the present invention is predicated upon the provision of at least one intraocular lens ( iol ) and preferably two iols that have a coating for aiding in the prevention of opacification , particularly interlenticular lens opacification ( ilo ). the iol [ s ] typically form an intraocular lens system such as a dual optic or piggyback lens system . the coating is typically formed of a hydrophilic or super - hydrophobic material for aiding in the resistance or prevention of ilo . unless otherwise specifically stated , percentages of materials as used herein are weight percentages ( w / w ). fig1 illustrates an exemplary intraocular lens system 10 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention . the system 10 includes a first intraocular lens 12 and a second intraocular lens 14 . as used herein , the terms “ first ” and “ second ” as they are used to indicate a lens of the system are merely used to indicate one of the lenses as opposed to the other . these terms are not intended to suggest any order such as order of implantation , unless otherwise specifically stated . each of the lenses 12 , 14 includes a body 18 defining an outer surface 20 and a coating 24 disposed upon a region 28 of that outer surface 20 . the coatings 24 of the lenses 12 , 14 can aid in the prevention of ilo as is discussed further below . each of the lenses 12 , 14 also includes haptics 32 extending outwardly from the bodies 18 of the lenses 12 , 14 . each coating 24 of each of the lenses 12 , 14 faces and opposes the outer surface 20 of the other of the lenses 12 , 14 . this is particularly the case after both lenses have been implanted within an eye . the intraocular lenses 12 , 14 define an interlenticular space 36 therebetween and the coatings 24 of the lenses 12 , 14 are both located directly adjacent and at least partially define the interlenticular space 36 . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , each of the lenses 12 , 14 has its own coating 24 . however , it is contemplated that only one of the lenses may have a coating while the other lens may be uncoated . this configuration is shown in fig2 . this may be the case , for example , when the intraocular system includes a set of piggyback lenses for which a first uncoated lens has already been implanted and a second coated lens is implanted as an adjustment to the first lens . in the embodiment of fig1 , the coating 24 of each lens 12 , 14 is disposed upon a region 28 of the body 18 and more particularly is disposed only upon one of two opposing sides 40 , 42 of the body 18 . it is contemplated , however , that the coating may be disposed upon other regions of the body or the entirety of the body of the lens . the term “ region ” as used herein is intended to mean only a portion of the body . however , the suggestion that the coating covers or is disposed upon a region of the outer surface of the body is not intended to restrict the coating from being located on other portions of the body unless it is specifically stated that the coating is only disposed upon that region . in instances where the coating is selectively disposed upon only a region of the iol , it is generally preferred that the region be a substantial portion of the outer surface of the body of the iol . preferably , that substantial portion is at least 20 %, more preferably at least 40 % and even possibly at least 60 % of the outer surface of the body . the substantial portion is typically less than 90 % and more typically less than 80 % of the outer surface of the body . the aforementioned percentages are taken as percentages of total surface area of the body . the outer surface of the body is considered exclusive of any outer surface area of the haptics . of course , the haptics may also be coated , but are not considered part of the body . in one preferred embodiment , the coating is formed as a ring about only a peripheral region of the iol body as shown in fig3 . in such an embodiment , the peripheral region may be on only one side of the iol or on both sides . it is contemplated that a second iol in a system according to the present invention could have a ring shaped coating that is configured to oppose and face the ring shaped coating of fig3 or such second iol may have an alternative coating shape such as a coating covering one entire side of its body . the body , the haptics or both of any of the intraocular lenses according to the present invention are preferably formed of a hydrophobic material . such hydrophobic material will typically have a contact angle that is no greater than 90 degrees , more typically no greater than 85 degrees and even possibly no greater than 80 degrees . such material will also typically have a contact angle that is at least 50 degrees and more typically at least 60 degrees and even possibly at least 65 degrees . unless stated otherwise , contact angles for the materials of the present invention are determined in accordance with young &# 39 ; s equation as discussed in physical chemistry of surfaces ( sixth edition ), adamson , arthur w . et al ., chapter x , pgs . 