the current invention concerns the discovery that a select group of compounds , those of formula i and ii , are useful for inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and restinosis . the methods of treatment provided by this invention are practiced by administering to a human or other mammal in need a dose of a compound of formula i or ii , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof , that is effective to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation or restinosis . the term inhibit is defined to include its generally accepted meaning which includes phrophylactically treating a human subject to incurring smooth muscle cell proliferation or restinosis , and holding in check and / or treating existing smooth muscle cell proliferation or restinosis . as such , the present method includes both medical therapeutic and / or prophylactic treatment , as appropriate . generally , the compound is formulated with common excipients , diluents or carriers , and compressed into tablets , or formulated as elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration , or administered by the intramuscular or intravenous routes . the compounds can be administered transdermally , and may be formulated as sustained release dosage forms and the like . the compounds of formula i used in the methods of the current invention can be made according to established procedures , such as those detailed in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 133 , 814 , 4 , 418 , 068 , and 4 , 380 , 635 all of which are incorporated by reference herein . in general , the process starts with a benzo [ b ] thiophene having a 6 - hydroxyl group and a 2 -( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) group . the starting compound is protected , alkylated , and deprotected to form the formula i compounds . examples of the preparation of such compounds are provided in the u . s . patents discussed above . the compounds of formula ii may be prepared as described in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 230 , 862 and 4 , 232 , 707 , incorporated herein by reference . substituted phenyl includes phenyl substituted once or twice with c 1 - c 6 alkyl , c 1 - c 4 alkoxy , hydroxy , nitro , chloro , fluoro , or tr ( chloro or fluoro ) methyl . the compounds used in the methods of this invention form pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts with a wide variety of organic and inorganic acids and bases and include the physiologically acceptable salts which are often used in pharmaceutical chemistry . such salts are also part of this invention . typical inorganic acids used to form such salts include hydrochloric , hydrobromic , hydroiodic , nitric , sulfuric , phosphoric , hypophosphoric and the like . salts derived from organic acids , such as aliphatic mono and dicarboxylic acids , phenyl substituted alkanoic acids , hydroxyalkanoic and hydroxyalkandioic acids , aromatic acids , aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids , may also be used . such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include acetate , phenylacetate , trifluoroacetate , acrylate , ascorbate , benzoate , chlorobenzoate , dinitrobenzoate , hydroxybenzoate , methoxybenzoate , methylbenzoate , o - acetoxybenzoate , naphthalene - 2 - benzoate , bromide , isobutyrate , phenylbutyrate , β - hydroxybutyrate , butyne - 1 , 4 - dioate , hexyne - 1 , 4 - dioate , caprate , caprylate , chloride , cinnamate , citrate , formate , fumarate , glycollate , heptanoate , hippurate , lactate , malate , maleate , hydroxymaleate , malonate , mandelate , mesylate , nicotinate , isonicotinate , nitrate , oxalate , phthalate , teraphthalate , phosphate , monohydrogenphosphate , dihydrogenphosphate , metaphosphate , pyrophosphate , propiolate , propionate , phenylpropionate , salicylate , sebacate , succinate , suberate , sulfate , bisulfate , pyrosulfate , sulfite , bisulfite , sulfonate , benzene - sulfonate , p - bromophenylsulfonate , chlorobenzenesulfonate , ethanesulfonate , 2 - hydroxyethanesulfonate , methane - sulfonate , naphthalene - 1 - sulfonate , naphthalene - 2 - sulfonate , p - toluenesulfonate , xylenesulfonate , tartarate , and the like . a preferable salt is the hydrochloride salt . the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are typically formed by reacting a compound of formula i with an equimolar or excess amount of acid . the reactants are generally combined in a mutual solvent such as diethyl ether or benzene . the salt normally precipitates out of solution within about one hour to 10 days and can be isolated by filtration or the solvent can be stripped off by conventional means . bases commonly used for formation of salts include ammonium hydroxide and alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides , carbonates and bicarbonates , as well as aliphatic and aromatic amines , aliphatic diamines and hydroxy alkylamines . bases especially useful in the preparation of addition salts include ammonium hydroxide , potassium carbonate , sodium bicarbonate , calcium hydroxide , methylamine , diethylamine , ethylene diamine , cyclohexylamine and ethanolamine . the pharmaceutically acceptable salts generally have enhanced solubility characteristics compared to the compound from which they are derived , and thus are often more amenable to formulation as liquids or emulsions . pharmaceutical formulations can be prepared by procedures known in the art . for example , the compounds can be formulated with common excipients , diluents , or carriers , and formed into tablets , capsules , suspensions , powders , and the like . examples of excipients , diluents , and carriers that are suitable for such formulations include the following : fillers and extenders such as starch , sugars , mannitol , and silicic derivatives ; binding agents such as carboxymethyl cellulose and other cellulose derivatives , alginates , gelatin , and polyvinyl pyrrolidone ; moisturizing agents such as glycerol ; disintegrating agents such as agaragar , calcium carbonate , and sodium bicarbonate ; agents for retarding dissolution such as paraffin ; resorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds ; surface active agents such as cetyl alcohol , glycerol monostearate ; adsorptive carriers such as kaolin and bentonite ; and lubricants such as talc , calcium and magnesium stearate , and solid polyethyl glycols . the compounds can also be formulated as elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or as solutions appropriate for parenteral administration , for instance by intramuscular , subcutaneous or intravenous routes . additionally , the compounds are well suited to formulation as sustained release dosage forms and the like . the formulations can be so constituted that they release the active ingredient only or preferably in a particular part of the intestinal tract , possibly over a period of time . the coatings , envelopes , and protective matrices may be made , for example , from polymeric substances or waxes . the particular dosage of a compound of formula i required to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and restenosis according to this invention will depend upon the severity of the condition , the route of administration , and related factors that will be decided by the attending physician . generally , accepted and effective daily doses will be from about 0 . 1 to about 1000 mg / day , and more typically from about 50 to about 200 mg / day . such dosages will be administered to a subject in need of treatment from once to about three times each day , or more often as needed to effectively inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation or restinosis . the local delivery of inhibitory amounts of active compound for the treatment of restinosis can be by a variety of techniques which administer the compound at or near the proliferative site . examples of local delivery techniques are not intended to be limiting but to be illustrative of the techniques available . examples include local delivery catheters , site specific carriers , implants , direct injection , or direct applications . local delivery by a catheter allows the administration of a pharmaceutical agent directly to the proliferative lesion . examples of local delivery using a balloon catheter are described in epo 383 492 a2 and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 636 , 195 ( wolinsky , jan . 13 , 1987 ). local delivery by an implant describes the surgical placement of a matrix that contains the pharmaceutical agent into the proliferative lesion . the implanted matrix releases the pharmaceutical agent by diffusion , chemical reaction , or solvent activators . lange , science 249 : 1527 - 1533 ( september , 1990 ). an example of local delivery by an implant is the use of a stent . stents are designed to mechanically prevent the collapse and reocclusion of the coronary arteries . incorporating a pharmaceutical agent into the stent delivers the drug directly to the proliferative site . local delivery by this technique is described in kohn , pharmaceutical technology ( october , 1990 ). another example is a delivery system in which a polymer that contains the pharmaceutical agent is injected into the lesion in liquid form . the polymer then cures to form the implant in situ . this technique is described in pct wo 90 / 03768 ( donn , apr . 19 , 1990 ). another example is the delivery of a pharmaceutical agent by polymeric endoluminal sealing . this technique uses a catheter to apply a polymeric implant to the interior surface of the lumen . the pharmaceutical agent incorporated into the biodegradable polymer implant is thereby released at the surgical site . it is descibed in pct wo 90 / 01969 ( schindler , aug . 23 , 1989 ). a final example of local delivery by an implant is by direct injection of vesicles or microparticulates into the proliferative site . these microparticulates may be composed of substances such as proteins , lipids , carbohydrates or synthetic polymers . these microparticulates have the pharmaceutical agent incorporated throughout the microparticle or over the microparticle as a coating . delivery systems incorporating microparticulates are described in lange , science 249 : 1527 - 1533 ( september , 1990 ) and mathiowitz , et al ., j . app . poly . sci ., 26 : 809 ( 1981 ). local delivery by site specific carriers describes attaching the pharmaceutical agent to a carrier which will direct the drug to the proliferative lesion . examples of this delivery technique includes the use of carriers such as a protein ligand or a monoclonal antibody . lange , science 249 : 1527 - 1533 ( september ). local delivery by direct application includes the use of topical applications . an example of a local delivery by direct application is applying the pharmaceutical agent directly to the arterial bypass graft during the surgical procedure . it is usually preferred to administer a compound of formula i in the form of an acid addition salt , as is customary in the administration of pharmaceuticals bearing a basic group , such as the piperidino ring . it is also advantageous to administer such a compound by the oral route to an aging human ( e . g . a post - menopausal female ). for such purposes the following oral dosage forms are available . in the formulations which follow , &# 34 ; active ingredient &# 34 ; means a compound of formula i or ii . ______________________________________formulation 1 : gelatin capsuleshard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following : quantityingredient ( mg / capsule ) ______________________________________active ingredient 0 . 