methods and systems for performing vascular reconstruction and revascularization in a desired area of the body are herein described . fig1 illustrates a medical device deployment system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention . system 10 includes a catheter 20 having distal and proximal ends 22 and 24 respectively and a lumen 25 extending there through . coupled to proximal end 24 is a catheter hub 26 that has a standard luer fitting . positioned within lumen 25 is an elongate delivery system 28 comprising an elongate tubular outer member 30 having distal and proximal ends 32 and 34 and an elongate inner member 36 having distal and proximal ends 38 and 40 . inner member 36 is slidably and rotatably positioned within the lumen of tubular outer member 30 . the distal end 38 of inner member 36 is positioned distal to distal end 32 of outer member 30 . the proximal end 40 of inner member 36 extends proximal to proximal end 34 of outer member 30 . coupled to proximal end 34 of outer member 30 is outer knob 42 . coupled to proximal end 40 of inner member 36 is inner knob 44 . a retainer member 45 is removably coupled to inner knob 44 and outer knob 42 restricts rotational and axial movement of inner member 36 relative to outer member 30 until removed . the inner and outer knobs 44 and 42 together with the retainer member 45 and proximal ends 40 and 34 of the inner and outer member 36 and 30 generally constitute a rudimentary handle assembly for delivery system 28 . as can be appreciated a more stylistic handle with additional features is contemplated . stent device 50 is mounted on distal end 38 of inner member 36 and positioned within lumen 25 at catheter distal end 22 . stent device 50 has a distal portion 52 and a proximal portion 54 . the deployment system 10 also includes a power supply having 60 having a lead 62 and electrode connector 64 that couples to proximal end 34 of outer member 30 and a lead 63 and electrode connector 65 that couples to proximal end 40 of inner member 36 . a ground lead 66 and electrode pad 67 are also coupled to power supply 60 . fig2 a illustrates an enlarged partial cross - sectional view of catheter distal end 22 . slidably positioned within lumen 25 of catheter 20 are outer member 30 and inner member 36 of delivery system 28 . outer member 30 is shown partially sectioned to reveal an internal support member 70 preferably formed as a laser cut metallic hypotube to provide flexibility and torque - ability . alternatively , the internal support member may take the form of a wound coil assembly using wire having a round , flat or other cross - sectional shape . support member 70 preferably has an electrically insulative cover member 72 extending over a substantial portion of the surface along its length . cover member 72 may take the form of a thin conformal coating or shrink tubing inner member 36 also includes a support member 74 that is preferably formed as a laser cut metallic hypotube to provide flexibility and torque - ability . support member 74 may alternatively take the form of a torqueable wire or cable assembly . support member 74 includes an insulative cover member 76 that extends over a substantial portion of the surface along its length . cover member 76 may take the form of a thin conformal coating or shrink tubing . suitable coating and shrink tubing materials include insulative polymers such as parylene , polyimides , polyamides , fluoropolymers , polyolefins , polyesters , polysiloxanes including co - polymers and composites thereof . the proximal portion 54 of stent device 50 is shown in a first configuration having a reduced diameter substantially positioned over the insulative cover member 76 . primary member 80 is shown wound around inner member 36 producing a number of turns or winds such as wind 81 . representative side extension members 82 and 84 extend from wind 81 of primary member 80 in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of delivery system 28 . wind 81 has an adjacent wind 85 also that includes representative side extension member 86 that extend from wind 85 in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of delivery system 28 and is positioned between side extension members 82 and 84 in an intermeshing configuration . the orientation of side extension members in a longitudinal direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the delivery system allows stent 50 be reduced to a very small diameter for positioning in a small diameter catheter having the ability to access small diameter vessels . proximal end 88 of stent device 50 is shown having no side extension members and includes a proximal tab 90 . tab 90 is connected to distal end 32 of outer member 30 by an electrolytically severable joint member 92 at joint end 94 as shown in magnified view fig2 b . joint member 92 extends through insulative cover member 72 and is in electrical communication with support member 70 . joint member 92 may be joined to support member 70 by soldering or