this invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings . the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways . also , the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . the use of “ including ,” “ comprising ,” “ having ,” “ containing ,” “ involving ,” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items . fig1 illustrates a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as a lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator available from zoll medical corporation of chelmsford , mass . as shown , the medical monitoring and treatment device 100 includes a harness 110 having a pair of shoulder straps and a belt that is worn about the torso of a patient . the harness 110 is typically made from a material , such as cotton , nylon , spandex , or antron that is breathable , and unlikely to cause skin irritation , even when worn for prolonged periods of time . the medical monitoring and treatment device 100 includes a plurality of electrocardiographic ( ecg ) sensing electrodes 112 that are disposed by the harness 110 at various positions about the patient &# 39 ; s body and electrically coupled ( wirelessly or by a wired connection ) to a portable treatment controller 120 via a connection pod 130 . the plurality of ecg sensing electrodes 112 are used by the portable treatment controller 120 to monitor the cardiac function of the patient and generally include a front / back pair of ecg sensing electrodes and a side / side pair of ecg sensing electrodes . it should be appreciated that additional ecg sensing electrodes may be provided , and the plurality of ecg sensing electrodes 112 may be disposed at varying locations about the patient &# 39 ; s body . in addition , the plurality of ecg electrodes 112 may incorporate any electrode system , including conventional stick - on adhesive electrodes , dry - sensing capacitive ecg electrodes , radio transparent electrodes , segmented electrodes , or one or more long term wear electrodes that are configured to be continuously worn by a patient for extended periods ( e . g ., 3 or more days ). one example of such a long term wear electrode is described in co - pending application ser . no . 61 / 653 , 749 , titled “ long term wear multifunction biomedical electrode ,” filed may 31 , 2012 , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . the medical monitoring and treatment devices disclosed herein may incorporate sundry materials arranged in a variety of configurations to maintain a proper fit with the patient &# 39 ; s body . for example , some embodiments include a garment as described in co - pending application ser . no . 13 / 460 , 250 , titled “ patient - worn energy delivery apparatus and techniques for sizing same ,” filed apr . 30 , 2012 , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . thus embodiments are not limited to the configuration and materials described above with reference to fig1 . the medical monitoring and treatment device 100 also includes a plurality of therapy electrodes 114 that are electrically coupled to the portable treatment controller 120 via the connection pod 130 and which are capable of delivering one or more therapeutic defibrillating shocks to the body of the patient , if it is determined that such treatment is warranted . as shown , the plurality of therapy electrodes 114 includes a first therapy electrode 114 a that is disposed on the front of the patient &# 39 ; s torso and a second therapy electrode 114 b that is disposed on the back of the patient &# 39 ; s torso . the second therapy electrode 114 b includes a pair of therapy electrodes that are electrically coupled together and act as the second therapy electrode 114 b . the use of two therapy electrodes 114 a , 114 b permits a biphasic shock to be delivered to the body of the patient , such that a first of the two therapy electrodes can deliver a first phase of the biphasic shock with the other therapy electrode acting as a return , and the other therapy electrode can deliver the second phase of the biphasic shock with the first therapy electrode acting as the return . the connection pod 130 electrically couples the plurality of ecg sensing electrodes 112 and the plurality of therapy electrodes 114 to the portable treatment controller 120 , and may include electronic circuitry . for example , in one implementation the connection pod 130 includes signal acquisition circuitry , such as a plurality of differential amplifiers to receive ecg signals from different ones of the plurality of ecg sensing electrodes 112 and to provide a differential ecg signal to the portable treatment controller 120 based on the difference therebetween . the connection pod 130 may also include other electronic circuitry , such as a motion sensor or accelerometer by which patient activity may be monitored . in some embodiments , both the first therapy electrode 114 a and the second therapy electrode 114 b are disposed on the front of the patient &# 39 ; s torso . for example , the first therapy electrode 114 a may be located at external to the apex of the heart and the second therapy electrode 114 b may be located along the parasternal line . thus embodiments are not limited to a particular arrangement of therapy electrodes 114 . in some embodiments , the plurality of ecg sensing electrodes 112 are positioned and paired such that artifacts generated from electrical activity are decreased . in other embodiments , the electronic circuitry included in the portable treatment controller 120 may equalize artifacts measured at electrodes by changing a gain or impedance . other techniques of decreasing or preventing artifacts within measured electrical activity that may be used in conjunction the embodiments disclosed herein are explained in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 185 , 199 , titled “ monitoring physiological signals during external electrical stimulation ,” issued may 22 , 2012 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . as shown in fig1 , the medical monitoring and treatment device 100 may also include a user interface pod 140 that is electrically coupled to the portable treatment controller 120 . the user interface pod 140 can be attached to the patient &# 39 ; s clothing or to the harness 110 , for example , via a clip ( not shown ) that is attached to a portion of the interface pod 140 . alternatively , the user interface pod 140 may simply be held in a person &# 39 ; s hand . the user interface pod 140 typically includes one or more actionable user interface elements ( e . g ., one or more buttons , a fingerprint scanner , a touch screen , microphone , etc . . . . ) by which the patient , or a bystander can communicate with the portable treatment controller 120 , and a speaker by which the portable treatment controller 120 may communicate with the patient or the bystander . in certain models of the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator , the functionality of the user interface pod 140 is incorporated into the portable treatment controller 120 . where the portable treatment controller 120 determines that the patient is experiencing cardiac arrhythmia , the portable treatment controller 120 may issue an audible alarm via a loudspeaker ( not shown ) on the portable treatment controller 120 and / or the user interface pod 140 alerting the patient and any bystanders to the patient &# 39 ; s medical condition . examples of notifications issued by the portable treatment controller 120 are described in co - pending application ser . no . 13 / 428 , 703 , titled “ system and method for adapting alarms in a wearable medical device ,” filed mar . 23 , 2012 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . the portable treatment controller 120 may also instruct the patient to press and hold one or more buttons on the portable treatment controller 120 or on the user interface pod 140 to indicate that the patient is conscious , thereby instructing the portable treatment controller 120 to withhold the delivery of one or more therapeutic defibrillating shocks . if the patient does not respond , the device may presume that the patient is unconscious , and proceed with the treatment sequence , culminating in the delivery of one or more defibrillating shocks to the body of the patient . the portable treatment controller 120 generally includes at least one processor , microprocessor , or controller , such as a processor commercially available from companies such as texas instruments , intel , amd , sun , ibm , motorola , freescale and arm holdings . in one implementation , the at least one processor includes a power conserving processor arrangement that comprises a general purpose processor , such as an intel ® pxa270 processor and a special purpose processor , such as a freescale dsp56311 digital signal processor . such a power conserving processor arrangement is described in co - pending application ser . no . 12 / 833 , 096 , titled system and method for conserving power in a medical device , filed jul . 9 , 2010 ( hereinafter the “&# 39 ; 096 application ”) which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . the at least one processor of the portable treatment controller 120 is configured to monitor the patient &# 39 ; s medical condition , to perform medical data logging and storage , and to provide medical treatment to the patient in response to a detected medical condition , such as cardiac arrhythmia . although not shown , the medical monitoring and treatment device 100 may include additional sensors , other than the ecg sensing electrodes 112 , capable of monitoring the physiological condition or activity of the patient . for example , sensors capable of measuring blood pressure , heart rate , heart sounds , thoracic impedance , pulse oxygen level , respiration rate , and the activity level of the patient may also be provided . fig2 illustrates a portable treatment controller 120 that is configured to perform the critical functions of monitoring physiological information for abnormalities and initiating treatment of detected abnormalities . as shown , the portable treatment controller 120 can include the power conserving processor arrangement 200 described in the &# 39 ; 096 application , a sensor interface 212 , a therapy delivery interface 202 , data storage 204 , a communication network interface 206 , a user interface 208 and a battery 210 . in this illustrated example , the battery 210 is a rechargeable 3 cell 2200 mah lithium ion battery pack that provides electrical power to the other device components with a minimum 24 hour runtime between charges . such a battery 210 has sufficient capacity to administer one or more therapeutic shocks and the therapy delivery interface 202 has wiring suitable to carry the load to the therapy electrodes 114 . moreover , in the example shown , the battery 210 has sufficient capacity to deliver up to 5 or more therapeutic shocks , even at battery runtime expiration . the amount of power capable of being delivered to a patient during a defibrillating shock is substantial , for example up to approximately 200 joules . the sensor interface 212 and the therapy delivery interface 202 are coupled to the power conserving processor arrangement 200 and more particularly to the critical purpose processor of the power conserving processing arrangement 200 as described in the &# 39 ; 096 application . the data storage 204 , the network interface 206 , and the user interface 208 are also coupled to the power conserving processor arrangement 200 , and more particularly to the general purpose processor of the power conserving processing arrangement as also described in the &# 39 ; 096 application . in the example shown , the data storage 204 includes a computer readable and writeable nonvolatile data storage medium configured to store non - transitory instructions and other data . the medium may , for example , be optical disk , magnetic disk or flash memory , among others and may be permanently affixed to , or removable from , the portable treatment controller 120 . as shown in fig2 , the portable treatment controller 120 includes several system interface components 202 , 206 and 212 . each of these system interface components is configured to exchange , i . e ., send or receive data , with specialized devices that may be located within the portable treatment controller 200 or elsewhere . the components used by the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 may include hardware components , software components or a combination of both . in the instance of each interface , these components physically and logically couple the portable treatment controller 200 to one or more specialized devices . this physical and logical coupling enables the portable treatment controller 120 to both communicate with and , in some instances , control the operation of specialized devices . these specialized devices may include physiological sensors , therapy delivery devices , and computer networking devices . according to various examples , the hardware and software components of the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 employ a variety of coupling and communication techniques . in some examples , the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 use leads , cables or other wired connectors as conduits to exchange data between the portable treatment controller 120 and specialized devices . in other examples , the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 communicate with specialized devices using wireless technologies such as radio frequency or infrared technology . the software components included in the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 enable the power conserving processor arrangement 200 to communicate with specialized devices . these software components may include elements such as objects , executable code and populated data structures . together , these hardware and software components provide interfaces through which the power conserving processor arrangement 200 can exchange information with the specialized devices . moreover , in at least some examples where one or more specialized devices communicate using analog signals , the interfaces 202 , 206 and 212 can include components configured to convert analog information into digital information , and vice - versa . as discussed above , the system interface components 202 , 206 and 212 shown in the example of fig2 support different types of specialized devices . for instance , the components of the sensor interface 212 couple the power conserving processor arrangement 200 to one or more physiological sensors such as a body temperature sensors , respiration monitors and dry - capacitive ecg sensing electrodes . it should be appreciated that other types of ecg sensing electrodes may be used , as the present invention is not limited to any particular type of ecg sensing electrode . the components of the therapy delivery interface 202 couple one or more therapy delivery devices , such as capacitors and defibrillator electrodes , to the power conserving processor arrangement 200 . in addition , the components of the network interface 206 couple the power conserving processor arrangement to a computer network via a networking device , such as a bridge , router or hub . the network interface 206 may supports a variety of standards and protocols , examples of which include usb , tcp / ip , ethernet , wireless ethernet , bluetooth , zigbee , m - bus , ip , ipv6 , udp , dtn , http , ftp , snmp , cdma , nmea and gsm . to ensure data transfer is secure , in some examples , the portable treatment controller 200 can transmit data via the network interface 206 using a variety of security measures including , for example , tsl , ssl or vpn . in other examples , the network interface 206 includes both a physical interface configured for wireless communication and a physical interface configured for wired communication . the user interface 208 shown in fig2 includes a combination of hardware and software components that allow the portable treatment controller 200 to communicate with an external entity , such as a user . these components are configured to receive information from actions such as physical movement , verbal intonation or thought processes . in addition , the components of the user interface 208 can provide information to external entities . examples of the components that may be employed within the user interface 208 include keyboards , mouse devices , trackballs , microphones , electrodes , touch screens , printing devices , display screens and speakers . the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator can monitor a patient &# 39 ; s ecg signals , detect various cardiac arrhythmias , and provide life saving defibrillation treatment to a patient suffering a treatable form of cardiac arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation ( vf ) or ventricular tachycardia ( vt ). applicants have appreciated that such a medical monitoring and treatment device can be configured to perform a variety of different types of cardiac pacing to treat a wide variety of different cardiac arrhythmias , such as bradycardia , tachycardia , an irregular cardiac rhythm , or asystole . applicants have further appreciated that , in other embodiments , a medical monitoring and treatment device can be configured to perform pacing to treat pulseless electrical activity . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , the device can be configured to pace the heart of the patient at a fixed energy level and pulse rate , to pace the heart of the patient on demand with a fixed energy level and an adjustable rate responsive to the detected intrinsic activity level of the patient &# 39 ; s heart , or to pace the heart of the patient using capture management with an adjustable energy level and rate responsive to the detected intrinsic activity level of the patient &# 39 ; s heart and the detected response of the patient &# 39 ; s heart . the various types of pacing may be applied to the patient externally by one or more of the therapy electrodes 114 a , 114 b ( fig1 ). various types of pacing that can be performed by a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator , can include asynchronous pacing at a fixed rate and energy , pacing on demand at a variable rate and fixed energy , and capture management pacing with an adjustable rate and adjustable energy level . in some embodiments , the medical monitoring and treatment device is configured to periodically assess the level of discomfort of the patient during pacing operation . in these embodiments , responsive to determining that the patient &# 39 ; s discomfort level exceeds a threshold , the device attempts to adjust the attributes of the pacing activity to lessen the discomfort experienced by the patient . in one embodiment , the medical monitoring and treatment device provides a user interface through which the device receives information descriptive of the discomfort level experienced by a patient . should this information indicate that the level of discomfort has transgressed a threshold level , the device adjusts characteristics of the pacing operation in an attempt to decrease the level of discomfort . in another embodiment , the medical monitoring and treatment device assesses the level of discomfort of the patient by monitoring and recording the patient &# 39 ; s movement before , during , and after administration of a pacing pulse . the device may monitor the patient &# 39 ; s movement using a variety of instrumentation including , for example , one or more accelerometers , audio sensors , etc . to assess the level of discomfort experienced by the patient during pacing pulses , the device may analyze the recorded history of the patient &# 39 ; s movement and identify correlations between changes in the patient &# 39 ; s movement and the pacing pulse . strong correlations between pacing pulses and sudden patient movement , which may be representative of a flinch , and strong correlations between pacing pulses and a sudden stoppage of movement , may indicate that a patient is experiencing discomfort . correlations having a value that transgresses a threshold value may be deemed to indicate discomfort and may cause the device to adjust the characteristics of a pacing pulse . in other embodiments , the device adjusts the characteristics of the pacing operation to lessen the discomfort level of the patient . the characteristics of the pacing operation that may be adjusted include , for example , the energy level of pacing pulses , the width of the pacing pulses , and the rate of the pacing pulses . in some embodiments , the device monitors the cardiac activity of the patient during this adjustment process to ensure that the pacing operation continues to effectively manage cardiac function . in these embodiments , the device may revert the characteristics of the pacing operation to their previous settings , should the pacing operation become ineffective . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator , can be configured to pace the heart of a patient at a fixed rate and fixed energy in response to various types of cardiac arrhythmias . examples of these cardiac arrhythmias include bradyarrythmia , a lack of sensed cardiac activity ( spontaneous or post shock asystole ) and pulseless electrical activity . in some cases , these cardiac arrhythmias may occur before or after one or more defibrillation shocks . for example , the device may be configured to provide pulses at a fixed energy level , a fixed pulse width , and a fixed frequency in response to detection of any of the above - noted events by the ecg sensing electrodes 112 . the energy level of the pacing pulses may be set to a fixed value by applying a desired current waveform for a determined duration of time by one or more of the therapy electrodes 114 a , 114 b . the maximum current level of the current waveform may be set to a value between approximately 0 mamps to 200 mamps , the pulse width may be set to a fixed value between approximately 0 . 05 ms to 2 ms , and the frequency of the pulses may be set to a fixed value between approximately 30 pulses per minute ( ppm ) to approximately 200 ppm . in accordance with one embodiment , a 40 ms square wave pulse is used . exemplary pacing current waveforms , including a 40 ms constant current pulse , a 5 ms constant current pulse , and a variable current pulse are shown in fig3 . during pacing operation of the medical monitoring and treatment device , the device may periodically pause for a period of time to evaluate the patient via the ecg sensing electrodes to determine whether a normal sinus rhythm has returned . where the device detects a normal sinus rhythm , the device may discontinue the application of pacing pulses and simply continue monitoring the patient &# 39 ; s physiological signals , such as the patient &# 39 ; s ecg , temperature , pulse oxygen level , etc . during an initial fitting of the medical monitoring and treatment device , the level of current , the pulse width , and the frequency of the pulses may be set to an appropriate level based on the input of a medical professional ( such as the patient &# 39 ; s cardiologist ) and the physiological condition of the patient ( e . g ., based on the patient &# 39 ; s normal resting heart rate , the patient &# 39 ; s thoracic impedance , etc .) alternatively , the level of current , the pulse width , and the frequency of the pulses may simply be set to an appropriate value based on typical impedance values for an adult or child , and typical resting heart rates for an adult or child . it should be appreciated that because pacing at a fixed rate may interfere with the patient &# 39 ; s own intrinsic heart rate , the device can be configured to perform such fixed rate and energy pacing only in the event of a life - threatening bradyarrythmia , a lack of any detected cardiac activity following shock , or in response to pulseless electrical activity following shock . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator , can also be configured to pace the heart of a patient at a variable rate and a fixed energy in response to various types of cardiac arrhythmias , including a bradyarrythmia ( i . e ., an excessively slow heart rate ), tachycardia ( i . e ., an excessively fast heart rate ), an erratic heart rate with no discernible regular sinus rhythm , a lack of sensed cardiac activity ( asystole ), and pulseless electrical activity . some of these cardiac arrhythmias may occur following one or more defibrillation shocks . as known to those skilled in the art , pacing at a fixed rate and energy may not be appropriate to the particular type of cardiac arrhythmia of the patient , and even where the rate and energy level is appropriate , pacing at a fixed rate can result in competition between the rate at which the pacing pulses are being applied and the intrinsic rhythm of the patient &# 39 ; s heart . for example , pacing at a fixed rate may result in the application of a pacing pulse during the relative refractory period of the normal cardiac cycle ( a type of r wave on a t wave effect ) that could promote ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation . to overcome some of the disadvantages of fixed rate and energy pacing , the medical monitoring and treatment device can be configured to perform demand pacing , wherein the rate of the pacing pulses may be varied dependent on the physiological state of the patient . for example , during demand pacing , the device can deliver a pacing pulse only when needed by the patient . in general , during the demand mode of pacing , the device searches for any intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient , and if a heart beat is not detected within a designated interval , a pacing pulse is delivered and a timer is set to the designated interval . where the designated interval expires without any detected intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient , another pacing pulse is delivered and the timer reset . alternatively , where an intrinsic heart beat of the patient is detected within the designated interval , the device resets the timer and continues to search for intrinsic cardiac activity . fig4 helps to illustrate some of the aspects of demand pacing and the manner in which demand pacing can be performed by the medical monitoring and treatment device . as illustrated in fig4 , the device may have a variable pacing interval 410 corresponding to the rate at which pacing pulses are delivered to the patient in the absence of any detected intrinsic cardiac activity detected by the ecg sensing electrodes 112 and ecg monitoring and detection circuitry . for example , the rate at which pulsing paces are to be delivered to the patient ( referred to as the “ base pacing rate ” herein ) may be set at 60 ppm and therefore , the corresponding base pacing interval 410 would be set to 1 second . the medical monitoring and treatment device may also have a hysteresis rate ( not shown in fig4 ) corresponding to the detected intrinsic heart rate of the patient below which the device performs pacing . according to some embodiments , the hysteresis rate is a configurable parameter that is expressed as a percentage of the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic heart rate . in the above example , the hysteresis rate may correspond to 50 beats per minute ( bpm ). in this example , if the intrinsic heart rate of the patient fell to 50 bpm or below ( e . g ., more than approximately 1 . 2 seconds between detected beats ), the device would generate and apply a pacing impulse to the patient . during application of a pacing pulse to the body of a patient and a short time thereafter , the medical monitoring and treatment device may intentionally blank out a portion of the ecg signals being received by the ecg monitoring and detection circuitry to prevent this circuitry ( e . g ., amplifiers , a / d converters , etc .) from being overwhelmed ( e . g ., saturated ) by the pacing pulse . this may be performed in hardware , software , or a combination of both . this period of time , referred to herein as “ the blanking interval ” 420 may vary ( e . g ., between approximately 30 ms to 200 ms ), but is typically between approximately 40 ms to 80 ms in duration . in addition to the blanking interval 420 , the medical monitoring and treatment device can have a variable refractory period 430 that may vary dependent upon the base pacing rate . the refractory period 430 corresponds to a period of time in which signals sensed by the ecg sensing electrodes 112 and the ecg monitoring and detection circuitry are ignored , and includes the blanking interval . the refractory period 430 allows any generated qrs complexes or t waves induced in the patient by virtue of the pacing pulse to be ignored , and not interpreted as intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient . for example , where the base pacing rate is set to below 80 ppm , the refractory period might correspond to 340 ms , and where the base pacing rate is set above 90 ppm , the refractory period might correspond to 240 ms . for typical applications , the refractory period is generally between about 150 ms and 500 ms . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , the sensitivity of the ecg monitoring and detection that is performed by the medical monitoring and treatment device may also be varied to adjust the degree by which the ecg sensing electrodes and associated ecg monitoring and detection circuitry can detect the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic cardiac activity . for example , where the amplitude of certain discernable portions ( e . g ., an r - wave ) of a patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic ecg signal is below that typically encountered , the voltage threshold over which this discernable portion can be detected as belonging to an ecg signal ( and not attributed to noise or other factors ) may be lowered , for example from 2 . 