , or a reduced diameter section ( not shown ) of inner cavity 312 may prevent such movement . catheter body 304 is a flexible hollow tube attached to the proximal end of electrode 302 by any means well - known in the art such as bonding and swaging . catheter body 304 may be made of a flexible material such as thermoplastics such as nylon , in which braiding is embedded . catheter body 304 may be guided by a user by such means well - known in the art as puller wires . fluid tube 306 is centered within the catheter body 304 , and is attached to the proximal open end of electrode 302 by any means well - known in the art such as bonding or swaging . fluid tube 306 allows the flow of saline through holes 314 to providing cooling for electrode 302 . spring coil 310 may be made of any material normally used in producing springs and that is acceptable for use within the human body . spring coil 310 biases valve element 308 toward a position in which valve element 308 covers through holes 314 , preventing flow of saline into a patient &# 39 ; s body . if pressure of saline through fluid tube 306 , and , consequently , inner cavity 312 exceeds a set amount , valve element 308 is pushed against the biasing force of spring 310 until through holes 314 are uncovered and saline flows into the patient &# 39 ; s body . fig3 ( a ) shows distal end 300 with valve element 308 in the closed position . fig3 ( b ) shows distal end 300 with valve element 308 in the open position . fig4 ( a ) and 4 ( b ) show a modification of the embodiment of the invention shown in fig4 ( a ) and 4 ( b ) , with similar numbers corresponding to the numbers in fig1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) . the only difference between the invention shown in fig4 ( a ) and 4 ( b ) and that described above with regard to fig3 ( a ) and 3 ( b ) is the presence of an insulating element 420 between electrode 402 and catheter body 404 , and that the through holes 414 are in the insulating element 420 rather than in the electrode 402 . in addition , fig4 ( a ) and 4 ( b ) show a conical flow conditioner 440 , which reduces turbulent flow , which in turn reduces valve “ hunting .” fig5 is an isometric view of valve element 408 and coil spring 410 . note that a flow conditioner may also be used with valve element 308 shown in fig3 ( a ) and 3 ( b ) . fig6 a and 6 b are cross - sectional views of an option available for the embodiments of the invention shown in fig3 - 5 with similar numbers corresponding to the numbers in fig3 - 5 . seal member 650 is a means of reducing saline leakage through holes 614 . rather than relying solely on the tight clearance between the outer diameter of valve element 608 and the inner diameter of inner cavity 612 , seal member 650 provides a sealing surface for the proximal face of valve element 608 . although seal element 650 may be constructed of a rigid material , it is preferably made of an elastomeric material to improve the seal . seal member 650 also acts as a stop to prevent excessive travel of valve element 608 in the proximal direction . although shown with an insulated electrode , seal member 650 may also be used in a catheter without an insulated electrode by locating seal member 650 directly inside the electrode . fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) are cross - sectional views of another embodiment of the invention . rather than using a self - closing valve element as shown in fig1 - 6 , the embodiment 700 shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) relies on a user to open and close the valve . valve element 708 is tightly fit into the inner diameter of inner cavity 712 of insulating member 720 ( which provides thermal insulation between saline flow and electrode 702 ) to provide a seal when an operator at the proximal end of catheter body 704 uses push / pull wire 770 to pull valve element 708 toward the proximal end of insulating member 720 to block saline passage through holes 714 . using push / pull wire 770 to push valve element 708 toward the distal end of insulating member 720 to uncover through holes 714 to allow saline to flow . push / pull wire 770 is made of a flexible material such as stainless steel , titanium , or carbon fiber . hole 760 is provided in valve element 708 to allow fluid flow from one side of the other , facilitating movement of valve element 708 . if hole 760 is not provided , a suction pocket will form on the distal side of valve element 708 when pulling valve element 708 in the proximal direction . the tight fit between the outer diameter of valve element 708 and the inner diameter of inner cavity 712 would also make it difficult to push valve element 708 into the open position , as it would take more time for saline trapped on the distal side of valve element 708 to flow around the outer diameter of valve element 708 without hole 760 . valve element 708 may be provided with a flow conditioner as described above . a seal element can also be provided in this embodiment . the method can also be used in an electrode without