a preferred embodiment of the present invention involves flowing a thin layer of the biological medium , in the form of a fluid , through a target region which is disposed to receive the output pulses of a light source , e . g ., a laser . as used herein , the term &# 34 ; thin layer &# 34 ; refers to a layer of fluid which transmits more than 10 % of the light energy which is incident thereon . depending on the nature of the medium and its possible dilution , layers satisfying this criteria are expected typically to have thicknesses of from 0 . 1 mm to several mm ., preferably thicknesses on the order of less than 0 . 5 mm , and preferably about 0 . 2 mm . the actual flow rate of the fluid through the target region depends upon the effective area of the incident laser beams and the intensities and repetition rates of the pulses , as described hereinafter . it is anticipated that in most installations the flow across each millimeter of target region width can be established at about 5 milliliters per second through a quartz channel which defines a layer of generally square or rectangular cross - section and which presents as part of its largest surface an area equal in width to or slightly narrower than the width of the incident light beam . the pulsed light used in this invention is preferably comprised of laser pulses . pulsed laser systems produce their output pulses in a repetitive fashion . the rate at which the pulses are produced is dependent on the laser hardware and is called the &# 34 ; repetition rate .&# 34 ; in the treatment of the biological medium the pulses are preferably directed onto a small spot ( either circular or of some other shape ) referred to as the &# 34 ; target region .&# 34 ; this region will , in most instances , be too small to contain the entire sample to be processed . in these instances the sample can be flowed through the target region until the entire sample has been irradiated . alternatively , the laser beam can be caused to scan over the area of the sample and / or the sample can be processed as a sequence of sub - samples . to insure that each volume element of the sample is subjected to substantially the same irradiation conditions , each volume element should receive repetitions of the same cycle of laser pulses . in a specific embodiment of the present invention , blood plasma or blood serum can be sterilized in the presence of intact blood cells . a red blood cell contains no dna and is relatively resistant to radiation at the wavelengths and fluxes described herein . however , a single red blood cell has sufficient optical density to absorb the bulk of the incident radiation , thereby shielding the portion located behind said blood cell . accordingly , when whole blood is to be processed it is preferred to establish a thin channel flow of blood through the target region such that the cells will pass &# 34 ; single file &# 34 ; through that region . the plasma or serum surrounding these cells is then irradiated from opposing directions to ensure that the entirety of the subject plasma will receive the desired amounts of uv radiation . the quantum yield of a two - photon photochemical process as is involved in the present invention depends upon the intensity of the incident light for a typical laser system , the energy content and the time duration of the output pulse are initially determined by the laser hardware the intensity of the laser light at the target region can be brought to virtually any desired value , however , by passing the laser pulse through a lens ( or set of lenses ) to control the cross - sectional area of the pulse as it enters the target region for this reason a wide variety of existing laser systems can be used to practice the present invention , and the choice of a particular laser is largely dictated by cost , reliability , and the processing rate desired pulsed lasers are currently available with repetition rates ranging from 0 . 01 hz ( pulses per second ) to 10 8 hz . those lasers having high repetition rates typically produce pulses that are weak ; such pulses should be focussed to a very small spot to generate sufficient intensity to carry out the present process . lasers with very low repetition rates typically produce pulses of enormous energy , but presently suffer from poor reliability . to provide both adequate peak power ( e g ., to stimulate the two - photon absorption process described herein ) and adequate average power ( e . g ., to treat sufficient volume of material ), a preferred laser for the present invention ( a ) has a repetition rate between 10 hz and 1 , 000 , 000 hz , more preferably between 10 and 10 , 000 hz and most preferably between 100 and 10 , 000 hz and ( b ) is capable of producing pulses of durations less than about 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , and preferably 10 - 10 to 10 - 12 seconds while emitting light of extremely high intensity . this laser may be a conventional laser , such as a yag laser ( and its associated optical components ), which is capable of providing the wavelength ( s ), intensities , and pulse frequencies described herein . pulsed lasers typically operate at a single fixed wavelength . numerous methods are known in the art for generating additional wavelengths from this original pulse , including harmonic generation , synchronous dye laser operation , and optical parametric oscillation . in those embodiments of the invention which use pulses of different wavelength , those pulses can be derived from a single original pulse using one of the methods known to the prior art . considerations of target region size , sample processing rate , and laser repetition rate apply equally to all of the embodiments of the