the preferred active compounds of the present invention are nicotine , clemastine , testosterone , estradiol , progesterone , fluoxetine , and piroxicam in their nonionized form or as the free base of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof ( provided , for the aerosol or spray compositions , they are soluble in the spray solvent ), as well as , where appropriate the esters or triglycerides thereof . these compounds are soluble in the non - polar solvents of the invention at useful concentrations or can be prepared as pastes at useful concentrations . these concentrations may be less than the standard accepted dose for these compounds since there is enhanced absorption of the compounds through the oral mucosa . this aspect of the invention is especially important when there is a large ( 40 - 99 . 99 %) first pass effect . as propellants for the sprays , propane , n - butane , iso - butane , n - pentane , iso - pentane , and neo - pentane , and mixtures thereof may be used . n - butane and iso - butane , as single gases , are the preferred propellants . it is permissible for the propellant to have a water content of no more than 0 . 2 %, typically 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 %. ( all percentages herein are by weight unless otherwise indicated .) it is also preferable that the propellant be synthetically produced to minimize the presence of contaminants which are harmful to the active compounds . these contaminants include oxidizing agents , reducing agents , lewis acids or bases , and water . the concentration of each of these should be less than 0 . 1 %, except that water may be as high as 0 . 2 %. suitable solvents for the capsules include the spray solvents listed above , as well as c 2 - c 24 ! fatty acid c 2 - c 6 esters , including the triglycerides . similarly , water is not a suitable solvent component in the spray compositions . when the capsule fill is a paste , other liquid components may be used instead of the above low molecular weight solvents . these include soya oil , corn oil , other vegetable oils , and c 7 - 18 hydrocarbons of a linear or branched configuration , and their alcohols and their fatty acid esters and triglycerides . it is expected that some glycerin and water used to make the gelatin shell will migrate from the shell to the fill during the curing of the shell . likewise , there may be some migration of components from the fill to the shell during curing and even throughout the shelf - life of the capsule . therefore , the values given herein are for the compositions as prepared , it being within the scope of the invention that minor variations will occur . the preferred flavoring agents are synthetic or natural oil of peppermint , oil of spearmint , citrus oil , fruit flavors , sweeteners ( sugars , aspartame , saccharin , etc . ), and combinations thereof . the active substances include the active compounds selected from the group consisting of alkaloids , anti histamines , steroid hormones , non - steroidal anti - inflammatories , analgesics and anti - depressants , benzo - diazepines , such as tamezepam . clemastine hydrogen fumarate is a known ( tavist ®, sandoz ) anti - histamine . both the spray and capsule of the invention advantageously coat the oral mucosa with an immediately available dose of clemastine which can be rapidly absorbed . this is highly desirable , as during an acute asthma attack . nicotine is a component of tobacco products which is considered addictive . smokers wishing to stop smoking have a dual problem . first , is the addictive properties of nicotine itself . second , is that the habit is associated with smoking activities , i . e ., puffing , inhaling , etc . both the spray and capsule of the invention dissociate these two problems . by presenting nicotine in a form which can be readily absorbed , the spray and capsule allow the smoker to temporarily continue nicotine use but terminate smoking . once the habit of smoking is stopped , the former smoker can then be weaned off nicotine use , as by less frequent use and / or by use of a lower concentration spray or capsule . advantageously , during this regimen , the user is exposed to none of the carcinogens present in tobacco smoke . testosterone is a hormone produced by gonadal cells . testosterone , especially the esters thereof ( e . g ., acetate , propionate , enanthate , and cypionate ), is used in the treatment of hypogonadism . estradiol is an estrogen steroid secreted from the ovaries . estradiol , especially the esters thereof ( e . g ., diacetate , and benzoate ), is used as estrogen replacement therapy , especially in post - menopausal women . progesterone is a hormone produced by the corpus luteum . fluoxetine is an antidepressant also known as prozac . piroxicam is a known ( feldene ®, pfizer ) anti - inflammatory . the formulations of the present invention comprise an active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . the term &# 34 ; pharmaceutically acceptable salts &# 34 ; refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non - toxic acids or bases including organic and inorganic acids or bases . when an active compound of the present invention is acidic , salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non - toxic bases . salts derived from all stable forms of inorganic bases include aluminum , ammonium , calcium , copper , iron , lithium , magnesium , manganese , potassium , sodium , zinc , etc . particularly preferred are the ammonium , calcium , magnesium , potassium , and sodium salts . salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non - toxic bases include salts of primary , secondary , and tertiary amines , substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines , cyclic amines and basic ion - exchange resins such as arginine , betaine , caffeine , choline , n , n &# 39 ;- dibenzylethylenediamine , diethylamine , 2 - diethylaminoethanol , 2 - dimethylaminoethanol , ethanolamine , ethylenediamine , n - ethylmorpholine , n - ethylpiperidine , glucamine , glucosamine , histidine , isopropylamine , lysine , methylglucosamine , morpholine , piperazine , piperidine , polyamine resins , procaine , purine , theobromine , triethylamine , trimethylamine , tripropylamine , etc . when an active compound of the present invention is basic , salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non - toxic acids . such acids include acetic , benzenesulfonic , benzoic , camphorsulfonic , citric , ethane - sulfonic , fumaric , gluconic , glutamic , hydrobromic , hydrochloric , isethionic , lactic , maleic , mandelic , methanesulfonic , mucic , nitric , pamoic , pantothenic , phosphoric , succinic , sulfuric , tartaric , p - toluenesulfonic , etc . particularly preferred are citric , hydrobromic , maleic , phosphoric , sulfuric , and tartaric acids . in the discussion of methods of treatment herein , reference to the active compounds is meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof . while certain formulations are set forth herein , the actual amounts to be administered to the mammal or man in need of same are to be determined by the treating physician . the invention is further defined by reference to the following examples , which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting . ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________propellant 50 - 95 % 55 - 85 % 65 - 80 % non - polar solvent 5 - 50 % 15 - 45 % 20 - 35 % clemastine base 0 . 12 - 10 % 0 . 25 - 6 . 25 % 0 . 25 - 5 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 3 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 2 - 2 % ______________________________________ it is particularly preferred to formulate the spray delivering 1 . 0 mg / activation formulation : ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________propellant 50 - 95 % 55 - 85 % 65 - 80 % non - polar solvent 5 - 50 % 15 - 45 % 20 - 35 % nicotine 0 . 125 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 25 - 1 . 75 % 0 . 25 - 1 . 25 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 3 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ it is particularly preferred to formulate the spray delivering 0 . 5 mg / activation : ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________propellant 50 - 95 % 55 - 85 % 65 - 80 % non - polar solvent 5 - 50 % 15 - 45 % 20 - 35 % testosterone * 0 . 125 - 25 % 2 . 5 - 20 % 5 - 12 . 5 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 3 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * or esters thereof , preferably , the acetate , propionate , and enenthate esters it is particularly preferred to formulate the spray delivering 4 mg / activation : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________ butane 67 % miglyol 20 . 25 % testosterone 12 . 5 % peppermint 0 . 25 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________propellant 50 - 75 % 55 - 85 % 75 - 99 % non - polar solvent 25 - 50 % 15 - 45 % 20 - 35 % estradiol * 0 . 0025 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 025 - 1 . 5 % 0 . 125 - 1 . 0 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 3 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * or esters thereof , preferably , the diacetate and benzoate esters ______________________________________ amount______________________________________ butane 67 % miglyol 32 . 4 % estradiol 0 . 31 % peppermint 0 . 25 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________propellant 50 - 75 % 55 - 85 % 65 - 80 % non - polar solvent 25 - 50 % 15 - 45 % 20 - 35 % progesterone 0 . 0025 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 025 - 2 . 0 % 0 . 125 - 0 . 5 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 3 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ it is particularly preferred to formulate the spray delivering 0 . 32 mg / activation : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________ butane 67 % miglyol 31 . 2 % progesterone 1 . 0 % spearmint 0 . 5 % ______________________________________ a paste containing bite capsule of the invention comprises the following fill formulation : ______________________________________ preferred most - preferred amount amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 75 - 99 % 90 - 98 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % clemastine fumarate * 0 . 0003 - 1 . 85 % 0 . 003 - 0 . 74 % 0 . 018 - 0 . 185 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * as paste it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for the 1 . 34 mg capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________soya oil 91 . 4 % lecithin 5 . 88 % clemastine fumarate 0 . 50 % for 1 . 34 mg . orange aroma 1 . 04 % citron oil 0 . 