the artificial blood vessel of the present invention has been developed taking notice of different organization steps inside and outside the vessel and on the basis of the findings that , when specified biopolymers having different functions are used , inside the vessel adhesion of blood components such as platelets leukocytes and the like to the inner surface of the vessel can be inhibited effectively , patency of the vessel can therefore be improved and biodegradation inside the vessel can be effected at an appropriate rate , whereas outside the vessel adhesiveness of cells such as fibroblasts , capillary endothelial cells and the like to the biopolymer , biodegradation of the biopolymer at an appropriate rate and migratory function of these cells can be improved effectively on the outer surface of the vessel , as well as improved biocompatibility and substitution of the biopolymer by the above - mentioned cells , hence rendering possible organization of the vessel . basic design concept of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention is to make up the inner surface of the artificial blood vessel by a cell non - adhesive ecm layer insolubilized by gelation through photodimerization of photoreactive groups , and the outer surface of the vessel by a cell adhesive ecm layer insolubilized by the same photogelation . various known photoreactive groups and ecms can be used within the range of the above design concept of the present invention . more illustratively , the inner layer of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention is composed basically of photogelled cinnamic acid - modified chondroitin sulfate ( photogelled c - cs ), and the outer layer of the vessel is composed of photogelled coumarin - modified gelatin ( photogelled c - gt ). in this instance , each layer may be optionally contained with other chemical substances , biological cells and the like than the photogelled ecm , provided that they do not spoil the object of the present invention . chondroitin sulfate ( cs ) as the main skeleton of the cinnamic acid - modified chondroitin sulfate ( c - cs ) can endow the inner layer of the artificial blood vessel with cellular non - adhesiveness because of its high hydrophilic nature and can show heparin - like anticoagulant activity , while gelatin ( gt ) as the main skeleton of the outer layer coumarin - modified gelatin ( c - gt ) is a cell adhesive protein . both of these compounds are major extracellular matrices ( ecm ) which constitute blood vessel walls . c - cs is a compound obtained by introducing a photocrosslinking group ( photoreactive group ), namely a photodimerizable cinnamoyl group ( cin group ), into cs , and c - gt is a compound obtained by introducing a photodimerizable coumaryloxymethylcarbonyl group ( cou group ) into gt . that is , in the artificial blood vessel of the present invention , each layer composed of c - cs or c - gt is irradiated with light to effect dimerization of the cin groups or cou groups , and the water insoluble gel layers thus formed are intended to use as artificial extracellular matrices . the following describes function of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention by reference to fig1 . fig1 schematically illustrates periodical changes in sections of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention after its implantation into the living body . as shown in ( a ), the artificial blood vessel 1 of the present invention at an early stage of the implantation is composed of a support 2 , a photogelled c - cs layer 3 and a photogelled c - gt layer 4 , and the surface of the photogelled c - cs layer 3 contacts with blood to maintain anti - thrombogenic property by preventing adhesion of platelets and the like 5 , while the photogelled c - gt layer 4 contacts with biological tissues and adheres fibroblasts and the like , at the same time effecting migration of cells from the tissue side toward the arrowhead direction thereby allowing tissues to proliferate inward . after a lapse of time as shown in ( b ), the photogelled c - cs layer 3 is biologically decomposed while maintaining its anti - thrombogenic property , the inner surface of the artificial blood vessel is partly covered with endothelial cells 6 which are supplied from capillary vessels or anastomotic moieties ( not shown in the drawing ) penetrated from the outside after biodegradation of the photogelled c - gt layer 4 that is simultaneously substituted by connective tissues 7 . after a further lapse of time as shown in ( c ), the photogelled c - cs layer 3 is substituted by connective tissues 7 and entire area of the inner surface is covered with endothelial cells 6 , thus showing complete biodegradation of the photogelled c - cs layer 3 and the photogelled c - gt layer 4 of the present invention and complete reconstruction of original blood vessel tissues except for the support 2 , namely organization of the artificial blood vessel . the c - cs to be used in the present invention can be synthesized in accordance with known method such as a process disclosed in ep - a 2 - 0554898 or in jinko zoki ( artificial organs ), 22 ( 2 ), 376 - 379 ( 1993 ). for example , c - cs can be synthesized by allowing tri - n - butylamine salt of cs to react with cinnamoyl chloride in n , n - dimethylformamide to form ester bonding between the hydroxyl group of cs and cinnamoyl group . the cs to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited and examples thereof include those which have been extracted and purified from connective tissues such as cartilage , trachea , aorta , dermis , tendon , umbilical cord , notochord and the like of animals belonging to mammalia , pisces and cephalopoda and commercially available products ( manufactured for instance by seikagaku corporation ). preferred as the cs are those derived from cartilage , skin or notochord of shark , sturgeon , whale , bovine , squid or the like . the molecular weight of the cs can be selected depending on the object . in general , the molecular weight of the cs may be within the range from 2 , 000 to 100 , 000 , preferably from 10 , 000 to 80 , 000 . specific examples thereof include chondroitin sulfate a , chondroitin sulfate b ( dermatan sulfate ), chondroitin sulfate d and chondroitin sulfate e . the c - gt having cou group can be obtained by allowing amino group of gt and carboxyl group of 7 - coumaryloxyacetic acid to react with a water soluble carbodiimide ( for example , 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride ) in an aqueous medium , thereby forming an amide bonding . the gt to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited and its examples include those which have been extracted and purified from bones , sinews , dermis and the like of mammals such as bovine , swine and the like and commercially available products ( manufactured for instance by wako pure chemical industries , ltd . or nitta gelatine co ., ltd .). according to the present invention , the number of photodimerizable groups introduced into c - cs or c - gt can be selected depending on the object . in general , c - cs may contain introduced cin groups within the range of from 0 . 01 to 3 . 0 groups , preferably from 0 . 5 to 3 . 0 groups , per constitutive disaccharide repeat unit , and c - gt may contain introduced cou groups within the range of from 5 to 50 groups , preferably from 15 to 45 groups , per molecule . according to the present invention , the photogelled c - cs is synthesized through dimerization reaction of cin groups by irradiating c - cs with light , preferably ultraviolet light , more preferably ultraviolet light from which beams having wave lengths of not more than 270 nm are removed , for a required period of time , generally from 5 to 30 minutes . by selecting the irradiation time and the number of cin groups to be introduced , crosslinking ratio and gelling ratio , or cellular adhesiveness and rigidity can be controlled . in the same manner , the photogelled c - gt is synthesized through dimerization reaction of cou groups by irradiating c - gt with light , preferably ultraviolet light , more preferably ultraviolet light from which beams having wave lengths of not more than 310 nm are removed , for a required period of time , generally from 5 to 30 minutes . by selecting the irradiation time and the number of cou groups to be introduced , crosslinking ratio , gelling ratio , cellular adhesiveness and rigidity can be controlled . in other words , swelling ratio of each of these photogelled matrices which exerts influences upon rigidity can be controlled by properly selecting introducing ratio of the photocrosslinking groups ( photoreactive groups ) and ultraviolet light irradiation time . the ultraviolet irradiation can be carried out preferably by the use of the apparatus shown in fig3 . this apparatus can be easily prepared from quartz by reference to fig3 . fig2 conceptually illustrates synthesis of c - cs and c - gt and photocrosslinking ( photodimerization ) reactions thereof . that is , photodimerizable cin ( a ) or cou ( b ) group 11 is introduced into cs or gt molecule 10 to effect synthesis of c - cs or c - gt molecule 12 which is then irradiated with ultraviolet light ( uv ) to form a photodimerized product 13 of cin ( c ) or con ( d ) groups , thereby effecting synthesis of photogelled c - cs or c - gt 14 . the support to be used in the artificial blood vessel of the present invention is not particularly limited and any material known in the art may be used , provided that it is a porous material which does not prevent organization of the vessel as shown in fig1 and satisfies certain requirements such as no toxicity , no antigenicity , durability and the like . its illustrative examples include porous materials composed of polyester such as dacron ( trade name ) manufactured by golaski , polyamide such as nylon and the like , polyvinyl such as ivalon ( poly ( vinyl formal )) and the like , polyhalogenated olefins such as polytetrafluoroethylene , teflon ( trade name ), gore - tex ( trade name ) and the like , polyurethane and silicone rubber . these materials may be used in the form of porous film , woven fabric , non - woven fabric , knitted fabric and the like . according to the process for producing the artificial blood vessel of the present invention , the vessel may have at least a basic construction in which the photogelled c - cs layer is arranged inside , and the photogelled c - gt layer outside , and c - cs and c - gt may be present as a mixture in the interface area of the c - cs layer and c - gt layer via the support . in order to carry out efficient photocrosslinking reaction , it is preferable to use a two step irradiation process in which first irradiation of light is carried out after arrangement of either the outside c - gt layer or the inside c - cs layer and then second irradiation of light is carried out after arrangement of the remaining layer . though not particularly limited , arrangement of each of the aforementioned layers may be effected generally by coating the surface of the support with a solution of c - cs or c - gt dissolved in water or an organic solvent and then fixing the layer to the support by drying to an appropriate level . with regard to the coating method , any usually used method in the art may be used , such as dipping under reduced or normal pressure , centrifugation or the like . upon coating , a solution of c - cs or c - gt is adjusted to give a concentration ranging from 1 to 20 wt %. examples of the present invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation . a 30 ml portion of dry pyridine was added to 15 ml of dmf in which 247 mg of chondroitin sulfate ( molecular weight , 60 , 000 ; purified from shark cartilage ; manufactured by seikagaku corporation ) tri - n - butylamine salt had been dissolved , and the mixture was stirred vigorously while adding 59 . 