fig1 illustrates the basic structure of the cephalosporin wherein the location designed “ r 1 ” is the site where the oap leaving group is coupled to the cephalosporin ( beta - lactam ) carrier . fig2 illustrates the basic structure represented by one non - limiting example comprising an oap leaving group coupled to the cephalosporin carrier to form the oap based antibiotic . groups r 3 thru r 7 may represent hydrogen , alkyl and aryl groups . fig3 illustrates the site of attack of the β - lactam ring , the cleaving ( opening of the ring ), and the subsequent release of the oap leaving group ( r 1 ). the figure also provides two non - limiting examples of potential products resulting from the released oap leaving group . fig4 and fig5 illustrate non - limiting examples of oap leaving groups coupled to the cephalosporin ( designated “ ceph ”). fig6 — illustrates the uv - vis spectrum and characteristic peak of sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide in distilled water . fig7 — illustrates the uv - vis spectrum of succinyl chlorate undergoing reduction in the presence of organic contaminated ceramic cylinders , and compares the characteristic peaks of sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide ( fig6 ) to those produced during the cascading decomposition of succinyl chlorate . distinct peaks at both the chlorine dioxide and chlorite wavelengths illustrate the presence of the oxychlorine intermediates resulting from reduction of the acyl polyoxychlorine . fig8 — illustrates a comparison between the uv - vis spectrum resulting from reduction of succinyl chlorate and reduction of peracetic acid . almost a perfect overlay occurs at approximately 420 nm , however succinyl chlorate demonstrates higher magnitude peaks over a much broader region of the uv - vis spectrum . the distinct peaks ( associated with oxygen species ) illustrate the release of oxygen species during the cascading decomposition of the oxychlorine intermediates . when the oap based antibiotic enters the cell wall of bacteria , the β - lactam group will be activated by enzymes exemplified by dd - transpeptidase and β - lactamase . when the β - lactam ring is cleaved , the “ r 1 ” group (“ oap leaving group ”) is released from the cephalosporin carrier as illustrated ( see fig3 ). the released oap leaving group is now unhindered by the steric hindrance provided by the cephalosporin carrier , and is available to perform its biocidal function . without being bound to a specific theory , it is proposed there may be two mechanisms that provide the biocidal efficacy of the oap ( reference fig3 b ). in the non - limiting example designated option 1 , the oap leaving group remains intact and functions autonomously within the cell wall . the released oap can then permeate through the final membrane ( plasma membrane ) of the bacteria for maximum biocide efficiency . in one example , it is theorized the o - acyl carbon bond is cleaved by enzymatic attack exemplified by “ acetyl coenzyme a ”, releasing an unstable oxychlorine intermediate . the unstable oxychlorine intermediate undergoes cascading decomposition within the cytoplasm of the bacteria , thereby inducing catastrophic failure and cell death . permeation through the final cell membrane ( e . g . plasma membrane ) may be further enhanced by incorporating substituted groups onto the carbon based backbone thereby altering its octanol / water partition and / or charge distribution to improve permeation through the plasma membrane . in the non - limiting example designated option 2 , the polyoxychlorine group is reduced either within the cell wall or once it has permeated the plasma membrane , liberating a carboxyl group and an oxychlorine intermediate ( e . g . chlorine dioxide ). in this example , the chlorine dioxide is the initial oxychlorine intermediate that undergoes cascading decomposition , eventually terminating as oxygen and chloride . the initial reduction resulting in the release of chlorine dioxide may result from the oap acquiring the electron withdrawn from the β - lactam group released by enzymatic attack within the cell wall . another possible path for initial reduction may be direct reaction between the oap and chemical reductants within the cell wall or cytoplasm . regardless of the exact mechanisms , the release of oxychlorine intermediates within the bacteria induces oxidative stress and cell death . the benefits of using oap based antibiotics include but may not be limited to : 1 ) utilizing β - lactam based antibiotic provides the ability to selectively target bacteria within mammals since the β - lactam group is activated by enzymes found only within the cell wall of bacteria . 2 ) low concentrations and / or shorter periods of use of oap based antibiotics may be used due to the high lethality of the oap . rather than having to accumulate high concentrations of antibiotic within the cell wall to inhibit construction of the cell wall and / or overcome the effects of β - lactamase , only enough oap based antibiotic is necessary to deliver a few molecules of oap leaving group into the cell wall and / or cytoplasm to cause catastrophic oxidative stress . 3 ) the oap based antibiotic achieves efficient kills regardless of whether the β - lactam group is activated by dd - transpeptidase or β - lactamase . in effect , the antibiotic efficacy of the cephalosporin carrier becomes a mute function . the ability of the cephalosporin carrier to selectively target and release the oap leaving group becomes the primary function . 4 ) the cephalosporin carrier imparts steric hindrance thereby protecting the polyoxychlorine group from premature reduction while passing through the metabolic pathways to the target bacteria . 