welding ( not shown ). joint end 94 is electrically coupled to tab 90 through the use of solder 95 . other means of joining joint end 94 to tab 90 may also be suitable such as forms of brazing or welding including laser welding and the use of electro - conductive adhesives . joint member 92 includes an insulative cover 96 over the end coupled to support member 70 . joint member 92 has an exposed portion 98 that does not have an insulative covering . fig2 c illustrates another enlarged partial cross - sectional view of catheter distal end 22 . the distal portion 52 of stent device 50 is shown in a first configuration having a reduced diameter substantially positioned over the insulative cover member 76 . distal end 100 of stent device 50 is shown having no side extension members and includes a distal tab 102 . tab 102 is connected to distal end 38 of inner member 36 by an electrolytically severable joint member 103 at joint end 104 as shown in magnified view fig2 d . joint member 103 extends through insulative cover member 76 and is in electrical communication with support member 74 . joint member 103 may be joined to support member 74 by soldering or welding ( not shown ). joint end 104 is electrically coupled to tab 102 through the use of solder 105 . other means of joining joint end 104 to tab 102 may also be suitable such as forms of brazing or welding including laser welding and the use of electro - conductive adhesives . joint member 103 includes an insulative cover 106 over the end coupled to support member 74 . joint member 102 has an exposed portion 108 that does not have an insulative covering . once secured to joint members 92 and 103 , stent device 50 is coated using an insulative coating such as parylene . this coating ensures that the exposed portions 98 and 108 of joint members 92 and 103 are the most susceptible portions for electrolytic dissolution when stent device 50 released at a target site by supplying power to delivery system 28 . fig3 illustrates detail of stent device 50 in a second configuration having an expanded diameter . the backbone or primary member 80 is shown in having helical shape along with a plurality of side extension members and turns or winds represented by side extension members 82 , 84 and 86 and winds 81 and 85 . as depicted , the side extension members of the stent device generally have one end secured to the backbone and the other end uncoupled which is unlike previous stents described in the art . this configuration allows the side extension members of the present invention to act as individual cantilevers providing an improved ability to conform to discrete contours within the vasculature . alternatively , both ends of the side extension members may be coupled to the backbone or primary member , forming a looped structure for example , as long as the side extension member is discrete and not fixedly coupled to any other structural member . prior art helical stents formed of a ladder or mesh structure in which side extension members do not have a free end or are not discrete , such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 660 , 032 to klumb et al , entitled , “ expandable coil endoluminal prosthesis ” or u . s . pat . no . 5 , 824 , 053 to koshravi et al , entitled “ helical mesh endoprosthesis and method of use ”, do not have the same ability to conform to discrete contours of a lesion within the vasculature and instead form a wide area “ tented ” surface . in the expanded diameter second configuration of stent device 50 the side extension members that extended generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the delivery system in the reduced diameter first configuration of stent device 50 are oriented at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the delivery system . stent device 50 is shown with side extension members 82 and 84 of wind 81 intermeshing with side extension member 86 of the adjacent wind 85 . the intermeshing of these side extension members creates interstices or apertures between the side extension members . the size , shape and distribution of the interstices is dependant upon the size , shape and distribution of the side extension members of a wind and an adjacent wind side extension members and the degree of intermeshing defined in part by the pitch of the backbone or primary member 80 . the stent device 50 may have a constant diameter in the range of 1 to 50 mm , and preferably between 2 and 15 mm or as shown in fig3 ., have ends 100 and 88 that are larger in diameter relative to other stent device portions . the diameters of the side extension members have a range of between 0 . 0001 and 0 . 025 inches with a preferred range of between 0 . 002 to 0 . 010 inches . the spacing between side extension members range between 0 . 001 and 0 . 250 inches with a preferred range between 0 . 002 and 0 . 