the present invention is for coating formulations capable of withstanding high temperatures and adherent to metal surfaces and that may be formulated to have a surface free energy that makes the surface substantially non - stick , meaning that the surface is substantially hydrophobic or oleophobic , or both . such coating formulations have applicability when used to form a surface coat on surgical instruments receiving electrosurgical energy and contacting tissue to achieve a predetermined surgical effect . the present invention further includes applying the subject coating formulations and optionally enhancing the coating &# 39 ; s properties by applying energy , such as thermal energy . the coating formulation comprises a silicate solution , such as a colloidal silicate solution , one or more fillers , and a strong base and optionally includes one or more materials that reduce the surface free energy to enhance the non - stick properties of the surface . in one approach , a colloidal silicate solution may contain at least 10 weight percent silica . in another embodiment the colloidal silicate solution may contain about 50 weight percent silica . representative examples of colloidal silicate solutions are alkali metal silicates , including those of lithium polysilicate , sodium silicate , and potassium silicate , and colloidal silica . the colloidal silicate solution may be colloidal silica with about 50 weight percent silica . the colloidal silica average particle size may be between about 5 nm and 100 nm and it may be between about 30 and 80 nm and it may be between about 40 and 80 nm . example colloidal silica products are megasol s50 ( wesbond corporation ) and levasil ® 50 / 50 % ( h . c . starck gmbh ). the coating formulation includes a strong base in a concentration that causes the ph of the formulation to exceed 10 . 5 at least at some point during the formulation process . the strong base functions to at least partially dissolve the silica . for example , the strong base may be added in sufficient amount to cause at least the initial ph to exceed 12 and the strong base may be added to exceed 12 . 5 . the strong base used may be potassium hydroxide ( koh ). the koh may be added as a koh solution consisting of koh and water and the concentration of the solution may be approximately 50 weight percent koh , or between approximately 20 percent and 80 percent . the filler material may comprise various metal / non - metal combinations , including , for example , compositions that comprise the following : aluminum oxides ( e . g ., alumina and al 2 o 3 ), zirconium oxides ( e . g ., zr 2 o 3 ), zirconium nitrides ( e . g ., zrn ), zirconium carbides ( e . g ., zrc ), boron carbides ( e . g ., b 4 c ), silicon oxides ( e . g ., sio 2 ), mica , magnesium - zirconium oxides ( e . g ., ( mg — zr ) o 3 ), zirconium - silicon oxides ( e . g ., ( zr — si ) o 2 ), titanium oxides ( e . g ., tio 2 ) tantalum oxides ( e . g ., ta 2 o 5 ), tantalum nitrides ( e . g ., tan ), tantalum carbides ( e . g ., tac ), silicon nitrides ( e . g ., si 3 n 4 ), silicon carbides ( e . g ., sic ), tungsten carbides ( e . g ., wc ) titanium nitrides ( e . g ., tin ), titanium carbides ( e . g ., tic ), nibobium nitrides ( e . g ., nbn ), niobium carbides ( e . g ., nbc ), vanadium nitrides ( e . g ., vn ), vanadium carbides ( e . g ., vc ), and hydroxyapatite ( e . g ., substances containing compounds such as 3ca 3 ( po 4 ) 2 ca ( oh ) 2 ca10 ( po 4 ) 6 ( oh ) 2 ca5 ( oh )( po 4 ) 3 , and ca 10 h 2 o 2 6p 6 ). filler materials may be of any shape including , for example , shapes that approximate in whole or in part or are substantially fibers , plates , spheres , rods , coils , or polyhedrons such as cubes or other shapes that may be approximated by a collection of polygons . combinations of filler materials having more than one shape may be used . for example , fillers comprising one or more materials having fiber shapes and plate - like shapes may be used . the filler may have one or more constituents comprising at least in part one or more inorganic fibers or inorganic powders such as those derived from clays with such fillers including those that contain silicon oxide , aluminum oxides , magnesium oxides , titanium oxides , chrome oxides , calcium oxides , or zirconium oxides . the filler materials may contain one or more materials that have at least 30 percent by weight al 2 0 3 or si0 2 either alone or combined with other elements , such as occurs in kaolin , talc , or montmorillonite . clays used may include substances that are members of the smectite group of phyllosilicate minerals . representative examples of clay minerals include bentonite , talc , kaolin ( kaolinite ), mica , clay , sericite , hectorite , montmorillonite and smectite . in the present invention , at least one of kaolin , talc , and montmorillonite may be used . these clay minerals can be used singly or in combination . the filler may have one or more constituents that are at least in part fibers that contain in part or wholly alumina or silica or calcium silicate , such as wollastonite , alumina fiber , silica fiber or fibers containing a combination of alumina and silica . at least one dimension , such as diameter , length , width , or particle size , of at least one of the filler materials may have a mean value of less than about 200 micrometers . the materials may have one or more material with one or more dimensions with a mean value of less than about 50 micrometers . the materials may have one or more dimensions with one or more mean values less than about 10 microns . the materials may have one or more dimensions with one or more mean values less than about 5 microns , such as both the diameter and thickness being less than about 5 microns . when montmorillonite is used as a filler it may be a form that is untreated or it may be a form that has been treated with a surface modifying process , such as a treatment to enhance its dispersion . when used , montmorillonite may be a form that has been onium ion treated . an example onium ion treated montmorillonite is nanomer ® 1 . 