5 ) oap based antibiotics can eliminate the potential for bacteria mutation and creation of a super - bug . resistant strains which utilize β - lactamase ( mrsa ) can efficiently be inactivated . 6 ) the potential for bacteria to develop a resistance to oap based antibiotics is highly unlikely . common bacteria have been exposed to chlorine for over 100 years without mutating into resistant forms against chlorine . until the present invention , there has not been an efficient and pharmaceutically acceptable means for introducing oxychlorine into the bacteria . design of the oap based antibiotic will help ensure passage through the body with minimal toxicity due to premature decomposition of the polyoxychlorine group and localized oxidative stress . as long as the polyoxychlorine group is prevented from premature reduction , there is minimal potential of toxicity . the oap leaving group becomes a functional biocide only after the β - lactam group has been activated and the oap leaving group is released from the carrier cephalosporin . to further improve upon survivability and undesired activation , it is reasonable to envision the organic acyl polyoxychlorine compound “ caged ” within a structure , or sufficiently sheltered by incorporating substitution groups onto the carbon based backbone . only low concentrations ( low mic ) would now be required due to the efficiency and lethality of the oap based antibiotic . little excess antibiotic would be required and would therefore impart low potential for renal toxicity due to oxidative stress . short - use - duration would be expected since there would be no need to accumulate the antibiotic within the cell wall . only low concentrations are needed to effectively inactivate the bacteria thereby substantially increasing the rate of inactivation and requiring subsequent shortened duration of use . to further offset the potential for residual antibiotic inducing oxidative stress within the renal system , oap based antibiotic formulations could comprise nephroprotective agents exemplified by the non - limiting examples n - acetyl cysteine ( nac ). if the oap leaving group is decomposed , the potential for oxidative stress could be minimized by reduction of the reactive intermediates with nac , and / or increased glutathione levels in the cells resulting from the presence of the glutathione precursor nac . other nephroprotective agents may include reducing agents including the non - limiting examples comprising glutathione , ascorbic acid , selective amino acids exemplified by glycine , and compounds comprising thiol based groups . it is conceivable to incorporate a nephroprotective agent onto the “ r 2 ” group of the cephalosporin to serve a dual function in the event of premature reduction of the polyoxychlorine group . since the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria favor passage of hydrophilic compounds , incorporating a hydrophilic group such as nac at the r 2 site could enhance permeation into gram negative bacteria as well as provide localized neutralization of oxychlorine and oxygen reactive intermediates should decomposition of the oap leaving group occur in the renal system . since the oap leaving group would still be attached to the host carrier cephalosporin while passing through the renal system , the neutralizing agents at the r 2 group would be locally available to interact with the free radicals produced thereby minimizing oxidative stress and cell damage . nephroprotective agents can also be synthesized onto other oap based antibiotics that do not comprise cephalosporin . while the preferred method of delivery of the organic acyl polyoxychlorine is by designing the oap based antibiotic with the oap leaving group that is released when the β - lactam group is reacted , activation of the oap leaving group within the cell wall would also impart catastrophic failure of the cell wall and induce lysis leading to cell death . therefore , it can also be beneficial to bond the oap leaving group to structures comprising β - lactam wherein the oap leaving group is not released from the β - lactam carrier . furthermore , the β - lactam carrier does not have to possess antibiotic activity . as long as the β - lactam carrier reacts with dd - transpeptidase and / or β - lactamase within the bacteria cell wall , the oap leaving group is being delivered into the bacteria cell . other enzyme or metabolic actions could activate the oap leaving group leading to cell death . therefore the bacteria activated beta - lactam group does not have to be antibiotic . furthermore , β - lactamase inhibitors exemplified by the non - limiting examples sulbactam , claulanic acid , and tazobactam , may be synthesized to include organic acyl polyoxychlorine functionality . the oap based antibiotics of the invention can be formulated to be administered to mammals in a variety of convenient ways . some non - limiting example of how oap based antibiotic can be administered include : intravenous , oral , topical , nasal spray , drops , and the like . the oap based antibiotics of the invention can be formulated with pharmaceutically accepted carriers or diluents that are selected based on the method of delivery . some non - limiting examples may include : pregelatinized starch , maltodextrin , isomalt , sobitol syrup , mannitol , erythritol , maize starch , nanocarriers such as liposomes , micelles , polymeric nanoparticles , and peptides .
disclosed is a novel family of antibiotic that provides bacteria specific targeting , activation and the ability to prevent bacteria mutations that result in bacteria resistance . the compositions and methods of the invention provide for an antibiotic that is effective against methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus .