fig1 very generally depicts a device that shows various inventive features . herein , 1 denotes a piece of laser material , in a laser cavity delimited by a first cavity mirror 2 and a second cavity mirror 3 . a q - switch is indicated by 4 , and an optional polarizing beam splitter with 5 . a focusing lens 6 is also optional . a first diode 7 with a diode lens 8 emits a beam 9 , which forms a laser beam 10 in the laser material 1 , that is shaped to a focused beam 11 having a focal point 12 . an optical pump is indicated by 13 , with a pump diode 14 and a lens 15 , and emits a pump beam 16 . a diode 17 with diode lens 18 , emits a beam 19 that is focused on a diode beam focal spot 21 , causing a laser beam 22 . the laser material may be any material suitable for laser action with a desired wavelength . such wavelength may e . g . be anywhere in the optical range , i . e . uv , visible or infrared . for shaving purposes , desirable wavelengths are around 800 - 2000 , especially between about 1000 and 1100 nm . the laser material may be in the form of a rod , such as a crystal , or also as a container with a gas or fluid . an example of a useful laser material could be yag , emitting at 1064 nm . the cavity mirrors 2 and 3 may be any suitable laser mirrors , with a shape that fits the beam profile . the q - switch 4 may e . g . be a saturable absorber , such as cr4 +: yag , for the above mentioned yag - laser . such a saturable absorber absorbs a large part of incident radiation , until a threshold is reached , at which point the absorption decreases to practically zero , and laser action can start . the polarizing beam splitter 5 is an optional part , that serves a special purpose especially when using the device for detection , to be discussed further below . optical pump 13 comprises a diode 14 , which emits sufficient energy , absorbable by the laser material 1 , to bring the latter into simmer mode . thereto , the diode 14 is optionally provided with collimating optics 15 , and emits a pump beam 16 . the wavelength and energy of the pump beam depend on the absorption characteristics and simmer threshold of the laser material 1 , but may be readily selected by the skilled person , if necessary after some experiments . alternatives for the diode 14 could be a pumping laser , a lamp , etc . note that the “ optical pump ” relates to pump radiation of any suitable wavelength , and not particularly to laser wavelengths . an important remark here is that the laser material 1 emits , in the pumped simmer state , a weak cw beam , though not a true laser beam . in most known laser devices that have a q - switch , said switch is positioned at an output end of the device , to prevent low power “ noise ”. however , the present invention puts this low power cw radiation to good use , in that it serves as an illumination means that is emitted across the complete output surface of the laser material ( or laser device ) if a cavity mirror , filter , housing or the like would add extra constraints . thereto , the q - switch is positioned opposite the intended output face . use of the simmer mode cw radiation will be elucidated in connection with fig5 and 6 . diode 7 , with a diode lens 8 , is arranged to emit a substantially parallel , or at least narrow , beam 9 of radiation that is absorbable by the laser material 1 . when such beam 9 is absorbed , a corresponding volume in the laser material will be excited above the laser threshold , and will show ase ( amplified spontaneous emission ), which , in the dashed volume , will saturate the absorber in its transmissive state , and start laser action in a localized laser action . in order to determine where the localized laser action is to be obtained , the diode 7 may be displaceable , or its beam 9 could be manipulated to be incident on a desired spot . this will be elucidated further below . as an alternative , diode 17 with diode lens 18 could emit a beam 19 that is focused by lens 20 on a focal spot 21 . the focal spot 21 , and possibly a surrounding part of the volume of the laser material 1 , may be excited above laser threshold , in a similar way to that described above , and provide a laser beam in the volume partly indicated with the short dashes . thus , illumination from the sides is also possible . even an unfocussed beam could provide laser action , when its intensity is high enough . the laser beam 10 thus produced may be emitted at the second cavity mirror 3 , and may be put to good use , e . g . illuminating or ablating an object . the lens 6 is optional , and could e . g . serve to provide a focused , high - intensity laser beam , for increased and more localized laser action , such as for precision operations . an example could be the generation of a laser - induced optical breakdown phenomenon ( liob ), as already discussed in the introductory part . fig2 diagrammatically shows a number