[ 0009 ] fig1 shows a simplified schematic block diagram for a mechanical system for treating epilepsy and other neurological disorders by modifying ion concentration in brain fluid . in fig1 fluid from a patient &# 39 ; s brain 10 ( the fluid is not shown ) is extracted from the brain ( preferably from 1 of the brain ventricles ) 10 , by a pump 14 . extra - cellular fluid can be extracted by exerting a relatively negative pressure on a small - diameter flexible conduit ( i . e . a catheter or capillary tube 12 ) one end of which is coupled to the pump and which provides the negative pressure . the other end of the flexible conduit is inserted into the brain ventricle . extra - cellular brain fluid is drawn through an appropriately - sized capillary tube or catheter 12 to the pump 14 , which in the preferred embodiment was a positive displacement computer - controlled pump 14 . in the preferred embodiment , the pump 14 ( which may be computer controlled ) reads and executes stored program instructions that cause the pump to pump the extracted fluid according to the program and its parameters . in many applications , ion - adjusted fluid will be pumped in an “ open loop ” fashion , i . e . according to some predetermined schedule in the pump &# 39 ; s stored program . open - loop delivery methods can be based upon either the volume of modified extra - cellular brain fluid to be delivered per unit time or some other parameter . the pump 14 forces extracted extra - cellular brain fluid through an ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 . ion concentrations in the extracted brain fluid are modified in the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 . the ion concentration of the fluid can be adjusted by methodologies well known in the art including , but not limited to , appropriate ion exchange mechanisms ; filtration , or chemical treatment . the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 changes the ion concentration in brain fluid such that when the fluid is returned to the brain , the brain fluid ion concentration , at least in localized regions , is modified . output from the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 is returned to the brain 10 through an appropriately sized capillary tube or catheter 18 . procedural steps of the method 200 of the invention are illustrated in fig2 . csf or extra - cellular brain fluid is extracted 210 and the ion - concentration of the fluid is adjusted 220 using an appropriate methodology . some techniques for modifying ion concentration would include filtering or various chemical treatment processes . after the ion concentration is adjusted , the modified ion - content fluid is re - injected into the patient &# 39 ; s brain 230 . at some point in the process , the flow rate of brain fluid from and / or into the patient &# 39 ; s brain is measured 240 . while this step is shown in fig2 as being after re - injection of the brain fluid 230 , alternate methodologies would certainly include deleting this step in its entirety and simply letting the pump run “ open loop ” doing whatever the program instructions dictate . still other embodiments would include calculating or measuring the extracted fluid 210 volume as well as the delivered fluid volume . inasmuch as brain fluid is incompressible , both the extracted and re - injected or delivered fluid volumes should be equivalent , except for any fluid lost during the ion - concentration adjustment . still other embodiments might measure the ion concentration in the brain fluid and , depending upon the measured ion concentration , adjust the fluid delivery rate or the ionconcentration adjustment , or both . in an optimum system , a closed - loop feedback system would include a system that measures ion concentration ( or other electrical characteristic ) and uses this information to control fluid extraction , delivery or ion content so as to achieve the optimum electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of brain cells , imbalances of which might cause epilepsy or other neurological disorders . various embodiments of the invention include localized delivery of ion - modulated brain fluid as well as dispersed delivery mechanism , such as a leaky catheter . by replacing the brain fluid at a modified ion concentration , it is possible to change the electrical potential difference between intra - cellular and extra - cellular brain fluid . in the preferred embodiment , changing the electrical potential difference across the nerve cell membrane in the epilepsy generating brain structure can significantly affect the occurrence of epileptic seizures . once a diagnosis of epilepsy is first made or the disease is established , changing the ion concentration in the extra - cellular fluid to increase the potential difference from − 70 millivolts to − 80 or more millivolts will locally hyperpolarize the brain cells and therefore , can substantially inhibit seizures . in one of the alternate embodiments , an electrical probe 20 inserted into a localized region of the brain 10 might be read by the computer that controls the pump 14 so as to provide closed - loop feedback so as to even more closely control ion concentrations and therefore more closely control epileptic seizures . a probe inserted into the brain fluid in the brain might measure the ion concentration by the conductivity or resistance of the fluid . in such an embodiment , it is preferable to measure ion concentration after the ion - adjusted fluid has been returned to the patient &# 39 ; s brain . the modified resulting membrane potential can be calculated using the well - known goldman equation . in another alternate embodiment , ion concentrations of extra - cellular fluid might be adjusted according to measured electrical activity of nerve cells in specific brain structures involved in the generation of the epileptic seizures . in such an embodiment , the electrical activity of brain cells , can be continuously adjusted by injecting more or less modified brain fluid in such a way to avoid seizures . such a closed - loop system could be used to carefully control , in real time , the rate at which ion adjusted fluid is delivered to the brain or to change the ion concentration changes effected by the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 . a control signal 22 from the computer - controlled pump 14 might be used to change the ion concentration in fluid that is output to the brain 10 . in yet another embodiment , it might be possible to alter electrical potential differences across cell membranes simply by adding or administering a predetermined liquid or other substance to brain fluid so as to change the electrical potential across brain cells . those skilled in the art will recognize that changing the ion concentration of extracellular brain fluid could have other beneficial effects in the treatment of other neurological disorders by adjusting the degree of communication between brain cells . this degree of communication depends on the level of the membrane potential . hyper - polarized or inhibited cells increase the threshold for cell communication , while hypo - polarized or excited cells decrease the threshold for cell communication . in instances where neurological disorders can be controlled by modulating the communication between brain cells the invention would find the applicability in treating these other disorders .
epilepsy and other neurological disorders that are affected by the electrical potential difference between intracellular fluid and extra - cellular fluid and therefore the cell membrane potentials , and therefore the thresholds for the communication between brain cells can be controlled by re - circulating extra - cellular brain fluid after the fluid has been treated to alter its ion concentrations . a computer - controlled pump can precisely control the extraction and delivery of brain fluid after the ion concentration of the fluid is appropriately adjusted , e . g . guided by the goldmann equation . well - known techniques for modifying ion concentrations can be used to raise or lower ion concentrations as needed .