a first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig1 . in this embodiment , a target 1 to be coated with a coating fluid is held by target holder 2 . target 1 in this instance is a stent that is to be coated with a therapeutic material . in addition to holding stent 1 in a position suitable for coating application , stent holder 2 functions as a electrode , and is maintained at a first electrical potential . stent holder 2 may hold stent 1 by any number of means , such as by the stent holders described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 198 , 094 ( the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein ), and may be adapted for use with high - speed automated stent handling apparatus . directly beneath stent 1 is a coating fluid spray dispensing device 3 , schematically illustrated in fig1 as comprising a coating fluid reservoir 4 holding a quantity of coating fluid 5 , a solution of a therapeutic material in either an organic solvent or water with low viscosity ( preferably below 100 centipoise ), to be applied to the target stent . an electrode 6 is provided in contact with coating fluid 5 for establishing an electrical potential in the coating fluid . a wick 7 is provided in the reservoir with a first device end comprising a first wick surface 8 in contact with coating fluid 5 . wick 7 is supported in dispensing device 3 by a reservoir cover 9 , which maintains wick 7 at a position directly below target stent 1 . wick 7 may be any of a number of well - known non - conductive fibrous or porous materials suitable for transporting liquid solutions via capillary action and resistant to degradation by the solution , e . g ., and organic solvent - resistant engineered plastic . in this stent coating embodiment , wick 7 is cylindrical in shape . the diameter of wick 7 may be between approximately 0 . 5 mm and 3 mm , varied as desired to obtain a desired coating fluid flow rate . the distance between the dispensing end of the wick and the target may be maintained over a broad range , as the voltage difference that drives the electrohydrodynamic discharge of coating fluid toward the target may be readily adjusted to ensure the coating fluid reaches the target with a desired coating efficiency . typical separation distances may be approximately 50 - 150 mm from the target . the wick 7 may alternatively be constructed of one or more tubes of very small diameter sufficient to transport the fluid via capillary action . in operation , coating fluid 5 climbs along the structure of wick 7 via capillary action to reach the second or spray dispensing end 10 of wick 7 . in the absence of the application of an electrical potential , surface tension forces between the coating fluid and the wick ensure that the coating fluid that reaches dispensing end 10 remains on wick 7 . when coating material is to be applied to stent 1 , an electrical potential is applied to reservoir electrode 6 . because coating fluid 5 is in direct contact with electrode 6 , the coating fluid , including the coating fluid at wick dispensing end 10 , is subjected to the same electrical potential . by maintaining the electrical potential on electrode 6 higher than the electrical potential on stent holder / electrode 2 ( at a ground potential relative to electrode 6 in this embodiment ), the coating fluid at wick dispensing end 10 is attracted to the lower potential at target stent 1 . when the potential difference between wick end 10 and stent 1 becomes large enough , typically on the order of between 6 , 000 - 20 , 000 volts , a portion of coating fluid 5 leaves dispensing end 10 and travels toward stent 1 to apply the desired coating . in th present embodiment , a preferred voltage of 12 , 000 volts is maintained . as the coating fluid at wick end 10 is dispensed toward stent 1 , additional coating fluid flows onto wick 7 at first surface 8 and moves toward wick end 10 to provide consistent fluid replenishment flow to end 10 . the presence of reservoir cover 9 prevents bulk movement of coating fluid 5 in reservoir 4 directly toward stent 1 . the amount of coating fluid 5 delivered toward stent 1 may be adjusted by altering the length of time the electrical potential is applied to electrode 6 , adjusting the potential difference between the first and second electrodes , and / or by adjusting the flow rate of the coating fluid up wick 7 , for example by increasing or decreasing the cross - sectional area of the wick or changing the amount of wick surface area in contact with the coating fluid . this latter adjustment may be made by inserting wick 7 deeper into coating fluid 5 to increase the area of first surface 8 in contact with the fluid , or by altering the level of coating fluid 5 in reservoir 4 . after a predetermined time has lapsed , the electrical potential applied to electrode 6 is removed , eliminating the attraction of coating fluid 5 to stent 1 , and thereby halting the coating fluid spray from dispensing end 10 . when the