5 mv to 1 . 5 mv , to better detect the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic cardiac activity . for instance , during an initial fitting of the medical monitoring and treatment device , the sensitivity threshold of the device may be reduced to a minimal value ( e . g ., 0 . 4 mv ) and the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic ecg signals may be monitored . the sensitivity threshold may then be incrementally increased ( thereby decreasing the sensitivity of the device ) and the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic ecg signals monitored until these ecg signals are no longer sensed . the sensitivity threshold may then be incrementally decreased ( thereby increasing the sensitivity of the device ) until the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic ecg signals are again sensed , and the sensitivity threshold of the device may be set to approximately half this value . as with fixed energy and rate pacing , the device may be configured to provide pulses at a fixed energy level and a fixed pulse width in response to detection of any of the above - noted events by the ecg sensing electrodes 112 and the ecg monitoring and detection circuitry . the maximum current level of the current waveform may be set to a value between approximately 10 mamps to 200 mamps , the pulse width may be set to a fixed value between approximately 20 ms to 40 ms , and the base rate of the pulses may be set to a fixed value between approximately 30 pulses per minute ( ppm ) to approximately 200 ppm , although the actual rate of the pacing pulses can vary based upon the intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient . in accordance with one embodiment , a 40 ms constant current pulse is used , and the current level is set to a fixed value based upon the input of a medical professional , such as the patient &# 39 ; s cardiologist and the physiological condition of the patient . the base pacing rate and the hysteresis rate may also be set based upon the input of the patient &# 39 ; s cardiologist ( or other medical professional ) and the physiological condition of the patient , and the blanking interval and refractory period set to an appropriate time interval based upon the base pacing rate and / or the hysteresis rate . although the base pacing rate may be set to a particular value based on the physiological condition of the patient and input from a medical profession , the medical monitoring and treatment device can include a number of different pacing routines to respond to different cardiac arrhythmias , such as bradycardia , tachycardia , an erratic heart rate with no discernable regular sinus rhythm , asystole , or pulseless electrical activity . these pacing routines may be implemented using a variety of hardware and software components and embodiments are not limited to a particular configuration of hardware or software . for instance , the pacing routines may be implemented using an application - specific integrated circuit ( asic ) tailored to perform the functions described herein . as discussed above , where bradycardia is detected and the intrinsic cardiac rate of the patient is below that of the hysteresis rate , the medical monitoring and treatment device will pace the patient at the pre - set base pacing rate . during this time , the device will continue to monitor the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic heart rate and will withhold pacing pulses in the event that an intrinsic heart beat is detected within designated interval corresponding to the hysteresis rate . this type of on demand pacing is frequently termed “ maintenance pacing .” for responding to tachycardia , the medical monitoring and treatment device may additionally include another pacing rate , termed an “ anti - tachyarrhythmic pacing rate ” herein , above which the device will identify that the patient is suffering from tachycardia , and will pace the patient in a manner to bring the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic heart back toward the base racing rate . for example , the device may employ a technique known as overdrive pacing wherein a series of pacing pulses ( e . g ., between about 5 and 10 pacing pulses ) are delivered to the patient at a frequency above the intrinsic rate of the patient in an effort to gain control of the patient &# 39 ; s heart rate . once it is determined that the device is in control of the patient &# 39 ; s heart rate , the rate ( i . e ., the frequency ) of the pulses may be decremented , for example by about 10 ms , and another series of pacing pulses delivered . this delivery of pulses and the decrease in frequency may continue until the detected intrinsic cardiac rate of the patient is below the anti - tachyarrhythmic pacing rate , or at the base pacing rate . this type of pacing is frequently termed “ overdrive pacing ” or “ fast pacing .” for responding to an erratic heart rate , the medical monitoring and treatment device may perform a type of pacing that is similar to a combination of maintenance pacing and overdrive pacing discussed above . for example , where the medical monitoring and treatment device detects an erratic heart rate with no discernable sinus rhythm , the device may deliver a series of pacing pulses ( e . g ., between about 5 and 10 pacing pulses ) to the patient at a particular frequency . this frequency may be one that is above a lower frequency of a series of detected intrinsic beats of the patient &# 39 ; s heart and below an upper frequency of the detected intrinsic beats of the patient &# 39 ; s heart . after delivering the series of pulses , the device may monitor the patient &# 39 ; s heart to