fig1 shows a middle ear prosthesis such as a stapes prosthesis 5 comprising a loop 3 which is formed as a partial circle of at least one hundred eighty degrees , or as shown , three hundred to three hundred thirty degrees , for encircling an ossicle such as an incus 1 ( seen in cross section in fig1 ). it would of course be possible to arrange the loop 3 as a full circle , by adding an element which closes the gap which exists when the loop 3 forms a partial circle as depicted and a suitable fastener for retaining the added element to the loop 3 ( this option is not shown ). the loop 3 bears a linear array of projections or spikes 2 , which may for example be arrayed as a row of spikes 2 , which project inwardly from the inner surface 6 of the loop 3 , and which make contact with the underlying incus 1 . the terms projection and spike , both in the singular and in the plural , will be used interchangeably herein . inwardly signifies towards the center of the circle which would exist if the loop described a full circle . the surface 6 may be flat , curved , or complex . the loop 3 is attached by a rod 8 to a piston 4 which sits in a fenestra ( not shown ) and communicates with the inner ear so as to pass vibrations in a manner approximating that which would occur should all of the ossicles be functioning normally . it will be seen that only the points 7 of the spikes 2 make contact with the incus 1 . this limits the patch of contact between the prosthesis 5 and the incus 1 which would otherwise broadly occur with the inner surface 6 . the piston 4 is coupled to and terminates the rod 8 . the loop 3 may take various forms , such as a wire , ribbon , loop , or clip , disc , or other configurations . the loop 3 may comprise an upturned end 9 located at that end of the loop 3 which is opposite the rod 8 . the upturned end 9 may form an angle of greater than 90 degrees ( not shown ), which would enable the jaws of a clamp to both distract and compress the loop during placement or removal of the loop on an ossicle . the loop 3 , the piston 4 , and the rod 8 may be formed from a biocompatible material such as titanium or an alloy thereof . the spikes 2 may be formed from a material which simulates bone tissue , such as hydroxyapatite . hydroxyapatite is desirable as it can fuse readily to natural bone tissue . fig2 is a perspective view of a stapes prosthesis 15 according to at least one other aspect of the invention . the ossicle to which the stapes prosthesis 15 is engaged is omitted in fig2 for clarity of the view . in the stapes prosthesis 15 , a loop 13 which generally corresponds in function and structure to the loop 3 of fig1 is sufficiently broad so as to bear two rows of spikes 12 . the spikes 12 may be similar in function and structure to the spikes 2 of fig1 . provision of two rows of spikes 12 increases the area of the ossicle such as the incus 1 of fig1 which serves as a support surface for the stapes prosthesis 15 , thereby increasing stability of contact over the single row of spikes 2 seen in fig1 . other than the spikes 12 , the stapes prosthesis 15 may be similar in structure and function to the stapes prosthesis 5 of fig1 , such as by including a piston 14 and a rod 18 , which may be the structural and functional equivalents of the piston 4 and the rod 8 of fig1 . as depicted in fig2 , the rows of spikes 12 are staggered in that when viewed from the end as illustrated in fig1 , all of the spikes 12 would be seen because those spikes 12 farther from the observer may be located between adjacent spikes 12 of the row relatively closer to the observer . however , the spikes 12 may be disposed abreast of one another , or alternatively stated , not staggered if desired . fig3 shows further features of the invention . these features will be described in terms of the stapes prosthesis 5 of fig1 , but will be understood to apply to any prosthesis according to the present invention . in one feature , a discrete projection 2 a from the loop 3 may differ in length ( called out by the reference numeral l 1 ) and shape from the length ( called out by the reference numeral l 2 ) and shape of another spike 2 b . the shape of the spike 2 a may be somewhat bullet shaped , whereas the shape of the spike 2 b may be substantially triangular . of course , other shapes and dimensions may be substituted for those explicitly shown and described herein . fig4 shows still another feature of the invention , and again , will be described in terms of the stapes prosthesis 5 of fig1 , but will be understood to apply to any prosthesis according to the present invention . a transition substance 10 may be disposed between the loop 3 and the spikes , such as a spike 2 c . this transition substance 10 may be a substance other than the