as shown in fig2 , a temperature probe 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an elongate member 20 with a proximal portion 22 , an intermediate portion 24 , and a distal portion 26 . in addition , temperature probe 10 includes a plurality of temperature sensors 30 located along one or both of intermediate portion 24 and distal portion 26 . more specifically , temperature sensors 30 are positioned along a section 28 of elongate member 20 that is configured to have a substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 when placed adjacent to or against an area of a surface of a tissue or organ in the body of a subject . section 28 may also carry other elements , such as radioopaque markers , echogenic markers , other sensors , and the like . the shape of the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 distributes three or more temperature sensors 30 over an area ( e . g ., an area array in the depicted embodiment ) that is relatively large when compared with the miniscule area covered by elongate member 20 itself . temperature sensors 30 may be arranged across an area array in which at least two sensors 30 spaced laterally ( x - axis x ) apart from each other a first distance that exceeds a width of elongate member 20 and at least two sensors 30 spaced vertically ( y - axis y ) apart from each other a second distance that is at least as great as the first distance . elongate member 20 may , in various embodiments , have a length of about 20 cm to about 200 cm . the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 may have a width that exceeds a diameter of elongate member 20 by at least ten percent . in a specific embodiment , the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 covers an area with a width of about 10 mm to about 30 mm and a length of about 40 mm to about 80 mm , although substantially two - dimensional arrangements that cover narrower areas , wider areas , shorter areas , and longer areas are also within the scope of the present invention . in some embodiments , such as that depicted by fig2 , section 28 of elongate member 20 may be configured in the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 while in a relaxed state . the material from which elongate member 20 is formed may , in such embodiments , be somewhat flexible and elastic , at least under certain conditions ( e . g ., when placed under a load , with or without other conditions ), to enable elongation of section 28 from the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 to a more linear , substantially one - dimensional , configuration . for example , section 28 may be elongated when placed under a load within the lumen 52 of a catheter 50 , as shown in fig3 . a variety of materials are suitable for forming a pre - shaped but flexible elongate member 20 ( or at least section 28 thereof ), including plastics and metal alloys . in embodiments where section 28 of elongate member 20 is formed from a plastic , the plastic may comprise a polyester , a polyurethane , a latex , polyvinyl chloride , and the polyether block amide marketed as pebax ®. metals and / or metal alloys that may be used to form elongate member 20 include , but are not limited to , shape memory alloys such as the nickel - titanium alloy referred to as nitinol ( for nickel titanium naval ordinance laboratory ), steel , nickel - titanium , cobalt - chromium , and the cobalt - based alloy available under the trade name eligloy ®. an elongate member 20 that is formed from a metal or metal alloy may , in some embodiments , be coated with a softer polymer to prevent damage to the tissues and organs of the body of a subject into which temperature probe 10 is introduced . in some embodiments , the entire elongate member 20 may be formed from the same material , while other embodiments of elongate member 20 have hybrid constructions , such as a metal proximal portion 22 joined to a plastic or shape memory alloy distal portion 26 . as depicted by fig2 a , in some embodiments , including embodiments in which elongate member 20 is formed from a plastic , elongate member 20 may comprise a tubular member with one or more lumens 21 a , 21 b , 21 c ( three are shown ) extending therethrough . lumen 21 a of such an elongate member 20 may be configured to accommodate wires ( e . g ., thermally conductive elements or electrically conductive wires 32 that lead to temperature sensors 30 , to other sensors , etc .) or other elements of temperature probe 10 . lumen 21 b may be configured to transport fluids into ( e . g ., fluids that provide a heat sink , cooled fluids to decrease a temperature of the sensed tissue , heated fluids to increase a temperature of the sensed tissue , etc .) or out of the subject &# 39 ; s body , or to provide a pathway by which other medical devices may be introduced into the subject &# 39 ; s body . lumen 21 c of elongate member 20 may be configured to receive a guide wire . as an alternative to wires 32 that extend through an interior ( e . g ., through a lumen 21 a ) of elongate member 20 , wires 32 may be carried upon an exterior of elongate member 20 ( including embodiments in which elongate member 20 includes one or more lumens 21 a , 21 b , 21 c , as well as embodiments in which elongate member 20 lacks lumens , or has a solid cross - section ), as illustrated by fig2 b . various embodiments of externally carried wires 32 include wires that are defined by etching a metal film formed on an external surface of elongate member 20 , wires that are stamped or printed onto the external surface of elongate member 20 , and wires that are discrete from , but carried by ( e . g ., wrapped around , etc .) the external surface of elongate member 20 . of course , in embodiments where elongate member 20 is formed from a metal or metal alloy , electrically insulative elements ( e . g ., a dielectric coating , etc .) ( not shown ) may electrically isolate