44p ( nanocor , inc .). the filler may include at least in part one or more fibers with mean diameters of between about 1 and 50 μm and it may at least in part include one or more fibers with mean diameters of between about 1 and 20 μm . example fibers include rf 50 / 99 and rf 20 / 99 ( saint - gobain tm k . k ) and nyglos 2 and nyglos 4w ( nyco minerals , inc .). the filler may include at least in part a fiber containing al 2 o 3 and sio 2 in about equal weight percentage amounts . substances may be added to promote adhesion or production of a sealed or hydrophobic surface , including substances that increase the ph of the mixture as noted above , including sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide , and hydrolyzable silanes that condense to form one or more cross - linked silicone - oxygen - silicon structures ( siloxane bonds ). example materials are those that use one or more of the aforementioned colloidal silicates and clays , potassium hydroxide , and also use one or more substances that reduce the surface free energy of the surface . such substances that reduce the surface free energy include halogenated compounds and fluoropolymer compounds , such as ptfe and pfa , including aqueous dispersions of such compounds , organofunctional hydrolyzable silanes , including those containing one or more fluorine atoms on one or more pendant carbon chains . among the substances that may be included in the coating material as one or more hydrolyzable silanes are components having the general formula r m six n where r is alkyl chain and x is hydrolyzable , such a alkoxy group with m and n both integers and m + n = 4 . the hydrolyzable silane r may contain one or more halogen atoms . the hydrolyzable silane r may have a general formula of cf 3 ( cf 2 ) p ( ch 2 ) n si ( och 2 ch 3 ) 3 where p is less than about 20 and may about 8 or less and where q is about 2 . other groups besides ( och 2 ch 3 ) 3 , such as those based on methyl , propyl , or butyl groups , may be substituted and fall within the new art of this patent when they also are hydrolyzable . other halogens , such as chlorine , may be substituted for the fluorine . an example fluoroalkylalkoxysilane is tridecafluor - 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 - tetrahydrooctyltriethoxysilane . an example of such a silane is dynasylan f8261 ( degussa corp .). the final coating produced may have a surface free energy ( also referred to as the surface tension ) of the coating is less than about 32 millinewtons / meter and may have a surface free energy less than about 25 millinewtons / meter and may have a surface free energy less than about 15 millinewtons / meter and may be less than about 10 millinewtons / meter . the coating formulation may have materials added to modify its viscosity or surface tension . examples of such materials are amorphous silica , such as in powder form . an example amorphous silica is fumed silica and precipitated silica . an example amorphous silica is cab - o - sil ® hs - 5 ( cabot corporation ). surfactants may also be added to modify the viscosity or surface tension of the formulation . the coating formulation may include amorphous silica mixed with a strong base . the amorphous silica - strong base mixture may be used to augment or replace some or all of a colloidal silicate material and be mixed with fillers or other materials such as hydrolyzable silanes . fig1 illustrates one embodiment of a method for preparing coating formulations in accordance with the present invention . as illustrated , the method of preparation may include the step of combining a combination of silica , an inorganic filler and a base in an amount sufficient to cause the combination to have a ph of at least 10 . 5 at some point during the preparation process , step 102 . by way of example , the combining step 102 may comprise combining the constituents in varying orders and may include mixing , agitating and / or shaking the combination one or multiple times . in one approach , colloidal silica , at least one inorganic filler and potassium hydroxide may be combined . in another approach , an amorphous silica such as fumed silica , and potassium hydroxide may be initially combined , then colloidal silica and an inorganic filler may be added thereto . in yet another approach , the base may even be added later in the process ( e . g ., at step 106 or step 108 , or between steps 106 and 108 noted below ). in each approach , the base ( e . g ., potassium hydroxide ) functions to effectively dissolve at least a portion of the silica . as further illustrated in fig1 , the method may optionally include the step of combining an alkoxy silane into the combination , step 106 . as noted above , the additional of an alkoxy silane serves to enhance the non - stick properties of the coating formulation . as illustrated in fig1 , the preparation method may further include the optional step of combining at least one of water , a surfactant and a solid into the combination , step 108 . as previously noted , such constituents may be added to enhance the ability of the formulation to flow or otherwise cover surfaces to which the formulation may be applied . in relation to the optional steps , 106 and 108 , the illustrated embodiment may also include the further step of waiting a predetermined time period after such step ( s ), step 110 , so as to reduce the viscosity of the combination . in this regard , a waiting period after step 106 may serve to successively flocculate and peptize the silica . in relation to step 108 , the waiting period may serve to allow for the hydrolization of silane alkoxy groups ( e . g ., when water is combined in step 108 ). as noted in fig1 , after step 102 and optional steps 106 - 110 have been completed , the prepared formulation may be utilized to coat an apparatus component such as a metal surface ( e . g ., an electrosurgical blade ). in this regard , reference will now be made to fig2 which illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method of coating a surface of at least one apparatus component with the inventive formulations ( e . g ., a metal surface such as an electrosurgical blade ). as shown , the method may include the steps of applying the coating formulation to the apparatus component surface , step 202 , and drying the applied coating formulation on the apparatus component surface , step 