the invention will be further described with reference to the prevention or reduction of brain damage in newborn ( s ) but it should be understood that the method and apparatus of the invention can also be used with children and adults . it may also be particularly suited for use in older patients as stroke and head injury cause increased brain temperature . referring to fig1 and 2 , a cap or bonnet 1 is placed on the infant &# 39 ; s head . the cap or bonnet is formed of a soft , pliant material and comprises conduits to circulate a coolant . in the preferred form shown the bonnet is formed from soft fabric material so that the bonnet has an attractive external appearance , and a cooling pad 2 shown in particular in fig2 is fitted within the bonnet 1 so that the bonnet when tied beneath the chin of the infant will hold the cooling pad 2 against the infant &# 39 ; s scalp . alternatively the bonnet may be secured beneath the chin by velcro or with an elastic head band secured by velcro around the head or by other suitable means . in the preferred form the cooling pad 2 is formed from soft , woven tubing as shown but alternatively the cooling pad may be formed by heat welding two plastic layers together to form passages through such a cooling pad for example . the cooling pad may be retained within a pocket in the cap or bonnet which is closed by a velcro strip or similar , so that the cooling pad is removable from the bonnet to enable the bonnet to be laundered and the cooling pad to be separately sterilised . alternatively , the cooling pad may be formed as a low cost item so that it can be disposed of after use . alternatively again , the cooling pad may be retained within the bonnet by ties or may similarly be intended to be placed against an infant &# 39 ; s head with the bonnet then being placed on the infant &# 39 ; s head over the cooling pad to retain the cooling pad in place . further alternatively an entire cap or bonnet may be formed by heat welding two appropriately shaped plastic or synthetic layers of material together to form a bonnet with integral passages for the flow of cooling fluid . the bonnet 2 is connected by tubing 3 to a reservoir 4 of fluid coolant such as water . an associated cooling or refrigeration system maintains the water in the reservoir 4 at a predetermined temperature , such that when the water is circulated through the cooling pad 2 in the bonnet the infant &# 39 ; s brain temperature will be reduced to preferably 30 - 34 ° c . as measured via a nasopharyngeal probe . a pump 5 is arranged to circulate the fluid . referring to fig3 and 4 , the preferred form of the apparatus also comprises warming means arranged to maintain the rest of the patient &# 39 ; s body at or close to normal body temperature range . referring to fig3 a unit 6 which may be on casters so that it may be conveniently moved around in a hospital houses the reservoir and refrigeration means at 7 and a pump connected to the headwear , and also at 8 a second reservoir and pump which are connected to a mattress 9 in the base of the cradle or cot . the unit also houses an associated water heater to heat the second reservoir . the mattress 9 or part of the mattress comprising the passages in which warm water is circulated does not extend beneath the infant &# 39 ; s head . a thermostatic control system 10 controls the cooling or refrigeration system which maintains the temperature of the cooling fluid in the reservoir 4 and the heater which maintains the temperature of the warm water in the reservoir 7 . a sensor or probe indicating brain temperature such as a nasopharyngeal probe is connected to the control system 10 , and a sensor or probe indicating general body temperature is also connected to the control system , such as one or more temperature sensors or probes attached to the infant &# 39 ; s body . the control system controls the temperature of both the cooling and warming fluids to maintain them , and the temperature differential between the infant &# 39 ; s nasopharyngeal and general body temperatures , within closely controlled ranges . in the apparatus of fig4 maintenance of the infant &# 39 ; s general body temperature is by an overhead heater 11 which may not be connected to the control system 10 but having an output chosen to generally maintain an infant &# 39 ; s body temperature at the appropriate level , or which may also be thermostatically controlled by the control system 10 . in this case to prevent the heater from also raising the patient &# 39 ; s head temperature , a cover or “ shield ” 12 of heat reflective material is placed within the cradle or cot to extend generally over the patient &# 39 ; s head . such a cover or similar may have a heat reflective exterior formed of silver foil for example . with the method and apparatus of the invention , treatment may be carried out to prevent or reduce secondary brain damage ie to improve neural outcome being a state of neural competence occurring after , or as a consequence of natural repair processes , without resultant systemic hypothermia . the apparatus of the invention may be configured as shown in fig3 and 4 so as to be used in sterile conditions such as neonatal intensive care units for example . the following describes experimental work carried out using the method of the invention : term infants ≧ 37 weeks considered to be at high risk following perinatal asphyxia were admitted to the neonatal intensive care units at national womens hospital , auckiand , new zealand , after labor and delivery . the inclusion criteria were an umbilical arterial ph ≦ 7 . 