the following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings , in which like elements in different drawings are identically numbered . the drawings , which are not necessarily to scale , depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention . the detailed description illustrates by way of example , not by way of limitation , the principles of the invention . this description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention , and describes several embodiments , adaptations , variations , alternatives and uses of the invention , including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention . the selective adherence encapsulation of the present invention is an improvement to the total adherence method taught in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 749 , 880 that is incorporated by reference into this application as if fully set forth herein . the &# 39 ; 880 patent discloses a method for encapsulating a support stent by placing the stent over a first tubular member of unsintered eptfe and then placing a second tubular member of unsintered eptfe coaxially over the stent so that the stent is sandwiched between two layers of eptfe . radial force is applied either internally or externally to force the first tubular member into contact with the stent and into contact with the second tubular members through openings in the stent or , respectively , to force the second tubular into contact with the stent and into contact with the first tubular member through openings in the stent . finally , the compound structure is exposed to an elevated temperature to bond the first tubular member to the second tubular member wherever they are pressed into contact . in one embodiment an adhesive spread between the tubular members achieves the bonding . in a preferred embodiment the elevated temperature is a sintering temperature ( above the crystalline melting point of ptfe ) and direct ptfe to ptfe bonds form . as mentioned above , a potential drawback of this approach is that when the radial dimensions of the stent change , movement of components of the stent ( necessary for radial dimensional changes ) may be impeded by surrounding eptfe . if the stent is encapsulated in an expanded form and then reduced in diameter prior to insertion into a patient , the encapsulating eptfe may significantly increase the force needed to compress the stent and may fold in a manner so as to increase the profile of the collapsed device . if the bonding of the first member to the second member is selective , i . e ., does not occur through all available openings in the stent , slip planes or pockets will be left in the structure so that stent components can reorient within these pockets without encountering resistance from the eptfe . without the slip planes formed by the selective bonds of the present invention , crimping a shape memory stent may cause the stent members to fold or otherwise become stressed . this can result in permanent damage to the stent . there is a considerable possible range of extent for the selective adherence of the instant invention . at one extreme is a fully encapsulated stent as provided by the &# 39 ; 880 patent in which there is full bonding between all areas of the two tubular members in which the stent struts do not block contact . at the other extreme would be a “ spot welded ” device where only tiny areas , probably in the middle of the open areas of the stent structure , are bonded . at that extreme , there might be a tendency for the ptfe members to separate from the stent should the spot weld bond strength be exceeded ; however , the spot weld structure would provide virtually no impedance to radial deformation of the stent . the optimum extent of selective adherence , as well as the geometric position of the bonds in relation to the stent , depends on the structure of the stent as well as the desired properties of the completed device . complete control of the bond positions can be achieved by a numerically controlled ( nc ) machine in which the two - eptfe members with the interposed stent are mounted on a mandrel that is attached to the spindle drive of a modified nc lathe . in this device a heated tool whose tip is equal to the desired spot weld area is automatically pressed onto the mandrel - mounted eptfe - stent sandwich in proper registration to create a bond in an open region between components or struts of the stent . the tool moves away slightly as the mandrel turns to expose another open region and the tool then moves in to create a second bond and so on . depending on the distance that the mandrel turns , the spot welds may be in adjacent open spaces or may skip one or more open spaces . as the mandrel is turned , the tool advances along the longitudinal axis of the mandrel so that virtually any patterns of spot welds can be created on the eptfe - stent device . the precise pattern is under computer control and an entire stent can be treated quite quickly . if the design calls for spot welds of different surface areas , the stent can be treated with different tools ( e . g ., different areas ) in several passes . an ultrasonic welding tip can readily be substituted for the heated tool . it is also possible to use radiant energy , as with a laser , to effect similar results . however , the inventors presently believe that pressure as well as heat are needed for the best bonds . currently , laser - induced bonds do not appear to be as strong as bonds that are made with heat and pressure unless a curable adhesive