modified phytoglycogen and glycogen - type materials with a strong capacity for stabilizing emulsions have been discovered and are described hereinbelow . the amphiphilic dendritic molecule phytoglycogen octenyl succinate ( pg - osa ) has shown superior performance in forming and stabilizing oil - in - water emulsions . it was further discovered that pg - osa has a much greater ability to stabilize emulsions than either starch octenyl succinate ( starch - osa ) or gum arabic ( ga ). moreover , in view of the abundant availability of phytoglycogen — which is a major carbohydrate in commercial sweet com — pg - osa has significant potential for industrial application . in addition , it is envisioned that large - scale production of glycogen can be readily achieved by industrial fermentation of yeast . throughout this description and in the appended claims , the following definitions are to be understood : the phrase “ phytoglycogen or glycogen - type material ” refers to dendritic ( i . e ., highly branched ) α - d - glucan and carbohydrate nanoparticles . the term “ phytoglycogen ” generally refers to material that is derived from plants while the term “ glycogen ” generally refers to material that is derived from microbials and / or animals . by way of introduction , phytoglycogen is a water - soluble glycogen - like α - d - glucan in plants . the largest source of phytoglycogen is the kernel of the maize mutant su1 , a major genotype of sweet corn . the su1 mutation leads to a deficiency in su1 , an isoamylase - type starch debranching enzyme ( dbe ). in the biosynthesis of starch , starch synthase ( ss ), starch branching enzyme ( sbe ), and dbe work together to produce starch granules , with the primary role of dbe being to trim abnormal branches that inhibit the formation of starch crystals and granules . when there is a lack of dbe , the highly branched phytoglycogen is formed in the replacement of starch granules . fig1 shows a tem image of phytoglycogen nanoparticles with most particles ranging in size from 30 to 100 nm . the highly branched structure of phytoglycogen results in its unusually high molecular density in dispersion . for example , in rice , the dispersed molecular density of phytoglycogen is over 10 times that of starch . similarly , the molecular density of phytoglycogen from maize is around 1000 g / mol / nm 3 as compared to about 50 g / mol / nm 3 for amylopectin . the high density of phytoglycogen provides structural integrity and allows for dense grafting of functional groups . each phytoglycogen particle contains hundreds or thousands of glucan chains forming a highly packed structure . without wishing to be bound by a particular theory or to in any way limit the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents , it is presently believed that that the spherical phytoglycogen particle grows from the non - reducing ends on the surface by periodic branching and elongation of chains . in phytoglycogen , there is no long chain that connects individual clusters as in the case of an amylopectin molecule , which suggests a fundamental structural difference between phytoglycogen and amylopectin . fig2 shows a representative synthetic scheme for modifying a phytoglycogen in accordance with the present teachings . among food - grade starch - related reactions , succinylation and octenyl succinylation ( both allowed by the u . s . food and drug administration for food applications ) have been used to introduce negative charge and / or hydrophobicity . the scheme shown in fig2 can be readily modified to achieve both succinylation and octenyl succinylation : when r is hydrogen , the anhydride reagent is succinic anhydride ; when r is — ch ═ ch —( ch 2 ) 5 — ch 3 , the anhydride reagent is octenyl succinic anhydride . the surface properties of a modified phytoglycogen can be controlled by the degree of substitution ( ds ). in accordance with the present teachings , the amphiphilic dendritic molecule pg - osa shows superior performance in forming and stabilizing oil - in - water emulsions . in oil - in - water emulsions , the nature of the amphiphilic interfacial layer governs physical stability to environmental stresses , chemical stability to oxidation , and the release pattern of encapsulated lipophilic compounds . without wishing to be bound by a particular theory or to in any way limit the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents , it is presently believed that the advantages of biopolymer - based emulsifiers — such as waxy starch octenyl succinate ( wx - osa ) and gum arabic ( both of which are used in the industry )— involve their capability of forming a thick interfacial layer that maintains the physical stability of the emulsion through steric repelling among individual oil droplets . recently , multilayer constructs ( fig3 , bottom right ) have been developed using emulsifiers and biopolymers ( laminated layers formed by electrostatic attraction ) with an aim of tailoring the thickness and permeability of interfacial layers . however , the formation of stable multilayer