invention described herein . while the embodiments are described in terms of pulse duration and flux , those skilled in the art can relate these variables to intensity , and to target sizes and sample processing rates by the choice of particular laser systems . the present invention recognizes the importance of maintaining the integrity of blood plasma or serum proteins , while performing dna or rna inactivation . even though blood serum proteins are also susceptible to non - linear inactivation , the present invention recognizes that such proteins can be preserved substantially intact by carefully selecting the wavelengths and intensities of the first and second pulses to favor the photolysis of nucleic acids . for example , this process can increase the efficiency of tryptophan photolysis by a factor calculated to be only about 3 or below while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of dna photolysis by a factor of about 5 , 000 . it should be understood that the enhancement of the difference in the relative rates of photolysis as between nucleic acids and proteins achieved by the process of this invention is of paramount importance and that the numbers &# 34 ; 3 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 5 , 000 &# 34 ; are calculated for the purpose of illustration and may not be applicable in every case . as an example of the process of the present invention , using a pulsed laser , it is now possible to conduct a two - pulse photolysis , as shown schematically in fig2 . the first pulse is chosen to have a relatively low intensity so as to excite a fraction of the molecules to state b by a simple beer - lambert process . of these excited molecules , approximately 13 % in the case of tryptophan and 1 % in the case of a nucleic acid , will reach state c through the occurrence of intrinsic molecular processes . a second pulse of light of extremely high intensity is now used to cause further absorption events to take place . the existence of higher energy states such as d , e and f has also been demonstrated experimentally and these states are expected to provide a high probability of photochemical reaction . see d . h . whillans et al ., supra , and d . v . bent et al , journal of the american chemical society 97 : 2612 ( 1975 ). it is important to note that the ground state a cannot absorb photons efficiently from the second pulse , since there is no quantum state available of the appropriate energy the consequence of this two pulse irradiation process is that virtually every molecule that reaches the triplet state c will be forced to react photochemically under the influence of the second pulse . the overall rate of the photochemical reaction depends , in this case , on the rate of producing triplets ; this will increase the efficiency of tryptophan photolysis by a factor of 3 but will simultaneously increase the efficiency of dna photolysis by a factor of 5 , 000 . the effect of the two pulse scheme is illustrated in fig2 . in this example , the sterilization condition ( p less than 10 - 8 ) can now be achieved using a 260 nm flux of only 4 . 6 × 10 14 photons per cm 2 . this flux will yield a p value for the proteins of 0 . 99 ; i . e ., about 99 % of the protein functionality of the material will be retained . the present invention thus provides , in one embodiment , novel processes for sterilizing biological fluids such as human blood and blood fractions , which processes involve the use of intense pulses of laser light to destroy infectious agents while maintaining high functional levels of proteins and other vital components . in an illustrative general embodiment , the invention provides a process for treating a solution of proteins and nucleic acids such as dna or rna to selectively inactivate said nucleic acids , comprising : ( a ) irradiating said solution with a first light pulse of a first wavelength of sufficient flux to raise a portion of said nucleic acids from their ground state to an excited state yet not sufficient to inactivate the proteins in said solution ; and ( b ) irradiating said nucleic acids while in said excited state with a second light pulse which is preferentially absorbed by nucleic acids in said excited state but not substantially by proteins in their ground or their excited states to raise said nucleic acids to energy states higher than said excited acids state to thereby cause photolysis of said nucleic acids while minimizing the photolysis of said proteins . illustrative conditions for this embodiment are as follows : said excited state comprises nucleic acid in its singlet or triplet state and said second pulse is applied during the singlet or triplet lifetime of said portion of said nucleic acids ; said second light pulse is applied within 1 picosecond after said first light pulse or said first and second pulses are simultaneously applied ; the wavelength of said first pulse is between 220 and 280 nanometers ; the duration of said first pulse is less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , preferably a duration between about 1 × 10 - 12 and 9 × 10 - 10 seconds ; said first pulse has a flux of less than about 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter , preferably a flux of from about 1 × 10 13 to 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter and more preferably a flux of about 1 × 10 14 to 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter ; said second pulse has a wavelength above about 350 namometers , preferably a wavelength of between about 350 to 410 nanometers or between about 500 to 560 nanometers ; said second pulse has a duration of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , preferably a duration between about 9 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds ; said second pulse has a flux of about 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter , preferably a flux of about 1 × 10 17 photons per square centimeter ; said light pulses are pulses of laser light ; said light pulses are applied by a single laser ; said solution is located as a thin layer in a target region ; said layer having a thickness of less than about 0 . 