the synthetic scheme outlined below illustrates the general procedures for modifying the cyclic peptide ring system of echinocandin - type compounds while maintaining chirality . the cyclic peptide ring of any echinocandin - type natural product or semi - synthetic derivative can be opened and the terminal ornithine peptide unit cleaved so long as the γ - hydroxyl group of the ornithine peptide unit is present and not blocked . the term “ natural product ” refers to those secondary metabolites , usually of relatively complex structure , which are of more restricted distribution and more characteristic of a specific source in nature . suitable natural product starting materials belonging to the echinocandin cyclic peptide family include echinocandin b , echinocandin c , aculeacin aγ , mulundocandin , sporiofungin a , pneumocandin a 0 , wf11899a , and pneumocandin b 0 . for illustrative purposes , the following synthetic scheme starts with cilofungin . as shown above , the cyclic hexapeptide ring ( 1 ) is first opened using base catalysis and then reduced with sodium borohydride to give the linear hexapeptide ( 2 ). upon treatment with triethyl silane in trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ), the benzylic hydroxyl is removed and the ornithine unit is cleaved to give the linear pentapeptide ( 3 ). the linear pentapeptide ( 2 ) can now be protected and the primary amide activated to provide an intermediate ( 4 ) which can be recyclized with a new amino acid unit or other synthetic unit to produce a new cyclic compound ( 5 ). cyclic compound ( 5 ) can be further modified by deprotecting and acylating the pendant amino group ( if present ) to provide modified cyclic compound ( 6 ) having an n - acyl side chain . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the n - acyl side chain encompasses a variety of side chain moieties known in the art . suitable side chain moieties include substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups , alkenyl groups , alkynyl groups , aryl groups , heteroaryl groups and combinations thereof . preferably , the side chain contains both a linearly rigid section and a flexible alkyl section to maximize antifungal potency . in addition , further modifications can be made on any new functionality introduced by the incorporation of the new amino acid , peptide or synthetic unit ( s ) containing such new functionality . alternatively , another peptide unit can be cleaved from intermediate ( 3 ) to provide a tetrapeptide ( 7 ) which can be recyclized with a new amino acid unit , dipeptide unit , or other synthetic unit to produce a new cyclic compound ( 8 ). like cyclic compound ( 5 ), compound ( 8 ) can also be further modified by deprotecting and acylating the pendant amino group ( if present ) to attach an n - acyl side chain or modification of any new functionality introduced through the incorporation of the new amino acid , peptide or synthetic units . as illustrated in the synthetic scheme above , the ring nucleus is selectively opened at the c - terminus l - proline , n - terminus r - omithine linkage using standard base catalysis well known to those skilled in the art . once the cyclic hexapeptide is open , then the terminal omithine amino acid may be cleaved and a new amino acid ( or other synthetic unit ) attached using standard peptide formation processes ( or condensation processes ) well known to those skilled in the art . the terminal ornithine unit is cleaved with trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride , toluene , or dioxane . the preferred reaction condition is trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride . any amino acid or peptide unit may be attached to the linear peptide . theoretically , it is also possible to condense other synthetic units onto the peptide that are capable of cyclization . for example , a sulfonamide linkage may be formed between a terminal amino group on the linear peptide and a sulfonyl group on a synthetic unit . any number of other linkages may also be envisioned ; however , the pharmaceutical activity of such compounds are currently unknown . the insertion of a new amino acid , dipeptide unit or other synthetic unit allows one to change the size of the cyclopeptide ring . the number of atoms in the ring system may be increased or decreased from the original 21 membered echinocandin ring structure depending upon the particular compound ( s ) inserted into the ring . theoretically , the ring size is limited only by the configuration of the linear peptide . if the linear peptide is too short or too long , the ends cannot come into close enough proximity to react and the ends may polymerize with another linear peptide rather than close to form a ring . the optimum configuration of the linear peptide for ring closure will vary depending upon the particular amino acids that make - up the peptide structure . for echinocandin - type compounds , preferably , the final ring structure contains between 19 to 22 members , more preferably , the final ring structure is a 21 - or 22 - membered ring , most preferably the final ring structure is a 21 - membered ring . it is well - known that the acyl side chain pendant from the echinocandin ring structure plays an important role in the activity of both the natural products and semi - synthetic echinocandin type materials . consequently , any amino acid or synthetic unit may be used for insertion into the ring so long as the final cyclized product contains at least one amino group capable of acylation . when the inserted compound contains more than one unit , the units may be attached one at a time to the linear penta - or tetra - peptide or the individual units can be combined and then added to the linear penta - or tetra - peptide as a block unit . preferably , the units are added as a block unit to minimize racemization . acylation of the amino group may be accomplished in a variety of ways well known to those skilled in the art . for example , the amino group may be acylated by reaction with an appropriately substituted acyl halide , preferably in the presence of an acid scavenger such as a tertiary amine ( e . g ., triethylamine ). the reaction is typically carried out at a temperature between about − 20 ° c . to 25 ° c . suitable reaction solvents include polar aprotic solvents , such as dioxane or dimethylformamide . solvent choice is not critical so long as the solvent employed is inert to the ongoing reaction and the reactants are sufficiently solubilized to effect the desired reaction . the amino group may also be acylated by reaction with an appropriately substituted carboxylic acid , in the presence of a coupling agent . suitable coupling agents include dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( dcc ), n , n ′- carbonyldiimidazole , bis ( 2 - oxo - 3 - oxazolidinyl ) phosphinic chloride ( bop - cl ), n - ethoxycarbonyl - 2 - ethoxy - 1 , 2 - dihydroquinoline ( eedq ), benzotriazole - 1 - yloxy - tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate ( pybop ) and the like . alternately , the amino group may be acylated with an activated ester of a carboxylic acid such as p - nitrophenyl , 2 , 4 , 5 - trichlorophenyl , hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate ( hobt . h 2 o ), pentafluorophenol , and n - hydroxysuccinimide carboxylate esters . preferred acylating moieties are the 2 , 4 , 5 - trichlorophenyl and hobt carboxylate esters . the reaction is typically ran 1 to 65 hours at a temperature from about 0 ° c . to 30 ° c . in an aprotic solvent . the reaction is generally complete after about 24 to 48 hours when carried out at a temperature between about 15 ° c . to 30 ° c . suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof . the amino group is generally present in equimolar proportions relative to the activated ester or with a slight excess of the amino group . the compounds of the present invention may be isolated and used per se or in the form of its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” refers to non - toxic acid addition salts derived from inorganic and organic acids . suitable salt derivatives include halides , thiocyanates , sulfates , bisulfates , sulfites , bisulfites , arylsulfonates , alkylsulfates , phosphonates , monohydrogenphosphates , dihydrogenphosphates , metaphosphates , pyrophosphonates , alkanoates , cycloalkylalkanoates , arylalkonates , adipates , alginates , aspartates , benzoates , fumarates , glucoheptanoates , glycerophosphates , lactates , maleates , nicotinates , oxalates , palmitates , pectinates , picrates , pivalates , succinates , tartarates , citrates , camphorates , camphorsulfonates , digluconates , trifluoroacetates , and the like . the ring - modified compounds may be used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations . a typical formulation comprises the ring - modified compound ( or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or hydrate ) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier , diluent or excipient . the active ingredient is typically formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easily controllable dosage of the drug and to give the patient an elegant and easily handleable product . formulations may comprise from 0 . 1 % to 99 . 9 % by weight of active ingredient , more generally from about 10 % to about 30 % by weight . as used herein , the term “ unit dose ” or “ unit dosage ” refers to physically discrete units that contain a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce a desired therapeutic effect . when a unit dose is administered orally or parenterally , it is typically provided in the form of a tablet , capsule , pill , powder packet , topical composition , suppository , wafer , measured units in ampoules or in multidose containers , etc . alternatively , a unit dose may be administered in the form of a dry or liquid aerosol which may be inhaled or sprayed . the dosage to be administered may vary depending upon the physical characteristics of the patient , the severity of the patient &# 39 ; s symptoms , and the means used to administer the drug . the specific dose for a given patient is usually set by the judgment of the attending physician . suitable carriers , diluents and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as carbohydrates , waxes , water soluble and / or swellable polymers , hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials , gelatin , oils , solvents , water , and the like . the particular carrier , diluent or excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which the active ingredient is being applied . the formulations may also include wetting agents , lubricating agents , emulsifiers , suspending agents , preservatives , sweeteners , stabilizers , perfuming agents , flavoring agents and combinations thereof . a pharmaceutical composition may be administered using a variety of methods . suitable methods include topical ( e . g ., ointments or