the medical skin electrode shown in fig1 has on a carrier 2 two electrically separate conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b provided with connecting bars 3 . the outer conductor surface 1 b surrounds the inner conductor surface 1 a , as can be seen in a plan view as shown in fig1 . the inner conductor surface 1 a is of a substantially round circular configuration and the outer conductor surface 1 b is substantially in the form of a circular ring , with a gap 4 of constant width being arranged therebetween . it is particularly appropriate if the outer conductor surface 1 b surrounds the inner conductor surface over an angular range which is as large as possible . that should be at least 90 °, preferably over 270 °. with such an arrangement it is possible for the electrode to be disposed in virtually any orientation with respect to the area of operation while nonetheless always achieving reliable current take - off which is distributed uniformly to the two surface portions 1 a and 1 b . when connecting a monitoring apparatus which forms part of the state of the art and which measures the relative currents from the two conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b , the situation therefore does not involve an unwanted alarm being triggered off when the electrode is stuck on the skin in virtually any orientation relative to the area of operation . the electrode can thus be applied quickly and in an uncomplicated fashion by the medical specialist staff . in order to provide conditions which as far as possible are identical for current take - off ( in general terms : energy transmission ) for the two conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b the surface areas of the two surfaces 1 a and 1 b are here selected to be equal . in the case of the electrode shown in fig2 the inner conductor surface 1 d has a multiply curved outside edge in order to increase the peripheral length thereof so that it substantially corresponds to the peripheral length of the outer hook - shaped or circular ring - shaped conductor surface element 1 b . fig3 shows a ‘ double hook geometry ’ in which the conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b have hook - shaped projections which are interleaved one into the other in order to achieve uniform current distribution to the two half - electrodes . the electrode shown in fig4 also has two electrically contacted conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b which are interleaved one into the other or which at least partially surround each other . in accordance with the invention this electrode also has two uncontacted rings 4 and 5 which , in contrast to the conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b , do not have any connecting elements 3 for an electrode cable . the outer uncontacted ring encloses all inner conductor surfaces while the inner uncontacted ring additionally also extends into the gap between the two contacted conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b ( the actual active electrode surfaces ). the purpose of such uncontacted conductor surfaces or rings 4 and 5 of that kind is to achieve uniform current apportionment . tests on a patient with neutral electrodes have shown that the use of such uncontacted rings involves a substantially lower level of thermal loading by virtue of improved current density distribution . desirably those uncontacted rings and the contacted conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b will be arranged on a carrier ( not shown in fig4 ), for example of foam , and , if this is desired , covered with an electrically conducting gel at the skin side . in principle however it is also possible for the uncontacted , electrically conducting rings or the contactable conductor surfaces 1 a and 1 b to be applied independently of each other to the patient in the form of separate components . in order to avoid corners being present on rectangular electrode elements , the shape of the conductor surfaces is desirably so selected that they are of a round , preferably round circular external contour ( with the exception of the connecting bars 3 ). such an embodiment is diagrammatically shown in fig5 where the two conductor surfaces 6 a and 6 b are of a clearly evident round circular outside contour 7 . it will be appreciated that such a simple , round , double - surface double electrode may also be surrounded by an additional uncontacted ring 4 which at least partially encloses the outside contour . in that way once again the rise in temperature of the electrode with the flow of current in the course of medical use can be kept particularly low and uniform . in the embodiment illustrated in fig7 there is also a further ring 4 ′ disposed outside the uncontacted ring 4 , that is to say a total of two uncontacted rings which result in the current flow in use being rendered still more uniform . it is also possible for the uncontacted conductor surface 4 to have an extension 4 a which extends into the region between the two electrically contacted conductor surfaces . the idea of a medical electrode with an electrically uncontacted , preferably annular conductor surface 4 or 5 respectively can also be embodied in electrodes with only one electrically contacted conductor surface 6 , as is shown in fig9 , 10 and 11 . in regard to fig1 it should also be mentioned that here the current - carrying contacted electrode 6 is of a substantially hook - shaped configuration , wherein the contact - less outer ring 4 extends inwardly with an extension 4 ′ a and thus also covers the inside of the hook electrode .
the invention relates to a medical electrode comprising a carrier having a first conductor surface and an outer conductor surface surrounding the first conductor surface wherein the outer conductor surface is free from radial tabs for connection to circuitry so as to remain electrically uncontacted on the carrier .