in the reaction schemes and discussion that follow , unless otherwise indicated , a , d , e , f , g , l , t , u , w , x , y , z and r 1 through r 21 are defined as above . referring to scheme i , a compound of the formula iii is formed by reacting a compound of the formula ii with an alkyl aldehyde or dialkyl ketone , in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium cyano borohydride , sodium triacetoxyborohydride , or an aluminum hydride or similar reagent , in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol , a cyclic or acyclic monoalkylamide or dialkylamide , acetonitrile , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl ether , or an aromatic solvent ( e . g ., benzene or toluene ), preferably dichloroethane , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 150 ° c ., preferably at about ambient temperature . examples of cyclic and acyclic alkyl aldehydes and dialkyl ketones are the following : acetaldehyde , propionaldehyde , formaldehyde , cyclopropylaldehyde , acetone , cyclobutanone , cyclopentanone , and methyl ethyl ketone . examples of cyclic and acyclic alkylesters are the esters that correspond to the aldehydes listed above . examples of cyclic and acyclic monoalkylamides and dialkylamides are the following : formamide , acetamide , dimethylformamide , dimethylacetamide , pyrrolidinone , and n - methylpyrrolidinone . examples of cyclic and acyclic alkyl ethers are the following : diethyl ether , diisopropyl ether , tetrahydrofuran , dioxane and dibutyl ether . compounds of the formula ii are described in the literature or may be prepared using methods described in j . med . chem . ( 1998 ), 31 ( 12 ), 2304 - 15 ; synth . commun . ( 1999 ), 29 ( 23 ), 4261 - 4268 ; tetrahedron ( 1997 ), 53 ( 28 ), 9497 - 9508 ; and j . prakt . chem ./ c hem .- ztg . ( 1995 ), 337 ( 1 ), 55 - 9 , or using modifications of such methods that will be obvious to those of skill in the art . the resulting compound of the formula iii is then converted into a compound of the formula iv by reacting it with a compound of formula iii ′ wherein lg represents a leaving group and is preferably selected from the group consisting of cl , br , n - hydroxy phthalimide , and n - hydroxy succinimide , but may also represent other leaving groups known in the art , or intermediates derived from the reaction of the appropriate substituted carboxylic acid with carbodiimides or acylating agents ( e . g ., activated esters such as , for example , para nitro phenyl esters , n - hydroxysuccinimide esters , imidazolides , acid chlorides and mixed anhydrides ), to form a compound of the formula iv . this reaction is typically carried out in a reaction inert solvent such as a cyclic or acyclic monoalkylamide or dialkylamide , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl or dialkyl ether , or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing solvents , preferably dichloroethane or pyridine , at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about 150 ° c ., preferably at about ambient temperature of the reaction mixture . the presence of acid receptors ( e . g ., alkali carbonates or tertiary amines ) are often helpful in promoting reaction . reaction of the compound of formula iv with a compound of the formula hx ′, wherein x ′= br , — so 3 ch 3 , — so 3 cf 3 , or — so 3 - aryl , wherein aryl is phenyl or naphthyl , yields an alkylating agent of the formula v when x ′ is bromine , the compound of formula iv is reacted with hydrobromic acid in , benzene , tolune , dichoromethane or a similar reaction inert solvent , at a temperature from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , preferably at about ambient temperature . when x ′ is an alkyl sulfonyl or aryl sulfonyl group , the compound of formula iv is reacted with an alkyl or aryl sulfonyl chloride or anhydride . this reaction is typically carried out at a temperature from about − 20 ° c . to about ambient temperature , preferably at about 0 ° c ., in a reaction inert solvent such as a chlorinated ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkane , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl ether , tetrahydrofuran ( thf ), methylene chloride , preferably methylene chloride , in the presence of a base such as triethylamine , diisopropylethylamine , or potassium or sodium carbonate , preferably diisopropylethylamine . reaction of the alkylating agent of formula v with a compound of the formula vi yeilds the desired compound of formula i . this reaction is typically carried out in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl ester , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl ketone , a cyclic or acyclic monoalkylamide or dialkylamide , acetonitrile , a cyclic or acyclic alkyl ether or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing solvents . preferably , the solvent is acetonitrile . the reaction temperature can range from about 0 ° c . to about 150 ° c ., and is preferably about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture . the presence of an acid receptor ( e . g ., alkali carbonates or tertiary amines ) is often helpful in promoting the reaction . compounds of formula vi can be prepared as shown in schemes 2 , 3 and 4 below . scheme 2 illustrates the synthesis of compounds of the formula via , a subgenus of the compounds of formula vi , wherein m is zero or one and u is n . referring to scheme 2 , a compound of the formula vii , wherein r 22 is ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl or hydrogen and m is zero or one , is allowed to react with benzylamine in the presence of a base such as , for example , diisopropylethylamine , triethylamine , sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate , to provide a compound of the general formula viii . this reaction is typically carried out at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the solvent . suitable solvents include dimethylformamide , acetonitrile , chloroform , dioxane , acetone , water , lower alcohols ( e . g ., propanol , ethanol , or methanol ) and mixtures of one or more of the foregoing solvents . reduction of the resulting compound of formula viii yields the protected diol derivative of the formula ix . suitable reducing agents include , for example , aluminum hydrides and borohydrides ( e . g ., lithium aluminum hydride , sodium borohydride , or lithium borohydride ). this reaction is generally carried out at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the solvent , preferably at about ambient temperature , and the solvent is typically selected from the group consisting of lower alcohols , lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl ethers and dioxane . preferably , the solvent is thf . the compound of formula ix is then converted into the dichloride compound of the formula x by treating it with a reagent , such as , e . g ., so 2 cl 2 , pocl 3 or a similar chlorinating reagent , in the absence of a solvent or in a halogenated solvent such as chloroform , carbon tetrachloride or methylene chloride , at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , preferably at about the reflux temperature . the compound of formula x is then converted into the corresponding compound of formula xi by reacting it with an excess of a compound of the formula in the absence of a solvent , or in a solvent selected from n , n - dimethylformamide , dioxane , n , n - dimethylacetamide , pyrrolidinone , and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing solvents . the temperature for the reaction can range from about room temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture . removal of the benzyl group from the compound of formula xi yields the desired compound of the formula via . this can be accomplished using hydrogen gas in presence of a catalyst selected from palladium on carbon , palladium hydroxide , platinum oxide and similar catalysts . this reaction is typically carried out in a solvent selected from lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl alcohols , lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl ethers , water , acetic acid , formic acid , hydrochloric acid , n , n - dimethylformamide and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , and at a hydrogen gas pressure ranging from about 0 to about about 5 atmospheres . compounds of the general formula via can be converted into compounds of general formula i using the procedures described in scheme i for converting compounds of the formula vi into those of the formula i . scheme 3 illustrates the synthesis of compounds of the formula i , wherein m is 0 , 1 , or 2 and u is — c — oh , — c — o —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl , — ch , or — c — cn . such compounds can be prepared as follows . referring to scheme 3 , piperidine - 4 - one derivatives of the formula xii , wherein a is as defined above , and r 23 denotes a nitrogen protecting group , and which are commercially available or can be prepared using methods known to those of skill in the art , are reacted with an aryl or heteroaryl transferring reagent of the formula xiii , wherein met denotes a metal such as , for example , li + , mg 2 + , b ( oh ) 2 or zn 2 + , to provide the corresponding intermediates of the formula xiv . these transformations can be carried out using procedures similar to those described in the following references : tetrahedron lett . ( 1995 ), 36 ( 18 ), 3099 - 102 ; j . pharm . pharmacol . ( 1985 ), 37 ( 2 ), 121 - 3 ; or j . org . chem . ( 1985 ), 50 ( 6 ), 852 - 6 . the protecting groups r 23 can be any of the protecting groups commonly known and used for such reactions , including , e . g ., benzyl , benzyloxycarbonyl , t - butoxycarbonyl , trityl groups , trifluoroacetyl , 2 - chloroethoxycarbonyl and phatyl . other such nitrogen protecting groups are referred to by greene and wuts , protective groups in organic synthesis ( john wiley & amp ; sons , new york , 1991 ). compounds of the formula xiv can then be converted into compounds of formula i by removing the nitrogen protecting group ( r 23 ) and , depending on the identity of u , further reacting the compound as indicated below . it is often convenient to remove such nitrogen protecting groups by hydrogenation or other deprotection procedures well known to those of skill in the art ( e . g ., removal of a t - butoxycarbonyl group via reaction with an acid ), as described by greene and wuts , supra . compounds of general formula i wherein u is — ch can be prepared from the corresponding compounds of formula xiv via catalytic hydrogenation in presence of an acid , using methods well known to those of skill in the art . compounds of formula xiv can be converted to compounds of the formula i wherein u is — co —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl by alkylating the hydroxyl groups of the compounds of formula xiv . this can be accomplished by first forming an anion at the hydroxy group using a reagent such as , for example , a lithium , potassium or sodium alkane or an alkylamine derivative , in a solvent such as , for example , tetrahydrofuran , benzene , diethyl ether , dioxane or a similar solvent , or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature ranging from about − 20 ° c . to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , preferably at about − 20 ° c ., and then treating the reaction mixture with an alkylating agent . examples of suitable alkylating agents are ethyl iodide , methyl iodide , benzyl bromide and dimethylsulfate . the preferred alklyating agents are methyl iodide and benzyl bromide . similarly , compounds of formula i wherein u is — c — cn may be prepared by first forming a leaving group at the hydroxy group of the corresponding compounds of formula xiv , using a reagent such as , for example , hydrobromic acid , so 2 cl 2 or pbr 3 , or by treatment with an alkyl sulfonyl chloride such as , for example , methanesulfonyl chloride , trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride or paratoluenesulfonyl chloride , in the presence of a base such as , for example , diisopropylethylamine , triethylamine , sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate . this reaction is typically carried out in a solvent selected from benzene , chlorinated alkanes and lower alkyl ethers , at a temperature ranging from about − 20 ° c . to about the reflux temperature . preferably , this reaction is carried out using methanesulfonyl chloride in methylene chloride at about − 20 ° c . in the presence of diisopropylethylamine . the reaction mixture is then treated with a cyanide , such as , for example lithium , potassium , sodium or tetrabutyl amonium cyanide , in a solvent such as n , n - dimethylformamide , acetonitrile , chloroform , dioxane , acetone , water , or a lower alcohol ( e . g ., propanol , ethanol , methanol , etc . ), or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture . preferably , the reaction is carried out in dimethylformamide at 60 ° c . removal of the benzyl group or other nitrogen protecting group from compounds of general formula xiv wherein u is nitrogen or — ch can be accomplished using hydrogen gas in presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of palladium on carbon , palladium hydroxide , platinum oxide and similar reagents , in a solvent or mixture of solvents selected from the group consisting of lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl alcohols , lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl ethers , water , acetic acid , formic acid , hydrochloric acid and n , n - dimethylformamide , and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , at a hydrogen gas pressure ranging from 0 to 5 atmospheres . preferably , the reaction is carried out in ethanol or acetic acid at about 25 ° c . compounds of the formula i wherein u is — c — c (═ o ) nhr 10 can be prepared from the corresponding compounds wherein u is — c — cn by treating the cyano group with hydrochloric acid in a solvent selected from lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl alcohols , lower cyclic or acyclic alkyl ethers , water , acetic acid , formic acid , hydrochloric acid and n , n - dimethylformamide , and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature ranging from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture , and then converting the resulting carboxylic acid into the corresponding — c (═ o ) nhr 10 derivative using methods that are well known to those of skill in the art and similar to the methods described above for forming compounds of the formula iv . compounds of the formula i wherein u is — c —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl can be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acids ( u ═— cooh ) by first converting the carboxylic acids into the corresponding aldehydes ( u ═— cho ) using methods well known to those of skill in the art and then treating the aldehydes with an alkyl transferring agent of the formula ( c 1 - c 6 ) alkyl - met , wherein met is a group such as li + , mg 2 + , k + , b ( oh ) 2 , or zn 2 + , also using methods well known to those of skill in the art ( e . g ., using an ethyl