sprays ), oral , injection and inhalation . the particular treatment method used will depend upon the type of infection being addressed . echinocandin - type compounds have been shown to exhibit antifungal and antiparasitic activity such as growth inhibition of various infectious fungi including candida spp . ( i . e ., c . albicans , c . parapsilosis , c . krusei , c . glabrata , c . tropicalis , or c . lusitaniaw ); torulopus spp . ( i . e ., t . glabrata ); aspergillus spp . ( i . e ., a . fumigatus ); histoplasma spp . ( i . e ., h . capsulatum ); cryptococcus spp . ( i . e ., c . neoformans ); blastomyces spp . ( i . e ., b . dermatitidis ); fusarium spp . ; trichophyton spp ., pseudallescheria boydii , coccidioides immits , sporothrix schenckii , etc . compounds of this type also inhibit the growth of certain organisms primarily responsible for opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed individuals , such as growth inhibition of pneumocystis carinii ( the causative organism of pneumocystis pneumonia ( pcp ) in aids and other immunocompromised patients . other protozoans that are inhibited by echinocandin - type compounds include plasmodium spp ., leishmania spp ., trypanosoma spp ., cryptosporidium spp ., isospora spp ., cyclospora spp ., trichomnas spp ., microsporidiosis spp ., etc . the compounds of the present invention are useful in combating either systemic fungal infections or fugal skin infections . accordingly , a method is provided for inhibiting fungal activity comprising contacting a compound of formula i or ii ( or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or hydrate thereof ) with a fungus . a preferred method includes inhibiting candida albicans or aspergillus fumigatis activity . the term “ contacting ” includes a union or junction , or apparent touching or mutual tangency of a compound of the invention with a parasite or fungus . the term does not imply any further limitations to the process , such as by mechanism of inhibition . the methods are defined to encompass the inhibition of parasitic and fungal activity by the action of the compounds and their inherent antiparasitic and antifungal properties . a method for treating a fungal infection which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula i or ii ( or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or hydrate thereof ) to a host in need of such treatment is also provided . a preferred method includes treating a candida albicans or aspergillus fumigatis infection . the term “ effective amount ” refers to an amount of active compound which is capable of inhibiting fungal activity . the dose administered will vary depending on such factors as the nature and severity of the infection , the age and general health of the host and the tolerance of the host to the antifungal agent . the particular dose regimen likewise may vary according to these factors . the medicament may be given in a single daily dose or in multiple doses during the day . the regimen may last from about 2 - 3 days to about 2 - 3 weeks or longer . a typical daily dose ( administered in single or divided doses ) contains a dosage level between about 0 . 01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg of body weight of an active compound . preferred daily doses are generally between about 0 . 1 mg / kg to 60 mg / kg and more preferably between about 2 . 5 mg / kg to 40 mg / kg . although the compounds described herein may be used for inhibiting fungal and parasitic activity in a variety of circumstances ( e . g ., humans , animals , agriculture , etc . ), preferably , the methods of use are limited to the treatment of humans to reduce the potential for developing resistance to the pharmaceutical . unless indicated otherwise , all chemicals can be acquired from commercial suppliers such as aldrich chemical ( milwaukee , wis . ), sigma , and other commercial sources well - known to those skilled in the art . the following acronyms are representative of the corresponding functional groups or compounds : the following set of examples illustrate the general reaction conditions for cleaving and inserting new unit ( s ) into a cyclohexapeptide nucleus . ring opening and reduction of cilofungin ( 1 ) to give intermediate i - 2 . to a stirred solution of cilofungin ( 1 ) ( 100 g ; 96 mmol ) in 350 ml of 55 % acetonitrile / 45 % water was added 1 n sodium hydroxide solution ( 40 ml ). the reaction was monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography ( c - 18 column , 50 % acn / water , 230 nm ). after 1 hour , the reaction mixture contained & gt ; 90 % of the intermediate aldehyde . next , sodium borohydride ( 1 . 8 g ; 48 mmol ) was added and the stirring continued for 20 min . hplc showed complete conversion to the final alcohol product . the reaction was quenched by adding acetic acid dropwise until the evolution of gas was complete . most of the acetonitrile was removed by rotary evaporation followed by lyophilization to remove the remainder to give 98 . 1 g of a mixture of the solid product i - 2 and inorganic salts . ( 93 % pure by hplc ) the unpurified mixture of compound i - 2 ( 98 . 1 g ) described above was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid ( 300 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 100 ml ). the mixture was cooled in an ice bath . triethylsilane ( 32 ml ; 0 . 2 mol ) was added and the reaction was stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 hour . the ice bath was removed and the reaction was left at ambient temperature for 18 hrs . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue redissolved in methanol for hplc purification . the residue was purified by passage through a c - 18 column with 50 % acetonitrile / water ; 0 . 1 % tfa to remove more lipophilic byproducts . the polar peaks were purified with 10 % acetonitrile / water ; 0 . 1 % tfa . lyophilization gave 57 . 8 g ( 98 % yield ) of pure pentapeptide trifluoroacetic acid salt ( i - 3 ). fab ms = 653 . 3 ( m + 1 ) to an ice bath cooled solution of i - 3 ( 50 . 3 g , 66 mmol ) in water ( 200 ml ) and tetrahydrofuran ( 100 ml ) was added excess solid sodium bicarbonate until no additional foaming occurred and ph & gt ; 8 . carbobenzyloxy chloride ( 10 ml , 70 mmol ) was added and the reaction was monitored by hplc ( 25 % acn / water , 0 . 1 % tfa , 230 nm ). the ph was monitored and occasionally more sodium bicarbonate was added to keep the solution basic . after 1 hour , the reaction was complete and the solvent was removed in vacuo . the residue was slurried in methanol , the solid inorganics removed by filtration , and the solution was passed through a preparative hplc ( 25 % methanol / water ). removal of solvents gave 25 . 2 g ( 49 % yield ) of i - 4 as a white foam . fab ms = 787 . 38 ( m + 1 ) compound i - 4 ( 25 . 2 g , 32 mmol ), imidazole ( 20 . 6 g , 303 mmol ), and t - butyldimethylsilyl chloride 45 . 6 g , 303 mmol ) in dimethylformamide ( 250 ml ) were mixed while following the reaction by tlc ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ). after 6 hours , the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was slurried and sonicated in ether . the ether solution was washed with 1n hcl , dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give a foam . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography ( 600 g silica , 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) to give 32 . 9 g ( 70 % yield ) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with the structure i - 5 . fab ms = 1472 . 9 ( m ) compound i - 5 ( 32 . 9 g , 22 . 3 mmol ) was dissolved in acetonitrile ( 250 ml ) and tetrahydrofuran ( 50 ml ). di - t - butyl dicarbonate ( 16 . 1 g , 73 . 6 mmol ) and dimethylaminopyridine ( 299 mg , 2 . 2 mmol ) were added with stirring . the reaction was followed by tlc ( 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) and an additional 3 g of di - t - butyl dicarbonate was added after 2 hrs . after an additional 2 . 5 hours , several ml of acetic acid were added to quench the dimethylaminopyridine . the solvent was removed in vacuo keeping the temperature less than 40 ° c . the residue was chromatographed ( 500 g silica , 15 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) to give 33 . 6 g ( 89 % yield ) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with the structure i - 6 . fab ms = 1672 . 0 ( m ) to a solution of pentapeptide compound i - 3 ( 5 . 75 g , 7 . 50 mmol ) in anhydrous dmf ( 200 ml ) was added nahco 3 ( 690 mg , 8 . 25 mmol ) and phenyl isothiocyanate ( 0 . 99 ml , 8 . 25 mmol ), and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 36 hours . the solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was dissolved in tfa ( 70 ml ) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour , followed by removal of the solvent in vacuo . the resulting solids were treated with water ( 150 ml ), sonicated , and the insoluble materials were removed by filtration . reverse phase hplc of the filtrate ( eluting with 4 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa / h 2 o ) followed by lyophilization gave 3 . 20 g of a fluffy white solid , 64 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure i - 7 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 552 . example 1 illustrates the general reaction conditions for converting pentapeptide intermediate ( i - 6 ) into a cyclic hexapeptide analog of an echinocandin - type compound . a solution of n - α - boc - n - γ -( 2 - chloro cbz )— l - ornithine ( 480 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ), n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 138 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ), and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 247 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ) in 4 ml of tetrahydrofuran was stirred overnight to form the active ester . a solution of i - 6 ( 1 . 0 g , 0 . 598 mmol ) in ethanol ( 5 ml ) was added to a slurry of 10 % pd / c ( 250 mg ) in 5 ml of ethanol followed by 10 ml of glacial acetic acid . the mixture was put under a balloon of h 2 and after 1 hour the starting material was gone . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the solution was carefully reduced under high vacuum keeping the temperature under 40 ° c . the resulting oil was dissolved in ether and the previously prepared tetrahydrofuran solution of active ester was added followed by excess triethylamine until the solution was basic to ph paper . after stirring for 2 hours , the solution was extracted with saturated nahco 3 solution followed by dilute hcl solution and then another portion of saturated nahco 3 solution . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give 0 . 85 g of the crude product . purification by flash chromatography ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) gave 0 . 53 g of coupled product e1 - 1 ( 47 % yield ). nmr data was consistent with the structure e1 - 1 . fab ms = 1922 . 