the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown . this invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be through and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art . referring now to the drawings there is shown in fig2 and fig3 , a preferred embodiment of the invention demonstrating repairing a rotator cuff . two arthroscopic portals 30 , 32 are formed in the shoulder 34 , such as by a scalpel . the humeral head 36 and rotator cuff tendons 38 are present . a curved or arcuate drill guide 16 having a central lumen is inserted into one of the portals , as shown in fig5 . the use of the arcuate drill guide is important in rotator cuff repair to miss neurovascular structures and avoid the acromion . the resulting curved tunnel also transfers biomechanical forces placed on the sutures over a radius of bone to minimize stress points on bone and suture alike . if required , cortical bone may be removed prior to insertion of the arcuate drill guide . the central lumen of the arcuate drill guide 16 has a protruding flexible stylus 4 therein that is advanced into the humeral head lateral of , or through , the torn rotator cuff . the stylus 4 , shown in fig4 b , is formed of a memory retaining material , such as nitinol . the stylus may have a cutter formed in an end thereof , such as a drill or mill type cutter . in the embodiment shown in fig4 a , the forward end of the arcuate drill guide 16 is curved . advancement of the arcuate drill guide 16 may be by manual pressure or by assisted manual force using , for example , a mallet , or by a power tool , such as a drill . the arcuate drill guide forms an arcuate tunnel in the bone . after the arcuate drill guide 16 is fully advanced , the stylus is withdrawn , leaving a small void in the bone that is present beyond the leading edge of the arcuate drill guide as shown in fig5 and fig6 . as shown in fig1 , straight drill guide 2 is used to guide instruments through the other portal , i . e ., the superior portal . the straight drill guide 2 has a lumen therein . a trephine guide pin 6 is positioned within this lumen . the guide pin may be formed of nitinol , stainless steel , or other materials well know to those skilled in the art . sufficient space is present within the drill guide lumen for placement of the trephine guide pin 6 ( shown in fig4 c ), so that the guide pin has a sloppy fit within the drill guide . not shown in fig1 is where some rotator cuff tears would allow the curved portion of the guide 16 to also pierce the rotator cuff to achieve two suture fixation points and thus a stronger repair . some tears will allow neither the trephine pin 6 , 8 or arcuate guide 16 to pierce the rotator cuff . a separate instrument such as a knot passer , shown in fig1 and fig1 or a suture passer known to those skilled in the art may be needed to pierce dysfunctional tissue . the trephine 8 , shown in fig4 d , is inserted through the lumen of straight drill guide 2 . the trephine 8 has a larger diameter than the trephine guide pin 6 , but will rotate within the lumen . the trephine 8 enlarges the tunnel , and is moved past the arcuate shaped tunnel formed using the arcuate drill guide 16 as shown most clearly in fig7 . in operation , the trephine 8 is retracted so that other steps may be performed . for example bone morphogenic proteins or other growth factors may be injected through the lumens . as shown in fig8 the trephine may have calibration marks 20 , 22 to indicate the depth of insertion and retraction of the trephine . the bone tunnels intersect / bisect as shown . with the trephine in place , but with the stylus 4 and the trephine guide pin 6 removed from the drill guides , one or more strands of suture 14 are passed through the lumens of the drill guides , likely converging through a re - approximated rotator cuff tear , and through the two bisecting bone tunnels . the suture also passes through the humeral head ( bone ), and exits the central lumen . the suture or multiple sutures are advanced through the arcuate drill guide 16 by the suture stylus 12 , shown in fig4 f or a knot pusher 112 . the hook probe 10 , shown in fig4 e shown in fig1 is inserted through the lumen of the trephine to hook the suture advanced by the suture stylus 12 or knot pusher 112 at approximately the intersection of the tunnels , as shown in fig9 . the suture or sutures are advanced past the point of the vacated trephine tunnel . removal of the drill guides 2 , 16 leaves the suture in place for tying . multiple suture passes allow for tying of the suture material . for example , three ( 3 ) suture passes allow tying three ( 3 ) simple stitches 40 as shown in fig2 . fig3 shows two arthroscopic mattress stitches 42 where the initial suture in the center bone tunnel was used to pass two sutures . the two sutures were tied twice with their adjacent sutures to form mattress stitches . alternatively , the outside suture strands could have been used to pull the corresponding central suture into the outside tunnel , resulting in one less knot left in the patient , and the opportunity to use a sliding