wires 32 that are carried by the exterior surface of elongate member 20 from the material of elongate member 20 . as depicted by fig2 b , in some embodiments , elongate member 20 may have a solid cross section . each temperature sensor 30 of temperature probe 10 may comprise any suitable type of temperature sensor known in the art . in various embodiments , thermocouples or thermistors that have been swaged to metal or thermally conductive ( e . g ., platinum , platinum - iridium , gold , etc .) sensors may be used as temperature sensors 30 . each temperature sensor 30 may comprise a single element configured to detect a single temperature at a particular location . alternatively , one or more temperature sensors 30 of a temperature probe 10 of the present invention may include a plurality of ganged temperature sensing elements , each of which may sense and / or report a different temperature to provide a more accurate temperature reading at a particular location . wires 32 that communicate with temperature sensors 30 ( or with individual temperature sensing elements of a sensor 30 ) extend proximally along elongate member 20 to a suitable connector 34 associated with proximal portion 22 of elongate member 20 . in some embodiments , connector 34 may comprise a known 400 series connector or a known series 700 connector , such as , or similar to , those manufactured by datex ohmeda , ge medical , nihon kohden , or vital signs , inc . connector 34 enables connection of wires 32 and , thus , thermal sensors 30 to a suitable temperature monitor ( not shown ) that , in turn , communicates with a processing element ( not shown ) associated with a temperature display system 36 . in the depicted embodiment , display system 36 includes a display element 37 that shows the temperatures 38 a , 38 b , etc ., monitored at various locations that correspond to the locations of temperature sensors 30 in the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 of section 28 of elongate member 20 . temperatures 38 a , 38 b , etc ., may be visually arranged in a manner that corresponds to the physical arrangement of temperature sensors 30 across the substantially two dimensional configuration 40 . additionally , display system 36 may clearly identify the warmest and coolest sensed temperatures 38 a , 38 b , etc . ( e . g ., by color , such as red and blue , respectively ; by fast and slow flashing , respectively ; etc .). display system 36 may also present a rate 39 at which a sensed temperature is changing . the rate of temperature change may be displayed numerically or , as depicted , graphically . with reference to fig3 , an embodiment of a method for introducing a temperature probe 10 into a body of a subject is depicted . specifically , temperature probe 10 is introduced into a lumen 52 of a substantially linear , or one - dimensional , catheter 50 . catheter 50 is sufficiently rigid to cause section 28 of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 to flex and , thus , to straighten while catheter 50 maintains its substantial linearity . in some embodiments , catheter 50 may also be sufficiently flexible to move through curved cavities or vessels . with the non - linear , substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 ( fig2 ) of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 confined within lumen 52 of catheter 50 in a substantially linear configuration , temperature probe 10 may be easily introduced into a hollow area h within the body of a subject . once distal portion 26 of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 has been positioned within hollow area h , distal portion 26 and section 28 may be pushed out of a distal end 54 of lumen 52 and into hollow area h , where section 28 may assume its relaxed , substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 , as shown by fig4 . as an alternative to the use of a catheter to straighten temperature probe 10 and introduce a distal portion 26 of the same into hollow area h , a proximal end of a guide wire whose distal end has already been introduced into hollow area h may be introduced into a lumen 21 c ( fig2 a ) of elongate member 30 . the rigidity of the guide wire may be sufficient to straighten section 28 of elongate member 30 , facilitating its introduction into hollow area h . once section 28 has been introduced to a desired location , the guide wire may be removed from lumen 21 c , allowing section 28 to assume the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 . another embodiment of temperature probe 10 ′ of the present invention is depicted by fig5 through 9 . as depicted by fig5 , temperature probe 10 ′ comprises a substantially one - dimensional elongate member 20 ′ with the same features as elongate member 20 ( fig2 ), with the primary exception being that section 28 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ is not shaped to have a substantially two - dimensional configuration 40 ( fig2 ). instead , section 28 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ of temperature probe 10 ′ is flexible , and may be deformed to take on a substantially two - dimensional configuration 40 ( fig2 ). as depicted by fig6 and 7 , a lumen 21 ′ that extends through the length of elongate member 20 ′ is configured to receive a shaped wire 60 . as shown in fig6 , prior to its introduction into lumen 21 ′, shaped wire 60 includes a section 62 that , in its relaxed state , has a substantially two - dimensional arrangement 64 . shaped wire 60 is a flexible element that may be substantially straightened . in various embodiments , shaped wire 60 may be formed from a somewhat rigid , yet flexible plastic or a metal or metal alloy , such as a shape memory alloy that is flexible at room temperature , but that becomes rigid when heated ( e . g ., to a subject &# 39 ; s body temperature , etc .). fig7 illustrates the introduction of distal and intermediate portions 