as shown in fig1 , an instrument 100 according to the present invention includes a handle 110 , a measuring shaft 120 , and shank 130 , all of which are coaxial around axis 101 . the overall length of the instrument 100 is ranges from 26 to 46 mm , with 36 mm being preferred for most applications . the shank 130 has stiff raised polymeric projections 140 that extend radially outward from shank 130 . the handle 110 , shaft 120 , shank 130 and raised projections 140 are formed in a unitary molding process using a polymeric material . the polymeric material is any polymeric material that has sufficient stiffness to be driven into the deepest portions of the debrided root canal , yet has sufficient flexibility to negotiate the curvature of the canals , and to be rotated inside the canal for cleaning . the same material should be sufficiently stiff so that the raised projections 140 can effectively scrub the walls of the canal , but have sufficient flexibility to allow them to enter tight spaces in the canal , ideally having a flexural modulus between 2500 and 3500 mpa . the polymeric material must also be fda approved for use in medical devices . a preferred polymeric material is a medium viscosity acetal homopolymer sold by dupont under the name delrin sc655 . this material has a flexural modulus of approximately 2900 mpa . the handle 110 is a polymeric cylinder , ranging from 8 mm to 12 mm in length , having sufficient length to be gripped between the thumb and forefinger of a dental practitioner . the handle is ideally wider at the ends 111 and 112 of the length of the handle 110 , and narrower in the middle 113 . this assists the grip between the thumb and forefinger of the dental practitioner , such that the practitioner can easily rotate the handle 110 , and thus the instrument 100 , around axis 101 in order to agitate the instrument 100 inside a canal . to achieve this purpose , the handle 110 ranges from 1 . 5 mm to 6 mm in diameter with the diameter greater at the ends 111 and 112 tapering to a smaller diameter in the middle portion 113 . in order to further improve the grip , radial ridges 114 may be provided along the length of handle 110 . below handle 110 is a measuring shaft 120 , formed from the same polymeric material from handle 110 in unitary molding process . the shaft 120 is a cylinder that ranges from 6 to 10 mm in length , is approximately between 0 . 7 mm and 1 . 1 mm in diameter , and has circumferential markings 121 spaced along the shaft 120 at 1 mm intervals . the markings 121 may be formed as ridges around the circumference of the shaft 120 , as shown in fig1 , or as grooves around the circumference of shaft 120 . the shaft 120 lies partly outside the canal during operations , and the markings 121 serve to inform the practitioner of the depth to which the instrument 100 has penetrated a canal . below the shaft 120 is a tapered shank 130 that is formed from the same polymeric material as the handle 110 and shaft 120 . the shank 130 is conical , and is designed to fit inside the canal of a tooth all the way to the apical third of the canal . as such , the shank 120 ideally has a length of approximately 15 - 17 mm from proximal end 131 to distal end 132 , and tapers from a diameter of between 0 . 25 and 1 . 0 mm at proximal end 131 - which is attached to and collinear with shaft 110 to a distal end 122 , the distal end 132 being sufficiently narrow to be inserted into the apical third of a canal . typically , the distal end of the shank , without consideration of raised projections 140 , will be no more than between 0 . 10 and 0 . 30 mm in diameter . a plurality of raised projections 140 are along shank 130 . these raised projections 140 perform the work of cleaning the smear layer from the canal walls during use . the raised projections 140 are formed from the same polymeric material as the shank 130 , and are formed with the rest of the instrument in a one - piece molding operation . the raised projections 140 extend radially from the surface of shank 130 , and are made of the same stiff polymeric material as the remainder of the instrument 100 to provide sufficient mechanical action to remove the smear layer from the canal walls . the placement of raised projections 140 is denser on the apical portion 133 of the shank 130 , because it is the apical third of the canal that present the most cleaning problems when treating the canal with a file and bleach solutions as shown in fig2 , the raised projections 140 in this embodiment may be rectangular box - shaped fins 150 that have a height 151 defined from the surface of shank 130 to top 154 , typically between 0 . 15 and 0 . 4 mm . these fins 150 have a length 152 and width 153 . the length 152 and width 153 of the box - shaped fins 150 may be tapered at a slight draft angle along height 151 ; further , the fins may and may have radius edge breaks along top 154 . these features assist in fabricating the instrument by injection molding . the fins 150 may be disposed on shank 130 such that the length 152 is aligned with axis 101 . in this case , the fins 150 may be arranged in a circumferential band 134 around shank 130 , with a band consisting of 4 - 6 parallel fins 150 . alternatively , as shown in fig3 , the fins 150 may be arranged with the lengths 152 oriented transverse to the axis . the fins may be arranged in a band 135 consisting of 4 - 6 fins that circle a circumference of shank 130 . in the embodiment of fig1 , bands 134 consisting of axially oriented fins 150 and bands 135 consisting of transverse - oriented fins are alternated along the shank 130 , approximately 1 mm apart . this alternating orientation of fins has the advantage that multidirectional cleaning can be provided by moving the instrument 100 up and down inside the canal along the direction of axis 101 , and rotating the instrument 100 around axis 101 inside the canal . this pattern of alternating bands of fins 150 holds from the proximal end 131 down to the apical region 133 , which begins approximately 5 - 6 mm from the distal end 132 . in the apical region , certain projections 140 are long fins 160 ( see fig4 ) placed in two bands 136 , approximately 2 and 4 mm from the distal end . these fins are disposed parallel to the axis , and are longer than the fins disposed further away from the distal end , and are approximately 1 mm in length . these longer fins provide a wide swath of cleaning at the apical third of the canal . closest to the distal end 132 , finally , the raised projections 140 are round , raised bumps 170 arising from the surface of the shank 130 . these raised bumps 170 are arranged in three circumferential bands 137 of bumps 170 , approximately , 0 . 3 mm , 0 . 6 mm , and 0 . 9 mm from the distal end . the bumps give the distal end of the shank a total width between 0 . 12 and 0 . 18 mm . the denser arrangement of projections at the apical third portion of the shank is designed to provide intense scrubbing at the apical third , which is where most of the infection problems requiring retreatment develop , even where there is only a small space for projections . the height of raised projections 140 on shank 130 are designed to provide the right size for particular endodontic treatments . the width of the proximal end 131 , including the height of projections 140 at the proximal end 131 , ranges from 0 . 75 to 1 . 50 mm . the width of the distal end 132 , including the height of the raised bumps 170 , may range from 0 . 15 to 0 . 5 mm in diameter . in these range listed above , it is contemplated that there would be two preferred sizes , one corresponding to a 35 /. 06 endodontic file , and another corresponding to a 25 /. 04 file ( where the first of these numbers refers to the working tip diameter in 0 . 01 mm , and the second refers to degree of taper ). in the first embodiment , the shank 130 without raised projections tapers from 0 . 74 mm to 0 . 20 mm over 16 mm , and the shank 130 with raised projections 140 tapers from 1 . 30 mm at proximal end 131 to 0 . 35 mm at distal end 132 over a length of 16 mm . in the second embodiment , the shank 130 without raised projections tapers from 0 . 50 mm to 0 . 15 mm over 16 mm , and the shank 130 with raised projections 140 tapers from 0 . 90 mm at proximal end 131 to 0 . 25 mm at distal end 132 over a length of 16 mm . a recent study was recently concluded showing the effectiveness of the instrument of the present invention ( instrument a ) with two commercially available brushes ( brush b and brush c ) directed to the same purpose . brush b is a commercially available brush that uses very small , soft bristles . brush c is a brush that uses very flexible , unidirectional bristles . the study demonstrates the effectiveness of the instrument of the present invention at removing microorganisms from the tooth canal . seventy - five single canal roots canals of recently extracted human teeth were stored in a 0 . 5 % naocl solution . the teeth were decoronated perpendicular to the long axis of the root . samples were then standardized to a uniform length of 11 mm . the canals of each root were instrumented to a length of 11 mm using an endosequence rotary files 0 . 04 taper starting from # 25 up to # 40 . roots were then placed in 2 . 5 % naocl for 5 minutes . the roots were then rinsed with distilled water for 10 minutes . root preparation and infecting the dentinal tubules is based on the model of infection by haapasalo and ørstravik ( 14 ). all the root samples were mounted in a 30 - gauge blue needle . the models were prepared by removing the needle from the central plastic hub and hollowed out to accommodate the root segment . the root segment was secured to the needle cap encasement with kneadatite epoxy putty ( certified at 300 f and 2000 psi ) ( polymetric systems , inc ., phoenixville , pa .). the putty was also applied to the external root surface and apical ends of the roots creating a seal . the putty was allowed to set for 24 hours . 500 ul of phosphate buffered saline gelatin ( pbsg ) was pipetted into the apical cap . the completed model that consists of a cervical cap , needle encasement with the root segment and an apical cap ( see fig1 ) was then sterilized at 120 c at 15 psi for 15 mins with slow exhaust . due to evaporation during the autoclaving process 50 ul of pbsg was lost , thus leaving 450 ul of pbsg in each model . group 1 ( 5 teeth , negative control ): not infected , no use of brush or instrument ; group 2 ( 5 teeth , positive control ): infected , irrigation with 3 ml of pbsg , no use of brush or instrument ; group 3 ( 20 teeth , instrument a ): infected , irrigate with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by irrigation with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by final irrigation with 1 ml pbsg ; group 4 ( 20 teeth , brush b ): infected , irrigate with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by irrigation with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by final irrigation with 1 ml pbsg ; and group 5 ( 20 teeth , brush c ): infected , irrigate with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by irrigation with 1 ml of pbsg and 10 strokes followed by final irrigation with 1 ml pbsg . e . faecalis ( atcc 29212 ) was grown in 10 ml of brain heart infusion ( bhi ) broth ( difco laboratories , sparks , md . ), for 24 hours in a warm room incubator at 37 ° c . this bacterial suspension was then used to infect the specimens . twelve microliters of e . faecalis suspension were used to inoculate the canal space of each model in groups 2 - 5 , using a micropipette under aseptic conditions . the cervical cap of the model was removed and the bacteria were inoculated through the cervical orifice of the root segment . samples were placed in a sealed moist container and infection of the dentin took place over a seven - day incubation period in a warm room incubator ( 37 ° c .). each day 12 μl of bhi broth were added aseptically to the canals during the incubation period to prevent desiccation of the roots and to provide nutrients for the microorganisms . twenty - one of the following instruments : instrument a ( according to the present invention ), brush b , brush c and twenty - one # 2 , 3 , 4 gates glidden drills were individually wrapped and autoclaved . group 1 ( negative controls ): specimens were not infected . the specimens were not treated by any of the instruments or brushes . group 2 ( positive controls ): specimens were infected as described above . each specimen was dried using sterile paper points to remove any bhi broth remaining in the canal . specimens were then irrigated using 3 ml of pbsg delivered using a 27 gauge beveled luer - lock needle via a 3 ml syringe delivered over a period of one minute . during the irrigation process irrigant was evacuated using a surgical suction tip on the high - speed evacuation suction line . after irrigation , any remaining liquid was removed using sterile paper points . group 3 ( instrument a ): specimens were infected as described above and dried prior to irrigation as was done in group 2 . specimens were then irrigated using 1 ml pbsg delivered using a 27 gauge beveled leur - lock needle ( bd needles ) via a 3 ml syringe . during the irrigation process irrigant was evacuated using a surgical suction tip on the high - speed evacuation suction line . instrument a was then used in 10 hand strokes in push - pull combined with half turn strokes circumferentially along the canal walls . the tooth was irrigated again with 1 ml of pbsg as described above and the 10 hand strokes repeated followed with a final rinse with 1 ml pbsg . the remaining liquid was removed using sterile paper points . the instruments were discarded after a single use and for every new specimen a new sterile instrument was used . group 4 ( brush b ): specimens were infected , dried and treated as in group 3 but using the canal brush . group 5 ( brush c ): specimens were infected , dried and treated as in group 3 but using the nano brush . for all groups the lumen was dried prior to harvesting of the dentin . specimens were uncapped and sterile gates glidden burs size # 2 , # 3 and # 4 were used in sequential order to drill through the lumen of each specimen . dentinal shavings and any material harvested from the dentin were collected into the pbsg reservoir in the apical cap . fifty μl of pbsg was then used to wash down the dentin shavings and to make a total quantity of 500 μl of infected , undiluted sample in the apical cap . the bacterial titer in the buffer in the lower chamber was determined by serial dilutions and plating onto selective media ( thallium acetate agar ). thallium acetate ( ta ) agar plates were prepared using the following ingredients : three serial dilutions were made for each specimen to quantify colony - forming units ( cfus ) of e . faecalis on ta agar plates . fifty microliter aliquots from each diluted samples were plated on ta agar plates . all plates were incubated overnight at 37 ° c . e . faecalis colonies appear as reddish - purple colonies on ta agar plates . each red - purple colony was counted under magnification as an e . faecalis cfu . our positive control that was infected canals rinsed with 3 ml pbsg without the use of instruments or brushes , showed an average of 1 . 84 × 106 cfu / ml . the groups in which the instruments or brushes were used all showed a reduction in cfu / ml ( table . 1 ). when examining the reduction of cfu / ml , instrument a of the present invention reduced the cfu &# 39 ; s the most at 1 . 81 × 105 cfu / ml followed by brush c at 2 . 46 × 105 cfu / ml . the least reduction of cfu was seen with brush b at 6 . 52 × 105 cfu / ml . statistical analysis was performed using the bonferroni method . the tests show that there were statistically significant differences between instrument a ( group 3 ) and the positive control ( group 2 ) ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 ). while a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been given , it should be appreciated that many variations can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims .
an instrument for cleaning canals during endodontic procedures is presented . the instrument is formed in one piece from a stiff polymeric material . the instrument features a handle , a measuring shaft , and a tapering shank with raised polymeric projections along its length . the present invention is designed without the use of bristles that conventional brushes contain . the raised polymeric projections include fins that may be oriented parallel to or transverse to the axis of the instrument to provide multidirectional cleaning capability . the instrument is stiff enough to penetrate a canal and mechanically scrub and scrape canal surfaces , but flexible enough to negotiate the curves of the canal .