060 inches . stent device 50 may have regions such as ends 100 and 88 that do no have any side extension members . the wound pitch of primary member 80 is shown to be fairly constant however the pitch may be varied along a portion of a stent device dependant upon the functional requirements of the stent . for instance , a primary member having a small pitch may cause the intermeshing side extension members to have a small interstice between the tip of the side extension member and the primary member of an adjacent wind reducing the stent device porosity . additionally , a primary member having a small pitch may cause the side extension members of one wind to overlap with the primary member of an adjacent wind . in addition to the pitch of the stent backbone having an influence on the overall porosity and porosity distribution of the stent device there exists numerous variations in the size shape and distribution of side extension members that may also influence porosity . fig4 a through 4e illustrate partial flat patterns of some variations of side extension members relative to a backbone that may affect different aspects of stent performance including porosity and porosity distribution when formed in a helical shape . in one pattern variation shown in fig4 a , a stent device has a primary backbone 140 with side extension members 142 and 143 , having generally similar diameters and lengths , extending from opposite sides of backbone 140 . side extension member 144 , positioned adjacent extension member 142 has a similar length to extension 142 however may have a smaller diameter . the alternating pattern of side extension members having different diameters may be extended along backbone 140 . fig4 b depicts another pattern variation in which a stent device has a primary backbone 145 and side extension members 147 and 148 , with generally similar diameters and lengths extending from opposite sides of backbone 145 in a curvilinear shape . fig4 c illustrates another pattern variation in which a stent device has a primary backbone 150 and side extension members 152 and 154 which are positioned on only one side of the backbone 150 . fig4 d shows still another pattern variation in which a stent device has a primary backbone 155 and groups of side extension members 157 and 158 are positioned in an alternating configuration on opposite sides of the backbone 155 . fig4 e depicts still another pattern variation in which a stent device has a primary backbone 160 and side extension members 162 and 163 with generally similar diameters and lengths extending from opposite sides of backbone 160 . additionally , the side extension members may progressively have shorter lengths , such as side extension member 164 , to provide a tapered configuration . fig4 f illustrates yet still another pattern in which a stent device has a primary backbone 165 and side extension members , 167 and 168 with generally similar diameters and lengths extending from opposite sides of backbone 165 . additionally the side extension members contain apertures 169 . fig4 g and 4h illustrate partial flat patterns of some variations of a backbone relative to side extension members that may affect different aspects of stent performance including porosity and porosity distribution as well as radiographic visibility when formed in a helical shape . fig4 g depicts a pattern of a stent device that has a primary backbone 170 and side extension members 172 and 173 , with generally similar diameters and lengths extending from opposite sides of backbone 170 . along the length of backbone 170 there is a plurality of apertures 174 . fig4 h depicts a pattern of a stent device that has a primary backbone 175 and side extension members 177 and 178 , with generally similar diameters and lengths extending from opposite sides of backbone 175 . along the length of backbone 175 there is a radio - opaque member 179 . the radio - opaque member 179 provides fluoroscopic visualization of the stent during the deployment procedure . for a stent device having an expanded diameter and a pre - set initial overlap of side extension members upon each helical turn of the backbone , the radio - opaque member 179 provides a visual indication of the stent pitch . as the spacing between adjacent turns of radio - opaque member 179 decreases , the amount of side extension member overlap with adjacent turns increases . fig4 i depicts yet another pattern of a stent device that has a primary backbone 180 and a plurality of side extension members represented by side extension members 181 and 182 . side extension members 181 and 182 are positioned on opposite sides of backbone 180 in a generally mirrored fashion for this configuration . side extension members 181 generally take the form of an open ended loop , where a first end of the extension member loop is connected to the backbone and the second end 183 is adjacent the backbone but are not connected . side extension members 182 generally take the form of a closed loop , where two ends 184 of the extension member loop are connected to backbone 180 . as can be appreciated , side extension members 182 form a discrete side unit