turning now to fig3 a first preferred embodiment of an intraocular lens 100 according to the invention is shown . the lens includes a pliable optic portion 102 having an elastic memory , and is peripherally surrounded by a skirt portion 104 . a restraining element 106 is provided on the skirt portion 104 and operates to hold the skirt portion and optic portion 102 in a stressed ( i . e ., stretched ) configuration . comparing fig3 showing the optic portion in a stressed configuration , with fig8 showing the optic portion in a non - stressed configuration , it is seen that the optic portion has a smaller diameter in the non - stressed configuration . more particularly , the optic portion 102 is typically approximately 5 to 6 mm in diameter and made from a silicone polymer or other suitable flexible polymer . the optic portion defines an anterior surface 110 and a posterior surface 112 . the optic portion may have a biconvex shape in which each of the anterior surface 110 and posterior surface 112 have similar rounded shapes . fig4 illustrates such a lens in a stressed non - accommodating configuration , while fig5 illustrates such a lens in the non - stressed accommodating configuration . alternatively , referring to fig6 the anterior surface 110 a may be provided with a substantially greater curvature than the posterior surface 112 a . in addition , referring to fig7 the anterior and posterior surfaces 110 , 112 of the optic portion can be evenly pliable throughout , or , referring back to fig6 greater flexibility and pliability can be fashioned into the central portion 114 of the anterior 110 surface of the lens to enhance the accommodating effect . this may be done by using materials of differing modulus of elasticity or by altering the thickness of the central portion and / or anterior surface 110 of the optic portion 102 . referring back to fig3 the skirt portion 104 has substantially less pliability than the optic portion 102 . the periphery 116 of the skirt portion 104 is preferably provided with a plurality of circumferentially displaced fenestration holes 118 . the fenestration holes 118 operate to promote firm attachment of the capsular bag to the lens skirt 104 during the healing period . that is , during the healing process , the capsular bag shrinks by a substantial amount and portions of the anterior and posterior capsular bag enter into the fenestration holes 118 and join together to lock the lens 100 within the capsule without necessitating any bonding agent , sutures , or the like . alternatively , the peripheral portion 104 could be fashioned with a textured surface , ridges or any surface modification that promotes strong adhesion of the capsule to the lens skirt 104 . referring to fig3 and 4 , according to a preferred , though not essential , aspect of the invention , a preferably thin and pliable collar 120 is positioned around the anterior surface of lens near the junction 122 ( fig8 ) of the optic portion 102 and the skirt portion 104 to keep the more central portions of the anterior capsular remnant from adhering to the optic portion . the collar is preferably made from silicone or another smooth polymer . as discussed above , the skirt portion 104 is maintained in a stressed configuration by the restraining element until the restraining element is removed . according to a preferred embodiment of the restraining element , the restraining element is a band provided on the outside of the skirt portion . the band 106 is preferably comprised of a dissolvable , preferably bioasborbable material that is adapted to preferably naturally dissolve in the fluid of the eye within a predetermined period of time after implantation . alternatively , the dissolvable material may be selected so that it dissolves only upon the addition of a dissolving - promoting agent into the eye . preferred dissolvable materials for the restraining band 106 include collagen , natural gut materials , glycan , polyglactin , poliglecaprone , polydioxanone , or other carbohydrate - based or protein - based absorbable material . referring now to fig9 and 10 , according to a second embodiment of the restraining element 106 a , the restraining element comprises a circumferential channel 130 a in the skirt 104 that is filled with a fluid or gel 132 a . preferably an isotonic solution such as a balanced salt solution is used . alternatively , other suitable fluids , solution , or gels , including viscoelastics can be used . the channel 130 a has an outlet 134 a that is blocked by a dissolvable , preferably bioabsorbable seal 136 a . the filled channel 130 a operates to stress the optic portion 102 into a non - accommodating configuration until the seal 136 a is dissolved and the outlet 134 a is thereby opened . then , the material 132 a within the channel 130 a is forced out of the channel by the natural elasticity of the lens and permits the lens to move in accord with the excitation state of the ciliary body ; i . e ., between non - accommodative and accommodative states . alternatively , the seal material 136 a may not be naturally dissolvable