where a range of values is provided , it is understood that each intervening value , to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise , between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention . the upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention , subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range . where the stated range includes one or both of the limits , ranges excluding either both of those included limits are also included in the invention . unless defined otherwise , all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs . although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention , the preferred methods and materials are now described . it must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims , the singular forms “ a ,” “ and ” and “ the ” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise . as used herein , the term “ modulate ” means to alter the rate of a process such as , for example , weed growth . modulation can include either an increase or a decrease in rate . in certain embodiments , modulation of weed growth results in decreased growth , or even death , of the weed . the terms “ synergy ,” “ synergism ,” “ synergistic ” and “ synergistically ” refer to a process in which two or more components having similar or the same activity ( e . g ., phytotoxic , herbicidal ), when used together , have an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual activities . thus , for example , a synergistic herbicidal effect results when a combination of two herbicides produces a greater effect than would be expected if the two herbicides acted independently . an “ analogue ,” for the purposes of the present disclosure , refers to a compound that is structurally similar to a reference compound . analogues can be synthesized , for example , by using a backbone of a reference compound as starting material and adding , either randomly or in a prescribed fashion , additional functional groups . alternatively , the reference compound itself can be chemically modified , either randomly or in prescribed fashion , to generate one or more analogues . an analogue can also be purified or isolated from natural sources . an analogue can have greater , the same , or lesser functional activity as compared to the reference compound from which it is derived . as used herein , “ substrate ” refers to a surface or medium in which a plant grows . substrate includes , but is not limited to , soil , an artificial growth surface or medium , water , and sediment . the sarmentine and / or its analogues used in the methods and compositions of the present invention may have the following structure : in which x includes but is not limited to sulfur , phosphorus , boron or carbon ; y includes but is not limited to carbon , oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur , boron or phosphorous ; r 1 includes but is not limited to hydrogen , hydroxyl , halogen , alkyl , alkoxy , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , aromatic , arylalkyl , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl ; r 2 includes but is not limited to hydrogen , hydroxyl , halogen , alkyl , alkoxy , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , aromatic , arylalkyl , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl ; r 3 includes but is not limited to hydrogen , hydroxyl , halogen , alkyl , alkoxy , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , aromatic , arylalkyl , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl ; or wherein r 2 + r 3 + y can be a cyclic or heterocyclyl ring containing 4 - 50 atoms . each of these is optionally substituted . as used herein , the term “ alkyl ” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon radical which may be straight - chain or branched - chain ( e . g ., ethyl , isopropyl , t - amyl , or 2 , 5 - dimethylhexyl , etc .). this definition applies both when the term is used alone and when it is used as part of a compound term . the terms “ cycloalkyl ” and “ cycloalkenyl ” refer to a saturated hydrocarbon ring and includes bicyclic and polycyclic rings . similarly , cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups having a heteroatom ( e . g ., n , o , or s ) in place of a carbon ring atom may be referred to as “ heterocycloalkyl ” or “ heterocyclyl ,” and “ heterocycloalkylene ,” respectively . the term “ alkenyl ” as used herein refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a double bond . similarly , the term “ alkynyl ” as used herein refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a triple bond . the term “ alkoxy ” refers to an alkyl radical as described above which also bears an oxygen substituent which is capable of covalent attachment to another hydrocarbon radical ( such as , for example , methoxy , ethoxy , aryloxy , and t - butoxy ). the term “ aryl ” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic substituent which may be a single ring or multiple rings which are fused together , linked covalently or linked to a common group such as an ethylene or methylene moiety . aryl groups having a heteroatom ( e . g ., n , o , or s ) in place of a carbon ring atom are referred to as “ heteroaryl .” the terms “ arylalkyl ,” “ arylalkenyl ,” and “ aryloxyalkyl ” refer to an aryl radical attached directly to an alkyl group , an alkenyl group , or an oxygen atom which is attached to an alkyl group , respectively . for brevity , aryl as part of a combined term as above is meant to include heteroaryl as well . the term “ halo ” or “ halogen ,” by itself or as part of another substituent , means , unless otherwise stated , a fluorine , chlorine , bromine , or iodine atom . additionally , terms such as “ haloalkyl ” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl . the term “ hetero ” as used in a “ heteroatom - containing alkyl group ” ( i . e ., a “ heteroalkyl ” group ) or a “ heteroatom - containing aryl group ” ( i . e ., a “ heteroaryl ” group ) refers to a molecule , linkage , or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced with an atom other than carbon , e . g ., nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur , phosphorus , or silicon . wherein r 1 is an alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , herterocyclyl , aromatic , aryl group , nh - substituted , or n , n - substituted group . in certain embodiments , r 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl moiety containing from 4 to 20 atoms and preferably from 6 to 12 atoms . in more specific embodiments , r 1 is a c 5 - 15 alkyl or c 5 - 15 alkenyl group . in yet more specific embodiments , r 1 is a c 6 - 12 alkyl or c 6 - 12 alkenyl group . possible alkenyl moieties include but are not limited to linear alkenyl fatty acids , branched alkenyl fatty acids , cycloalkenyl substituted fatty acids ( e . g ., cyclohexenylpropanoic acid , cyclohexenylbutanoic acid , cyclohexenylpentanoic acid and so on ), and heterocycloalkenyl ( e . g ., 4 -[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydropyridinyl ] butanoic acid ). wherein r 1 is an alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , herterocyclyl , aromatic , aryl group , nh - substituted , or n , n - substituted group , the length of r 1 chain can be from 4 to 20 atoms , the preferred length will be from 6 to 12 atoms ; wherein r 2 and r 3 are alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , aromatic , arylalkyl , heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ; or alternatively r 2 + r 3 + n can be an n - containing heterocyclic or herteroaryl ring consisting of between 3 - 18 atoms and preferably between 5 to 8 atoms . in certain embodiments , a sarmentine analogue has substantially the same activity as sarmentine . as defined herein “ substantially the same activity as sarmentine ” means at least about 80 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine and preferably at least about 90 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine and even more preferably at least about 95 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine and still more preferably at least 99 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine . the sarmentine analogue can also have better activity than sarmentine . for example , the sarmentine analogue may have at least about 105 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine , 110 % of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine , and 120 %, 130 %, 140 %, 150 %, and so forth , of the herbicidal activity of sarmentine . one of skill in the art will appreciate that materials for weed or phytopathogen management as disclosed herein can include not only sarmentine , but any sarmentine analogue . sarmentine analogues in these materials can be natural and / or synthesized . in certain embodiments , sarmentine analogues are obtained from plants , fungi , bacteria and soils . in particular embodiments , sarmentine and its analogues used in the methods and compositions disclosed herein are obtained from the fruits , leaves , stems and roots of any piper species . in more particular embodiments , non - limiting examples of piper species that can contain sarmentine and / or sarmentine analogues include but are not limited to the following species , such as piper aborescens , p . acutisleginum , p . aduncum , p . amalago , p . argyrophylum , p . attenuatum , p . augustum , p . auranticaum , p . auritum , p . austrosinense t ., p . arboricola c . dc ., p . banksii , p . bartlingianum , p . betle l ., p . boehmeriifolium var . tonkinense c . dc ., p . brachystachyum , p . callosum , p . chaba , p . chiadoense , p . cubeba l ., p . damiaoshaneense , p . demeraranum , p . falconeri , p . futokadsura , p . guayranum , p . guineense , p . hainanense hemsl . in f . b . forbes and hemsl ., p . hamiltonii , p . hancei maxim ., p . khasiana , p . kadsura ( choisy ) ohwi , p . laetispicum c . dc ., p . longum l ., p . longum var . (“ round peepal ”), p . macropodum , p . manii , p . marginatum p . martinii c . dc ., p . methysticum , p . nepalense , p . novae hollandiae , p . nigrum l ., p . nudibaccatum y . c . tseng , p . officinarum , p . peepuloides , p . pedicellosum , p . ponesheense c . dc ., p . puberulilimbum c . dc ., p . puberulum ( benth .) maxim ., p . pubicatulum c . dc ., p . ridleyi , p . rugosum , p . retrofractum vahl , p . ribesioides , p . sanctum , p . sarmentosum r ., p . schmidtii , p . semiimmersum c . dc ., p . sintenense , p . spirei c . dc ., p . syvaticum , p . thomsoni , p . verruscosum , p . trichostachyon , p . wallichii ( miq . ), p . wightii . see , for example , parma , v . et al ., phytochem . 1998 ( 49 ) 1069 - 1078 . sarmentine can also be found in grape ( vitis sp .) seeds . sarmentine analogues can also be obtained from microorganisms such as actinomycetes . see , for example , cho , j . et al ., j . nat . prod ., 2007 ( 70 ) 1321 - 1328 ; and askolar , r . et al ., j . nat . prod ., 2006 ( 69 ), 1756 - 1759 . sarmentine and sarmentine analogues can be extracted and purified by any physical and / or chemical means , e . g ., from piper longum , using procedures set forth in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 466 , 192 ( the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for this purpose ), or using procedures known in the art . see , for example , likhitwitayawuid , k . et al ., tetrahedron 1987 ( 43 ) 3689 - 3694 ; and kiuchi , f . et al ., chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin 1988 ( 36 ): 2452 . in a particular embodiment , a piper longum sample is subjected to extraction with an alkyl alcohol , preferably methanol . the extract is then fractionated by , for example , column chromatography , more particularly by hplc , and fractions containing sarmentine are identified by , for example bioassay . sarmentine and sarmentine analogues can also be chemically synthesized using , for example , the method set forth in bernabeu , m . et al ., tetrahedron letter , 1995 ( 36 ) 3901 . in certain embodiments , the methods and compositions of the present invention use or contain the compound sarmentine , also known as n -( 2e , 4e - decadienoyl ) pyrrolidine . natural sarmentine can exist , e . g ., in plant extracts or in a purified form . sarmentine analogues include , but are not limited to , n -( decanoyl ) pyrrolidine , n -( decenoyl ) pyrrolidine , n -( decanoyl ) piperidine , n -( trans - cinnamoyl ) pyrrolidine , ( 2e , 4z - decadienoyl ) pyrrolidine , n -( decenoyl ) piperidine , ( 2e , 4z - decadienoyl ) piperidine , ( 2e , 4z - decadienoyl ) hexamethyleneimine , n -( decenoyl ) hexamethyleneimine , n -( decanoyl ) hexamethyleneimine , decanoic acid and 2e - decenoic acid . sarmentine and / or sarmentine analogue - containing herbicidal compositions ( also alternatively referred to as “ formulations ”) can be formulated in any form and by any method known in the art . non - limiting examples of formulations include emulsifiable concentrates ( ec ), wettable powders ( wp ), soluble liquids ( sl ), aerosols , ultra - low volume concentrate solutions ( ulv ), soluble powders ( sp ), microencapsulations , water dispersed granules , flowables ( fl ), microemulsions ( me ), nano - emulsions ( ne ), etc . in any formulation described herein , the percentage of sarmentine and / or its analogues is within a range of 0 . 01 % to 99 . 99 %. in a particular embodiment , a formulation may be free of surfactants . the compositions disclosed herein can further comprise a carrier and / or diluent . the term , ‘ carrier ’ as used herein means an inert , organic or inorganic material , with which the active ingredient is mixed or formulated to facilitate its application to the soil , seed , plant or other object to be treated , or to facilitate its storage , transport and / or handling . examples of carriers that can be used for application of a composition to a growth substrate include , but are not limited to , active charcoal , corn gluten meal , soybean meal , vermiculite , bentonite , kaolinite , wheat germ , almond hulls , cottonseed meal , fuller &# 39 ; s earth , orange pulp , rice hulls , sawdust , gum arabic , etc . if desired , plant essential oils such as cinnamon , clove , thyme ( eugenol as active ingredient ), wintergreen , soy methyl ester , citronella , pine oil , citrus oil ( 1 - limonene as active ingredient ) and the like , can be included in the carrier . the active ingredient , either by itself or in the presence of a carrier , can be dissolved in , for example , an aqueous solution ( e . g ., water ) or an organic solvent such as ethanol , formic acid or methanol . sarmentine and certain of its analogues can be oxidized because of the presence of two conjugated double bonds . this is exemplified by the fact that sarmentine can function as an in vivo antioxidant for photoaged skin . cornacchione , s . et al ., j . drugs in dermatol . 2007 ( 6 suppl ) s8 - 13 . therefore , in certain embodiments , the compositions disclosed herein comprise an antioxidant to enhance herbicidal activity . non - limiting examples of antioxidants include alpha - tocopherol , beta - carotene , ascorbic acid , zinc oxide , titanium oxide , gynostemma pentaphyllum extract , vaccinium angustifolium ( blueberry ) fruit extract , pinus strobus bark extract , rhaponticin , plankton extract , monostroma sp . extract , algae extract , venuceane , and rosmarinic acid . in certain embodiments , the herbicidal compositions disclosed herein additionally comprise one or more anti - phytopathogenic agents such as , for example , insecticides , fungicides , nematicides , viricides and / or bactericides . in these embodiments the compositions possess both herbicidal and anti - phytopathogenic activities , and can therefore be used in methods for controlling both weeds and plant pathogens . examples of phytopathogens that can be controlled using the compositions and methods disclosed herein include but are not limited to plant viruses , phytopathogenic fungi or bacteria , insects and nematodes . in certain embodiments , viruses include but are not limited to tmv , tobacco or cucumber mosaic virus , ringspot virus , necrosis virus , and maize dwarf mosaic virus . phytopathogenic fungi include but are not limited to fusarium sp ., botrytis sp ., monilinia sp ., colletotrichum sp , verticillium sp . ; microphomina sp ., phytophtora sp ., mucor sp ., rhizoctonia sp ., geotrichum sp ., phoma sp ., and penicillium sp . phytopathognic bacteria include but are not limited to bacillus sp . and xanthomonas sp . nematodes that can be controlled using the compositions and method of the present disclosure include but are not limited to parasitic nematodes such as root - knot , cyst , and lesion nematodes , including heterodera and globodera sp . ; particularly globodera rostochiensis and g . pailida ( potato cyst nematodes ); heterodera glycines ( soybean cyst nematode ); h . schachtii ( beet cyst nematode ); and h . avenae ( cereal cyst nematode ). phytopathogenic insects controlled using the compositions and methods of the present disclosure include but are not limited to insects from the order ( a ) lepidoptera , for example , acleris sp ., adoxophyes sp ., aegeria sp ., agrotis sp ., alabama argillaceae , amylois sp ., anticarsia gemmatalis , archips sp ., argyrotaenia sp ., autographa sp ., busseola fusca , cadra cautella , carposina nipponensis , chilo sp ., choristoneura sp ., clysia ambiguella , cnaphalocrocis sp ., cnephasia sp ., cochylis sp ., coleophora sp ., crocidolomia binotalis , cryptophlebia leucotreta , cydia sp ., diatraea sp ., diparopsis castanea , earias sp ., ephestia sp ., eucosma sp ., eupoecilia ambiguella , euproctis sp ., euxoa sp ., grapholita sp ., hedya nubiferana , heliothis sp ., hellula undalis , hyphantria cunea , keiferia lycopersicella , leucoptera scitella , lithocollethis sp ., lobesia botrana , lymantria sp ., lyonetia sp ., malacosoma sp ., mamestra brassicae , manduca sexta , operophtera sp ., ostrinia nubilalis , pammene sp ., pandemis sp ., panolis flammea , pectinophora gossypiella , phthorimaea operculella , pieris rapae , pieris sp ., plutella xylostella , prays sp ., scirpophaga sp ., sesamia sp ., sparganothis sp , spodoptera sp , synanthedon sp ., thaumetopoea sp ., tortrix sp ., trichoplusia ni and yponomeuta sp . ; ( b ) coleoptera , for example , agriotes sp ., anthonomus sp ., atomaria linearis , chaetocnema tibialis , cosmopolites sp ., curculio sp ., dermestes sp ., diabrotica sp ., epilachna sp ., eremnus sp ., leptinotarsa decemlineata , lissorhoptrus sp ., melolontha sp ., orycaephilus sp ., otiorhynchus sp ., phlyctinus sp ., popillia sp ., psylliodes sp ., rhizopertha sp ., scarabeidae , sitophilus sp ., sitotroga sp ., tenebrio sp ., tribolium sp . and trogoderma sp . ; ( c ) orthoptera , for example , blatta sp ., blattella sp ., gryllotalpa sp ., leucophaea maderae , locusta sp ., periplaneta sp . and schistocerca sp . ; ( d ) isoptera , for example , reticulitermes sp . ; ( e ) psocoptera , for example , liposcelis sp . ; ( f ) anoplura , for example , haematopinus sp ., linognathus sp ., pediculus sp ., pemphigus sp . and phylloxera sp . ; ( g ) mallophaga , for example , damalinea sp . and trichodectes sp . ; ( h ) thysanoptera , for example , frankliniella sp ., hercinotnrips sp ., taeniothrips sp ., thrips palmi , thrips tabaci and scirtothrips aurantii ; ( i ) heteroptera , for example , cimex sp ., distantiella theobroma , dysdercus sp ., euchistus sp ., eurygaster sp ., leptocorisa sp ., nezara sp ., piesma sp ., rhodnius sp ., sahlbergella singularis , scotinophara sp . and tniatoma sp . ; ( j ) homoptera , for example , aleurothrixus floccosus , aleyrodes brassicae , aonidiella sp ., aphididae , aphis sp ., aspidiotus sp ., bemisia tabaci , ceroplaster sp ., chrysomphalus aonidium , chrysomphalus dictyospermi , coccus hesperidum , empoasca sp ., eriosoma larigerum , erythroneura sp ., gascardia sp ., laodelphax sp ., lecanium corni , lepidosaphes sp ., macrosiphus sp ., myzus sp ., nephotettix sp ., nilaparvata sp ., paratoria sp ., pemphigus sp ., planococcus sp ., pseudaulacaspis sp ., pseudococcus sp ., psylla sp ., pulvinaria aethiopica , quadraspidiotus sp ., rhopalosiphum sp ., saissetia sp ., scaphoideus sp ., schizaphis sp ., sitobion sp ., trialeurodes vaporariorum , trioza erytreae and unaspis citri ; ( k ) hymenoptera , for example , acromyrmex , atta sp ., cephus sp ., diprion sp ., diprionidae , gilpinia polytoma , hoplocampa sp ., lasius sp ., monomorium pharaonis , neodiprion sp ., solenopsis sp . and vespa sp . ; ( l ) diptera , for example , aedes sp ., antherigona soccata , bibio hortulanus , calliphora erythrocephala , ceratitis sp ., chrysomyia sp ., culex sp ., cuterebra sp ., dacus sp ., drosophila melanogaster , fannia sp ., gastrophilus sp ., glossina sp ., hypoderma sp ., hyppobosca sp ., liriomyza sp ., lucilia sp ., melanagromyza sp ., musca sp ., oestrus sp ., orseolia sp ., oscinella frit , pegomyia hyoscyami , phorbia sp ., rhagoletis pomonella , sciara sp ., stomoxys sp ., tabanus sp ., tannia sp . and tipula sp . ; ( m ) siphonaptera , for example , ceratophyllus sp . and xenopsylla cheopis and ( n ) from the order thysanura , for example , lepisma saccharina . the compositions and methods disclosed herein can further be used for controlling crucifer flea beetles ( phyllotreta sp . ), root maggots ( delia sp . ), cabbage seedpod weevil ( ceutorhynchus sp .) and aphids in oil seed crops such as canola ( rape ), mustard seed , and hybrids thereof , and also rice and maize . the compositions disclosed herein can further comprise an additional fungicidal agent such as myclobutanil , fenhexamide , azoxystrobin , azoxystrobin combination , boscalid , bacillus subtilis , copper sulfate , chlorothalonil , copper hydroxide , cymoxanil , dimethomorph , dechloropropene , fosetyl - aluminum , fludioxonil , fenamidone , iprodione , mefenoxam , mancozeb , metalaxyl , metam sodium , potassium bicarbonate , pyraclostrobin , propiconazole , propicocarb , thiram , thiabendazole , thiophanate - methyl , trifloxystrobin , vinclozolin , sulfur , and / or ziram . they can also include antibacterial agents such as , for example , streptomycin and oxytetracycline . the percentage of sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue in any of these compositions can be within a range of 0 . 01 % to 99 . 99 %. non - limiting examples of natural herbicides that can be used with sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue include but are not limited to catechin , ellagic acid , sorgoleone , juglone , ceratiolin , leptospermone , thaxtomin , acetic acid , citric acid , iron chelate , phoma macrostoma , bialophos , usnic acid , 1 , 8 - cineole , geranial , neral , cinmethylin , solstitiolide , ailanthone , chaparrine , ailanthinol b , hydroxamic acids , glucohirsutin , hirsutin , arabin , and meta - tyrosine . in other embodiments , non - limiting examples of synthetic herbicides that can be used with sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue include but are not limited to aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides ( e . g ., chlorazifop , clodinafop , clofop , cyhalofop , diclofop , fenoxaprop , fenoxaprop - p , fenthiaprop , fluazifop , fluazifop - p , haloxyfop , haloxyfop - p , isoxapyrifop , metamifop , propaquizafop , quizalofop , quizalofop - p and trifop ); benzoic acid herbicides ( e . g ., chloramben , dicamba , 2 , 3 , 6 - tba and tricamba ); benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides ( e . g ., benfuresate and ethofumesate ); benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides ( e . g ., mesotrione , sulcotrione , tefuryltrione and tembotrione ); carbamate herbicides ( e . g ., asulam , carboxazole chlorprocarb , dichlormate , fenasulam , karbutilate and terbucarb ); carbanilate herbicides ( e . g ., barban , bcpc , carbasulam , carbetamide , cepc , chlorbufam , chlorpropham , cppc , desmedipham , phenisopham , phenmedipham , phenmedipham - ethyl , propham ); cyclohexene oxime herbicides ( e . g ., alloxydim , butroxydim , clethodim , cloproxydim , cycloxydim , profoxydim , sethoxydim , tepraloxydim and tralkoxydim ); cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides ( e . g ., isoxachlortole and isoxaflutole ); dicarboximide herbicides ( e . g ., benzfendizone , cinidon - ethyl , flumezin , flumiclorac , flumioxazin and flumipropyn ); dinitroaniline herbicides ( e . g ., benfluralin , butralin , dinitramine , ethalfluralin , fluchloralin , isopropalin , methalpropalin , nitralin , oryzalin , pendimethalin , prodiamine , profluralin and trifluralin ); dinitrophenol herbicides ( e . g ., dinofenate , dinoprop , dinosam , dinoseb , dinoterb , dnoc , etinofen and medinoterb ); dithiocarbamate herbicides ( e . g ., dazomet and metam ; halogenated aliphatic herbicides such as alorac , chloropon , dalapon , flupropanate , hexachloroacetone , iodomethane , methyl bromide , monochloroacetic acid , sma and tca ); imidazolinone herbicides ( e . g ., imazamethabenz , imazamox , imazapic , imazapyr , imazaquin and imazethapyr ); inorganic herbicides ( e . g ., ammonium sulfamate , borax , calcium chlorate , copper sulfate , ferrous sulfate , potassium azide , potassium cyanate , sodium azide , sodium chlorate and sulfuric acid ); nitrophenyl ether herbicides ( e . g ., acifluorfen , aclonifen , bifenox , chlomethoxyfen , chlornitrofen , etnipromid , fluorodifen , fluoroglycofen , fluoronitrofen , fomesafen , furyloxyfen , halosafen , lactofen , nitrofen , nitrofluorfen and oxyfluorfen ); nitrile herbicides ( e . g ., bromobonil , bromoxynil , chloroxynil , dichlobenil , iodobonil , ioxynil and pyraclonil ); organophosphorus herbicides ( e . g ., amiprofos - methyl , anilofos , bensulide , bilanafos , butamifos , 2 , 4 - dep , dmpa , ebep , fosamine , glufosinate , glyphosate and piperophos ); phenoxy herbicides ( e . g ., bromofenoxim , clomeprop , 2 , 4 - deb , 2 , 4 - dep , difenopenten , disul , erbon , etnipromid , fenteracol and trifopsime ); phenoxyacetic herbicides ( e . g ., 4 - cpa , 2 , 4 - d , 3 , 4 - da , mcpa , mcpa - thioethyl and 2 , 4 , 5 - t ); phenoxybutyric herbicides ( e . g ., 4 - cpb , 2 , 4 - db , 3 , 4 - db , mcpb and 2 , 4 , 5 - tb ); phenoxypropionic herbicides ( e . g ., cloprop , 4 - cpp , dichlorprop , dichlorprop - p , 3 , 4 - dp , fenoprop , mecoprop and mecoprop - p ); phenylenediamine herbicides ( e . g ., dinitramine and prodiamine ); picolinic acid herbicides ( e . g ., aminopyralid , clopyralid and picloram ); pyrazolyl herbicides ( e . g ., benzofenap , pyrazolynate , pyrasulfotole , pyrazoxyfen , pyroxasulfone and topramezone ); pyrazolylphenyl herbicides ( e . g ., fluazolate and pyraflufen ; pyridazine herbicides such as credazine , pyridafol and pyridate ); pyridazinone herbicides ( e . g ., brompyrazon , chloridazon , dimidazon , flufenpyr , metflurazon , norflurazon , oxapyrazon and pydanon ); pyridine herbicides ( e . g ., cliodinate , dithiopyr , fluroxypyr , haloxydine , picolinafen , pyriclor , thiazopyr and triclopyr ); pyrimidinediamine herbicides ( e . g ., iprymidam and tioclorim ); quaternary ammonium herbicides ( e . g ., cyperquat , diethamquat , difenzoquat , diquat , morfamquat and paraquat ); pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides ( e . g ., bispyribac and pyriminobac ); thiocarbamate herbicides ( e . g ., butylate , cycloate , di - allate , eptc , esprocarb , ethiolate , isopolinate , methiobencarb , molinate , orbencarb , pebulate , prosulfocarb , pyributicarb , sulfallate , thiobencarb , tiocarbazil , triallate and vemolate ); sulfonamide herbicides ( e . g . asulam , carbasulam , fenasulam , oryzalin , penoxsulam , pyroxsulam ); triazine herbicides ( e . g ., dipropetryn , triaziflam and trihydroxytriazine , atrazine , chlorazine , cyanazine , cyprazine , eglinazine , ipazine , mesoprazine , procyazine , proglinazine , propazine , sebuthylazine , simazine , terbuthylazine and trietazine , atraton , methometon , prometon , secbumeton , simeton and terbumeton ; ametryn , aziprotryne , cyanatryn , desmetryn , dimethametryn , methoprotryne , prometryn , simetryn and terbutryn ); triazinone herbicides ( e . g ., ametridione , amibuzin , hexazinone , isomethiozin , metamitron and metribuzin ); triazolopyrimidine herbicides ( e . g ., chloransulam , diclosulam , florasulam , flumetsulam , metosulam ); urea herbicides ( e . g ., benzthiazuron , cumyluron , cycluron , dichloralurea , diflufenzopyr , isonoruron , isouron , methabenzthiazuron , monisouron and noruron ; anisuron , buturon , chlorbromuron , chloreturon , chlorotoluron , chloroxuron , daimuron , difenoxuron , dimefuron , diuron , fenuron , fluometuron , fluothiuron , isoproturon , linuron , methiuron , methyldymron , metobenzuron , metobromuron , metoxuron , monolinuron , monuron , neburon , parafluron , phenobenzuron , siduron , tetrafluron and thidiazuron ; amidosulfuron , azimsulfuron , bensulfuron , chlorimuron , cyclosulfamuron , ethoxysulfuron , flazasulfuron , flucetosulfuron , flupyrsulfuron , foramsulfuron , halosulfuron , imazosulfuron , mesosulfuron , nicosulfuron , orthosulfamuron , oxasulfuron , primisulfuron , pyrazosulfuron , rimsulfuron , sulfometuron , sulfosulfuron and trifloxysulfuron ; chlorsulfuron , cinosulfuron , ethametsulfuron , iodosulfuron , metsulfuron , prosulfuron , thifensulfuron , triasulfuron , tribenuron , triflusulfuron and tritosulfuron ; buthiuron , ethidimuron , tebuthiuron , thiazafluron and thidiazuron ), etc . in additional embodiments , the methods of the present invention comprise the use of the herbicide paclobutrazol and / or the herbicide amicarbazone , in addition to sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue . paclobutrazol is a plant growth regulator herbicide that interrupts the gibberellic acid ( ga ) synthesis pathway , causing inhibition of cell elongation . amicarbazone is a photosystem ii inhibitor , belonging to the triazolinone class of herbicides . in further embodiments , the compositions disclosed herein comprise the herbicide paclobutrazol and / or the herbicide amicarbazone in combination with sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue . sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue , when used with paclobutrazol or amicarbazone , exerts synergistic herbicidal activity compared to sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analogue alone , or paclobutrazol alone , or amicarbazone alone , against a number of weeds and grasses , including annual bluegrass ( poa annua ), kentucky bluegrass ( poa pratensis ), perennial ryegrass ( lolium perenne ), tall fescue ( festuca arundinacea ) and creeping bentgrass ( agrostis stolonifera ). see examples 1 and 2 infra . the composition and method of the present disclosure will be further illustrated in the following non - limiting examples . the examples are illustrative of various embodiments only and do not limit the claimed invention regarding the materials , conditions , weight ratios , process parameters and the like recited herein . methods for the isolation and purification of sarmentine ; methods for the synthesis of sarmentine analogues , the structures and properties of sarmentine analogues ; data on structure - activity relationships of various sarmentine analogues ; bioassays ; and methods for evaluation of herbicidal activity of sarmentine and sarmentine analogues are provided in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 466 , 192 , the disclosure of which in incorporated by reference in its entirety for the purposes of describing the aforementioned methods , structures , properties , bioassays and data . post - emergent effects of sarmentine and paclobutrazol were evaluated on annual bluegrass ( poa annua ), kentucky bluegrass ( poa pratensis ), and creeping bentgrass ( agrostis stolonifera ). p . annua is among the most common weeds in golf courses , park lawns and other turf areas ; the other species tested represent a range of common turf grass species . paclobutrazol is a plant growth regulator herbicide that interrupts the gibberellic acid ( ga ) synthesis pathway causing inhibition of cell elongation . sarmentine is a contact herbicide with a broad spectrum of activity on both grasses and broadleaves . see , for example , u . s . pat . no . 8 , 466 , 192 . for each of the three species tested , fifteen seedlings at the 1 - 2 leaf stage , in 2 . 5 cm square pots containing plant growth mix , were sprayed with two suboptimal doses of sarmentine , two suboptimal doses of paclobutrazol , or a factorial combination thereof , as shown in tables 1 - 3 . a volume of 40 gal / acre was applied , using a cabinet track sprayer . negative controls were sprayed with water . pots were randomly placed in a growth room at 25 ° c . and 50 % relative humidity , and watered as necessary . treatments were arranged in a 2 k factorial design with three repeat measures and evaluated for fresh weight at 14 days after application . potential synergy was evaluated by calculating the ratio of observed ( e ) to expected ( ee ) percent of control weight , according to colby &# 39 ; s formula . colby ( 1967 ) weeds 15 : 20 - 22 . percent control was calculated in relation to the untreated control ( 0 % control ) with 100 % control denoting no living green tissue remaining at 14 days after treatment . an e / ee score above 1 . 