where it is unconnected to other side extension members except through the backbone 180 . from a broader perspective two ends 184 may be considered as a first end region coupled to the backbone and a second end region 185 , as shown , is free or uncoupled to any other structural member . while these loops are shown generally “ circular ”, the size and shape of the loop may take the form of other geometric shapes and patterns to be commensurate with the desired properties of the formed stent . for instance the loops may be rectangular , triangular or form a flattened spiral . fig4 j illustrates another pattern of a stent device according to an embodiment of the present invention that has a primary backbone 186 and a representative side extension member 187 . while a first end of side extension member 187 is integrally coupled to backbone 186 , the second end of the side extension member is uncoupled to the backbone and takes the form of an enlarged tabular end 188 . this tabular end 188 is preferably rounded as to be atraumatic to the vessel wall and may include a marker element 189 . preferably marker element 189 is radio - opaque for use in fluoroscopy using known materials such as gold , platinum , tantalum , tungsten , etc ., however marker materials suitable for direct visual or magnetic resonance imaging are also contemplated . marker element 189 may be formed using coining techniques in which a round marker is press fit into a slightly smaller opening positioned on tabular end 188 . alternatively , marker 189 may be printed , coated , electro - deposited , riveted , glued , recessed or raised relative to tabular end 188 . more broadly , an entire stent device or portion thereof may be coated with a radio - opaque material to provide visibility under fluoroscopy . while the marker shown in fig4 j is positioned at tabular end 188 , the marker may be positioned at any location on the side extension member . for instance the side extension member may take the form of a threaded member and a marker take the form of a coil that is wound over the side extension member . fig4 k depicts still yet another flat pattern of a stent device in which the backbone 190 takes a curvilinear shape . for representative simplicity , backbone 190 is shown as being somewhat sinusoidal . side extension member 192 , also shown to be curvilinear , extends from a peak on backbone 190 . as can be appreciated , side extension members such as side extension member 192 may extend from different locations on backbone 190 . fig4 l illustrates a stent pattern where backbone 194 has side extension members represented by side extension member 195 . along its length , backbone 194 has a first width 196 and a second width 197 . to impart some stretch resistance for the finished stent width 197 is shown to be greater than width 196 . the amount of stretch resistance imparted in the finished stent is related to the relative difference between the two widths . the larger width may range from 1 . 01 to 100 times the width of the smaller width with a preferable range of 1 . 5 to 20 times . while fig4 l shows two such differing widths of the backbone , a stent may have multiple regions of differing width to make the stent suitable for a particular anatomy and clinical application . as with any of the aforementioned stent device pattern variations , these patterns may extend along the entire length of the backbone or only a portion thereof and in some instances features of various patterns may be provided in a combined fashion to form stent devices having unique performance characteristics . preferably stent devices of the present invention comprise a biocompatible resilient material . suitable resilient materials include metal alloys such as nitinol , titanium , stainless steel . additional suitable materials include polymers such as polyimides , polyamides , fluoropolymers , polyetheretherketone ( peek ) and shape memory polymers . as can be appreciated , embodiments of stent devices of the present invention may be formed in part or entirely of bioabsorbable and or bioerodible materials such as polycaprolactone ( pcl ), polyglycolic acid ( pga ), polydioxanone ( pdo ) and combinations thereof to allow the stent to temporarily serve structural clinical applications , deliver pharmacological compounds and then dissolve over time . these materials may be formed into desired shapes by a variety of methods which are appropriate to the materials being utilized such as laser cutting , thermal heat treating , vacuum deposition , electro - deposition , vapor deposition , chemical etching , photo - chemical etching , electro etching , stamping , injection molding , casting or any combination thereof . preferably the stent backbone and the side extension members are integrally formed . the distance a side extension member extends from the backbone is dependant upon a specific stent design but a typical range includes between 0 . 5 to 100 times the width of the backbone and a preferred range being about 0 . 