within the environment of the eye , but rather is dissolvable within the presence of a chemical agent , such as an enzyme , which can be added to the eye . in such case , the eye surgeon can non - surgically control the release of the seal . turning now to fig1 and 12 , according to a third embodiment of the restraining element , the restraining element 106 b comprises a circumferential channel 130 b in the skirt portion 104 that is filled with a balanced salt solution or other suitable material 132 b that maintains the optic portion into a non - accommodating stressed configuration . the channel 130 b has an outlet tube 134 b that is biased outward from the optic portion 108 but which is preferably anchored with an anchor 135 b toward the optic portion 102 but which preferably does not overlie a central area of the optic portion which would interrupt the vision of the patient when the lens is implanted . the outlet tube 134 b is provided with a seal 136 b made from a material , e . g ., hard silicone , polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ) or plastic , that is ablatable or otherwise able to be unsealed by laser light from a yag laser or other laser suitable for eye surgery . likewise , the anchor 135 b is also made from such a material . when the lens is implanted , as discussed in detail below , the anchor 135 b and the outlet tube 134 b , by being directed toward the optic portion 102 , is visible to the eye surgeon through a dilated iris and is positioned to receive laser light . in this embodiment , the seal 136 b can be removed and the outlet tube 134 b opened under the full control of the eye surgeon ( at his or her discretion upon post - operative evaluation of the lens recipient ) by use of a laser to remove the pressure in the channel 130 b to equilibrate with the anterior chamber pressure of the eye . moreover , removal of the anchor 135 b enables the outlet tube to move away from the optic portion in accord with its bias and toward the periphery to minimize any potential interference with the patient &# 39 ; s vision . according to a fourth embodiment of the restraining element , any mechanical means for maintaining the lens in a stressed configuration can be used . for example , referring to fig1 and 14 , a relatively stiff restraining element 132 c having a circular form can be inserted or otherwise provided within a circumferential channel 130 c . the restraining element is made from a material designed to be ablated or broken upon receiving laser energy , e . g ., hard silicone , polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ) or plastic . alternatively , the end of the element 132 c can be provided with a length of flexible material 134 c , e . g ., suture , which can be extended to outside the eye . when it is desired to remove the restraining element , the surgeon grasps the suture with a forceps and pulls the suture . this either removes the restraining element from the lens or breaks the restraining element . in either case , the stress is released from the optic . as yet another less preferred alternative , stiff restraining element is removable or broken only upon an invasive ( requiring an incision ) surgical procedure . other embodiments for the restraining elements and removal thereof are possible . for example , and not by way of limitation , the seal for an inflated channel can be attached to a suture or other length of flexible material which extends outside the eye . the suture can be pulled by the surgeon to remove the seal . in yet another example , shallow shells , adapted to be dissolvable naturally or in conjunction with an additive agent , may be provided to the front and back of the optic portion to force the optic portion to adopt a flatter ( i . e ., stressed ) configuration . by way of another example , dissolvable or laser - removable arced struts may be provided across the lens which force the optic portion into a stressed state . moreover , embodiments of the restraining element which maintain the stressed state of the optic via external flattening of the optic or by arced struts are suitable for use with a non - circumferential skirt portion ; i . e ., where the skirt portion is defined by a plurality of haptics extending outward from the optic portion . for example , fig1 - 18 , illustrate the “ skirt portion ” defined by a plurality of haptics , rather than a complete ring about the optic . fig1 discloses a skirt portion 104 a a defined by three haptics 140 a , each of which preferably includes fenestration holes 118 a . dissolvable or laser - ablatable arced struts 142 a are situated to maintain a radial stress on the optic portion 102 a ; i . e ., the struts 142 a function together as a restraining member . fig1 and 17 discloses a skirt defined by four haptics 140 b , each of which preferably includes fenestration holes 118 b . shells 144 b are coupled to the haptics anterior and posterior of the optic to flatten the optic . fig1 discloses a skirt defined by two haptics 140 c , each of which preferably includes fenestration holes 118 c . multiple struts 