2 ( m + 1 ) an ethanol / acetic acid solution ( 10 ml of each ) of e1 - 1 ( 0 . 53 g , 0 . 27 mmol ) with 10 % pd / c ( 200 mg ) was placed under a balloon of hydrogen . after 2 hours , tlc ( 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) indicated a complete reaction . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the solvent reduced in vacuo at 40 ° c . until the residue was a thick oil . the residue was dissolved in ethyl ether ( 150 ml ) and excess triethylamine was added until the solution was basic to ph paper (− 2 ml ). after 18 hours , tlc indicated a single product spot . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified over a flash column to provide 343 mg of a white solid ( 81 % yield ). nmr data was consistent with the structure e1 - 2 . fab ms = 1536 . 0 ( m + 1 ) removal of protecting groups and coupling of the side chain to give e1 - 3 compound e1 - 2 ( 510 mg , 0 . 332 mmol ) was dissolved in 5 ml trifluoroacetic acid at 0 ° c . after 0 . 5 hour , water ( 0 . 5 ml ) was added and the mixture stirred for 0 . 5 hour longer . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 1n hcl ( 2 ml ) and tetrahydrofuran ( 2 ml ). the solution was refrigerated for 48 hours after which hplc analysis ( 15 % acn / water , 230 nm ) showed a single product peak . the solvent was removed under high vacuum giving a foam residue which was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 8 ml ). the terphenyl hydroxybenzotriazole active ester ( 191 mg , 0 . 4 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 2 ml , 1 . 4 mmol ) were added to the solution . after 4 hours , hplc ( 60 % acn / water , 230 nm ) showed complete conversion to a new product peak . the solvent was removed under high vacuum and purified by preparative hplc using the analytical conditions . solvent removal from the pure fractions gave 238 mg ( 66 % yield ) of a white solid . nmr data was consistent with the structure e1 - 3 . fab ms calculated for c 58 h 74 n 7 o 14 1092 . 5294 ; found 1092 . 5301 ( m ). the following examples provide further illustrations of converting key intermediate ( i - 6 ) into a cyclic hexapeptide analog . in a similar manner i - 6 was converted to each of the following cyclic peptides : coupling with nα - boc - nβ - cbz - d - ornithine and subsequent cyclization gave 63 . 9 mg of e1 - 4 ( 21 - membered ring ). fab ms calculated for c 58 h 74 n 7 o 14 1092 . 5294 ; found 1092 . 5280 . coupling with nα - boc - nε - cbz - l - lysine and subsequent cyclization gave 44 . 1 mg of e1 - 5 ( 22 - membered ring ). fab ms calculated for c 59 h 76 n 7 o 14 1106 . 5450 ; found 1106 . 5464 . coupling with nα - fmoc - nδ - cbz - l - 2 , 4 - diaminobutyric acid and subsequent cyclization gave 65 . 0 mg of e1 - 6 ( 20 - membered ring ). fab ms calculated for c 57 h 72 n 7 o 14 = 1078 . 5137 ; found 1078 . 5128 . coupling with nα - boc - nβ - cbz - l - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid and subsequent cyclization gave 25 . 5 mg of e1 - 7 ( 19 - membered ring ). fab ms calculated for c 56 h 70 n 7 o 14 1064 . 4981 ; found 1064 . 4994 . table 1 summarizes the activity data for compounds e1 - 3 through e1 - 7 in comparison with the following comparative semi - synthetic echinocandin compound c1 which has proven in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity . in a murine model of organ recovery , compound c1 significantly reduced the number of a . fumigatus recovered from the kidneys and was as effective as amphotericin b on a mg / kg basis when both were administered intraperitoneally . in a pneumocystis carinii model , compound c1 reduced the number of cysts in the lungs of heavily infected , immunosuppressed rats by more than 99 % when administered orally at 5 mg / kg once daily for 4 days . prophylactic oral administration of 1 mg / kg twice daily for 4 weeks resulted in & gt ; 90 % reduction in all life cycle forms . ( see turner , w . w . and m . j . rodriguez , current pharmaceutical design , 1996 , 2 , p214 .) antifungal activity of the comparative and test compounds were determined in vitro by obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic ) of the compound using a standard agar dilution test or a disc - diffusion test . the following procedure described in baldwin & amp ; flinn , tetrahedron lett ., 26 ( 31 ), 3605 , ( 1987 ) was used to prepare e2 - 1 . a suspension of l - homoserine ( 5 g , 42 mmol ) in 20 ml of water was treated with solid sodium bicarbonate ( 3 . 5 g , 42 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature for approx . 10 minutes . a solution of di - t - butyl dicarbonate ( boc anhydride ) ( 13 . 75 g , 63 mmol ) in 20 ml of p - dioxane was added to the mixture and then stirred vigorously at room temperature for approx . 60 hours . the resulting homogenous solution was reduced in vacuo to yield a colorless oil . a solution of benzyl bromide ( 10 . 8 g , 63 mmol ) in 50 ml of dimethyl formamide was added to the residue . another 1 . 8 g ( 0 . 5 eq more ) of solid sodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight . the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography ( 1 : 1 chloroform / methanol , plus 1 drop of glacial acetic acid , developed using tdm stain ). the volatiles were removed in vacuo and ethyl acetate was added to the resulting residue . the organic layer was washed with water ( 2 times ), then brine . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated to yield 14 . 7 g of a light - yellow oil . the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide . triethylamine ( 12 . 7 g , 126 mmol ) was added and the mixture was cooled in an ice - bath . a suspension of sulfur trioxide / pyridine complex ( 20 g , 126 mmol ) in 50 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added with stirring . the ice - bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature . after approx . 10 minutes , the reaction mixture was poured into 200 ml of ice - water . the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate , the ethyl acetate extract was washed once with 0 . 1n sodium bisulfate , once with water and then finally with brine . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow oil . flash silica gel column purification chromatography ( approx . 250 g , 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 11 . 1 g ( 86 %) of a light - yellow oil . nmr and elemental analysis ( c , h , n ) data were consistent with structure e2 - 1 . ms ( fd +)= 308 ( m + h ) compound e2 - 1 ( 4 g ) was dissolved in 50 ml of methanol and then cooled in an ice - bath . a light blanket of hcl gas was introduced over the stirring solution ( approx . 2 - 3 seconds of gas allowed in ) and the solution was allowed to continue to stir cold . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). additional amounts of hcl gas were added as necessary to drive the reaction to completion . after approx . 2 hours , the reaction appeared to be complete . while still cold , the reaction was quenched by adding solid sodium bicarbonate and keeping the ph slightly on the basic side . the volatiles were removed in vacuo . ether was added to the residue . the ether layer was washed once with saturated sodium bicarbonate . the aqueous layer was back - extracted with ether . the combined ether extracts were then washed once with brine and dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield 4 . 6 g ( 100 %) of a clear , colorless oil . nmr and elemental analysis ( chn ) data were consistent with the structure e2 - 2 . ms ( fd +)= 354 ( m + h ) compound e2 - 2 ( 4 . 2 g , 11 . 9 mmol ) was dissolved in 50 ml of ethyl acetate . the solution was evacuated / purged with nitrogen 3 times , then 1 . 9 g of 5 % palladium on charcoal catalyst was added . the flask was evacuated one more time and then hydrogen was introduced into the flask . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) and after approx . 2 hours , the reaction was complete . the hydrogen was removed in vacuo , the solution was purged with nitrogen , celite filter aid was added , stirred , filtered through a small bed of celite on a sintered glass funnel , rinsed with ethyl acetate and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to yield 3 . 1 g ( 100 %) of a colorless oil . nmr data was consistent with the structure e2 - 3 . ms ( fd +)= 264 ( m + h ) elemental analysis ( chn ): theoretical % ( c − 50 . 18 ; h − 8 . 04 ; n − 5 . 32 ) observed % ( c − 51 . 14 ; h − 7 . 56 ; n − 5 . 65 ) coupling of compound 2 - 3 to the di - boc - silyl - cbz pentapeptide ( i - 6 ) to give ( e2 - 4 ) compound i - 6 was dissolved in 5 ml of ethanol and added to a slurry of 200 mg of 10 % palladium on charcoal in 10 ml of ethanol ( all under an atmosphere of nitrogen ). glacial acetic acid ( 2 ml ) was added and then a hydrogen atmosphere was introduced via a balloon . meanwhile , compound e2 - 3 ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 76 mmol ) was dissolved in 2 ml of tetrahydrofuran ( sure seal , or freshly distilled from lithium aluminum hydride ), 96 mg ( 0 . 84 mmol ) of n - hydroxysuccinimide was added , followed by 172 mg ( 0 . 84 mmol ) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature . after approx . 10 minutes , a heavy precipitate was observed . both reactions were allowed to stir at room temperature approx . 2 to 3 hours and monitored by tlc ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). after completion of the hydrogenation reaction , the mixture was purged with nitrogen , celite filter aid was added , stirred , and then filtered through a bed of celite in a sintered glass funnel . the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo , not letting the bath temperature rise above 45 ° c . the residue was dissolved in 8 ml of tetrahydrofuran and then approx . 2 ml of triethylamine was added to bring the ph to between 6 to 7 . the newly formed active ester from the second reaction was filtered directly into this vessel and enough triethylamine was added to keep the reaction mixture basic ( approx . ph 9 - 10 ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction monitored by tlc ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). the volatiles were removed in vacuo , chloroform was added to the residue , the organic layer was washed once with 1n hydrochloric acid , once with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , once more time with 1n hydrochloric acid , and finally once with brine . the solution was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 1 g of e2 - 4 as a white foam . the material was used without further purification in the subsequent reaction . however , purification can be accomplished using flash silica gel purification chromatography ( approx . 100 g of silica , 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane ). yield 395 mg ( 37 %) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with structure e2 - 4 . ms ( fab )= 1726 ( m - t - butyl ) a flask was charged with compound e2 - 4 ( 374 mg , 0 . 