an insulating element . rather than being manually operated by a user , push / pull wire 770 can be linked to saline flow such that starting flow will automatically open the valve and stoppage of flow will automatically close the valve . this linkage of operation may be a result of , for example , a double pole / double throw switch actuating push / pull wire 770 in coordination with starting and stopping the saline pump . alternatively , a flow switch detecting saline flow may be used to actuate push / pull wire 770 . in both cases , a limit switch may be used to stop actuation of push / pull wire 770 when the desired valve element position is reached . fig8 ( a ) is a cross - sectional view of another embodiment ( 800 ) of the invention . as with the embodiment shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) , this embodiment relies on a user to open and close the valve rather than using a self - closing valve element . fig8 ( b ) is section a - a taken through insulating element 820 and valve element 808 showing both open and closed positions of valve element 808 . valve element 808 includes scalloped portions 880 and is tightly fit into the inner diameter of insulating member 820 ( which provides thermal insulation between saline flow and electrode 802 ). a user at the proximal end of catheter body 804 rotates rotation wire 870 to place valve element 808 in the open position when scalloped portions 880 align with through holes 814 and in the closed position when scalloped portions 880 do not align with through holes 814 . rotation wire 870 is made of a flexible material such as stainless steel , titanium , or carbon fiber . as with the embodiment shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) , valve element 808 may be provided with a flow conditioner as described above . a seal element can also be provided in this embodiment . the method can also be used in an electrode without an insulating element . rather than being manually operated by a user , rotation wire 870 can be linked to saline flow such that starting flow will automatically open the valve and stoppage of flow will automatically stop flow . this linkage of operation may be a result of , for example , a double pole / double throw switch actuating rotation wire 870 in coordination with starting and stopping the saline pump . alternatively , a flow switch detecting saline flow may be used to actuate rotation wire 870 . in both cases , a limit switch may be used to stop actuation of rotation wire 870 when the desired valve element position is reached . fig9 ( a ) and 9 ( b ) are cross - sectional views of yet another embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment balloon 908 inflates to fill inner cavity 912 to prevent flow through holes 914 and deflates to allow flow through holes 914 . the fluid to inflate balloon 908 is admitted and released through inflation tube 980 . a syringe pump at the distal end of catheter body 904 controls the admission and release of fluid through inflation tube 980 . as shown , inflation tube 980 passes through a bushing 990 located between the outer diameter of fluid tube 906 and the inner diameter of inner cavity 912 . however , inflation tube may also be located inside fluid tube 906 . the method can also be used in an electrode without an insulating element . rather than being manually operated by a user , operation of the syringe pump can be linked to saline flow such that starting flow will automatically inflate the balloon and stoppage of flow will automatically deflate the balloon . this linkage of operation may be a result of , for example , a double pole / double throw switch actuating the syringe pump in coordination with starting and stopping the saline pump . alternatively , a flow switch detecting saline flow may be used to actuate the syringe pump . in both cases , a pressure switch may be used to stop actuation of the syringe pump when the desired balloon inflation or deflation is reached . the embodiments shown in fig1 ( a )- 9 ( b ) also lend themselves to producing pulsatile flow as shown in fig1 ( b ) and 11 ( b ) . as generally illustrated in fig1 ( b ) , the pulsatile flow is characterized by a flow rate of a particular amount ( e . g ., 20 ml / minute ) that recurs at regular intervals over time . fig1 ( a ) shows stagnation area 1000 at the distal end of electrode 1002 when a catheter 1004 contacts the tissue in parallel with the tissue surface and saline flow 1006 is used for cooling at , e . g ., the steady state flow rate shown in fig1 ( a ) . fig1 ( b ) shows a reduction in stagnant areas as a result of pulsatile cooling flow at , e . g ., the intermittent flowrates shown in fig1 ( b ) in which a particular flow rate recurs at regular intervals over time . fig1 ( a )-( d ) are photographs of flow using a die with both steady state and pulsatile flow . fig1 ( a ) and 13 ( c ) show steady state flow in an external irrigated catheter and an open irrigated catheter , respectively . fig1 ( b ) and 13 ( c ) show pulsatile flow in an