as used herein , a “ plant - derived ” growth factor or “ growth factor derived from plant ” indicates a recombinant growth factor obtained from a transgenic plant or progenies of a transgenic plant . the growth factor according to the present invention is generally a heterologous non - plant originating growth factor and may preferably be any human or non - human growth factor , such as preferably a mammalian growth factor , the gene of which has been introduced into said transgenic plant or progenitors of the plant , preferably using recombinant technology . the isolated growth factor may be used as an active ingredient in a cosmetic composition or a therapeutic topical composition . methods for introducing and expressing foreign genes in plants are well known in the art . a plant that can be genetically transformed is a plant into which heterologous dna sequence , including dna sequence for a coding region , can be introduced , expressed , stably maintained , and transmitted to subsequent generations of progeny . genetic manipulation and transformation methods have been used to produce barley plants that are using herbicide resistance including , for instance , bialaphos or baste , or antibiotic resistance , such as hygromycin resistance , as a selectable marker . suitable cultivars are selected and a suitable method for introduction of foreign gene selected . the term “ transformation ” or “ genetic transformation ” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid molecule into the genome of a host organism , resulting in genetically stable inheritance . host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “ transgenic ” organisms . a “ transgenic plant host cell ” of the invention contains at least one foreign , preferably two foreign nucleic acid molecule ( s ) stably integrated in the genome . examples of methods of plant transformation include agrobacterium - mediated transformation ( de blaere et al . 1987 ) and particle - bombardment or “ gene gun ” transformation technology ( klein et al . ( 1987 ); u . s . pat . no . 4 , 945 , 050 ). wo 2006 / 016381 describes a particular useful barley cultivar amenable for transformation and describes in detail suitable transformation methods . this document is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference . wo 2005 / 021762 discloses methods for producing modified proteins in plant expression systems by making chimeric proteins that are readily purified on a large scale . this document is also incorporated herein in its entirety by reference . growth factors that are suitably produced and used according to the present invention may be selected from any of the above mentioned growth factors and more preferably from the group consisting of fibroblast growth factors 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 and 9 ( fgf4 , fgf5 , fgf6 , fgf8 and fgf9 ), flt3 ligand , heparin binding - egf ( hb - egf ), interleukin 4 and 15 ( il - 4 , il - 15 ), leukemia inhibitory factor ( lif ), noggin , placenta growth factor - 1 ( plgf - 1 ), stem cell factor ( scf ), transforming growth factor beta 3 ( tgf b3 ). in certain embodiments of the invention , the polypeptide of interest being produced in the transgenic plant contains an affinity tag at either n - terminal or c - terminal of the polypeptide , or at both ends . such a tag may include repetitive hq sequence , poly - gst ( glutathione s - transferase ), cbm ( carbohydrate binding module ) or any other useful affinity tag that simplifies purification of the heterologous peptide , allowing for affinity purification . as mentioned above , the glycosylation mechanisms in plants differ from those found in animals such as mammals and is also different from the glycosylation systems in yeast , which is another common expression system for heterologous recombinant protein products . plants are able to produce proteins with complex n - linked glycans . plant glycoproteins have complex n - linked glycans containing α - 1 , 3 linked core fucose and β - 1 , 2 linked xylose residues not found in mammals . plant glycoproteins lack the characteristic galactose ( neuacα2 , 6galβ - 1 , 4 ) containing complex n - glycans found in mammals , as plants do not contain β ( 1 , 4 )- galactosyltransferases nor α ( 2 , 6 ) sialyltransferases . also α - 1 , 6 linked core fucose is never found . accordingly , the invention encompasses in an embodiment a cosmetic and / or therapeutic composition as described above comprising a plant extract comprising a recombinant non - plant originating growth factor , glycosylated with one more plant - specific glycans , including glycans comprising α - 1 , 3 linked fucose and / or β - 1 , 2 linked xylose . dosage : suitable dosage of the cosmetically or therapeutically active ingredients in accordance with the present invention , for topical cosmetic and / or therapeutic application , the amounts of heterologous growth factor protein typically fall within the range from 0 . 01 to 100 ppm ( μg / gram ) of composition . local cosmetic compositions for the treatment of skin ageing or loss of hair preferably comprise from 0 . 