75 to 25 times the backbone width . the backbone widths have a general range of about 0 . 0005 in to 0 . 250 in with a preferred range of about 0 . 001 in to 0 . 100 in . while various configurations of side extension members , backbones and a discussion of pitch have been provided , the features of a particular stent design features are heavily dependant upon the clinical application and location of the stent . for instance , stents placed in vessels known to exhibit substantial pulsatility may require that the stent be designed to have end regions which are larger in diameter than the middle portion of the stent to better anchor the stent at the target location . additionally , the width of the backbone may vary to provide regions of the stent which are less susceptible to elongation , thereby creating a stent that has localized stretch resistant properties which aids in reducing stent migration . stents sufficient for treating an aneurysm without the aid of other embolization devices positioned within the aneurysm may require that the porosity of the deployed stent in the region of the aneurysm neck be less than about 30 percent . additionally , stents for treating aneurysm in certain locations may require that the porosity across the neck be less than 30 percent however the porosity adjacent either side of the aneurysm neck be greater than 40 percent and have dimensions as not to occlude small perforator vessels adjacent the aneurysm neck . stents used to treat fusiform aneurysms may be considerably longer than stents for berry aneurysms . stents for use in treating a stenotic lesion may require more or less than 50 percent porosity however side member geometry should be designed to keep fragmented plaque trapped between the exterior wall of the stent and interior wall of the vessel . as previously discussed , a specific stent device design is heavily dependant upon the clinical application for the device and may include materials or coatings to improve the biocompatibility of the device such as coatings that include ligands adapted to capture endothelial progenitor cells within the vasculature . additionally , the stent device may include portions of the device such as side extension members which are formed of bio - erodible or bio - absorbable materials and or materials suitable for the delivery of pharmacological or therapeutic agents adapted to encourage healing during the treatment of aneurysms or reduction of plaque or restenosis during the treatment atherosclerotic lesions . materials and coating process technology suitable for application to the present invention are described in u . s . patent application publication no : 20070128723 a1 to cottone et al ., entitled , “ progenitor endothelial cell capturing with a drug eluting implantable medical device ” herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . fig5 a through 5f illustrate a method of deploying a stent device adjacent a vascular defect according to one embodiment of the present invention . the deployment system is positioned within a target vessel 200 having a bulging vascular defect known as an aneurysm 202 . the interior of the aneurysm is coupled to the lumen of the vessel at aneurysm neck 204 . the distal end of catheter 20 , including stent device 50 is positioned adjacent aneurysm neck 204 . stent device 50 , being in its first configuration for delivery , is wound onto and coupled to the distal end of inner member 36 and additionally coupled to outer member 30 of delivery system 28 . positioning of stent device 50 relative to aneurysm neck 204 may be aided with a radio - opaque centering marker positioned beneath the stent on inner member 36 ( not shown ). catheter 20 is retracted such that catheter marker 23 is positioned proximal to proximal tab 90 of stent device 50 . at the proximal end ( the collective handle assembly ) of deployment system 10 , retainer member 45 is removed allowing axial and rotational movement of inner member 36 and outer member 30 relative to each other . as inner knob 44 is rotated relative to outer knob 42 , inner member 36 rotates causing stent device 50 to unwind and expand . the expansion of stent device 50 may be controlled through the rotation and longitudinal movement of inner knob 44 relative to outer knob 42 . movement of the knobs 44 and 42 relative to each other provides the physician with the ability to control the relative proximity of side extension members positioned on adjacent winds . the expansion of stent device 50 continues until it contacts the inner wall of vessel 200 . at this point in the deployment process , should the physician desire to not proceed with treating the lesion or to reposition stent device 50 , knob 44 may be rotated in the opposite direction relative to knob 44 and wind stent device 50 to a reduced diameter onto inner member 36 for subsequent repositioning and redeployment or removal . should the physician desire to release stent device 50 at the target site , power