fig1 shows an example non - limiting illustrative implementation of a system 100 providing a motion - coupled visual environment . in the fig1 example shown , system 100 includes three main components : a sensing arrangement 200 that detects the physically indicated motion , a coupling arrangement and associated algorithm 300 that couples the physically indicated motion , and a presenting arrangement 400 that presents an evocative scene . in the example implementation , the sensing arrangement 200 includes one or more sensors that sense inertial motion . in one example implementation , sensing arrangement 200 is disposed somewhere on the same platform carrying the person ( e . g ., mounted to a vehicle frame , vehicle floor , transport platform etc .). sensing arrangement 200 can sense motion using any of a variety of different sensor types or combinations thereof , including for example : accelerometer ( s ) global positioning system ( gps ) gyroscope ( s ) mechanical sensor ( s ) inclinometer ( s ) vibration sensor ( s ) altimeter ( s ) optical - based sensor ( s ) image - based sensor ( s ) firmware software other implementations . motion sensing arrangement 200 provides an output to coupling arrangement 300 . coupling arrangement 300 in one example implementation comprises firmware , hardware , software and / or other implementation that performs a coupling algorithm or method to derive one or more control parameters from the sensed motion . this derived control parameters is supplied to a presentation arrangement 400 that generates a visual scene for viewing by the person who may be subject to motion sickness . the scene presentation arrangement 400 may include for example : virtual environment liquid crystal display a cathode ray tube display head mounted display projection type display holographic display other implementations . many different configurations are possible . four examples of system configurations are shown in fig2 through fig5 . in fig2 , a passenger ( p ) is shown viewing a computer - generated scene shown on a flat - panel display ( d ). the scene is being modified by coupling arrangement 300 to incorporate elements of the inertial environment that are sensed via a sensing arrangement 200 . a corresponding motion - coupled virtual environment is presented on a display 402 . in fig3 , a radar systems operator r is shown viewing an electronic display 404 . the display d is encapsulated within a window w that is moved by coupling arrangement 300 to incorporate elements of the inertial environment as sensed by sensor 200 . even though the operator r could have some access to the external environment through porthole p in this example , this is immaterial since his or her attention is focused elsewhere ( i . e ., on the display d ). in fig4 , a passenger p on an aircraft is shown using a laptop computer l having a display 406 . the computer l is shown displaying on display 404 a window of graphic / test information . the laptop runs software providing a coupling arrangement 300 that manipulates the window location to better correspond with the inertial environment as sensed by sensor 200 . although the passenger has access to an external view through a window ( w ), his or her attention is focused on the laptop or the external view may not be sufficiently evocative due to weather or lack of visual cues . in fig5 , a user ( u ) is using a simulator s for training . he or she is presented with an immersive virtual environment via an electronic display 408 . the user &# 39 ; s perspective within this virtual environment is modified by system 100 , of which the sensor package 200 is shown . again , reference to an external environment ( w ) is not of any utility in this example . many types of displays are possible . some examples are shown in fig6 a - 6e . a projector 408 may display either digital signals from a computer or television images onto a screen 409 . a virtual environment may be displayed using a head mounted display ( hmd ) 410 , a projected virtual environment such as a cave 412 or some other means . a crt or flat panel display 414 may also be used to show an immersive scene or other information window ( w ). a conventional television 415 can be used to display a windowed image that could be text , graphics or a combination . many other display types are also possible . there are a multitude of sensors and methods that can be used to monitor the inertial environment , as well as acquiring and processing the information . for any such system , the motion data would consist of some combination of translational and the rotational degrees of freedom . in most applications it will be sufficient to track the inertial components for the physically indicated motion produced by the environment . these inertial components are the main contributor to motion sickness . one example of a sensor arrangement 200 is an array of three orthogonal accelerometers . especially for slower moving platforms , such as a ship , pitch and roll may be approximated by sensing off - axis angles to the gravity normal vector , and heave , defined as vertical translation parallel to the gravity normal , may be calculated via a double integration of acceleration or via some other means . for faster moving platforms , such as an automobile or aircraft , it is sometimes desirable to sense further degrees of freedom to estimate horizontal degrees of freedom and the yaw component . this may be done , for example , by using gyroscopes or rate gyroscopes to measure rotational degrees of freedom , freeing the accelerometers or other measurement device to sense translational information . in general , an implementation of sensor arrangement 200 for acquiring the physically indicated inertial motion can combine