1 to 5 ppm of active substance in composition . the length of treatment varies depending on the pathology or on the desired effect . in the case of scleroderma treatment the application ranges from 1 day to 12 months according to the pathology severity . in the case of a treatment against natural or early ageing of the skin , the application may range from 1 to 400 days , preferably for at least 30 days . likewise , in the case of a treatment for preventing loss of hair or for promoting hair re - growth the application preferably ranges from 1 to 400 days . preferably the transgenic plant extract is prepared from grains of barley containing any one of the proteins on the said list , their mimetics or at least domains thereof that enable binding to , and activation of a growth factor receptor . the below included illustrating examples show transgenic barley extracts containing different growth factors , including hb - egf , mscf , fgf5 , il4 , and fgf6 . numerous vehicles for topical application of cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions are known in the art . see , e . g ., remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , gennaro , a r , ed ., 20th edition , 2000 : williams and wilkins pa ., usa . all compositions usually employed for topically administering cosmetic compositions may be used , e . g ., creams , lotions , gels , dressings , shampoos , tinctures , pastes , ointments , salves , powders , liquid or semi - liquid formulation , patches , liposomal preparations , solutions , suspensions , liposome suspensions , w / o or o / w emulsions , pomades and pastes and the like . application of said compositions may , if appropriate , be by aerosol e . g . with a propellant such as nitrogen carbon dioxide , a freon , or without a propellant such as a pump spray , drops , lotions , or a semisolid such as a thickened composition which can be applied by a swab . in particular compositions , semisolid compositions such as salves , creams , lotions , pastes , gels , ointments and the like will conveniently be used . the compositions of the invention can be provided for parenteral , systemic or local use , comprising solutions , suspensions , liposome suspensions , w / o ( water / oil ) or o / w ( oil / water ) emulsions . in a preferred embodiment the active substance is formulated in a lyophilized form , mixed to suitable lyophilisation additives and ready to be redissolved with therapeutically acceptable diluents . useful lyophilisation additives are : buffers , polysaccharides , sucrose , trehalose , mannitol , inositol , polypeptides , amino acids and any other additive compatible with the active substance . diluents suitable for parenteral use are : water , physiological solutions , sugar solutions , hydroalcoholic solutions , oily diluents , polyols , like glycerol , ethylene or polypropylene glycol , or any other diluent compatible with the administration method as for sterility , ph , ionic strength and viscosity . in the case of emulsions or suspensions , the composition may contain suitable surfactants of non - ionic , zwitterionic , anionic or cathionic type commonly used in the formulation of medicaments . oil / water ( o / w ) hydrophilic emulsions are preferable for parenteral systemic use , whereas water / oil ( w / o ) lipophilic emulsions are preferable for local or topic use . moreover , the compositions of the invention may contain optional additives like isotonic agents , such as sugars or polyalcohols , buffers , chelating agents , antioxidants , antibacterials . liquid forms according to the invention can comprise solutions or lotions . these may be aqueous , hydroalcoholic , like ethanol / water , or alcoholic and are obtained by solubilising the lyophilised substance . alternatively , active substance solutions , may be formulated in form of gel by addition of known gelling agents , like : starch , glycerin , polyethylene , pentylene glycol , polypropylene glycol , poly ( meth ) acrylate , isopropyl alcohol , and hydroxystearate . other types of compositions for topical use are emulsions or suspensions in form of pomades , pastes , creams . w / o emulsions are preferable , providing a faster absorption . examples of lipophilic excipients are : liquid paraffin , anhydrous lanolin , white vaseline , cetyl alcohol , stearyl alcohol , vegetable oils , mineral oils . agents increasing cutaneous permeability , thereby facilitating the absorption , may advantageously be used . examples of such agents are physiologically acceptable additives like polyvinyl alcohol , polyethyleneglycol or dimethylsulfoxide ( dmso ). other additives used in the topic compositions are isotonic agents , like sugars or polyalcohols , buffers , chelating agents , antioxidants , antibacterials , thickeners , dipersants . it follows that the preparations may further contain conventional components usually employed in preparations described herein , including oils , fats , waxes , surfactants , humectants , thickening agents , antioxidants , viscosity stabilizers , chelating agents , buffers , preservatives , perfumes , dyestuffs , lower alkanols , and the like . delayed - release compositions for local or systemic use may be useful , and comprise polymers like polylactate , poly ( meth ) acrylate , polyvinylpyrrolidone , methylcellulose carboxymethylcellulose and other substances known in the art . delayed - release compositions in form of subcutaneous implants based on , e . g . polylactate or other biodegradable polymers may be useful as well . though the active substance is preferably packaged in lyophilised and hence