a consideration of human attitudes will indicate that , if a model is to simulate those attitudes , it is necessary for the upper and lower elements of an arm not only to articulate but also to have relative rotation , and for rotation to be in at least two axes of the upper arm upper portion with respect to the shoulder . the required only hinge joints between the upper arm and shoulder portions are the only joints which are herein illustrated but they are duplicated at other locations in the skeleton of the model , the necessary changes being made . fig1 and 2 illustrate a complete skeleton as would be located in a mould , before injection of foaming polymeric materials . the skeleton comprises an i - shaped torso 11 having shoulder portions 12 , a neck 13 surmounting the shoulder portions 12 , and a pair of hip portions 14 at the spine lower end . a pair of shoulder hinge joint members 15 rotationally join the shoulder portions 12 of the spine to arm assemblies 17 , as described below . similarly , a pair of hip join members 16 rotationally join the hip portions 14 to leg assemblies 18 . reference is now made to fig3 to 10 which illustrate an assembly wherein a shoulder hinge joint member 15 is retained to an upper arm upper portion 21 for articulation about an axis which is illustrated to be horizontal . a lower arm portion 22 depends from the upper arm portion 21 . the shoulder hinge joint member 15 is also similar to the hip hinge joint member 16 , the difference being in the circumferential length of a stop portion 24 ( fig3 ). the stop portion 24 is provided in each instance with stop faces 25 at the ends thereof which restrict the degree of articulation with the mating element . the shoulder hinge joint member 15 is provided with two barbed projections 28 , and similar barbed projections 28 are shown in fig1 , 12 and 13 , and used elsewhere in the model . each barbed projection 28 terminates in an end face 29 , and has a spacer portion 40 which is of cruciform section ( similar to fig1 ), and the barb surface 30 is an annular surface of a barb head carried on the end of the resilient spacer stem 40 , and firmly engages the outer surface 31 of a shoulder portion of the upper arm upper element 21 . the portion of the upper element which is engaged by the barb surface 30 is a flat annular portion of outer surface 31 ( fig3 and 4 ). a further shoulder 33 surrounds the root end 34 of the barbed projection 28 . the abutment in the other direction is between a flange 35 of the shoulder hinge joint member 15 and annular lip 36 of the shoulder portion of the upper arm upper element 21 respectively . these interengaging surfaces seal against influx of moulded material during the moulding portion of the process . however , in this configuration , the frictional engagement of the resilient materials is insufficient to provide the required degree of snubbing of articulation , and this is achieved by the use of a resilient o - ring 37 which is deformed as the barbed projection 28 is inserted into the receiving aperture of the upper arm upper element 21 . o - ring 37 may be of circular or rectangular section material , and is retained concentric with the projection 28 by the shoulder 33 . while small tolerances are required to determine the right degree of deformation of the o - ring 37 , these can be achieved in a moulding process inexpensively . it is necessary for there to be some relative rotation between the arm upper and lower arm elements 21 and 22 , and this is achieved by the upper element 21 ( fig3 ) having a long resilient stem 40 which is of cruciform cross - section ( similar to that shown in fig1 ) which enters a circular section sleeve 41 and is retained therein by barbed projection 28 . the material used is nylon 6 , acetyl , or glass - filled polycarbonate , having the facility to be able to flex and thereby restrict the forces which may be imposed upon the skeleton elements and otherwise damage the model . the lower end of the stem 40 terminates in a stop portion 24 which is of similar shape to the above - described shoulder joining member 15 , the necessary changes being made ( mostly to the shape of the stop portion 24 and consequential position of the stop face 25 ). since the nylon 6 , acetyl , or polycarbonate is resilient , it is possible to achieve sufficient snubbing against free rotation of the upper and lower elements 21 and 22 without the use of the resilient o - ring method by causing deformation of the tubular element 21 by stem 40 . ankle , knee and elbow joints are similar to the joints described above . although of course dimensions and shapes will change to satisfy the necessary differences , most of the skeletal joints are as described above . the fingers , toes and neck however do not require the same type of articulation and in those joints use can be made of iron wire over which the polymeric material is moulded . in order to achieve snubbing between the relatively rotating parts without the use of an o - ring , the arrangement of fig1 , 12 and 13 may be used . in that arrangement ( corresponding approximately to the assembly shown in fig3 ) like members have similar designations , but in lieu of the annular shoulder 33 of fig3 there is provided a cruciform section projection 44 wherein two opposite arms are shorter than the