5 mm , preferably a thickness of about 0 . 2 mm ; said solution is flowed across each millimeter of target region width at a rate of about 5 milliliters per second ; said solution is a blood fraction comprising plasma proteins ; said blood fraction further comprises blood cells ; and said pulses are applied from a plurality of directions to strike substantially all of the plasma and serum disposed around said blood cells . it can be seen , therefore , that unique sterilization and protein production processes are provided by present invention . these processes use pulses of intense laser light to selectively photolyze dna in the presence of proteins , e . g ., tryptophan - containing proteins . in certain embodiments , this selectivity is achieved by the use of a sequence of pulses whose wavelength , time duration , and time spacing are under the control of the laser operator . the properties of the secondary pulse or pulses are chosen such that only those molecules that absorbed light from an earlier pulse in the sequence are affected . for this reason the secondary pulse or pulses can be of extremely high intensity without causing unwanted reactions . in another illustrative embodiment of the invention , the process is used to treat blood fractions , including blood plasma , blood serum or products thereof , which fractions are suspected of carrying viable or infectious nucleic acid - containing agents . the embodiment , for example , can comprise irradiating a target region of the fraction with ultrashort , multiple light pulses of different wavelengths and intensities . a first pulse ( or pulses ) having a wavelength ( s ) of between 220 to 280 nanometers is applied to achieve a flux in the blood fraction target region of slightly less than 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter . this first pulse or pulses excites the dna or rna in said fractions from their ground state to excited state ( s ). a second higher intensity pulse ( or pulses ) having a wavelength ( s ) above about 300 nanometers and a flux of between about 1 × 10 15 to about 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter is then applied within the excited state lifetime ( e . g , up to about 6 microseconds ) of said dna or rna . as a result , these nucleic acid - containing molecules are excited to an even higher energy state thorough a non - linear process , which higher energy state results in their substantial inactivation by photolysis . in further illustrative particular embodiments , the sterilization processes of the present invention can be practiced by using first and second single light pulses which are either simultaneously applied or which are applied , for example , within one triplet state lifetime ( approximately one microsecond ) of each other . as seen from the above specific example of fig2 the first light pulse can be of a wavelength absorbed by nucleic acids and raises a portion of the nucleic acids from their ground state to their triplet state . the second light pulse can be of a higher intensity and longer wavelength which is preferentially absorbed by the nucleic acids in their triplet states and raises those nucleic acids to higher energy states to thereby increase the probability that spontaneous photolysis of such nucleic acids will occur . these first and second light pulses are selected such that the photolysis of the amino acids of the proteins is proteins present in the sample . in accordance with this embodiment , the first pulse is less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds in duration , preferably about 10 - 10 to 10 - 12 seconds , and has a flux of 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 16 , preferably less than 5 × 10 14 , photons per cm 2 . although lower first pulse fluxes will lessen the effect of the subject radiation upon the proteins , a corresponding diminution in the number of excited dna or rna molecules will also result . accordingly , the first pulse flux is preferred to be in the range of 1 × 10 13 to 5 × 10 14 photons per cm 2 , more preferably 1 × 10 14 to 5 × 10 14 photons per cm 2 . the second pulse preferably has a wavelength above about 350 nm , and is preferably within wavelength ranges of either 350 to 410 nm or 500 to 560 nm . it is preferred that the second pulse have a duration of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , preferably about 10 - 10 to about 10 - 12 seconds . in order to increase the probability of photolysis of the excited dna triplets , each second pulse has a higher intensity than the first pulse , having a flux of about 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 , preferably about 1 × 10 17 photons per cm 2 . for purposes of simplicity the above discussion has illustratively referred in some instances to the administration of single first and second pulses and to the intermediate state as the triplet state . in other embodiments , the process can be efficiently operated by applying a repetition of pulses having the same wavelength or a repetition of an alternating series of first and second pulses ( e . g ., of different wavelength ) to the subject sample as it flows through a target area . also , other excited states ( e . g ., the first excited singlet ) can also be utilized as intermediates . in accordance with