supply 60 is used to supply energy to the inner and outer member proximal ends to cause the electrolytically severable joint members 103 and 92 to sever , thereby releasing distal and proximal tabs 102 and 90 of stent device 50 from delivery system 28 . the delivery system 28 and catheter 20 may then be removed from the target site . fig6 a through 6f illustrate a method of deploying a stent device adjacent a vascular defect according to another embodiment of the present invention . the deployment system is positioned within a target vessel 300 having an atherosclerotic lesion comprising plaque deposits 302 and 304 creating a stenosis within the vessel restricting distal blood flow . the distal end of catheter 20 , including stent device 50 is positioned adjacent plaque deposits 302 and 304 . stent device 50 , being in its first configuration for delivery , is wound onto and coupled to the distal end of inner member 36 and additionally coupled to outer member 30 of delivery system 28 . positioning of stent device 50 relative to plaque deposits 302 and 304 may be aided with a radio - opaque centering marker positioned beneath the stent on inner member 36 ( not shown ). catheter 20 is retracted such that catheter marker 23 is positioned proximal to proximal tab 90 of stent device 50 . at the proximal end ( the collective handle assembly ) of deployment system 10 , retainer member 45 is removed allowing axial and rotational movement of inner member 36 and outer member 30 relative to each other . as inner knob 44 is rotated relative to outer knob 42 , inner member 36 rotates causing stent device 50 to unwind and being formed from a resilient material such as nitinol move from a first configuration having a reduced diameter to expand . the expansion of stent device 50 may be controlled through the rotation and longitudinal movement of inner knob 44 relative to outer knob 42 . movement of the knobs 44 and 42 relative to each other provides the physician with the ability to control the relative proximity of side extension members positioned on adjacent winds . the expansion of stent device 50 continues until it contacts the inner wall of vessel 300 distal and proximal to plaque deposits 302 and 304 . at this point in the deployment process , should the physician desire to not proceed with treating the lesion or to reposition stent device 50 , knob 44 may be rotated in the opposite direction relative to knob 44 and wind stent device 50 to a reduced diameter onto inner member 36 for subsequent repositioning and redeployment or removal . should the physician desire to release stent device 50 at the target site , power supply 60 is used to supply energy to the inner and outer member proximal ends to cause the electrolytically severable joint members 103 and 92 to sever , thereby releasing distal and proximal tabs 102 and 90 of stent device 50 from delivery member 28 . the delivery system 28 and catheter 20 may then be removed from the target site . although stent device 50 is in an expanded second configuration , a portion of stent device 50 may be partially constrained by plaque deposits 302 and 304 . the resilient nature of stent device 50 , being in an expanded configuration and slightly constrained by the lesion and vessel , creates chronic outward force which is applied to plaque deposits 302 and 304 as well as vessel 300 . the chronic outward of force applied by the stent device 50 is a result of many different design features of the stent including the dimensions and geometry of the backbone or primary member , the phase transformation temperature , af , of the nitinol used and the shape set normal unconstrained expanded diameter of the stent . when properly designed , the chronic outward force of stent device 50 allows the gradual expansion of the stent diameter in the vicinity of the plaque deposits 302 and 304 to thereby compress the plaque deposits thus reducing the restriction to blood flow in the region . alternatively , a balloon device may be positioned within the lumen of the deployed stent device 50 and inflated to accelerate the compression of plaque deposit thereby permitting immediate revascularization . novel devices , systems and methods have been disclosed to perform vascular reconstruction and revascularization procedures within a mammal . although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described , it should be understood that various modifications including the substitution of elements or components which perform substantially the same function in the same way to achieve substantially the same result may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the claims which follow .
devices , systems and methods are provided for performing intra - lumenal medical procedures in a desired area of the body . stents , stent delivery devices and methods of performing medical procedures to redirect and or re - establish the intravascular flow of blood are provided for the treatment of hemorrhagic and ischemic disease states .