the present invention provides self - reinforcing mechanical systems and methods for tissue fixation using serial suture loop constructs . the construct 100 preferably includes at least two loops of suture ( fiberchain ®) 99 , preferably high strength suture , as described in u . s . appl . publ . no . 2006 / 0259076 , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein . as detailed in u . s . appl . publ . no . 2006 / 0259076 , each loop of the serial “ chain ” preferably has a fixed perimeter . the suture can be interlaced or knotted . the loops may all be similar in size . in an exemplary embodiment , high - strength suture is utilized , such as the high strength suture sold by arthrex , inc . of naples , fla . under the tradename fiberwire ®, which is disclosed and claimed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 716 , 234 , the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference . fiberwire ® suture is formed of an advanced , high - strength fiber material , namely ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene ( uhmwpe ), sold under the tradenames spectra ® ( honeywell ) and dyneema ® ( dsm ), braided with at least one other fiber , natural or synthetic , to form lengths of suture material . the preferred fiberwire ® suture includes a core within a hollow braided construct , the core being a twisted yarn of uhmwpe . the suture may optionally include filaments of various colors . the suture chains 99 ( fig2 ) incorporating advanced , high strength materials , such as fiberwire ® suture , can be used in demanding orthopedic applications such as shoulder repairs . the suture chains used in the present invention offer surgeons practical means for creating suture constructs of adjustable size without having to tie a knot in situ . the suture chains can be used in a variety of surgical procedures , and most preferably are used to approximate tissue , for example , to approximate torn tendons to bone . examples of bone anchors used to secure one or more suture chains to bone are threaded anchors , forked suture anchors , swivel anchors ( such as an arthrex swivelock ™) or press - in anchors ( such as the arthrex push - lock ™ anchor described in u . s . patent application publication no . 2004 / 0093031 , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein ), among many others . techniques for knotless fixation of anatomical tissue during surgical applications by employing a chain of suture loops ( the fiberchain ® technique ) have been detailed , for example , in u . s . appl . publication no . 2007 / 0135843 ( the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety ), which describes a double - row knotless fixation technique using a chain of suture loops . as detailed in u . s . appl . publication no . 2007 / 0135843 , a method for tendon to bone fixation includes , for example , the steps of : ( i ) providing a first medial row constructed with a first plurality of fixation devices , at least one of the first plurality of fixation devices being an anchor ; ( ii ) providing a second lateral row constructed with a second plurality of fixation devices , at least one of the second plurality of fixation devices being a knotless fixation device ; ( iii ) providing a suture loop construct that includes at least two loops formed of and connected by suture ; and ( iv ) fixating the suture loop construct so that it extends over the soft tissue and is secured in place by at least one of the fixation device of the anchors . a construct 100 formed by the double - row knotless fixation technique described above , using a chain of suture loops ( fiberchain ®), is illustrated in fig2 . construct 100 is formed by two lateral rows of fiberchain ® 99 that secure a first tissue 20 ( for example , rotator cuff 20 ) to a second tissue 10 ( for example , humerus 10 ). two fixation devices 21 , 23 ( for example , a swivelock ™ anchor 21 and a biocorkscrew ™ anchor 23 ) fixate the suture loops to the humerus 10 . the mechanism of the present invention which characterizes construct 100 has the following effects : ( i ) elastic deformation of the tendon resulting in a compressive restoring force ( normal force relative to the bone surface ) which increases the frictional force that is opposing the tensile failure force . the compressive restoring force also creates a “ grasping ” configuration of tendon indentation to resist slippage . ( ii ) wedge effect of the suture ( fiberchain ®) against the tendon as the tensile failure force increases . ( iii ) larger surface area of fiberchain ® relative to suture to enhance the effects of ( i ) and ( ii ). fig1 illustrates a standard double - row repair with medical mattress sutures 15 and lateral simple sutures 15 with biocorkscrew ™ suture anchors 11 , 13 . fig3 is a schematic view of a construct a ( before loading the tendon ), i . e ., construct 100 before loading the tendon 20 . fig4 is a schematic view of a construct b ( after loading the tendon ), i . e ., construct 100 a which is the construct 100 after loading the tendon 20 . l 1 = l 2 ( since the point where suture passes through tendon remains the same ); a = h 1 ( since the total length of suture between the anchors remains the same ); and h 2 & lt ; h 1 ( tendon becomes compressed as construct fails ). consequences of loading construct b ( 110 a ) ( fiber chain ®/ swivelock ™) 1 ) tendon 20 becomes elastically compressed under the suture , increasing the distributed normal force n that is perpendicular to bone 10 ( fig5 ( a )). as the tensile load t increases , the normal force n increases , thereby increasing the frictional resistance to failure , since : 2 ) wedge effect of tendon 20 under suture 99 — suture wedges tendon more tightly underneath it as load increases and angle α decreases ( fig5 ( b )-( d )). 3 ) larger surface area of fiberchain ® 99 ( compared to suture ) augments the effects of 1 ) and 2 ) above . biomechanical tests were conducted wherein failure modes and parameters for double - row fiberchain ®/ swivelock ™ rotator cuff repair were compared to the same parameters in standard double - row rotator cuff repair . the repairs were cyclically loaded from 10 to 100n at 1 hz for 500 cycles and the elongation ( gapping ) at the repair site was measured . a single - cycle pull to failure was then conducted to measure yield load and ultimate load . the elongation ( gapping ) was 3 . 2 mm . for swivelock ™ and 2 . 1 mm . for standard double - row ( slightly greater gapping for swivelock ™, though not statistically significant ). however , the ultimate load to failure for the swivelock ™ system was greater ( 539n ) than that of the standard double - row ( 511n ). this implies an inherent quality in the fiberchain ®/ swivelock ™ construct that “ detects ” its early failure and self - reinforces to achieve a higher ultimate load to failure . 1 ) by the same mechanisms ( 1 and 2 ), the suture bridge ™ technique ( with fiberwire ® and pushlock ™ and biocorkscrew ™ anchors ), which is described in u . s . application publication no . 2007 / 0191849 , and the speedbridge ™ technique ( with fibertape ™ and swivelock c ™ anchors ), which is described in u . s . application ser . no . 12 / 043 , 008 , filed on mar . 5 , 2008 ( the entire disclosures of these two applications being herein incorporated by reference ) should operate under the same self - reinforcing mechanisms . fig6 ( a ) and 6 ( b ) show these techniques , wherein the hole in bone is identified by reference number 60 , the anchors are indicated by reference number 62 , the suture or tape is indicated by reference number 82 , and the construct is represented generally by reference number 100 . 2 ) running side - to - side suture would have a similar self - reinforcing mechanisms , especially when the terminal free end is anchored to bone ( as in the fiberchain ® technique ). 3 ) these mechanisms apply to all fixation of soft tissue to bone in all joints . the standard double - row construct has suture loops that are maximally tightened when the knots are tied so there are no additional degrees of freedom ( i . e ., no slack ). accordingly , it has no capacity to develop further compression of tendon as load is applied and therefore cannot be self - reinforcing . the above description and drawings illustrate preferred embodiments which achieve the objects , features and advantages of the present invention . it is not intended that the present invention be limited to the illustrated embodiments . any modification of the present invention which comes within the spirit and scope of the following claims should be considered part of the present invention .
self - reinforcing mechanical systems with application to biological fixation of a first tissue to a second tissue . as a repair construct is stressed , there is a feedback mechanism against failure that is initially triggered by early failure . the construct “ detects ” its early / impending failure and utilizes the potentially destructive force to reinforce itself .