ether solvent and a temperature from about 0 ° c . to about ambient temperature , preferably at about 0 ° c . ), to provide the corresponding hydroxyalkyl intermediates . the hydroxyalkyl intermediates are then reacted with an acid such as methanesulfonic acid , sulfuric acid , hydrochloric acid or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to provide the unsaturated analogs ( u ═— c —( c 1 - c 6 ) alkene ) of the desired compounds of formula i , and then hydrogenating such unsaturated compounds to form the desired compounds of the formula i . the hydrogenation is accomplished using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium , palladium hydroxide or platinum hydroxide , in a solvent such as ethanol , methanol , acetic acid , or water , or mixtures of two or more of the foregoing solvents , at a temperature from about ambient temperature to about the reflux temperature . compounds of formula i have been found to exhibit affinity for dopamine d3 receptors , and are expected to be useful in the treatment of disease states which require . modulation of such receptors , such as psychotic conditions . compounds of formula i have also been found to have greater affinity for dopamine d3 than for d2 receptors . the therapeutic effect of currently available antipsychotic agents ( neuroleptics ) is generally believed to be mediated via blockade of d2 receptors . however , this mechanism is also thought to be responsible for undesirable extrapyramidal side effects ( eps ) associated with many neuroleptic agents . it has been suggested that blockade of the recently characterised dopamine d3 receptor may give rise to beneficial antipsychotic activity without significant eps . ( see , e . g ., sokoloff et al ., nature , 1990 ; 347 : 146 - 15 1 ; and schwartz et al ., clinical neuropharmacology , vol 16 , no . 4 , 295 - 314 , 1993 ). preferred compounds of the present invention are therefore those that have higher affinity for dopamine d3 than dopamine d2 receptors ( such affinity can be measured using standard methodology for example using cloned dopamine receptors ). said compounds may advantageously be useful as dopamine d3 receptor antagonists , while others may be agonists or partial agonists . the functional activity of compounds of the invention ( i . e ., whether they are antagonists , agonists or partial agonists ) can be readily determined using the test methods described hereinafter . d3 antagonists are useful as antipsychotic agents , for example , in the treatment of schizophrenia , schizo - affective disorders , psychotic depression , mania , paranoid and delusional disorders . furthermore , they have utility as adjunct therapy in parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , particularly with compounds such as l - dopa and possibly dopaminergic agonists , to reduce the side effects experienced with these treatments on long term use ( see schwartz et al ., brain res . reviews , 1998 , 26 , 236 - 242 ). based on the localization of d3 receptors , it has also been suggested that d3 antagonists could be useful for the treatment of substance abuse ( see , e . g ., levant , 1997 , pharmacol . rev ., 49 , 231 - 252 ). conditions that can be treated by dopamine d3 receptor agonists include dyskinetic disorders such as parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , neurolepticinduced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias ; depression ; anxiety , memory disorders , sexual dysfunction and drug ( e . g ., cocaine ) dependency . in a further aspect , the present invention provides a method of treating conditions which require modulation of dopamine d3 receptors , for example anxiety , sexual dysfunction , movement disorders history of substance abuse or psychoses such as schizophrenia , which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula i or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof . the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula i or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of conditions which require modulation of dopamine d3 receptors , for example anxiety , substance abuse , sexual dysfunction or psychoses such as schizophrenia . a preferred use for d3 antagonists according to the present invention is in the treatment of anxiety and substance abuse . preferred uses for d3 agonists according to the present invention are the treatment of dyskinetic disorders such as parkinson &# 39 ; s disease and treatment of sexual dysfunction , such as , for example , premature ejaculation . for use as therapeutic agents , the compounds of the present invention are administered as a standard pharmaceutical composition ., the present invention therefore provides in a further aspect pharmaceutical compositions comprising a novel compound of formula i or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof and a physiologically acceptable carrier . a the compounds of formula i can be administered by any convenient method , for example by oral , parenteral , buccal , sublingual , nasal , rectal or transdermal