in an operating theater in which the neuro - navigation system in accordance with the invention is put to use , a frame as identified by the reference numeral 10 in fig1 stands , for example , at one end of an operating table . accommodated in this frame is a computer unit 11 and various other control units such as , for example , a keyboard ( not identified ). connected to this computer unit is the monitor 12 placed on the frame . this monitor displays in various views , also in a three - dimensional view , section planes or images of the anatomy of the patient , it also showing the positions of surgical instruments or reflectors attached to these instruments and to the operation apparatus . additional information may be output in further fields on the screen . likewise secured to the upper part of the frame , on which the monitor 12 stands , is the camera mount 13 . this camera mount 13 is configured adjustable and carries at the ends of its upper arms two infrared cameras , identified by 14 . the aforementioned components are , of course , interconnected by data transfer lines . the cameras 14 view the portion of the operating table where operative treatment is taking place and can map three - dimensional coordinates of surgical instruments and apparatus employed in the operation provided with reflectors which reflect infrared beams . the head of a patient is secured firmly in place on the operating table , for example , by a locating device . the coordinates of the anatomy of the patient are initially signalled to the computer unit 11 shown in fig1 by a marker system , further described in the following , by computer tomography data , the arrangement of the markers during the operation at any one time also being referenced locally with the aid of the computer unit and the cameras . for this purpose use is made of the pointer 20 shown in fig2 . the pointer 20 comprises two reflectors 21 and 22 applied to it by connectors . the spacing and shape of these reflectors 21 and 22 are known to the computer unit 11 , i . e . this pointer 20 is always the one which is assigned to the computer system in each case . also known to the computer unit 20 is the position of the tip 23 of the pointer 20 . when this pointer 20 is brought into the viewing field of the cameras 14 it can be directly “ recognized ” by the system , i . e . its tip 23 can be displayed on the monitor 12 . fig3 now shows a surgical pincette 30 . releasably connected to the rear end of this pincette 30 is an adapter 31 carrying on its arms three reflectors 32 , 33 and 34 having a characteristical arrangement which is assigned exclusively to this adapter in the navigation system . such a pincette 30 may be any pincette to which the adapter 31 can be applied , it may also be a pincette with which a neurosurgeon has already worked for years . to enable the pincette 30 to be put to use the neuro - navigation system must first be informed as to the position of the pincette tip 35 . for this purpose , as already described relative to the reflector referencing system , a three - dimensional point known in the navigation system is accessed by the pincette tip 35 , circular movements then being implemented with the end of the pincette 30 . the computer unit 11 “ recognizes ” via the cameras 14 the special arrangement of the reflectors 32 , 33 and 34 and is able to establish the position of the tip from its movements with the tip 35 of the pincette 30 stationary . the pointer 20 as shown in fig2 as well as the pincette 30 shown in fig3 are intended to represent as an example all instruments as employed in neurosurgical invasions . the system operates cordless with a reflector adapter having passive reflectors as shown in fig3 . these may also be secured , for example , to ultrasonic diagnostic units and neurosurgical microscopes , calibration of a microscope then being implemented , as described , by focusing a mapped calibration point . fig4 shows a section view of the pointer 20 of fig2 in a different plane , clearly making it evident that the reflectors 21 and 22 are applied to the position pointer 20 by connectors . the reflectors 21 , 22 are thus removable . since the reflectors 21 , 22 , which are usually configured with a sensitive reflective coating , are the only parts of the position pointer 20 having a high sensitivity as regards sterilization , the position pointer 20 with the removable reflectors 21 , 22 can be sterilized very easily and quickly . once , namely , the reflectors 21 , 22 have been removed an autoclave sterilization can be carried out , after which a new prepared set of sterilized reflectors 21 and 22 can be mounted . accordingly , the position pointer 20 can thus be quickly returned to use sterilized . fig5 is a plan view of a reference adapter 50 which has already been described a number of times , and which is secured to a part fixed in location relative to the patient by a clip concealed under its centerpoint . this part may be , for example , the means for locating the head of the patient as well as a spike extension in a vertebra body . the reference adapter 50 consists of the arms 51 , 52 and 53 having a length and angular setting exclusively characteristical