it will be recognized from the above , that the novel mirrors disclosed here can be formed in innumerable different configurations and sizes . the precise size and configurations of the mirror - head portion and handle portion , including the choice of materials , geometries , shapes and the like will depend in large part on the particular application and use environment for which it is intended . for convenience , the particular embodiments of mirrors described in this more detailed description of certain preferred embodiments will generally be of a type suitable for use in the performance of oral examinations , oral surgery and other dental procedures . it will be within the ability of those skilled in the art , however , given the benefit of this disclosure , to select suitable materials and designs , as well as suitable manufacturing techniques , for production of disclosed mirrors suitable for these and other types of applications . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , and referring now to fig1 a dental mirror 5 is seen to comprise a handle portion 10 unitary with a mirror - head portion 20 . the handle portion 10 typically has a proximal or first end 12 , an elongate shaft 13 and a distal or second end 14 . as used here , the term proximal end or first end refers to the end of the handle portion , e . g . the shaft , closest to the mirror - head portion . the term distal or second end refers to the end of the handle portion furthest away from the mirror - head portion . the mirror - head portion 20 is permanently fixed to the handle portion 10 at first end 12 such that there exists a smooth and continuous surface from the first end 12 of the handle portion 10 to the mirror - head portion 20 . the shaft 13 typically comprises one or more ergonomic features , such as those described above , that facilitate comfortable handling of the dental mirror during oral examinations , oral surgery , etc . such ergonomic features include but are not limited to depressions , ridges , indentations , etc ., that allow fitting of an operator &# 39 ; s hands to the shaft of the dental mirror . for example , referring to fig2 the shaft may have depressions 30 which receive the fingers of an operator . the ergonomic features may have numerous sizes as the size of the operator &# 39 ; s fingers may vary , and typically the ergonomic features are located closer to the distal or second end 32 of the handle . in alternative embodiments , an ergonomic rubber sleeve can be slipped over the distal or second end 14 of the handle portion 10 ( see fig1 ) to provide for ergonomic grasping of the shaft 13 . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select suitable ergonomic features . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the dimensions and cross - sectional shapes of the handle can vary . for example , the inset of fig1 shows an elongate shaft having a circular cross - sectional shape 22 with a cross - sectional diameter d . additionally , the length and width of the handle may also be variable but preferably is of a sufficient length and width to be held in the hand of an operator , e . g . a dentist or oral surgeon . the handle is preferably tapered , e . g . the cross - sectional diameter of the handle at the first and second ends is less than the cross - sectional diameter at the center of the elongate shaft . in preferred embodiments , the length of the handle portion is about 4 - 8 inches , e . g . about 6 ± 0 . 5 inches , and the width of the handle portion is about 0 . 2 - 0 . 5 inches , e . g . about 0 . 3 ± 0 . 05 inches at its largest point . in certain embodiments , the handle portion is hollow to provide for a lightweight dental mirror . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select suitable lengths , widths , and cross - sectional shapes for the handle portion of the dental mirror . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the mirror - head portion of the dental mirror may comprise numerous different shapes . for example , the shape of the mirror - head portion may be generally circular ( see e . g . mirror - head portion 20 in fig1 ). other shapes and configurations are possible . for example , referring to fig3 a - 3 d , triangular mirror - head portion 50 , rectangular mirror - head portion 55 , elliptical mirror - head portion 60 , and hexagonal mirror - head portion 65 may be substituted for circular mirror - head portion 20 shown in fig1 . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select mirror head shapes suitable for an intended use of the mirror . the width of the mirror - head portion , at its largest point , is preferably less than about 1 inch . because the mirror - head portion may comprise numerous shapes and geometries , the dimensions of the mirror - head portion may vary . for example , in embodiments comprising a circular mirror head , the diameter of the mirror - head portion is preferably less than about 1 inch , e . g . about 0 . 9 ± 0 . 1 inches . regardless of the shape of the mirror - head portion , preferably there are no jagged or sharp edges that might lacerate any portion of a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . in embodiments comprising an equilateral triangular mirror - head portion , preferably each side is less than about 1 inch . the size and shape of the mirror - head portion is typically limited by an operator &# 39 ; s ability to position the mirror head and view a desired region within a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select mirror - head portion dimensions , e . g . widths , heights , and or diameters , and shapes suitable for an intended use . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the angle between the mirror - head portion and the handle portion may be variable . for example , referring to fig4 the angle θ between the longitudinal axis 70 of the handle portion 10 and the longitudinal axis 80 of the mirror - head portion 20 , i . e . the mirror head angle , is preferably equal to or greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees . in certain procedures such angles provide for viewing of the mirror by the operator after insertion of the mirror into a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . preferred angles for the mirror head include 140 degrees , 150 degrees , 160 degrees , 170 degrees , and especially any angle between about 145 degrees and 165 degrees . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select mirror head angles suitable for an intended use . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the mirror - head portion of the dental mirror preferably comprises a reflective or mirror surface on both sides , e . g . the opposing or first and second faces , of the mirror - head portion . that is , the mirror - head portion provides a mirror surface on opposite sides of the mirror support structure . preferably a rim does not surround the mirror surfaces , e . g . the mirror head is rimless . that is , the mirror surfaces are substantially smooth and substantially covers the first and second faces of the mirror - head portion . in certain embodiments , the mirror surface covers all surfaces of the mirror - head portion , e . g . the mirror surfaces envelope the entire mirror support structure . such encompassing mirror surfaces typically increase the overall light levels within a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . furthermore , there exists no absolute requirement that the mirror surfaces be limited exclusively to the mirror - head portion . in certain embodiments ( discussed below ) where the mirror surfaces are disposed on or deposited on the mirror - head portion , the mirror surfaces may extend beyond the mirror - head portion and onto the handle portion , e . g . onto the proximal or first end of the handle portion . regions of the mirror surface that extend beyond the mirror - head portion may also be used as a reflective surface and typically increase the overall light level within a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to design mirror - head portions having mirror surfaces on both sides of the mirror - head portion . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the dental mirror can be manufactured from disposable materials such as plastics , rubbers , papers , and the like . preferably , the materials are resistant to breaking under jaw pressure . that is , preferably the materials are capable of withstanding jaw closure on the handle portion and / or mirror - head portion of the mirror without breaking or fracturing the mirror surfaces or the handle portion . also , preferably the materials are not excessively hard such that damage to teeth results if a subject bites down on the mirror - head portion or the handle portion . in certain embodiments the materials are capable of receiving a coloring agent , e . g . a dye or paint , to alter the appearance of the handle portion , e . g . to color the handle portion for a more pleasing and aesthetic appearance . such colored mirrors may be especially useful for dental procedures involving children . optionally , the handle portion and the mirror - head portion can be coated with flavoring to provide for a pleasant taste , e . g . fruit - flavored , bubble - gum flavored and the like . in other embodiments , the dental mirror comprises a handle portion manufactured from a flexible and bendable material for attachment to a subject &# 39 ; s mouth , e . g . the shaft may be bent into a u - shape for use of the dental mirror ( positioning the mirror head inside the mouth ) without requiring manual grasping by the operator ( see fig5 ). such bendable dental mirrors provide for removable attachment to a subject &# 39 ; s mouth without the need for clamps or tape . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to originally form or subsequently bend the shafts of the dental mirrors into suitable configurations for removable attachment to a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , the mirror surfaces may be deposited , or otherwise attached to the mirror - head portion , using well - known techniques for depositing reflective metal films and coatings onto a substrate , such as the mirror support structure . suitable deposition techniques for depositing the mirror surfaces are well known to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to vapor deposition techniques such as directed vapor deposition , chemical vapor deposition , etc . suitable deposition materials include silver , aluminum , titanium , rhodium , and mixtures of any of these metals that provide a reflective surface after deposition onto a substrate . in certain embodiments , the mirror surfaces are painted on using reflective paints having a mirror finish or the mirror - head portion is dipped into reflective paints having a mirror finish . suitable reflective paints are available from several manufacturers including sherwin - williams , inc . ( cleveland , ohio ). one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select suitable reflective materials for coating onto the mirror - head portion to create one or more mirror surfaces . in accordance with preferred embodiments , after deposition , or attachment , of the mirror surfaces to the mirror - head portion , the mirror surfaces can be coated with an antifog coating or film . that is , an anti - fog coating or film may be disposed on , brushed on , coated on , sprayed on , deposited on , etc ., the mirror surfaces to prevent build - up of unwanted condensation that may inhibit or deter from viewing the mirror surfaces . suitable anti - fogging agents and coatings are well known to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to those manufactured by hydromer inc . ( poland ) and vista - clear ® manufactured by amcon laboratories ( st . louis , mo .). such anti - fog coatings may be food grade or industrial grade coatings depending on the intended use of the dental mirror . other suitable anti - fog coatings are described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 467 , 073 and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 847 , 324 , the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . preferably the anti - fog coatings are non - toxic and resistant to leaching from the mirror - head portion . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select and deposit suitable anti - fog coatings onto the mirror - head portion of the dental mirror described here . in accordance with certain preferred embodiments , sensors or indicators may be attached to the mirror to indicate that the mirror has been used . that is , an indicator that changes color may be attached to the handle portion and / or mirror - head portion of the mirror , for example , after the dental mirror has been placed into a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . the indicator is typically added to dental mirrors to indicate that the dental mirror has been used and , thus , should be disposed of appropriately . the indicator thus can prevent an operator from using the dental mirror on more than one subject . for example , a temperature indicator strip , such as those manufactured by tempco ( wood dale , ill .) and reatec ag ( zurich , switzerland ), may be attached to the proximal or first end of the handle portion such that the indicator changes conditions or states after the mirror - head portion is inserted into or near the mouth of a subject . for example , referring to fig6 a , an indicator 150 may comprise a first color , e . g . white , prior to insertion into a subject &# 39 ; s mouth . that is , the indicator preferably has a first color at a first temperature t 0 , e . g . room temperature . after insertion into a subject &# 39 ; mouth , the indicator can change color , e . g . from white to black ( see indicator 160 in fig6 b ), in response to the increase in the temperature from t 0 to t 1 . other sensors are possible including but not limited to humidity sensors and the like . the indicators may be attached using an adhesive , rubber bands , two - sided tape , or other suitable devices for attachment of indicators to the mirror . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select suitable indicators for informing a user that the dental mirror has been used . suitable manufacturing techniques using the materials discussed above , and other materials , will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure . in certain embodiments , a mold or die is used to create the unitary handle portion and mirror - head portion . that is , materials such as plastic or rubber may be poured into or injected into a mold having the shape and dimensions of the mirror . the mirror head angle may be adjusted after the materials have hardened by reheating the proximal or first end of the handle portion and bending the mirror - head portion to a desired mirror head angle . in other embodiments , the handle portion of the dental mirror can be extruded from heated plastic for example and the proximal or first end of the handle can be flattened or shaped to provide a suitable mirror - head portion . in additional embodiments , the handle portion and mirror - head portion are manufactured separately and are permanently attached using suitable methods . for example , the mirror - head portion may be permanently attached to the handle portion using an adhesive or by heating the proximal end of the handle portion and the mirror - head portion such that the handle portion and mirror - head portion become unitary . after forming the unitary handle portion and mirror - head portion , the mirror surfaces and anti - fog coatings may be disposed onto the mirror - head portion . in accordance with other preferred embodiments , the unitary dental mirror may be manufactured from a sheet of material using a punch template . for example , a generally planar sheet of material , e . g . plastic , paper , rubber , and the like , can be used to manufacture a plurality of dental mirrors . a template having a plurality of cut - outs in the shape of the dental mirror can be used as a punch . that is , the template can be pressed onto and through the material , using a pneumatic press and the like , to create a plurality of dental mirrors comprising the shape of cut - outs . subsequently , the dental mirrors can be sanded and / or polished to remove any sharp edges , and the mirror - head portions can be angled ( discussed above ) and mirror surfaces can be deposited onto the mirror heads to create the two - sided unitary dental mirrors . one skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will be able to select suitable methods for manufacturing a plurality of dental mirrors in a rapid and inexpensive manner . other suitable manufacturing techniques , such as injection molding , using plastic materials and the like , may be used to form the mirrors described here . in certain embodiments , a reinforcing member is added to the elongate shaft of the handle portion to provide for increased rigidity and to prevent breaking or fracturing of the elongate shaft . suitable reinforcing members will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure and include , but are not limited to , hard plastics , rubbers , papers , and the like . although the present invention has been described above in terms of specific embodiments , it is anticipated that other uses , alterations and modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure . it is intended that the following claims be read as covering such alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . it is intended that the articles “ a ” and “ an ”, as used below in the claims , cover both the singular and plural forms of the nouns which the articles modify .
a novel mirror comprising a handle portion unitary with a mirror - head portion including reflective or mirror surfaces on opposing surfaces of the mirror - head portion is disclosed . the mirror includes an anti - fog material coated onto the mirror surfaces to prevent the formation of condensation on the mirror surfaces . the mirror may include an indicator to inform an operator that the mirror has been used and should be disposed of appropriately . the mirror is disposable , can be prepackaged and / or presterilized to provide better results and a predictably cleaner instrument , and can be designed to prevent use of the mirror on more than a single subject .