accelerometers , gyroscopes , gps , other sensors , and information processors . an illustrative example of such an implementation is depicted in fig7 . here , a processor board 102 indicates a gyroscope 202 , an analog devices adxl202 accelerometer chips 204 a , 204 b , a led and switch connector 206 , a battery connector 208 , an rs232 or other serial port connector 210 , a rs232 converter 212 , a seeprom 214 , a pic 16c73 8 bit microcontroller 216 and operational amplifiers 218 . in the example , the sensor arrangement 200 is mounted to the motion platform with minimal mechanical compliance such that the data acquired matches the motion experienced . for more accurate motion data , the sensor should be placed in proximity to the user or users with known relative orientation . it may be calibrated to establish relative directions of motions such as front , back , left , right , etc . with respect to the user . this calibration may either take place in the factory , implying that the system is to be oriented to the user is a set manner , or it may take place at the point of use . fig8 shows an example block diagram of an illustrative non - limiting sensor arrangement 200 . accelerometers 204 or other sensors record inertial frame reference data . these data arc processed by signal conditioning hardware 218 before being input to a computer 216 , normally a microcontroller or microprocessor . the computer 216 communicates with a sepiprom memory device 214 or other memory device , which stores programming code , calibration parameters and run - time and other data in memory , or the computer 216 may use its own internal memory . the computer 216 also interacts with an rs232 serial communications system 210 , 212 or other communications system that is often power regulated to better interface with external devices . the communications system 210 , 212 transmits and receives information at a variety of baud rates . the electronics hardware is often controlled by software embedded into various devices on the hardware such as the microcontroller 216 and other devices . fig9 shows one example of how this software may operate although many other configurations are possible . once system 100 is turned on , the software begins an autostart function by waiting a set period ( block 250 ). after this period is complete , the system 100 checks to see of its registers have received a command from the offboard system such as an “ r ” or a “ f ” ( blocks 252 , 254 ). these commands , for example , would indicate that the system 100 should perform other functions ( blocks 256 , 258 ) before stopping the loop . likewise , if the auto - start mode fails ( decision block 260 ), the system will attempt to recover ( block 262 ) before stopping . assuming that the systems starts successfully , it will sample the sensors ( block 264 ), communicate data to an output port ( block 266 ) and send check sums to the microcontroller that uses these data to check for errors ( block 268 ). after completing these tasks , the system will loop back to sampling the sensors again . an example of the motion coupling arrangement 300 provides an algorithm that takes selected vectors of the physically indicated motion and generates appropriate visual scene information . the appropriate coupling algorithm may be different for different individuals . recent research has shown that humans often perceive their inertial environment incorrectly when they lack any or sufficient visual cues . since it is the perceived zineuial environment that must be rationalized with the perceived visual environment , even a perfect match of inertial and visual environments may still cause motion sickness . in these cases , it is possible to test the user in a well - controlled motion environment and record inaccurate tendencies of their proprioceptive receptors . for example , in testing subjects in a vertical linear oscillator ( vlo ), only a small percentage of the population may be able to accurately perceive their motion . of the majority of humans tested , a large number experienced a stable and predictable error in perception . other subjects , however , perceive the inertial environment as changing . for the subjects perceiving a stable environment , an exemplary instantiation may be calibrated to individual inertial sensing predilections , thus greatly accentuating the effectiveness of the system in relieving motion sickness . in addition to calibration beforehand , another possible implementation would allow for passive and non - passive feedback / control from the user . the physiological effects of motion sickness are well documented and can be monitored . using this physiological feedback , such as heart rate and / or perspiration and / or pupil dilation . etc ., the coupling algorithm would adjust to the individual . in addition , individuals can be provided with controls that allow them to adjust various parameters of the coupling algorithm , such as magnitude or motion profile of the physically indicated motion . an example of one coupling arrangement 300 is depicted in fig1 , although other instantiations are possible . such controls could be mechanical in nature , a graphical user interface ( gui ) or some other means . fig1 depicts a mechanical control panel 302 . there are two sections of control : sensitivity section 304 and cross coupling section 306 . the sensitivity section 304 controls the mapping of a given degree of freedom from the inertial reference frame to the visual . for example , an indicator 308 of + 0 . 