fig2 a , 2 b , 4 , 5 and 6 illustrate various exemplary embodiments of an apparatus for obtaining an image of internal surfaces of a segment of an anatomic structure and fig3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a method to implant the same . generally , the exemplary method and apparatus according to the present invention perform a helical scan of the internal surfaces of the segment of the anatomic structure after injecting a bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid , so as to obtain an image of the internal surfaces of the segment of the anatomic structure using an imaging modality . such technique combines the efficacy of the imaging modality and the process of injecting a bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid with the beneficial effect of imaging an entire segment of the anatomic structure . the exemplary embodiments of the method and apparatus according to the present invention utilize a further paradigm for imaging that provide a significant increase in the image acquisition rate , while preserving a good image quality . according to one exemplary embodiment , the dramatic increase represents at least an approximately 10 - fold increase in the image acquisition rate . with this exemplary technology , comprehensive coronary imaging can be achieved using conventional methods of transparent or semi - transparent fluid flushing in conjunction with automatic catheter pullback . in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , this new paradigm utilizes optical frequency domain imaging (“ ofdi ”) as an imaging modality to obtain these images . in another exemplary embodiment , the anatomic structure can be a blood vessel . it should be understood that alternate imaging modalities that detect single scattered light , such as time domain oct and confocal microscopy , can also be used . in a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention ( as shown in fig2 a ), the imaging module 224 utilizes oct , visible light imaging , spectroscopy and / or thermoography . in another exemplary embodiment , the oct imaging modality used is time - domain oct (“ td - oct ”), spectral - domain oct (“ sd - oct ”), optical frequency domain imaging (“ ofdi ”), and / or low - coherence interferometry . in still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the visible light imaging modality used is intracoronary angioscopy , speckle imaging , fluorescence imaging , and / or multi - photon imaging . in yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the spectroscopy modality uses visible light having a spectrum of approximately 0 . 3 - 0 . 7 μm , near infrared light (“ nir ”) having a spectrum of approximately 0 . 7 - 2 . 2 μm , infrared light (“ ir ”) having a spectrum of approximately 2 . 2 - 12 μm , raman scattered light and / or fluorescent light . in a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the imaging module 224 utilizes ultrasound , particularly high - frequency ultrasound having a frequency of at least approximately 20 mhz . in a still further exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the imaging assembly 204 includes a lens , mirror and / or prism . fig2 a and 2b illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an imaging system 200 including a specially modified optical catheter 202 having a distal end 220 and a proximal end 222 . the imaging system 200 is capable of imaging long arterial segments by utilizing a rapid acquisition rate of imaging modalities and implementing automated pullback of the imaging catheter 202 . these efforts may allow a proximal portion of each main coronary artery ( lad , lcx , and rca ) to be comprehensively imaged with a specific longitudinal image spacing , while administering a safe total amount of transparent or semi - transparent fluid to the patient . in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , long arterial portion that is up to 10 cm in length can be examined . in another exemplary embodiment , the long arterial portion of up to 5 . 0 cm in length can be examined . in still another exemplary embodiment , the proximal portion of each main coronary artery is up to 10 cm in length which is capable of being examined . in still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the proximal portion of each main coronary artery is up to 5 cm in length which is capable of being examined . in still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the specific longitudinal imaging spacing is between approximately 100 μm and approximately 150 μm , preferably approximately 125 μm . in still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the specific longitudinal imaging spacing matches the transverse spot diameter , and is therefore between approximately 15 μm and approximately 35 μm , preferably approximately 25 μm . in yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the safe total amount of transparent or semi - transparent fluid is at most 150 cc / artery , and preferably no more than 30 cc / artery . in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the transparent or semi - transparent fluid can be normal saline , ½ normal saline , ¼ normal saline , lactated ringers solution , phosphate buffered saline , blood substitute such as oxyglobin , and / or coronary contrast media . in a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the imaging system 200 may image segments of any blood vessel including : carotid arteries , iliac arteries , femoral arteries , popliteal arteries , radial arteries , other peripheral arteries and veins . blood presents a challenge for any light - based intravascular imaging modality . as light propagates in blood , certain information is lost due to both scattering and absorption . at a wavelength of approximately 1 . 