26 ′ and 24 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ of temperature probe 10 into a hollow area h of the body of a subject . as elongate member 20 ′ is introduced into hollow area h , so are temperature sensors 30 that are carried by section 28 ′. due to its substantially linear , or one - dimensional configuration , known techniques may be used to introduce elongate member 20 ′ into hollow area h . thereafter , shaped wire 60 may be introduced into lumen 21 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ of temperature probe 10 ′, as illustrated by fig8 . as shaped wire 60 is introduced into lumen 21 ′, section 62 of shaped wire 60 may be deformed ( e . g ., by the rigidity of a proximal portion 22 ′ and / or intermediate portion 24 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ ( fig5 ), by temperature - dependent flexibility , etc .) to render section 62 substantially linear , or to have a one - dimensional configuration . such deformation of section 62 enables shaped wire 60 to be easily introduced into a temperature probe 10 ′ that has been inserted into hollow area h . when section 62 ( fig6 ) of shaped wire 60 has been introduced into section 28 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ of temperature probe 10 ′, section 62 may assume the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 64 ( e . g ., due to flexibility of section 28 ′, upon being heated to or beyond a transition temperature , etc . ), as depicted by fig9 . as section 62 of shaped wire 60 assumes the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 64 , the flexibility of section 28 ′ also allows it to be drawn into a corresponding , substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 ′. with section 28 ′ of elongate member 20 ′ in the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 ′, temperature sensors 30 ( fig5 ) that are carried by section 28 ′ are spread across an area defined by the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 ′. referring now to fig1 through 16 , various embodiments of substantially two - dimensional arrangements 40 are depicted along with possible arrangements of temperature sensors 30 . specifically , fig1 through 12 show different embodiments of serpentine , or s , arrangements , while fig1 and 14 depict examples of spiral , or pigtail , arrangements , and fig1 and 16 illustrate different looped arrangements . of course , substantially two - dimensional arrangements 40 of other shapes and configurations are also within the scope of the present invention . fig1 illustrates a forked embodiment of temperature probe 10 ″ with an enlarged distal portion 22 ″ that includes two or more substantially parallel arms 22 a ″, 22 b ″, etc . ( the depicted embodiment includes a distal portion 22 ″ with three arms 22 a ″, 22 b ″, and 22 c ″). as illustrated , each arm 22 a ″, 22 b ″, and 22 c ″ carries at least one temperature sensor 30 . in some embodiments , one or more arms 22 a ″, 22 b ″, 22 c ″, etc ., may carry more than one temperature sensor 30 . fig1 through 20 illustrate another embodiment of temperature probe 100 , which is configured to be mechanically arranged in a substantially two - dimensional arrangement upon being positioned at or near a desired location . as shown in fig1 , temperature probe 100 includes an introductory catheter 150 , an elongate member 120 at least partially carried by introductory catheter 150 , and a plurality of temperature sensors 30 carried by a distal portion 126 of elongate member 120 . elongate member 120 includes a proximally located pull wire 121 . a user engagement element 110 is associated with a proximal end 122 of pull wire 121 to facilitate movement of elongate member 120 through a lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 . pull wire 121 may extend along substantially the entire length of elongate member 120 . in the depicted embodiment , an intermediate portion 124 of pull wire 121 extends through a slip ring 125 , to which proximal ends 128 of two or more loop wires 127 are secured . each loop wire 127 carries at least one temperature sensor 30 and , as depicted , at least one loop wire 127 may carry a plurality of temperature sensors 30 . distal ends 129 of loop wires 127 are secured to pull wire 121 at or near its distal end 126 . in some embodiments , distal ends 129 of loop wires 127 may be fixedly secured to pull wire 121 . distal end 126 of pull wire 121 may be configured or covered with an element that prevents trauma to the tissues of a subject as pull wire 121 is advanced distally and distal end 126 exits introductory catheter 150 . in the arrangement shown by fig1 , loop wires 127 are contained within lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 . this arrangement facilitates the introduction of a distal portion of temperature probe 100 into a hollow area of a subject &# 39 ; s body . once the distal portion of temperature probe 100 has been placed at a desired location , elongate member 120 may be pushed distally through lumen 152 until proximal ends 128 of loop wires 127 and slip ring 125 have exited a distal end 154 of lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 , as depicted by fig1 . thereafter , as shown in fig2 , pull wire 121 may be proximally withdrawn . as pull wire 121 is proximally withdrawn , slip ring 125 , proximal ends 128 of loop wires 127 , and / or an engagement element ( not shown ) associated with slip ring 125 or with proximal ends 128 engage distal end 154 of introductory catheter 150 . as pull wire 121 is further withdrawn and proximal ends 128 are held into place relative to distal end 154 , loop wires 127 bow outwardly , providing a distal portion of temperature probe 100 with a substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 . while the distal portion of temperature probe 100 is in the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 , temperature sensors 30 that