3 mg of cinnamic acid chloride at room temperature . after 2 hours of reaction at 75 ° c ., ethanol saturated with sodium acetate was added to the reaction solution , and the precipitate thus formed was collected , washed thoroughly with ethanol and then dried under a reduced pressure to obtain 180 mg of c - cs . the c - cs contained 19 . 0 % by weight of cinnamic acid linked thereto , having about 1 . 0 cin group per disaccharide repeat unit . a 2 . 13 g portion of 7 - coumaryloxyacetic acid which had been synthesized in accordance with the procedure disclosed in jp - a - 3 - 48674 was dissolved in 20 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide solution . the resulting solution was adjusted to ph 6 with hydrochloric acid and then to a final volume of 30 ml . the 7 - coumaryloxyacetic acid solution thus prepared was cooled in an ice bath for 30 minutes and then mixed with two molar quantity ( 3 . 71 g ) of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide hydrochloride as a condensing agent . the mixture solution thus prepared was stirred for 1 hour in an ice bath , mixed with 20 ml of phosphate buffer containing 0 . 5 g of bovine bone gelatin and then stirred overnight ( about 24 hours ) in an ice bath to synthesize c - gt . thereafter , the reaction mixture was dialyzed against water for 3 days and lyophilized to recover 0 . 49 g of c - gt . a total of 27 . 2 cou groups were introduced into one molecule of the c - gt . the c - cs obtained in synthesis example 1 ( about 1 . 0 cin group per disaccharide repeat unit ) or c - gt obtained in synthesis example 2 ( 27 . 2 cou groups per one molecule ) was made into a membrane on a poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) ( pet ) film of 14 mm in diameter and irradiated with ultraviolet light through a filter to cut off wave lengths of equal to and lower than 270 nm ( for c - cs ) or 310 nm ( for c - gt ). films having the thus photogelled c - cs membrane or c - gt membrane were put onto the bottom of wells of a tissue culture dish as well as a control pet film . platelet rich plasma adjusted to 5 × 10 8 platelets per well was added to each of the photogelled membranes and incubated at 37 ° c . for 1 hour . each of the resulting films was washed with phosphate buffer and then subjected to fixation with 1 . 5 % glutaraldehyde , conducting staining with 1 % osmium , alcohol dehydration , critical point drying and silver - palladium vapor deposition . thereafter , thus treated films were observed under a scanning electron microscope ( s - 4000 , manufactured by hitachi , ltd .) to evaluate the number of adhered platelets and their morphological changes on the film . a large number of platelets were adhered to the pet film used as a control and the photogelled c - gt membrane , and significant pseudopodium formation and morphological changes were found in the adhered platelets . on the contrary , the number of platelets adhered to the photogelled c - cs membrane was small and their pseudopodium formation and morphological changes were slight . the same films having the photogelled c - cs or c - gt membrane prepared in test example 1 were put onto the bottom of wells of a tissue culture dish as well as a control pet film . endothelial cells collected from bovine thoracic aorta were suspended in dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium ( dmem ) supplemented with 15 % fetal calf serum , dispensed into the culture dish to a cell density of 4 × 10 4 cells per well and then cultured at 37 ° c . for 4 hours in an atmosphere of 5 % co 2 . after completion of the culture , the resulting films were treated in the same manner as described in test example 1 and then observed under a scanning electron microscope ( s - 4000 , manufactured by hitachi , ltd .) to evaluate the number of adhered endothelial cells and their morphological changes on the film . similar to the case of platelets , endothelial cells were significantly adhered to and developed on the control pet film and the photogelled c - gt membrane and their adhesion and development were inhibited on the photogelled c - cs membrane . an artificial blood vessel made of dacron ( micro knit , manufactured by golaski ; porosity , 4 , 000 ml / cm 2 / min ) having an inside diameter of 5 mm and a length of 5 cm was used as a support , and the c - cs and c - gt used in test example 1 were used . as a first step , the support was fixed to a stainless steel holder and soaked in 10 % by weight c - gt aqueous solution under a reduced pressure to effect coating of the compound in interfibrous gaps and on the outer surface of the support . after air - drying , the coated support was irradiated with ultraviolet light ( λ & gt ; 310 nm ). as a second step , 12 . 