system ( as with a uv laser ) is employed . splined or textured mandrels can also be used to apply selective heat and pressure to create selective adherence between the eptfe members . by “ spline or splined ” is meant a cylindrical structure with longitudinally oriented ridges equally spaced about the structure &# 39 ; s circumference . wherever the first and second eptfe tubular members come into contact a bond can be formed if heat and pressure are applied . if the eptfe tubular members and support stent are placed over a mandrel whose surface is patterned with elevated and depressed regions ( hills and valleys ), the elevated regions or ridges will apply pressure to the overlying stent - eptfe regions allowing selective bonding of those regions . regions of eptfe overlying valleys will not be pressed together and no bond will form there . that is , the pattern of the mandrel will be translated into an identical pattern of bonded regions in the stent - graft device . to make this translation , the process diagram of fig1 is followed , as described below . in a first step 32 , a first eptfe tubular member is placed on a mandrel . preferably , the first tubular member is composed of unsintered eptfe . in a second step 34 , a stent device is placed over the first tubular member . in a third step 36 , a second eptfe tubular member is slid coaxially over the stent . the second tubular member may be unsintered or partially sintered . use of a partially sintered second tubular member reduces the chance of tearing the member while pulling it over the stent . it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that there is an advantage to using a second tubular member with a slightly larger diameter than the first tubular member . however , if the second tubular member is too large , folds or creases may develop during the bonding process . this entire process may use one of the textured mandrels that will be described below . however , it is also possible to assemble one or both tubular members and the stent on a smooth mandrel and then slip the assembly off the smooth mandrel and onto the textured mandrel . if the fit is fairly tight , it may be easier to place the stent over the first tubular member when that member is supported by a smooth mandrel . also , there may be a limited number of textured mandrels available for production so that making a number of eptfe - stent assemblies on less expensive smooth mandrels may result in a significant savings of time . if a smooth mandrel is used , the stent assembly is transferred to a textured mandrel before the next step ( wrapping ) occurs . in a fourth step 38 , the eptfe - stent assembly is helically wrapped with ptfe “ tape .” this tape is actually a long , thin strip of ptfe of the type generally known as “ plumber &# 39 ; s tape .” the tape is evenly wound over the stent device so that the device is covered from end to end . the tape is wound so that the long axis of the tape is approximately normal ( offset by 10 - 15 °) to the long axis of the stent device . ideally , there should be some overlap of the tape covering the device so that coverage is even and complete . in fact an overlap ratio wherein five revolutions is needed to progress one tape width has proven effective . the tape should be applied with a controlled and even tension so that it is sufficiently tight to apply pressure at right angles to the surface of the stent device . one way of achieving this is to use a force clutch on the tape spool to ensure a reproducible tension in the tape as it is wound over the stent device . while this process can be performed by hand , it is fairly easy to automate the winding process by having the mandrel mounted in a modified lathe . as the lathe spindle turns , the spool of tape automatically advances along the turning mandrel ensuring an even and reproducible wrapping . in a fifth step 42 , the wrapped assembly is then placed into an oven at a temperature above or nearly equal to the crystalline melting temperature of eptfe . the wrapping applies pressure to regions of eptfe that are underlaid by raised portions of the textured mandrel . the oven provides the necessary heat to cause a strong eptfe - eptfe bond to form in these regions . the sintering time can vary from a few minutes to a few tens of minutes . the overall time depends to some extent on the mass of the mandrel . if the mandrel is solid , it may take a considerable time for the surface of the mandrel to reach sintering temperatures . the process can be speeded up by using a hollow mandrel or even a mandrel containing a heating element so that the eptfe is rapidly brought to a sintering temperature . a thermistor or similar temperature sensor is advantageous embedded into the surface of the mandrel so that it is possible to determine when the eptfe reaches sintering temperature . in this way the process can be accurately timed . in the final step 44 , the tape is removed from the mandrel ( after cooling ) and the finished device is removed . results in this step indicate the success of the sintering step 42 . if sintering time or temperature is excessive , there may be some bonding of the ptfe tape to the stent device . the solution is to reduce the sintering time and / or temperature in future sintering . this is one reason that time , temperature and wrapping force should be carefully controlled . this problem can also be avoided by using means other than ptfe wrapping to apply pressure to the device during the sintering process . at first glance it