the term “ comprising ” for purposes of this application means that the term is used inclusively , in the sense that there may be other features and / or steps included in the invention not expressly defined or comprehended in the features or steps subsequently defined or described . the term “ cosmetically acceptable carrier ” means hydrophobic liquid suitable for skin contact . such suitable carriers would for example be liquid silicones or polyorganosiloxanes , mineral oils , hydrogenated polyisobutene , polydecene , paraffins , isoparaffins of at least 10 carbon atoms , and aliphatic or aromatic ester oils ( e . g . isopropyl myristate , lauryl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , diisopropyl sebecate , diisopropyl adipate , or c 8 to c 18 alkyl benzoates ), cocoglycerides , caprylic / capric triglycerides , propylheptyl caprylate , dicaprylyl carbonate , ethylhexyl palmitate and ethylhexyl octanoate . water for example is excluded from the term “ cosmetic acceptable carrier ”. although , water may also be formulated with the cosmetic acceptable carrier . for example , the cosmetic acceptable carrier may be an oil and water or a water in oil emulsion . the hydrophobic liquid suitable for skin contact may be selected from the group listing above . zinc oxide for purposes of this application may be obtained by any means known in the art . for example u . s . pat . no . 6 , 203 , 768 uses mechano - chemical process to form zinc oxide . mechano - chemical processing involves a mechanically activated chemical reaction between a precursor metal compound and a suitable reactant during mechanical milling or during subsequent heat treatment of the milled powder . u . s . patent pub . no . 2003 / 0161795 describes in detail various mechano - chemical processes in paragraphs [ 00730 through [ 0081 ] and example 1 . however , it is highly preferable that the zinc oxide of the present application be formed directly from zinc metal fed into a plasma arc . the metal is then vaporized and oxygen is added to produce zinc oxide which upon cooling condenses to form nanocrystalline zinc oxide . the zinc oxide is therefore preferably formed directly as a dry powder . it is not milled , precipitated or derived from organic precursors ( fumed ). because of this , the particle surfaces are very “ clean ” chemically , which makes it straightforward to obtain dispersions with excellent stability over time . also , there are fewer impurities which impact the color of the final material . the plasma used to produce the zinc oxide may be for example dc plasma arc , rf plasma , electric heating , conductive heating , flame reactor , induction plasma or laser reactor . the plasma generation of particles is well known in the art . in particular , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 200 , 595 , 6 , 669 , 823 and 7 , 517 , 513 teach the use of plasma systems for generating well controlled inorganic particles . further , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 460 , 701 , 5 , 514 , 349 and 5 , 874 , 684 are also excellent references for reviewing controlled generation of inorganic particulates without aggregation using a plasma arc . mean particle size distribution is often abbreviated d50 . the mean particle size deviation may be a number or a volume distribution . when the term “ mean particle size distribution ” used in the present application , unless otherwise specified , the d50 is based on volume . measurements of the mean particle size distribution are dependent upon the method of measurement . different measurements will arrive at different values . for example , average particle size may be calculated from bet ( n2 adsorption ), static light scattering or dynamic light scattering . the d50 ( volume ) determination used by the applicants is based on dynamic light scattering ( dls ) using a malvern ® nano zs instrument . the zinc oxide particles taught herein have a mean particle size ( volume ) distribution - d50 of about 4 nm to about 650 nm , preferably about 450 to about 625 and most preferably about 475 nm to about 600 nm , measured by dynamic light scattering ( dls ). because the size distribution is highly controlled with virtually no particles falling below 100 nm , the zinc oxide particles form excellent dispersions of the primary particles ( no agglomeration ), which translates into higher transparency in formulation . as explained above it is highly preferred that virtually no particles of & lt ; 100 nm make up the mean particle distribution . by no particles of & lt ; 100 nm it is meant that 0 . 0 % of particles fall below 100 nm . the percent is based on the total number distribution . the zinc oxide particle crystal structure is zincite ( hexagonal ) determined by x - ray diffraction . the crystal morphology is elongated . this is not the same as rods or rod - like but the crystals have a low aspect ratio evident from transmission electron micrographs . the average crystal size ( d xrd ) of the zinc oxide varies from about 150 nm to about 350 nm , preferably about 175 nm to about 320 nm , more preferably about 200 nm to about 300 nm . there is substantially no secondary structure or aggregation of the present zinc oxide particles . the term “ secondary structure or agglomeration ” means for purposes of this application that the particles are discrete . small particles are not bound to form a composite aggregate . in the dry state the particles do agglomerate . however , the particles are dispersed to primary particles with proper treatment in fluids . thus the sunscreen composition will preferably further contains a cosmetically suitable carrier , preferably hydrophobic and the zinc oxide particles are well dispersed in said carrier so that discrete particles with no secondary structure are evident . aggregation or secondary structure is difficult to avoid in nanomaterials particularly coated nanomaterials . nanomaterials will likely aggregate during processing especially if produced by mechano - chemical processes , colloidal precipitation , mechanical grinding followed by coating or hydrophobic treatment resulting in aggregates which are bound together by the coating . however nanosized powders which are used in the present application are preferably produced by vaporization and gas phase nucleation ( plasma systems ) and growth . this makes it possible to generate nanoparticles with controlled size distribution of the primary particles and control the degree of aggregation by controlling process parameters such as pressure , temperature , and concentration that aid in the determination of the properties of the resulting particles . the zinc oxide particles is by its nature hydrophilic , which makes the particles non - wettable with organic solvents , oils and plastics that are frequently used as carrier media in the cosmetic or sunscreen applications . furthermore zinc oxide has high photo - activity , which may result in undesired effects caused by reactions between the metal oxides and other components in the sunscreen or cosmetic . additionally nanosized zinc oxide may also have high surface reactivity , which leads to increased interactions between neighboring particles . over time this can result in flocculation of the particles in the formulation . a generally accepted method of overcoming such problems has been to surface coat the metal oxide particles to render them hydrophobic . organosilicon compounds such as silicone and polysiloxane have been used to surface treat metal oxide powders in an attempt to overcome this problem . silicones are polymers that have a regular