52 for pitch would imply that the pitch output is 52 % of that input . example digital readouts 300 are shown . analog readings by the dials 310 as they point to graduated markings 312 are also possible . the user may control these sensitivity channels via knobs 314 or some other interface . cross coupling section 306 provides several channels such as roll 316 indicating the mapping from one inertial degree of freedom onto a different visual degree of freedom . for example , roll channel 316 could map partially onto yaw and heave or other degree of freedom as indicated on a scale 318 using , for example , a slide bar 320 . in general , great care should be taken in making these modifications . recent experiments have shown that some cross couplings are beneficial , while others are counterproductive . the user interface does not need to be mechanical ; it can be a graphical user interface on a computer , voice activated or many other types of interface or the coupling parameters can be preprogrammed or preset and the user interface eliminated altogether . the fig1 arrangement shows a flexible interface providing many different types of couplings and cross - couplings , but other implementations can be substantially simpler and more con strained . the coupling arrangement 300 can be implemented through hardware , software , or combination of the two . for example , hardware may be used for signal processing and conditioning , and may be complemented with firmware and software to modify and generate appropriate coupling output . in this example , the hardware provides for fast signal processing , while the firmware and software provide flexibility and a readily available interface . the display arrangement 400 will often be interfaced to the hardware via software oftentimes called a “ device driver .” one example of such software is shown in fig1 . once the exemplary display program is first opened , it begins by initializing communications with the sensor arrangement 200 through an interface such as a serial port 210 ( block 404 ). it will then read calibration data as in 212 that are installed either at the factory or set via , the supplied user interface ( block 406 ). the software then enters a continuous loop block 214 where it is continuously reading sensor data provided by the hardware and adjusts the values for input to higher - level display software as required by the calibration parameters and other data and algorithms ( block 408 ). the exemplary implementation of system 100 may be implemented using a preset algorithm for mapping inertial motion to the visual scene , or the user may modify the mapping for personal preference using either a mechanical or graphical user interface . furthermore , the exemplary presentation arrangement 400 in certain applications does not necessarily generate an image that realistically portrays the direction of inertial motion sensed by sensor arrangement 200 . for example , it may not always be possible or even desirable for an essentially two - dimensional information display such as a radar screen , a television program , or a computer text document display to accurately depict inertial motion sensed in three - dimensions . one example mapping algorithm maps inertial heave information to display motion in the pitch direction . human subject experiments have shown that while subjects can easily perceive heave , a physically correct representation of heave in the visual environment is only rarely visually stimulating to a sufficient degree to produce the necessary correlation between visual and inertial environments . therefore , exemplary illustrative implementations of system 100 may map sensed inertial heave into the visual pitch direction , normally adjusting pitch motion to remain within 10 degrees of throw or some other range of motion . we find this produces much better results for at least some applications in terms of subjects sensing a correlation between visual and inertial environments . the frequencies that cause motion sickness symptoms are known to be centered around 0 . 2 hz , regardless of more complex , higher - frequency motions that may be superimposed . in this sense , it matters little whether the exemplary system described above is used in a land vehicle , aircraft or ship . however , illustrative non - limiting implementations can be configured to record the frequencies associated with motion sickness and electronically filter out very high frequencies associated with vibration . interim frequencies , in the 1 hz to 20 hz region have largely been ignored since they are not prevalent in either the ship or aircraft environments . on the other hand , other platforms such as military vehicles , commercial vehicles and perhaps certain types of amusement rides , generate appreciable motion energy across a much broader range of frequencies . the challenge of implementing motion - coupled visual environments in a complex motion environment involves primarily selecting the correct motions to display from the panoply of motions experienced . typically , this involves filtering or otherwise modifying higher frequencies so that the filtering process itself does not introduce conflicting visual motion . there is also the problem of displaying a workstation window , simulation or other type of visual display in a manner that leads to decreased visual - vestibular conflict . additional exemplary illustrative implementations for accomplishing this include the following : horizon - centric : the exemplary illustrative non - limiting implementations above move the display window in a manner that can be reasonably associated with a view of the horizon from the inertial environment . for example , if the vehicle pitches up , the display is moved down as if the user were focused on a point on the horizon . driver - centric : ( see fig1 ) the driver of a vehicle only rarely suffers motion sickness to the same degree as equally susceptible passengers , one possible reason for this