emulsions requires careful control over system composition and preparation procedures in order to avoid droplet aggregation . thus , at present , it is only possible to prepare dilute emulsions due to bridging flocculation . the illustration at the bottom left of fig3 depicts a nano - layer of pg - osa dendritic molecules at an oil - in - water interface . compared with small molecule emulsifiers ( fig3 , upper left ), the pg - osa particles provide superior steric hindrance to droplet coalescence or aggregation . moreover , as compared to regular amphiphilic macromolecules ( e . g ., wx - osa or ga ), the interfacial layer formed by dendritic particles is denser and structurally more defined . finally , as compared to a multilayer interfacial structure ( fig3 , bottom right ), the interfacial layer formed by dendritic particles avoids the problem of bridging flocculation due to the simplicity of formation of the nano - layer . in addition , the interfacial layer formed by dendritic particles has the added benefit of having a high layer density ( and , therefore , a low permeability to oxidative compounds ). the following examples and representative procedures illustrate features in accordance with the present teachings , and are provided solely by way of illustration . they are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents . phytoglycogen is extracted from the matured kernels of an su1 - containing sweet corn cultivar , silver queen . to isolate native phytoglycogen , the kernels of sweet corn are ground , soaked in deionized water , and homogenized . the non - soluble materials ( e . g ., fiber , starch , protein , oil ) are removed using repetitive filtration and centrifugation . phytoglycogen is precipitated from the supernatant by adding 3 volumes of alcohol , which can effectively remove small , soluble molecules . the precipitate is collected by filtration and dehydrated using anhydrous alcohol and acetone . the phytoglycogen thus obtained is rather pure with a low soluble protein content . the yield of phytoglycogen ranges from 20 to 25 % of dry kernels . for the modification of phytoglycogen , a solution of phytoglycogen derivative ( 5 % w / w ) is adjusted to ph 8 . 5 followed by the addition of octenyl succinic anhydride ( osa ) at 25 ° c . during the reaction , ph is maintained between 8 . 5 and 9 . 0 . to conclude the reaction , the solution is adjusted to ph 6 . 5 followed by the addition of 3 volumes of ethanol . the precipitate undergoes repetitive dispersion - centrifugation washing using 80 % ethanol , and is then dehydrated by anhydrous ethanol and acetone . the degree of substitution ( ds ), which is the molar ratio between substitution groups and glucosyl units , is determined by the titration of carboxyl group of octenyl succinate ( jecfa method cxas / 1991 ). briefly , pg - osa is fully acidified using 2 . 5 n hcl and then treated by repetitive dispersion - centrifugation washing using 90 % isopropanol to remove free hcl . a solution of agno 3 ( 0 . 1 n ) is used to test for the presence of chloride to ensure a complete removal of hcl . after the complete removal of hcl , a solution of 0 . 01 n naoh is used to determine the amount of h + ( which is equal to the molar amount of grafted octenyl succinate groups ). typically , the efficiency of substitution ( i . e ., the molar yield of grafted groups ) ranges from 30 to 70 %. by controlling the amount of added osa , the ds value distributes in the range of 0 . 002 to 0 . 20 . to prepare an emulsion ( e . g ., for fish oil ), fish oil 5 % and pg - osa 10 % ( w / w based on water ) are mixed with deionized water , treated with a high - speed mixer ( ika t25 ) at 20 , 000 rpm for 2 minutes , and homogenized at room temperature using a high pressure homogenizer ( nano debee , bee international ) at 25 , 000 psi . to track the susceptibility of the emulsion to coalescence during storage , immediately after homogenization and after 4 weeks at 4 ° c . storage , the emulsion is diluted by 125 times and the particle size distribution is measured using a zetasizer nano zs - 90 ( malvern ). to evaluate lipid oxidation at different storage times , the ability of peroxides ( produced by lipid oxidation ) to oxidize ferrous ions to ferric ions was measured . briefly , an aliquot of emulsion is added to isooctane - 2 - propanol , followed by lipid extraction using vortex and centrifugation . the lipid extraction is added with a mixture of methanol and butanol , ammonium thiocyanate , and ferrous iron acid solution . after incubation , the absorbance is measured at 510 nm against standard ferric ions curve and used to denote the extent of lipid oxidation . fig4 a and 4 b show plots of intensity vs . size for the formation and stability of fish oil emulsions emulsified by phytoglycogen octenyl succinate ( pg - 6 and pg - 9 ), waxy corn starch octenyl succinate ( wx - 6 and wx - 9 ), and gum arabic ( ga ). in accordance with the present teachings , it was discovered that pg - osa offers a greater capability to stabilize oil - in - water emulsions than either wx - osa or ga . thus , the particle size of oil droplets over a 4 - week storage period is more stable with pg - osa than with either wx - osa or ga . the degree of octenyl succinylation is comparable between pg - 6 and wx - 6 ( 0 . 023 and 0 . 026 respectively ) ( fig4 a ) and between pg - 9 and wx - 9 ( 0 . 050 and 0 . 043 respectively ) ( fig4 b ). the particle size distribution was measured immediately after homogenization ( 0 week ) and after the 4 - week storage at 4 ° c . evidently , the droplet particle size of a pg - 6 or pg - 9 emulsion is much more stable than that of wx - 6 or wx - 9 . both pg - osa and wx - osa performed substantially better than ga in forming emulsion . table 1 shows data for the relative levels of peroxide produced due to oxidation of the fish oil after storage for around 10 weeks . evidently , the oxidation of fish oil in emulsion was much lower for pg - 6 and pg - 9 than for wx - 6 , wx - 9 , and gum arabic . the following literature provides information that may be useful in accordance with the present teachings and each document is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety , except that in the event of any inconsistent disclosure or definition from the present specification , the disclosure or definition herein shall be deemed to prevail : ( 1 ) guzey , d ., mcclements , d . j . “ impact of electrostatic interactions on formation and stability of emulsions containing oil droplets coated by beta - lactoglobulin - pectin complexes ,” journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 2007 , 55 , 475 - 485 ; ( 2 ) james , m . g ., robertson , d . s ., myers , a . m ., “ characterization of the maize gene sugary1 , a determinant of starch composition in kernels ,” plant cell , 1995 , 7 , 417 - 429 ; ( 3 ) klinkesorn , u ., sophanodora , p ., chinachoti , p ., decker , e . a ., mcclements , d . j . “ encapsulation of emulsified tuna oil in two - layered interfacial membranes prepared using electrostatic layer - by - layer deposition ,” food hydrocolloids , 2005 , 19 , 1044 - 1053 ; ( 4 ) mcclements , d . j ., decker , e . a ., weiss , j . “ emulsion - based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components ,” journal of food science , 2007 , 72 , r109 - r124 ; ( 5 ) myers , a . m ., morell , m . k ., james , m . g ., ball , s . g . “ recent progress toward understanding the amylopectin crystal ,” plant physiology , 2000 , 122 , 989 - 997 ; ( 6 ) nakamura , y . “ towards a better understanding of the metabolic system for amylopectin biosynthesis in plants : rice endosperm as a model tissue ,” plant and cell physiology , 2002 , 43 , 718 - 725 ; ( 7 ) ogawa , s ., decker , e . a ., mcclements , d . j . “ influence of environmental conditions on the stability of oil in water emulsions containing droplets stabilized by lecithin - chitosan membranes ,” journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 2003 , 51 , 5522 - 5527 ; ( 8 ) shantha , n . c ., decker , e . a . “ rapid , sensitive , iron - based spectrophotometric methods for determination of peroxide values of food lipids ,” journal of aoac international , 1994 , 77 , 421 - 424 ; ( 9 ) shin , j ., simsek , s ., reuhs , b ., yao , y . “ glucose release of water - soluble starch - related a - glucans by pancreatin and amyloglucosidase is affected by the abundance of a - 1 , 6 glucosidic linkages ,” journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 2008 , 56 , 10879 - 10886 ; ( 10 ) thompson , d . b . “ on the non - random nature of amylopectin branching ,” carbohydrate polymer , 2000 , 43 , 223 - 239 ; ( 11 ) wong , k ., kubo , a ., jane , j ., harada , k ., satoh , h ., nakamura , y . “ structures and properties of amylopectin and phytoglycogen in the endosperm of sugary - 1 mutants of rice ,” journal of cereal science , 2003 , 37 , 139 - 149 ; ( 12 ) wurzburg , o . b . “ modified starch ,” in food polysaccharides and their applications , second edition , edited by stephen , a . m ., phillips , g . o ., and williams , p . a ., crc , 2006 ; and ( 13 ) yao , y . “ biosynthesis of starch ,” in comprehensive glycoscience , edited by hans kamerling , elsevier , 2007 . the foregoing detailed description and accompanying drawings have been provided by way of explanation and illustration , and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims . many variations in the presently teachings will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art , and remain within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents .
a dendritic emulsifier for forming an oil - in - water emulsion includes an anhydride - modified phytoglycogen or glycogen - type material . a method of preparing an oil - in - water emulsion includes : combining oil , water , and a dendritic emulsifier ; and mixing a combination of the oil , water , and dendritic emulsifier . a method of preparing a dendritic emulsifier includes reacting an anhydride with a phytoglycogen or glycogen - type material in solution , thereby forming an anhydride - modified phytoglycogen or glycogen - type material .