electrical potential is removed from electrode 6 , the momentum of the coating fluid flowing up the wick is immediately arrested by the surface tension of the coating fluid along the entire length of the wick 7 structure . as a result , there is no tendency for excess coating fluid to accumulate at , or leak from , wick dispensing end 10 . the fluid surface tension also ensures that the coating fluid does not immediately retreat back toward first wick surface 8 and return to reservoir 4 . wick 7 therefore remains primed with coating fluid , ready for the next target coating operation , even where the fluid has a very low viscosity . the precise control of coating fluid by the present invention provides the additional benefit of permitting spray dispensing device 3 to be rapidly cycled in automated , high - speed target coating processes while still maintaining the desired precise and uniform coating application . the present embodiment is not limited to target and spray device arrangements in which the target is held above the spray dispensing head , as the interaction of the surface tension forces between the wick and the coating fluid effectively eliminate undesired release of coating fluid when the electrical potential is not being applied to the electrode associated with the coating fluid supply . thus , alternative orientations may be utilized , such as locating the coating fluid dispensing device above or alongside the target . a second embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig2 . in this embodiment , the coating fluid dispensing element of the first embodiment , wick 7 , is replaced with a siphon tube 11 . the inner diameter of siphon tube 11 must be sized sufficiently small to ensure that the surface tension forces in the fluid are not overcome , thereby avoiding formation of voids in the tube . the inner diameter must also be sufficiently small that the surface tension forces forming meniscus 16 at dispensing end 14 of siphon tube 11 are sufficient to preclude coating fluid leakage from the siphon tube when the apparatus is inactive . in the present embodiment , the necessary inner diameter required to avoid loss of siphon will vary with the specific material used for tube 11 and the viscosity of the coating fluid . an example embodiment employing a non - metallic material such as a ceramic or plastic tube with an inner diameter of sufficient to prevent loss of siphon with a coating fluid with a viscosity on the order of one centipoise . in order for the siphon tube to function properly , the level 12 of coating fluid in reservoir 13 should be maintained higher than the coating fluid dispensing end 14 of siphon tube 11 . inlet end 15 of siphon tube 11 is submerged into the coating fluid in reservoir 13 . the height 12 of the coating fluid should be maintained above inlet end 15 to preclude loss of siphon from the reservoir end of siphon tube 11 , and to ensure the meniscus formed at the opening of spray dispensing end 14 does not recede back into siphon tube 11 . as with the first embodiment , the flow rate of the coating fluid through the siphon tube fluid transporter may be adjusted by changing the height of coating fluid level 12 relative to siphon tube dispensing end 14 . in addition , the flow rate can be adjusted by changing the height of siphon tube dispensing end 14 . care should be taken to ensure that dispensing end 14 is not so far below fluid level 12 that the surface tension forces meniscus 16 are overcome , such that the fluid begins to flow freely from dispensing end 14 , or that conversely , dispensing end 14 is so high that surface tension forces between the fluid and the siphon tube surfaces are overcome , permitting the formation of siphon - breaking voids . [ 0034 ] fig2 also shows an alternative electrode arrangement , in which the electrode 17 that applies an electrical potential to the coating fluid is incorporated into dispensing end 14 in a manner that permits the coating fluid to be in direct contact with the electrode . as with the first embodiment , target 18 is held by target holder 19 at a lower potential than electrode 17 . after the siphon tube has been initially primed with the coating fluid , an electrical potential is applied to electrode 17 . this potential in turn is applied to the coating fluid immediately adjacent to dispensing end 14 , resulting in the coating fluid being discharged from dispensing end 14 toward the target 18 . as the coating fluid is being discharged from end 14 , additional coating fluid is drawn into siphon inlet end 15 and through the siphon tube fluid transporter to sustain the coating flow from dispensing end 14 until the electrical potential is removed from electrode 17 . when the electrical potential is removed from electrode 17 , the surface tension forces between the small inner diameter tube and the coating fluid , including the surface tension forces at meniscus 16 , prevent further discharge of coating fluid from dispensing end 