for this reference adapter . secured to the end of these arms 51 , 52 and 53 are the reflectors 54 , 55 and 56 respectively . due to this reflector array and its characteristic arrangement and / or size the reference adapter 50 can be explicitly identified in position at any time by the neuro - navigation system . it is normally the case that the position of the reference adapter 50 always remains the same during the operation . should it be necessary to change the position of the patient the reference adapter 50 connected positionally located to the referenced anatomy of the patient can also be subsequently mapped and tracked at any time by the navigation system so that the “ big picture ” of the patient reference system remains known to the computer unit 11 at all times . the calibration point 57 plays a special role as regards the reference adapter 50 , this calibration point being assigned to the starting point of the three arms 51 , 52 and 53 in this example . the calibration point 57 is located in a bowl so that it can be precisely accessed in position by instrument tips ( for example , the position pointer tip 23 , fig2 or the pincette tip 35 , fig3 ). after accessing , the instrument is moved , the centerpoint of which forms the tip , i . e . the bowl of the reference adapter 50 in the calibration point 57 . calibration as already described in detail can then be carried out . shown on a very small scale in fig6 is a calibration tool , represented in this case by a calibration rod 60 which in reality should have a length of at least 40 cm or so . reflectors 61 , 62 are arranged respectively at both ends of the calibration rod 60 in a predetermined spacing known to the computer 11 . the characteristic properties of the reflectors 61 , 62 , also configured removable in this case , namely their size as well as their spacing on the calibration rod 60 , are known to the computer unit 11 which assigns them exclusively to this rod . with this rod 60 the already described calibration procedure can be carried out for setting the angle and spacing of the cameras 14 . fig7 shows a landmark prominence as employed in mapping the anatomy of the patient in a computer tomograph . this prominence is identified by 70 , it comprising a spherical main body 71 which , for example , is a ball of aluminum . fitted to the bottom of this aluminum ball — which can be identified by the computer tomography as well as by the neuro - navigation system individually due to its size being unique in the system — is a latching protrusion 72 with which the landmark prominence 70 can be inserted and latched in place in a fastener 90 ( fig9 ). a landmark prominence by which the landmark prominence 70 shown in fig7 is replaced after computer tomography is identified in fig8 as landmark prominence 80 . the dimensions of the main body of the landmark prominence 81 , i . e . the ball diameter corresponds to those of the landmark main body 71 shown in fig7 . the landmark prominence 80 has been modified to the extent that an upper part of the ball has been cut off and a bowled funnel 83 machined in the ball , the tip of this funnel precisely locating the center of the ball , as is evident from the scrap view shown in fig8 . the latching protrusion 82 corresponds precisely to the latching protrusion 72 ( fig7 ). once the patient data has been mapped in the computer tomograph the landmark prominence 70 is replaced by the landmark prominence 80 . since both balls have the same diameter the landmark prominence 80 can be identified by the neuro - navigation system as being the same landmark mapped as landmark 70 in the computer tomograph . the bowl with the funnel - tapered tip permits precisely accessing the centerpoint of the ball by the tip of the surgical instrument in referencing the landmark in the course of calibrating the neuro - navigation system , thus making it easier and quicker to reference which can also be carried out after covering with sterile cloths . fig9 depicts a fastener 90 which is secured , for example , to the skin of the patient by means of a sticky plaster on the underside of the fastener . the base 92 of this fastener 90 comprises an insertion opening 91 into which both the landmark prominence 70 as well as the landmark prominence 80 evident from fig7 and 8 can be inserted and latched into place . fig1 shows the fastener 90 as seen from above , it being evident that an additional nose - shaped opening 100 is incorporated in the base 92 through which the latching protrusions 72 , 82 can be introduced . turning the landmark prominences 70 and 80 as a whole then causes their lower protrusions to latch into place in the through - hole 91 of the base clasping the lower ridge thereof to firmly remain in place . after having explained the salient components of the neuro - navigation system in accordance with the invention , the invention will now be further detailed by describing a typical operative treatment sequence . on a patient requiring brain surgery firstly five landmark bases 92 are affixed to the skin surrounding the portions of the cranium to be opened . for referencing the anatomical data to a computer tomography five spherical aluminum landmark