204 . the applying step 202 may be completed utilizing any of a variety of techniques , including for example , dipping , spraying , brushing , rolling , printing , etc . similarly the drying step 204 may be completed in any manner that may function to remove liquid from the coating formulation so as to yield a dry coated apparatus component surface . by way of example , such drying step may include the sub - step of exposing the coated apparatus component to a predetermined temperature range sufficient to vaporize or otherwise remove liquid present in the formulation , and including an elevated ambient temperature for a predetermined time period . as noted , the coating step 202 and drying step 204 may be optionally repeated a number of times to desirably build - up the coating layer in increments and thereby enhance coverage and overall performance . following the drying step 204 , the method may further include the step of curing the applied coating formulation on the apparatus component surface so as to yield a durable , high temperature surface coating , step 206 . further , depending upon the constituents used in the formulation , non - stick and other properties may be realized as otherwise described hereinabove . of note , while separate drying and curing steps are shown in fig2 , it should be realized that an extended drying time period will also serve to cure the inventive formulations . as such , overlap may occur between the drying and curing stages of the process . silica ( from colloidal silica ) 20 - 30 filler 15 - 30 koh 8 . 5 - 10 water ( from colloidal silica and koh solution ) 35 - 50 fluorinated silane 0 . 25 - 5 for example , the colloidal silica , filler , and koh solution are combined and mixed by shaking for one minute . the fluorinated silane is then added and the mixture shaken 15 minutes . after shaking , wait 12 hours . during this period the mixture will become less viscous as the flocculated silica peptizes and the silane alkoxy groups hydrolyze . add the fumed silica and shake five minutes . wait one hour . the mixture may then be applied by dipping , spraying brushing , printing , or other means . the coating may be applied using any means that conveys a liquid to the object to which the coating is to be applied . such methods include spraying , dipping , brushing , rolling , pad printing and printing . more than one coat may be applied , such as within 5 seconds and 4 hours of when previous coats were applied or within 5 seconds and 10 minutes of when previous coats were applied . the coated article may be allowed to air dry at between about 60 and 200 degrees fahrenheit for between about 1 and 8 hours and then cured at between about 350 and 500 degrees fahrenheit for between about 15 minutes and one hour . the final cure temperature may be between about 400 to 475 degrees fahrenheit . to reduce bubble formation during curing the temperature may be ramped between an air dry temperature and the final cure temperature such as , for example , over an interval of between about one and eight hours or over about three to six hours . the final cure may be immediately after air drying or it may be delayed . a coated article may be a substantially organic surface such as cloth or wood to which the coating is applied and allowed to dry . for materials that cannot withstand high temperatures a cure temperature less than the temperature that damages the material may be used , such as 350 degrees , although longer cure times will be required than when higher temperatures are used . a coated article may be a metal part , such as a component of an exhaust system , that needs to withstand temperatures exceeding , for example , 450 degrees fahrenheit . the coated article may be a metal surface that benefits from having non - stick or reduced - stick properties , such as cookware or oven coatings . such surfaces can be made from , for example , metal or glass . the coating may be applied to a glass surface to improve its non - stick properties . articles may be coated to provide improved properties during elevated temperature service including temperatures over 450 degrees fahrenheit . the coating may be applied articles expected to experience temperatures exceeding 600 degrees fahrenheit , such as the surfaces near the edges of electrosurgical instruments where temperatures are believed to exceed 600 degrees fahrenheit and may exceed 1 , 000 degrees fahrenheit . fig3 illustrates the cross section of an electrosurgical instrument , in this case an electrosurgical blade , that has been at least partially coated . the preferred thickness of the coating using the formulation of the present invention is between about 0 . 001 and 0 . 1 inches and more preferably between about 0 . 002 and 0 . 010 inches . preferably , at least part of the blade is left uncoated or with a coating that leads to an impedance less than about 5 , 000 ohms so that transfer of electrical energy is facilitated between the electrosurgical instrument and the tissue , such as when a very thin edge is exposed through the insulation . the blade body 1 is surrounded by insulation 2 , defined by the inventive coating except for at least a portion of the peripheral edge . the length of the body extends into the page in this figure . various additional embodiments and modifications may be apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims which follow .
a coating and devices using the coating are provided . the coating is applied in liquid form and dried or otherwise cured to form a durable adherent coating resistant to high temperatures and having optional hydrophobic properties . the coating formulation contains an aqueous formulation of silica , one or more fillers , and sufficient base , , to have a ph exceeding about 10 . 5 during at least part of the formulation process . the formulation may contain a compound that affects surface free energy , energy to make the cured coating hydrophobic . such compounds include silanes containing halogens and in particular silanes containing one or more hydrolyzable groups attached to at least one silicon atom and a group containing one or more halogens . a medical instrument may be at least partially covered by a coating using the formulation .