administration and the pharmaceutical compositions adapted accordingly . the compounds of formula i and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts that are active when given orally can be formulated as liquids or solids , for example syrups , suspensions or emulsions , tablets , capsules and lozenges . a liquid formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt in a suitable liquid carrier ( s ) for example an aqueous solvent such as water , ethanol or glycerin , or a non - aqueous solvent , such as polyethylene glycol or an oil . the formulation may also contain a suspending agent , preservative , flavoring or coloring agent . a composition in the form of a tablet can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier ( s ) routinely used for preparing solid formulations . examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate , starch , lactose , sucrose and cellulose . a composition in the form of a capsule can be prepared using routine encapsulation procedures . for example , pellets containing the active ingredient can be prepared using standard carriers and then filled into a hard gelatin capsule ; alternatively , a dispersion or suspension can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier ( s ), for example aqueous gums , celluloses , silicates or oils and the dispersion or suspension then filled into a soft gelatin capsule . typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a sterile aqueous carrier or parenterally acceptable oil , for example polyethylene glycol , polyvinyl pyrrolidone , lecithin , arachis oil or sesame oil . alternatively , the solution can be lyophilised and then reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration . compositions for nasal administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols , drops , gels and powders . aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or nonaqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container , which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device . alternatively , the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted . where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser , it will contain a propellant which can be a compressed gas such as compressed air or an organic propellant such as a fluorochlorohydrocarbon . the aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pumpatomiser . compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets , lozenges and pastilles , wherein the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier such as sugar and acacia , tragacanth , or gelatin and glycerin . compositions for rectal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter . compositions suitable for transdermal administration include ointments , gels and patches . generally , in carrying out the methods of this invention , the compounds of the formula i and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts will administered to an average adult human in amounts ranging from about 1 to about 1000 mg per day , in single or divided doses ( i . e ., from one to five doses per day ), depending on the particular active agent , the age and condition of the patient and the the disorder for which the patient is being treated . preferably the composition is in unit dose form such as a tablet , capsule or ampoule . each dosage unit for oral administration contains preferably from 1 to 250 mg ( and for parenteral administration contains preferably from 0 . 1 to 25 mg ) of a compound of the formula i or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base . the ability of the compounds to bind selectively to human dopamine d3 receptors can be demonstrated by measuring their binding to cloned receptor . the inhibition constants ( k i ) of test compounds were measured by displacement of [ 3 h ] 7 oh - dpat binding to membrane preparations from chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human dopamine d3 receptor . cells expressing the human d3 receptor were homogenized with polytron and centrifuged for 10 min at 4 ° c . at 20 , 000 rpm in a sorvall rcb5 centrifuge with a ss34 rotor . after repeating the washing once more , the pellet was resuspended in buffer consisting of 120 mm nacl , 5 mm kcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , 2 mm cacl 2 and 50 mm tris , ph 7 . 4 and the protein content determined using bovine serum albumin as a standard ( bradford , m . m . ( 1976 ) anal . biochem . 72 , 248 - 254 ). compounds at varying concentrations were incubated with the membrane preparations in the presence of 0 . 4 nm [ 3 h ] 7 oh - dpat . the assay was incubated for 15 min at 37 ° c . and the reaction was terminated by rapid filtration with 50 mm tris ph 7 . 4 , through gf / b filters previously soaked in 0 . 