1 - 1000starch , nf 0 - 650starch flowable powder 0 - 650silicone fluid 350 centistokes 0 - 15______________________________________ the ingredients are blended , passed through a no . 45 mesh u . s . sieve , and filled into hard gelatin capsules . examples of specific capsule formulations of the compound of formula 1 wherein the compound is raloxifene , include those shown below : ______________________________________ quantityingredient ( mg / capsule ) ______________________________________formulation 2 : raloxifene capsuleraloxifene 1starch , nf 112starch flowable powder 225 . 3silicone fluid 350 centistokes 1 . 7formulation 3 : raloxifene capsuleraloxifene 5starch , nf 108starch flowable powder 225 . 3silicone fluid 350 centistokes 1 . 7formulation 4 : raloxifene capsuleraloxifene 10starch , nf 103starch flowable powder 225 . 3silicone fluid 350 centistokes 1 . 7formulation 5 : raloxifene capsuleraloxifene 50starch , nf 150starch flowable powder 397silicone fluid 350 centistokes 3 . 0______________________________________ the specific formulations above may be changed in compliance with the reasonable variations provided . ______________________________________formulation 6 : tablets quantityingredient ( mg / tablet ) ______________________________________active ingredient 0 . 1 - 1000cellulose , microcrystalline 0 - 650silicon dioxide , fumed 0 - 650stearate acid 0 - 15______________________________________ alternatively , tablets each containing 0 . 1 - 1000 mg of active ingredient are made up as follows : ______________________________________formulation 7 : tablets quantityingredient ( mg / tablet ) ______________________________________active ingredient 0 . 1 - 1000starch 45cellulose , microcrystalline 35polyvinylpyrrolidone 4 ( as 10 % solution in water ) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 4 . 5magnesium stearate 0 . 5talc 1______________________________________ the active ingredient , starch , and cellulose are passed through a no . 45 mesh u . s . sieve and mixed thoroughly . the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders which are then passed through a no . 14 mesh u . s . sieve . the granules so produced are dried at 50 °- 60 ° c . and passed through a no . 18 mesh u . s . sieve . the sodium carboxymethyl starch , magnesium stearate , and talc , previously passed through a no . 60 u . s . sieve , are then added to the granules which , after mixing , are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets . suspensions each containing 0 . 1 - 1000 mg of medicament per 5 ml dose are made as follows : ______________________________________formulation 8 : suspensions quantityingredient ( mg / 5 ml ) ______________________________________active ingredient 0 . 1 - 1000 mgsodium carboxymethyl cellulose 50 mgsyrup 1 . 25 mgbenzoic acid solution 0 . 10 mlflavor q . v . color q . v . purified water to 5 ml______________________________________ the medicament is passed through a no . 45 mesh u . s . sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste . the benzoic acid solution , flavor , and color are diluted with some of the water and added , with stirring . sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume . compounds of the invention have capacity to inhibit vascular smooth cell proliferation . this can be demonstrated by using cultured smooth muscle cells derived from rabbit aorta , proliferation being determined by the measurement of dna synthesis . cells are obtained by explant method as described in ross , j . of cell bio . 50 : 172 ( 1971 ). cells are plated in 96 well microtiter plates for five days . the cultures become confluent and growth arrested . the cells are then transferred to dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium ( dmem ) containing 0 . 5 - 2 % platelet poor plasma , 2 mm l - glutamine , 100 u / ml penicillin , 100 μg ml streptomycin , 1 μc / ml 3 h - thymidine , 20 ng / ml platelet - derived growth factor and varying concentrations of the compounds . stock solution of compounds is prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide and then diluted to appropriate concentration ( 0 . 01 - 30 μm ) in the above assay medium . cells are then incubated at 37 ° c . for 24 hours under 5 % co 2 / 95 % air . at the end of 24 hours , the cells are fixed in methanol . 3 h thymidine incorporation in dna was then determined by scintillation counting as described in bonin et al ., exp . cell res ., 181 : 475 - 482 ( 1989 ). inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation by the compounds of the invention is further demonstrated by determining their effects on exponentially growing cells . smooth muscle cells from rabbit aortae are seeded in 12 well tissue culture plates in dmem containing 10 % fetal bovine serum , 2 mm l - glutamine , 100 u / ml penicillin , and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . after 24 hours , the cells are attached , the medium is replaced with dmem containing 10 % serum , 2 mm l - glutamine , 100 u / ml penicillin , 100 μg / ml streptomycin and indicated concentrations of the compounds . cells are allowed to grow for four days . cells are treated with trypsin and number of cells in each cultures is determined by counting using a zm - coulter counter . activity in the above tests indicates that the compounds of the invention are of potential in the treatment of restenosis .
methods of inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular restinosis comprising administering to a human or other mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound having the formula ## str1 ## wherein r 1 and r 3 are independently hydrogen , -- ch 3 , ## str2 ## wherein ar is optionally substituted phenyl ; r 2 is ## str3 ## r 4 is hydrogen or -- or 1 , and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof .