a panel of antibodies against cd22 were selected from hybridomas using the following selection criteria : binding to daudi cells , internalisation on daudi cells , binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmc ), internalisation on pbmc , affinity ( greater than 10 − 9 m ), mouse γ1 and production rate . 5 / 44 was selected as the preferred antibody . hybridoma 5 / 44 was generated by conventional hybridoma technology following immunisation of mice with human cd22 protein . rna was prepared from 5 / 44 hybridoma cells using a rneasy kit ( qiagen , crawley , uk ; catalogue no . 74106 ). the rna obtained was reverse transcribed to cdna , as described below . an immunohistochemistry study was undertaken to examine the incidence and distribution of staining using the 5 / 44 anti - cd22 monoclonal antibodies . control anti - cd20 and anti - cd79a antibodies were included in the study to confirm b cell areas of tumours . a total of 50 tumours were studied and these were categorised as follows by using the working formulation and real classification systems : 40 b cell lymphomas were positive for cd22 antigen with the 5 / 44 antibody at 0 . 1 μg / ml and a further 6 became positive when the concentration was increased to 0 . 5 μg / ml . for the remaining 2 b cell tumours that were negative at 0 . 1 μg / ml , there was insufficient tissue remaining to test at the higher concentration . however , parallel testing with another celltech anti - cd22 antibody 6 / 13 , which gave stronger staining than 5 / 44 , resulted in all 48 b cell lymphomas staining positive for cd22 . thus , it is possible to conclude that the cd22 antigen is widely expressed on b cell lymphomas and thus provides a suitable target for immunotherapy in nhl . cdna sequences coding for the variable domains of 5 / 44 heavy and light chains were synthesised using reverse transcriptase to produce single stranded cdna copies of the mrna present in the total rna . this was then used as the template for amplification of the murine v - region sequences using specific oligonucleotide primers by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ). cdna was synthesised in a 20 μl reaction volume containing the following reagents : 50 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 3 , 75 mm kcl , 10 mm dithiothreitol , 3 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 5 mm each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate , 20 units rnasin , 75 ng random hexanucleotide primer , 2 μg 5 / 44 rna and 200 units moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase . after incubation at 42 ° c . for 60 minutes , the reaction was terminated by heating at 95 ° c . for 5 minutes . aliquots of the cdna were subjected to pcr using combinations of primers specific for the heavy and light chains . degenerate primer pools designed to anneal with the conserved sequences of the signal peptide were used as forward primers . these sequences all contain , in order , a restriction site ( v l sfui ; v h hindiii ) starting 7 nucleotides from their 5 ′ ends , the sequence gccgccacc ( seq id no : 50 ), to allow optimal translation of the resulting mrnas , an initiation codon and 20 - 30 nucleotides based on the leader peptide sequences of known mouse antibodies ( kabat et al ., sequences of proteins of immunological interest , 5 th edition , 1991 , u . s . department of health and human services , public health service , national institutes of health ). the 3 ′ primers are designed to span the framework 4 j - c junction of the antibody and contain a restriction site for the enzyme bsiwi to facilitate cloning of the v l pcr fragment . the heavy chain 3 ′ primers are a mixture designed to span the j - c junction of the antibody . the 3 ′ primer includes an apai restriction site to facilitate cloning . the 3 ′ region of the primers contains a mixed sequence based on those found in known mouse antibodies ( kabat et al ., 1991 , supra ). the combinations of primers described above enable the pcr products for v h and v1 to be cloned directly into an appropriate expression vector ( see below ) to produce chimeric ( mouse - human ) heavy and light chains and for these genes to be expressed in mammalian cells to produce chimeric antibodies of the desired isotype . incubations ( 100 μl ) for the pcr were set up as follows . each reaction contained 10 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 3 , 1 . 5 mm mgcl2 , 50 mm kcl , 0 . 01 % w / v gelatin , 0 . 