such an embodiment , a target region of a thin layer of a blood fraction or other biological medium to be sterilized is irradiated with more than one ( i . e ., a repetition ) of first light pulses comprising a wavelength or wavelengths within a first range of 220 to 280 nm . each of the first light pulses has a duration of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , and together these first light pulses have a combined flux within the stated wavelength range of between about 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 16 photons per cm 2 . in accordance with this embodiment , second higher intensity light pulses are repetitively applied simultaneously or up to no more than 1 microsecond , preferably one picosecond , after each of said first light pulses . these second higher intensity light pulses each have a wavelength or wavelengths within a second wavelength range above about 350 nm , each have durations of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , and together have a combined flux within the stated wavelength range of between about 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 photons per cm 2 . once again , the preferred second wavelength ranges are between 350 to 410 nm or 500 to 560 nm . in accordance with this embodiment , said first light pulses should be applied at a frequency of between 10 and 1 , 000 , 000 pulses per second . when this embodiment of the process , as well as others , is applied to a biological fluid that is flowed as a thin layer through a target region of a laser , the frequency of the laser pulses and the selected flow rate of the fluid to be sterilized should preferably be selected such that the fluid to be treated is exposed to the aforementioned combined fluxes prior to leaving the target region . in the embodiment where pulses of the same wavelength are utilized , the wavelength is preferably within the range of 180 to 295 nm , more preferably 220 to 290 nm , and most preferably 220 to 280 nm . the duration of each pulse is preferably less than 1 × 10 - 5 seconds , more preferably less than 1 × 10 - 8 seconds , more preferably in the range of 5 × 10 - 9 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , and most preferably in the range of 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds . when a duration of from 1 × 10 - 5 to 1 × 10 - 10 seconds is utilized , it is believed that the triplet state comprises the intermediate pathway . when a duration of from 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 14 seconds is utilized , it is believed that the singlet state comprises the intermediate pathway . it is preferred when utilizing pulses of the same wavelength to select conditions which favor the singlet state pathway , i . e ., pulses having a duration within the above - stated range . also , in this embodiment where pulses of the same wavelength are utilized , the pulses preferably each have a flux greater than 1 × 10 15 , more preferably from about 1 × 10 15 to about 1 × 10 18 , more preferably about 1 × 10 17 to about 1 × 10 18 , and most preferably about 1 × 10 17 , photons per square centimeter . the combined flux of the pulses is preferably about one order of magnitude higher than the flux of each pulse , i . e ., it is preferred that about 10 repetitions of each pulse per unit volume of the media be utilized . when pulses of different wavelength are utilized , the duration of the first pulses is preferably as stated immediately above . the first pulses preferably have a wavelength within the range of 180 to 350 nm , more preferably 180 to 295 nm , more preferably 220 to 290 nm , and most preferably 220 to 280 nm . the first pulses preferably each have a flux of less than 1 × 10 18 , more preferably less than 5 × 10 14 , more preferably 1 × 10 13 to 5 × 10 14 , and most preferably 1 × 10 14 to 5 × 10 14 , photons per square centimeter . the combined flux of the first pulses is preferably from 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 18 , more preferably 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 16 , and most preferably from 1 × 10 14 to 5 × 10 14 , photons per square centimeter . the second pulses preferably each have a flux greater than 1 × 10 15 , more preferably from 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 , and most preferably about 1 × 10 17 , photons per square centimeter . the combined flux of the pulses is , for the reason stated above , about one order of magnitude higher than the flux of each pulse . the preferred wavelength for the second pulses depends upon the duration selected for the first pulses . thus , when a duration for the first pulses favoring the triplet state pathway is utilized ( 1 × 10 - 5 to 1 × 10 - 10 seconds ), the second pulses preferably each have a wavelength greater than 300 nm , preferably in the range of 300 to 700 nm , more preferably 300 to 450 nm , and most preferably 350 to 410 nm . in this embodiment , it is preferred that the duration of each second pulse is less than 1 × 10 - 5 , more preferably less than 1 × 10 - 6 , more preferably less than 1 × 10 - 8 seconds , preferably in the range of 5 × 10 - 9 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds and more preferably in the range of 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds . each second pulse is preferably applied within 1 × 10 - 6 seconds of each first pulse , and more preferably is applied substantially simultaneously with each first pulse . when a duration for the first pulses favoring the singlet state pathway is utilized ( 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 14 seconds ), the second pulses preferably each have a wavelength greater than 300 nm , preferably in the range of 300 to 700 nm , more preferably 500 to 560 nm , and most preferably about 520 to 540 nm . in this embodiment , the duration of each second pulse preferably is in the range of 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , more preferably less than 3 × 10 - 11 seconds , more preferably less than about 3 × 10 - 12 seconds , and most preferably is in the range of 1 × 10 - 11 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds . each second pulse is preferably applied within 3 × 10 - 12 seconds of the first pulse , more preferably is applied substantially simultaneously with the first pulse , and most preferably is applied at a time delay with respect to the first pulse of about 1 × 10 - 12 seconds . it will be apparaent , therefore , that in some of its broader aspects the present invention can be described as a process for treating a biological fluid containing nucleic acids and proteins , which comprises irradiating said fluid with a plurality of light pulses of wavelength and intensity selected so that said nucleic acids are photolyzed in preference to said proteins . as noted above , in certain embodiments , these pulses can be laser pulses of the same wavelength , or can comprise first and second laser pulses which have different wavelengths respectively . when pulses of the same wavelength are selected , preferred conditions are as follows : each of said pulses has a substantially the same wavelength within the range of 180 to 295 nm , preferably 220 to 290 nm , more preferably 220 to 280 nm , a duration less than 1 × 10 - 5 seconds , preferably a duration in the range from 5 × 10 - 9 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , more preferably from 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , and a flux greater than 1 × 10 . sup . 15 , preferably in the range from 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 , more preferably 1 × 10 17 to 1 × 10 18 , photons per square centimeter . when pulses of different wavelength are selected , preferred conditions are as follows : each of said first pulses has a wavelength within the range of 180 to 350 nm , a duration of less than 1 × 10 - 5 seconds , and a flux less than 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter , and each of said second pulses has a wavelength within the range of 300 to 700 nm , a duration of less than 1 × 10 - 5 seconds and a flux of greater than 1 × 10 15 photons per square centimeter . further preferred conditions when pulses of different wavelengths are selected are as follows : each of said first pulses has a wavelength within the range of 180 to 295 nm , a duration of from 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 14 seconds , and a flux of 1 × 10 13 to 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter , and each of said second pulses has a wavelength within the range of 500 to 560 nm , a duration in the range of 1 × 10 - 10 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , a flux of 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter , and each second pulse is applied within 3 × 10 - 12 seconds of each first pulse . alternative preferred conditions when pulses of different wavelength are selected are as follows : each of said first pulses has a wavelength within the range of 180 to 295 nm , a duration of from 1 × 10 - 5 to 1 × 10 - 10 seconds , and a flux of 1 × 10 13 to 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter , and each second pulse has a wavelength within the range of 300 to 450 nm , a duration in the range of from 5 × 10 - 9 to 1 × 10 - 12 seconds , a flux of 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter , and each second pulse is applied within 1 × 10 - 6 seconds of each first pulse . further embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of preparing killed virus vaccine , and to vaccines so prepared . these include the irradiation of a virus which is comprised of a nucleic acid portion and a tryptophan - containing protein coat . the subject irradiation is performed using ultra short high intensity laser pulses of different wavelengths to cause the non - linear photolysis of the nucleic acid components of the virus while leaving their surrounding protein coats substantially intact . more specifically , these embodiments involve a process of preparing a killed virus vaccine , comprising the steps of : ( a ) providing a virus containing solution , said virus comprising a nucleic acid portion and a tryptophan - containing protein coat ; ( b ) irradiating a target region of a thin layer of said virus containing solution with one or more first light pulse ( s ) of wavelength ( s ) within a first wavelength range of 220 to 280 nanometers , said first pulses each having a duration of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds per pulse , and having a combined flux within said first wavelength range of between about 1 × 10 13 to 1 × 10 16 photons per square centimeter ; and ( c ) irradiating said target region of said layer with one or more second higher intensity light pulse ( s ) of wavelengths ( s ) within a second wavelength range above about 350 nanometers , said second pulses each having a duration of less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , and each having a flux within said second wavelength range of at least about 1 × 10 15 photons per square centimeter , each of said second pulse ( s ) being applied to said layer within up to one microsecond after each of said first pulse ( s ), whereby said nucleic acid portion of said virus is inactivated while alteration of the structure of said protein coat is minimized . preferred conditions for this embodiment are as follows : said combined flux within said first wavelength range is between about 1 × 10 14 and 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter ; each of said second pulses within said second wavelength range has a flux of about 1 × 10 17 to 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter ; said first pulses and said second pulses each have a duration of between about 9 × 10 - 10 and 1 × 10 - 12 seconds ; said second wavelength range is 360 to 410 nanometers or 500 to 560 nanometers ; said first pulses are applied at a frequency of between 10 and 1 , 000 , 000 pulses per second ; said first and second pulses are applied substantially simultaneously ; said layer has a thickness of less than 0 . 