particular embodiments of the present disclosure will be described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings ; however , the disclosed embodiments are merely examples of the disclosure , which may be embodied in various forms . well - known or repetitive functions , constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary or redundant detail . therefore , specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure in virtually any appropriately detailed structure . in the drawings and in the descriptions that follow , the term “ proximal ,” as is traditional , shall refer to the end of the instrument that is closer to the user , while the term “ distal ” shall refer to the end that is farther from the user . fig1 shows an embodiment of a microwave ablation system 10 in accordance with the present disclosure . the microwave ablation system 10 includes an electromagnetic surgical ablation probe 5 connected by a cable 15 to connector 16 , which may further operably connect the antenna probe 10 to a generator assembly 20 . probe 5 includes a distal radiating portion 11 having a helical antenna element 12 . generator assembly 20 may be any suitable source of ablation energy , e . g ., microwave or rf energy in the range of about 500 mhz to about 10 ghz . in some embodiments , generator assembly 20 may provide ablation energy in a range of about 915 mhz to about 2 . 45 ghz . cable 15 may additionally or alternatively provide a conduit ( not explicitly shown ) configured to provide coolant from a coolant source 18 and / or a pressure source 14 to the electromagnetic surgical ablation probe 10 . pressure source 14 may be configured to provide pneumatic pressure ( e . g ., compressed air or other gas ), but it is envisioned any suitable pressurized media may be provided by pressure source 14 . with reference to fig2 a and 2b , a microwave ablation probe 110 includes a shaft assembly 101 having an inner conductor 103 , a dielectric 104 coaxially disposed about the inner conductor 103 , and an outer conductor 105 coaxially disposed about the dielectric 104 . inner conductor 103 and outer conductor 105 may be formed from any suitable heat - resistant electrically conductive material , including without limitation stainless steel . inner conductor 103 and outer conductor 105 may be plated or clad with a biocompatible , electrically - conductive material , which may improve the electrical conductivity of the inner conductor 103 and outer conductor 105 . in some embodiments , inner conductor 103 and outer conductor 105 may be plated or clad with silver . dielectric 104 may be formed from any suitable heat - resistant material having electrically insulative properties , e . g ., ceramic , porcelain , or polymeric material . inner conductor 103 and dielectric 104 extend distally beyond a distal end 108 of outer conductor 105 . a distal end 121 of inner conductor 103 is exposed at a distal end 109 of dielectric 104 . helical antenna element 120 is disposed coaxially around a distal region of dielectric 104 . a distal end of antenna element 120 is electromechanically joined to inner conductor 103 at the exposed distal end 121 thereof by any suitable manner of joining , including without limitation laser welding , brazing , threaded coupler , and / or crimping . a proximal end of helical antenna element 120 may be detached ( e . g ., free - floating ) to enable helical antenna element 120 to expand and / or contract as discussed in detail below . helical antenna element 120 may be formed from material that expands and / or contracts in response to changes in temperature , including without limitation , an sma alloy such as nickel titanium ( niti ), commonly known as nitinol . during manufacture , helical antenna element 120 may be formed from nitinol wire by , e . g ., winding the nitinol wire stock around a form having a generally cylindrical shape ; annealing the helical antenna element 120 to define the austenite shape and size thereof ; and deforming ( e . g ., expanding or contracting ) the helical antenna element 120 to define the martensite size and shape of helical antenna element 120 . in this manner , the desired hot ( austenite ) and cold ( martensite ) shapes of helical antenna element 120 may be imprinted into the crystalline structure of the nitinol wire . in use , it is believed that an increase in reflections that occur as a result of tissue desiccation and / or denaturization causes an increase in probe temperature . this , in turn , heats helical antenna element 120 and causes the size and / or shape thereof to change and , thus , adjusts and / or corrects the tuning of helical antenna element 120 . in particular , tuning may be affected by the gap distance “ g ” between a distal end of the outer conductor and a proximal end of the helical antenna element 120 , the distance “ s ” between turns of the helical antenna element 120 , the length “ l ” of the helical antenna element 120 , and / or the diameter “ d ” of the helical antenna element 120 . the probe 110 , shaft 101 , and / or distal end 109 may be coated with a lubricious material , such as without limitation , polytetrafluoroethylene ( a . k . a . ptfe or teflon ®, manufactured by the e . i . du pont de nemours and co . of wilmington , del ., usa ), polyethylene teraphthalate ( pet ), or the like . fig3 a and 3b depict helical antenna element 120 in an austenite state and a martensite state , respectively . in use , heat generated during a microwave ablation surgical procedure causes an increase in temperature in the helical coil and / or associated components of the probe 110 , which , in turn , causes the helical antenna element 120 to transition between a martensite shape and size thereof , as best seen in fig3 a , and an austenite size and shape thereof , as best seen in fig3 b . as shown , helical antenna element 120 is configured such that an increase in temperature results in a decrease in coil length l due to the nitinol phase transformation . it is also contemplated that helical antenna element 120 is configured such that an increase in temperature results in a decrease in coil diameter d . it is further contemplated that that helical antenna element 120 may be configured such that an increase in temperature results in an increase of length l and / or diameter d . in an embodiment this may be achieved by , e . g ., annealing helical antenna element 120 during manufacture to imprint the desired ( larger ) austenite share thereupon . it is further contemplated that a multiple phase shape metal alloy , e . g ., an sma having more than two primary states may be used to construct helical antenna element 120 . turning to fig4 a and 4b , a microwave ablation probe 210 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown having a shaft 201 that includes a hollow inner conductor 203 , which may have a tubular or other suitable shape . the hollow interior of inner conductor 203 defines an inflow conduit 207 that is adapted to deliver a fluid generally to the shaft , and more specifically , to a tip 230 , and to an outflow conduit 202 . any suitable fluid having a low dielectric constant may be utilized , including without limitation water , deionized water , saline , and / or biocompatible oils or gases . shaft 201 also includes an outer dielectric 204 coaxially disposed about coolant outflow conduit 202 , an inner dielectric 206 axially disposed about inner conductor 203 , and an outer conductor 205 coaxially disposed about the outer dielectric 204 . outflow conduit 202 is defined by the region between outer dielectric 204 and inner dielectric 206 . tip 230 is fixed to a distal end of outer dielectric 204 and may include a fluid chamber 231 defined therein . in use , according to one embodiment , coolant flows distally through inflow conduit 207 from coolant source 18 , into fluid chamber 231 , and flows proximally through outflow conduit 202 . additionally or alternatively , coolant flow may be reversed , e . g ., flowing distally though outflow conduit 202 and proximally through inflow conduit 207 . probe 210 may include a sensor ( not explicitly shown ) that is operably coupled at least one of generator 20 or coolant source 18 and is adapted to sense a surgical parameter , such as without limitation probe temperature and / or tissue impedance . generator 20 and / or coolant source 18 may be configured to receive a sensed surgical parameter and regulate the flow of ablation energy and / or coolant in response thereto . in this manner , the temperature of helical antenna element 220 may be regulated and , in turn , cause the size and / or shape of helical antenna element 220 to change , thus adjusting and / or correcting the tuning of helical antenna element 220 . referring to fig5 a , 5 b , and 5 c , a microwave ablation probe 310 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown . the probe 310 includes a shaft 301 having therein a piston 312 that is slidably disposed longitudinally within a sleeve 307 . the shaft 301 includes a tubular outer conductor 305 that is coaxially disposed around a tubular inner conductor 303 having a tubular dielectric 304 disposed therebetween . in some embodiments , a diameter of sleeve 307 may be about the same as a diameter of inner conductor 303 . dielectric 304 and inner conductor 303 extend distally beyond a distal end of outer conductor 305 . a tip 330 , which may be substantially conical in shape to improve ease of insertion of the probe into tissue , is fixed at a distal end 308 of dielectric 304 . piston 312 is dimensioned to slide and / or rotate freely within sleeve 307 while maintaining a substantially gas - tight or liquid - tight seal therebetween . piston 312 includes a support 313 that extends distally from a distal end of piston 312 and includes a coupling pin 315 that operably engages a proximal end of helical antenna element 320 through a helical slot 316 defined in dielectric 304 and inner conductor 303 . a distal end of helical antenna 320 is coupled to a distal end 321 of inner conductor 303 . piston 312 may be actuated by media , e . g ., gas and / or liquid , that is introduced into and / or withdrawn from plenum 302 . any suitable media may be utilized , for example and without limitation , water , saline , air , oxygen , nitrogen , carbon dioxide , and / or biocompatible oil . in use , media is introduced into , and / or withdrawn from , plenum 302 , driving piston 312 distally . as piston 312 traverses distally , coupling pin 315 rides within helical slot 316 and compresses helical antenna element 320 to adjust the tuning thereof . a sensor ( not explicitly shown ) may be included within probe 310 to sense a physical or surgical parameter related thereto , including without limitation plenum pressure , probe temperature , and / or tissue impedance . generator 20 and / or pressure source 14 may be configured to receive a sensed surgical parameter and regulate ablation energy and / or plenum pressure in response thereto . in this manner , the tuning of helical antenna element 320 may be regulated and , in turn , cause the size and / or shape of helical antenna element 320 to change , thus adjusting and / or correcting the tuning of helical antenna element 