stable form , the pharmaceutical compositions advantageously comprise substances stabilising the plant derived heterologous growth factor in the active mono -, di - or multimeric forms . such stabilisers inhibit the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds , thereby preventing the polymerisation of the active substance . however , the amount of stabiliser should be carefully measured in order to concomitantly prevent the reduction of the active substance to an inactive form . examples of such substances are : cystein , cysteamine , or glutathione in reduced form . non - limiting examples of oils include fats and oils such as olive oil and hydrogenated oils ; waxes such as beeswax and lanolin ; hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin , ceresin , and squalene ; fatty acids such as stearic acid and oleic acid ; alcohols such as cetyl alcohol , 1 , 2 , hexanediol , stearyl alcohol , lanolin alcohol , aminomethyl propanol , and hexadecanol ; and esters such as isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate and butyl stearate . as examples of surfactants there may be cited anionic surfactants such as sodium stearite , sodium cetylsulfate , polyoxyethylene laurylether phosphate , sodium n - acyl glutamate ; cationic surfactants such as stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and stearyltrimethylammonium chloride ; ampholytic surfactants such as alkylaminoethylglycine hydrochloride solutions and lecithin ; and nonionic surfactants such as glycerin monostearate , sorbitan monostearate , sucrose fatty acid esters , propylene glycol , pentylene glycol , monostearate , polyoxyethylene oleylether , polyethylene glycol monostearate , polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate , polyoxyethylene coconut fatty acid monoethanolamide , polyoxypropylene glycol ( e . g . the materials sold under the trademark “ pluronic ”), polyoxyethylene castor oil , and polyoxyethylene lanolin . examples of humectants include glycerin , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol , 1 , 2 , hexanediol , caprylyl glycol and propylene glycol ; examples of lower alcohols include ethanol and isopropanol ; examples of thickening agents include xanthan gum , hydroxypropyl cellulose , acrylates / c10 - 30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer , hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose , polyethylene glycol , pentylene glycol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ; examples of antioxidants include butylated hydroxytoluene , butylated hydroxyanisole , propyl gallate , citric acid and ethoxyquin ; examples of chelating agents include disodium dentate and ethanehydroxy diphosphate ; examples of buffers include citric acid , sodium citrate , boric acid , borax , and disodium hydrogen phosphate ; and examples of preservatives are methyl parahydroxybenzoate , tropolone , ethyl parahydroxybenzoate , dehydroacetic acid , salicylic acid and benzoic acid . these substances are merely exemplary , and those of skill in the art will recognize that other substances may be substituted with no loss of functionality . the invention further provides methods for manufacturing compositions as described herein , the methods generally comprising providing a plant extract from a transgenic plant expressing a heterologous growth factor as described herein , preferably a growth factor as listed above and combining said extract with at least one cosmetically acceptable excipient , and preferably one or more of the above mentioned excipients . the method can further comprise the steps of harvesting the transgenic plant , separating the growth factor fom plant material and extracting a plant extract therefrom containing the growth factor . in the case of preferred plants that express the heterologous growth factor in its seeds , the separation can suitably include the steps of collecting the seeds , which can be conveniently stored for extended time without seriously affecting the activity of the growth factor . partially purified transgenic plant extract containing recombinant growth factor and dehydrins a transgenic plant extract was prepared by milling harvested transgenic barley seeds containing a recombinant growth factor murine stem cell factor ( mscf ), in a mill to obtain fine powder ( flour ). extraction buffer added ( 50 mm potassium phosphate ph 7 . 0 ) to the milled barley flour in a volume / weight ratio of 5 / 1 of extraction buffer to milled flour . the resulting solution was stirred for 60 minutes at 4 ° c . solids were separated from the liquid extract by centrifugal force , centrifuging at 8300 rpm in a refrigerated centrifuge ( heraeus primo r ) or more , for 15 minutes , and the supernatant decanted off to a fresh vial . the growth factor content of the extract was analysed by sds - page and western blotting with a specific antibody . in this experiment the mscf content was about 0 . 1 % of the protein content of the unpurified extract . the resulting transgenic barley seed extract from example 1 was processed further by adding to the extract an imac chromatography resin that effectively binds the mscf . the mixture of extract and resin was stirred in 50 mm potassium phosphate , 0 . 5 m nacl , 50 mm imidazole ; ph7 . 