of steps in the method of the invention , for three different quantities , from left to right the total pump intensity , i . e . radiation incident on the laser material , the inversion level ( of relevant energy levels ) and the output power . the three diagrams each show a distinct peak , which peaks substantially coincide in time . the pump intensity reflects the more or less constant pumping , e . g . with the optical pump 13 of fig1 . the basic intensity is often rather low . the effect of this constant pumping is that it brings the molecules or the like of the laser material into a simmer mode , with an increased inversion level , but not yet with such an inversion level that laser action occurs . in the diagram in the middle , this is indicated by an inversion level that increases , under the influence of the pumping , to above the simmer threshold but below the laser threshold . the inversion level at the time of the pump intensity peak rapidly increases to above the laser threshold , and laser action suddenly sets in , causing a laser pulse to be emitted . then also , the inversion level drops to zero , due to the stimulated emission . after that , the continuing pump intensity re - increases the inversion level to between the inversion and the laser threshold . the resulting output power is shown in the diagram to the right . at first , there is no , or hardly any output . then , when the simmer threshold is reached , a continuous wave output is obtained , indicated by the low level plateau . at the time of the pump intensity peak , the laser pulse is generated at a very much higher output level . after the laser pulse , the zero inversion level causes zero ( or low ) output , and the cycle can begin again . fig3 diagrammatically shows a cross - sectional view of a device according to the invention . herein , as in all figures , similar parts are denoted by the same reference numerals . the laser device still comprises a laser material 1 and q - switch 4 between cavity mirrors 2 and 3 . 30 denotes a beam deflection mirror , with a pivot point 31 , and 32 is a scanning lens . an optical pump is not shown here . a lens array 35 , with focus lenses 6 ′ is movable with an array mover 36 . the beam deflection mirror 30 serves to aim an incident beam ( not shown ) at the laser material 1 , and is pivotable about a pivot 31 . in order to provide a beam that is incident in parallel , a scanning lens is provided . preferably , the pivot 31 is in the focal point of the scanning lens 32 . with this arrangement , a single source can provide a single beam , that can still address every part of the laser material 1 . in the device shown here , the lens array 35 is optional , and could be used to provide a focal spot , such as for liob to cut a hair or the like . although a single movable lens could suffice , a multitude of lenses improves the speed of addressing , and also allows the provision of more than one laser beam pulse at the same time . another very important advantage is that a large number of small lenses can much more easily provide an optical system with a high numerical aperture ( na ). such a high na is safer when focused laser beams are used , since then the focal spot is limited in the beam direction . the field of view , both when detecting and when supplying pulses , is limited when compared to the size of the lens . however , when using a movable lens , and preferably an array of movable lenses , this may be compensated . in practice , an na of at least about 0 . 3 , preferably at least about 0 . 6 is suitable for performing safe liob based cutting of hair in ( human ) skin tissue . for other purposes , some other na could be expedient . furthermore , the lens array 35 can be moved into a corresponding correct position to guide the generated beam further , by means of the array mover 36 , which may be any mechanical device , such as a piezo - electrical or electromechanical actuator , micro - motor and so on . the lens array 35 may e . g . be moved in the y - direction or in any other way in a plane perpendicular to the z - direction . the control of the array mover 36 , by a control unit not shown here , may be coupled to the control of the beam deflection mirror . the positioning of the lens array 35 may be done in such a way that the focus lens 6 ′ that is closest to the desired position of the laser beam pulse is moved into position . fig4 diagrammatically shows a cross - sectional view of another device according to the invention . herein , 40 is a diode array , with diodes 41 , 42 . a beam splitter is denoted by 5 . the diodes 41 , 42 are individually addressable , and may each provide a beam 45 , as does diode 42 in this case . the diode array 40 could also be made movable , in order to make the addressing of the laser material even more accurate and versatile . the diode array may be used to generate laser beam pulse patterns according to the way in which the diodes are addressed . many uses are conceivable , e . g . in materials processing and so on . the beam 45 generates a laser beam pulse of width d , which , however , need not be equal to the width of diode beam 45 . in fig4 , the emitted laser beam pulse is addressing focus lens 6 ′, while neighboring focus lenses 6 ″ also are illuminated partly . in principle , this would lead to three focal points . in some cases , such as addressing individual optical fibers , this is not desirable . however , especially in the case of using the liob phenomenon , such as in cutting hairs or treating skin in a similar fashion , the fact that the focus lenses 6 ″ are not completely “ filled ” means that the total intensity in these additional focal points is ( much ) less than in the main focal point associated with lens 6 ′. hence , liob will not occur and no damage need be done . in such case , the width d of the laser pulse beam may be larger than the diameter of the lenses 6 ′, 6 ″. alternatively , the addressing of the lenses 6 ′, 6 ″ with respect to the beam need not be extremely accurate . furthermore , in any practical situation , there will be inter - lens spaces , which then also form inherent safety zones . suitable inter - lens dead spaces may depend on e . g . the number of lenses and diodes ( or other light sources ), the lens diameter and on the required safety level . for example , the lens dead space could be taken equal to the radius of the lens times the ratio of the number of lenses and the number of diodes . in the case of as many diodes as there are lenses , the required dead space could be ( at least ) one lens radius . similar calculations may be made for all situations . also shown is the beam splitter 5 , without any additional features . such a beam splitter may be used for detection purposes , as will be explained below in connection with fig5 and 6 . fig5 diagrammatically shows a detection device according to the invention . it comprises a polarizing beam splitter 5 , with , in this case two , beam splitter surfaces 50 - 1 and 50 - 2 . furthermore , a detector system 60 comprises a silicon photodetector 61 behind a pin hole 62 and a lens 63 . radiation returning from a hair 71 in skin 70 is formed into a beam 75 . in the detection device , with an optional addressing diode 7 , the pump diode 14 is used to bring the laser material into simmer mode , in which it emits cw radiation . this radiation can enter the skin 70 , preferably having a first polarization state . this radiation is reflected and scattered by various parts of the skin , not in the least by its surface , but also by a hair 71 . the radiation from this hair returns with a probability that is polarization dependent . in any case , independent of polarization , some radiation will return through the focus lens 6 to the laser material 1 . since the laser material 1 is in simmer mode , it will amplify the incoming radiation , in beam 75 . this beam is reflected at least partly at interfaces 50 - 1 and 50 - 2 , again passes the laser material 1 , by which it is amplified again . note that the detector device could also be provided to the right of the laser material , e . g . when only a single interface 50 - 1 would be provided . alternatively , more intricate patterns of interfaces 50 - 1 , 50 - 2 , . . . and / or additional mirrors could be provided , to create a path with even more amplification . in any case , the amplified radiation 75 then passes the lens 63 , the pin hole 62 and is incident on the photodetector 61 . since a pin hole 62 rejects a large fraction of the background radiation , and the returning radiation is amplified ; the signal - to - noise ratio is improved . this may be further improved if use is made of a desirable state of polarization of the radiation incident on the skin , as has been described in european patent application ep 06125915 . 6 , and which will be elucidated further in connection with fig6 . the detection device thus obtained shows a good ability to detect hairs , or other structures buried in materials such as skin , up to a relatively large depth , and with good sensitivity . note that a bias will be measured by the photodetector 61 , due to the cw radiation from the simmer mode . however , it will be easy to subtract this bias from the measured signal . in fact , this bias may be put to good use . the device may generally be arranged to control the optical pump , such as pump diode 14 , with the bias signal from the photodetector , such that the simmer mode is kept constant , e . g . with respect to the inversion level . that increases the accuracy of the measurements . when the device further comprises an addressing ( or pulse ) diode 7 , the device will be a laser treatment device , and may also be used to provide a laser pulse at a desired position , e . g . in order to cut