this invention relates to a high absorbency , integrated , layered structure of material for personal care products . the structure has at least two layers . the first layer is made from pulp , superabsorbent and binder . the second layer is made primarily from superabsorbent . additional layers of either type may be added to the structure . the first layer has pulp , between 1 and 30 weight percent superabsorbent , and from 1 to 6 weight percent of a binder . the binder may more particularly be between 1 and 5 percent and still more particularly between 1 and 4 percent . the purpose of the binder is to give the structure integrity by binding the fibers and particles together . the second layer can have between 80 and 100 weight percent superabsorbent preferably between 90 and 100 percent superabsorbent , with a minor amount of pulp and binder . the overall amount of binder in the structure is at most 4 weight percent and the overall amount of superabsorbent in the structure is between 35 and 80 weight percent . the absorbent composites and absorbent systems of this invention may be made from a variety of processes traditionally used to prepare stabilized nonwoven webs including coform , carding , meltblowing , spunbonded , airlaying , needlepunching , wetlaying , hydroentangling etc . preferred embodiments of this application are prepared using the airlaid process . the nonwoven airlaid composites may be prepared from a variety of fibers and mixtures of fibers including but not limited to synthetic fibers , natural fibers including hydroentangled pulp , mechanically and chemically softened pulp , staple fibers , slivers , meltblown and spunbond fibers and the like . the production of airlaid nonwoven composites is well defined in the literature and documented in the art . example include the danweb process as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 4 , 640 , 810 laursen et al assigned to scan web of north america inc ; the kroyer process as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 494 , 278 kroyer et al and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 527 , 171 soerensen assigned to niro separation a / s ; the method of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 375 , 448 appel et al assigned to kimberly - clark corporation , or other similar methods . the webs produce by these methods are subsequently bonded together to form an adequate tensile strength web by thermal fusing , latex bonding or combinations thereof , which are well known in the art . webs produced in this text are best exemplified but not limited to the danweb process . superabsorbents that are useful in the present inventions can be chosen from classes based on chemical structure as well as physical form . these include superabsorbents with low gel strength , high gel strength , surface cross - linked superabsorbents , uniformly cross - linked superabsorbents , or superabsorbents with varied cross - link density throughout the structure . superabsorbents may be based on chemistries that include poly ( acrylic acid ), poly ( iso - butylene - co - maleic anhydride ), poly ( ethylene oxide ), carboxy - methyl cellulose , poly (- vinyl pyrrollidone ), and poly (- vinyl alcohol ). the superabsorbents may range in swelling rate from slow to fast . the superabsorbents may be in the form of foams , macroporous or microporous particles or fibers , particles or fibers with fibrous or particulate coatings or morphology . the superabsorbents may be in the shape of ribbons , particles , fibers , sheets or films . superabsorbents may be in various length and diameter sizes and distributions . the superabsorbents may be in various degrees of neutralization . counter - ions are typically li , na , k , ca . materials of this invention may include superabsorbents of the types mentioned above . an exemplary superabsorbent was obtained from stockhausen , inc and is designated favor ® sxm 880 . another example of these types of superabsorbents may be obtained from the dow chemical company under the name drytech ® 2035 . an example of fibrous superabsorbents may be obtained from camelot technologies , ltd ., of high river , alberta , canada and is designated fiberdri ® 1241 . another example included in these types of superabsorbents is obtained from chemtall inc . or riceboro , ga ., and is designated flosorb 60 lady ®, also known as ladysorb 60 ®. additional types of superabsorbents not listed here which are commonly available and known to those skilled in the art can also be useful in the present inventions . binders typically used in these structures help provide mechanical integrity and stabilization . binders include fiber , liquid or other binder means that may be thermally activated . preferred fibers for inclusion are those having a relative melting point such as polyolefin fibers . lower melting point polymers provide the ability to bond the fabric together at fiber cross - over points upon the application of heat . in addition , fibers having a lower melting polymer , like conjugate and biconstituent fibers are suitable for practice of this invention . fibers having a lower melting polymer are generally referred to as “ fusible fibers ”. by “ lower melting polymers ” what is meant are those having a glass transition temperature less than about 175 c . it should be noted that the texture of the absorbent web can be modified from soft to stiff through selection of the fusion and quenching behavior of the polymer . exemplary binder fibers include conjugate fibers of polyolefins , polyamides and polyesters . three suitable binder fibers are sheath core conjugate fibers available from kosa inc . ( charlotte , n . c .) under the designation t - 255 and t - 256 , both with a polyolefin sheath , or t - 254 , which has a low melt co - polyester sheath . many suitable binder fibers are known to those skilled in the art , and are available by many manufacturers such as chisso and fibervisions llc of wilmington , del . a suitable liquid binder is kymene ® 557lx available from hercules inc . of wilmington , del . other suitable liquid binders include ethylene vinyl acetate emulsion polymers sold by national starch and chemical company ( bridgewater , n . j .) under the tradename dur - o - set ® elite ® series ( including elite ® 33 and elite ® 22 ). other suitable binders are sold by air products polymers and chemicals under the name airflex ®. synthetic fibers include those made from polyolefins , polyamides , polyesters , rayon , acrylics , superabsorbents , tencel ® regenerated cellulose and any other suitable synthetic fibers known to those skilled in the art . synthetic fibers may also include kosmotropes for product degradation . many polyolefins are available for fiber production , for example polyethylenes such as dow chemical &# 39 ; s aspun ® 681 1a liner low density polyethylene , 2553 lldpe and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are such suitable polymers . the polyethylenes have melt flow rates , respectively , of about 26 , 40 , 25 and 12 . fiber forming polypropylenes include exxon chemical company &# 39 ; s escorene ® pd 3445 polypropylene and montell chemical co .&# 39 ; s pf304 . many other polyolefins are also available . natural fibers include wool , cotton , flax , hemp and wood pulp . wood pulps include standard softwood fluffing grade such as nb - 416 ( weyerhaeuser corporation , tacoma , wash .) and cr - 1654 ( us alliance pulp mills , coosa , ala .). pulp may be modified in order to enhance the inherent characteristics of the fibers and their processability . curl may be imparted to the fibers by methods including chemical treatment or mechanical twisting . curl is typically imparted before crosslinking or stiffening . pulps may be stiffened by the use of crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde or its derivatives , glutaraldehyde , epichlorohydrin , methylolated compounds such as urea or urea derivatives , dialdehydes such as maleic anhydride , non - methylolated urea derivatives , citric acid or other polycarboxylic acids . some of these agents are less preferable than others due to environmental and health concerns . pulp may also be stiffened by the use of heat or caustic treatments such as mercerization . examples of these types of fibers include nhb416 which is a chemically crosslinked southern softwood pulp fibers which enhances wet modulus , available from the weyerhaeuser corporation of tacoma , wash . other useful pulps are debonded pulp ( nf405 ) also from weyerhaeuser . hpz3 from buckeye technologies , inc of memphis , tenn ., has a chemical treatment that sets in a curl and twist , in addition to imparting added dry and wet stiffness and resilience to the fiber . another suitable pulp is buckeye hpf2 pulp and still another is ip supersoft ® from international paper corporation . suitable rayon fibers are 1 . 5 denier merge 18453 fibers from tencel incorporated of axis , ala . an example and comparative examples , all made by the airlaying process , follow : an integrated five layered structure was made having alternating layers of superabsorbent and a mixture of superabsorbent , pulp and binder . the first layer ( a ) towards a wearer was made of 70 weight percent nb416 pulp , 5 weight percent t - 255 binder fiber and 25 weight percent favor ® sxm 880 superabsorbent and had a basis weight of 115 gsm . the second layer ( b ) was made of 100 percent favor ®) sxm 880 superabsorbent and had a basis weight of 43 gsm . the third layer ( c ) was identical to layer a . the fourth layer ( d ) was identical to layer b . the fifth layer ( e ) was identical to layers a and c . the overall basis weight was 431 gsm , the density was 0 . 17 g / cm 3 and the saturated capacity was 73 . 9 g / l 100 cm 2 . the overall structure contained 40 weight percent favor ® sxm 880 superabsorbent , 56 weight percent nb416 pulp and 4 weight percent t - 255 binder fiber . a seven layered ( a through g ) structure was made having alternating layers of superabsorbent and a mixture of superabsorbent , pulp and binder . the first layer ( a ) towards a wearer was made of 95 weight percent nb416 pulp and 5 weight percent t - 255 binder and had a basis weight of 65 gsm . the second layer ( b ) was made of 100 percent favor ®) sxm 880 superabsorbent and had a basis weight of 58 gsm . layers c , e and g were identical to layer a . layers d and f were identical to layer b . the overall basis weight was 434 gsm , the density was 0 . 17 g / cm 3 and the saturated capacity was 73 . 9 g / l 00 cm 2 . the overall structure had 40 weight percent favor ® sxm 880 superabsorbent , 56 weight percent nb416 pulp and 4 weight percent t - 255 binder fiber . a homogenous structure was made . it was made with 56 weight percent nb416 pulp , 40 weight percent favor ® sxm 880 superabsorbent and 4 weight percent t - 255 binder fibers . the overall basis weight was 370 gsm , the density was 0 . 17 g / cm 3 and the saturated capacity was 63 . 2 g / 100 cm 2 . the above materials were tested for vertical wicking , fife and void volume . the results for fife and void volume are given in tables 1 and 2 below and the results for vertical wicking given in graphical form in fig1 a and 1 b . figure la shows the cumulative uptake of fluid in g / g with the x - axis denoting minutes and the y - axis denoting the g / g of fluid . in fig1 a , the uppermost line is comparative example 1 , the middle line is example 1 , and the lowermost line is comparative example 2 . fig1 b shows the final saturation profile with vertical centimeters of fluid movement on the x - axis denoting minutes and the y - axis denoting the g / g of fluid . in fig1 b , the lowermost line is comparative example 2 , the middle line on the far right is comparative example 1 and the uppermost line on the far right is example 1 . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art , changes and variations to the invention are considered to be within the ability of those skilled in the art . examples of such changes and variations are contained in the patents identified above , each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety to the extent consistent with this specification . such changes and variations are intended by the inventors to be within the scope of the invention .
there is provided a new multi - layered fibrous material for use in personal care products . in this material , a layer having a mixture of pulp , superabsorbent and binder is adjacent a layer having a very high superabsorbent concentration . the structure is then compacted to a density of between about 0 . 1 to 0 . 3 g / cc . these layered structures have better intake properties than traditionally made competitive materials . these structures surprisingly also have better distribution properties than competitive materials . such a fibrous material is useful in personal care products , like diapers , training pants , incontinence garments and feminine hygiene products .