142 c are coupled to each haptic 140 c . in addition , it is recognized that the optic portion may be provided in an optically transparent bag , and the bag may be pulled or otherwise forced taught to stress the optic . the bag may be pulled taught by using one of the restraining element described above , e . g ., retaining rings , channels , shells , or struts , or any other suitable means , provided either directly to the bag or provided to an element coupled about a periphery of the bag . moreover , it is recognized that the lens of the invention may comprise two optic elements : one stationary and the other adapted to change shape and thereby alter the optic power of the dual optic system . in such an embodiment , the optic element adapted to change shape would be provided in a stressed - configuration , according to any embodiment described above . in each embodiment of the restraining element , the restraining element is preferably configured on or in the lens during manufacture , such that the lens is manufactured , shipped , and ready for implant in a fully stressed configuration . the lens is implanted according to a first method of implantation , as follows . referring to fig1 , the patient is prepared for cataract surgery in the usual way , including full cycloplegia ( paralysis of the ciliary body ) at 200 . cycloplegia is preferably pharmacologically induced , e . g ., through the use of short - acting anticholinergics such as tropicamide or longer - lasting anticholinergics such as atropine . an anterior capsullorrhexis is then performed at 202 and the lens material removed . a stressed lens according to the invention is selected that preferably has an optic portion that in a stressed - state has a lens power selected to leave the patient approximately emmetropic after surgery . the lens is inserted into the empty capsular bag at 204 . cycloplegia is maintained for several weeks ( preferably two to four weeks ) or long enough to allow the capsular bag to heal and “ shrink - wrap ” around the stressed and elongated lens at 206 . this can be accomplished post - operatively through the use of one percent atropine drops twice daily . as the lens shrinks , the anterior and posterior capsular bag walls enter into the fenestration holes and join together to lock the lens in position . if the lens includes a restraining element having a dissolvable component , eventually the dissolvable material is lost from the lens , and the lens is unrestrained . if the lens includes a restraining element having a laser - removable component , a surgeon may at a desired time remove the component to place the lens in a unrestrained configuration . if the lens includes a retraining element which must be surgical removed or altered , the surgeon may at a desired time perform a second eye procedure to remove the component and place the lens in an unrestrained configuration . regardless of the method used , when the lens is unrestrained ( i . e ., released from the stressed state ) at 208 and the post - operative cycloplegic medicines are stopped at 210 the lens is initially still maintained in a stressed state ( fig4 ) due to the inherent zonular stress of the non - accommodating eye . when the patient begins accommodating , the zonular stress is reduced and the implanted lens is permitted to reach a more relaxed globular conformation , as shown in fig5 and 8 . this change in shape provides the optic with more focusing power and thus accommodation for the patient is enabled . as with the natural crystalline lens , the relaxation of the implanted lens to a more globular shape is coupled with a development of strain or stress in the ciliary body during accommodation . further , when the patient relaxes accommodation , the stress in the ciliary body is reduced , and there is a compensatory gain in stress as the lens is stretched into its non - accommodative shape ( see again fig2 ). referring to fig2 , according to another embodiment of the method of the invention , a lens of similar design as described above is used , except that there is no restraining element on the lens . temporary cycloplegia is induced , and a capsulorrhexis is performed 300 . the lens is implanted while the ciliary body is in a fully relaxed state at 302 . the patient is then fully accommodated ( i . e ., the ciliary body is placed in a contracted state ) at 304 , preferably through pharmacological agents such as pilocarpine . once the capsular bag is fully annealed ( affixed ) to the lens periphery at 306 , the pharmacological agent promoting accommodation is stopped at 308 . then , as the ciliary body relaxes , the lens is stretched into an elongated shape having less focusing power . conversely , as accommodation recurs , the lens returns to it resting shape having greater focusing power . referring to fig2 , in yet another embodiment of the method of the invention , the patient is cyclopleged during cataract surgery at 400 , a capsulorrhexis is performed at 402 , and a flexible lens in an unstressed state is implanted in the capsular bag at 404 . after a few weeks of