5 % polyethyleneimine . filters were dried overnight and counted in betaplate scintillation counter . non - specific binding was defined as the radioligand binding remaining after incubation in the presence of 10 μm butacomol . for competition curves , seven concentrations ( single log dilutions ) of competing unlabeled , compounds were used . competition curves were analysed simultaneously whenever possible using non - linear least - squares fitting procedures , capable of fitting one , two or three site models . binding data compound d3 ki ( nano molar ) d2 ki ( nano molar ) [ z ](+/−) 2 , 6 - dimethyl - n -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - trifluoromethyl - 5 460 phenyl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropylmethyl }- benzamide ; [ z ](+/−) n -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 2 - tert - butyl - 6 - trifluoromethyl - 16 & gt ; 770 pyrimidin - 4 - yl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropylmethyl }- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ; [ e ](+/−) 2 , 6 - dimethyl - n -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - trifluoromethyl - 2 76 phenyl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropylmethyl }- benzamide ; [ z ](+/−) n -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 2 - tert - butyl - 6 - trifluoromethyl - 31 & gt ; 740 pyrimidin - 4 - yl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropylmethyl )- 4 - chloro - benzamide ; functional activity at cloned dopamine d3 receptor ; the functional activity of compounds at human d3 receptor ( i . e agonism or antagonism ) were determined using an assays which monitored the agonist - induced binding of [ 35 s ]- gtpγs in membrane preparation from chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human dopamine d3 receptor . cells expressing human d3 receptor were cultured in t175 flasks with medium containing dmem and 10 % fetal bovine serum . cells were detached from the flask with 20 mm hepes / 10 mm edta and disrupted with a 22 . 5 gauge needle . after centrifugation at 40 , 000 × g , the membranes were resuspended in 20 mm hepes / 0 . 1 mm edta and centrifuged again . membranes were resuspended in assay buffer ( 20 mm hepes , 100 mm nacl , 10 mm mgcl 2 ) and incubated with 1 μm gdp on ice for 10 min . the test compounds were tested as agonists and antagonists in 96 - well plates . membranes and the test compounds were incubated for 20 min at 30 ° followed by 15 minutes incubation on ice . unlabeled gtpγs ( 10 μm ) was added in some wells to define non - specific binding . [ 35 s ]- gtpγs was added at a final concentration of 0 . 1 nm , for 30 minutes incubation at 30 ° c . at this point , wheat germ agglutinin coated scintillation proximity beads were added to the assay ( 1 mg / well ) and the assay plate shaken on a platform shaker for 30 minutes at room temperature . the plate was spun in a tabletop centrifuge for 5 minutes and counted on a wallac microbeta counter . each concentration was set up as triplicate determinations . the agonist assay involved testing the compounds by themselves . the antagonist assay was performed in the presence of 100 nm dopamine . functional potencies ( ec 50 and functional k i ) were determined using a curve fitting software in prism . the following experimental examples illustrate , but do not limit the scope of the present invention . [( z )- 2 -( aminomethyl ) cyclopropyl ] methanol ( 2 . 0 g , 19 . 77 mmol ), triethylamine ( 8 . 0 g , 79 . 09 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 20 ml ) was cooled in an ice bath and 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzoyl chloride ( 3 . 3 g , 19 . 77 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) was added dropwise over 10 min . after stirring for 16 hrs . at r . t ., the reaction was concentrated , the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water , the organics were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated onto silica gel ; flash chromatography using first an ethyl acetate / hexanes gradient followed by a methanol / chloroform / ammonium hydroxide gradient gave n -[[( z )- 2 -( hydroxymethyl ) cyclopropyl ] methyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ( 2 . 35 g , 51 %) as a yellow oil . h 1 nmr cdcl 3 δ 7 . 12 ( t , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 98 ( d , j = 8 hz , 2h ), 6 . 47 ( bs , 1h ), 4 . 06 - 3 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 92 - 3 . 83 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 35 - 3 . 26 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 13 - 3 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 30 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 30 - 1 . 02 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 75 ( dq , j = 5 , 9 , 14 hz , 1h ), 0 . 11 ( q , j = 5 hz , 1h ); ms = 234 . 1 ( p + 1 ). n -[[( z )- 2 -( hydroxymethyl ) cyclopropyl ] methyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ( 0 . 25 g , 1 . 07 mmol ), triethylamine ( 0 . 32 g , 3 . 21 mmol ) and dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) was cooled in an ice bath and methanesulfonic anhydride ( 0 . 28 g , 1 . 61 mmol ) and dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) was added dropwise over 15 min . after stirring for 1 hr . at 0 ° c ., the reaction was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 2 hrs ., then 1 -( α , α , α - trifluoro - m - tolyl ) piperazine hydrochloride ( 0 . 