21 mmol ) and 8 ml of tetrahydrofuran . hydrazine hydrate ( 13 . 6 mg , 0 . 27 mmol , 13 . 6 μl ) was added and stirred at room temperature . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). after approx . 15 minutes , the volatiles were removed to yield a white foam . flash silica gel column chromatography ( approx . 25 g , 25 %→ 50 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 250 mg ( 75 %) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with the structure e2 - 5 . ms ( fab )= 1541 ( m - t - butyl ) stannous chloride ( 1 . 5 g ) and solid sodium bicarbonate ( 400 mg ) was suspended in 800 ml of methylene chloride . the mixture was stirred for approx . 15 minutes at room temperature . a solution of compound e2 - 5 ( 3 . 2 g ) was added in 100 ml of methylene chloride . the container containing compound e2 - 5 was rinsed with another 100 ml of solvent and added to the reaction vessel . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). after approx . 3 hours , the residual solids were filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to yield 3 g ( 100 %) of e2 - 6 as a pale - yellow solid . any attempt at purification failed due to instability . ms ( fab )= 1534 ( parent ion ) compound e2 - 6 ( 6 g , 3 . 9 mmol ) was dissolved in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran , 425 mg ( 6 . 76 mmol ) of sodium cyanoborohydride was added followed by 1 ml of glacial acetic acid . the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature while monitoring by tlc ( 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). after approx . 2 hours , the volatiles were removed in vacuo , ethyl acetate was added to the residue , washed twice with water , once with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 5 . 2 g of a white foam . the solid was dissolved in 125 ml of methanol and allowed to stir at room temperature for 6 days . the volatiles were removed in vacuo to yield 4 . 8 g of a white foam . flash silica gel column chromatography ( approx . 200 g , 25 %→ 35 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 2 . 2 g ( 37 %) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with the structure e2 - 7 . ms ( fab +)= 1537 ( m + h ) a solution of compound e2 - 7 ( 650 mg , 0 . 4 mmol ) in 15 ml of tetrahydrofuran and solid sodium bicarbonate ( 67 mg ) were added to a reaction vessel fitted with rubber septum and stir bar . the solution was flushed with nitrogen and stirred . the mixture was cooled in an ice - bath and benzyl chloroformate ( 144 mg , 0 . 8 mmol , 12 μl ) was added via syringe . the mixture was stirred cold for approx . 1 hour . the ice - bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for approx . 3 hrs . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 20 % and 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane , cam stain ). the volatiles were removed in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in ether , washed twice with water , once with dilute hydrochloric acid quickly , once with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , once with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 700 mg of a white foam . flash silica gel column chromatography ( 35 g of silica , 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 460 mg ( 65 %) of a white foam . nmr data was consistent with the structure e2 - 8 . ms ( fab )= 1670 ( parent ion ) compound e2 - 8 ( 1 . 2 g , 0 . 72 mmol ) was dissolved in cold trifluoroacetic acid ( 10 ml ), placed in an ice - bath and stirred for approx . 1 . 5 hrs . cold water ( 5 ml ) was added and stirring continued in the ice - bath for approx . 1 hr . the volatiles were removed in vacuo , 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 5 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid was added and stirred overnight at room temperature . the volatiles were removed in vacuo , toluene was added to the residue and then evaporated . the procedure was repeated two more times in order to remove the excess trifluoroacetic acid . ether was added to the residue and then sonicated to yield a white solid . the ether was filtered off and the residue rinsed several times with ether . the residue was dried under high vacuum to yield 660 mg ( 100 %) of a white solid . analysis by rp - hplc ( c - 18 bondapak , 70 : 20 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa , 230 nm ) shows material to be 97 % pure . nmr data was consistent with the structure e2 - 9 . ms ( fab )= 885 . 5 ( m + h ) compound e2 - 9 ( 600 mg , 0 . 68 mmol ) was dissolved in 10 ml of dimethylformamide and enough diisopropyl ethylamine added to make the solution basic to ph paper ( approx . 0 . 5 ml ). the hydroxybenzotriazole active ester of the terphenyl side chain ( 388 mg , 0 . 81 mmol ) was added to the reaction vessel and allowed to stir at room temperature overnight . the reaction was monitored by rp - hplc ( 60 : 40 acn / water , 230 nm ). the solvent was removed in vacuo , and a 1 : 1 mixture of methanol / acetonitrile was added to the resulting residue , followed by stirring and then filtration . the resulting white solid was suspended in ether , stirred , filtered , and the process repeated . the same procedure was performed using methylene chloride , then finally one time more with ether . the residue was dried under vacuum to yield 735 mg ( 88 %) of a white solid — compound e2 - 10 ( a ). ms ( fab )= 1227 . 6 ( parent ion ) the white solid ( 632 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) was suspended in glacial acetic acid ( 100 ml ) and subjected to catalytic hydrogenation under a balloon of hydrogen , overnight ( 100 mg of 10 % palladium on charcoal ). the reaction was monitored by reverse - phase hplc ( c - 18 bondapak , 60 : 30 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa , 230 nm ). the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen , celite filter aid was added , stirred , filtered through a bed of celite in a sintered glass funnel , the catalyst was washed with a 1 : 1 : 1 mixture of methanol / acn / water , and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness . toluene was added and then allowed to evaporate to dryness yielding 440 mg ( 81 %) of a white solid — compound e2 - 10 ( b ). ms ( fab )= 1093 . 5 ( parent ion ) alkylation of deprotected acyl hydrazide nucleus e 2 - 10 ( b ), where r is methyl , ethyl or n - propyl ( e2 - 11 ) the following procedure illustrates a typical preparation for the alkylations . compound e2 - 10 ( b ) ( 100 mg , 0 . 086 mmol ) was dissolved or suspended in 10 ml of dimethyl formamide . two equivalents of the corresponding aldehyde ( for formaldehyde use 5 . 2 mg ( 15 μl )) was added ( for acetaldehyde use 7 . 6 mg ( 10 μl ) and for propionaldehyde use 10 mg ( 12 . 5 μl ), all are 0 . 173 mmol ), followed by enough glacial acetic acid ( approx . 3 - 4 drops ) to make the mixture acidic . sodium cyanoborohydride ( 11 mg , 0 . 173 mmol ) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature , overnight . the reaction was monitored by reverse - phase hplc ( c - 18 bondapak , acn / water / 1 % tfa ( 55 : 35 : 10 ), 280 nm ). the reaction was quenched with water to obtain a clear solution and a white gummy material in the bottom of the flask . the solvents were removed in vacuo , acetonitrile was added , filtered , and washed with ether to obtain a white powder ( 150 mg for methyl , 250 mg for ethyl , and 250 mg for propyl ). all alkylated materials were isolated using preparative rp - hplc ( 50 : 40 : 10 acn / water / 1 % hcl , 230 nm for methyl and ethyl and 55 : 35 : 10 acn / water / 1 % hcl , 230 nm for propyl ). yield : 64 mg for the methyl derivative e2 - 11 ( a ) having a ms ( fab )= 1107 . 54 ( exact mass ) 59 mg for the ethyl derivative e2 - 11 ( b ) having ms ( fab )= 1121 . 55 ( exact mass ) 73 mg for the propyl derivative e2 - 11 ( c ) having a ms ( fab )= 1135 . 57 ( exact mass ) preparation of the product from coupling glycine to compound e2 - 7 ( e2 - 12 ) cbz - glycine ( 2 g , 9 . 6 mmol ) was dissolved in 25 ml of tetrahydrofuran , pentafluorophenol ( 2 . 2 g , 11 . 9 mmol ) was added , followed by 1 -[ 3 -( dimethylamino ) propyl ]- 3 - ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride ( edac ) ( 2 . 2 g , 11 . 5 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen . the reaction was monitored by tlc ( 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane , uv and cam stain ). after approx . 1 hour , the solvent was removed in vacuo , the residue dissolved in methylene chloride , the organic layer washed once with 1 m sodium bisulfate solution , thrice with 1n sodium hydroxide and finally once with brine . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield 3 . 3 g ( 92 %) of a light - pink solid . the material had consistent nmr data . compound e2 - 7 ( 700 mg , 0 . 45 mmol ) was dissolved in 15 ml of tetrahydrofuran . the active ester from above ( 504 mg , 1 . 3 mmol ) was added , plus a few drops of triethylamine . the mixture was heated near reflux for approx . 4 hours , then cooled to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight . the volatiles were removed in vacuo , ether was added to the residue , washed twice with 1n sodium hydroxide , once with brine , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 1 . 1 g of a white foam . flash silica gel column cleanup ( 20 : 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 0 . 75 g ( 95 %) of a white foam . the material had satisfactory nmr data . ms ( fab ): 1727 . 9 ( parent ion ) the silyl and boc protecting groups were removed following the previous procedure for preparation of compound e2 - 9 . the reaction was monitored by rp - hplc ( 25 : 65 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa , 230 nm ). yield = 490 mg of a white powder the terphenyl side chain was coupled to the above product according to the method for preparation of compound e2 - 10 ( b ). reacting amounts : 490 mg of the above compound , 260 mg ( 0 . 544 mmol ) of the terphenyl active ester , 10 ml of dimethyl formamide , and enough diisopropylethylamine to make the reaction basic . the reaction was followed by rp - hplc ( 25 : 65 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa for starting material , 230 nm and 60 : 30 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa for product , 280 nm ). the solvent was removed under high vacuum to yield a white , gummy residue . trituration from ether ( 2 washes ) yielded 800 mg of a pale - yellow powder . the above product was subjected to the same hydrogenolysis conditions as that for compound e2 - 10 ( a ). reagent amounts : 400 mg of 10 % palladium on charcoal , 100 ml of glacial acetic acid . overnight reaction yielded 600 mg of an off - white solid . the product was isolated using rp - hplc ( acn / water / 1 % tfa ( 50 : 40 : 10 ), 280 nm ). yield = 188 mg of a white powder . nmr data was consistent with structure e2 - 12 . ms ( fab )= 1150 . 