complete cycloplegia and during which capsular fixation of the lens periphery is accomplished at 406 , light ( e . g ., ultraviolet or infrared ), a chemical agent , or another suitable means is used to shrink or otherwise alter the optic or the adjacent skirt of the lens while the patient is still fully cyclopleged at 408 . in this manner , the optic is again placed into a stressed configuration while the ciliary body is fully relaxed . as with previous embodiments , when cycloplegia is stopped and accommodation occurs at 410 , the lens is able to return to a more relaxed globular configuration . the intraocular lens systems described with respect to fig1 through 18 operate to provide accommodation through a change in shape in the optic resulting from an equilibrium of the anatomical forces and the forces in the lens . as now described , it is also possible to provide accommodation through axial movement of a lens within the eye , all while maintaining equilibrium between the anatomical forces and the structural stress designed into the lens . turning now to fig2 through 24 , an embodiment of another intraocular lens system according to the invention is shown . the lens 500 includes a central optic 502 , two peripheral haptics 504 , and a junction 506 between the optic 502 and the haptics 504 . the junction 506 preferably has an elastic memory such that , in a relaxed configuration of the lens 500 , free ends 505 of the haptics 504 are oriented at a posterior angle a relative to the optic 502 ( fig2 ); i . e ., there is a bias induced between the optic and haptics along an anterior - posterior axis . a preferred range for angle a includes 1 to 60 degrees , with a more preferred angle a being 25 to 35 degrees . the junction 506 can be a skirt portion attached about the periphery of the optic , or can be integrated into the periphery of the optic , particularly where the optic and junction are unitarily formed as one piece from a flexible polymeric material . in addition , the junction 506 can vary in size allowing elastic bias over part or all of the haptic . for instance , the unstressed conformation of the haptic can describe an arc over all or part of its length . a restraining element 508 is preferably provided either at the junction 506 to restrain flexing at the junction ( fig2 ) or extends as a bridge from the optic 502 to the haptics 504 ( fig2 ) to maintain the lens 500 in a stressed preferably substantially planar configuration during implantation and for a post - operative period . alternatively , the stressed configuration can be any configuration of the lens in which the optic is oriented in a more posterior orientation relative to the haptic than in the non - stressed configuration . when the restraining element 508 is removed , the haptics 504 are biased toward an angled configuration relative to the optic 502 , with the optic moved anteriorly relative to the haptics ( fig2 ). more particularly , the optic 502 can be a flexible construction , as in the previous embodiments , or may be substantially rigid . the optic is preferably fixed in power , but may contain zones of different optic power . as such , the optic is either constructed of a suitable flexible polymer such as a silicone polymer , or a suitable stiff plastic such as polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ). the optic preferably has a diameter of approximately 4 mm to 7 mm , and most preferably approximately 5 mm . the haptics 504 can be substantially planar , curved or loop - like in structure ; i . e ., they may generally conform to any well - known haptic structure . moreover , as shown in fig2 , there may be more than two haptics , e . g ., four haptics 504 a . furthermore , as described with respect to the previous embodiments , the haptics 504 may be provided with any number of surface modifications , including knobs , protuberances , textures , fenestration holes , ridge , etc ., that promote strong adhesion with the shrink - wrapped capsular remnant . for example , referring back to fig2 and 26 , a peripheral ridge 510 may be provided to the haptics 504 . the ridge 510 promotes adhesion as well as forces the lens into a more posterior portion of the capsular bag upon implantation , which may be desirable . in addition , the haptics may contain portions of varying flexibility , such as a more flexible peripheral extent to promote flexion of the peripheral haptic against the capsular rim . the restraining elements 508 , as described with respect to the earlier embodiments , are preferably bio - resorbable , chemically resorbable , laser - removable , or surgically removable . any restraining element that is removable in the one of the above listed manners or in any other relatively atraumatic manner and which provides the necessary function of maintaining the lens in a relatively planar stressed configuration during implantation and during a post - operative period can be similarly used . the lens 500 is implanted as described above . that is , cycloplegia is induced , an anterior capsullorrhexis is performed and the lens material