the hair , with liob or the like . thereto , once a hair position has been detected , a laser pulse may be generated by having diode 7 supply additional energy to bring the laser material 1 from simmer mode into laser mode , at least at the desired location . this desired location may be determined and addressed by means of the detected hair position . then , the laser pulse reaches the detected hair position , and cuts it . in order to protect the detector against reflected parts of the laser pulse , a shutter may be built in , that shuts the detector system 60 when a laser pulse is generated , e . g . by closing the pin hole 62 . the device of fig5 may be moved across the skin for shaving . then , the device may detect hairs . the focus lens 6 may be movable , but could also be an array of lenses , which could be moved as well , e . g . reciprocatingly or rotatingly , in order to scan the skin while the device is moved . instead of the addressing diode 7 , movable or not , the device could also e . g . comprise a set - up similar to fig3 , with a movable mirror 30 and a scanning lens 32 . fig6 diagrammatically shows a cross - sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the detection device shown in fig5 . this embodiment comprises two additional parts , viz . a quarter wave plate 80 and a faraday rotator 81 . the faraday rotator rotates the direction of the linearly polarized light over 45 ° clockwise or counter clockwise depending on the direction of travel through the rotator . the quarter wave plate 80 converts the linear polarization as output by the faraday rotator to circularly polarized radiation , and vice versa . as described in ep 06125915 . 6 , this is useful to further increase the sensitivity for radiation returning from subcutaneous hair . in this way the cross - polarized backscattered light remitted by the tissue will , after passing through the wave - plate , effectively be polarized in parallel with the incident light . by passing through the faraday rotator in the reverse direction , the light will effectively be cross polarized compared to the light emanating from the laser cavity and , hence , will be separated by the polarizing beam splitter 5 to be detected by detection system 60 . in any case , this detection device shows a very good sensitivity , as it is arranged to emit and detect circularly polarized light , and comprises the detection device according to the invention , i . e . comprises a light amplifier using a laser material in simmer mode . if the device comprises a radiation source for additionally exciting the laser material 1 above laser threshold , the device of fig6 could also be a laser treatment device , similar to the one described in connection with fig5 . again , the laser treatment device could be arranged to provide a laser pulse at the position where a hair has been detected . the devices shown in fig3 - 6 may be used for detecting and / or cutting hairs subcutaneously and so on , and then may be called a detection device and / or laser treatment device , in particular a hair detection and / or treatment device . advantageously , these devices then comprise a hair recognition device , that is arranged to detect and recognize a hair from an image made by the detection device . for example suitable software or the like , in a control unit comprised in the device , to recognize a hair is known in the art . furthermore , the laser treatment device for cutting hairs could include such a detection feature . the device could also cut hairs based on liob . thereto , a pulse energy control device could be included , such as a control device arranged to control the size of the volume of laser material involved in the emitted laser pulse , as may be done by addressing a suitable number of pulse diodes , or across a suitable area of the laser material . the present invention has been described with reference to a number of exemplary embodiments . the scope should , however , not be limited thereto , but should rather be determined by means of the appended claims .
the invention relates to a laser device , comprising a laser material brought into a simmer mode . a controllable source of additional energy supplies energy to the laser material , such that in only a desired part of the laser material a lasing threshold is exceeded , and a laser beam is emitted from only a desired part of the laser surface . this device makes possible to provide a laser beam in just the desired part of the laser , which allows a flexible and localized output . the invention further relates to a hair - removing device comprising a laser device according to the invention and further comprising an optical system for focusing the laser beam pulses on a focal spot and for positioning the focal spot in a target position , wherein the optical system comprises a movable lens or a plurality of individually addressable lenses .