25 mm each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate , 10 pmoles 5 ′ primer mix , 10 pmoles 3 ′ primer , 1 μl cdna and 1 unit taq polymerase . reactions were incubated at 95 ° c . for 5 minutes and then cycled through 94 ° c . for 1 minute , 55 ° c . for 1 minute and 72 ° c . for 1 minute . after 30 cycles , aliquots of each reaction were analysed by electrophoresis on an agarose gel . for the heavy chain v - region , an amplified dna product was only obtained when a primer pool annealing within the start of framework i replaced the signal peptide primer pool . the fragments were cloned into dna sequencing vectors . the dna sequence was determined and translated to give a deduced amino acid sequence . this deduced sequence was verified by reference to the n - terminal protein sequence determined experimentally . fig2 and 3 shows the dna / protein sequence of the mature light and heavy chain v - regions of mouse monoclonal 5 / 44 respectively . the murine v - region sequences were then cloned into the expression vectors pmrr10 . 1 and pmrr14 ( fig7 ). these are vectors for the expression of light and heavy chain respectively containing dna encoding constant regions of human kappa light chain and human gamma - 4 heavy chain . the v l region was sub - cloned into the expression vector by restriction digest and ligation from the sequencing vector , using sfui and bsiwi restriction sites , creating plasmid pmrr10 ( 544cl ). the heavy chain dna was amplified by pcr using a 5 ′ primer to introduce a signal peptide , since this was not obtained in the cloning strategy — a mouse heavy chain antibody leader from a different in - house hybridoma ( termed 162 ) was employed . the 5 ′ primer had the following sequence : the reverse primer was identical to that used in the original v h gene cloning . the resultant pcr product was digested with enzymes hindiii and apai , was sub - cloned , and its dna sequence was confirmed , creating plasmid pmrr14 ( 544ch ). transient co - transfection of both expression vectors into cho cells generated chimeric c5 / 44 antibody . this was achieved using the lipofectamine reagent according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s protocols ( invitrogen : life technology , groningen , the netherlands . catalogue no . 11668 - 027 ). a potential n - linked glycosylation site sequence was observed in cdr - h2 , having the amino acid sequence n - y - t ( fig3 ). sds - page , western blotting and carbohydrate staining of gels of 5 / 44 and its fragments ( including fab ) indicated that this site was indeed glycosylated ( not shown ). in addition , a lysine residue was observed at an exposed position within cdr - h2 , which had the potential to reduce the binding affinity of the antibody by providing an additional site for conjugation with an agent with which the antibody may be conjugated . a pcr strategy was used to introduce amino acid substitutions into the cdr - h2 sequence in an attempt to remove the glycosylation site and / or the reactive lysine , as shown in fig4 . forward primers encoding the mutations n55q , t57a or t57v were used to remove the glycosylation site ( fig4 ) and a fourth forward primer containing the substitution k60r , was generated to remove the reactive lysine residue ( fig4 ). a framework 4 reverse primer was used in each of these pcr amplifications . the pcr products were digested with the enzymes xbai and apai and were inserted into pmrr14 ( 544ch ) ( also cleaved with xbai and apai ) to generate expression plasmids encoding these mutants . the n55q , t57a and t57v mutations ablate the glycosylation site by changing the amino acid sequence away from the consensus n - x - t / s whilst the k60r mutation replaces the potentially reactive lysine with the similarly positively charged residue arginine . the resultant ch variant plasmids were co - transfected with the cl plasmid to generate expressed chimeric antibody variants . the activities of the chimeric genes were evaluated following transient transfection into cho cells . the affinities of chimeric 5 / 44 or its variants , which have had their glycosylation site or their reactive lysine removed , were investigated using bia technology for binding to cd22 - mfc constructs . the results are shown in fig8 . all binding measurements were performed in the biacore ™ 2000 instrument ( pharmacia biosensor ab , uppsala , sweden ). the assay was performed by capture of cd22mfc via the immobilised anti - mouse fc . the antibody was in the soluble phase . samples , standard , and controls ( 50 ul ) were injected over immobilised anti - mouse fc followed by antibody in the soluble phase . after each cycle the surface was regenerated with 50 ul of 40 mm hcl at 30 ul / min . the kinetic analysis was performed using the biaevaluation 3 . 