352 - 354 . the material of the body , the haptics or both is preferably an acrylate based material . acrylate based materials are defined as having a substantial portion of acrylate monomers , which are preferably of formulation 1 below : y is nothing , o , s , or nr wherein r is h , ch 3 , c n h 2n + 1 ( n = 1 - 10 ), iso - oc 3 h 7 , c 6 h 5 , or ch 2 c 6 h 5 ; ar is any aromatic ring which can be unsubstituted or substituted with ch 3 , c 2 h 5 , n - c 3 h 7 , iso - c 3 h 7 , och 3 , c 6 h 11 , c 6 h 5 , or ch 2 c 6 h 5 ; suitable monomers of structure ( i ) include , but are not limited to : 2 - ethylphenoxy methacrylate ; 2 - ethylphenoxy acrylate ; 2 - ethylthiophenyl methacrylate ; 2 - ethylthiophenyl acrylate ; 2 - ethylaminophenyl methacrylate ; 2 - ethylaminophenyl acrylate ; phenyl methacrylate ; phenyl acrylate ; benzyl methacrylate ; benzyl acrylate ; 2 - phenylethyl methacrylate ; 2 - phenylethyl acrylate ; 3 - phenylpropyl methacrylate ; 3 - phenylpropyl acrylate ; 4 - phenylbutyl methacrylate ; 4 - phenylbutyl acrylate ; 4 - methylphenyl methacrylate ; 4 - methylphenyl acrylate ; 4 - methylbenzyl methacrylate ; 4 - methylbenzyl acrylate ; 2 - 2 - methylphenylethyl methacrylate ; 2 - 2 - methylphenylethyl acrylate ; 2 - 3 - methylphenylethyl methacrylate ; 2 - 3 - methylphenylethyl acrylate ; 24 - methylphenylethyl methacrylate ; 2 - 4 - methylphenylethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - propylphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - propylphenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 -( 1 - methylethyl ) phenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 -( 1 - methylethyl ) phenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - cyclohexylphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - cyclohexylphenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 2 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 2 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 3 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 3 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - chlorophenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - bromophenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - bromophenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 3 - phenylphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 3 - phenylphenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - phenylphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; 2 -( 4 - phenylphenyl ) ethyl acrylate ; 2 -( 4 - benzylphenyl ) ethyl methacrylate ; and 2 -( 4 - benzylphenyl ) ethyl acrylate , and the like . it is contemplated that the first and second iols of a system can be formed of substantially identical material , but may be formed of different materials . preferably , the material of both iols of the system are acrylate based , however , it is possible for one to be acrylate based while another may be formed of a different material ( e . g ., a silicone based material ). in such circumstances , the acrylate based iol will typically include a coating according to the present invention while the other iol of different material may or may not include a coating . the material of the body and / or haptics is typically formed from at least 30 %, more typically at least 70 % and even possibly at least 95 % acrylate monomers . the material of the body and / or haptics is typically formed from no greater than about 99 . 9 % acrylate monomers . these acrylate based materials are typically mixed with a curing agent and / or a polymerization initiator so that the materials may be cured to form the iols . as such , it will be understood that these monomers are linked to form polymers in the finished iols . examples of acrylate - based lenses are , without limitation , described in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 922 , 821 ; 6 , 313 , 187 ; 6 , 353 , 069 ; and 6 , 703 , 466 , all of which are fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . the coating is preferably formed of a hydrophilic material or a super - hydrophobic material . a suitable hydrophilic material will typically have a contact angle that is no greater than 50 degrees , more typically no greater than 45 degrees and even possibly no greater than 35 degrees . such material will typically have a contact angle that is at least 5 degrees . a hydrophilic coating can also be formed of a hydrogel material . in such an embodiment , functionalized hydrogel precursors of hydrogel materials such as polyacrylic acid ( paa ), polyvinyl acetate ( pva ), polyvinyl pyrrolidone ( pvp ), polyethylene glycol ( peg ), polyether imide ( pei ), combinations thereof or the like may be coated upon the outer surface of the iol body . the precursors can then be cross - linked by ultraviolet and / or visible light , plasma , radiation , heat energy or the like to form the coating of hydrogel material . a suitable super - hydrophobic material for the coating will typically have a contact angle that is at least 90 degrees , more typically at least 100 degrees and even more possibly at least 130 degrees . such material will typically have a contact angle no greater than 177 degrees . when the coating is formed of a super - hydrophobic material , silicone based materials are typically quite desirable . silicone based materials are those materials that include a substantial portion of silicon or silicon monomers ( e . g ., silane or siloxane ). when silicone based , the material of the coating typically is formed from at least 30 %, more typically at least 60 % and even possibly at least 80 % silicone monomers . in such embodiment , the material of the coating is typically formed from no greater than about 99 . 9 % silicone monomers . examples of silicone materials are , without limitation , described in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 420 , 213 ; 5 , 494 , 946 ; 7 , 033 , 391 ; and 7 , 071 , 244 , all of which are fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . silicone based coatings can be formed upon the body of the iol using various techniques . in one embodiment , silicon monomers ( e . g ., silane or siloxane monomers ) can be coated on the outer surface of the body by plasma deposition or polymerization onto the surface of the body . in another embodiment , plasma treatment ( e . g ., oxygen or water plasma treatment ) can be employed to introduce hydroxyl groups onto the outer surface of the iol body followed by a silanization treatment . in yet another embodiment , a surface modifying agent containing silicone block copolymer can be blended with the acrylate material prior to casting and curing of the iol . as an alternative to silicone , super - hydrophobic materials with even greater hydrophobicity ( e . g ., contact angles of at least 130 degrees ) may be used . these super - hydrophobic coatings can be formed using continuous or , more preferably , modulated plasma deposition / polymerization treatment of perfluorocarbons monomers , which can then be cross - linked to form a polytetrafluoroehtylene ( ptfe ) coating . as an alternative , benzene moieties can be attached to the iol body outer surface by direct fluorination to form a super - hydrophobic coating . as another alternative , plasma treatment ( e . g ., oxygen or water plasma treatment ) can be used to introduce hydroxyl groups onto the outer surface of the iol body followed by a fluorinated silanization treatment . as an alternative or addition to a hydrophilic or super - hydrophobic coating , it is contemplated that a coating may be formed of bioactive agents . as one example , natural or synthetic molecules that modulate or inhibit protein adsorption and / or cell adhesion can be attached to the outer surface of the body to form a modified surface coating ( e . g ., a modified surface that preferentially adsorb serum albumin ). as another example , pharmacological agents such as immunosuppressants , mtor inhibitors or the like can be attached or otherwise coated on the outer surface of the iol body to form a coating that prohibits or inhibits lens epithelial cell ( lec ) growth . it is also contemplated that a coating may only cover a peripheral region ( e . g ., a peripheral edge ) of the lens body and , for example , may form a ring about the lens body and / or may extend radially outwardly from the peripheral region . still further , it is contemplated that the coating may be formed as a separate solid film ( e . g ., an annular disc shape film ) that is then disposed over the surface of the lens body and preferably attached ( e . g ., adhered ) thereto . lens systems of the present invention can be implanted in the eye according various protocols . typically a first lens is implanted followed by a second lens . it is contemplated , however , that two lenses may be implanted at least partially simultaneously . both lenses may be implanted in the capsular bag or one may be located in the capsular bag while the other is outside of the capsular bag . in one preferred embodiment , a first lens is implanted in the capsular bag and then , upon discovery that the first lens is not providing the desired visual performance , a second lens is implanted in the sulces of the eye . such lenses are typically referred to as piggy - back lenses . as example of such lenses are shown in fig4 . as can be seen , a first lens 50 is disposed in the capsular bag and is without a coating . however , a second lens 52 , which has been implanted later in the sulces does include a coating 54 in accordance with the present invention . generally , for piggy - back lens systems , the lens implanted in the sulces or the second lens implanted will be the only lens to include a coating since the lens in the capsular bag will have been implanted without the knowledge that a second lens would necessarily be implanted . of course , it would be possible for the first implanted lens 50 ( i . e ., the lens in the capsular bag ) to also include a coating , particularly if there is a likelihood that a second piggyback lens will be implanted later . in the embodiment shown , the coating 54 is in opposing facing relation to an outer side surface 56 of the first lens 50 and directly adjacent an interlenticular space 58 between the lenses . in another preferred embodiment , a first lens is implanted in the capsular bag and then a second lens is implanted in the capsular bag and connected to the first lens to form a dual optic intraocular lens system ( e . g ., an accommodative system ). as can be seen in fig5 , a first lens 60 having positive power is implanted and a second lens 62 having negative power is implanted . they are then attached to each other with attachment members 64 ( e . g ., interlocking haptics or other members ) to form a dual optic accommodative intraocular lens system . as can also be seen , both of the lenses 60 and 62 having coatings 66 , 68 on only one side of the lenses 60 , 62 and those coatings 66 , 68 are in opposing facing relation to each other and adjacent an intralenticular space 70 . the entire contents of all cited references in this disclosure are specifically incorporated herein by reference . further , when an amount , concentration , or other value or parameter is given as either a range , preferred range , or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values , this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value , regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed . where a range of numerical values is recited herein , unless otherwise stated , the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof , and all integers and fractions within the range . it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range . other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the present specification and practice of the present invention disclosed herein . it is intended that the present specification and examples be considered as exemplary only with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims and equivalents thereof .
the present invention is directed to an intraocular lens , an intraocular lens system and a method of producing and / or implanting the lens or system in an eye wherein at least one intraocular lens includes a coating that aids in resisting interlenticular opacification . the material of the coating is preferably hydrophilic or super - hydrophobic .