54 ( exact mass ) preparation of the product from coupling diaminopropionic acid to compound e2 - 7 ( e2 - 13 ) following the above procedure for the preparation of compound e2 - 12 , the active ester of l - di - cbz - diamino - propionic acid was prepared . reacting stoichiometries were : l - di - cbz - diaminopropionic acid — 581 mg ( 1 . 56 mmol ), pentafluorophenol — 344 mg ( 1 . 87 mmol ), 1 -[ 3 -( dimethylamino ) propyl ]- 3 - ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride ( edac )— 360 mg ( 1 . 87 mmol ), tetrahydrofuran — 12 ml . tlc system : chloroform / methanol / glacial acetic acid , 75 : 25 : drop , for starting material ; 40 % ethyl acetate / hexane , tdm stain for product . same workup yielded 720 mg ( 86 %) of a white solid . the material had satisfactory nmr data . again , following the above procedure for coupling the active ester ( 710 mg , 1 . 32 mmol ) to compound e2 - 7 ( 800 mg , 0 . 52 mmol ) and refluxing for 2 days , standard workup yielded 1 . 1 g of a white foam . flash silica gel column chromatography ( 100 g of silica , 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) yielded 0 . 56 g ( 57 % yield ) of a white foam . ms ( fab )= 1891 ( parent ion ) the silyl and boc protecting groups were removed following the previous procedure for preparation of compound e2 - 9 . the reaction was monitored by rp - hplc ( 50 : 40 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa , 230 nm ). yield = 550 mg the terphenyl side chain was coupled to the above product according to the method for preparation of compound e2 - 10 ( b ). reacting amounts : 550 mg of the above compound , 239 mg ( 0 . 5 mmol ) of the terphenyl active ester , 10 ml of dimethylformamide , and enough diisopropylethylamine to make the reaction basic . the reaction was followed by rp - hplc ( 70 : 20 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa for starting material , 230 nm and 40 : 50 : 10 acn / water / 1 % tfa for product , 280 nm ). the solvent was removed under high vacuum to yield a white , gummy residue . trituration from ether ( 2 washes ) yielded 850 mg of an off - white powder . the above product was subjected to the same hydrogenolysis conditions as that for compound e2 - 10 ( a ). reagent amounts : 400 mg of 10 % palladium on charcoal , 100 ml of glacial acetic acid . overnight reaction yielded 580 mg of an off - white solid . the product was isolated using rp - hplc ( gradient acn / water / 1 % tfa ( 45 / 45 / 10 →+ 55 / 10 elution scheme , 280 nm ). two separate products were isolated , both having the same molecular weight . it was never determined what the relative stereochemistries of the two compounds were . the yield of one e2 - 13 isomer was 76 mg and the yield of the other e2 - 13 isomer was 116 mg . ms ( fab )= 1179 . 6 ( parent ion ) for both table 2 summarizes the activity data for compounds e2 - 9 through e2 - 13 in comparison with the comparative semi - synthetic echinocandin compound c1 . the same testing procedures were used as described in example 1 above . sodium hydride ( 72 mg , 1 . 8 mmol , 60 % suspension in mineral oil ) was triturated with hexanes under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 3 - necked round bottomed flask . the flask was placed in a 0 ° c . bath and a solution of cbznhch 2 ch 2 sh ( 470 mg , 1 . 87 mmol , 85 % pure ) in dmf ( 5 ml ) was added . the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 20 min which resulted in a colorless solution . n - boc - o - toluenesulfonyl serine methyl ester ( 671 mg , 1 . 8 mmol ) was added as a solid and washed into the flask with an additional 2 ml of dmf . the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 3 hours then poured into water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate . the combined organic extracts were washed with water , 1n sodium hydroxide solution , water , and brine , then dried over mgso 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 900 mg of an oil . radial chromatography eluting with 25 %→ 50 % ethyl acetate in hexanes gave 570 mg 76 % of the desired ( r )- 2 -[( tert - butoxy - carbonyl ) amino ]- 3 -[( 2 ′- n - benzyloxycarbonyl amino ) ethanethio ] methyl propiolate . anal . calculated for c 19 h 28 n 2 o 6 s , c : 55 . 32 , h : 6 . 84 , n : 6 . 79 ; found c : 55 . 26 , h : 6 . 95 , n : 6 . 94 . [ α ] d − 1 . 9 ° ( c = 10 ). compound e3 - 1 ( 520 mg , 1 . 26 mmol ) in dioxane ( 3 ml ) was treated with 0 . 5m lioh solution ( 3 ml ) and stirred at room temperature overnight . the dioxane was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between 1n hydrochloric acid solution and ethyl acetate . the organic extract was washed with brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 500 mg of a colorless oil corresponding to compound e3 - 2 . anal . calculated for c 18 h 26 n 2 o 6 s + 0 . 4h 2 o , c : 53 . 29 , h : 6 . 65 , n : 6 . 90 ; found c : 53 . 61 , h : 6 . 82 , n : 6 . 85 . [ α ] d − 0 . 9 ° ( c = 10 ). ms : ( m + 1 ) 399 . compound e3 - 2 ( 0 . 95g , 2 . 38 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh ( 15 ml ) and cooled to 0 ° c . a solution of oxone ® ( 1 . 77g , 5 . 7 mmol ) in water ( 15 ml ) was added and the resulting mixture stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 hour then at room temperature overnight . the meoh was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water . the aqueous phase was extracted several more times with ethyl acetate . the combined organic extracts were washed with brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 800 mg ( 78 %) of a colorless foam corresponding to compound e3 - 3 . anal . calculated for c 18 h 26 n 2 o 8 s , c : 50 . 22 , h : 6 . 09 , n : 6 . 51 . found : , c : 50 . 13 , h : 5 . 86 , n : 6 . 45 . [ α ] d − 7 ° ( c = 10 ). ms : ( m + 1 ) 431 . to a solution of compound e3 - 3 ( 160 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ) and n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 43 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ) in dry thf ( 5 ml ) was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 76 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ) and an additional 2 ml of thf . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then cooled to 0 ° c . to help precipitate dicyclohexyl urea . in the meantime , the diboc cbz silyl pentapeptide i - 6 ( 565 mg , 0 . 337 mmol ) was dissolved in absolute ethanol ( 10 ml ) and glacial acetic acid ( 95 ml ), degassed and then 10 % pd / c ( 160 mg ) was added to the mixture . the mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of h 2 ( balloon pressure ) for 3 hrs . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to a thick oil . thf ( 10ml ) and acetic acid ( 1ml ) were added and the solvents again removed in vacuo to remove all residual ethanol . the above prepared nhs active ester of compound e3 - 3 was filtered directly into the flask containing the deblocked pentapeptide through a sintered glass funnel , washing the precipitated dcu with an additional 3 ml of thf . the resulting solution was made basic to litmus paper by dropwise addition of triethyl amine . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 3 hours , then diluted with ethyl acetate , washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , and brine , then dried over mgso 4 and concentrated in vacuo . flash chromatography eluting with 7 : 2 : 1 hexane : ethyl acetate : methylene chloride gave the desired coupling product e3 - 4 as a mixture of isomers . the less polar isomer yielded 140 mg having a ms = 1950 . 9 ( m +). mixed fractions : 224 mg . the more polar isomer yielded 155 mg having a ms = 1951 . 9 ( m + 1 ). total yield 519 mg , 78 %. this reaction was repeated on a 0 . 6 mmol scale to give 400 mg of the desired product as a mixture of isomers . anal . calculated for c 93 h 168 n 8 o 22 ssi 6 , c : 57 . 25 , h : 8 . 68 , n : 5 . 75 ; found c : 57 . 55 , h : 8 . 63 , n : 5 . 79 . ( the stereocenter of acid e3 - 3 racemized in the coupling reaction .) a solution of compound e3 - 4 ( 390 mg , 0 . 2 mmol , mixture of diastereomers ) in absolute ethanol ( 10 ml ) and glacial acetic acid ( 10 ml ) was degassed and then treated with 10 % pd / c ( 390 mg ). the mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of h 2 ( balloon pressure ) for 2 hrs . the catalyst was removed by filtration through celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo being careful to leave some acetic acid present . the residue was diluted with diethyl ether ( 175 ml ) and triethylamine was added until the mixture was basic to litmus paper ( approximately 1 ml was required ). the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight , then washed with 0 . 1n hydrochloric acid solution , brine , dried over mgso 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to give a foam . flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes gave the desired ring closed material e3 - 5 . the less polar isomer yielded 105 mg of a foam having a ms : ( m +) 1599 . 9 . the more polar isomer yielded 110 mg of a foam having a ms = 1599 . 8 ( m +). total yield was 215 mg , 67 %. the more polar isomer of compound e3 - 5 ( 160 mg , 0 . 1 mmol ) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid ( 5 ml ) that had been cooled to 0 ° c . after 30 min water ( 0 . 5 ml ) was added and the mixture stirred an additional 30 min at 0 ° c . the mixture was concentrated in vacuo , the residue dissolved in thf and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in thf ( 3 ml ), 1n hydrochloric acid solution ( 1 ml ) was added , and the mixture placed in the refrigerator overnight . the solvent removed in vacuo then additional thf was added and the mixture reconcentrated to azeotrope off the water . this treatment provided a white solid . this white solid was dissolved in dmf ( 5 ml ) and the terphenylhydroxybenzotriazole active ester ( 58 mg , 0 . 12 mmol ) was added followed by triethylamine ( 60 □ 1 , 0 . 4 mmol ). the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight , then the solvent was removed in vacuo . the residue was purified by preparative rp - hplc ( step gradient 50 %- 70 % acn in water over 45 min ). the major peak was analyzed by hplc ( c - 18 u - bondpak column , 60 % acn , 0 . 1 % tfa in water ) and the fractions containing the material which eluted at 4 min were combined and freeze dried to give 65 mg ( 56 % yield ) of e3 - 6 as a white powder having a ms 1156 . 6 ( m +). in analogous fashion the less polar isomer was converted to e3 - 7 ( material eluted in 7 min under the above described analytical conditions ) to give 13 mg ( 11 % yield ) of the desired e3 - 7 . fab ms ( m ), calculated for c 58 h 74 n 7 o 16 s 1156 . 4913 ; found = 1156 . 4924 . the following set of examples illustrate the further cleavage of the linear pentapeptide to a tetrapeptide and subsequent insertion of new units onto the linear peptide chain prior to closing . to a solution of compound i - 7 ( 732 mg , 1 . 