as intended herein , an orthopedic pathology according to the invention is a pathology targeting musculoskeletal tissues , namely , in particular , bones , cartilage , synovial membranes , ligaments , tendons and muscles , which can notably be deteriorated . thus , the orthopedic pathology according to the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of an osteoarticular orthopedic pathology , a muscular orthopedic pathology , a ligamentary orthopedic pathology and a tendinous orthopedic pathology . the orthopedic pathology according to the invention may notably be a consequence of traumas , aging , mechanical wearing , or inflammation of a musculoskeletal tissue as defined above . in particular , the orthopedic pathology according to the invention is an osteoarticular , more particularly articular , notably inflammatory , pathology . in a particularly preferred embodiment , the orthopedic pathology according to the invention is rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis . preferably , the individual according to the invention is a mammal , more preferably a human . in a particular embodiment , gingival fibroblasts according to the invention comprise at least 75 , 80 , 90 , 95 or 100 % of gingival fibroblasts as such , that is gingival fibroblasts which have not undergone a differentiation , in particular into cells having an osteogenic phenotype . the gingival fibroblasts can also comprise progenitor cells , preferably less than 25 , 20 , 15 , or 5 % in another particular embodiment , the gingival fibroblasts may for instance be those described in fournier b p et al . ( 2010 ) tissue eng . part a . 16 ( 9 ): 2891 - 9 . procedures for taking , culturing and preserving gingival fibroblasts are well known to one skilled in the art and are particularly described in naveau et al . ( 2006 ) j . periodontol . 77 : 238 - 47 and in gogly et al . ( 2007 ) arterioscler . thromb . vasc . biol . 27 : 1984 - 90 . advantageously , gingival fibroblasts are easily sampled and cultured . besides , gingival fibroblasts possess a high growth speed . preferably , the gingival fibroblasts used in the method according to the invention are autologous , that is they are taken from the individual to whom the gingival fibroblast - derived product is intended to be administered . advantageously , gingival fibroblasts provide for an almost limitless source of autologous fibroblasts . however , the gingival fibroblasts can also be allogenic , that is taken from another individual of the same species , or heterologous , that is taken from another individual of another species . as intended herein , the expression “ gingival fibroblast - derived product ” relates to any product which can be obtained from gingival fibroblasts in themselves or which contains gingival fibroblasts secretions . for example , it is preferred that the gingival fibroblast - derived product is selected from the group consisting of gingival fibroblast whole cells , in particular live gingival fibroblast whole cells , a gingival fibroblast culture , a gingival fibroblast extract , and a gingival fibroblast conditioned medium . the gingival fibroblast extract according to the invention can be obtained by any cell fragmentation method known in the art . in particular , the gingival fibroblast extract according to the invention can be a membrane extract , a cytoplasmic extract or a nuclear extract . the gingival fibroblast conditioned medium according to the invention relates to any medium , such as a liquid cell culture medium ( for instance the “ dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle medium ”, or a culture medium without serum ), which has been contacted by gingival fibroblasts , in particular for a time sufficient for the gingival fibroblasts to have secreted in the medium . administration of the gingival fibroblast - derived product as defined above to the individual , preferably near or at a corporal site to be treated , can proceed by any method known in the art . it is nevertheless preferred that the gingival fibroblast - derived product is administered by injection at a site of orthopedic defect . as intended herein , a site of orthopedic defect relates to any pathological area of a musculoskeletal tissue as defined above . preferably , the method of prevention or of treatment according to the invention comprises or consists of the following steps : taking gingival fibroblasts from an individual ; culturing the gingival fibroblasts ; obtaining a gingival fibroblast - derived product as defined above from the cultured gingival fibroblasts ; administering the gingival fibroblast - derived product to the individual . when the gingival fibroblast - derived product consists of or comprises whole cells , these cells can be administered within the frame of a cellular therapy . fig1 : quantification of mmp1 by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig2 : quantification