5 mm ; said layer has a thickness of about 0 . 2 mm ; said fraction is flowed through said target region at a rate which exposes each portion thereof to said combined fluxes , e . g ., flowed across each millimeter of target region width at a rate of about 5 ml per second ; and said light pulses are laser pulses . further preferred embodiments of the present invention relate to processes for producting tryptophan - containing proteins , and to proteins so produced . they comprise culturing cells of mammalian origin to produce those proteins , causing or permitting those cells to release those proteins into a harvest medium and inactivating nucleic acid components in that medium by exposing that medium to a plurality of pulses of high intensity laser light of different wavelengths which are differentially absorbed by those nucleic acid components in their ground and excited states . using this process , nucleic acid inactive , protein rich end products are produced . more specifically , this embodiment can involve a process for producing tryptophan - containing proteins , comprising the steps of : ( a ) providing cells of mammalian origin which , when cultured , produce said tryptophan - containing proteins ; ( b ) culturing said cells ; ( c ) releasing said proteins into a medium ; and ( d ) inactivating the nucleic acid components in said medium by exposing said medium by exposing said medium to a plurality of pulses of high intensity laser light of different wavelengths which are differentially absorbed by said nucleic acid components in their ground and excited states to produce nucleic acid inactive , protein rich end products . preferably , said inactivating step further comprises irradiating said medium with a first light pulse of a first wavelength of sufficient flux to raise a portion of said nucleic acid components from their ground state to an excited state , yet not sufficient to inactivate the proteins in said solution more preferably , said inactivating step further comprises irradiating said nucleic acids while in said excited state with a second light pulse which is absorbed by nucleic acids in said excited state , but not substantially by said proteins in their ground state , to raise said acids to higher energy states to thereby cause photolysis of said nucleic acids while minimizing the photolysis of said proteins . preferred conditions for this embodiment are as follows : said second pulse is applied during the triplet lifetime of said portion of said nucleic acids , or said second light pulse is applied within 1 picosecond after said first light pulse , or said first and second pulses are simultaneoulsy applied ; the wavelength of said first pulse is between 220 and 280 nanometers ; the duration of said first pulse and said second pulse is less than 2 × 10 - 8 seconds , preferably the duration of said first pulse and said second pulse is between about 1 × 10 - 12 and 9 × 10 - 10 seconds ; said first pulse has a flux of less than about 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter , preferably a flux of between about 1 × 10 13 and 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter and more preferably a flux of about 1 × 10 14 to 5 × 10 14 photons per square centimeter ; said second pulse has a wavelength above about 350 nanometers , preferably a wavelength of between about 350 to 410 nanometers or between about 500 to 560 nanometers ; said second pulse has a flux of about 1 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 18 photons per square centimeter ; preferably a flux of about 1 × 10 17 photons per square centimeter ; said light pulses are pulses of laser light ; and said light pulses are applied by a single laser . as noted , the process of the present invention is preferably applicable to such biological fluids as blood sera or blood fractions ; media of mammalian cell origin containing proteinaceous products and a nucleic acid component ; and viruses having tryptophan - containing protein coats . those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize , however , that each of these embodiments will prefer a different degree of nucleic acid inactivation and will tolerate a different degree of protein analysis . since killed virus vaccines may have some live virus , and need not retain all of the original protein coat intact , it is anticipated that reductions in nucleic acid or viral activity in this application can be as low as 10 4 , preferably 10 6 , and photolysis of viral protein coats as high as about 40 %, preferably 20 %. by contrast , in blood and mammalian cell product applications , nucleic acid or viral activity reductions of at least 10 6 , preferably 10 8 , are sometimes desired . in blood or in applications involving the production of pharmaceutical products ( such as insulin or other physiologic proteins ), protein inactivation should not exceed 35 %, preferably 20 %, more preferably 5 %, and most preferably less than 2 %. where the proteinaceous products are intended for non - pharmaceutical uses , lower protein yields can be accepted in order to optimize