determine if it has synchronized to the rate of the series of delivered pulses . where the intrinsic rate of the patient &# 39 ; s heart is still erratic , the device may increase the frequency of the series of pulses and deliver another series . this may continue until it is established that the patient &# 39 ; s heart is now in a more regular state . upon determining that the patient &# 39 ; s heart is now in a more regular state , the device may perform maintenance pacing if it is determined that the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic heart rate is too low as discussed in section 2a above , or perform pacing at a decremented rate in the manner discussed in section 2b above , if such is warranted . for responding to asystole or a detected condition of pulseless electrical activity , the medical monitoring and treatment device may perform maintenance pacing similar to that described in section 2a above . this type of pacing would be performed after a series of one or more defibrillating shocks that attempt to restore a normal sinus rhythm to the heart of the patient . in each of the above types of pacing , the medical monitoring and treatment device may be configured to perform a particular type of pacing only after a programmable delay after such cardiac arrhythmias are detected , or after a programmable period of time after one or more defibrillating shocks are delivered . in accordance with an aspect of the present invention , a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as the lifevest ® wearable cardioverter defibrillator , can also be configured to pace the heart of a patient using capture management with an adjustable energy level and an adjustable rate in response to various types of cardiac arrhythmias . the various types of cardiac arrhythmias can include a bradycardia , tachycardia , an erratic heart rate with no discernable regular sinus rhythm , a lack of sensed cardiac activity ( asystole ) following or independent of one or more defibrillation shocks , a life - threatening bradyarrythmia following one or more defibrillation shocks , or pulseless electrical activity following one or more defibrillation shocks . as known to those skilled in the art , capture management refers to a type of pacing in which the energy level of pacing pulses and the rate of delivery of those pacing pulses may be varied based upon the detected intrinsic activity level of the patient &# 39 ; s heart and the detected response of the patient &# 39 ; s heart to those pacing pulses . in cardiac pacing , the term “ capture ” is used to refer to the response of a patient &# 39 ; s heart to a pulse of energy which results in ventricular depolarization . in cardiac pacing , it is desirable to limit the amount of energy in each pulse to a minimal amount required for capture ; thereby minimizing the amount of discomfort associated with external pacing . in general , the manner in which the medical monitoring and treatment device can perform capture management pacing is similar to that of demand pacing described above , in that it may adjust the rate at which pacing pulses are delivered based upon the detected intrinsic rate of cardiac activity of the patient . the sensitivity of the device to the patient &# 39 ; s ecg may be adjusted in a similar manner to that described above with respect to demand pacing . further , capture management pacing may be used to treat the same types of cardiac arrhythmias as the demand pacing described above , such as bradycardia , tachycardia , an erratic heart rate with no discernable sinus rhythm , asystole , or pulseless electrical activity . however , in contrast to a device that performs demand pacing , a device that is configured to perform capture management pacing will typically have a refractory period 430 ( see fig4 ) that is significantly shorter than a device configured to perform demand pacing . indeed , when using capture management pacing , there may be no refractory period 430 at all , but only a blanking interval 420 . alternatively , where there is a refractory period 430 , the refractory period 430 may be similar in duration to the blanking interval 420 . as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art , this is because during capture management pacing , the response of the patient &# 39 ; s heart is monitored by the ecg sensing electrodes 112 and ecg monitoring and detection circuitry to detect whether the delivered pulse of energy resulted in capture . for this reason , while the ecg monitoring and detection circuitry may be switched off or effectively disabled during the delivery of energy pulses , it is important that it be switched back on or otherwise enabled shortly thereafter to detect whether the delivered pulse resulted in capture . in one embodiment in which a 40 ms constant current pulse is used , the blanking interval 420 may be set to approximately 45 ms to avoid saturation of the ecg monitoring and detection circuitry , but ensure that any intrinsic electrical activity of the patient &# 39 ; s heart that was induced by the pacing pulse is detected . during capture management pacing , the medical monitoring and treatment device can deliver a pulse of energy at a determined energy level and monitor the patient &# 39 ; s response to determine if capture resulted . where it is determined that the delivered pulse did not result in capture , the energy level of the next pulse may be increased . for example , where the device is a medical monitoring and treatment device that is external to the patient , the initial setting may be configured to provide a 40 ms rectilinear and constant current pulse of energy at a current of 40 mamps , and increase the amount of current in increments of 2 mamps until capture results . the next pacing pulse may be delivered at increased current relative to the first pacing pulse and at a desired rate relative to the first pacing pulse in the absence of any detected intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient . where the next pacing pulse does not result in capture , the energy may be increased until capture is detected . the medical monitoring and treatment device may then continue pacing at this energy level and at a desired rate in the absence of any detected intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient . during this period of time , the device monitors the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac response to the pacing pulses , and may increment the energy level further , should it be determined over one or more subsequent pulses that capture did not result . in an alternative configuration , the medical monitoring and treatment device may apply a series of pulses at an initial energy level and rate , and monitor the patient &# 39 ; s response to determine if capture resulted . where capture did not result , or where capture resulted in response to some of the pulses , but not all , the device may increase the energy of a next series of pulses until capture results for each pulse . alternatively , the device may be configured to identify a minimum amount of energy that results in capture during capture management pacing . where it is determined that the delivered pulse did result in capture , the energy level of the next pulse may be decreased . for example , where the device is a medical monitoring and treatment device that is external to the patient , the initial setting may be configured to provide a 40 ms constant current pulse of energy at a current of 70 mamps . where it is determined that the delivered pulse resulted in capture , subsequent pacing pulses may be delivered and decreased in increments of 5 mamps and at a desired rate relative to the first pacing pulse in the absence of any detected intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient until capture is no longer achieved . where the next pacing pulse does not result in capture , the energy setting may be increased to the last current known to produce a pulse resulting in capture , and then delivering a pulse at the higher energy setting , thus delivering the minimal amount of energy required for capture . the medical monitoring and treatment device may then continue pacing at this energy level and at a desired rate in the absence of any detected intrinsic cardiac activity of the patient . during this period of time , a similar routine may be re - performed at predetermined intervals to ensure that the minimum amount of energy is being delivered for capture . in addition , during this period of time , the device monitors the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac response to the pacing pulses , and may increase the energy level should it be determined over one or more subsequent pulses that capture did not result . it should be appreciated that in the various embodiments described above , an external medical monitoring and treatment device has been described which may not only provide life saving defibrillation or cardioversion therapy , but may also provide a wide variety of different pacing regimens . because the medical monitoring and treatment device can monitor a patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic cardiac activity , the patient &# 39 ; s thoracic impedance , and other physiological parameters of the patient , the device may be configured to recommend various settings to a medical professional for review and approval . the various settings that may be recommended may include a recommended base pacing rate , a recommended hysteresis rate , a recommended anti - tachyarrhythmic pacing rate , a recommended energy level ( or initial energy level if capture management is used ), a recommended blanking interval , and / or refractory period , and a recommended sensitivity threshold . in the case of a medical monitoring and treatment device such as the lifevest ® cardioverter defibrillator , this initial recommendation may be performed when the patient is being fitted for and trained on the use of the device . although the ability to recommend such settings to a medical professional for their review and approval is particularly well suited to a medical monitoring and treatment device , such as the lifevest ® cardioverter defibrillator , such functionality could also be implemented in an automated external defibrillator ( aed ) or an advanced life support ( als ) type of defibrillator , such as the m series defibrillator , r series als defibrillator , r series plus defibrillator , or e series defibrillator manufactured by the zoll medical corporation of chelmsford mass . it should be appreciated that monitoring the patient &# 39 ; s intrinsic cardiac activity and other physiological parameters and making recommendations to a trained medical professional for their review and approval ( or possible modification ) could reduce the amount of time that is spent manually configuring such devices prior to use on the patient . having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention , it is to be appreciated various alterations , modifications , and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art . such alterations , modifications , and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure , and are intended to be within the scope of the invention . accordingly , the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only .
a non - invasive bodily - attached ambulatory medical monitoring and treatment device with pacing is provided . the noninvasive ambulatory pacing device includes a battery , at least one therapy electrode coupled to the battery , a memory storing information indicative of a patient &# 39 ; s cardiac activity , and at least one processor coupled to the memory and the at least one therapy electrode . the at least one processor is configured to identify a cardiac arrhythmia within the information and execute at least one pacing routine to treat the identified cardiac arrhythmia .