other two opposite arms and the longer arms slightly distort the skirt 45 of a cup - like receiving portion 46 . this can either be by bearing against the smooth inner surface of the skirt 45 , but preferably is against serrations 47 engaged by pointed ends 48 of one at least of the arms of the projection 44 . in order to achieve a seal against ingress of foaming plastics material , as best seen in fig1 , the circular projection 48 comprises a tapered surface 50 which engages the inner surface of the skirt 45 at its mouth with an interference fit . to inhibit continuous rotation of the upper arm upper element 21 , there is provided a projection 52 which abuts the stop face 25 ( fig1 ). although upon forming of a body part of the skeletal frame some foam polymeric material will necessarily embody the projection 52 , that foam material can be removed by initial rotation of the element 21 . the snub means provided for the neck assembly 13 , comprises four discoid portions ( fig1 ), the lower most of which is designated 54 and which is hinged at 55 to the upper end of the torso 11 . this contains a central aperture 56 and two radially spaced apertures 57 . the next upper discoid is designated 58 and this will , upon assembly , co - operate with portion 54 to retain the upper - most portion of the body section therebetween . for retaining barbs , discoid portion 58 has a pair of oppositely directed hooks 59 which enter the spaced apertures 57 and engage the undersurfaces of discoid portion 54 , being retained thereto both by the barbed spigot 60 which depends from the portion 58 and by foam moulded within the body ( and adhesive if required ). portion 58 also has a barbed spigot 61 which extends upwardly , and its upper surface also has two projections 62 which project into the central aperture 63 of the snub plate 64 which is the third discoid portion . the snub plate 64 has three radially spaced but circumferentially extending slots 65 which define flexible ribs 66 with the surface which itself defines central aperture 63 , and upon relative rotation of snub plate 64 with respect to discoid portion 58 , one rib at least will always be slightly distorted by one of the projections 62 . snub plate 64 is slightly dished in shape to provide a pressure facility against an inturned flange of p . v . c . in the base of a head moulding . finally , the upper most discoid portion 68 retains the assembly by engagement of the upstanding barbed spigot 61 of portion 58 , and co - operates with snub plate 64 to retain the head of the doll to the neck . both these elements 64 and 68 have circular ribs which assist in retention of the p . v . c . flange ( itself not shown ). fig1 illustrates an arrangement which is an alternative to fig3 , 12 and 13 , using an o - ring 73 and a cruciform shaped projection 44 having arms of unequal length to bear against and distort an axially extending rib 72 to provide local radial compression to o - ring 73 against an outer skirt 74 of receiving portion 46 . this prevents rubbing sufaces against the o - ring , and thereby a smooth hinging action is achieved without loss of the snubbing feature . the desirable radial compression is achieved when the width of the rectangular section annular cavity is less than its depth , as shown in fig1 , but when a rectangular section washer - like o - ring is used , the above described cavity shape is not always necessary to achieve such radial compression . the inner curved surface of rib 72 can also be serrated . all the above cruciform sections are described as being similar to stem 40 of fig1 , or the cruciform projection 44 of fig1 , but clearly such cross - sectional shape can be substituted with a ` y `, or other section comprising radiating ribs . the torso may also incorporate flexible resilient joints between its ends , and the neck , forearm and palms can also utilise flexible resilient joints . the hinge for the shoulder to the torso can in some instances be of an elongate type wherein plastics material has a reduced thickness strip , so as to resist damage in the event of the torso being moved too far with respect to the shoulder . this hinge method may also apply to neck , forearm and palm . in all instances wherein the cruciform cross - section of fig1 , or a substitute therefor is used , the dimensions are so chosen that excessive force applied against the relevant stop faces 25 can be accommodated by flexure of that portion . after assembly of a skeleton ( which can be extremely fast because of the simple assembly methods ) the skeleton is placed within a cavity of a mould and moulded with a suitable polymeric material . one particularly suitable polymeric material is a polyurethane latex &# 34 ; alloy &# 34 ; which is found to provide ideal resilience upon deformation .
a model skeleton comprises a plurality of interconnected members , hinge joints joining some at least of the adjacent members for relative articulation between those members and a skeletal torso such as to effect partial simulation of animal movements . each hinge joint has a pair of projections projecting from one member engaging wall of an adjacent member for relative rotation , a barb on the projection retaining that engagement , and sealing surfaces surrounding the projection and effecting seal between those members .