other process parameters . additional embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the following examples which are understood to be simulated and prophetical rather than as representations of work actually done . this example illustrates the application of an embodiment of the present invention to sterilize a biological media comprising human plasma . the protein activity of the plasma can be assayed by a standard method such as the partial thromboplastin time ( ptt ), a measure of the ability of the plasma proteins to form a clot . an increase of 3 seconds in the ptt corresponds to approximately a 10 % decrease in the activity of the plasma proteins . the plasma , for purposes of this example , is deliberately infected with a mammalian virus , simian virus 40 ( sv 40 ), an easily titered virus of approximately the same size as hepatitis a . a sample of the plasma is flowed through a quartz tube 0 . 5 mm square . the rate of flow is controlled by a pump at a rate of 3 × 10 - 4 ml / sec thus establishing a flow velocity of 1 . 2 × 10 - 1 cm / sec through the target region a q - switched nd : yag laser is operated at a repetition rate of 20hz and produces pulses of 5 ×× 10 - 9 seconds duration . the technique of harmonic generation is used to produce two pulses from the original pulse : a first pulse of a wavelength of 266 nm and a second pulse of a wavelength of 353 nm . the pulse at 266 nm is adjusted to contain 2 × 10 11 photons and the pulse at 353 nm is adjusted to contain 1 . 2 × 10 15 photons . the pulses are focussed by a lens to a spot size of 4 × 10 - 3 square centimeters , producing a flux of 5 × 10 13 photons / cm 2 at 266 nm and 3 × 10 17 photons / cm 2 at 353 . the pulses arrive at the sample substantially simultaneously . under these conditions , the average volume element of the plasma sample has a residence time in the target region of 0 . 5 seconds and therefore receives 10 repetitions of each pulse . the combined flux at 266 nm experienced by the average volume element is 5 × 10 14 photons / cm 2 . after the sample has been processed as described , it is assayed for both viral activity and protein activity . it is found that the viral activity , as measured by the titer of sv40 , has been reduced by a factor of 10 6 and the protein activity has remained at 90 % of its original value . this example illustrates the application of an embodiment of the present invention in which pulses of the same wavelength are used to sterilize a biological media comprising human plasma . the plasma , for purposes of this example , is deliberately infected with bacteriophage t4 which can be titered by a plaque - forming assay on an e . coli . host . the protein activity is measured by the ptt ( see example 1 ). a sample of the plasma is flowed through a quartz tube with a cross - section 2 cm × 0 . 05 cm . the laser beam enters through the 2 cm face to result in an optical path length of 0 . 05 cm . a pump controls the flow rate of 1 ml / second , establishing a flow velocity of 10 cm / second through the target region . an excimer laser is operated to produce pulses at 258 nm with a repetition rate of 200 hz . each pulse has a duration of 10 - 8 seconds and contains 10 17 photons these pulses are passed through a cylindrical lens and onto the target region , illuminating a target area of 2 cm × 0 . 5 cm . at the flow rate of 1 ml / second the average volume element requires 0 . 05 second to traverse the target region and receives 10 laser pulses . the flux from each pulse is 10 17 photons / cm 2 and the total flux experienced by each volume element is 10 18 photons / cm 2 . under these conditions , the nucleic activity of the plasma sample , as assayed by the t4 titer , is reduced by a factor of 10 6 while the protein activity has remained at 65 % of its original value . example 2 is repeated except that the excimer laser is modified to produce pulses of 5 × 10 - 12 seconds duration with 5 × 10 15 photons in a pulse at 258 nm . the repetition rate remains 200 hz . the sample of the t4 in human plasma is flowed through a quartz tube of cross - section 0 . 5 × 0 . 05 cm and a pump regulates the flow at 0 . 5 ml / sec , establishing a flow velocity of 20 cm / second through the target region . the laser pulses are passed through a cylindrical lens to achieve a target region of 0 . 1 cm × 0 . 5 cm . at the flow rate of 0 . 5 ml / sec the average volume element spends 5 × 10 - 3 seconds in the target region and receives only one pulse from the laser . the flux of this pulse is 10 17 photons / cm 2 . under these conditions the nucleic acid activity of the plasma sample is reduced by a factor of 10 6 from its original value while at least 90 % of the original protein activity is preserved . this example illustrates the application of an embodiment of the present invention to sterilize human blood fraction factor viii . the activity of factor viii can be accurately measured by colorimetric methods commercially available in kit form . a sample of lyophilized factor viii is reconstituted according to the packaged instructions and , for the purpose of this example , is deliberately infected with bacteriophage t7 . the titer of t7 is obtained by a plaque - forming assay on an e . coli . host . the sample is flowed through a quartz tube of cross - section 0 . 1 × 0 . 05 cm . the laser pulses strike the 0 . 1 cm face and thus the optical path length is 0 . 