1 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 25 ml ) was added pybop ® ( 572 mg , 1 . 1 mmol ), n - cbz - l - valine ( 304 mg , 1 . 21 mmol ), diisopropylethyl amine ( 0 . 57 ml , 3 . 3 mmol ), and anhydrous dmf ( 1 . 0 ml ) to dissolve remaining solids . the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs . followed by removal of the solvents in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in anhydrous thf ( 40 ml ), followed by addition of t - butyldimethylsilylchloride ( 1 . 66 g , 11 . 0 mmol ) and imidazole ( 750 mg , 11 . 0 mmol ). the solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs . the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in et 2 o , washed twice with 0 . 1n hcl , dried over mgso 4 , and the solvent removed in vacuo . flash chromatography ( eluting with 35 % etoac / hexane ) gave 690 mg of product , 46 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 1 . fab ms ( m +)= 1356 . to a solution of compound e4 - 1 ( 700 mg , 0 . 51 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 0 . 6 ml ) and acetonitrile ( 4 ml ) was added n - t - boc anhydride ( 0 . 24 ml , 1 . 03 mmol ) and dimethylaminopyridine ( 7 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ). the solution was stirred for 3 hrs . following removal of the solvents in vacuo , flash chromatography ( eluting with 17 % etoac / hexane ) gave 307 mg of product , 38 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 2 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1556 . to a solution of 5 % pd / c ( 150 mg ) in etoh ( 15 ml ) and acoh ( 15 ml ) under an n 2 atmosphere was added compound e4 - 2 ( 307 mg , 0 . 20 mmol ). the solution was purged / filled with h 2 (× 8 ) and subjected to constant h 2 pressure for 2 . 0 hrs ., then filtered over celite to remove the catalyst . the solution was concentrated in vacuo to remove solvents , the residue dissolved in anhydrous thf ( 30 ml ), followed by addition of α - n - t - boc - γ - n - cbz - l - ornithine ( 80 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ), pybop ® ( 103 mg , 0 . 20 mmol ), and diisopropylethyl amine ( 0 . 10 ml , 0 . 59 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs ., followed by removal of the solvent in vacuo . flash chromatography ( eluting with 30 % etoac / hexane ) gave 284 mg of a white solid , 81 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 3 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1771 . to an n 2 purged solution of compound e4 - 3 ( 279 mg , 0 . 16 mmol ) in etoh ( 13 ml ) and acoh ( 12 ml ) was added 5 % pd / c ( 150 mg ). the reaction was purged / filled with h 2 (× 10 ) and left under constant h 2 pressure for 2 hrs ., followed by removal of the catalyst by filtration over celite and removal of solvents in vacuo . the resulting oil was dissolved in et 2 o ( 75 ml ) followed by addition of triethylamine ( 5 ml , 35 . 9 mmol ). after 18 hrs ., the reaction was concentrated in vacuo , and flash chromatography ( eluting with 34 % etoac / hexane ) gave 96 mg of product , 43 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 4 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1420 . a solution of compound e4 - 4 ( 93 mg , 0 . 07 mmol ) in ice cold tfa ( 2 ml ) was placed in a 0 ° c . freezer for 2 hrs ., followed by addition of ice cold water ( 2 ml ) and was then stirred in an ice bath for 2 hrs . the solution was concentrated in vacuo to yield 66 mg white solids , which were dissolved in thf ( 1 . 5 ml ) and hcl ( 1 . 5 ml , 1 . 0n ) and stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs . toluene was added and the solution was concentrated in vacuo three times to assist in removal of tfa , giving 44 . 5 mg of an off - white solid , 91 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 5 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 748 . to a solution of compound e4 - 5 ( 44 mg , 0 . 06 mmol ) in anhydrous dmf ( 2 ml ), was added diisopropylethyl amine ( 0 . 03 ml , 0 . 18 mmol ) and the hydroxybenzotriazole active ester of the terphenyl side chain ( 34 mg , 0 . 07 mmol ). the solution was stirred at room temperature for 40 hrs . solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was treated with et 2 o ( 10 ml ), sonicated , and a brown solid was isolated by filtration . rp - hplc ( eluting with 30 - 70 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa / h 2 o ) and freeze drying gave 18 . 7 mg of a white solid , 29 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e4 - 6 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1090 . example 5 further exemplifies the insertion of new units onto a tetrapeptide chain followed by ring closure to produce a new cyclic peptide echinocandin - type structure . to a solution of tetrapeptide i - 7 ( 700 mg , 1 . 05 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 20 ml ) was added pybop ® ( 547 mg , 1 . 05 mmol ), n - cbz - l - tyrosine ( 364 mg , 1 . 16 mmol ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 55 ml , 3 . 15 mmol ). the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs . followed by removal of the solvents in vacuo . used directly in the next reaction . the above residue e5 - 1 was dissolved in anhydrous dmf ( 10 ml ), followed by addition of t - bu - dimethylsilyl chloride ( 1 . 90 g , 12 . 6 mmol ) and imidazole ( 860 mg , 12 . 6 mmol ) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs . the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in et 2 o , washed twice with cold 0 . 1n hcl , once with h 2 o , 10 % aq . sodium bicarbonate , brine and dried over mgso 4 , filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo to give 2 . 0 g crude oil . purified by radial chromatography ( eluting with 35 % etoac / hexanes ) to give 700 mg ( 43 % yield ) of product . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e5 - 2 . fab ms ( m + )= 1534 . to a solution of compound e5 - 2 ( 700 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 10 ml ) was added n - t - boc anhydride ( 0 . 41 ml , 1 . 78 mmol ) in portions and dimethylaminopyridine ( 7 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ), and the solution was stirred for 3 hrs . at ambient temperature . following removal of solvents in vacuo , purification by radial chromatography ( eluting with 20 % etoac / hexanes ) gave 460 mg of product , 58 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e5 - 3 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1735 . to a solution of 10 % pd / c ( 270 mg ) in etoh ( 10 ml ) and acoh ( 10 ml ) under an n 2 atmosphere was added compound e5 - 3 ( 460 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ). the solution was purged / filled with h 2 (× 4 ) and subjected to constant h 2 pressure for 2 . 0 hrs . at ambient temperature , then filtered over celite to remove catalyst . the solution was concentrated in vacuo to remove solvents , the residue dissolved in anhydrous thf ( 30 ml ), followed by addition of α - n - t - boc - γ - n - cbz - l - ornithine - n - hydroxysuccinimide ester ( 172 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ), and triethylamine to ph 8 (≈ 5 ml ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs . diluted the reaction with ether and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate , 0 . 1n hcl , saturated sodium bicarbonate , and dried over magnesium sulfate . filtered and concentrated in vacuo . radial chromatography ( eluting with 30 % etoac / hexanes ) gave 280 mg of a white solid , 54 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e5 - 4 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1949 . to an n 2 purged solution of compound e5 - 4 ( 280 mg , 0 . 14 mmol ) in etoh ( 10 ml ) and acoh ( 5 ml ) was added 10 % pd / c ( 200 mg ). the reaction was purged / filled with h 2 (× 4 ) and left under constant h 2 pressure for 2 hrs ., followed by removal of the catalyst by filtration over celite . the resulting oil was dissolved in et 2 o ( 10 ml ) followed by addition of triethylamine ( 4 ml , 28 . 7 mmol ). after 18 hrs ., the reaction was concentrated in vacuo , and purified by radial chromatography ( eluting with 40 % etoac / hexanes ) gave 130 mg of product , 57 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e5 - 5 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1597 . a solution of compound e5 - 5 ( 128 mg , 0 . 08 mmol ) in ice cold tfa ( 2 ml ) was placed in 0 ° c . freezer for 2 hrs ., followed by addition of ice cold water ( 2 ml ) and was then stirred in an ice bath for 2 hrs . the solution was concentrated in vacuo , then dissolved in thf ( 1 . 5 ml ) and 1n hcl ( 1 . 5 ml ) and stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs . toluene was added and the solution was concentrated in vacuo three times , giving 70 mg of a dihydrochloride white solid , 100 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectnun was consistent with the structure e5 - 6 . fab ms calculated for m + h c 39 h 54 n 7 o 12 = 812 . 3830 ; found = 812 . 3837 . to a solution of compound e5 - 6 ( 65 mg , 0 . 08 mmol ) in anhydrous dmf ( 5 ml ), was added n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 2 . 0 ml , 11 . 5 mmol ) and the hydroxybenzotriazole active ester of the terphenyl side chain ( 50 mg , 0 . 11 mmol ), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs . solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was treated with et 2 o ( 10 ml ), sonicated , and a beige solid was isolated . the methanol soluble portion was purified by rp hplc ( waters bondapak c - 18 , eluting with 58 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa / h 2 o at a flow of 20 ml / min ) and freeze drying gave 35 mg of a white solid , 38 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e5 - 7 . fab ms calculated for m + h c 63 h 76 n 7 o 14 = 1154 . 5450 ; found = 1154 . 5458 . example 6 illustrates the introduction of a water solubilizing group onto the tetrapeptide intermediate prior to cyclization . n - α - boc - l - α , β - diaminopropionic acid ( 0 . 5 g , 2 . 45 mmol )( available from bachem ) and 1 , 3 - bis ( benzyloxycarbonyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - thiopseudourea ( 0 . 88 g , 2 . 45 mmol ) were combined in 15 ml of anhydrous dmf . triethylamine ( 1 . 0 ml , 7 . 3 mmol ) was added and stirred for 3 days at ambient temperature . the reaction was diluted with 100 ml of 0 . 1 n naoh and extracted into ether . the aqueous layer was then acidified with cold saturated citric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 200 ml ). the combined organics were dried over mgso 4 , filtered and concentrated to a quantitative yield of a thick colorless oil . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with structure e6 - 1 . fd ms ( m + of free base )= 515 . to the above acid e6 - 1 ( 310 mg , 0 . 60 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 10 ml ) was added n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 69 mg , 0 . 60 mmol ) and dcc ( 123 mg , 0 . 