fig1 illustrates a schematic posterior view of a spine 2 of a subject 1 and fig2 a - b illustrate a schematic side view and posterior view of the spine 2 , respectively . the normal anatomy of the spine of a human 1 is usually described by dividing up the spine 2 into three major sections : the cervical vertebrae 3 , the thoracic vertebrae 5 , and the lumbar vertebrae 7 . below the lumbar vertebrae 7 is a bone called the sacrum 9 and the coccyx 11 , which is part of the pelvis . each section is made up of individual bones called vertebrae 13 . there are seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae , and five lumbar vertebrae . fig3 a - b illustrate a schematic plan view ( axial overhead view ) and side ( lateral or elevation view ) of a vertebra 13 , respectively . fig4 illustrates a schematic plan view ( axial overhead view ) of a vertebra 13 . an individual vertebra 13 is made up of several parts . the vertabra consists of two stout rounded pedicles 15 , one on each side which spring from the body 17 and which are united posteriorly by two flat plates or laminae 19 . a small notch is located above ( not shown ) and a small notch 21 is located below the pedicle 15 ( called the superior and inferior vertebral notches , respectively ). the vertebral foramen 23 ( section of the spinal canal ) is small , and of a circular form that accommodates the spinal cord ( not shown ) that vertically ( axially ) transverse through it . the spinous process 25 is long , triangular on coronal section , directed obliquely downward . the superior articular processes 27 are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae 19 . the transverse processes 29 arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes 27 and pedicles 15 ; they are thick , strong , and of considerable length , directed obliquely backward and lateralward , and each ends in a clubbed extremity , on the front of which is a small , concave surface , for articulation with the tubercle of a rib ( not shown ). the vertebral body 17 is a thin ring of dense cortical bone . the vertebral body is generally shaped like an hourglass , thinner in the center with thicker ends . outer cortical bone extends above and below the superior and inferior ends of the vertebrae 13 to form rims or cortical rims 31 . the superior and inferior endplates are contained within these rims of bone . the body 17 is composed of cancellous tissue , covered by a thin coating of compact bone ; the latter is perforated by numerous orifices , some of large size for the passage of vessels ; the interior of the bone is traversed by one or two large canals , for the reception of veins , which converge toward a single large , irregular aperture , or several small apertures , at the posterior part of the body . fig5 is a schematic cross section of the human torso through the first lumbar vertebra showing the spinal cord 33 along with related anatomy such as 43 vasculature , 41 epidural space , 39 dura matter , vertebral muscles 37 , spinal nerves 35 , transverse process 29 , spinous process 25 , vertebral foramen 23 , and body 17 of the vertebra 13 . referring generally to fig5 , the spinal cord 33 is part of the central nervous system of the human body . it is a vital pathway that conducts electrical signals from the brain to the rest of the body through individual nerve fibers 35 . the spinal cord 33 is a very delicate structure that is derived from the ectodermal neural groove , which eventually closes to form a tube during fetal development . from this neural tube , the entire central nervous system , our brain and spinal cord , eventually develops . up to the third month of fetal life , the spinal cord is about the same length as the canal . after the third month of development , the growth of the canal outpaces that of the cord . in an adult the lower end of the spinal cord usually ends at approximately the first lumbar vertebra , where it divides into many individual nerve roots ( l 1 ). still referring generally to fig5 , the spinal canal or vertebral foramina 23 is the anatomic casing for the spinal cord . the bones and ligaments of the spinal column or spine 2 are aligned in such a way to create a canal or vertebral foramina 23 that provides protection and support for the spinal cord . several different membranes enclose and nourish the spinal cord and surround the spinal cord itself . the outermost layer is called the “ dura mater ” or “ dura sac ” 39 . the dura is a thin membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord and prevents cerebrospinal fluid from leaking out from the central nervous system . the space between the dura and the spinal canal is called the “ epidural space ” 41 . this space is filled with tissue , vessels and large veins ( various vasculature 43 ). the epidural space is important in the treatment of low - back pain , because it is into this space that medications such as anesthetics and steroids are injected in order to alleviate pain and inflammation of the nerve roots . fig6 is a schematic side view of illustrating that the spinal canal or vertebral foramen of the vertebra 13 is generally circular and smaller than a ring finger , and becoming triangular toward the cervical and lumbar ends . fig7 illustrates a schematic side view of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , most of the vertebral body has been removed from the vertebra second from the top as illustrated , except for the anterior cortical rims 31 . for instance , in an approach when the vertebral body is removed from the back prior to placement of the expandable cage , the superior and inferior end plate of the vertebral body may be removed as well . for