29 g , 1 . 07 mmol ) was added all in one portion . after addition , the reaction was heated to 85 ° c . ( external temperature ) and refluxed for 16 hrs . the reaction was cooled to ambient temperature , then concentrated onto silica gel ; flash chromatography using an ethyl acetate / hexanes gradient gave 2 , 6 - dimethyl - n -{( z )- 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropylmethyl } benzamide ( 0 . 097 g , 20 %) as a colorless oil . the product was converted to the dihydrochloride salt in dichloromethane with hcl gas to yield a white solid ( 0 . 080 g ). h 1 nmr cdcl 3 δ 11 . 14 ( bs , 1h ), 8 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 44 ( t , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 31 - 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 17 - 7 . 08 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 00 ( d , j = 8 hz , 2h ), 3 . 95 ( d , j = 13 hz , 2h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 02 ( m , 11h ), 2 . 19 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 32 - 1 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 92 - 0 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 48 - 0 . 40 ( m , 1h ); ms = 446 . 1 ( p + 1 ). the above compound was prepared using the same general procedure that was used to synthesize n -[[( z )- 2 -( hydroxymethyl ) cyclopropyl ] methyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide in example 1a . nmr cdcl 3 δ 7 . 20 - 7 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 05 - 6 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 60 ( bs , 1h ), 4 . 21 - 4 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 22 - 3 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 21 - 0 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 64 - 0 . 54 ( m , 2h ); ms = 234 . 3 ( p + 1 ). n -[[( e )- 2 -( hydroxymethyl ) cyclopropyl ] methyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ( 1 . 5 g , 6 . 43 mmol ), 48 % hydrobromic acid ( 1 . 5 ml ) and benzene ( 50 ml ) were refluxed for 16 hrs . using a dean & amp ; stark receiver . the yellow solution was diluted with ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate , water , brine and dried over sodium sulfate . concentration yielded n -[( e )- 2 -( bromomethyl ) cyclopropylmethyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ( 0 . 7 g , 37 %) as a brown oil which was used without purification . h 1 nmr cdcl 3 δ 7 . 21 - 6 . 88 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 21 - 4 . 07 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 44 - 3 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 36 - 2 . 20 ( m , 6h ), 1 . 32 - 1 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 0 . 84 - 0 . 54 ( m , 2h ). n -[( e )- 2 -( bromomethyl ) cyclopropylmethyl ]- 2 , 6 - dimethyl - benzamide ( 0 . 7 g , 2 . 36 mmol ), 1 -( α , α , α - trifluoro - m - tolyl ) piperazine hydrochloride ( 1 . 3 g , 4 . 73 mmol ), sodium carbonate ( 1 . 3 g , 11 . 82 mmol ) and acetonitrile ( 20 ml ) were refluxed for 24 hrs . the mixture was concentrated , redissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water , brine , dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated on to silica gel ; flash chromatography using first an ethyl acetate / hexanes gradient followed by methanol / chloroform / ammonium hydroxide gradient gave 2 , 6 - dimethyl - n -{( e )- 2 -[ 4 -( 3 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- piperazin - 1 - ylmethyl ]- cyclopropyl - methyl } benzamide ( 0 . 06 g , 6 %) as a light brown oil . the product was converted to the dihydrochloride salt in dichloromethane with hcl gas to yield a white solid ( 0 . 041 g ). nmr dmso δ 10 . 75 ( bs , 1h ), 8 . 60 - 8 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 36 - 6 . 98 ( m , 6h ), 3 . 97 ( bd , j = 12 hz , 2h ), 3 . 45 - 2 . 92 ( m , 10h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 23 - 1 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 0 . 77 - 0 . 60 ( m , 2h ); ms = 446 . 1 ( p + 1 ). the title compound was prepared using the a procedure analogous to that described in example 3 . h 1 nmr dmso δ 311 . 37 ( bs , 1h ), 8 . 48 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 23 - 6 . 93 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 74 - 2 . 94 ( m , 10h ), 2 . 35 - 2 . 00 ( m , 7h ), 1 . 43 - 0 . 99 ( m , 10h ), 0 . 95 - 0 . 00 ( m , 3h ); analysis calculated for c 27 h 36 f 3 n 5 o · 2hcl · h 2 o : c , 56 . 25 ; h , 6 . 64 ; n , 12 . 15 . found : c , 57 . 36 ; h , 6 . 73 ; n , 11 . 41 .
this invention relates to novel acylamino cyclopropane derivatives , processes for their preparation , pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use as modulators of dopamine d3 receptors and for the treatment of anxiety , psychosis , substance abuse , parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , sexual dysfunction , and other central nervous system disorders .