knot . as shown in fig9 , the arcuate drill guide 16 and the straight drill guide 2 may be connected by a handle 44 . the handle positions the relative angles of the drill guides for forming the tunnels as described . the drill guides are positioned by the handle so that intersecting / bisecting tunnels are formed as disclosed herein . both drill guides could be straight , with the drill guides angled in a non - parallel fashion to form intersecting / bisecting tunnels . the handle may also be used to receive and transfer a force for advancing the drill guides , such as by striking the handle with a mallet . benefits of the present invention over the use of suture anchors include the introduction of minimal foreign material in the patient , a larger “ healing footprint ” ( which is variable with the distance between lumens ) and the use of lumens as injection ports for plate rich / poor blood / growth factors or other growth factors . this method of arthroscopic bone / suture tunnel creation also has applications in shoulder laberal repair and posterior cruciate ligament and anterior cruciate ligament repair , without , or at least reducing , the requirement of suture anchors , staples or screws . the geometry of the apparatus relates to an arthroscopic creation of bone tunnels and simultaneous suture passing to repair a torn or partially torn rotator cuff . fig1 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention wherein the method of arthroscopic attachment of tissue to bone uses a different drill guide configuration to address the anatomic structure of the genohumeral joint , which are different that rotator cuff repair . fig1 shows parallel drill guide lumens 102 , 103 that are useful for superior labrum deficiencies or tears . fig1 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention having a drill guide that is similar to the rotator cuff guide , having one arcuate lumen 216 and one straight lumen 202 but having a different converging angle for inferior laberal repair . aside from these differences in the apparatus , the method of arthroscopic securing tissue to the glenoid is the same as described for attaching the rotator cuff to the humeral head . as an alternative to using the suture stylus shown in fig4 , there is shown in fig1 a hollow tube or as is more preferably known , a knot pusher 112 , of small diameter . the knot passer 112 contains a single strand or multiple strands of suture material having an enlarged end , such as a knot 114 , threaded through the central lumen . as is apparent to those skilled in the art , the knot passer may be made of a rigid or flexible material . a knot 114 at the distal end of the strand or strands allows the suture to be passed into position . the tube 112 can be removed and the suture can be left behind as with the stylus of fig4 or the tube 112 can be used to provide improved tactile feedback when contacting the hook probe 10 , plus a means of suture protection . the suture 114 can be left in place where it is captured by a hook probe , such as shown in fig4 e and fig9 or other suitable means known to those skilled in the art , such as a loop . the hook probe or other instrument may be in place prior to inserting the tube 112 to engage the knot / tube junction and withdraw the suture ( s ) from the tube . fig1 is an embodiment of a knot passer 212 having a modified distal tip 211 and as shown more clearly in fig1 , an inner knot pusher 216 having a smaller diameter that knot passer 212 . this would be used to pass sutures through the tissue when neither the trephine or arcuate guide cannot reach dysfunctional tissue . the knot passer 212 contains a single strand or multiple strands of sutures 214 , threaded through the central lumen . a knot formed at the distal end of the strand or strands 214 allows the suture to be pushed into position . the knot passer tip 211 may be angled to form a shape point . the knot passer 212 tube has a slot 218 running the longitudinal length of the tube as shown in fig1 . in a like manner , the inner knot pusher 216 has a slot 217 running the longitudinal length . when the knot passer and the inner knot pusher are rotated the slots 217 , 218 are aligned so that the device may be easily removed from the sutures . in fig1 there is show another modified knot passer 312 having a modified distal end 311 herein the end is curved . many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings . therefore , it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims . although specific terms are employed herein , they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation .
methods are described wherein bone constructs of a patient are used to arthroscopically attach sutures to torn or dysfunctional tissue . a suture or multiple sutures are passed through intersecting / bisecting tunnels formed in the bone . an end of the suture extends from each of the tunnels , and the ends are used to secure the tissue to the bone , such as by arthroscopic tying of the ends , and pulling the tissue against the bone . devices for performing the methods are also described .