prominences 70 are inserted in the bases 92 . the locations for attaching the landmarks are selected so that they experience minimum displacement during operative treatment , it being required that they are located as near as possible to the point of operative treatment whilst being spaced away from each other as far as possible . at least three landmarks need to be used , although making use of two additional landmarks endows the system with added accuracy and reliability . next , a computer tomography is made in which the portions to be operated on as well as the landmarks are mapped relative to each other . whilst the patient is being brought to surgery the ct data is stored on optical disks which are then brought to the computer unit 11 which reads the data for image display on the monitor 12 . these images are section images in various planes as well as a three - dimensional image . the surgeon can plan his operation strategy according to these images . whilst the anaesthetics of the patient are being prepared the position of the cameras 14 on the stand is calibrated , the surgeon using for this purpose a calibration rod 60 having two reflectors 61 and 62 and moving it in the viewing field of the cameras 14 . by viewing roughly ten momentary positions of the reflectors 61 and 62 on the calibration rod 60 in brief spacings the system is able to “ recognize ” and memorize the camera position . the head of the patient is then rendered unmovable in any direction on the operating table by a locating means . this is followed by replacing the spherical landmark prominences 70 by the partial spherical landmark prominences 80 provided with positioning funnels 83 . after sterilization the patient is covered with sterile cloths , these also concealing the landmarks 80 . covering may be done by means of conventionally cloths or by means of a transparent plastics film . in the next step a reference adapter 50 is attached to the device locating the head of the patient . this reference adapter is identified by its unique reflector arrangement , its position as well as the position of its calibration point 57 being established by the neuro - navigation system . using a pointer 20 known to the system and likewise identified , the surgeon is then able to access the five landmark prominences 80 , i . e . by introducing in each case the tip 23 of the pointer 20 precisely into the tip of the funnel , which is the centerpoint of the ball 81 . from the known data of the landmark prominences in each case , each of which is distinguishable , the system is able to identify each of the landmarks concerned within seconds and thus also to read the anatomical data of the patient from the computer tomography into its mapping system . the position of the tips of the neurosurgical instruments can now be displayed on the monitor 12 relative to the adapter , this applying also for any surgical instrument to which a reflector adapter 31 has been applied after calibration at the calibration point 57 of the reference adapter 50 . to precisely define the location at which an invasion needs to be made , the tip of a pointer , pointing to the scalp , can be virtually extended in length . the surgeon has a virtual view of the lesion to be operatively treated from the monitor output and is able to define in advance the optimum path of invasion from the likewise virtual extension in length of his instrument . after the cranium has been opened at the position thus located a pincette 30 having a triple reflector adapter 31 attached thereto can be calibrated at the calibration point 57 of the reference adapter 50 , i . e . the precise location of the pincette tip 35 is defined . using this pincette 30 resection of the lesion can then be undertaken , the surgeon being able to trace the tip 35 of the pincette 30 at all times on the display 12 . resection of the lesion can thus be carried out by this method in avoiding destruction of healthy tissue to a major degree . furthermore , the operation can be implemented in a very short time . all instruments used can be moved cordlessly due to the application of passive reflectors , saving the surgeon from obstructions during the operation . in making use of triple reflector adapters he is able to employ the instruments he is used to . all of these factors may result in an overall improvement in the outcome of the operation .
the invention relates to a neuro - navigation system comprising a reflector referencing system including passive reflectors and a marker system with markers or landmarks wherein the reflectors as well as the markers as regards their shape , size and material selection as well as their arrangement or attachment on the parts of the body to be operatively treated and on the surgical instruments are configured so that mapping their locations is substantially facilitated or is able to take place more accurately positioned by a computer / camera unit having a graphic display terminal as well as the operative treatment with the aid of this unit . optionally a surgical microscope , an ultrasonic diagnostic system as well as a calibration procedure may be integrated in the neuro - navigation system in accordance with the invention .