is that the driver can anticipate motions and adjust body posture and head motion accordingly . we can place a sensor on the steering wheel and possibly even foot pedals or driver ankle to record driver motions as soon as possible . the subject display will then be adjusted to cause head and body motions similar to the driver . passenger - centric : ( see fig1 ) it is well known that head motions within an inertial environment can lead to motion sickness . another approach is to stabilize the subject &# 39 ; s head relative to a stable inertial frame to the degree possible . for this approach , a sensor can be attached to the subject &# 39 ; s head or some other body reference point , and the illustrative exemplary non - limiting implementation would cause the screen window itself to move so as to stabilize the head or body motion . simulation surround : ( see fig1 ) one of the challenges is to transfer 6 directions of freedom motion to a 2d display . a 2d visual display may not give the subject an ideal visual reference frame from which to decrease the visual - vestibular conflict . the simulation surround approach places a working window or desktop at the center of the display with an ample border of display screen around it . this border is filled with a simple motion simulation such as an aircraft flying over gridded farmland . the motion of the simulation surround is linked closely to the inertial environment so that the user always has an inertially correct visual flowfield presented in the periphery of the display . illustrative exemplary non - limiting implementations use a virtual environment such as shown in fig1 and change the viewer &# 39 ; s perspective within the environment as a means to rectify visual and vestibular senses . horizon - centric : for a desktop display of a computer screen or a tactical display , there is no visual perspective to change . instead , we will cause the viewer &# 39 ; s eye motion to move as if it were looking at an environment . this should be similarly effective in reducing or controlling the onset of motion sickness effects as use of a simulation environment . the primary challenge involved in this task is creating a window of the desktop as shown in fig1 that moves smoothly and with the desired speeds . it is also important that the mouse cursor move in conjunction with the window . the use of touch screen inputs promises to be an interesting problem . here , there are two schools of thought . in one instance , the on - screen buttons may be required to be stationary so that the user does not have to “ chase ” the buttons around the screen . on the other hand , if the user is mentally oriented to the motions outside the cockpit , he may be adjusting naturally and expecting the buttons to move . in fact , moving the buttons may itself be a way to connect cognitively the user to the actual motion of the platform . other important issues include the offset from the edge of the physical display to the reduced window . this offset is required so that the window may move within the display , but it is unclear as to how much the display needs to move to attain the desired effect . obviously , the greater the reduction in window size , the more difficult it is to incorporate all elements of a tactical display . driver - centric : ( see fig1 ) assuming that both the steering column and driver motions will be recorded , a non - limiting illustrative approach would be to use a wireless version of the sensor . fig1 shows an exemplary illustrative non - limiting implementation of a system that includes an 8 mb embedded data logger of accelerometer and gyroscope data . this system can be made wireless by use of an appropriate communications system such as the ant network radio or zigbee - compliant low - power network communications system . use of a wireless system is beneficial for ease of placement and use for sensors that must be placed on the body . passenger - centric : ( see fig1 ) stabilizing the display window relative to the driver can be accomplished using a sensing device almost identical to the one used in the horizon - centric approach . the primary difference is that display software would use the sensed inertial data to move the window so as to best stabilize the head and body motions of the user . simulation surround : ( see fig1 ) the simulation for this approach may consume relatively few computer cycles and still present a scene that is sufficiently evocative to elicit the desired effect . the sensor to be used again may resemble that for the horizon - centric approach . sensor data will be transmitted to simulation software that control the simulated scene in the window surround . the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed exemplary illustrative non - limiting implementations , but on the contrary , is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the claims .
a motion - coupled visual environment prevents , reduces and / or treats motion sickness by sensing inertial motion and providing a corresponding evocative image for a subject to view , inertial sensors may include accelerometers , gyroscopes or a variety of other different sensor types . a cross - coupling algorithm may be used to cross couple different sensed inertial motions . a variety of mapping schemes may be used to map sensed inertial motion to corresponding motion within the evocative scene displayed on the display . driver - centric , passenger - centric and simulation surround systems are possible . applications include reducing motion sickness on passenger vehicles such as airplanes , trains and cars ; on military vehicles such as ships , airplanes , helicopters and the like ; and reducing “ cybersickness ” in the context of simulations on moving platforms .