60 mmol ). a white precipitate began to form after about 1 hr . the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature . the reaction was filtered and the crude solution used directly in the next coupling . to a solution of the above activated ester e6 - 2 ( 366 mg , 0 . 60 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 10 ml ) and ether ( 10 ml ) was added compound e5 - 3 ( 920 mg , 0 . 60 mmol ) and triethylarnine ( 3 ml ). the solution was allowed to stir overnight ( 18 hrs .) at ambient temperature . the reaction was diluted with ether and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 250 ml ), 0 . 1 n hcl ( 1 × 250 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 250 ml ), dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated to 1 . 0 g crude white solid . the product was purified by radial chromatography ( eluting with 30 / 70 ethyl acetate / hexanes ) to give 550 mg ( 46 % yield ) of a white solid . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with structure e6 - 3 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 2036 . to a solution of 5 % pd / c ( 150 mg ) in etoh ( 15 ml ) and acoh ( 15 ml ) under an n 2 atmosphere was added compound e6 - 3 ( 550 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ). the solution was purged / filled with h 2 (× 4 ) and subjected to constant h 2 pressure for 2 . 0 hrs ., then filtered over celite to remove the catalyst . the solution was concentrated in vacuo to remove the solvents , the residue dissolved in acetonitrile ( 10 ml ) and ether ( 3 ml ), followed by addition of 2 ml of triethylamine . the mixture was sonicated for 4 hours and the temperature allowed to reach 40 ° c . the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by radial chromatography ( eluting with 40 / 60 ethyl acetate / hexanes ) to give 57 mg of the desired compound ( 14 % yield ). the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e6 - 4 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 1549 . to the above compound e6 - 4 ( 77 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ) was added 3 ml of neat trifluoroacetic acid while cooling to 0 ° c . after 45 minutes , 0 . 5 ml of water was added while maintaining the reaction at 0 ° c . after 30 minutes , the mixture was concentrated to a colorless oil . to this oil was added 2 ml of thf and 2 ml of 1n hcl and refrigerated overnight . toluene was stripped from the mixture to give a quantitative yield of the free amine as the trihydrochloride salt . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e6 - 5 . fab ms ( m + of free base )= 764 . to a solution of compound e6 - 5 ( 50 mg , 0 . 06 mmol ) in anhydrous dmf ( 5 ml ), was added n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 2 ml ) and the hydroxybenzotriazole active ester of the terphenyl side chain ( 44 mg , 0 . 09 mmol ), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated with a mixture of acetonitrile and ether . the solid was dried to 25 mg of a crude white solid . the product was purified by rp hplc on a waters bondapak c - 18 column eluting with 55 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa / h 2 o at a flow of 20 ml / min . the appropriate fractions were freeze dried to give 10 . 0 mg of a white solid , 18 % yield . the 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz ) spectrum was consistent with the structure e6 - 6 . fab ms calculated for ( m + h ) c 57 h 72 n 9 o 14 = 1106 . 5199 ; found = 1106 . 5185 table 3 summarizes the activity data for compounds e3 - 6 , e4 - 6 , e5 - 7 and e6 - 6 in comparison with the comparative semi - synthetic echinocandin compound c1 . the same testing procedures were used as described in example 1 above . to a 1 : 1 dimethylformamide : water solution ( 170 ml ) of [ bis ( trifluoroacetoxy ) iodo ] benzene ( 12 . 89 g , 32 . 29 mmol , 1 . 5 equiv ) was added n - α - boc - d - asparagine ( 5 g , 21 . 53 mmol , 1 equiv ). this solution stirred at room temperature for 0 . 5 h before pyridine ( 3 . 4 g , 43 . 06 mmol , 2 equiv ) was added . after 18 h the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was redissolved in water before being washed with diethyl ether ( 2 ×, 50 ml ). the aqueous layer was concentrated in vacuo and the crude product was recrystallized from hot acetonitrile to give e7 - 1 ( 1 . 10 g , 25 % yield ). an aqueous solution ( 12 ml ) of n - α - boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid e7 - 1 ( 1 . 114 g , 5 . 45 mmol , 1 equiv ) and nahco 3 ( 0 . 458 g , 5 . 45 mmol , 1 equiv ) was stirred rapidly for 15 minutes until complete solvation . to this was added a 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane solution ( 22 ml ) of n - cbz - o - n - hydroxysuccinimide glycine ester . after stirring at room temperature for 18 hours the reaction was concentrated in vacuo . the residue was redissolved in water , acidified to ph 3 with 1n aqueous hcl , and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water . the aqueous layer was washed 3 × with additional water before organics were combined , dried over mgso 4 , and concentrated . the crude white foam was purified on reverse phase , c - 18 column , preparative hplc ( gradient 5 : 95 acn / 0 . 01 % tfa to 100 % acn elution scheme ) to afford 1 . 46 g ( 3 . 69 mmol , 68 % yield ) of e7 - 2 . to a 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane solution ( 40 ml ) of e7 - 2 ( 1 . 40 g , 3 . 54 mmol , 1 equiv ) and n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 0 . 448 g , 3 . 89 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv ) cooled to 0 ° c . was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 0 . 804 g , 3 . 89 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv ). after stirring for 1 h at 0 ° c . it was set in the refrigerator for 18 hours . the solution was then filtered and the filtrate was stripped to dryness and placed on high vacuum for 2 hours to give approximately 2 g of product ( contained some dcu byproduct ) which was used without further purification . a solution of linear peptide intermediate i - 6 ( 1 . 0 g , 0 . 598 mmol ) in ethanol ( 5 ml ) was added to a slurry of 10 % pd / c ( 250 mg ) in 5 ml of ethanol followed by 10 ml of glacial acetic acid . the mixture was put under a balloon of h 2 and after 1 hr the starting material was gone ( tlc 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ). the catalyst was removed by filtration through a celite plug and the solution was carefully reduced ( but not to dryness ) under high vacuum keeping the temperature under 40 ° c . the resulting oil was dissolved in 25 ml of ether and a 10 ml tetrahydrofuran solution of dipeptide active ester e7 - 3 ( o - suc - nα - boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - n - cbz - glycine ) was added followed by excess triethylamine until the solution was basic to ph paper . after stirring for 16 hrs ., the solution was extracted with saturated nahco 3 solution followed by dilute hcl solution and then another portion of saturated nahco 3 solution . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give 1 . 194 g of the crude product . purification by flash chromatography ( 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) gave 0 . 674 g ( 59 % yield ) of coupled product e7 - 4 . fab ms = 1916 . 5 ( m + 1 ) an ethanol / acetic acid solution ( 10 ml of each ) of e7 - 4 ( 0 . 665 g , 0 . 34 mmol ) with 10 % pd / c ( 200 mg ) was placed under a balloon of hydrogen . after 1 . 5 hrs ., tlc ( 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) indicated a complete reaction . the catalyst was removed by filtration through a plug of celite and the solvent reduced in vacuo ( but not to dryness ) at 40 ° c . until the residue was a thick oil . this material was dissolved in ethyl ether ( 150 ml ) and excess triethylamine (˜ 8 ml ) was added . after 18 hrs ., tlc ( 30 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) indicated one major product spot . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was redissolved in ethyl acetate and washed several times with water . the organics were combined and dried over mgso 4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to give 0 . 800 g of crude product . this was purified over a flash column ( silica gel eluted with 30 % ethylacetate / hexanes ) to provide 293 mg ( 54 % yield ) of e7 - 5 as a white solid . fab ms = 1564 . 9 removal of protecting groups and coupling of the side chain to give e7 - 6 compound e7 - 5 ( 288 mg , 0 . 181 mmol ) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid ( 3 ml ) and cooled to 0 ° c . after 0 . 5 hrs ., water was added ( 0 . 5 ml ) and the mixture was stirred for 0 . 6 hrs longer . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 1n hcl ( 2 ml ) and tetrahydrofuran ( 3 ml ). this solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 . 5 hr after which time it was set in the refrigerator overnight . the solvent was removed under high vacuum giving a foam residue which was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide ( 3 ml ). terphenyl hydroxybenzotriazole active ester ( 108 mg , 0 . 276 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 11 ml , 0 . 78 mmol ) were added to the solution . after stirring overnight at room temperature the solvents were removed under high vacuum and the crude material ( 380 mg ) was purified by preparative rp - hplc ( c - 18 column eluted with a 50 % acn / 0 . 01 % tfa aqueous solution ). lyophilization of the pure fractions gave 97 mg ( 48 % yield ) of e7 - 6 ( a ) as a white solid . fab ms = 1121 . 5 ( m ) calc . for c 58 h 72 n 8 o 15 = 1121 . 21 the h - nmr data was consistent with the structure e7 - 6 ( b ). ms ( fab )= 1121 ( m +) compound e7 - 7 was prepared in a similar manner to n - α - boc - diamino propionic acid e7 - 1 . ms fab ( m + 1 )= 239 to a stirring solution of sodium hydroxide ( 148 mg , 3 . 69 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv ) in water ( 5 ml ) was added n - α - cbz - diamino propionic acid e7 - 7 . the reaction was stirred for 10 minutes before tert - butyl alcohol ( 4 ml ) was added . the reaction was cooled to 0 ° c . and di - tert - butyl dicarbonate ( 807 mg , 3 . 69 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv ) was added slowly over 0 . 5 h . after stirring overnight at room temperature , the reaction was diluted with water ( 5 ml ) and washed 3 × with 10 ml ethyl ether . the organics were then combined and washed several times with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate . the aqueous layers were combined , cooled to 0 ° c ., and acidified to ph 3 with aqueous potassium hydrogen sulfate ( 30 g in 200 ml stock solution ). this cloudy solution was then extracted several times with ethyl acetate . the organics were combined , dried over mgso 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to give after overnight high vacuum 0 . 990 g ( 2 . 