the present invention is directed toward a lightweight , portable apparatus in the form of a convenient carry - case or handled vessel or box for carrying out chemical reactions that convert chemical energy to forms usable for the sterilization of microbiological contaminants without the use of external sources of power . within the apparatus , sterilization is achieved in situ by chemically generating conditions involving a lethal sterilant , heat , and humidity , such that exposure of the contaminated objects to this environment sterilizes objects contaminated with harmful pathogens or infectious microorganisms . the preferred use of the portable sterilizers includes using a chemical combination that ensures the complete destruction of contaminating microorganisms in an optimal time . therefore , there follows below a detailed description of the chemical combination , followed by descriptions of the embodiments of the apparatus in which the chemical combination is activated to effectuate sterilization . the chemical combination in the preferred method for sterilization is a mixture that can be decreased or increased proportionately , or that can be varied in the relative proportions of the components , depending on factors such as the size of the container in which sterilization is to occur or to emphasize different characteristics of the chemical combination . a representative chemical combination used for “ combined sterilization ” utilizes about 600 ml of water and the following approximate proportions of dry chemicals : 3 . 3 mole iron - activated magnesium ( 85 g mg ( fe )), 2 . 04 mole chlorite ion ( 185 g naclo 2 ), 1 . 0 mole sulfite ion ( 126 g na 2 so 3 ), and 0 . 25 mole hydrogen ascorbate ion ( 50 g nac 6 h 7 o 6 ). in one aspect designated “ chlorine dioxide sterilization ,” the mg ( fe ) can be omitted from the chemical combination ( 300 ml h 2 0 , 93 g naclo 2 , 63 g na 2 so 3 , and 25 g nac6h 7 o 6 ); in another aspect designated “ thermal sterilization ,” only the mg ( fe )— h 2 0 chemical reaction ( 600 ml h 2 0 and 140 g mg / fe ) is used , and the remaining 3 components of the chemical combination are omitted . alternative chemical combinations are also possible . for example , the magnesium can be activated by several different transition metals , such as cobalt or nickel . other metallic reductants , such as calcium or sodium amalgam , can be used as simple substitutions . the chlorine - containing oxidant ( clo 2 − ) can derive from any one of several salts featuring different counter ions , such as 5 lithium , sodium , potassium , or calcium cations . the hydrogen ascorbate salt acts as an effector and can be replaced by any appropriate effector such as ascorbic acid , erythorbic acid , tartaric acid , or any of their respective ions . any chemical combination , such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 988 , 442 , incorporated herein by reference , can be used . in the following description , reference will be made to the chemical combination used in the preferred embodiment , but this invention is not limited to the use of only this chemical combination and this preferred embodiment . other reasonable substitutions for components of the chemical combination of the preferred embodiments , which produce equivalent chemical or microbiological processes , are obvious variants of the system described herein . referring to fig1 - 3 , it will be seen that a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a sterilizer unit that uses a carry - case 20 that has sufficient capacity to hold at least a standard surgical autoclave tray ( not shown ). the carry - case 20 preferably defines a volume of about 46 l . two pressure - release check valves 26 ( fig3 ) are integrated into the back 32 of the case 20 using a protective framework ( not shown ) so that the valves 26 do not protrude beyond the structure of the carry - case 20 , and do not interfere with stacking of the carry - cases . a smaller carry - case 40 defining a volume of about 3 . 5 l is shown in fig4 and features the capacity to hold a loose assemblage of contaminated instruments . the smaller carry - case 40 features a single 2 - inch check valve 42 ( fig5 ) installed in its roof 44 . the valves 26 , 42 are identical and are designed to withstand a maximum pressure of 50 psi ( gauge ). the carry cases 20 , 40 typically weigh about 3½ - 35 lbs . and are provided with suitcase - handles 46 , such that portability is readily facilitated . the sterilization procedure for case 20 entails the simple steps of placing the microbiologically contaminated equipment ( not shown ) inside the case ( 28 ) on a support structure 22 , adding the chemical combination ( including water ) in a small interior reactor vessel 24 , and closing and locking the case 20 , as with latches 21 . a similar sterilization procedure is carried out for case 40 . depending on the selected chemical reaction conditions , the corresponding chemical combination controllably generates sufficient conditions of clo 2 , heat , and humidity to sterilize