of mmp3 by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig3 : quantification of mmp7 by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig4 : quantification of mmp9 by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig5 : quantification of timp1 by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β ° hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig6 : quantification of the mmp1 / timp1 complex by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig7 : quantification of the mmp3 / timp1 complex by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig8 : quantification of the mmp7 / timp1 complex by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β )) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). fig9 : quantification of the mmp9 / timp1 complex by elisa ( in ng / ml ) in gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ), chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ), striated muscle cells ( cms ), chondroblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( ch ( tnfα / il1β ) or co - cultured with hgf ( ch ( tnfα / il1β + hgf ), osteoblasts stimulated by tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) alone ( os ( tnfα )) or co - cultured with hgf ( os ( tnfα )+ hgf ) and striated muscle cells stimulated by il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) alone ( cms ( il1β ) or co - cultured with hgf ( cms ( il1β )+ hgf ). this example aims at determining if human gingival fibroblasts inhibit the activities of 4 mmps ( mmp1 , mmp3 , mmp7 , mmp9 ) overexpressed by three key cells involved in osteoarticular remodeling and orthopedic pathologies , in particular osteoarticular and muscular pathologies , namely : the cartilaginous cells ( chondroblasts ), the osteoblasts , and the muscle cells ( striated muscle cells ). key cells of osteoarticular remodeling have been used and cultured in vitro under inflammatory conditions : human chondrocytes ( c - 12710 promocell ) human osteoblasts ( c - 12760 promocell ) human striated muscle cells ( c - 12580 promocell ) these cells were cultured in specific media ( promocell ) for chondroblasts , osteoblasts and striated muscle cells . the cells were cultured in the lower part of transwells ( greiner bio - one , ref : 657 641 ). when confluence was reached , the cells were stimulated by a pro - inflammatory cytokine : tnfα ( 10 ng / ml ) for osteoblasts , il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) for striated muscle cells , or an association tnfα ( 10 ng / ml )+ il1β ( 5 ng / ml ) for chondroblasts during 24 h ( pretzel et al . ( 2009 ) arthritis res . ther . 11 : r25 ; moran et al . ( 2009 ) arthritis res . ther . 11 : r113 ), to model an inflammatory environment and enable the expression of mmps 1 , 3 , 7 and 9 as in pathological tissues . after this stimulation , cells were then either co - cultured in dmem medium ( dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle medium ) with gingival fibroblasts having reached confluence ( upper part of the transwells ), or cultured alone ( control ) during 24 h . the culture supernatants were analyzed after 24 h by elisa to quantify the anti - inflammatory effect induced by human gingival fibroblasts ( hgf ) on chondroblasts ( ch ), osteoblasts ( os ) and striated muscle cells ( cms ). the quantities of mmps , timp1 ( tissular inhibitor of all these mmps ) as well as mmp / timp1 complexes were quantified by elisa ( r & amp ; d ). stimulation of osteoblasts , striated muscle cells and chondroblasts by cytokines yielded an increased secretion of all mmps ( fig1 to 4 ). stimulation of these three cellular types by cytokines thus models an inflammatory environment as in pathological tissues . in co - culture with hgfs , it was observed that the concentrations of mmps 1 , 3 , 7 , 9 were lower to that of stimulated cells cultured alone , for all three cellular types ( osteoblasts , chondroblasts and striated muscle cells ) ( fig1 to 4 ). the quantification of timp1 in hgfs further showed that timp1 is strongly overexpressed in hgfs ( fig5 ). it was also observed that the concentrations of the timp1 / mmp1 , timp1 / mmp3 , timp1 / mmp7 and timp1 / mmp9 complexes were increased in hgf co - cultures with respect to the culture supernatant of control cells . these results have thus shown that gingival fibroblasts , by overexpressing timp1 , inhibit the activities of mmps 1 , 3 , 7 and 9 secreted by chondroblasts , osteoblasts and striated muscle cells stimulated by pro - inflammatory cytokines . these results thus demonstrate that gingival fibroblasts are capable of inhibiting the activity of mmps in an environment similar to that of an orthopedic pathology , and that they are thus useful for treating such a pathology .
the present invention relates to a gingival fibroblast - derived product and its use in methods for the prevention or treatment of orthopedic pathologies in an individual .