are carried by loop wires 127 are spread across an area defined by the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 . the area over which loop wires 127 spread depends , of course , upon the degree to which pull wire 121 is withdrawn . with reference again to fig1 , user engagement element 110 and pull wire 121 may be associated with each other in such a way as to impart a user with control over an orientation of the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 ( fig2 ). in some embodiments , user engagement element 110 and pull wire 121 may be manipulated to enable deflection ( e . g ., of up to about 5 °, etc .) of the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 in any direction relative to an axis of elongate member 120 . a position of pull wire 121 relative to introductory catheter 150 and , thus , the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 140 ( fig2 ) of the distal portion of temperature probe 100 , may be maintained by causing a locking element 159 associated with a proximal end 158 of introductory catheter 150 to engage a proximal portion 122 of pull wire 121 ( e . g ., by screwing locking element 159 down into proximal portion 122 , etc .). instead of requiring that distal portion 126 of pull wire 121 be partially withdrawn into lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 to expand loop wires 127 , in other embodiments , a flexible element , such as a balloon 170 enclosed within a mesh basket 180 or a mesh basket 180 alone , may be secured to loop wires 127 , as shown in fig2 and 22 , respectively . balloon 170 may be inflated by known techniques . mesh basket 180 may comprise a compressed element that , when removed from lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 , automatically expands . mesh basket 180 may have a substantially two - dimensional configuration ( e . g ., having a narrow oval , or pancake , cross - sectional shape , etc .) so as to minimize or even prevent manipulation of the shape , displacement , and / or blockage of the hollow organ within which either of these elements are placed . in embodiments including a balloon 170 , mesh basket 180 may constrain the shape of the balloon 170 to the substantially two - dimensional configuration . in some embodiments , balloon 170 or mesh basket 180 may carry temperature sensors 30 until sufficient air pressure is added to balloon 170 to impart it with a more three - dimensional configuration . with reference now to fig2 , an embodiment of a method , or procedure , is depicted in which an embodiment of temperature probe 10 of the present invention is used to monitor temperatures at a plurality of locations across an area of a surface s of second tissue or an organ t 2 in the body of a subject as a first tissue or organ t 1 of the subject &# 39 ; s body is subjected to a thermal technique . a plurality of temperature sensors 30 distributed across an area defined by a substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 of a section 28 of an elongate member 20 is placed against surface s . section 28 may be placed against surface s without substantially deforming surface s or the shape of second tissue or organ t 2 of which surface s is a part , without substantially displacing any part of second tissue or organ t 2 , and / or without preventing second tissue or organ t 2 from functioning properly as the temperature of surface s is monitored . in some embodiments , section 28 may deform slightly to conform to a shape of surface s . if any portion of the monitored area of surface s approaches a potentially damaging ( cold or hot ) temperature , precautionary measures may be taken . various embodiments of such precautionary measures include , but are not limited to , temporary termination of the thermal technique , changing the temperature of the affected portion of second tissue or organ t 2 , and / or movement of the affected portion of second tissue or organ t 2 away from first tissue or organ t 1 . various embodiments for moving the affected portion of second tissue or organ t 2 include , but are not limited to , deformation of second tissue or organ t 2 to a flattened ( e . g ., narrowed oval ) shape ( e . g ., by modifying an area occupied by the substantially two - dimensional arrangement 40 of section 28 , etc ), manipulation of a position of temperature sensor 10 within the body of the subject to move a portion of second tissue or organ t 2 , or any other suitable technique for moving tissue with temperature sensor 10 . although the foregoing description contains many specifics , these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention , but merely as providing illustrations of some embodiments . similarly , other embodiments of the invention may be devised which lie within the scope of the present invention . features from different embodiments may be employed in combination . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated and limited only by the appended claims and their legal equivalents , rather than by the foregoing description . all additions , deletions and modifications to the invention as disclosed herein which fall within the meaning and scope of the claims are to be embraced thereby .
a temperature probe for monitoring temperatures of a surface of a tissue or organ within the body of a subject includes a section with a substantially two - dimensional arrangement and a plurality of temperature sensors positioned across an area defined by the substantially two - dimensional arrangement . such an apparatus may be used in conjunction with procedures in which thermal techniques are used to diagnose a disease state or treat diseased tissue . specifically , a temperature probe may be used to monitor temperatures across an area of a surface of a tissue or organ located close to the treated tissue to prevent subjection of the monitored tissue or organ to potentially damaging temperatures .