external irrigated catheter and an open irrigated catheter , respectively . fig1 ( b ) and 13 ( c ) clearly show a dramatic reduction in stagnant areas despite a 50 % drop in total saline flow . alternatively , the total flow could remain the same with pulsatile flow as with steady state flow . pulsatile flow can be created using a stepper motor with a positive displacement pump . in that case , a valve as shown in one of fig1 ( a )- 9 ( b ) is not required for producing pulsatile flow , but assists in preventing backflow of blood into the electrode . alternatively , pulsatile flow can be created using an on / off valve , an expandable compliance chamber , and a pump . fig1 shows a complete catheter set - up using a pump with a stepping motor to create pulsatile flow . the set - up comprises catheter 1400 with electrode 1404 , rf generator 1420 , syringe pump 1430 , stepper motor 1440 , proximal end control handle 1450 , tubing 1460 , rf generator leads 1470 , and valve 1480 . a user maneuvers the distal end ( end with electrode 1404 ) by manipulating proximal end control handle 1450 by any means well - known in the art including , but not limited to , pull wires when electrode 1404 is in the proper location , the user activates rf generator 1420 and stepper motor 1440 to generate pulsatile flow . the rf generator provides a signal through rf generator leads to electrode 1404 to allow electrode 1404 to perform ablation . valve 1480 may be used to stop fluid flow to the catheter . anticoagulant drugs may also be administered by a separate pump and tube leading to the region of the lumen of catheter 1400 adjacent to electrode 1404 ( i . e ., on the electrode side of the piston , pump , or bushing ). fig1 shows an alternative method of creating pulsatile flow . peristaltic tubing pump 1200 pumps saline from reservoir 1202 sequentially through compliance chamber 1204 and on / off valve 1206 . pulsatile chamber 1204 is expandable to allow it to absorb flow when on / off valve 1206 is in the “ off ” position . valve 1206 alternates between the on and off positions to intermittently allow flow . while 1200 is shown as a peristaltic tubing pump , it may be any type of pump normally used for saline irrigation of catheters . valve 1206 may be a valve such as shown in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) , or fig8 ( a ) and 8 ( b ) . it may also be a ball valve , gate valve , diaphragm valve , globe valve , butterfly valve or any other valve well - known in the art . valve 1206 may be operated by a solenoid , a motor , pneumatics , hydraulics , or any other non - manual means of control well - known in the art . valve 1206 may be located near the distal tip of the catheter as with valve elements 708 and 808 in fig7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ), and 8 ( a ) and 8 ( b ) , respectively . it may also be located in a proximal handle of the catheter . if valve 1206 is located in the proximal handle of the catheter , a valve as shown in one of fig1 ( a )- 9 ( b ) is not required for producing pulsatile flow , but will assist in preventing blood flow into the electrode . compliance chamber 1204 may be constructed of an elastic tube made of polyurethane , silicone , or any other elastic material suitable for such purposes in a medical setting . compliance chamber 1204 may be located in a proximal handle of the catheter or between pump 1200 and a proximal handle of the catheter . both external irrigated ablation catheters and open irrigated catheters can benefit from pulsatile irrigation flow . external irrigation flow refers to irrigation flow coming from components of a catheter other than the electrode to cool the electrode externally . open irrigation flow refers to irrigation flow coming from inside an electrode to outside the electrode . most irrigated ablation catheters currently available are of the open irrigated type . although the embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity , those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention . for example , any means of causing a reciprocating flow could be used . joinder references ( e . g ., attached , coupled , connected , and the like ) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements . as such , joinder references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other . it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting . changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims .
the invention relates to an ablation catheter which controls the temperature and reduces the coagulation of biological fluids on an electrode of a catheter , prevents the impedance rise of tissue in contact with the electrode , and maximizes the potential energy transfer to the tissue , thereby allowing an increase in the lesion size produced by the ablation . the electrode includes passages positioned to allow saline flow out of an inner cavity of the electrode . this fluid flow is pulsatile to increase turbulence , reducing areas of stagnant flow , and produces a desired cooling effect .