would appear that the radial pressure can be applied by a “ clam shell ” heating device that clamps around the stent device and mandrel . however , such a device is not capable of applying even radial pressure . one possible solution is to divide the clam shell device into a number of segments , preferably at least six , each of which is equipped with pressure means to force the segment radially towards the center of textured mandrel . similarly , the mandrel can be divided into segments or otherwise be capable of an increase in diameter ( e . g ., by formation from a material having a large coefficient of expansion upon temperature increase ) to create radial pressure between the surface of the mandrel and the surrounding clam shell device . an additional method of achieving bond pressure without wrapping is to use a clamshell device having an inner surface relief mirroring the textured mandrel . that is , there would be ridges and valleys that would exactly register with the ridges and valleys on the mandrel when the shell is closed . similarly , a flat surface could be provided with ridges and valleys matching the mandrel surface if that surface were unrolled onto a flat plane . with such a surface it is possible to roll the mandrel in contact and registration with the flat pattern so that defined pressure is applied to the raised mandrel regions . the downward force applied to the mandrel controls the bond pressure while the rate of rolling controls the time a given bond is under pressure . this process can be carried out in an oven or the mandrel and surface can contain heating elements . one method of ensuring registration between the mandrel pattern and the flat surface pattern is to have gears attached to one or both ends of the mandrel mesh with a toothed rack that runs along one or both edges of the patterned surface . contact pressure is controlled by weight of the mandrel or by a mechanical linkage that applies a controlled downward force to the mandrel . to this point no mandrel patterns or textures have been described . it will be clear to one skilled in the art that this invention permits a complex pattern wherein the entire stent structure is mirrored by the valleys and ridges of the mandrel with the structural members of the stent fitting into the valleys and the apices of the ridges or raised portions falling at discrete points within the open areas of the stent . what may be somewhat less obvious is that far simpler patterns can also produce excellent results in the present invention . one simple mandrel design is a “ splined ” mandrel wherein the mandrel has a number of longitudinal ridges ( splines ) so that a cross - section of the mandrel looks something like a toothed gear . fig2 shows a perspective view of such a mandrel 20 with longitudinal splines 22 . fig3 shows a cross section of the mandrel 20 wherein it is apparent that the splines 22 have rounded edges to avoid damaging or cutting the surface of the eptfe . fig4 shows a perspective view of an encapsulated stent 30 made on the splined mandrel 20 . the stent 46 is composed of struts 48 arranged in a diamond pattern . regions 52 at the ends of the device ( marked by cross - hatching ) have complete bonding between the two - eptfe tubular members . this region is produced by smooth , non - splined regions of the mandrel . dotted lines 54 mark the position of the splines and the resulting regions of selective bonding . that is , the device has spaced apart bonded regions running the length of the open diamond regions 56 . because of this orientation , successive tiers of diamond regions 56 along the longitudinal axis of the device are alternately bonded and unbonded . fig6 shows a scanning electron micrograph of an oblique section through a longitudinally selectively bonded stent 44 . a cross - section of the strut 48 is shown as well as a bonded region 54 and an unbonded slip pocket 62 . the unbonded pockets 62 allow free movement of the stent struts 48 . however , even those diamond regions 56 containing bonds 54 allow relatively unimpeded movement of the struts 48 because the bond 54 is only down the central part of the diamond region 56 — relatively distant from the struts 48 . tests show that the selectively bonded stent 30 can be radially compressed with considerably less force than a stent that is encapsulated by uniformly bonding all regions where the eptfe tubular members contact each other . the longitudinal bonds somewhat restrict longitudinal compression of the device as the bonded regions buckle less readily than unbonded eptfe . the longitudinal bonds 54 do restrict the side to side flexibility or bendability of the device to some extent . in some applications this stiffening of the device is desirable while in other applications one needs a stent device that is able to bend more freely . increased lateral flexibility can be achieved by using a mandrel with radial ridges rather than longitudinal ridges as shown in fig7 . again the ridges 58 are spaced apart in relation to the strut 48 spacing in the stent to be encapsulated . if the stent 46 shown in fig4 is used , the radial ridges 58 can be spaced apart to place circumferential bonds through alternate tiers of diamond regions 56 . the resulting device is more bendable laterally than the version with longitudinal bonds . in addition , the circumferential bonds result in a device that is more easily compressed longitudinally . it is clear that the area and orientation of the bond regions influence the properties of the final device . for example , a helical pattern of ridges produces a device with intermediate properties : it is more laterally bendable that the longitudinally bonded device of fig4 , but it has more resistance to longitudinal compression than does a device with circumferential bonds . the pitch of the helical pattern controls the overall effect with shallow pitches acting more like circumferential ridges and steep pitches acting more like longitudinal ridges . multiple helices can be used with opposing ( e . g ., clockwise and counter clockwise ) ridges , producing a device that is more resistant to lateral bending . virtually any combination of the described patterns can be used to produce devices having a preferred direction of bendability or devices that resist longitudinal compression in one region while permitting such compression in another . the stent device illustrated in the figures is one in which the stent struts form courses or diamond - shaped spaces and the struts continue from course to course to create an extended tubular device . stents are also available which consist of only a single course ( or segment ) of diamond - shapes . the current method can advantageously be used to combine a number of these segments together to make an extended tubular device . frequently , these single segment stents consist of an alternation of larger and smaller diamond shapes . for example , the segments can be arranged with large diamonds touching large diamonds . other arrangements included a “ twisted ” design wherein each successive segment is rotationally offset and an “ alternating ” design wherein alternate segment are rotated so that a given large diamond is bounded on either side by a small diamond . the precise properties of the resulting encapsulated device depend on these factors . however , the significant thing about the prior art encapsulation is that it produced a device that is relatively stiff and unbending . various adhesives ( as opposed to directly adhering ptfe to ptfe ) can also be used to create the pattern of bonded regions . fig8 shows a diagram of one method for using adhesives to create selective bonds . in a first step 32 , a tubular graft member is placed on a support such as a mandrel . in a second step 34 , a stent ( or stents ) is placed over the first graft member . in a third step 64 , a coating of adhesive is placed over the stent graft combination . this adhesive is one that is “ activatable ” meaning that the material is not inherently sticky as it is applied . however , it can be activated by applying heat , light or some other energy so that it hardens or otherwise changes to form a permanent bond . in the next step 64 , a second tubular member is placed over the adhesive - coated stent . in the final step 66 , a pattern of desired bonds is inscribed on the device with , for example , a laser or a heated probe or a photolithographic mask image . the inscribing process provides energy to local regions of the structure to activate the adhesive and create selectively bonded regions . a number of different activatable adhesive materials can be used in the present invention . one such material might be a layer or coating of a thermoplastic such as polyethylene . this material can be activated by heat that melts it so that it flows into the pores of the eptfe . after cooling , the plastic hardens so that the ptfe of one tubular member is bonded to the other tubular member . fig9 shows a second adhesive - based method of creating selective bonds . the initial steps are the same as in the previous method . however , in step 68 the adhesive material is applied selectively to form the future pattern . this can be done , for example , by a screening or offset printing method . an inherently sticky adhesive can be used or an activatable adhesive ( as in the previous method ) can be employed . the second tubular member is applied ( step 36 ) and the adhesive pattern is formed either by applying pressure ( when using an inherently sticky adhesive ) or by applying pressure followed by an activate adhesive step 72 ( for example , heating to melt a thermoplastic adhesive ). this invention has been described and specific examples of the invention have been portrayed . while the invention has been described in terms of particular variations and illustrative figures , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the variations or figures described . in addition , where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the invention . additionally , certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible , as well as performed sequentially as described above . therefore , to the extent there are variations of the invention , which are within the spirit of the disclosure or equivalent to the inventions found in the claims , it is the intent that this patent will cover those variations as well . finally , all publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually put forth herein .
an endoluminal prosthesis including a radially expandable support member having interior and exterior surfaces and a wall with openings , a first covering member including a biocompatible polymer material at least partially positioned against the interior surface , and a second covering member including a biocompatible polymer material at least partially positioned against the exterior surface . the first covering member attaches to the second covering member at predetermined bonding locations within less than all of the openings thereby leaving unbonded regions .