09 or apgar scores ≦ 6 at 5 minutes plus encephalopathy consisting of lethargy / stupor , hypotonia , abnormal reflexes including an absent or weak suck . the infants were evaluated 2 - 5 hours after birth ; the infants were randomised by sequential computer generated numbers to either a control group with a rectal temperature maintained from 37 . 2 - 36 . 8 ° c ., or to one of two cooling groups . a minimal systemic hypothermia group was studied with allocated rectal temperature 36 . 5 - 36 . 0 ° c . ( n = 6 ). a mild hypothermic group was studied with rectal temperature 35 . 9 - 35 . 5 ° c . ( n = 6 ). overhead heaters servo - controlled to the abdominal skin were adjusted to maintain the allocated rectal temperature . head cooling was accomplished by a cooling cap consisting of silclear tubing ( degania silicone , degania bet , israel ) coiled to fit around the scalp of the infants and held in place by a baby bonnet . water cooled to 10 ° c . by a small thermostatically controlled cooling unit was circulated through the coil by a water pump . the infants were cooled for 72 h , however cooling was discontinued between 48 and 72 hours if the infant recovered neurologically ( 3 control infants , 2 infants in the minimal group , and 4 in the mild group ). the rectal , fontanelle and nasopharyngeal temperatures were continuously monitored with thermistors ( incutemp1 , mallinckrodt medical , st louis , mo .). all infants had continuous electrocardiograph and pulse oximetry monitoring and umbilical arterial catheters for blood gas and blood pressure monitoring as indicated clinically . the medical charts of the mothers were reviewed and the information collected included complications of pregnancy induced hypertension and diabetes , labor complications such as cord prolapse , uterine rupture , vasa previa , dystocia or abruption of the placenta and fetal heart rate decelerations . the rectal temperatures for the 3 groups of infants are shown in fig1 . the rectal temperatures at the time of enrolment were 36 . 6 ± 1 . 4 ( range 34 . 5 to 38 . 2 ) for the control group , 37 . 6 ± 0 . 4 ( 37 . 1 to 38 . 1 ) for the minimal group and 37 . 4 ± 0 . 3 ( 37 . 1 to 38 . 1 ) for the mild group . the mean temperature during the study period for the control infants was 37 . 0 - 0 . 2 ° c ., for minimal cooling 36 . 3 ± 0 . 2 ° c . and for those in the mild cooling group 35 . 7 - 0 . 2 ° c . during the cooling period . for the infants allocated to the mild cooling group , the mean rectal temperature compared to the naso - pharyngeal temperature is shown in fig6 . the naso - pharyngeal temperature of 34 . 5 ± 0 . 3 ° c . was 1 . 2 ° c . lower than the rectal temperature during cooling and 0 . 5 ° c . lower when cooling had ceased . the scalp ( fontanelle ) temperature consistently fell to around 28 ° c . during mild cooling , provided close contact was maintained between the cooling cap and the scalp . although intracerebral measurements were not performed , nasopharyngeal temperature is an alternative which is commonly used during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in infants , and adults . changes in nasopharyngeal temperature correlate well with jugular venous and / or intracerebral temperatures although measurements may lag behind during rewarming , and potentially may be affected by the temperature of ventilatory gases . the relationship of nasopharyngeal and parietal cortical temperature , and the efficacy of external head cooling has been demonstrated in a study of adult swine , where local application of icepacks to the head and heck after cardiac arrest reduced nasopharyngeal (− 2 . 9 ± 1 . 4 ° c . ), parietal cortex (− 2 . 1 ± 0 . 6 ° c .) and esophageal (− 1 . 4 ± 0 . 8 ° c .) temperatures in 20 min . in the present study , the nasopharyngeal temperature was a mean of 1 . 2 ° c . below the rectal temperature during mild cooling compared to just 0 . 5 ° without cooling . following discharge the infants had a neurodevelopmental assessment in the follow - up clinic by the paediatrician at 3 , 6 and 12 months . in addition , at 18 - months , they are being assessed by a developmental psychologist using the bayley seale ; this is still in progress . incidences were compared by fisher &# 39 ; s exact test . the groups were compared by two way mann whitney u test . in conclusion , selective head cooling preferably also combined with mild systemic hypothermia in term newborn infants following perinatal asphyxia is a practical method of quickly reducing cerebral temperature , with an increased gradient between the surface of the scalp and core temperature . this approach may allow the adverse effects of systemic hypothermia to be minimised . the foregoing describes the invention including preferred forms thereof alterations and modifications as will be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be incorporated in the scope hereof .
a method for preventing or reducing the development of delayed brain damage in a patient , comprises applying headwear to the patient &# 39 ; s head and circulating a fluid coolant through conduits or passages in the headwear to cool the brain and thermostatically controlling the coolant temperature within a predetermined range to maintain the brain at a temperature sufficiently below normal for an extended period sufficient to prevent the death of neurons , glial or other cells that would otherwise die as a consequence of direct injury to the brain or other injury to the patient likely to cause injury to the brain .