320 . turning to fig6 a , 6 b , and 6 c , a microwave ablation probe in accordance with still another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown wherein a probe 410 includes a spring - loaded tip 430 . the probe 410 includes a tubular outer conductor 405 that is coaxially disposed around an inner conductor 403 having a dielectric 404 disposed therebetween . inner conductor 403 is slidably disposed within dielectric 404 and may be operably coupled at a proximal end thereof to an actuator ( not explicitly shown ) that imparts longitudinal motion to inner conductor 403 , for example , and without limitation , an actuator may include a lever , a handle , a threaded adjustment device ( e . g ., a thumbscrew ), or an electromechanical actuator , such as a solenoid , servo , and / or a stepper motor . inner conductor 403 extends distally beyond a distal end 419 of dielectric 404 , and is coupled at a distal end 418 thereof to tip 430 by any suitable manner of attachment , including without limitation , welding , brazing , crimping , clamping , adhesive , and threaded attachment . a biasing member 416 is disposed between tip 430 and distal end 419 of dielectric 404 and is configured to bias tip 430 away from distal end 419 of dielectric 404 , e . g ., distally therefrom . probe 410 includes a helical antenna element 420 that is operably coupled at a distal end thereof to a distal end 418 of inner conductor 403 . additionally or alternatively , helical antenna element 420 may be coupled to inner conductor 403 via lead wire 415 which extends from inner conductor 403 to a surface of tip 430 , where lead wire 415 may be joined to helical antenna element 420 at junction 421 . a proximal end of helical antenna element 420 may be fixed to dielectric 404 at an outer surface thereof by any suitable manner of attachment . probe 410 may include a positive stop ( not explicitly shown ) that is configured to retain the combination of tip 430 , biasing member 416 , and / or inner conductor 403 to dielectric 404 such that full extension of spring 416 does not cause separation of tip 430 , spring 416 , and / or inner conductor 403 from dielectric 404 . in an embodiment , the actuator ( not explicitly shown ) may limit distal movement of inner conductor 403 to prevent separation of tip 430 , biasing member 416 , and / or inner conductor 403 from dielectric 404 . during use , helical antenna element 430 may be tuned by causing inner conductor 403 to move longitudinally , e . g ., by using an aforesaid actuator to cause inner conductor 403 to move proximally and / or distally , until a desired tuning is achieved . with reference now to fig7 a , 7 b , and 7 c , disclosed is a microwave ablation probe 510 having a manually - adjustable helical antenna element 520 disposed at a distal end thereof . probe 510 includes a shaft 501 having an outer conductor 505 that is coaxially disposed around an inner conductor 503 with a dielectric 504 disposed therebetween . dielectric 504 and inner conductor 503 extend distally beyond a distal end of outer conductor 505 . probe 510 includes an outer barrel 512 that is coaxially disposed around at least outer conductor 505 and includes an exterior threaded portion 513 at a proximal end of outer barrel 512 . exterior threaded portion 513 is configured to operably engage adjustment collar 516 which has an interior threaded portion 517 . adjustment collar 516 may include one or more ergonomic and / or friction enhancing elements 518 to facilitate handling , e . g ., scallops , protuberances , knurling , elastomeric material , etc . a distal end of helical antenna element 520 is operably coupled to a distal end 521 of inner conductor 503 . a proximal end of helical antenna element 520 is fixed to a distal end 519 of outer barrel 512 . during use , a user ( e . g ., a surgeon ) may adjust the tuning of helical antenna element 520 by rotating adjustment collar 516 to cause outer barrel 512 to move distally and / or proximally to achieve a desired tuning . one or more stop members ( not explicitly shown ) may be included to maintain outer barrel 512 and / or adjustment collar 516 in cooperative orientation , e . g ., to ensure translation of rotational motion of adjustment collar 516 into the desired linear longitudinal motion of outer barrel 512 . the described embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive , and are not intended to represent every embodiment of the present disclosure . further variations of the above - disclosed embodiments and other features and functions , or alternatives thereof , may be made or desirably combined into many other different systems or applications without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims both literally and in equivalents recognized in law .
an electromagnetic surgical ablation probe having a tunable helical antenna element is disclosed . the probe includes a coaxial feedline having an inner conductor coaxially disposed within a dielectric , and an outer conductor coaxially disposed around the dielectric . the inner conductor and dielectric extend distally beyond a distal end of the outer conductor . a helical antenna element is operably coupled to a distal end of the inner conductor . during use , the antenna may be tuned by changing at least one dimension of the helical antenna element . embodiments are presented wherein a dimensions of the helical antenna element is changed by state change of a shape memory alloy , by a change in temperature , by activation of a piston by fluidic pressure , by linear motion of a conical tip , and by a manual screw - type adjustment .