05 cm . a pump establishes the flow rate at 2 × 10 - 3 ml / sec . a passively mode - locked nd : yag laser operates at a repetition rate of 20 hz . the pulses have a time duration of 20 × 10 - 12 sec and pulses at 532 nm and 266 nm are produced by harmonic generation . the pulse at 532 nm is adjusted to contain 5 × 10 15 photons and the pulse at 266 nm is adjusted to contain 10 11 photons . by an arrangement of mirrors and lenses the pulses are made to arrive at the target region with the peak of the 266 nm pulse 1 × 10 - 12 seconds before the peak of the 532 nm pulse . both pulses illuminate a cross - sectional area of 5 × 10 - 3 cm 2 . the average volume element of the sample is struck by 5 repetitions of each pulse , i . e ., the 266 nm pulse and the 532 nm pulse . the flux of each 266 nm pulse is 2 × 10 13 photons / cm 2 and the flux of each 532 nm pulse is photons / cm 2 . the average volume element in the sample receives a combined flux of 10 14 photons / cm 2 at 266 nm . the sample is analyzed after treatment and it is found that the nucleic acid activity , as measured by the titer of t7 , is reduced by a factor of 10 6 while the protein activity remains at 98 % of its value before irradiation . example 4 is repeated with all sample parameters ( i . e ., flow rate , target area , quartz tube cross - section ) unchanged except the nd : yag laser is now used to run a system of dye lasers producing output pulses that are variable in wavelength . each time the nd : yag laser fires , two dye laser pulses having duration 5 × 10 - 12 seconds each are simultaneously produced . the results of the treatment in this series of examples are presented in tabular form . ______________________________________ wavelength wavelength of first pulse of second pulse ( flux = 2 × 10 . sup . 13 ( flux = 2 × 10 . sup . 18example photons / cm . sup . 2 per pulse ) photons / cm . sup . 2 per pulse ) ______________________________________5 260 5306 270 5307 290 5308 240 5309 260 40010 260 60011 260 700______________________________________ fraction of original percent of originalexample titer of t7 protein activity______________________________________5 5 × 10 . sup .- 7 98 % 6 10 . sup .- 6 96 % 7 10 . sup .- 1 98 % 8 10 . sup .- 3 99 % 9 10 . sup .- 5 98 % 10 10 . sup .- 4 98 % 11 10 . sup .- 3 98 % ______________________________________ this example illustrates an embodiment of the invention in the treatment of a biological media comprising human whole blood . the blood is , for purposes of this example , deliberately infected with bacteriophage t4 and the activity of the clotting proteins is measured using the ptt . the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin proteins is monitored by standard methods . a laser system is used to produce pulses of 1 × 10 - 13 seconds duration . each pulse has a flux of 5 × 10 15 photons at a wavelength of 260 nm . the repetition rate is 200 hz . the sample of t4 in human plasma is flowed through a quartz tube of cross - section 0 . 5 × 0 . 5 cm and a pump regulates the flow at 0 . 5 ml / cm , establishing a flow velocity of 20 cm / second through the target region . the laser pulses are passed through a cylindrical lens to achieve a target region of 0 . 1 cm × 0 . 5 cm . the flux of each pulse at the target region is thus 1 × 10 17 photons / cm 2 . pulses of this duration and intensity are found to effectively penetrate (&# 34 ; bleach &# 34 ;) red blood cells . results indicate that nucleic acid activity , as measured by the titer of t4 , is reduced by a factor of 10 6 while 90 % of the original clotting protein activity is maintained and the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin proteins shows no observable decrease . in sum , the present invention provides a generic process for sterilization of biological media with a wide variety of specific embodiments . in these embodiments , pulses of light , preferably intense laser light , are used to selectively photolyze dna - or rna - containing nucleic acids in the presence of proteins . this selectively is achieved by the use of a pulses whose wavelength , time duration , time spacing , and intensity , are under the control of the laser operator , following the teachings herein . from the above , those ordinary skill in this art will recognize the applicability of this process to selectively photolyze the nucleic acid components in preference to and in the presence of proteins . those of ordinary skill in this art will further recognize that conventional laser crystals , electronics and optics can be used to readily practice the described process of the present invention . those of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that the exact laser power , wavelength , optimum sample handling , and so on may be varied somewhat in view of the foregoing description to achieve optimum results without departing from the scope of the present invention , which is described more particularly in the appended claims .
a novel irradiation process and products made thereby . the process treats biological media such as blood fractions , genetically engineered protein products and vaccine preparations . the process photolyzes nucleic acids in preference to proteins in the media , e . g ., it inactivates dna - or rna - containing pathogens while leaving the proteins substantially intact or functional . in general , the process comprises irradiating the medium with pulsed light of wavelength and flux selected so that the nucleic acids in their ground state absorb radiation and thereby rise to an excited state or states , the nucleic acids in their excited states absorb radiation and thereby rise to higher energy states and undergo photolysis , and the proteins in their ground or their excited states do not absorb sufficient radiation to undergo substantial photolysis . it is surprising and unexpected that nucleic acids in their excited states undergo efficient photolysis whereas proteins under the same conditions in the same medium are kept substantially intact .