3 μm , the combined attenuation due to scattering and absorption can be minimized even at this optimal wavelength , however , imaging vascular structure through blood may not be feasible . particular preferences for imaging may include a high signal - to - noise ratio (“ snr ”) and a high image quality requiring substantial amounts of detail . if oct imaging is utilized as the imaging modality , a large number of a - lines are preferable in each oct scan . clear oct imaging may be achieved for short durations , e . g ., on the order of three ( 3 ) seconds , by temporarily displacing blood using a bolus injection of transparent or semi - transparent fluid through the catheter 200 . therefore , at an imaging rate of four ( 4 ) frames per second , a single transparent or semi - transparent fluid purge may provide approximately 12 high - quality oct images before blood reenters the field of view . in a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the bolus injection of transparent or semi - transparent fluid can introduce approximately between 1 and 50 cc of transparent or semi - transparent fluid into the blood vessel . in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the bolus injection of transparent or semi - transparent fluid introduces approximately 10 cc of transparent or semi - transparent fluid into the blood vessel . according to these embodiments , a modified optical catheter 200 , probe or other instrument may be inserted into a blood vessel ( e . g ., artery ) to image the vessel . when plaque is located , the probe is moved into the proximity of the specific atherosclerotic plaque . light reflected from the interior wall of the blood vessels and / or from a plaque is collected and transmitted to a detector 236 of an imaging module 224 . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , pathologies other than plaque may be imaged , for example , thrombus , dissections , rupture , stents , and the like . referring to fig2 a , the specially modified optical catheter 202 may include a rotatable inner shaft 210 and an outer sheath 208 . the rotatable inner shaft 210 houses a fiber array 218 and an imaging assembly 204 near the distal end 220 of the catheter 202 . the outer sheath 208 includes an aperture 221 formed therethrough . the aperture 221 is connected to a fluid delivery channel 223 , which is in turn connected to a fluid pump 225 . the fluid pump 225 can cause the injection of a specific volume of transparent or semi - transparent fluid through the fluid delivery channel 223 and out from the aperture 221 , thereby displacing the liquid surrounding the distal end 220 of the catheter 202 with the injected bolus . the fiber array 218 of the catheter 202 connects to a rotary junction 212 , which is in turn connected to a fixed optical fiber 214 that it extends from the catheter 202 proximally to the imaging module 224 . the rotary junction 212 is also connected to a pullback device 215 . the pullback device 215 translates the rotatable inner shaft 210 within the outer sheath 208 when instructed by a processor 240 during imaging , such that a helical scan can be generated . fig4 illustrates the catheter 202 after pullback of the rotatable inner shaft 210 has been completed , otherwise the system 200 of fig4 is identical to the system 200 of fig2 a . the process 300 by which the imaging system 200 gathers data representative of a helical scan of a section of the blood vessel is illustrated in fig3 , and described in more detail herein . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the outer sheath 208 of the catheter 202 is not transparent . for example , during the pull - back the entire catheter 202 , the outer sheath 208 is translated through the blood vessel , while the internal shaft 210 rotates . in this exemplary embodiment , the internal shaft 210 is not translated relative to the outer sheath 208 . in another exemplary embodiment , the fiber array 218 includes a single fiber . in still another exemplary embodiment , the fiber array 218 includes a number of fibers . the catheter 202 can be fabricated using an fda approved 2 . 6 - 3 . 2f ivus catheter . the inner core of the ivus catheter is capable of rotating and obtaining cross - sectional images at , e . g ., 40 frames per second . the ultrasound transducer and conductive wire , which are generally used in the ivus catheter , may be removed and replaced with the imaging assembly 204 , the fiber array 218 , the inner shaft 210 , the fluid delivery channel 223 and an aperture is formed through the aperture of the outer sheath of the ivus catheter . the newly provided inner shaft 210 of the ivus catheter rotates to provide circumferential scanning and may be pulled back for screening a segment of a blood vessel . the transparent outer sheath 208 , which incorporates a monorail guide wire ( not shown ), does not rotate and is plugged at the distal end of the ivus catheter using an fda approved polymer . the catheter 202 is also attached to the rotary junction 212 . in an exemplary embodiment , the catheter 202 includes a rotating optical fiber within a flexible inner cable . the flexible inner cable is contained within an outer transparent housing or sheath . the outer housing may include a monorail guide wire . the rotating optical fiber and the flexible inner cable each have a distal end and a proximal end . the rotating optical fiber and the flexible inner cable are oriented such that the distal end of the rotating optical fiber and the distal end of the flexible inner cable are adjacent to one another , and the proximal end of the rotating optical fiber and the proximal end of the flexible inner cable are adjacent to one another . distal optics including a lens and a beam directing element are attached to the distal end of the flexible inner cable . an optical rotating junction is provided at the proximal end of the rotating optical fiber . the rotating optical fiber couples a static optical fiber to the rotating optical fiber within the flexible inner cable . the optical rotating junction rotates the rotating optical fiber , the flexible inner cable and the distal optics to provide circumferential optical sampling of the