81 % na - saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 55 - 99 % 66 - 97 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentstestosterone * 0 . 01 - 3 . 7 % 0 . 37 - 2 . 96 % 0 . 7 - 1 . 85 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * or esters thereof , preferably , the acetate , propionate , and enenthate esters it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for 5 mg capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________miglyol 90 . 1 % lecithin 5 . 88 % testosterone 1 . 8 % orange aroma 1 . 04 % citron oil 0 . 81 % na - saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 65 - 99 % 85 - 98 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentsestradiol * 0 . 0003 - 1 . 85 % 0 . 003 - 0 . 74 % 0 . 018 - 0 . 185 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * or esters thereof , preferably , the diacetate and benzoate esters it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for 0 . 5 mg capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________miglyol 91 . 71 % lecithin 5 . 88 % estradiol 0 . 18 for 0 . 5 mg capsulesorange aroma 1 . 04 % citron oil 0 . 81 % na saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 55 - 99 % 75 - 98 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentsprogesterone 0 . 0003 - 3 . 7 % 0 . 0003 - 2 . 7 % 0 . 74 - 1 . 85 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for a 3 mg capsule : ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 75 - 99 . 8 % 75 - 99 . 8 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentsfluoxetine * hcl ** 0 . 018 - 9 . 25 % 0 . 37 - 3 . 7 % 0 . 74 - 3 . 7 %** flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 3 % 0 . 5 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * if used as the free base , it will be a solution , at least in part ** as a paste . it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for a 5 mg capsule : ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 75 - 99 . 8 % 75 - 99 . 8 % 85 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentspiroxicam 0 . 018 - 9 . 25 % 0 . 37 - 3 . 7 % 0 . 74 - 3 . 7 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 3 % 0 . 5 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for a 5 mg capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________soya oil 91 . 07 % lecithin 5 . 88 % piroxicam 1 . 85 % oil of citron 0 . 81 % na saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 30 - 99 . 8 % 35 - 99 . 8 % 40 - 99 . 5 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentsnicotine * 0 . 018 - 0 . 74 % 0 . 037 - 0 . 37 % 0 . 37 - 0 . 20 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 60 % 0 . 1 - 55 % 0 . 5 - 50 % ______________________________________ * or as nicotine sulfate it is particularly preferred to formulate the fill for a 0 . 5 mg capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________soya oil 46 . 67 % chocolate powder 46 . 67 % lecithin 6 . 105 % peppermint oil 0 . 185 % na saccharine 0 . 185 % nicotine 0 . 185 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 65 - 99 % 50 - 98 % 70 - 98 % clemastine fumarate * 0 . 01 - 1 . 85 % 0 . 03 - 0 . 74 % 0 . 018 - 0 . 185 % phenylpropanolamine 1 - 30 % 1 . 5 - 20 % 1 . 8 - 10 % hcl * flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % emulsifier / wettingagent 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % ______________________________________ * present as paste . it is particularly preferred to formulate the composition fill for a clemastine fumarate 1 . 34 mg / 25 mg phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride bite capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________non - polar solvent : soya 82 . 20 % lecithin 5 . 88 % clemastine fumarate 0 . 50 % phenylpropanolamine hcl 9 . 20 % orange aroma 1 . 04 % oil of citrus 0 . 81 % na saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________ ______________________________________ most - preferred amount preferred amount amount______________________________________non - polar solvent 50 - 95 % 55 - 90 % 60 - 85 % emulsifier / wetting 0 - 20 % 0 - 15 % 0 - 10 % agentclemastine fumarate * 0 . 01 - 1 . 85 % 0 . 03 - 0 . 74 % 0 . 05 - 0 . 185 % pseudoephedrine hcl * 3 - 30 % 5 - 25 % 10 - 23 % flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % 0 . 1 - 2 . 5 % ______________________________________ * present as paste . it is particularly preferred to formulate the composition fill for a 1 . 34 mg clemastine fumarate / 60 mg pseudoephedrine hcl capsule : ______________________________________ amount______________________________________non - polar solvent : soya 69 . 18 % lecithin 5 . 88 % clemastine fumarate 0 . 50 % phenylpropanolamine hcl 22 . 22 % orange aroma 1 . 04 % oil of citrus 0 . 81 % na saccharine 0 . 37 % ______________________________________
a buccal aerosol spray or capsule using a non - polar solvent has now been developed which provides biologically active compounds for rapid absorption through the oral mucosa , resulting in fast onset of effect . the buccal aerosol spray of the invention comprises formulation i : propellant 50 - 95 %, non - polar solvent 5 - 50 %, active compound 0 . 001 - 15 %, flavoring agent 00 . 05 - 5 %. the soft bite gelatin capsule of the invention comprises formulation ii : non - polar solvent 55 - 99 . 8 %, emulsifier 0 - 20 %, active compound 0 . 001 - 25 %, and flavoring agent 0 . 05 - 5 . 0 %.