the operation of the artificial tooth root according to the present invention is hereinafter explained in connection with the shape of an artificial tooth root of the present invention . fig1 schematically shows the relation of ankylosis between an artificial tooth root 1 of the present invention and a bone tissue 2 around the tooth root 1 . the bone tissue 2 is formed around an outer root 7 of the artificial tooth root 1 of the present invention . in a submuscosal tissue directly below an epithelial attachment , a fibrous tissue 13 runs orthogonally so as to be affixed to the outer root 7 . a tooth crown 5 and an inner tooth root 8 are affixed to the outer root 7 via a buffer material 9 . a bone rib a is connected to an alveolar bone derived from the artificial tooth root . a cortical bone b defines the contour line of the jaw bone . the artificial tooth root according to the present invention is shown in cross - sectional views in fig3 and 4 . the artificial tooth root of the present invention is made up of the outer root 7 and the inner tooth root 8 secured to the inside of the outer root 7 via the buffer material 9 , such as a resin adhesive . the lateral side of the outer root 7 is formed with alternate axially extending protrusions 4 and recesses 3 . similarly , the lateral side of the inner tooth root 8 is formed with alternate protrusions 4 &# 39 ; and recesses 3 &# 39 ;. both of the lateral sides are undulating in contour . the buffer material 9 , such as a resin adhesive , is providing a space between the outer root 7 and the inner tooth root 8 for bonding them together . during charging of the resin adhesive 9 , a ball - shaped stop 10 formed of plastics may be arranged , if so desired , in order to secure the outer root 7 and the inner root 8 easily and completely . the expression &# 34 ; axially &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; axial direction &# 34 ; herein refers to a straight line interconnecting the crown 5 and the apex 6 . in fig3 the inner surface of the outer root is simply cylindrical in contour , whereas , in fig4 the inner surface of the outer root is undulating in profile . since the lateral surface of the outer root is undulating in profile , that is it has alternate protrusions and recesses , the outer root is of such a structure and shape that it may be readily fused to the surrounding bone . the inner tooth root is of a distributed stress shape as obtained by finite element analysis , and is of such a shape as will permit a principal stress trajectory line to be separated into two mutually perpendicular components . the outer root and the inner root are bonded together by a resin adhesive for transforming the principal stress trajectory line . in addition , the adhesive layer acts as a cushion in order to eliminate the tendency for the biting force to destroy the bone . in an embodiment of the present invention , shown in fig5 protrusions 4 &# 34 ; and recesses 3 &# 34 ; are alternately formed on the surface of the tooth crown 5 . with the surface of the tooth crown 5 being of an undulating contour , not only can the tooth crown be secured in position using the buffer material , but also the adhesive layer acts as a cushion and as a principal stress trajectory line transforming means for eliminating the tendency for the biting force to destroy the inner root . the outer root and the inner root differ in shape slightly depending on the setting sites . thus , as shown in the following embodiments , the end of the apex is circular with the premolar or the cuspid , while it is branched and presents a central recess with the molar . the material for the outer root is selected from the group consisting of metal , metal alloy , bioactive or non - bioactive ceramics , evaporated on or melded to metal , metal cermet presenting a metal or ceramic porous body , bioglass , and a composite material thereof . the material for the inner root is selected from the group consisting of metal , metal alloy , ceramics , cermet &# 39 ; s bioglass , plastics and composite materials thereof . the buffer material may be an adhesive of plastics , cementing materials or metal ( amalgam ), such as , for example , &# 34 ; super - bond &# 34 ; ( trade name ), &# 34 ; enginol cement &# 34 ; ( trade name ) or amalgam . the metals suitable as the material for the artificial tooth root of the present invention are hereinafter explained . pure ti or ti alloys are tentatively applied in a wide field of application , such as in medicine or dentistry , as metal materials for living bodies . above all , pure ti is highly valued as an artificial tooth root inserted into the body because of its extremely low harmfulness to and improved affinity with the human body . investigations are also currently conducted for utilizing ti - based shape memory alloys as an artificial root by taking advantage of the merit of their shape memory effect in immobilizing the tooth root after its insertion . of these , the tipd based shape memory alloy employed in dentistry , is mainly composed of ti and pd and is excellent in corrosion resistance , such that it is expected to be used as a material for an artificial tooth root which is particularly harmless to the living body . the alloy has a composition in which co is substituted for 19 to 20 mol percent of pd of a ti - 50 mol % pd alloy , and undergoes thermo - elastic martensitic transformation within a temperature range of 4 ° to 50 ° c . as shown in fig1 , as the co concentration becomes higher , the transformation temperature is lowered , such that a composition having the co concentration of 20 mol % undergoes transformation at 4 ° c . measurement of the anodic polarization of a ti - 50 mol % pd alloy has revealed that , as shown in fig1 , an inactivated skin film is destroyed in the vicinity of a potential of 0 . 