constituent substance of the loop and the constituent substance of the spikes . for example , the transition substance 10 may be a polymeric material including a shape memory polymeric material or a metal including shape memory metal . shape memory materials are those which assume their original configuration after forces which deform the object made from shape memory materials are removed . heat or other influences may be necessary to return a shape memory material object to its original configuration . nitinol is an example of a shape memory metal which may be employed . should assembly of the stapes prosthesis 5 deform the spikes 2 , upon disassembly and with heat or other necessary influences supplied , the spikes 2 will reassume their original configuration . for example , should assembly cause the spikes 2 to bend from an original perpendicular orientation relative to the loop 3 , if fabricated from shape memory materials they will reassume the original perpendicular orientation when disassembled and heated if necessary to invoke the shape memory feature . while the discrete projections such as the spikes 2 have been described and shown as being tapered , there is no requirement that they be tapered in order to accomplish their mission of causing the loop of the prosthesis such as the loop 3 to be spaced apart from the bone such as the incus 1 . the projections may be cylindrical or flattened for example , with or without points such as the points 7 . a prosthesis utilizing the attachment element shown in the stapes prosthesis 5 may be used to secure a foreign body such as a magnet to an ossicle . the foreign body may perform a role of assisting in hearing , as is known in the art . the foreign body may comprise a magnet which is subjected to electrical or magnetic pulses so as to vibrate . fig5 shows an ossicular prosthesis 20 having an enlarged head 22 which may be attached by a rod 24 to a piston 26 . the flattened configuration of the head 22 is typically used to interface with the malleus which is just medial to , and in close contact with , the ear drum . the piston 26 may sit in a fenestra ( not shown ) and communicate with the inner ear so as to pass vibrations in a manner approximating that which would occur should all of the ossicles be undamaged . alternatively , the rod may connect to another attachment element for fixation to another ossicle . the enlarged head 22 may generally assume the configuration of a disc having a first principal face 28 bearing projections 30 which may be the structural and functional equivalents of the projections or spikes 2 and 12 of fig1 and 2 , respectively . an opposed principal face 32 is that from which the rod 24 projects . the rod serves as a vibration transmission element . the enlarged head 22 may have formed therein a recess 34 which is dimensioned and configured to seat an ossicle of the middle ear and which comprises a surface 36 from which the projections 30 project . the surface 36 may be curved and concave as shown . several variations of the enlarged head are possible . one variation is shown in fig6 , which shows an ossicular prosthesis 40 having an enlarged head 42 which may be attached by a rod 44 to a piston 46 . the enlarged head 42 may bear a recess 48 which may be centered on the enlarged head 42 in at least one view as seen , and which , apart from its location relative to the enlarged head 42 may be the structural and functional equivalent of the recess 34 of the prosthesis 20 . the recess 48 may bear projections 50 which may be the structural and functional equivalents of the projections 30 of the ossicular prosthesis 20 . a further variation is shown in fig7 , which depicts an ossicular prosthesis 60 having an enlarged head 62 which may be attached by a rod 64 to a piston 66 or an attachment element for another ossicle ( not shown ). unlike the prostheses 20 and 40 , the prosthesis 60 does not have a recess . rather , projections 68 are fixed directly to a first principal face 70 , with the rod 64 being fixed to an opposed second face 72 . the projections 68 may be arrayed as a patch or linear array located off center on the enlarged head 62 as shown , or if desired , may be centered on the enlarged head or may cover the entire enlarged head ( these options are not shown ). notably , the embodiments shown in fig6 and 7 feature projections only in the area of the prosthesis which will contact an ossicle ; other areas of the prosthesis which do not have projections will customarily interface with the soft tissue of the drum or other soft tissue placed adjacent to the drum by the surgeon . it is anticipated that if projections in this type of embodiment provide resistance to shear forces which tend to move the prosthesis away from the