9 mmol , 87 % yield ) of e7 - 8 . the 1 h nmr was consistent with structure e7 - 8 . ms fab ( m + 1 )= 339 to an ethyl alcohol solution ( 20 ml ) of n - α - cbz - n - β - boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid e7 - 8 was added 10 % palladium on carbon catalyst ( approx . 200 mg ). the mixture was placed under an h 2 atmosphere and stirred vigorously . due to gel like formation , the reaction required additional ethyl alcohol ( total volume of 75 ml ) to facilitate easy stirring . after several hours , the reaction was filtered through a plug of celite and then concentrated in vacuo to give 259 mg ( 1 . 27 mmol , 32 % yield ) of e7 - 9 . compound e7 - 10 was prepared in a similar manner as n - α - boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - n - cbz - glycine dipeptide e7 - 2 . the 1 h nmr was consistent with the structure e7 - 10 . compound e7 - 11 was prepared in a similar manner as n - α - boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - n - cbz - glycine dipeptide - o - nhs active ester e7 - 3 . compound e7 - 12 was prepared in a similar manner as diboc silyl n ( α ) boc - d - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - glycine - cbz heptapeptide e7 - 4 . ms fab ( m + 1 )= 1917 compound e7 - 13 was prepared in a similar manner as boc silyl cycloheptapeptide e7 - 5 . compound e7 - 14 was prepared in a similar manner as cycloheptapeptide e7 - 6 . ms fab ( m )= 1121 . 6 in a similar manner as e7 - 14 ( a ), e7 - 14 ( b ) was prepared from n - α - cbz - l - 2 , 3 - diamino propionic acid . the h 1 - nmr data was consistent with structure e7 - 14 ( b ). ms ( fab )= 1121 ( m +) the procedure of curphey et al ., j . org . chem ., 44 , 2805 , ( 1979 ) was utilized as follows . a suspension of (- l )-( α )- n - cbz - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid ( 2 . 0 g , 8 . 39 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 84 g , 8 . 39 mmol ) in methanol ( 10 ml ) at ambient temperature was treated with ethyl trifluoroacetate ( 1 . 49 g , 10 . 49 mmol ) and the mixture stirred for 48 hrs . the resulting solution was diluted with methanol ( 5 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c ., and treated with dowex 50w resin ( 3 . 30 g ). after stirring for 10 min ., the suspension was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to produce 2 . 74 g of a white solid ( 98 % yield ) that was used without further purification . h 1 nmr data was consistent with the structure e8 - 1 . ms ( fd )= 334 ( m +) to a solution of e8 - 1 ( 1 . 20 g , 3 . 59 mmol ) and n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 0 . 45 g , 3 . 95 mmol ) in 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane ( 20 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added n , n ′- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 0 . 81 g , 3 . 95 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at cold bath temperature for 2 hr followed by overnight storage in the refrigerator . filtration of the suspension and subsequent concentration of the filtrate gave a crude solid product which was recrystallized from ethyl acetate / hexanes to produce 0 . 78 g of a crystalline solid ( 50 % yield , one crop ). the h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 2 . ms ( fd )= 431 ( m +) (- l -)-( α )- n - boc - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid ( 0 . 52 g , 2 . 55 mmol ) was dissolved in aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution ( prepared from dissolving 0 . 22 g , 2 . 55 mmol of sodium bicarbonate in 10 ml of water ). this solution was added to a solution of active ester e8 - 2 ( 1 . 1 g , 2 . 55 mmol ) in 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane ( 23 ml ) and the mixture stirred for 24 hrs . after concentration in vacuo to remove 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane , the residual suspension was adjusted to ph 5 with 1n aqueous citric acid , then extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2x ). the combined organic extracts were washed successively with water and brine , dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give 1 . 4 g of a crude foam . trituration with methylene chloride gave 1 . 05 g of a flocculent solid ( 75 % yield ). additional product in mother liquor was not recovered . h 1 hmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 3 . ms ( negative ion electrospray )= 519 ( m - h ) to a solution of e8 - 3 ( 0 . 65 g , 1 . 24 mmol ) and n - hydroxysuccinimide ( 0 . 16 g , 1 . 37 mmol ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 5 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added n , n ′- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 0 . 28 g , 1 . 37 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at cold bath temperature for 2 hrs followed by overnight storage in the refrigerator . filtration of the suspension and subsequent concentration of the filtrate gave 0 . 70 g of a crude foam ( 89 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 4 . ms ( fd )= 631 ( m +) preparation of diboc silyl (- l -)-( α )- n - boc - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid -(- l -)-( α )- n - cbz -( β )- n - trifluoroacetyl 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid linear heptapeptide ( e8 - 5 ) a solution of linear pentapeptide intermediate i - 6 ( 2 . 0 g , 1 . 19 mmol ) in ethyl acetate ( 10 ml ) was added to a slurry of 10 % pd / c ( 400 mg ) in ethyl acetate ( 15 ml ) followed by 20 ml of glacial acetic acid . the mixture was put under a balloon of h 2 and after 1 hr the starting material was gone . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the solution was carefully reduced under high vacuum keeping the temperature under 40 ° c . the resulting oil was dissolved in thf ( 15 ml ) and the dipeptide active ester , n -(- l -)-( α )- cbz - n -( β )- trifluoroacetyl 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - n -( l )-( α )- boc - 2 , 3 - diaminopropionic acid - osu e8 - 4 , was added followed by excess triethylamine until the solution was basic to ph paper . after stirring for 18 hrs ., the solution was reduced in vacuo and the residue partitioned between ethyl ether and water . the ether layer was washed with saturated nahco 3 solution , followed by successive washings with water , 1n aqueous citric acid , water , saturated nahco 3 and brine . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give 2 . 36 g of the crude product . purification by silica flash chromatography ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) gave 1 . 22 g of coupled product e8 - 5 as a foam ( 56 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 5 . ms ( fab )= 2041 . 5 ( m +) an ethyl acetate / acetic acid solution ( 20 ml each ) of e8 - 5 ( 1 . 20 g , 0 . 58 mmol ) with 10 % pd / c ( 290 mg ) was placed under a balloon of hydrogen . after 1 . 5 hrs ., tlc indicated deprotection was complete . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to a thick slurry . this material was dissolved in ethyl ether ( 120 ml ) and excess triethylamine was added until the solution was basic to ph paper (˜ 5 ml ). after 36 hrs ., tlc indicated one major product . the solution was washed successively with water , 1n aqueous citric acid , water , and brine . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and reduced in vacuo to give 1 . 14 g of crude product . purification by silica flash chromatography ( 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane ) gave 0 . 69 g of e8 - 6 as a foam ( 70 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 6 . ms ( fab )= 1690 . 0 ( m + h ) removal of protecting groups and coupling of the side chain to generate e8 - 7 a solution of e8 - 6 ( 0 . 69 g , 0 . 40 mmol ) in trifluoroacetic acid ( 23 ml ) at 0 ° c . was stirred for 0 . 5 hr after which time water ( 2 ml ) was added and the stirring continued for an additional 0 . 75 hr at 0 ° c . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran ( 9 ml ) and treated with 1n hcl ( 4 ml ). this solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 . 25 hr and then refrigerated for 18 hr . hplc showed one major product peak . concentration in vacuo produced a residual foam which after dissolution in dimethylformamide ( 12 ml ) was treated with the terphenyl hydroxybenzotriazole active ester ( 0 . 25 g , 0 . 52 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 28 ml , 2 . 0 mmol ). after stirring at ambient temperature for 17 hrs ., the solvent was removed under high vacuum and the crude residue purified by preparative rp - hplc ( linear gradient 60 %- 100 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa elution scheme ) to produce 0 . 37 g of a white solid ( 75 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 7 . ms ( fab )= 1246 . 7 ( m +) to a solution of e8 - 7 ( 250 mg , 0 . 20 mmol ) in methanol ( 12 ml ) was added a solution of potassium carbonate ( 138 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) in water ( 6 ml ), and the resulting mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 20 hrs . solvent removal in vacuo followed by purification via preparative rp - hplc ( linear gradient 60 - 100 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa elution scheme ) gave 218 mg of a white solid ( 94 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 8 . ms ( fab )= 1150 . 6 ( m +) to a solution of e8 - 8 ( 40 mg , 0 . 0347 mmol ) in methanol ( 2 ml ) at ambient temperature was added 1 - methyl - 4 - piperidone ( 7 . 85 mg , 0 . 0694 mmol ) and glacial acetic acid ( 2 μl , 0 . 0347 mmol ). the solution was treated with sodium cyanoborohydride ( 3 . 27 mg , 0 . 0520 mmol ) and the mixture stirred for 16 hrs . after concentration in vacuo , the crude product was purified via preparative rp - hplc ( step gradient 40 - 100 % acn / 0 . 1 % tfa elution scheme ) to yield 19 mg of a white solid ( 45 % yield ). h 1 nmr data was consistent with structure e8 - 9 . ms ( fab )= 1247 . 6 ( m +) table 4 summarizes the activity data for compounds e7 - 6 ( a ), e7 - 6 ( b ), e7 - 14 ( a ), e7 - 14 ( b ), e8 - 8 and e8 - 9 in comparison with comparative semi - synthetic echinocandin compound c1 and amphotericin b . the same testing procedures were used as described in example 1 above .
a method for modifying the cyclic peptide ring system of echinocandin - type compounds to produce new analogs having antifungal activity is provided . the inventive process comprises opening the cyclic peptide ring , cleaving the terminal omithine unit , inserting at least one new amino acid or other synthetic unit and closing the ring to produce a new cyclic peptide ring structure . the process allows one to incorporate features such as water - solubility into the cyclic peptide ring nucleus , sites for further modification , increase or decrease the number of amino acid or peptide units within the ring nucleus , and increase or decrease the total number of members within the ring . the invention further provides novel echinocandin type compounds and their use as antifungal or anti - parasitic agents .