the embodiments of the present disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non - limiting embodiments and examples that are described and / or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description . it should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale , and features of one embodiment may be employed with other embodiments as the skilled artisan would recognize , even if not explicitly stated herein . descriptions of well - known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments of the invention . the examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the present disclosure may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments of the invention . accordingly , the examples and embodiments herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure , which is defined solely by the appended claims and applicable law . moreover , it is noted that like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings . according to one aspect of the disclosure , a dietary ingredient may be provided . the dietary ingredient may be , for example , a vitamin , mineral , herbal , protein , amino acid , or fatty acid . specific , non - limiting examples include whey protein , leucine , arginine , creatine , selenium , zinc , magnesium , chromium , niacin , folic acid , biotin , ginkgo biloba extract , green tea extract , grape seed extract , digestive enzymes , choline , inositol , lycopene , vitamin a , vitamin b 6 , vitamin b 12 , vitamin c , vitamin e , ribose , carnitine , coq10 , glucosamine , and chondroitin . it is also contemplated and within the scope of the invention that the dietary ingredient may be , for example , a combination of one or more of a vitamin , a mineral , an herbal , a protein , an amino acid , and / or a fatty acid . by way of example only , the dietary ingredient may be a mixture of leucine , whey protein , and digestive enzymes . additional , non - limiting examples include a mixture of creatine and grape seed extract and a mixture of arginine and grape seed extract . the dietary ingredient may be micronized . the micronization process generally produces particles that are , on average , only a few micrometers in diameter . for example , the particles of the dietary ingredient may have a maximum diameter of 10 μm ; the particles of the dietary ingredient may have an average diameter of 2 μm ; the particles of the dietary ingredient may have a maximum diameter of 2 μm , or any other particle size as required by the specific application of the principles of the present disclosure . it is contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure that the average particle size may be less than 1 μm and may be as small as 100 nm or smaller , depending on the requirements of the specific application and the ability of available micronization technology to reduce particle size . micronization may be accomplished by any means known in the art , whether known at the time of invention or developed subsequent to the invention . it is contemplated that the dietary ingredient may be micronized by techniques that rely on friction to reduce particle size . for example , a milling process may be used to reduce particle size . in a milling process , the dietary ingredient is placed inside a cylinder along with a number of spheres . as the cylinder is turned , the spheres crush the dietary ingredient into particles of smaller size . the milling process may also use a jet mill . alternatively , a grinding process , which reduces particle size by trapping particles between two grinding units that are rubbing together , may be used to micronize the dietary ingredient . processes that use a supercritical fluid to micronize particles are also contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure . these processes include rapid expansion of supercritical solutions ( ress ), supercritical anti - solvent ( sas ), and particles from gas - saturated solutions ( pgss ). finally , novel micronization processes that may be developed in the future are also contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure . the dietary ingredient may also be combined with polyethylene glycol ( peg ) either in a simple physical dispersion or by a covalent link or conjugation to one or more molecules of polyethylene glycol ( peg ), a process known as pegylation . the molecular weight of peg used in the invention may range , for example , from roughly 140 daltons to approximately 20 , 000 daltons . monomethoxy - polyethylene glycol ( mpeg ), a triethylene glycol , is specifically contemplated for use with the invention . pegylation of the dietary ingredient may be effected by any means known to one skilled in the art , using molecular weights of peg and functional groups that are appropriate to the particular dietary ingredient of a specific embodiment . other pegylation equivalents are also contemplated by the present disclosure and are thus within its spirit and scope . the most preferred form of the peg component is peg 3350 , which contains peg with an average molecular weight between 3015 and 3685 . peg 3350 is available under the trade name carbowax ™ peg 3350 as a hard , opaque white solid . other preferred forms of peg are also opaque white solids . other preferred forms are peg 1450 , which has an average molecular weight of 1305 to 1595 ; peg 4000 , which has an average molecular weight from 3600 to 4400 ; peg 4600 , which has an average molecular weight from 4400 to 4800 ; peg 8000 , which has an average molecular weight from 7000 to 9000 ; and peg 6000 , which has an average molecular weight of 6000 to 7500 . for embodiments of the present disclosure that include creatine , the most preferred form of creatine is the creatine hydrochloride ( creatine . hcl ) salt and the most preferred form of peg is peg 3350 . embodiments that include creatine may include forms of creatine other than creatine hydrochloride . for embodiments that contain creatine , the most preferred form is a solid dispersion of creatine hydrochloride in peg 3350 . such embodiments may be coated with an enteric coating . additional preferred forms of creatine include any creatine salt that is more soluble in room - temperature aqueous solutions than creatine monohydrate ( creatine . h 2 o ). while the present disclosure has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments , those skilled in the art will recognize that the present disclosure can be practiced with modifications in the spirit and scope of the appended claims . these examples given above are merely illustrative and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible designs , embodiments , applications or modifications of the invention . whey protein , which is a byproduct of cheese manufacturing , and leucine were milled to produce micronized particles . this was then combined with digestive enzymes and peg 3350 in a physical dispersion . a serving of the dietary supplement included 20 g whey protein , 7 g leucine , 1 g peg 3350 , and 200 mg digestive enzymes . after 10 hours of fasting , test subjects ingested either the formulation above or a control formulation of 20 g non - micronized whey concentrate . blood samples were collected at regular intervals over the next 18 hours to measure serum amino acid concentrations . subjects who took the investigative formulation showed much higher serum amino acid concentrations than did the subjects who consumed the control supplement . in many cases , the peak amino acid concentrations were more than double those with the control , thereby demonstrating that the micronized and pegylated ingredient provides unexpected results in comparison to the current state of the art . fig1 shows this increase in concentration of the bioenhanced leucine compared to regular leucine . the experimental formulation also resulted in a much faster rate of accumulation of leucine and other amino acid concentrations , as shown in fig2 . the amino acid arginine was micronized , combined with a grape seed extract , and physically dispersed with peg 3350 . the final mixture was compressed into a tablet form and enteric coated . test subjects received either 3 g arginine combined with 300 mg peg and 300 mg grape seed extract ; 1 . 5 g arginine combined with 150 mg peg and 300 mg grape seed extract ; or placebo . endurance of the test subjects , as measured by physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold ( pwc ft ), ventilatory threshold ( vt ), and maximal oxygen consumption rate ( vo 2 max ), was recorded . subjects took the supplement for 28 days , and endurance was measured again . as shown in fig3 , subjects receiving the test formulation showed a dramatic improvement of 20 % in physical working capacity at fatigue threshold over subjects receiving placebo .
the invention is directed to an improved composition and process for enhanced bioavailability . the composition includes a dietary supplement that is micronized and combined with polyethylene glycol . the process of increasing the bioavailability of a dietary ingredient includes ingesting a dietary supplement that is micronized and combined with polyethylene glycol .