14 . the pressure differential and surface tension forces also resist retreat of the coating fluid back towards reservoir 13 , thereby maintaining the siphon in siphon tube 11 . while the embodiment illustrated in fig2 shows coating fluid dispensing end 14 arranged above target 18 , alternative arrangements may be utilized , such as coating fluid dispensing toward an alongside target , so long as fluid level 12 is maintained above the fluid dispensing end 14 . as a further embodiment of the present invention , fig3 illustrates a modification wherein wick material 20 is included within the lumen through siphon tube 11 . the addition of wick 20 further enhances the stable , self - regulating flow properties of the siphon tube by providing significantly greater surface area for surface tension interaction between the low viscosity coating fluid and its transporter . this greater surface area enhances capillary flow through the tube during coating flow dispensing operations , enhances the arresting of fluid momentum when coating spray is halted , and discourages retreat of the coating fluid back to the reservoir when the apparatus is idle . moreover , because the presence of wick material 20 decreases the widths of gaps between adjacent surfaces within siphon tube 11 , it improves the siphon tube &# 39 ; s resistance to depriming . this latter point is of particular usefulness , as it permits the use of a siphon tube with a larger inner diameter than would otherwise be possible with a low viscosity fluids in a hollow siphon tube . this in turn permits greater coating fluid flow rates during each target coating operation . in a fourth embodiment of the present invention illustrated in fig4 siphon tube 11 is coupled to a float 21 that rests upon the surface of the coating fluid in reservoir 13 , and the electrical connection to the siphon tube electrode ( not shown ) is sufficiently flexible to permit siphon tube 11 to move vertically as the coating fluid level in reservoir 13 changes . if necessary , a counterweight 22 may be placed on or in float 21 to help counteract any tendency for siphon tube 11 to tip the float over . with this embodiment , float 21 maintains siphon tube inlet end 15 at a constant depth relative to the surface of the coating fluid in reservoir 13 , and accordingly maintains a constant height difference between the level of the coating fluid in reservoir 13 and siphon tube dispensing end 14 . this latter fixed height difference results in the hydrostatic pressure at dispensing end 14 remaining constant as the depth of the coating fluid within the reservoir decreases , thereby improving the consistency of coating fluid discharge . further , if siphon tube 11 is slidably mounted in float 21 , the flow rate of coating fluid from discharge end 14 may be readily adjusted by sliding siphon tube inlet end 15 within float 21 to change its depth below the coating fluid surface . in a further variation of this embodiment , a mechanism may be provided to maintain a desired distance between the target and dispensing end 14 as coating fluid level in the reservoir decreases . while the present invention has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be preferred embodiments thereof , it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments or constructions . on the contrary , the present invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements . for example , a stopcock may be placed in the siphon assembly to prevent the fluid flow to be turned on or off as desired , or , rather than float - mounting the siphon tube to maintain a constant hydrostatic pressure at dispensing end 14 , a mechanism may be provided which automatically refills reservoir 13 to maintain a fixed coating fluid level in the reservoir . in addition , while the various elements of the disclosed invention are described and / or shown in various combinations and configurations , which are exemplary , other combinations and configurations , including more , less or only a single embodiment , are also within the spirit and scope of the present invention .
an apparatus and method for improved control of low viscosity fluid flow during electrohydrodynamic spray deposition of the fluid to coat small targets , such as medical devices like stents . the apparatus includes a target holder which applies a first electrical potential to a target , a coating fluid transporter such as a wick , a siphon tube or a siphon tube with a wick therein along which the coating fluid flows from a reservoir to a dispensing end of the transporter , and an electrode which applied a second electrical potential to the coating fluid sufficient to cause the coating fluid to be attracted from the dispensing end of the transporter toward the target . this provides a target coating apparatus with highly self - regulating coating fluid flow characteristics despite the low viscosity of the coating fluid , while producing highly consistent and uniform target coatings .