6 v . the alloy is thought to exhibit corrosion resistance comparable to that of a commercially available co - cr casting alloy . however , considering that the alloy has a higher self potential and a low current density in an inactivated zone due to generation of an inactivated skin film , the alloy is thought to exhibit corrosion resistance substantially equivalent to that of stainless steel sus 304 , even with a composition having a 20 mol % co concentration . the tipd - co alloy has a micro - vickers hardness on the order of 200 , which is slightly less than the value of an aged type 10 alloy within the range of shape memory deformation . although the alloy tends to crack and can be cold - worked only difficultly because of the smaller amount of plastic deformation caused by slip , it can be rolled easily if hot - worked at 800 ° to 900 °. the shape memory effect is displayed if the ti - 30 mol % pd - 20 mol % co alloy , subjected to bending deformation in the vicinity of 0 ° c . is heated to 26 ° c . ceramic materials are generally hydrophilic and compatible with the human body , so that they are suited for use in the present invention . above all , the materials termed bioceramics are suitable for use in the present invention . preferred specific examples of the ceramics include bio - inert alumina and zirconia , which hardly react with living bodies , and bio - active 3cao . p 2 o 5 porous material , apatite hydroxide or apite - containing crystal glass , react with human bodies . as plastic materials , those having a certain strength and expansion rate are preferred . particularly preferred are so - called engineering plastics known as polyacetal resin , abs resin , epoxy resin , polyamide resin , ionomer , diallylphthalate resin , unsaturated polyester resins , polyphenylene oxide , polyphenylene sulfide and polyamide . the above - given metallic , ceramic and plastics are merely illustrative , and the present invention is not limited thereto . according to the present invention , both thermoplastic and thermosetting resins may be used as resin adhesives . specific examples of the resin binders include cyano acrylates , epoxy resins and polyisocyanates . however , the present invention also is not limited thereto . the artificial tooth roots of the present invention have different optimum shapes depending on the site of application or the material type . in each of the artificial tooth roots of the following embodiments , the inner structure is comprised of a dual structure comprised of an outer root and an inner root as shown in fig3 and 5 . fig6 illustrates an artificial tooth root for an incisor for an upper jaw . in each of the above drawings , ( a ), ( b ), ( c ), ( d ), ( e ) and ( f ) are a front view , a left - hand side view , a right - hand side view , a back side view , a plan view and a bottom plan view , respectively . the lateral surface of each of the artificial tooth roots is formed with axially extending alternate radial protrusions 4 and recesses 3 . the foremost part of each artificial tooth root is formed with an apex 6 . each recess may be present as an opening - shaped recess 9 on pre - set sites on the lateral surface . fig7 illustrates an artificial tooth root for a cuspid and an incisor for a lower jaw . the numerals are the same as those used in fig6 . fig8 illustrates an artificial tooth root for a premolar for an upper jaw or a lower jaw . fig9 illustrates an example of an artificial tooth root for a molar for an upper jaw having a trifurcate tooth root section . fig1 illustrates an example of an artificial tooth root for a molar for a lower jaw having a bifurcate tooth root section . fig1 illustrates another example of an artificial tooth root for a molar for an upper jaw having a trifurcate tooth root section . fig1 illustrates still another example of an artificial tooth for a molar for a lower jaw having a tetrafurcate tooth root section . the above - described artificial tooth root of the present invention is aimed at stress distribution and equalization by its dual structure . as compared to the conventional artificial tooth root , the artificial tooth root of the present invention is less susceptible to destruction of the ambient bone and may remain stable for a prolonged period of time . in addition , it is not insusceptible to infection and has its outer root corresponding to the alveolar bone fused satisfactorily with ambient bone resulting in facilitated formation of a bone rib affixed thereto and maintenance of the stable function for a prolonged period of time .
an artificial tooth root undergoing connective tissue fusion when implanted . the artificial tooth root is columnar - shaped and has a crown at its one end and an apex at its other end . the artificial tooth root has a dual structure consisting of an outer root and an inner root . the outer root and the inner rook have axially extending protrusions 4 , 4 &# 39 ; and recesses 3 , 3 &# 39 ; on their lateral sides and are affixed to each other by a resin adhesive .