repeating backbone of — si — o — and contain side groups of varying functionality . most notably , organosilicon compounds containing methyl side group ( dimethyl polysiloxanes ), methyl and hydrogen side groups ( methyl hydrogen polysiloxanes ), and alkyl groups ( alkyl polysiloxanes ) have been utilized . additionally , the side groups of the silicone may be selected to match the chosen carrier media to enable a greater affinity between the surface treated powders and the carrier media . several prior art techniques have been developed for coating metal oxide fine particles with silicone or organosilicon . for example , organosilicon polymers in solvents or directly onto the dried powder have been used to coat zinc oxide particle . additional organosilicon monomers or oligomers can be applied to the dried powder or the dispersed powder and then polymerized . it is preferable that the dried powder or dispersed powder is treated with monomers or oligomers which polymerize in the presence of the particles . this controls agglomeration and is more likely to completely coat each discrete particle . of particular interest are trialkoxyalkly silane monomers which polymerize to form a polyalkylsilsesquioxane coating . for example triethoxyoctyl silane monomer may be polymerized to form a polysilsesquioxane coating on the zinc oxide . this monomer upon polymerization forms a polysilsesquioxane , in particular a poly - n - octylsilsesquioxane or polycaprylsilsesquioxane which is a preferred coating for the zinc oxide . the weight percent of the coating or surface treatment of the zinc oxide ranges from 0 . 01 to about 5 wt . %, preferably about 0 . 1 to about 3 wt . %, and most preferably about 0 . 2 to about 2 wt . % based on the coated zinc oxide . of special importance as sunscreen preparation are light - protective preparations for the skin , such as sun milks , lotions , creams , oils , sunblocks or tropicals , pretanning preparations or after - sun preparations . of particular interest are sun protection creams , sun protection lotions , sun protection milk and sun protection preparations in the form of a spray . the cosmetic or sunscreen preparations may be , for example in the form of , creams , gels , lotions , alcoholic and aqueous / alcoholic solutions , emulsions , wax / fat compositions , stick preparations , powders or ointments . in addition to the above mentioned zinc oxide particles , the cosmetic or sunscreen preparations may contain further cosmetically acceptable adjuvants . cosmetically acceptable adjuvants are virtually any ingredients which are suitable for skin exposure . thus the cosmetically acceptable adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of surfactants , super - fatting agents , oils , emulsifiers , consistency regulators , thickeners , polymers , stabilizers , biogenic active ingredients , swelling agents , further uv light - protective agents , antioxidants , hydrotropic agents , preservatives , solubilisers , perfume oils , colourants , bacteria - inhibiting agents and mixtures thereof . of particular interest are sunscreen compositions which contain water and oil . for example , w / o , o / w , o / w / o and w / o / w emulsions , or microemulsions . these emulsions may contain , for example , from 0 . 1 to 30 % by weight , preferably from 0 . 1 to 15 % by weight and especially from 0 . 5 to 10 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition , of one or more uv absorbers in addition to the zinc oxide particles described above , from 1 to 60 % by weight , especially from 5 to 50 % by weight and preferably from 10 to 35 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition , of at least one oil component , from 0 to 30 % by weight , especially from 1 to 30 % by weight and preferably from 4 to 20 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition , of at least one emulsifier , from 10 to 90 % by weight , especially from 30 to 90 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition , of water , and from 0 to 88 . 9 % by weight , especially from 1 to 50 % by weight , of further cosmetically acceptable adjuvants . zinc oxide particles of the invention may be added to cosmetics or sunprotective compositions including sunscreen compositions at virtually any amount . for example the weight percent of the zinc oxide particles in a cosmetic , sunprotective composition including sunscreen compositions will vary from about 0 . 01 to about 25 weight percent , preferably 0 . 1 to about 20 weight percent , most preferably 1 . 0 to about 15 weight percent wherein the weight percent is based on the total weight of the formulation . the cosmetic or sunscreen compositions / preparations according to the invention may also contain one or one more additional compounds as described below . guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols having from 6 to 18 , preferably from 8 to 10 carbon atoms including cetyl alcohol , stearyl alcohol , cetearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , octyldodecanol , benzoate of c12 - c15 alcohols , acetylated lanolin alcohol , etc . esters of linear c 6 - c 24 fatty acids with linear c 3 - c 24 alcohols , esters of branched c 6 - c 13 carboxyl acids with linear c 6 - c 24 fatty alcohols , esters of linear c 6 - c 24 fatty acids with branched alcohols , especially 2 - ethylhexanol , esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched c 6 - c 22 fatty alcohols , especially dioctyl malates , esters of linear and / or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols ( for example propylene glycol , dimer diol or trimer triol ) and / or guerbet alcohols , for example caproic acid , caprylic acid , 2 - ethylhexanoic acid , capric acid , lauric acid , isotridecanoic acid , myristic acid , palmitic acid , palmitoleic acid , stearic acid , isostearic acid , oleic acid , elaidic acid , petroselinic acid , linoleic acid , linolenic acid , elaeostearic acid , arachidic acid , gadoleic acid , behenic acid and erucic acid and technical - grade mixtures thereof ( obtained , for example , in the pressure removal of natural fats and oils , in the reduction of aldehydes from roelen &# 39 ; s oxosynthesis or in the dimerisation of unsaturated fatty acids ) with alcohols , for example , isopropyl alcohol , caproic alcohol , capryl alcohol , 2 - ethylhexyl alcohol , capric alcohol , lauryl alcohol , isotridecyl alcohol , myristyl alcohol , cetyl alcohol , palmoleyl alcohol , stearyl alcohol , isostearyl alcohol , oleyl alcohol , elaidyl alcohol , petroselinyl alcohol , linoyl alcohol , linolenyl alcohol , elaeostearyl alcohol , arachidyl alcohol , gadoleyl alcohol , behenyl alcohol , erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and technical - grade mixtures thereof ( obtained , for example , in the high - pressure hydrogenation of technical - grade methyl esters based on fats and oils or aldehydes from roelen &# 39 ; s oxosynthesis and as monomer fractions in the dimerisation of unsaturated fatty alcohols ). examples of such ester oils are isopropylmyristate , isopropylpalmitate , isopropylstearate , isopropyl isostearate , isopropyloleate , n - butylstearate , n - hexyllaurate , n - decyloleate , isooctylstearate , iso - nonylstearate , isononyl isononanoate , 2 - ethylhexylpalmitate , 2 - hexyllaurate , 2 - hexyldecylstearate , 2 - octyldodecylpalmitate , oleyloleate , oleylerucate , erucyloleate , erucylerucate , cetearyl octanoate , cetyl palmitate , cetyl stearate , cetyl oleate , cetyl behenate , cetyl acetate , myristyl myristate , myristyl behenate , myristyl oleate , myristyl stearate , myristyl palmitate , myristyl lactate , propylene glycol dicaprylate / caprate , stearyl heptanoate , diisostearyl malate , octyl hydroxystearate , etc . diethylhexyl 2 , 6 - naphthalate , di - n - butyl adipate , di ( 2 - ethylhexyl )- adipate , di ( 2 - ethyl hexyl )- succinate and diisotridecyl acelaat , and also diol esters , such as ethylene glycol dioleate , ethylene glycol diisotridecanoate , propylene glycol di ( 2 - ethylhexanoate ), propylene glycol diisostearate , propylene glycol dipelargonate , butanediol diisostearate and neopentyl glycol dicaprylate . esters of c 6 - c 24 fatty alcohols and / or guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids , saturated and / or unsaturated , especially benzoic acid , esters of c 2 - c 12 dicarboxylic acids with linear or branched alcohols having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms or polyols having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and from 2 to 6 hydroxy groups . di - or tri - glycerides , based on c 6 - c 18 fatty acids , modified by reaction with other alcohols ( caprylic / capric triglyceride , wheat germ glycerides , etc .). fatty acid esters of polyglycerin ( polyglyceryl - n such as polyglyceryl - 4 caprate , polyglyceryl - 2 isostearate , etc . or castor oil , hydrogenated vegetable oil , sweet almond oil , wheat germ oil , sesame oil , hydrogenated cottonseed oil , coconut oil , avocado oil , corn oil , hydrogenated castor oil , shea butter , cocoa butter , soybean oil , mink oil , sunflower oil , safflower oil , macadamia nut oil , olive oil , hydrogenated tallow , apricot kernel oil , hazelnut oil , borago oil , etc . waxes including esters of long - chain acids and alcohols as well as compounds having wax - like properties , e . g ., carnauba wax , beeswax ( white or yellow ), lanolin wax , candellila wax , ozokerite , japan wax , paraffin wax , microcrystalline wax , ceresin , cetearyl esters wax , synthetic beeswax , etc . also , hydrophilic waxes as cetearyl alcohol or partial glycerides . alkylene glycol esters , especially ethylene glycol distearate ; fatty acid alkanolamides , especially coco fatty acid diethanolamide ; partial glycerides , especially stearic acid monoglyceride ; esters of polyvalent , unsubstituted or hydroxy - substituted carboxylic acids with fatty alcohols having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms , especially long - chained esters of tartaric acid ; fatty substances , for example fatty alcohols , fatty ketones , fatty aldehydes , fatty ethers and fatty carbonates , which in total have at least 24 carbon atoms , especially lauryl and distearyl ether ; fatty acids , such as stearic acid , hydroxystearic acid or behenic acid , ring - opening products of olefin epoxides having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms with fatty alcohols having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms and / or polyols having from 2 to 15 carbon atoms and from 2 to 10 hydroxy groups , and mixtures thereof . mineral oil ( light or heavy ), petrolatum ( yellow or white ), microcrystalline wax , paraffinic and isoparaffinic compounds , hydrogenated isoparaffinic molecules as polydecenes and polybutene , hydrogenated polyisobutene , squalane , isohexadecane , isododecane and others from plant and animal kingdom . dimethylpolysiloxanes , methylphenylpolysiloxanes , cyclic silicones , and also amino -, fatty acid -, alcohol -, polyether -, epoxy -, fluorine -, glycoside - and / or alkyl - modified silicone compounds , which at room temperature may be in either liquid or resinous form . linear polysiloxanes , dimethicone ( dow corning 200 fluid , rhodia mirasil dm ), dimethiconol , cyclic silicone fluids , cyclopentasiloxanes volatiles ( dow corning 345 fluid ), phenyltrimethicone ( dow corning 556 fluid ). also suitable are simethicones , which are mixtures of dimethicones having an average chain length of from 200 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units with hydrogenated silicates . a detailed survey by todd et al . of suitable volatile silicones may in addition be found in cosm . toil . 91 , 27 ( 1976 ). any conventionally usable emulsifier can be used for the compositions . emulsifier systems may comprise for example : carboxylic acids and their salts : alcalin soap of sodium , potassium and ammonium , metallic soap of calcium or magnesium , organic basis soap such as lauric , palmitic , stearic and oleic acid etc . . . . alkyl phosphates or phosphoric acid esters , acid phosphate , diethanolamine phosphate , potassium cetyl phosphate . ethoxylated carboxylic acids or polyethyleneglycol esters , peg - n acylates . linear fatty alcohols having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms , branched from 2 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and / or from 0 to 5 mol propylene oxide with with fatty acids having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms and with alkylphenols having from 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group . fatty alcohol polyglycolether such as laureth - n , ceteareth - n , steareth - n , oleth - n . fatty acid polyglycolether such as peg - n stearate , peg - n oleate , peg - n cocoate . monoglycerides and polyol esters . c12 - c22 fatty acid mono - and di - esters of addition products of from 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide with polyols . fatty acid and polyglycerol ester such as monostearate glycerol , diisostearoyl polyglyceryl - 3 - diisostearates , polyglyceryl - 3 - diisostearates , triglyceryl diisostearates , polyglyceryl - 2 - sesquiisostearates or polyglyceryl dimerates . mixtures of compounds from a plurality of those substance classes are also suitable . fatty acid polyglycolesters such as monostearate diethylene glycol , fatty acid and polyethylene glycol esters , fatty acid and saccharose esters such as sucro esters , glycerol and saccharose esters such as sucro glycerides . sorbitol and sorbitan , sorbitan mono - and di - esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and ethylene oxide addition products . polysorbate - n series , sorbitan esters such as sesquiisostearate , sorbitan , peg -( 6 )- isostearate sorbitan , peg -( 10 )- sorbitan laurate , peg - 17 - dioleate sorbitan . glucose derivatives , c8 - c22 alkyl - mono and oligo - glycosides and ethoxylated analogues with glucose being preferred as the sugar component . o / w emulsifiers such as methyl gluceth - 20 sesquistearate , sorbitan stearate / sucrose cocoate , methyl glucose sesquistearate , cetearyl alcohol / cetearyl glucoside . w / o emulsifiers such as methyl glucose dioleate / methyl glucose isostearate . sulfates and sulfonated derivatives , dialkylsulfosuccinates , dioctyl succinate , alkyl lauryl sulfonate , linear sulfonated parafins , sulfonated tetraproplyne sulfonate , sodium lauryl sulfates , amonium and ethanolamine lauryl sulfates , lauyl ether sulfates , sodium laureth sulfates , sulfosuccinates , aceyl isothionates , alkanolamide sulfates , taurines , methyl taurines , imidazole sulfates . polysiloxane / polyalkyl / polyether copolymers and derivatives , dimethicone , copolyols , silicone polyethylene oxide copolymer , silicone glycol copolymer . propoxylated or poe - n ethers ( meroxapols ), polaxamers or poly ( oxyethylene ) m - block - poly ( oxypropylene ) n - block ( oxyethylene ). zwitterionic surfactants that carry at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and / or sulfonate group in the molecule . zwitterionic surfactants that are especially suitable are betaines , such as n - alkyl - n , n - dimethylammonium glycinates , cocoalkyldimethylammonium glycinate , n - acylaminopropyl - n , n - dimethylammonium glycinates , cocoacylaminopropyldimethylammonium glycinate and 2 - alkyl - 3 - carboxymethyl - 3 - hydroxyethylimidazolines each having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and also cocoacylaminoethylhydroxyethylcarboxymethylglycinate , n - alkyl betaine , n - alkylaminobetaines . alkylimidazolines , alkylopeptides , lipoaminoacides , self emulsifying bases and the compounds as described in k . f . depolo , a short textbook of cosmetology , chapter 8 , table 8 - 7 , p 250 - 251 . nonionic bases such as peg - 6 beeswax ( and ) peg - 6 stearate ( and ) polyglyceryl - 2 - isostearate , glyceryl stearate ( and ) peg - 100 stearate , peg - 5 glyceryl stearate , sorbitan oleate ( and ) polyglyceryl - 3 ricinoleate , sorbitan stearate and sucrose cocoate , glyceryl stearate and laureth - 23 , cetearyl alcohol and ceteth - 20 , cetearyl alcohol and colysorbate 60 and peg - 150 and stearate - 20 , cetearyl alcohol and cetearyl polyglucoside , cetearyl alcohol and ceteareth - 20 , cetearyl alcohol and peg - 40 castor oil , cetearyl alcohol and peg - 40 castor oil and sodium cetearyl sulfate , stearyl alcohol and steareth - 7 and steareth - 10 , cetearyl alcohol and szeareth - 7 and steareth - 10 , glyceryl stearate and peg - 75 stearate , propylene glycol ceteth - 3 acetate , propylene glycol isoceth - 3 acetate , cetearyl alcohol and ceteth - 12 and oleth - 12 , peg - 6 stearate and peg - 32 stearate , peg - 6 stearate and ceteth - 20 and steareth - 20 , peg - 6 stearate and ceteth - 20 and glyceryl stearate and steareth - 20 , glyceryl stearate and ceteareth - 20 . anionic alkaline bases such as peg - 2 stearate se , glyceryl stearate se , propylene glycol stearate . anionic acid bases such as cetearyl alcohol and sodium cetearyl sulfate , cetearyl alcohol and sodium lauryl sulfate , trilaneth - 4 phosphate and glycol stearate and peg - 2 stearate , glyceryl stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate . cationic acid bases such as cetearyl alcohol and cetrimonium bromide . the emulsifiers may be used in an amount of , for example , from 1 to 30 % by weight , especially from 4 to 20 % by weight and preferably from 5 to 10 % by weight , based on the total weight of the composition . when formulated in o / w emulsions , the preferably amount of such emulsifier system could represent 5 % to 20 % of the oil phase . the cosmetic sunscreen compositions , for example creams , gels , lotions , alcoholic and aqueous / alcoholic solutions , emulsions , wax / fat compositions , stick preparations , powders or ointments , may in addition contain , as further adjuvants and additives such as , mild surfactants , super - fatting agents , consistency regulators , thickeners , polymers , stabilisers , biogenic active ingredients , swelling agents , further uv light - protective factors , antioxidants , hydrotropic agents , preservatives , self - tanning agents , solubilisers , perfume oils , colourants , bacteria - inhibiting agents and the like . substances suitable for use as super - fatting agents are , for example , lanolin and lecithin and also polyethoxylated or acrylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives , polyol fatty acid esters , monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides , the latter simultaneously acting as foam stabilisers . examples of suitable mild surfactants , that is to say surfactants especially well tolerated by the skin , include fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates , monoglyceride sulfates , mono - and / or di - alkyl sulfosuccinates , fatty acid isethionates , fatty acid sarcosinates , fatty acid taurides , fatty acid glutamates , . alpha .- olefin sulfonates , ethercarboxylic acids , alkyl oligoglucosides , fatty acid glucamides , alkylamidobetaines and / or protein fatty acid condensation products , the latter preferably being based on wheat proteins . silicium dioxide , magnesium silicates , aluminium silicates , polysaccharides or derivatives thereof for example hyaluronic acid , xanthan gum , guar - guar , agar - agar , alginates , carraghenan , gellan , pectines , or modified cellulose such as hydroxycellulose , hydroxypropylmethylcellulose . in addition polyacrylates or homopolymer of reticulated acrylic acids and polyacrylamides , carbomer ( carbopol types 980 , 981 , 1382 , etd 2001 , etd2020 , ultrez 10 ) or salcare range such as salcare sc80 ( steareth - 10 allyl ether / acrylates copolymer ), salcare sc81 ( acrylates copolymer ), salcare sc91 and salcare ast ( sodium acrylates copolymer / ppg - 1 trideceth - 6 ), sepigel 305 ( polyacrylamide / laureth - 7 ), simulgel ns and simulgel eg ( hydroxyethyl acrylate / sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer ), stabilen 30 ( acrylates / vinyl isodecanoate crosspolymer ), pemulen tr - 1 ( acrylates / c10 - 30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer ), luvigel em ( sodium acrylates copolymer ), aculyn 28 ( acrylates / beheneth - 25 methacrylate copolymer ), etc . as anionic , zwitterionic , amphoteric and non - ionic polymers there come into consideration , for example , vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers , vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acrylate copolymers , vinyl acetate / butyl maleate / isobornyl acrylate copolymers , methyl vinyl ether / maleic anhydride copolymers and esters thereof , uncrosslinked polyacrylic acids and polyacrylic acids crosslinked with polyols , acrylamidopropyl - trimethylammonium chloride / acrylate copolymers , octyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylate - tert - butylaminoethyl methacrylate / 2 - hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers , polyvinylpyrrolidone , vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers , vinylpyrrolidone / dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate / vinyl caprolactam terpolymers and also optionally derivatised cellulose ethers and silicones . furthermore the polymers as described in ep 1093796 ( pages 3 - 8 , paragraphs 17 - 68 ) may be used . biogenic active ingredients are to be understood as meaning , for example , tocopherol , tocopherol acetate , tocopherol palmitate , ascorbic acid , deoxyribonucleic acid , retinol , bisabolol , allantoin , phytantriol , panthenol , aha acids , amino acids , ceramides , pseudoceramides , essential oils , plant extracts and vitamin complexes . in addition to the primary light - protective substances it is also possible to use secondary light - protective substances of the antioxidant kind that interrupt the photochemical reaction chain triggered when uv radiation penetrates the skin or hair . typical examples of such antioxidants are amino acids ( e . g . glycine , histidine , tyrosine , tryptophan ) and derivatives thereof , imidazoles ( e . g . urocanic acid ) and derivatives thereof , peptides , such as d , l - carnosine , d - carnosine , l - carnosine and derivatives thereof ( e . g . anserine ), carotinoids , carotenes , lycopene and derivatives thereof , chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof , lipoic acid and derivatives thereof ( e . g . dihydrolipoic acid ), aurothioglycose , propylthiouracil and other thiols ( e . g . thioredoxin , glutathione , cysteine , cystine , cystamine and the glycosyl , n - acetyl , methyl , ethyl , propyl , amyl , butyl , lauryl , palmitoyl , oleyl , linoleyl , cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof ) and also salts thereof , dilauryl thiodipropionate , distearyl thiodipropionate , thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof ( esters , ethers , peptides , lipids , nucleotides , nucleosides and salts ) and also sulfoximine compounds ( e . g . buthionine sulfoximines , homocysteine sulfoximine , buthionine sulfones , penta -, hexa -, hepta - thionine sulfoximine ), also ( metal ) chelating agents ( e . g . hydroxy fatty acids , palmitic acid phytic acid , lactoferrin ), hydroxy acids ( e . g . citric acid , lactic acid , malic acid ), humic acid , bile acid , bile extracts , bilirubin , biliverdin , edta , edds , egta and derivatives thereof , unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof ( e . g . linolenic acid , linoleic acid , oleic acid ), folic acid and derivatives thereof , ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof , vitamin c and derivatives ( e . g . ascorbyl palmitate , magnesium ascorbyl phosphate , ascorbyl acetate ), tocopherols and derivatives ( e . g . vitamin e acetate ), vitamin a and derivatives ( e . g . vitamin a palmitate ) and also coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin , rutinic acid and derivatives thereof , glycosylrutin , ferulic acid , furfurylidene glucitol , carnosine , butyl hydroxytoluene , butyl hydroxyanisole , nordihydroguaiaretic acid , trihydroxybutyrophenone , uric acid and derivatives thereof , mannose and derivatives thereof , superoxide dismutase , n -[ 3 -( 3 , 5 - di - tert - butyl - 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) propionyl ] sulfanilic acid ( and salts thereof , for example the disodium salts ), selenium and derivatives thereof ( e . g . selenium methionine ), stilbene and derivatives thereof ( e . g . stilbene oxide , trans - stilbene oxide ) and the derivatives suitable according to the invention ( salts , esters , ethers , sugars , nucleotides , nucleosides , peptides and lipids ) of those mentioned active ingredients . hals (=“ hindered amine light stabilizers ”) compounds may also be mentioned . the amount of antioxidants present is usually from 0 . 001 to 30 % by weight , preferably from 0 . 01 to 3 % by weight , based on the weight of the sunscreen composition . particularly preferred antioxidants are those of the tinogard ® line available from basf . for example , tinogard ® tt ( pentaaerythrityl tetra - di - t - butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate ) and tinogard ® tl ( benzotriazolyl dodecyl p - cresol ) to improve the flow behaviour it is also possible to employ hydrotropic agents , for example ethoxylated or non ethoxylated mono - alcohols , diols or polyols with a low number of carbon atoms or their ethers ( e . g . ethanol , isopropanol , 1 , 2 - dipropanediol , propyleneglycol , glyerin , ethylene glycol , ethylene glycol monoethylether , ethylene glycol monobutylether , propylene glycol monomethylether , propylene glycol monoethylether , propylene glycol monobutylether , diethylene glycol monomethylether ; diethylene glycol monoethylether , diethylene glycol monobutylether and similar products ). the polyols that come into consideration for that purpose have preferably from 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxy groups . the polyols may also contain further functional groups , especially amino groups , and / or may be modified with nitrogen . typical examples are as follows : glycerol , alkylene glycols , for example ethylene glycol , diethylene glycol , propylene glycol , butylene glycol , hexylene glycol and also polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of from 100 to 1000 dalton ; technical oligoglycerol mixtures having an intrinsic degree of condensation of from 1 . 5 to 10 , for example technical diglycerol mixtures having a diglycerol content of from 40 to 50 % by weight ; methylol compounds , such as , especially , trimethylolethane , trimethylolpropane , trimethylolbutane , pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol ; lower alkyl - glucosides , especially those having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical , for example methyl and butyl glucoside ; sugar alcohols having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms , for example sorbitol or mannitol ; sugars having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms , for example glucose or saccharose ; amino sugars , for example glucamine ; dialcohol amines , such as diethanolamine or 2 - amino - 1 , 3 - propanediol . suitable preservatives include , for example , methyl -, ethyl -, propyl -, butyl - parabens , benzalkonium chloride , 2 - bromo - 2 - nitro - propane - 1 , 3 - diol , dehydroacetic acid , diazolidinyl urea , 2 - dichloro - benzyl alcohol , dmdm hydantoin , formaldehyde solution , methyldibromoglutanitrile , phenoxyethanol , sodium hydroxymethylglycinate , imidazolidinyl urea , triclosan and further substance classes listed in the following reference : k . f . depolo — a short textbook of cosmetology , chapter 7 , table 7 - 2 , 7 - 3 , 7 - 4 and 7 - 5 , p 210 - 219 . typical examples of bacteria - inhibiting agents are preservatives that have a specific action against gram - positive bacteria , such as 2 , 4 , 4 ′- trichloro - 2 ′- hydroxydiphenyl ether , chlorhexidine ( 1 , 6 - di ( 4 - chlorophenyl - biguanido ) hexane ) or tcc ( 3 , 4 , 4 ′- trichlorocarbanilide ). a large number of aromatic substances and ethereal oils also have antimicrobial properties . typical examples are the active ingredients eugenol , menthol and thymol in clove oil , mint oil and thyme oil . a natural deodorising agent of interest is the terpene alcohol farnesol ( 3 , 7 , 11 - trimethyl - 2 , 6 , 10 - dodecatrien - 1 - ol ), which is present in lime blossom oil . glycerol monolaurate has also proved to be a bacteriostatic agent . the amount of the additional bacteria - inhibiting agents present is usually from 0 . 1 to 2 % by weight , based on the solids content of the preparations . there may be mentioned as perfume oils mixtures of natural and / or synthetic aromatic substances . natural aromatic substances are , for example , extracts from blossom ( lilies , lavender , roses , jasmine , neroli , ylang - ylang ), from stems and leaves ( geranium , patchouli , petitgrain ), from fruit ( aniseed , coriander , carraway , juniper ), from fruit peel ( bergamot , lemons , oranges ), from roots ( mace , angelica , celery , cardamom , costus , iris , calmus ), from wood ( pinewood , sandalwood , guaiacum wood , cedarwood , rosewood ), from herbs and grasses ( tarragon , lemon grass , sage , thyme ), from needles and twigs ( spruce , pine , scots pine , mountain pine ), from resins and balsams ( galbanum , elemi , benzoin , myrrh , olibanum , opoponax ). animal raw materials also come into consideration , for example civet and castoreum . typical synthetic aromatic substances are , for example , products of the ester , ether , aldehyde , ketone , alcohol or hydrocarbon type . aromatic substance compounds of the ester type are , for example , benzyl acetate , phenoxyethyl isobutyrate , p - tert - butylcyclohexyl acetate , linalyl acetate , dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate , phenylethyl acetate , linalyl benzoate , benzyl formate , ethylmethylphenyl glycinate , allylcyclohexyl propionate , styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate . the ethers include , for example , benzyl ethyl ether ; the aldehydes include , for example , the linear alkanals having from 8 to 18 hydrocarbon atoms , citral , citronellal , citronellyl oxyacetaldehyde , cyclamen aldehyde , hydroxycitronellal , lilial and bourgeonal ; the ketones include , for example , the ionones , isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone ; the alcohols include , for example , anethol , citronellol , eugenol , isoeugenol , geraniol , linalool , phenyl ethyl alcohol and terpinol ; and the hydrocarbons include mainly the terpenes and balsams . it is preferable , however , to use mixtures of various aromatic substances that together produce an attractive scent . ethereal oils of relatively low volatility , which are chiefly used as aroma components , are also suitable as perfume oils , e . g . sage oil , camomile oil , clove oil , melissa oil , oil of cinnamon leaves , lime blossom oil , juniper berry oil , vetiver oil , olibanum oil , galbanum oil , labolanum oil and lavandin oil . preference is given to the use of bergamot oil , dihydromyrcenol , lilial , lyral , citronellol , phenyl ethyl alcohol , hexyl cinnamaldehyde , geraniol , benzyl acetone , cyclamen aldehyde , linalool , boisambrene forte , ambroxan , indole , hedione , sandelice , lemon oil , tangerine oil , orange oil , allyl amyl glycolate , cyclovertal , lavandin oil , muscatel sage oil , damascone , bourbon geranium oil , cyclohexyl salicylate , vertofix coeur , iso - e - super , fixolide np , evernyl , iraldein gamma , phenylacetic acid , geranyl acetate , benzyl acetate , rose oxide , romillat , irotyl and floramat alone or in admixture with one another . there may be used as colourants the substances that are suitable and permitted for cosmetic purposes , as compiled , for example , in the publication “ kosmetische farbemittel ” of the farbstoffkommission der deutschen forschungsgemeinschaft , verlag chemie , weinheim , 1984 , pages 81 to 106 . the colourants are usually used in concentrations of from 0 . 001 to 0 . 1 % by weight , based on the total mixture . sun screening agents which may be combined with the zinc oxide particles in the sunscreen compositions described above would include a range of organic uv screening agents selected from the group consisting of 1 (+/−)- 1 , 7 , 7 - trimethyl - 3 -[( 4 - methylphenyl ) methylene ] bicyclo -[ 2 . 2 . 1 ] heptan - 2 - one ; p - methyl benzylidene camphor , 1 , 7 , 7 - trimethyl - 3 -( phenylmethylene ) bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] heptan - 2 - one ; benzylidene camphor , ( 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methoxyphenyl )( 4 - methylphenyl ) methanone , 2 , 4 - dihydroxybenzophenone , 2 , 2 ′, 4 , 4 ′- tetrahydroxybenzophenone , 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methoxy benzophenone , 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methoxy benzophenone - 5 - sulfonic acid , 2 , 2 ′- dihydroxy - 4 , 4 ′- dimethoxybenzophenone , 2 , 2 ′- dihydroxy - 4 - methoxybenzophenone , alpha -( 2 - oxoborn - 3 - ylidene ) toluene - 4 - sulphonic acid and its salts , 1 -[ 4 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl ) phenyl ]- 3 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl ) propane - 1 , 3 - dione , methyl n , n , n - trimethyl - 4 -[( 4 , 7 , 7 - trimethyl - 3 - oxobicyclo [ 2 , 2 , 1 ]- hept - 2 - ylidene ) methyl ] anilinium sulphate , 3 , 3 , 5 - trimethyl cyclohexyl - 2 - hydroxy benzoate , isopentyl p - methoxycinnamate , menthyl - o - aminobenzoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 2 - cyano , 3 , 3 - diphenylacrylate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 -( dimethylamino ) benzoate , 2 - ethylhexyl 4 - methoxycinnamate , 2 - ethylhexyl salicylate , benzoic acid , 4 , 4 ′, 4 ″-( 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine - 2 , 4 , 6 - triyltriimino ) tris -, tris ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) ester , 4 - aminobenzoic acid , benzoic acid , 4 - amino -, ethyl ester , polymer with oxirane , 2 - phenyl - 1h - benzimidazole - 5 - sulphonic acid , 2 - propenamide , n -[[ 4 -[( 4 , 7 , 7 - trimethyl - 3 - oxobicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] hept - 2 - ylidene ) methyl ] phenyl ] methyl ]-, homopolymer . triethanolamine salicylate , 3 , 3 ′-( 1 , 4 - phenylenedimethylene ) bis [ 7 , 7 - dimethyl - 2 - oxo - bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] heptane - 1 methanesulfonic acid ], titanium dioxide , 2 , 2 ′- methylene - bis -[ 6 -( 2h - benzotriazol - 2 - yl )- 4 -( 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl butyl )- phenol ], bis - ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine , 1h - benzimidazole - 4 , 6 - disulfonic acid , 2 , 2 ′-( 1 , 4 - phenylene ) bis -, disodium salt , benzoic acid , 4 , 4 ′-[[ 6 -[[ 4 -[[( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl ) amino ] carbo nyl ]- phenyl ] amino ] 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine - 2 , 4 - diyl ] diimino ] bis -, phenol , 2 -( 2h - benzotriazol - 2 - yl )- 4 - methyl - 6 -[ 2 - methyl - 3 -[ 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyl - 1 -[( trimethylsily ) oxy ] disiloxanyl ] propyl ]-, dimethicodiethylbenzalmalonate , benzenesulfonic acid , 3 -( 2h - benzotriazol - 2 - yl )- 4 - hydroxy - 5 -( 1 - methyl propyl )-, monosodium salt , benzoic acid , 2 -[ 4 -( diethylamino )- 2 - hydroxybenzoyl ]-, hexyl ester , 1 - dodecanaminium , n -[ 3 -[[ 4 -( dimethylamino ) benzoyl ] amino ]- propyl ] n , n - dimethyl -, salt with 4 - methylbenzenesulfonic acid ( 1 : 1 ), 1 - propanaminium , n , n , n - trimethyl - 3 -[( 1 - oxo - 3 - phenyl - 2 - propenyl ) amino ]-, chloride , 1h - benzimidazole - 4 , 6 - disulfonic acid , 2 , 2 ′-( 1 , 4 - phenylene ) bis -, 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )-, 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris [ 4 -[( 2 - ethylhexyl ) oxy ] phenyl ]-, 1 - propanaminium , 3 -[[ 3 -[ 3 -( 2h - benzotriazol - 2 - yl )- 5 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl )- 4 - hydroxyphenyl ]- 1 - oxopropyl ] amino ]- n , n - diethyl - n - methyl -, methyl sulfate ( salt ), 2 - propenoic acid , 3 -( 1h - imidazol - 4 - yl )-, benzoic acid , 2 - hydroxy -, [ 4 -( 1 - methylethyl ) phenyl ] methyl ester , 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetriol , 1 -( 4 - aminobenzoate ), benzeneacetic acid , 3 , 4 - dimethoxy - a - oxo -, 2 - propenoic acid , 2 - cyano - 3 , 3 - diphenyl -, ethyl ester , anthralinic acid , p - menth - 3 - yl ester , 2 , 2 ′- bis ( 1 , 4 - phenylene )- 1h - benzimidazole - 4 , 6 - disulphonic acid mo no sodium salt or disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate , 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine - 2 , 4 , 6 - triamine and n , n ′- bis [ 4 -[ 5 -( 1 , 1 - dimethylpropyl )- 2 - benzoxazolyl ] phenyl ]- n ″-( 2 - ethylhexyl ). of particular interest are bis ( resorcinyl ) s - triazines uv absorbers having the formula ( 1 ) in combination with the zinc oxide above described . r 1 and r 2 , independently of one another , are c 3 - c 18 alkyl ; c 2 - c 18 alkenyl ; a radical of the formula — ch 2 — ch (— oh )— ch 2 — o - t 1 ; or r 1 and r 2 are a radical of the formula r 12 is a direct bond ; a straight - chain or branched c 1 - c 4 alkylene radical or a radical of the formula r 13 , r 14 and r 15 , independently of one another , are c 1 - c 18 alkyl ; c 1 - c 18 alkoxy or a radical of the formula m 1 and m 3 , independently of one another , are 1 to 4 ; p 1 is 0 or a number from 1 to 5 ; r 3 is hydrogen ; c 1 - c 10 alkyl , —( ch 2 chr 5 — o ) n 1 — r 4 ; or a radical of the formula — ch 2 — ch (— oh )— ch 2 — o - t 1 ; r 4 is hydrogen ; m ; c 1 - c 5 alkyl ; or a radical of the formula —( ch 2 ) m 2 — o - t 1 ; c 1 - c 5 alkyl , c 1 - c 10 alkyl , c 1 - c 10 alkyl , and c 3 - c 18 alkyl are straight - chain or branched alkyl radicals such as methyl , ethyl , n - propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , sec - butyl , tert - butyl , amyl , isoamyl or tert - amyl , heptyl , octyl , isooctyl , nonyl , decyl , undecyl , dodecyl , tetradecyl , pentadecyl , hexadecyl , heptadecyl or octadecyl . c 2 - c 18 alkenyl is , for example , allyl , methallyl , isopropenyl , 2 - butenyl , 3 - butenyl , isobutenyl , n - penta - 2 , 4 - dienyl , 3 - methyl - but - 2 - enyl , n - oct - 2 - enyl , n - dodec - 2 - enyl , iso - dodecenyl , n - dodec - 2 - enyl or n - octadec - 4 - enyl . preferred bis ( resorcinyl ) compounds of the formula ( 1 ) are those in which r 3 and r 4 here are as defined in the formulae ( 1a ) and ( 1b ). r 6 and r 7 , independently of one another , are c 3 - c 18 alkyl ; or — ch 2 — ch (— oh )— ch 2 — o - t 1 ; r 8 is c 1 - c 10 alkyl or a radical of the formula r 9 is hydrogen ; m ; c 1 - c 5 alkyl ; or a radical of the formula —( ch 2 ) m — o - t 2 ; t 1 and t 2 , independently of one another , are hydrogen ; or c 1 - c 5 alkyl ; and uppermost of interest are compounds of the formulae ( 2a ) and ( 2b ), in which r 6 and r 7 , independently of one another , are c 3 - c 18 alkyl ; or — ch 2 — ch (— oh )— ch 2 — o - t 1 ; r 6 and r 7 , independently of one another , are c 3 - c 18 alkyl or — ch 2 — ch (— oh )— ch 2 — o - t 1 ; and very particularly preferred in this case are triazine compounds of the formula ( 2 ) or ( 3 ), in which r 6 and r 7 have the same meaning . examples of compounds of the formula ( 1 ) which may be mentioned are : 2 -( 4 ′- methoxyphenyl )- 4 , 6 - bis ( 2 ′- hydroxy - 4 ′- n - octyloxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 3 -( 2 - propyloxy )- 2 - hydroxypropyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 2 - ethylhexyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -[ 4 -( 2 - methoxyethylcarboxyl ) phenylamino ]- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( tris ( trimethylsiloxysilylpropyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 2 ″ methylpropenyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 1 ′, 1 ′, 1 ′, 3 ′, 5 ′, 5 ′, 5 ′- heptamethyltrisilyl - 2 ″- methylpropyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 3 -( 2 - propyloxy )- 2 - hydroxypropyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -[ 4 - ethylcarboxyl )- phenylamino ]- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine ; 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 2 - ethylhexyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 1 - methylpyrrol - 2 - yl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine or 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 2 - ethylhexyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine . surprisingly , the combination of these bisresorcinyl s - triazines gives an unexpected increase in uv absorbance in the uv - a region when combined with the zinc oxide particle distribution of the invention . the weight ratio of the bisresorcinyl triazine , preferably the bisresorcinyl triazines of formula ( 2a ), ( 2b ), ( 3a ) or ( 3b ), most preferably bisresorcinyl triazines of formulas ( 2a ) or ( 2b ) and especially 2 , 4 - bis {[ 4 -( 2 - ethylhexyloxy )- 2 - hydroxy ] phenyl }- 6 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 5 - triazine , to the zinc oxide coated particles can be virtually any ratio but preferable the ratio of zinc oxide to bisresorcinyl triazine will range from about 25 : 1 to 1 : 25 in the sunscreen formulation . most typically however , the zinc oxide particles will exceed the weight of the bisresorcinyl triazine in the sunscreen formulation . for example the weight ratio of the zinc oxide to bisresorcinyl triazine will vary from about 25 : 1 to about 1 : 1 and most preferably 20 : 1 to about 5 : 1 . in the first step , high purity zinc metal is fed into a plasma arc , where it is vaporized . oxygen is added to the zinc metal vapour to produce zinc oxide . the newly formed zinc oxide molecules then begin to associate with one another and nanocrystalline zinc oxide condenses from the vapor . these nanoparticles are then cooled rapidly in order to get them below their sintering temperature ( to prevent particle size growth ). in the dry state , the nanoparticles of zno associate with one another in loose , non - durable electrostatic agglomerates , which allows for handling and packaging of the product using traditional powder conveyance equipment . there are no other reactions , by - products , or waste streams . the zinc oxide particles according to the invention ( before coating ) have a d50 mean particle distribution by volume determined by dynamic light scattering of 580 . 8 nm . 0 . 0 % of the particles in the distribution fall below 100 nm . the morphology of the crystal is zincite ( hexagonal ) and the average crystal size is 286 . 3 nm determined by x - ray diffraction using the scherrer equation . the nanoparticles of zinc oxide are prepared as above except that an alternative distribution of the particles are gathered . the particles before coating have a d50 mean particle distribution by volume determined by dynamic light scattering of 378 nm . 2 . 5 % of the particles in the distribution fall below 100 nm . the morphology of the crystal is zincite ( hexagonal ) and the average crystal size is 69 . 6 nm determined by the x - ray diffraction using the scherrer equation . in the second step , using different equipment , the zinc oxide according to the invention and the nanoparticulate zinc oxide is allowed to react with triethoxyoctyl silane monomer . in this reaction , the monomer reacts with itself on and around the surface of the zinc oxide producing ethanol as a by - product which is removed . the coated and uncoated particles are shown to be discrete once formulated . the transparency of the zinc oxide dispersion before coating ( in water ) and after coating of the particles ( in oil ) is of comparable transparency (% transmission ). the coating makes up about 1 wt . % based on the total weight of the coated particle in both the zinc oxide powder of the invention and the nanoparticulate zinc oxide powder . zinc oxide powder according to invention is produced in the first step , and then it is coated to make it hydrophobic in the second step . nano particulate zinc oxide powder is as produced in example 1 except the particle distribution falling below 100 nm , and the average crystal size determined by x - ray diffraction using the scherrer equation is different than that of example 1 . 70 grams of poly - n - octylsilsesquioxane coated zinc oxide particles of example 1 are mixed vigorously with 30 grams of caprylic capric triglyceride as a cosmetically suitable carrier ( myritol ® 312 ) to form a stable dispersion . ingredients % w / w phase a deionized water q / s dc 193 fluid ( dimethicone copolyol ) 2 0 . 10 edeta ® bd ( disodium edta ) 1 0 . 10 phase b glycerin ( glycerin ) 3 3 . 00 keltrol cg ( xanthan gum ) 4 0 . 20 veegum ultra ( magnesium aluminum silicate ) 5 0 . 60 phase c cremophor ® gs 32 ( polyglyceryl - 3 distearate ) 1 3 . 00 cremophor ® a 20 ( ceteareth - 20 ) 1 1 . 75 lanette o ( cetearyl alcohol ) 1 3 . 00 cetiol b ( dibutyl adipate ) 1 8 . 00 cetiol a ( hexyl laurate ) 1 5 . 00 uv cut tio2 - 55 - ac ( titanium dioxide and 8 . 00 c12 - 15 alkyl benzoate and cyclopentasiloxane and stearic acid and polyhydroxystearic acid and alumina ) 6 example 1 ( zinc oxide and triethoxycaprylysilane ) 1 11 . 50 phase d glydant plus liquid ( dmdm hydantoin ( and ) 0 . 50 lodopropynyl butylcarbamate ) 7 fragrance ( chamomile fragrance 6109505 ) 8 0 . 05 suppliers 1 basf 2 dow corning corp . 