luminal surface of the vessel . the optical fiber , inner flexible cable , and distal optics rotate and an image is obtained for each catheter rotation . the inner optical cable is pulled back longitudinally within the outer transparent housing to form a helical scan of the vessel . in an exemplary embodiment , the beam directing element is a prism that directs the beam substantially perpendicular to the catheter axis and the lens focuses the beam to approximately 2 mm from the outer sheath . in another exemplary embodiment , the rotation rate ranges from approximately 10 per second to approximately 100 per second and preferably approximately 30 per second . in still another embodiment , the entire catheter including the transparent outer sheath is pulled back within the lumen of the vessel . in a further preferred embodiment , the pull back rate ranges from approximately 1 mm / second to approximately 20 mm / second and preferably approximately 10 mm / second . in an exemplary embodiment , the monorail guide wire is similar to the guide wire as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 350 , 395 , entitled “ angioplasty apparatus facilitating rapid exchanges ,” to paul g . yock , issued sep . 27 , 1994 , and incorporated herein in its entirety . the entire shaft 210 of the catheter 202 can rotate 360 degrees , allowing the catheter 202 to gather images of the subject tissue 250 around the entire circumference of the catheter 202 . in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the catheter 202 can obtain images of a plaque around the circumference of an interior vessel wall . in operation , a coherent light , such as laser light , is transmitted from a light source 232 via beam - splitter 234 , through the fixed optical fiber 214 and central fiber 226 and onto the imaging assembly 204 . the light is directed via the imaging assembly 204 to a subject tissue 250 ( arrow 206 ). according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the subject tissue 250 may be a layer of static tissue over a layer of moving tissue , such as an atherosclerotic plaque . the outer sheath 208 can be placed directly in contact with the sample 250 and / or can be positioned at a short distance ( e . g ., 1 mm to 10 cm ) away from the sample . for example , light can enter sample 250 , where it is reflected by molecules , cellular debris , proteins , compounds ( e . g ., cholesterol crystals ), and cellular microstructures ( such as organelles , microtubules ) within the subject tissue 250 . light remitted from the subject tissue 250 ( shown by arrows 228 in fig2 b , the remainder of fig2 b is identical to fig2 a ) is conveyed through the imaging assembly 204 to the single optical fiber or fibers of the fiber array 218 , and then transmitted by the optical fiber or fiber array 218 to the detection device 236 , via the beam - splitter 234 . in another embodiment , the device transmitting light to the catheter and receiving light from the catheter is an optical circulator . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the fiber array 218 may include one or multiple fibers for detection and illumination . in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the detection may occur using a single fiber . alternatively , the illumination may occur via a fiber array , where each fiber is selectively illuminated to generate multiple focused spots as a function of position on the subject tissue 250 . this exemplary method can provide a scanning of the incident light across the sample , while maintaining the probe in a stationary position . the fibers may be illuminated and / or detected simultaneously or illuminating and / or detecting light from one fiber after another in series . the data produced by the detection device 236 may then be digitized by an analog - digital converter 238 , and analyzed using imaging procedures executed by the processor 240 . the imaging procedures applicable with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in u . s . provisional patent appn . no . 60 / 514 , 769 , entitled “ method and apparatus for performing optical imaging using frequency - domain interferometry ,” filed oct . 27 , 2003 , and international patent application no . pct / us03 / 02349 filed on jan . 24 , 2003 , the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties . the processor 240 is also operatively connected to the pullback device 216 , the rotary junction 212 and the fluid pump 225 . the diameter of the catheter can be less than 500 μm . larger diameters may also be utilized within the scope of the present invention . other types of instruments can be used to gather image data . for example , the optics of the catheter 200 can be integrated into other types of instruments , such as endoscopes or laparoscopes . the optics can also form a stand - alone unit passed into the accessory port of standard endoscopes or laparoscopes , and / or integrated into another type of catheter , such as dual - purpose intravascular ultrasound catheter . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the detector 236 may be a charge coupled device (“ ccd ”), a photographic plate , an array of photodetectors , and / or a single detector . in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the light source 232 can illuminate the sample with continuous light , continuous broad bandwidth light , wavelength scanning light , or synchronized pulses . fig3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method / process 300 for gathering data representative of a helical scan if a screening segment of the subject tissue 250 according to the present invention . the process 300 begins in step 301 where the catheter 200 is inserted and positioned within the screening segment of the subject tissue 250 . once the catheter 200 is inserted and positioned properly , the imaging module 232 instructs the fluid pump or operator 225 to inject a bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid into the subject