1 software ( pharmacia ). removal of the glycosylation site in construct t57a resulted in a slightly faster on - rate and a significantly slower off - rate compared to the chimeric 5 / 44 , giving an affinity improvement of approximately 5 - fold . the n55q mutation had no effect on affinity . this result was unexpected as it suggests that the removal of the carbohydrate itself apparently has no effect on binding ( as with the n55q change ). the improved affinity was observed only with the t57a change . one possible explanation is that , regardless of the presence of carbohydrate , the threonine at position 57 exerts a negative effect on binding that is removed on conversion of threonine to alanine . the hypothesis that the small size of alanine is important , and that the negative effect of threonine is related to its size , is supported from the result obtained using the t57v mutation : that replacement with valine at position 57 is not beneficial ( results not shown ). removal of the lysine by the k60r mutation had a neutral effect on affinity , i . e . the introduction of arginine removes a potential reactive site without compromising affinity . the mutations for removal of the glycosylation site and for removal of the reactive lysine were therefore both included in the humanisation design . the molecular cloning of genes for the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the 5 / 44 antibody and their use to produce chimeric ( mouse / human ) 5 / 44 antibodies has been described above . the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the mouse 5 / 44 v l and v h domains are shown in fig2 and 3 ( seq id nos : 7 and 8 ), respectively . this example describes the cdr - grafting of the 5 / 44 antibody onto human frameworks to reduce potential immunogenicity in humans , according to the method of adair et al ., ( wo91 / 09967 ). protein sequence alignment with consensus sequences from human sub - group i kappa light chain v region indicated 64 % sequence identity . consequently , for constructing the cdr - grafted light chain , the acceptor framework regions chosen corresponded to those of the human vk sub - group i germline o12 , dpk9 sequence . the framework 4 acceptor sequence was derived from the human j - region germline sequence jk1 . a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the framework regions of murine 5 / 44 and the acceptor sequence is given in fig5 and shows that there are 27 differences between the donor and acceptor chains . at each position , an analysis was made of the potential of the murine residue to contribute to antigen binding , either directly or indirectly , through effects on packing or at the v h / v l interface . if a murine residue was considered important and sufficiently different from the human residue in terms of size , polarity or charge , then that murine residue was retained . based on this analysis , two versions of the cdr - grafted light chain , having the sequences given in seq id no : 19 and seq id no : 20 ( fig5 ), were constructed . cdr - grafting of 5 / 44 heavy chain was accomplished using the same strategy as described for the light chain . the v - domain of 5 / 44 heavy chain was found to be homologous to human heavy chains belonging to sub - group i ( 70 % sequence identity ) and therefore the sequence of the human sub - group i germline framework vh1 - 3 , dp7 was used as an acceptor framework . the framework 4 acceptor sequences were derived from human j - region germline sequence jh4 . a comparison of 5 / 44 heavy chain with the framework regions is shown in fig6 where it can be seen that the 5 / 44 heavy chain differs from the acceptor sequence at 22 positions . analysis of the contribution that any of these might make to antigen binding led to 5 versions of the cdr - grafted heavy chains being constructed , having the sequences given in seq id no : 23 , seq id no : 24 , seq id no : 25 , seq id no : 26 and seq id no : 27 ( fig6 ). genes were designed to encode the grafted sequences gh1 and gl1 , and a series of overlapping oligonucleotides were designed and constructed ( fig9 ). a pcr assembly technique was employed to construct the cdr - grafted v - region genes . reaction volumes of 100 ul were set up containing 10 mm tris - hcl ph8 . 3 , 1 . 5 mm mgcl2 , 50 mm kcl , 0 . 001 % gelatin , 0 . 25 mm each deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate , 1 pmole each of the ‘ internal ’ primers ( t1 , t2 , t3 , b1 , b2 , b3 ), 10 pmole each of the ‘ external ’ primers ( f1 , r1 ), and 1 unit of taq polymerase ( amplitaq , applied biosystems , catalogue no . n808 - 0171 ). pcr cycle parameters were 94 ° c . for 1 minute , 55 ° c . for 1 minute and 72 ° c . for 1 minute , for 30 cycles . the reaction products were then run on a 1 . 5 % agarose gel , excised and recovered using qiagen ® spin columns ( qiaquick ® gel extraction kit , cat no . 28706 ). the dna was eluted in a volume of 30 aliquots ( 1 μl ) of the gh1 and gl1 dna were then cloned into the invitrogen topo ® ta cloning vector pcr2 . 1 topo ® ( catalogue no . k4500 - 01 ) according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . this non - expression vector served as a cloning intermediate to facilitate sequencing of a large number of clones . dna sequencing using vector - specific primers was used to identify correct clones containing gh1 and gl1 , creating plasmids pcr2 . 