3 jeen 4 cp kelco 5 r . t . vanderbilt 6 grant 7 lonza inc 8 bell flavors and fragrances combine phase c , heat to 75 - 80 ° c ., and homogenize for 1 - 3 minutes . add phase c to phase nb using homogenizer and homogenize for 4 - 5 minutes . ingredients % w / w phase a lipovol ® co ( ricinus communis ( castor ) seed oil ) 2 q . s . cetiol ® sb - 45 ( butyrospermum parkii ( shea butter )) 1 4 . 33 white beeswax sp422p ( beeswax ) 3 6 . 00 candelilla wax sp 75 ( euphoria cerifera 6 . 00 ( candelilla ) wax ) 3 ozokerite ® wax pastilles sp273 p ( ozokerite ) 3 4 . 50 cetiol ® a ( hexyl laurate ) 1 2 . 13 cetiol ® sensoft ( propylheptyl caprylate ) 1 3 . 26 phase b lipovol ® co ( ricinus communis ( castor ) seed oil ) 2 10 . 00 cetiol ® b ( dibutyl adipate ) 1 4 . 60 pelemol ® phs - 8 ( polyhydroxystearic acid ) 4 0 . 50 uvinul ® mc 80 ( ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate ) 1 7 . 50 tinogard ® tl ( benzotriazolyl dodecyl p - cresol ) 1 0 . 50 uvinul ® n 539t ( octocrylene ) 1 5 . 50 lanette ® 18 ( stearyl alcohol ) 1 3 . 00 luvitol ® lite ( hydrogenated polyisobutene ) 1 4 . 00 example 1 ( zinc oxide and triethoxycaprylylsilane ) 1 11 . 50 tinogard ® tt ( pentaerythrityl tetra - di - t - buty 0 . 05 hydroxyhydrocinnamate ) 1 cetiol ® rlf ( caprylyl - caprylate caprate ) 1 4 . 50 vitamin e acetate ( tocopheryl acetate ) 1 0 . 75 bisabolol rac . ( bisabolol ) 1 0 . 75 euxyl k 300 ( phenoxyethanol and methylparaben and 0 . 75 ethylparaben and butylparaben and propylparaben and isobutylparaben ) 5 dow corning ep 9261 ti cosmetic powder 1 . 50 ( dimethicone / vinyl dimethicone crosspolymer and titanium dioxide ) 6 suppliers 1 basf 2 lipo 3 strahl & amp ; pitsch 4 phoenix chemical 5 schulke & amp ; mayr 6 dow corning combine phase b and heat 85 ° c . while mixing , then homogenize till uniform . add phase b to phase a while at 85 ° c . and homogenize at low to medium speed for 3 minutes . ingredients % w / w phase a cetiol ® sensoft ( propylheptyl caprylate ) 1 5 . 00 uvinul ® mc 80 ( octinoxate ) 1 7 . 50 cremophor ® wo7 ( peg - 7 hydrogenated castor oil ) 1 3 . 50 luvitol ® lite ( hydrogenated polyisobutene ) 1 5 . 00 example 1 ( zinc oxide ( and ) triethoxycaprylylsilane ) 1 6 . 00 cremophor ® gs32 ( polyglyceryl - 3 distearate ) 1 2 . 00 dehymulse ® le ( peg - 30 dipolyhydroxystearate ) 1 3 . 00 cetiol ® rlf ( caprylyl - caprylate caprate ) 1 6 . 00 white beeswax sp - 422p ( beeswax ) 2 1 . 75 myritol ® 331 ( cocoglycerides ) 1 5 . 00 vitamin e acetate ( tocopheryl acetate ) 1 0 . 50 bisabolol , rac ( bisabolol ) 1 0 . 20 dow corning 556 ( phenyl trimethicone ) 4 2 . 00 phase b deionized water q / s glycerin 99 . 7 % ( glycerin ) 3 2 . 00 dow corning 193 c fluid ( peg - 12 dimethicone ) 4 1 . 00 salt ( sodium chloride ) 5 0 . 50 oristar ® ms ( magnesium sulfate ) 6 0 . 10 phase c glydant plus liquid ( dmdm hydantoin 0 . 50 idopropynyl butylcarbamate ) 7 violet amber and sandalwood fragrance f - 138398 8 0 . 20 suppliers 1 basf 2 strahl & amp ; pitsch 3 jeen 4 dow corning 5 cargill 6 orient stars 7 lonza inc 8 intarome combine phase a and heat to 75 - 80 ° c . and homogenize till smooth and uniform . add phase b to phase a while at 75 - 80 ° c . and homogenize for 1 - 3 minutes at low / medium speed . add phase c at 40 ° c . or below one by one , mix well then stop . ingredients % w / w phase a deionized water q . s . d - panthenol 75w ( panthenol ) 1 0 . 75 edta bd ( disodium edta ) 1 0 . 10 phase b glycerin ( glycerin 99 %) 2 2 . 00 keltrol ® cg ( xantham gum ) 3 0 . 25 veegum ® ultra ( magnesium aluminum silicate ) 4 0 . 35 phase c lanette ® 22 ( behenyl alcohol ) 1 2 . 00 cremophor ® gs 32 ( polyglyceryl - 3 distearate gum ) 1 1 . 75 emulgade ® pl 68 / 50 ( cetearyl glucoside and 2 . 75 cetearyl alcohol ) 1 cremophor ® wo - 7 ( peg - 7 hydrogenated castor oil ) 1 0 . 20 myritol ® 331 ( cocoglycerides ) 1 3 . 50 uvinul ® 539t ( octocrylene ) 1 4 . 00 cetiol ® oe ( dicaprylyl ether ) 1 3 . 00 phase d example 1 ( zinc oxide and triethoxycaprylysilane ) 1 11 . 50 uvinul ® mc 80 ( ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate ) 1 7 . 50 cetiol ® rlf ( caprylyl - caprylate caprate ) 1 3 . 50 cetiol ® sensoft ( propylhetyl caprylate ) 1 3 . 50 phase e jeecide ® p ( phenoxyethanol and methylparaben and 0 . 75 ethylparaben and butylparaben and propylparaben and isobutylparaben ) 2 marine filling spheres ( pentaerytrityl tetraisostearate 1 . 00 and silica dimethyl sylilate and sodium chondroitin sulfate and atelocollagen and butylene glycol ) 1 deliner ( zea mays ( corn ) kernel extract and butylene 1 . 00 glycom and xanthan gum ) 1 fragrance ( unisex fragrance # 2 for skin care ) 5 0 . 10 suppliers 1 basf 2 jeen 3 cp kelco 4 rt vanderbilt 5 intarome premix phase b and add to phase a while heating to 75 - 80 ° c . combine phase d homogenize until smooth and heat to 75 - 80 ° c . add phase d to phase c while at 75 - 80 ° c . and homogenize for 1 - 3 minutes . add phase c / d to batch under homogenization , and homogenize until uniform add phase e ingredients one by one and mix well between additions six sunscreen formulations are compared all using the same basic formulation . pmma plates are coated with ˜ 0 . 75 mg / cm 2 sample formulations and glycerin for the control . the absorbance spectrum from 290 nm to 400 nm is compared for the control and each sample using a labsphere 2000s following the fda sunscreen analysis ( 2011 ) protocol . the raw instrument data are averaged over 9 locations on each test plates to obtain the average absorbance . for each sample , the absorbance of the formulation without any sunscreens is deducted from the data to correct for any background ( assuming linearity ). the excess absorbance for formulation 3 is determined by taking the absorbance of the formulation 3 ( containing both the zinc oxide of example 1 and tinosorb ® s ), then deducting the absorbances of the formulations 1 and 2 . the excess absorbance is clearly positive in the formulation 3 containing both the zinc oxide of example 1 and tinosorb ® s at wavelengths above 370 nm ( in the uva region ). the excess absorbance is also determined for formulation 5 ( containing nanoparticulate zinc oxide and tinosorb ® s ) in a similar way as above . the excess absorbance for formulation 5 is determined by taking the absorbance of the formulation 5 ( containing both the zinc oxide of example 2 and tinosorb ® s ), then deducting the absorbances of the formulations 4 and 2 . the excess absorbance is clearly positive in the formulation 3 containing both the zinc oxide of example 1 and tinosorb ® s at wavelengths above 370 nm ( in the uva region ). there is also an excess of absorbance in the formulation 5 at wavelengths above 380 nm ( but not as significant as that shown by the inventive combination of formula 5 ). but more significantly there is a clear lower absorbance performance in the range from 290 nm to 375 nm for formulation 5 when compared to formulation 3 .
the present disclosure relates to polymeric siloxane coated zinc oxide powders having a mean particle size number distribution ranging from about 300 nm to about 600 nm and their use in sunscreen compositions . the relatively high surface area avoids agglomeration resulting in ease of formulation and high dispersal of the particles which tends toward less light scatter and hence better transparency in formulations . furthermore , the combination of the particular particle size number distribution of zinc oxide ranging as above with bistriazine uv absorbers shows unexpected increased uv - a absorbance in comparison to the zinc oxide and bis resorcinyl triazine uv absorbers on their own at the same concentration .