0 indicates a synergistic interaction between two substances . table 1 shows that sarmentine and paclobutrazol have an average e / ee value of 2 . 0 when applied to poa annua , which is indicative of a synergistic herbicidal effect on p . annua . greater control was achieved with the lower concentration of paclobutrazol . table 2 shows that sarmentine and paclobutrazol have an average e / ee value of 2 . 525 when applied to poa pratensis , which is indicative of a synergistic herbicidal effect on p . pratensis . table 3 shows that sarmentine and paclobutrazol have an average e / ee value of 1 . 225 when applied to agrostis stolonifera , which is indicative of a slightly synergistic herbicidal effect on a . stolonifera . synergy is at its highest with low concentrations of paclobutrazol and high concentrations of sarmentine . post - emergent effects of sarmentine and amicarbazone were evaluated on annual bluegrass ( poa annua ), kentucky bluegrass ( poa pratensis ), perennial ryegrass ( lolium perenne ), tall fescue ( festuca arundinacea ) and creeping bentgrass ( agrostis stolonifera ). p . annua is among the most common weeds in golf courses , park lawns and other turf areas ; the other four species tested represent a range of common turf grass species . amicarbazone is a photosystem ii inhibitor , belonging to the triazolinone class of herbicides . as discussed above , sarmentine is a contact herbicide with a broad spectrum of activity on both grasses and broadleaves . for each of the five species tested , fifteen seedlings at the 1 - 2 leaf stage , in 2 . 5 cm square pots containing plant growth mix , were sprayed with two suboptimal doses of sarmentine , two suboptimal doses of amicarbazone , or a factorial combination thereof , as shown in tables 4 - 8 . a volume of 40 gal / acre was applied , using a cabinet track sprayer . negative controls were sprayed with water . pots were randomly placed in a growth room at 25 ° c . and 50 % relative humidity , and watered as necessary . treatments were arranged in a 2 k factorial design with three repeat measures and evaluated for fresh weight at 14 days after application . potential synergy was evaluated by calculating the ratio of observed ( e ) to expected ( ee ) percent of control weight , according to colby &# 39 ; s formula . colby ( 1967 ) weeds 15 : 20 - 22 . percent control was calculated in relation to the untreated control ( 0 % control ) with 100 % control denoting no living green tissue remaining at 14 days after treatment . an e / ee score above 1 . 0 indicates a synergistic interaction between two substances . table 4 shows that sarmentine and amicarbazone have an average e / ee value of 1 . 55 when applied to poa annua , which is indicative of a synergistic herbicidal effect on p . annua . table 5 shows that sarmentine and amicarbazone have an average e / ee value of 3 . 1 when applied to poa pratensis , which is indicative of a synergistic herbicidal effect on p . pratensis . table 6 shows that sarmentine and amicarbazone have an average e / ee value of 1 . 475 when applied to lolium perenne , which is indicative of a mildly synergistic herbicidal effect on l . perenne at these concentrations . at higher concentrations of sarmentine and amicarbazone , greater control is achieved . table 7 shows that , when sarmentine and amicarbazone are applied to festuca arundinacea , e / ee values range from 0 . 5 to 1 . 4 . thus , at the higher concentrations of the two herbicides , a synergistic herbicidal effect on f . arundinacea is observed . table 8 shows that sarmentine and amicarbazone have an average e / ee value of 2 . 175 when applied to agrostis stolonifera , which is indicative of a synergistic herbicidal effect on a . stolonifera . although the preceding subject matter has been described with reference to specific embodiments , the details thereof are not to be construed as limiting , as one of skill in the art can use various equivalents , changes and modifications and still be within the scope of the present disclosure . various references are cited throughout this specification , each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety .
disclosed herein are methods for modulating emergence and growth of monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants using sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analog and a second herbicide . the application of sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analog with a second herbicide to a plant and / or its growth substrate results in a synergistic pre - and / or post - emergence herbicidal activity against the plant . the present method also provides compositions comprising sarmentine and / or a sarmentine analog , in combination with a second herbicide .