ossicle after implantation by the surgeon , then it will be more likely that the prosthesis will remain in the position it is placed by the surgeon and not displace postoperatively . it will be recognized that as employed herein , the term disc is intended only as a semantic convenience and should not be literally construed . the significance of a disc is that a disc presents two opposed principal or large faces among other surfaces , one which may support projections such as the projections 2 , 12 , 30 , 50 , and 68 and optionally , a recess such as the recesses 34 and 48 , and the other of which supports or is coupled to the rod such as the rods 24 , 44 , and 64 . regardless of the precise nature of a middle ear prosthesis according to the present invention , it will be understood to comprise an ossicular attachment element which is dimensioned and configured to engage an ossicle of the middle ear , such as the loop 3 or 13 or any of the enlarged heads 22 , 42 , and 62 , a plurality of projections which project from the ossicular attachment element in a direction facing the ossicle being engaged , such as the projections 2 , 12 , 30 , 50 , and 68 , and a vibration transmission element which is connected to the ossicular attachment element and dimensioned and configured to pass vibrations conducted from the projections to another ossicle or directly to the inner ear , such as any of the rods 8 , 18 , 24 , 44 , and 64 . the projections such as the projections 2 , 12 , 30 , 50 , and 68 collectively define a discontinuous surface of dimensions and configuration to contact and engage the ossicle of the middle ear in a manner capable of supporting the middle ear prosthesis in operable position to transmit vibrations and maintain firm contact with the ossicle , while reducing the patch of contact between the prosthesis and the ossicle from that which would be present in the absence of the projections such as the projections 2 , 12 , 30 , 50 , and 68 . the vibration transmission element , which is in the above description provided by the rods 8 , 18 , 24 , 44 , and 64 , may be devoid of a piston such as the pistons 4 , 14 , 26 , 46 , and 66 , should the end of the rods be sufficient in dimensions and configuration to fulfill the function provided by the pistons . for example , rods may be tapered along their length and terminate in an end of dimensions greater than that at the enlarged head such as the loops 3 and 13 , or the enlarged heads 22 , 42 , and 62 . it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that although the figures illustrate a loop stapes prosthesis and a principal / opposed principal face design which is most often used to attach to the malleus , other prostheses which attach to any of the ossicles may utilize the novel principles . the invention may be thought of as the entire prosthesis , such as the stapes prostheses 5 and 15 or the prostheses 20 , 40 , and 60 , or alternatively , as a substantial element of such a prosthesis . for example , the invention may be regarded as that portion of the stapes prosthesis 5 including the loop 3 and spikes 2 , but may possibly not include the piston 4 or even the rod 8 . if realized as a partial prosthesis , the invention may include a connector ( not shown ) enabling ready attachment of the rod 8 , piston 4 , or other members furthering the function of the inventive prosthesis . while particular embodiments of the invention have been described , it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto . it is intended that the invention will be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the application will be read likewise . other embodiments for prostheses utilizing the attachment design described can be utilized in situations other than those involving attachment of a stapes prosthesis to the incus , or of the malleus to the stapes or stapes footplate . it can therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other situations requiring secure attachment of a prosthesis to an ossicle can utilize the invention as claimed .
a middle ear ossicle prosthesis in which the component for ossicular attachment comprises a surface bearing a plurality of discrete projections facing the ossicle to which it is attached which minimize total contact between the prosthesis and the ossicle . the prosthesis may comprise a loop forming a partial circle for encircling an ossicle , a piston for transmitting vibrations from the loop to the inner ear , and a rod solidly connecting the loop to the piston . the loop may have an upwardly turned end to facilitate placement of the loop over the ossicle . the projections may be provided in one row , two rows , or may be otherwise arrayed , and may be dissimilar from one another in configuration and dimensions .