1 ( 544gh1 ) and pcr2 . 1 ( 544gl1 ) ( fig1 ). an oligonucleotide cassette replacement method was used to create the humanised grafts gh4 , 5 , 6 and 7 , and gl2 . fig1 shows the design of the oligonucleotide cassettes . to construct each variant , the vector ( pcr2 . 1 ( 544gh1 ) or pcr2 . 1 ( 544gl1 )) was cut with the restriction enzymes shown ( xmai / sacii for the heavy chain , xmai / bsteii for the light chain ). the large vector fragment was gel purified from agarose and was used in ligation with the oligonucleotide cassette . these cassettes are composed of 2 complementary oligonucleotides ( shown in fig1 ), mixed at a concentration of 0 . 5 pmoles / μl in a volume of 200 μl 12 . 5 mm tris - hcl ph 7 . 5 , 2 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 25 mm nacl , 0 . 25 mm dithioerythritol . annealing was achieved by heating to 95 ° c . for 3 minutes in a waterbath ( volume 500 ml ) then allowing the reaction to slow - cool to room temperature . the annealed oligonucleotide cassette was then diluted ten - fold in water before ligation into the appropriately cut vector . dna sequencing was used to confirm the correct sequence , creating plasmids pcr2 . 1 ( 5 / 44 - gh4 - 7 ) and pcr2 . 1 ( 5 / 44 - gl2 ). the verified grafted sequences were then sub - cloned into the expression vectors pmrr14 ( heavy chain ) and pmr10 . 1 ( light chain ). the vectors encoding grafted variants were co - transfected into cho cells in a variety of combinations , together with the original chimeric antibody chains . binding activity was compared in a competition assay , competing the binding of the original mouse 5 / 44 antibody for binding to ramos cells ( obtained from atcc , a burkitt &# 39 ; s lymphoma lymphoblast human cell line expressing surface cd22 ). this assay was considered the best way to compare grafts in their ability to bind to cell surface cd22 . the results are shown in fig8 . as can be seen , there is very little difference between any of the grafts , all performing more effectively than the chimeric at competing against the murine parent . the introduction of the 3 additional human residues at the end of cdr h2 ( gh6 and gh7 ) does not appear to have affected binding . the graft combination with the least number of murine residues was selected , gl1gh7 . the light chain graft gl1 has 6 donor residues . residues v2 , v4 , l37 and q45 are potentially important packing residues . residue h38 is at the v h / v l interface . residue d60 is a surface residue close to the cdr - l2 and may directly contribute to antigen binding . of these residues , v2 , l37 , q45 and d60 are found in germline sequences of human kappa genes from other sub - groups . the heavy chain graft gh7 has 4 donor framework residues ( residue r28 is considered to be part of cdr - h1 under the structural definition used in cdr - grafting ( se adair et al ( 1991 wo91 / 09967 )). residues e1 and a71 are surface residues close to the cdr &# 39 ; s . residue 148 is a potential packing residue . residue t93 is present at the v h / v l interface . of these residues , e1 and a71 are found in other germline genes of human sub - group i . residue 148 is found in human germline sub - group 4 , and t73 is found in human germline sub - group 3 . the full dna and protein sequence of both the light chain and heavy chain , including approximate position of introns within the constant region genes provided by the vectors , are shown in fig1 and are given in seq id no : 29 and seq id no : 28 respectively for the light chain and seq id no : 31 and seq id no : 30 respectively for the heavy chain . dna encoding these light and heavy chain genes was excised from these vectors . heavy chain dna was digested at the 5 ′ hindiii site , then was treated with the klenow fragment of e . coli dna polymerase i to create a 5 ′ blunt end . cleavage at the 3 ′ ecori site resulted in the heavy chain fragment which was purified from agarose gels . in the same way , a light chain fragment was produced , blunted at the 5 ′ sfui site and with a 3 ′ ecori site . both fragments were cloned into dhfr based expression vectors and used to generate stable cell lines in cho cells . all references and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties .
there is disclosed antibody molecules containing at least one cdr derived from a mouse monoclonal antibody having specificity for human cd22 . there is also disclosed a cdr grafted antibody wherein at least one of the cdrs is a modified cdr . further disclosed are dna sequences encoding the chains of the antibody molecules , vectors , transformed host cells and uses of the antibody molecules in the treatment of diseases mediated by cells expressing cd22 .