0 at + 4 ° c . for 60 minutes . the imac resin was separated from the liquid by centrifugation at 5000 × g for 15 minutes . the liquid phase was decanted off and the resin was resuspended in washing buffer ( 50 mm potassium phosphate , 0 . 5 m nacl , 50 mm imidazole ; ph7 . 0 ) and spun down and the liquid phase decanted off the resin . the washing was repeated for 3 times . the resin was resuspended in elution buffer containing imidazole ( 50 mm potassium phosphate , 0 . 5 m nacl , 500 mm imidazole ; ph7 . 0 ) to elute the mscf off the resin and after centrifugation the supernatant was decanted off the resin and run through gel filtration chromatography ( desalting ) for buffer exchange . the resulting protein peak was analysed on sds - page and western blot . in this case the mscf was present as approximately 40 % of the protein extract . the partially purified extract is shown in fig1 lane marked pe . purification of recombinant growth factor mscf purified from transgenic barley seed extract to further isolate a growth factor , in a purified form : the imac elute from example 1 is , after buffer exchange with gel filtration , applied to an ion exchange column sepharose ff and the proteins in the extract were separated by stepwise elution increasing the nacl content of the elution buffer . it was possible in this manner to successfully separate the growth factor from the dehydrin . the band is fuzzy due to glycosylation of the mscf . as shown in fig1 a growth factor can be purified to a high purity , & gt ; 95 % ( lane 6 ) in this manner resulting in an isolated and purified mscf isolated and purified from a transgenic plant extract . fig1 shows transgenic plant extract and purification and isolation of murine stem cell factor ( mscf ) from transgenic plant extract . a ) coomassie blue stained sds - page gel staining total proteins present in the extract and at different purification steps . lanes : 1 and 7 size markers ; 2 , 3 : imac elute ; 4 : desalted imac elute ; 5 : 50 % nacl elute from iec ; 6 : 100 % nacl elute . pe : partially purified plant extract ; p : purified protein ; d : dehydrin , mscf : murine stem cell factor . human interferon gamma was expressed in barley , the extraction of total proteins was performed under reducing conditions in the presence of 170 mm nacl , 1 % 2 - mercaptoethanol , 10 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 and 1 % polyvinyl pyrrolidine ( mw 360 . 000 ). after milling the sample , 5 ml of the extraction buffer was added to the extraction vial . the extract was clarified by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min at 4 ° c ., followed by a tenfold centrifugal concentration in ultrafree - 4 concentrators with molecular 5 kda cut - off ( ufv4bcc00 - millipore corp . bedford , mass ., usa ). a 100 μl sample of the clarified , concentrated extract was added to 100 μl of 2 × sample buffer and the mixture placed in a boiling water bath for 5 min . after cooling , 10 μl of the sample was loaded on 12 % polyacrylamide gel separated with sds - page . the results of the comparative example are illustrated with a western blot ( see fig2 ) of recombinant ifn gamma produced in plant and in bacteria , separated by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto pvdf membrane . the membrane is treated with primary antibody against plant specific 1 - 3 fucose . this shows that the ifn gamma ( showing 2 bands of differential glycosylation ) carries 1 - 3 fucose whereas the bacterially produced ifn gamma in the adjacent lane shows no signal . the western blot is made with anti fucose primary antibody , 5 sec exposure time . samples loaded as follows : lane 1 : mw ladder , lane 2 : plant produced ifn gamma , lane 3 : bacterial produced ifn gamma , lane 4 plant extract ( positive control ). a second blot of the same samples was made using anti - xylose antibody . fig3 shows the western blot of recombinant interferon gamma produced in plant and in bacteria , separated by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto pvdf membrane . the membrane is treated with primary antibody against plant - specific sugar xylose . this shows that the ifn gamma ( showing 2 bands of differential glycosylation ) carries xylose , whereas the bacterially produced ifn gamma in the adjacent lane shows no signal due to lack of glycosylation . the blot , shown in fig3 , had 5 sec exposure time with - anti fucose primary antibody samples loaded as follows : lane 1 : mw ladder , lane 2 : pl . ifn gamma , lane 3 : bacterial ifn gamma , lane 4 plant extract ( positive control ). in this example a stability test was performed for purified , reconstituted freeze - dried plant - made interleukin 1a ( il - 1a ) ( containing one n - glycosylation site ) incubated at various temperatures ; refrigerated at + 4 ° c ., + 37 ° c . and room temperature ( rt ) for up to 3 weeks . the results depicted in fig4 show excellent stability of the growth factor at 37 ° c ., rt and at + 4 ° c . for several weeks . according to descriptions by manufacturers of bacterially ( e . coli ) manufactured il - 1a , the reconstituted non - glycosylated il - 1a , purified form from bacteria is only stable for one week at 2 ° c .