the contaminating microorganisms within 15 - 120 minutes . built - in pressure - release valves 26 , 42 on cases 20 and 40 , respectively , prevent pressure from accumulating inside the apparatus chambers ( 28 for both case 20 and 40 , see fig3 and 5 ) by allowing the controlled release of heated gaseous products formed by the chemical combination . the valves 26 , 42 are initially in the closed position , but open to relieve pressure inside the chamber 28 , 29 at minimal levels . the valves 26 , 42 accommodate the initial rapid pressure increase in the interior chambers 28 of carry cases 20 and 40 caused by the rapid chemical production of gaseous chemicals , heat , and steam by the activated chemical combination . as a slight pressure builds up inside the cases from the formation of heated gases , the valves 26 , 42 open slightly , and the heated gases vent outside of the cases through the opened valves . when the pressure has subsided sufficiently due to the escape of heated gases , the valves flap shut and return to their original closed position . during the early parts of the reaction with the preferred chemical combination , the pressure surges temporarily due to the chemical production of heated gaseous chemical products such as carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) and clo 2 , and the valves 26 , 42 open to alleviate the pressure . as the pressure subsides , the valves close again . after the sterilization ( or disinfection ) process is complete , the units 20 , 40 may be flushed with air to remove the remaining clo 2 gas . following the air - flushing process , the user wears sterile gloves to open the case 20 , 40 and remove the sterilized ( disinfected ) objects , which were preferably wrapped in autoclave paper prior to the sterilization process . the sterilizer carry - case units 20 , 40 are designed to control the removal of clo 2 remaining after the sterilization procedure in the following manner . a stainless steel inlet valve 52 ( for both case 20 and case 40 ) does not allow gases to flow out of the case . after the sterilization treatment , the inlet valve 52 is connected to an air pump ( not shown ) that inflows air into the case . a filter 56 is placed in the inlet valve 52 to prevent the introduction of air - borne particulate matter that might re - contaminate the sterilized objects . any portable hand - held or foot - operated pedal pump may be used to flow air into the apparatus . there may be instances where it may be possible , desired , or advantageous to employ compressed air tanks or electrically operated air pumps to carry out the flushing procedure . electricity or external power is in no case required to effect either the sterilization procedures or flushing of the apparatus ; however , the carry - case sterilizer unit can accommodate battery - operated air pumps for flushing in circumstances where their use may prove convenient . the incoming air is distributed within the carry - case units via 0 . 25 inch plastic tubing 60 disposed in a semi - circular ( fig3 ) or circular ( fig5 ) fashion around the interior perimeter of the carry - case . perforations 62 in the plastic tubing 60 are spaced at approximately 1 - inch intervals , allowing the incoming air to circulate throughout the carry - case and mix with the remaining chlorine dioxide gas . this influx of air slightly increases the pressure inside the apparatus chambers 28 , and the mixture of air and chlorine dioxide gas flows out of the check valves 26 and 42 , integrated into the back wall 32 of the carry - case 20 ( fig3 ) and into the roof 44 of the carry case 40 ( fig5 ), respectively . the valves 26 , 42 open and close periodically to ensure that the gases mix and that the flushing operation proceeds smoothly and safely . a gas scrubber 66 ( fig2 and fig4 ) is connected to each check valve 26 , 42 and absorbs the chlorine dioxide gas exiting the apparatus during any stage of the sterilization process , including flushing . each scrubber 66 may consist of two layers of wire gauze ( not shown ) sandwiching a porous sponge material filled with a common reductant , such as sodium sulfite . the reductant readily inactivates the clo 2 gas in the stream flow exiting the apparatus and safely limits user exposure and environmental off - gassing of clo 2 . an alternative embodiment of the present invention is an aluminum pressure vessel that is equally suited for non - powered , lightweight , portable sterilization of microbiologically contaminated objects by the in situ generation of sufficient conditions of chlorine dioxide , heat , and humidity using the chemical methods described above . this alternative embodiment ( fig6 ) of the sterilizer unit uses an aluminum pressure vessel 70 of about 20 liter capacity with its exterior covered in insulating foam and wrapped in a teflon jacket , and its lid 76 snugly fitted with a sealing ring 74 and securely locked into place using brackets 80 . an air vent 82 exhausts air from the pressurized vessel 70 and provides the first indication that heat and gases