tissue 250 , in step 302 . depending on the size of the subject tissue 250 , the imaging module 232 may alter volume and / or rate of injection of the bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid . in an exemplary embodiment , the subject tissue 250 is a blood vessel . in step 304 , the imaging module 232 determines whether the image received from the imaging assembly 204 is of a sufficient quality to begin scanning the subject tissue 250 . if the imaging module 232 determines that the image is not of sufficient quality , the process 300 advances to step 302 . otherwise , the process 300 advances to step 306 , where the rotary junction 212 begins rotating the rotateable inner shaft 210 and the pullback device 215 begins pulling back the shaft 210 . the imaging module 232 determines whether the image received from the imaging assembly 204 is of sufficient quality to begin scanning by attempting to detect the presence of blood . the imaging module 232 makes this determination by measuring the amount of scattering the imaging modality is experiencing and / or by analyzing the spectroscopy registered by the imaging modality . if the imaging modality is oct , other methods may be used . when the imaging module 232 measures the amount of scattering experienced by the imaging modality , the imaging module 232 determines whether the light received from the subject tissue 250 is scattered . saline and other transparent perfusion liquids do not contain an appreciable amount of scattering . blood on the other hand , is highly scattering . due to this effect , a method for determining the presence of blood may be to observe the intensity of the reflection of light back to the catheter . preferentially , certain wavelengths of light may be used that have the property that the absorption penetration depth is small in both water and blood . when the imaging module 232 is utilizing spectroscopy to determine whether blood is present , the imaging module 232 can measure the differential absorption experienced by the imaging modality . blood adjacent to the subject tissue 250 can be detected by utilizing differential absorption of blood . in blood which is oxygenated , there are several absorption peaks in the visible spectrum , e . g ., at 520 - 590 nm and 800 - 900 nm . a simple device may obtain the light scattered back from the catheter at these wavelengths , and compare such light to the light scattered back from an adjacent wavelength where blood absorption is low . this comparison can be accomplished by a linear combination of the intensity of light reflected back by the two wavelengths . for example if r ( λ 1 ) is the light reflected back to the catheter on the absorption peak and r ( λ 2 ) is the light reflected back to the tissue off of the absorption peak , blood can be estimated by several differential / ratiometric combinations of r ( λ 1 ) and r ( λ 2 ): the device for delivery and detection can be a simple side firing single or multi - mode optical fiber . if the imaging modality is oct , another method for detecting blood can be used . since oct is capable of obtaining a cross - sectional image of the lumen , it is potentially more sensitive to the presence of small amounts of blood than is diffuse spectroscopy . the oct signal from blood is fairly characteristic , and not commonly observed in other tissues . for example , blood can exhibit a rapid attenuation and a homogeneous appearance . as a result , in one exemplary embodiment , it is possible to process the oct signal to determine if blood is present . a wide variety of image processing techniques known in the art , such as texture discrimination , pattern recognition , etc . can be used to identify blood . in one embodiment , in order to determine whether blood is present , two parameters are determined : ( a ) the slope of the logarithm of the oct axial scan data ( attenuation ); and ( b ) the standard deviation of the logarithm of the oct axial scan data ( signal variance ). these two parameters can differentiate most human tissue types . other measures of attenuation and signal variance known in the art can also be utilized to differentiate blood from arterial wall tissue . other measurements including probability distribution function statistics , fourier domain analysis , high pass filtering , energy and entropy measurements , edge counting , and n - order moments can be utilized to determine the presence of blood in the lumen of the blood vessel . oct can be combined with spectroscopy ( e . g ., performing oct at two wavelengths ), birefringence , and doppler to further enhance the capability of oct for identifying blood in the lumen . in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the fluid pump 225 continues injecting the bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid during the step 304 . turning back to the process 300 of fig3 , in step 308 , the imaging module 232 determines whether the image received from the imaging assembly 204 is of sufficient quality to continue scanning the subject tissue 250 . if the imaging module 232 determines that the image is of sufficient quality , the process 300 advances to step 306 . otherwise , the process 300 advances to step 310 . at step 310 , the rotary junction 212 stops rotating the rotateable inner shaft 210 , and the pullback device 215 halts the pullback of the shaft 210 . if the fluid pump 225 is continuing to inject the bolus of transparent or semi - transparent fluid , the fluid pump 225 is instructed to discontinue injecting the transparent or semi - transparent fluid . if there is catheter motion , the catheter may be advanced or retracted substantially along the longitudinal axis of the vessel prior to the next bolus injection in order to ensure that the subsequent pullback imaging process does not skip over any areas of tissue . this process represents a feedback control loop where a measure of image quality is utilized to control the process / conditions under which