5 % by weight c - cs aqueous solution was injected into the resulting support which was subsequently rotated at 600 rpm with its long axis as the center to effect coating of the compound on the inner surface of the support . after air - drying , an optical quartz probe 21 of an ultraviolet light irradiation apparatus 20 shown in fig3 was inserted into thus treated support to carry out irradiation of ultraviolet light ( λ & gt ; 270 nm ). this ultraviolet light irradiation apparatus 20 is designed in such a manner that ultraviolet light is scattered in radial directions as shown by arrows from the optical quartz probe 21 against optical axis of a mercury - xenon lamp 23 which is cooled by cooling water 22 , hence rendering possible irradiation of light inside the support . the artificial blood vessel of the present invention was obtained by repeating this second step several times . implantation and enucleation of artificial blood vessel into and from the living body under general anesthesia , abdominal aorta under the renal artery of an adult mongrel dog weighing 10 to 13 kg was denuded and the artificial blood vessel of 5 cm in length obtained in example 1 was transplanted . anastomosis was effected by continuous suture of 6 - 0 polypropylene thread . anticoagulant therapy was not employed except for the use of 100 u / kg of heparin during the operation . separately , the same support used in the present invention was pre - clotted with autoblood to form fibrin coat layer and used as a control . each artificial blood vessel was enucleated after completion of the predetermined implantation periods ( 6 hours , 3 days and 7 days ). after 4 hours of dipping fixation in 1 % glutaraldehyde , each artificial blood vessel was divided at its central position into a sample for use in optical microscope observation and another sample for scanning electron microscope observation use . the sample for use in optical microscopic observation was fixed by dipping it in 10 % neutral - buffered formalin aqueous solution , and its sections were subjected to hematoxylin - eosin staining . the sample for use in scanning electron microscopic observation was treated in accordance with the procedure described in the aforementioned test examples . the artificial blood vessel of the present invention maintained its patency in all cases with no hematoma formation on its peripheral areas . adhesion of fibrin and blood cell components on the photogelled c - cs membrane inside the vessel were hardly recognizable under the electron microscope after 6 hours , 3 days or 7 days of the implantation , but appearance of the inner surface was changed with the lapse of time due to biodegradation of the photogelled c - cs membrane . when observed under an optical microscope , the photogelled c - cs membrane on the support showed uniformly membrane - like appearance . after 3 days of the implantation , the photogelled c - gt membrane still remained on the outside of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention and a great number of leukocytes were found on its peripheral areas . however , after 7 days of the implantation , the photogelled c - gt membrane disappeared , leukocytes decreased in number and , in stead , fibroblast - like cells appeared on the periphery of the support fibers and penetrated into interfibrous gaps of the support . on the other hand , the control artificial blood vessel also maintained its patency in all cases with no hematoma formation on its periphery , but its inner surface was covered by thrombi consisting of numerous platelets , fibrin and leukocytes when observed after 6 hours of the implantation . the inner surface was covered by fibrin net containing erythrocytes and leukocytes after 3 days of the implantation , and the fibrin net was dense and blood cell components were reduced when observed after 7 days of the implantation . on the outer surface of the control artificial blood vessel , thrombi formed due to the pre - clotting treatment still remained after 3 days of the implantation , with leukocytes gathering around the surface . after 7 days of the implantation , the remaining thrombi disappeared , but leukocytes were still present around the outer surface and partly penetrated into intercellular spaces . thus , the artificial blood vessel of the present invention , which has been produced based on the different inside and outside designs , showed expected behavior at the acute stage following the concept shown in fig1 . optimization of various characteristics which render possible organization of the artificial blood vessel of the present invention can be attained by specifying physical properties and structures of c - cs and c - gt and photogelled products thereof to be used . in addition , the artificial blood vessel of the present invention is useful as a basic material of other artificial blood vessels such as a hybrid type artificial blood vessel and the like . while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof .
this invention provides a more functionalized artificial blood vessel which can be organized by independently designing its inner and outer surfaces and endowing them with respectively different biocompatibilities , as well as a process for producing the same . the artificial blood vessel comprises a tubular support having a layer of photogelled cinnamic acid - bound chondroitin sulfate coated on the inner surface thereof and a layer of photogelled coumarin - bound gelatin coated on the outer surface thereof . the process for producing the above artificial blood vessel comprises coating a layer of coumarin - bound gelatin on the outer surface of a tubular support and a layer of cinnamic acid - bound chondroitin sulfate on the inner surface of the support and irradiating each of the layers with light .