removed . referring to fig2 , the lens , in a stressed , substantially planar configuration is inserted into the empty capsular bag . cycloplegia is maintained long enough to allow the capsular bag to heal , “ shrink - wrap ”, and fibrose around the stressed lens . after the bag has healed , cycloplegia is terminated and the restraining element ( not shown in fig2 ) is removed . referring to fig2 , with the lens unrestrained , the optic 502 of the lens 500 is able to move anteriorly forward during accommodation and increase the focusing power of the eye . the optic 502 moves forward for at least two reasons . first , with accommodation , the stress in the ciliary body 16 is increased causing constriction of the ciliary body , and resultant reduced tension on the zonules 26 . this allows bending of the haptic - optic junction 506 back to its relaxed non - planar configuration . second , during accommodation there is anterior movement of the ciliary body 16 . then , when the patient relaxes accommodation , the stress in the ciliary body 16 is reduced and the ciliary body dilates and moves posteriorly . there is a compensatory gain in stress across the optic - haptic junction 506 as the junction is bent against its memory into a more planar configuration and the optic 502 moves posteriorly ( see again fig2 ). in addition , as discussed above with respect to the first embodiment , a photoreactive intraocular lens may be implanted in an unstressed state . after capsular fixation of the lens , light ( e . g ., ultraviolet or infrared ), a chemical agent , or another suitable means is used to alter the optic into a stressed configuration while the ciliary body is fully relaxed . then , when cycloplegia is stopped and accommodation occurs , the lens is able to return to non - stressed configuration in which the lens is located anteriorly relative to the haptic portion . moreover , as also discussed above with respect to the first embodiment , the lens can be implanted in the eye in a non - stressed configuration , and the ciliary can be pharmacologically induced to contract during the healing period . after healing , pharmacological inducement of ciliary contraction is stopped , and the lens operates in the same manner as described above . there have been described and illustrated herein several embodiments of an intraocular lens and methods of implanting the same into an eye . while particular embodiments of the invention have been described , it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto , as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise . thus , while two particular states of intraocular lenses ( fully stressed and fully accommodating ) have been disclosed , it will be appreciated that there is a continuum of states of stress that can be fashioned in the inserted lens that would be appropriate for any given state of the ciliary body . in addition , while particular types of materials have been disclosed for the lens , the dissolving material , and a viscoelastic material ( where used ), it will be understood that other suitable materials can be used . also , while exemplar pharmacological agents are disclosed for maintaining a state of the ciliary body , it is understood that other agents can be used . furthermore , while the skirt has been shown comprised of two to four haptics , it is recognized that a single haptic or five or more haptics may be utilized . moreover , while the restraining struts and shells have been described with respect to skirts comprising haptics , it will be appreciated that the restraining struts and shells can be used with a circular skirt , as described with respect to the preferred embodiments . in addition , while in the second embodiment the optic - haptic junction is stated to preferably have a memory , it is appreciated that other means may be employed to cause the haptics to assume a non - stressed angle configuration relative to optic . for example , an elastic membrane or struts may connect the free ends of the haptics to urge the free ends toward each other and consequently the optic forward . it will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as claimed .
an intraocular lens system includes an optic , a pair of haptics located on sides of the optic , and hinge portions at each of the optic haptic junctions . the hinge portions have stressed and non - stressed configurations . one or more restraining elements are provided to maintain the stressed state configuration of the hinge portion during implantation and during a post - operative period during which the capsular bag of the eye heals about the lens . the restraining elements are thereafter removable , preferably via a non - surgically invasive manner , e . g ., via dissolution or laser light . removal of the restraining elements allows anteriorization of the optic as the lens assumes a non - stressed configuration during accommodation . the ciliary body and lens may then interact in a manner substantially similar to the physiological interaction between the ciliary body and a healthy natural crystalline lens .