example , the anterior part of the endplate can be left in place . however most of the superior and inferior part of the endplate of the vertebral body ( e . g ., involved with the tumor has to be removed ) so the cage can expand to the superior endplate of the adjacent inferior vertebra , and to the inferior endplate of the adjacent superior vertebra . next , in accordance with the present invention device and related method an expandable cage 51 is inserted as desired and required ( arrow “ i ”) into the space or area of the vacated by the removed vertebra or portion thereof and ultimately into the proper location , position and alignment with the vertebrae without damaging or severing the spinal cord ( not shown ). referring to fig8 a - c , the cage body 57 of the cage 51 is schematically captured in its collapsed or non - deployed state having a non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) and a transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ), in the elevation , plan ( overhead ), and perspective views , respectively . referring to fig8 d , the cage body 57 of the cage 51 is shown in its expanded or deployed state having a deployed vertical height ( dvh ) and a transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ). the non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) is less than either the transverse width ( tw ) or transverse length ( tl ). alternatively , the non - deployed vertical height ( nvh ) is less than each of the transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ). some typical cross - section shapes used would be circular , kidney shaped , or any geometrical shape as desired or required for fit to anatomy or surgical procedure . in an embodiment , for the cage 51 to be inserted safely from the back without touching or retracting the spinal cord the cage 51 must be in its collapsed stage ( non - deployed state ) not any taller ( vertically ) than about 15 - 20 mm maximum ( i . e ., non - deployed vertical height ( nvh )), or as desired or required . its cross section in the lateral or horizontal direction ( i . e ., the transverse width ( tw ) and transverse length ( tl ) may vary depending of the location to be inserted as the cross section of the vertebral bodies varies from the thoracic or lumbar spine . a lateral or horizontal cross section between about 25 - 30 mm may be used depending of the level , or as desired or required . it is essential to understand that such low profile expandable cage make their insertion safer as there is no need to retract the spinal cord and rotation and expansion of the cage will then allow its perfect placement . a driver element 71 is in communication with the cage . the driver element 71 may be adapted to position and orient the cage and / or fill the cage with a filler material such as cement or the like . other filler materials may also include biologic resin that hardens after time or at body temperature , a synthetic bioactive paste that hardens with time or at body temperature . the cage 51 in its expanded or deployed state may have a deployed vertical height ( dvh ) of about 45 - 60 mm , or as desired or required . it should be appreciated that various sizes , dimensions , contours , rigidity , shapes , flexibility and materials of any of the embodiments discussed throughout may be varied and utilized as desired or required . it should be appreciated that while the expansion illustrated in the various embodiments discussed through out focuses on vertical or axial expansion , it should be appreciated that expansion may also be implemented in the lateral or horizontal ( e . g ., transverse ) direction . in an exemplary embodiment , the driver 71 may be connected to the end plate ( not shown ) of the cage 51 so it locks , as opposed to a non - lock in screw in mechanism that would allow it to loosen up during the rotation , for instance of the cage counterclockwise . the cage end plate ( not shown ) where the driver is connected may be thicker than the opposite end plate ( not shown ) to allow fitting of the valve ( not shown ) and locking mechanism ( not shown ) and cement insertion mechanism under pressure . in an exemplary embodiment , the cage 51 itself may have a flexible cage body 57 that is a flexible , malleable and expandable chamber . a flexible and expandable chamber may comprise , but not limited thereto , the following structures : tube , balloon , hose , cylinder , accordion like - structure , bellows , case , shell , enclosure , sleeve , or repository . in an approach , the flexible cage body in its collapsed stage ( non - deployed stage ), may be under negative pressure . the negative pressure will allow the cement to have a uniform filling of the cage body avoiding air to be trapped inside the cage ( e . g ., bubble in cement or filing ) that could cause less biomechanic resistance . as the cage is expanded a positive pressure of filler material enters and expands the cage body . the expansion of the cage is driven by the filler material . in accordance with the present invention device and related method an expandable cage 51 is inserted the space or area of the vacated by the removed vertebra or portion thereof ( i . e ., between adjacent vertebrae ) and ultimately into the proper location , position and alignment with the adjacent vertebrae without damaging or severing the spinal cord ( not shown ). the cage body may be expanded in accordance with the present invention and , for example , restore the carpectomy defect . it should be appreciated that any pressure or regulation of pressure of air or filler material may vary as desired or required . regulation may entail , for example , at least one of the following : prevention , adjustment , reduction , amplification , or control for the flow of or quantity of air , filler material or any medium as desired or required . it should be appreciated that the cage body 57 and related cage components discussed herein may take on all shapes along the entire continual geometric spectrum of manipulation of x , y and z planes to provide and meet the anatomical , maneuverability , safety and structural demands and requirements . size and shape of the cage body 57 during the various stages of deployment ( non - deployed , partially deployed , and fully deployed , for example ) could also be manipulated by varying the compliance of the cage body walls , cage and cage body structure and inflation / expansion pressure . alternatively , referring to the cage body 57 , the flexible and expandable chamber may comprise a structure comprising a series of cylinders in telescopic arrangement . fig9 a is a schematic transverse cross section of the human torso through the second thoracic vertebra 13 showing the spinal cord 33 and vertebral foramen 23 along with related anatomy . fig9 b is an enlarged partial view of the human torso and vertebra 13 as illustrated in fig9 a . fig1 a - d are schematic views of the vertebra or area vacated by all or part of the vertebra as shown in fig9 b illustrating progressive stages of the cage 51 being inserted , rotated and located in place by the driver element 71 into the spine of the subject as desired or required using the low profile and reduced invasiveness posterior approach of the present invention device and method . in an approach , the cage 51 has a body 57 in communication with a lower endplate 53 and upper endplate 55 . as shown in fig1 a , the cage 51 has been at least partially inserted and manipulated with the driver element 71 from the posterior . as shown in fig1 b , the cage 51 has been further advanced by the driver element 71 from the posterior . as shown in fig1 c , the cage 51 is capable for rotation as indicated by arrow “ r ”. as shown in fig1 d , the cage 51 has been rotated and positioned into the area vacated by the vertebra . it should be appreciated that the lower endplate and upper endplate may be interchangeable and are described as upper and lower for illustration purposes only . it should be appreciated that the driver element may comprise more than one instrument or component as desired or required for the procedure . it should be appreciated that the lower endplate and upper end plate may be a variety of structures such as , but not limited thereto , the following ; housing , plate , substrate , seat , platform , pedestal , chamber , holder , case , box , base , flange , collar , panel , partition , wall or the like , or any combination thereof . fig1 a - b illustrate schematic side views of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , all of a vertebral body may be removed ( or a portion of a vertebral body ). an individual vertebra 13 is made up of several parts , such as the spinous process 25 , superior articular processes 27 , and transverse processes 29 . fig1 a illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 having utilized the present invention posterior approach while in a collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . some related components may be the driver mechanism 73 that is adapted to deliver the cement 81 or filler material into the cage body 57 of the cage 51 . in an approach , the driver 71 is adapted to deliver the cement or filler material under negative pressure . the driver mechanism 73 of the driver element 71 may comprise an actuator 75 such as a valve or piston to advance the cement or filler . fig1 a - c illustrate schematic side views of a portion of the spine 2 or spinal column with a portion removed there from . for instance , as illustrated , all of a vertebral body may be removed ( or a portion of a vertebral body ) providing two adjacent vertebrae 13 . fig1 a illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 having utilized the present invention posterior approach while in a collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 in a partially expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . some related components may be the driver mechanism 73 that is adapted to deliver the cement 81 or filler material into the cage 51 . in an approach , the driver is adapted to deliver the cement or filler material under negative pressure . the driver mechanism 73 of the driver element 71 may comprise an actuator 75 such as a valve , regulator , manifold , syringe , flow - driver , pump , or piston , or any combination thereof , etc . to advance the cement or filler . for example , in an embodiment , the driver element comprises a tube that is connected to the cage and allows its placement . the driver may be locked or secured to the cage and a valve mechanism ( s ) is provided that prevents air from entering the cage to prevent air bubbles from forming in the cage body . yet the valve mechanism ( s ) or the like also allows filler material to enter the cage under positive pressure . the driver element is 71 is in communication with the cage 51 ( at the lower plate 53 in this instance ) at a cage aperture 58 . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components . sill referring to fig1 a - c ( and any of the embodiments discussed throughout ), the driver element 71 can be locked or secured using the cage aperture 58 as the locking mechanism . alternatively , a separate locking or securing device , such as a driver lock 61 , may also be utilized . it should be appreciated that the driver lock or securing means of the aperture may be a variety of locking means such as , but not limited thereto , a lock , pin , stop , stay , brace , latch , catch or latch , threading , etc . indifferent if it &# 39 ; s the aperture 58 or lock 61 , by locking or securing of the driver element 71 the driver element 71 can manipulate the cage 51 during insertion , rotation and placement ( i . e ., orientation ) without losing grip or control of the cage 51 as desired or required . although not illustrated , it should be appreciated that the functions of the driver element 71 ( filling the filler into the cage and orienting the cage ) may be accomplished with separated members or instruments , rather than a single member or instrument as illustrated . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 placed and rotated accordingly by the driver element 71 into the spine 2 that is diagnosed with kyphosis , and which the cage 51 is in a partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components whereby the cage conforms to the contours or curvature of the spine diagnosed with kyphosis . it should be appreciated that because of the flexible nature of the cage , the cage and / or plates will match the local kyphosis lordosis of the spine segment to be reconstructed . fig1 schematically illustrates the cage 51 ( without upper or lower plates ) in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components , and whereby the driver element is in communication with the cage body 57 , rather than one or both of the upper or lower plates . fig1 schematically illustrates the cage 51 in a fully expanded or deployed state using the driver element 71 and its related components , and whereby cage rods 59 ( such as titanium rods or other materials as desired or required ) and pedicle screws 62 are implemented as part of the cage construction . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 having a cage body 57 of the accordion type in the collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a while in the partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a while in the fully expanded or deployed state . the number of the pleats / folds of the accordion / bellows , as well as the height / thickness of the pleats / folds of the accordion / bellows may be increased or decreased as desired or required . fig1 a schematically illustrates the cage 51 having a cage body 57 of the telescopic type ( wedding cake ) in the collapsed or non - deployed state . fig1 b illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a in the partially expanded or deployed state . fig1 c illustrates the cage 51 of fig1 a in the fully expanded or deployed state . an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention device and related method provides a cage to be inserted through a posterior approach . to accomplish such an objective , an expandable plastic tubing or an expandable series of cylinders may be implemented . for instance , a type of flexible tubing is an accordion or bellows type of tubing . the expandable cage have an extremely low profile structure to be inserted from the back . the present invention method and related method provides for introducing the cage from the back adjacent to the neural structures ( i . e ., spinal cord ) and then rotate it 90 degrees , or as desired or required , to be able to expand it . in an exemplary embodiment the cage had to about the lateral cross section of the size of a face of a u . s . quarter coin and as little profile vertically ( axially ) as possible so it can be inserted from the back . regarding the design of the present invention cage filled with cement , a plastic cage or compatible biomaterial that will be filled with cement to expand the cage once its in its desired location , position and / or alignment . it should be appreciated that in the case of an anterior approach or wide costotransveresectomy the cage can be inserted in a manner consistent with a mechanical cage without the need to rotate it in place , as the larger access allows its insertion without risk to the spinal cord . however , the present invention low profile cage with high expansion capabilities is adapted for a posterior and less invasive approach and is only feasible by rotating a low profile cage into the vertebrectomy defect . it should be appreciated that various aspects of embodiments of the present device , method , system and materials may be implemented with the following devices , methods , systems and materials disclosed in the following u . s . patent applications , u . s . patents , and pct international patent applications that are hereby incorporated by reference herein : 1 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 436 , 140 , b1 , liu , et . al ., “ expandable interbody fusion cage and method for insertion ”, aug . 20 , 2002 . 2 . u . s . pat . no . 7 , 014 , 659 , b2 , boyer , et . al ., “ skeletal reconstruction cages ”, mar . 21 , 2006 . 3 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 443 , 990 , b1 , aebi , et . al ., “ adjustable intervertebral implant ”, sep . 3 , 2002 . 4 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 893 , 464 , b2 , kiester , “ method and apparatus for providing an expandable spinal fusion cage ”, may 17 , 2005 . 5 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 665 , 122 , kambin , “ expandable intervertebral cage and surgical method ”, sep . 9 , 1997 . 6 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 488 , 710 , b2 , besselnik , “ reinforced expandable cage ad method of deploying ”, dec . 3 , 2002 . 7 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 724 , b1 , ferree , “ spinal fusion cage with lordosis correction ”, dec . 