images are obtained . if the image is not of sufficient quality , action is taken to improve the image quality before additional images are taken . in an exemplary embodiment , when image quality drops below a predetermined measure but image quality is still sufficient to continue imaging , additional transparent or semi - transparent fluid is injected via the fluid pump 225 improving image quality . in another exemplary embodiment , when image quality drops below a predetermined measure and image quality is insufficient to continue imaging , imaging is halted . the feedback control loop may be set up many different ways in order to automate at least a part of the process 300 . a wide variety of image processing techniques known in the art , such as texture discrimination , pattern recognition , etc . can be used to determine whether or not image quality of the vessel wall is sufficient to continue imaging . in an exemplary embodiment , two parameters are determined : ( a ) the slope of the logarithm of the oct axial scan data ( attenuation ); and ( b ) the standard deviation of the logarithm of the oct axial scan data ( signal variance ). these two parameters can differentiate most human tissue types . other measures of attenuation and signal variance known in the art can also be utilized to identify and characterize the quality of images obtained from arterial wall tissue . these other measurements including image segmentation and blob quantification , morphologic processing , probability distribution function statistics , fourier domain analysis , high pass filtering , energy and entropy measurements , edge counting , n - order moments . oct can be combined with spectroscopy ( e . g ., performing oct at two wavelengths ), birefringence , and doppler to further enhance the capability of oct for assessing image quality . in step 312 , the imaging module 232 determines whether the entire length of the screening segment of the subject tissue 250 has been imaged . if additional portions of the screening segment of the subject tissue 250 need to be imaged , the process 300 advances to step 302 . otherwise , the process 300 advances to step 314 where the imaging module 232 reconstructs the helical or three - dimensional scans of the screening segment of the subject tissue 250 based on the information gathered during the scan . after the helical scans are reconstructed , the imaging module 316 can display the reconstructed data ( images ) and the process 300 exits . fig6 illustrates an imaging system 600 including the specially modified optical catheter 202 disposed within a guide catheter 602 . the optical catheter 202 is identical to the optical catheter 202 as illustrated in fig2 a , except that the fluid delivery channel 223 and the aperture 221 are not necessarily included in the optical catheter 202 as illustrated in fig6 . the fluid delivery channel 223 and the aperture 221 are replaced by the fluid delivery channel 606 and the aperture 604 , respectively . in order to use the imaging system 600 , the guide catheter 602 is inserted into a blood vessel and positioned adjacent to a target area to be imaged . the optical catheter 202 is inserted into the guide catheter 602 until the distal end 220 of the optical catheter 202 protrudes beyond the guide catheter 602 ( as shown in fig6 ). once the guide catheter 602 is positioned relative to the guide catheter 602 , the optical catheter 202 operates in the same manner as discussed above in connection with fig2 a , 2 b , 3 , 4 , and 5 , with the exception that the fluid pump 225 injects transparent or semi - transparent fluid into the fluid delivery channel 606 and through the aperture 604 to the target area instead of utilizing the fluid delivery channel 223 and aperture 221 . in an exemplary embodiment , the guide catheter 602 is used as the fluid delivery channel . the guide catheter 602 does not necessarily include a special purpose fluid delivery channel 606 . the fluid pump 225 is connected directly to the guide catheter 602 and transparent or semi - transparent fluid is provided at the target area via the guide catheter 602 . in another exemplary embodiment , the imaging assembly 204 protrudes beyond the distal end of the guide catheter 602 . the imaging of the target area takes place while the imaging assembly 204 of the optical catheter 202 protrudes from the distal end of the guide catheter 602 . in a further exemplary embodiment , the guide catheter 602 is transparent and the optical catheter 202 is inserted into the guide catheter 602 until it is adjacent to the target area . the imaging assembly 204 of the optical catheter 202 does not protrude beyond the guide catheter 602 and the imaging of the target area takes place while the optical catheter 202 is within the guide catheter 602 . the foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention . various modifications and alterations to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings herein . it will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous techniques which , although not explicitly described herein , embody the principles of the invention and are thus within the spirit and scope of the invention .
an apparatus , method and software arrangement for imaging a surface of a structure that is in contact with an opaque fluid is provided . the apparatus includes an article of manufacture , a fluid delivery arrangement and an imaging arrangement . the housing includes an aperture formed in the article of manufacture . the fluid delivery arrangement is configured to deliver a volume of substantially transparent fluid to the aperture formed in the housing . the imaging arrangement is configured to image the surface of the structure using an imaging modality after the volume of the transparent fluid is delivered to the aperture , wherein the imaging arrangement and / or the article of manufacture is translated along the surface of the structure while imaging the surface of the structure .