to supply nutrients to farm animals , high concentration nutrient granules are formed and combined with the bulk feed of the animals . these nutrient granules will generally include a high concentration of nutrients , a carrier and if necessary a lubricant and / or binder . the nutrients can be a variety of different compositions . generally these will include minerals and vitamins . these nutrients along with the range of concentration that would be incorporated in the pellets of the present invention in order to provide the total nutritional requirements for the animal are listed below according to nutrient concentration ( as compared to ingredient or actual mineral concentration ). these ranges are listed by nutrient concentration . the actual ingredient inclusion rate will depend upon the concentration of that nutrient that the ingredient contains . these will then be combined with a carrier . a carrier can be any of a large number of digestible or nondigestible edible and gras ( generally recognized as safe ) ingredients . these would , for example , include animal protein products , and forage products , grain products , plant protein products , processed grain by - products , roughage products . these are more fully listed below : possible products include dried blood meal , animal by - product meal , fish meal , dried fish solubles , hydrolyzed poultry feathers , hydrolyzed poultry by - products , meat and bone meal , meat meal , poultry by - product meal , dried whey , alfalfa meal , corn , oats , wheat , wheat bran , wheat middlings , soybean hulls , cottonseed meal , linseed meal , soybean meal , sunflower meal , yeast , brewers dried grains , corn flour , corn gluten feed , corn gluten meal , corn distillers dried grains , corn distillers dried grains with solubles , oat groats , feeding oat meal , wheat flour , wheat red dog , soybean mill feed and mixtures . clay or other fillers could be added if desired , but are not necessary . a lubricant may also be required . generally these will be a fat or oil source such as animal fat , vegetable oil or blended animal or vegetable fat , oilseed processing byproducts , soapstock , etc . in certain formulations , a binder may be required . suitable binders include lignin sulfate , bentonite , and gums as well as others . these are all combined in desired proportions and pelletized . generally the nutrient ingredients will form from about 1 to about 70 % of the product and more typically 4 to 40 %. if the supplement is primarily a vitamin and trace mineral supplement , it would form a relatively minor portion of the product if macro minerals are added these would form a relatively and substantially greater portion of the product . the upper limit , i . e ., about 70 %, is due to the inability to effectively bind a high mineral content pellet together . further , if the mineral content is too high , it may not be palletible or pellitable . generally , the product will include from , about 0 to about 5 % fat or oil as a lubricant . if the supplement does not include a significant amount of minerals , i . e ., greater than 20 %, the carrier itself will effectively lubricate and bind itself to form the pellet under the influence of steam used in the pelletizer . on the other hand , if the concentration of minerals exceeds 20 %, about 0 . 5 - 1 % fat per 10 % mineral above 20 % should be added . accordingly , if the product includes 40 % mineral ingredients ( as opposed to nutrient ), 1 to 2 % fat should be included . in producing the pellets of the present invention , the components are blended in any blending apparatus . the product is pelletized by running it through a pellet mill . pellet mills are , of course , very well known . several suitable pellet mills are those made by sproutwaldron and california pellet mill . the pellets can be formed of a variety of different sizes . generally , the dye size will be from { fraction ( 6 / 64 )} up to { fraction ( 32 / 64 )} of an inch . typically they will be from { fraction ( 8 / 64 )} to { fraction ( 12 / 64 )}. the formed pellets are cooled through coolers which are generally used with the pellet mill and manufactured by the same companies and ground with a roller mill or crumbler to form granules . these are all screened and separated for size . the coolers and roller mills and crumblers are likewise well known . generally the size of granules will depend upon the ultimate use but will generally be in the neighborhood of { fraction ( 1 / 64 )} up to { fraction ( 12 / 64 )} of an inch in diameter . these sizes , of course , are average sizes . the density of the formed granules should be equal to the density of the bulk feed to which they are expected to be added + 30 %. density can be controlled by increasing the carrier concentration , modification of the carrier concentration as well as adjusting parameters within the pelletizer itself such as pressure , steam and temperature as well as ultimate granule size . the formulated product will generally have 1 - 30 % crude protein , 1 - 15 % crude fat , and 1 - 15 % crude fiber . these can be formulated into pellets using an operating temperature of about 130 to 200 , preferably 160 to about 170 ° f ., with a steam pressure of 5 to 100 psi preferably , 30 to 60 psi . when the mineral concentration exceeds 20 % of the formulation higher steam pressure is usually used , i . e ., 40 to 80 psi . this improves the manufacturing process . depending on the size of the pellet mill , 1 - 30 tons can be processed per hour . of course , these are preferred parameters for this formulation and other formulations would be modified which is well within the skill of the art . finally , the end product is combined with the feed mix . generally , the appropriate nutrient granule may be modified to meet the needs of the particular bulk feed that it is combined with . the granule should have a size which is approximately equal to the average particle size of the bulk feed . further , it will have a density equal to (± 30 %) of the density of the bulk feed product ( about 30 to 55 pounds per cubic foot ). preferably , the nutrient composition will be added to the bulk feed composition , i . e ., starch source and protein source , at a rate of 0 . 25 to 7 . 5 % based on the weight of the combined nutrient and bulk feed . lesser amounts can be employed , again , depending on the nutrients in the nutrient granule as well as the concentration of the nutrient in the granule . generally the overall amount of nutrient supplement , of course , will be added in an amount designed to meet the dietary needs of the animal consuming the bulk feed . thus , by forming the nutrients into a nutrient pellet and preparing these in a size which will remain suspended in feed , one can supply these to an animal in a manner designed to reliably supply the nutrient needs of the animal without either overfeeding the animal or undersupplying the needs of the animal . further , due to the fact that this is a granular feed nutrient premix , a variety of different formulas can be prepared which are uniquely designed for the needs of particular animals based on both species and characteristics of the species such as lactation , pregnancy , age and size . these can then be added to the bulk feed by the farmer to ensure that all of his animals are properly supplied nutrients . further , and equally important , the nutrients themselves do not separate and remain evenly distributed in the granule .
a granular feed nutrient supplement is formed by pelletizing a mixture of minerals , vitamins and other nutrients along with a carrier such as cornmeal or the like and optionally a lubricant such as fat and / or a binder . the pellets are rolled to a desired size and combined with bulk feed . the size of the formed granules are maintained close to the average particle size of the bulk feed thereby ensuring that the granules remain suspended in the feed and do not separate . preferably the density of the granules is close to the density of the feed .