10 , 2002 . 8 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 695 , 760 , b1 , winkler , “ treatment of spinal metastases ”, feb . 24 , 2004 . 9 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 236 , 460 , barber , “ vertebral body prosthesis ”, aug . 17 , 1993 . 10 . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 480 , 442 , bertagnoli , “ fixedly adjustable intervertebral prosthesis ”, jan . 2 , 1996 . 11 . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 932 , 975 , main , et . al ., “ vertebral prosthesis ”, jun . 12 , 1990 . 12 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0222681 b1 , richley , et . al ., “ devices and methods for minimally invasive treatment of degenerated spinal discs ”, oct . 6 , 2005 . 13 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0283247 a1 , gordon , et . al ., “ expandable articulating intervertebral implant with limited articulation ”, dec . 22 , 2005 . 14 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2005 / 0283248 a1 , gordon , et . al ., “ expandable intervertebral implant with spacer ”, dec . 22 , 2005 . 15 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0116767 , a1 , magerl , et . al ., “ implant used in procedures for stiffening the vertebral column ”, jun . 1 , 2006 . 16 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0129241 , a1 , boyer , et . al ., “ skeletal reconstruction cages ”, jun . 15 , 2006 . 17 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2006 / 0142858 , a1 , colleran , et . al ., “ expandable implants for spinal disc replacement ”, jun . 29 , 2006 . 18 . u . s . patent application publication no . us2002 / 0128716 a1 , cohen , et . al ., “ spinal surgical prosthesis ”, sep . 12 , 2002 . it should be appreciated that as discussed herein , a subject may be a human or any animal . it should be appreciated that an animal may be a variety of any applicable type , including , but not limited thereto , mammal , veterinarian animal , livestock animal or pet type animal , etc . as an example , the animal may be a laboratory animal specifically selected to have certain characteristics similar to human ( e . g . rat , dog , pig , monkey ), etc . it should be appreciated that the subject may be any applicable human patient , for example . in summary , while the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments , many modifications , variations , alterations , substitutions , and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art . the present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiment described herein . indeed , various modifications of the present invention , in addition to those described herein , will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings . accordingly , the invention is to be considered as limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims , including all modifications and equivalents . still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from reading the above - recited detailed description and drawings of certain exemplary embodiments . it should be understood that numerous variations , modifications , and additional embodiments are possible , and accordingly , all such variations , modifications , and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of this application . for example , regardless of the content of any portion ( e . g ., title , field , background , summary , abstract , drawing figure , etc .) of this application , unless clearly specified to the contrary , there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim herein or of any application claiming priority hereto of any particular described or illustrated activity or element , any particular sequence of such activities , or any particular interrelationship of such elements . moreover , any activity can be repeated , any activity can be performed by multiple entities , and / or any element can be duplicated . further , any activity or element can be excluded , the sequence of activities can vary , and / or the interrelationship of elements can vary . unless clearly specified to the contrary , there is no requirement for any particular described or illustrated activity or element , any particular sequence or such activities , any particular size , speed , material , dimension or frequency , or any particularly interrelationship of such elements . accordingly , the descriptions and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature , and not as restrictive . moreover , when any number or range is described herein , unless clearly stated otherwise , that number or range is approximate . when any range is described herein , unless clearly stated otherwise , that range includes all values therein and all sub ranges therein . any information in any material ( e . g ., a united states / foreign patent , united states / foreign patent application , book , article , etc .) that has been incorporated by reference herein , is only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein . in the event of such conflict , including a conflict that would render invalid any claim herein or seeking priority hereto , then any such conflicting information in such incorporated by reference material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein .
a method and device for the insertion of a vertebral cage that may be done through a posterior approach that is minimally traumatic and does not require retraction of the spinal cord , dural sac or spinal nerves . the insertion of the cage may therefore be parallel to the spinal cord and the cage will be rotated ninety degrees in the vertebral body defect or as applicable to achieve its proper positioning before expansion .