- 4 ° c . ( ref . http :// www . cellsciences . com / pdf / cr1132 . pdf ) this example shows that plant - made growth factor , in this instance il - 1a , is substantially more stable than the same growth factor expressed in a bacterial system . the following examples illustrate formulations of the cosmetic composition according to the present invention but are not intended to limit the invention in any way . the formulations 1 - 5 can likewise be formulated with any alternative growth factor selected from those listed in the detailed description . 58 mg of lyophilized substance , comprising 25 ug of active substance and 33 mg of phosphate buffer ( 10 mg nah 2 po 4 / h 2 o and 23 mg na 2 hpo 4 / 2h 2 o ), and about 125 ml physiological solution for parenteral use , are separately packaged in flasks preset for mixing the lyophilized product with the diluent immediately prior to use . the post - solubilisation concentration of active substance is of about 0 . 2 ug / ml . the active substance can suitably be selected from any of the growth factors listed in the description , which growth factor is trangenically expressed in a plant and isolated therefrom , as described herein . an amount of lyophilized substance comprising 20 ug active substance is brought to 5 ml 10 % ethanol hydro - alcoholic solution comprising 10 % dmso . the solution is emulsified in sterilised vegetable oil for cutaneous application using a surfactant suitable for w / o emulsions having a & lt ; 10 hlb coefficient . the emulsion contains active substance equal to about 2 ug / g of composition . the active substance is a plant - derived recombinant growth factor selected from the listed growth factors in the description and isolated from the host plant . an amount of lyophilized substance comprising about 20 ug active substance is solubilised in 5 ml of hydro - alcoholic solution comprising 30 % dmso and emulsified with a suitable surfactant in a vegetable oil - based lipophilic solvent . the resulting o / w emulsion contains the active substance at a concentration of about 3 ug / g composition . the active substance is a plant - derived recombinant growth factor selected from the listed growth factors in the description and isolated from the host plant . an amount of lyophilized substance comprising 10 ug of active substance is brought in 20 ml 10 % ethanol hydro - alcoholic solution . then , the solution is additioned with a mixture of pentylene glycol , aminomethyl propanol and acrylates , caprylyl glycol and tropolone . the active substance is present in an amount equal to 0 . 2 ug / g composition . the gel is suitable for cosmetic application . the active substance is a plant - derived recombinant growth factor selected from the listed growth factors in the description and isolated from the host plant . the formulation is prepared by using the above - mentioned components in given amounts according to a conventional method . specifically , methyl paraoxybenzoate is dissolved in appropriate amounts of distilled water for injection , carbomer 934p is added to the solution and dispersed therein with sting . the ph of the solution is controlled with sodium hydroxide , the solution is blended with propylene glycol and sterilized by heating . then , filtered and sterilized solution of hb - egf in distilled water for injection is added thereto to obtain 100 g of formulation . the formulation is prepared by using the above - mentioned components in given amounts according to a conventional method . specifically , phosphate buffer is prepared by using sodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium chloride and phosphoric acid in given amounts . methyl paraoxybenzoate as the preservative is dissolved to the phosphate buffer . poloxamer 407 ( basf , germany ) is added to the solution and dispersed therein with string . then the solution is blended with propylene glycol , dispersed therein with stirring . then , the ph of the solution is controlled with sodium hydroxide , the solution is blended with propylene glycol and sterilized by heating . then , filtered and sterilized solution of hb - egf in distilled water for injection is added thereto to obtain 100 g of formulation . the formulation is prepared by using the above - mentioned components in given amounts according to a conventional method . specifically , glycerin and methyl paraoxybenzoate are dissolved in appropriate amounts of distilled water for injection , carbomer 940 ( bf goodrich , u . s . a .) is added to the solution and dispersed therein with stirring . then , propyl paraoxybenzoate and the others are added to the solution and emulsified with melting . then , the solution is sterilized after controlling ph with triethanolamine , and mixed with filtered and sterilized solution of recombinant hb - egf expressed and isolated from plant ) in distilled water for injection to obtain 100 g of formulation .
cosmetic and therapeutic compositions for skin care , containing a transgenic plant extract containing a growth factor , or a growth factor purified from transgenic plants , or a mixture of growth factors derived from transgenic plants as extracts or in purified form , for use in topical therapeutic and / or cosmetic applications . importantly , this invention makes safer growth factors available for use for cosmetic and topical treatment . these growth factors do not carry the risk of unwanted contaminants and transmissible agents that can result from animals or animal cell based expression systems , and the recombinant growth factors that plant expression systems provide are post - translationally modified proteins .