are building pressure inside the pressurized vessel . a vent pipe 84 covered by a pressure regulator 86 allows the controlled release of excess pressure , and an accompanying pressure gauge 88 registers the pressure inside the aluminum vessel chamber 78 . the pressure vessel 70 typically weighs about 35 lbs or less , and is provided with handles 94 and 96 , rendering the vessel 70 and lid 76 readily portable as a single , carryable unit . inside the pressurized aluminum vessel 70 , an 1800 ml volume aluminum pot 90 , of approximately 7 inch diameter , covered with a perforated lid 92 is placed at the interior base of the vessel to act as the internal boiler 72 and to allow for efficient mixing of the chemical combination . the apparatus in this arrangement is suitable for generating conditions capable of sterilizing microbiologically contaminated objects using various chemical combinations corresponding to the sterilization methods described above . using the pressurized aluminum vessel 70 to carry out “ combined sterilization ” is accomplished by either combining all of the reagents into the single boiler 72 , or judiciously dividing the reactants into separate boilers ( not shown ). the heat output of the mg ( fe )— h 2 o chemical combination is intensified by the presence of chlorite , peroxodisulfate , or copper ( ii ) ions that also act to decrease the volume of dihydrogen gas produced by scavenging specific chemical precursors . with chlorite as the scavenger , the chemical combination is postulated to generate chlorine dioxide as an undetectable , short - lived reactive intermediate . the pressurized aluminum vessel 70 readily accommodates the methods of “ chlorine dioxide sterilization ” and “ thermal sterilization .” during “ thermal sterilization ,” temperatures inside the pressurized vessel 70 can exceed 121 ° c . after sterilization is complete for all of the chemical combinations , the aluminum pressure vessel 70 can be opened outdoors to release any gaseous chemical reaction products or heat to the environment , and the wrapped sterile instruments are removed using sterile gloves . the reaction vessel 72 is easily rinsed and cleaned , and the entire apparatus can be re - used on a new set of contaminated instruments . it will be understood that many additional changes in the details , materials , and arrangement of parts , which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention , may be made by those skilled in the art within the principles and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims . a series of sterilization tests were conducted using commercially available biological indicators , live bacterial cells , or live bacterial spores to demonstrate the portable chemical sterilizer using the presently available variants of hardware configurations and chemical combinations . specifically , the sterilization tests used bt sure biological indicator tests for steam sterilizers ( designated bt strips and available from barnstead international , dubuque , iowa , usa ), difco hy - check disinfection control for hygiene monitoring contact slides ( designated hy - check and available from becton - dickinson , sparks , md ., usa ), live cells of staphylococcus aureus ( 10 7 ), escherichia coli atcc 11229 and 11220 ( 10 7 each ), and listeria monocytogenes ( 10 6 ), and live spores of bacillus stearothermophilus ( 10 8 ). cultures were suspended in butterfield &# 39 ; s phosphate buffer solution and placed inside the portable chemical sterilizer and exposed to the conditions of biocidal chemical agent , heat , and humidity generated by the chemical combination inside the apparatus . s . aureus was plated on baird - parker agar supplemented with egg - yolk tellurite and incubated at 35 ° c . for 48 hours , both e . coli strains and l . monocytogenes were plated on nutrient agar and incubated at 35 ° c . for 24 and 48 hours , respectively , and b . stearothermophilus spores were plated on antibiotic assay medium with 1 % soluble starch ( aams ) and incubated for 24 hours at 55 ° c . ( f e feeherry , d t munsey , and d e rowley 1987 appl environ microbiol 53 ( 2 ), 365 - 370 ). the results of the sterilization tests are shown in tables 1 - 3 .
a portable , lightweight , easy - to - carry , reusable , durable , and environmentally - friendly assembly for sterilizing contaminated equipment using conditions of a chemical sterilant , heat , and humidity generated in situ without requiring external electricity , fuels , or other exogenous energy sources for operation . the carry assembly includes a plastic carry - case or insulated aluminum pressure vessel having an inner chamber for accepting microbiologically contaminated objects , a vessel disposed in the chamber for serving as a reaction chamber and / or boiler , a chemical combination which upon mixing generates at least minimally sufficient conditions of the sterilant , heat , and humidity to effect sterilization of the objects , and outlet valves mounted on the carry - case for controllably venting pressures above ambient air pressure .