as described herein , wound healing after injury or surgical intervention is adversely affected by tension on the wound margins . the present invention embraces enhancement of wound healing and prevention of scar formation using naturally occurring and / or modified neurotoxins , including clostridial neurotoxins , as well as those neurotoxins which are free of complexing proteins . this aspect of the invention is based on a new method to immobilize the area around the wound by paralyzing the muscles acting on the wound . this can be achieved by injecting a peripherally acting muscle relaxant directly into the appropriate muscles . conventional muscle relaxants are , however , unsuitable for this for two reasons . firstly , due to their small molecular weights they rapidly diffuse outward from the site of injection , thus producing undesirable effects in other parts of the body . secondly , they are metabolized locally very rapidly and thus lose their efficacy . botulinum toxin , a peripherally acting muscle relaxant , advantageously remains at the site of injection sufficiently long to be taken up by the nerves where it remains in its active form for a long period of time . due to the toxin &# 39 ; s high molecular weight , the amount not taken up diffuses only slowly out from the injection site . because of its dilution in the circulating blood , more distant nerves are not affected . the toxin is quickly inactivated by proteases in the serum . the various serotypes of botulinum toxin have different durations of action . while serotypes a and b block nerves for many weeks , serotype f does so for 34 weeks and serotype e for only 3 - 10 days . to achieve a brief period of paralysis the toxin must be injected a few days before the operation at one or several sites around the operation field , depending on the size of the muscle to be paralyzed . serotype e or f may be selected according to the desired period of paralysis . since the musculature at the chosen operative site is already paralyzed by the toxin at the time of operation , the anaesthetist requires smaller amounts of postsynaptic acting muscle relaxants . the danger of postoperative respiratory impairment by paralysis of the respiratory muscles is thus reduced . as local paralysis at the site of operation is maintained for up to 4 - 5 days postoperatively , the wound sutures are subjected to no additional tension during this time . the period of local immobilization should be maintained maximal until the wound is completely healed , typically 1 - 2 weeks maximum . if wound healing is complicated , for example by secondary healing , paralysis lasting a longer period of time may be indicated . in another embodiment , where an extended duration of muscle paralysis in wound healing is desired , administration of botulinum toxin serotype a or b is warranted . recovery of nerve function occurs slowly after breakdown of the toxins in the nerve cells and is complete approximately 2 days after full proteolytic degradation of the toxin . it is not expected that the brief immobilization leads to any significant atrophy of the muscle . in another embodiment , clostridium botulinum neurotoxins from serotypes a or b , c 1 , d , e , f , g which are free of complexing proteins , hemagglutinins , and other exogenous proteins may be advantageously used to facilitate wound healing and prevent scar formation . as an alternative to the two commercial type a botulinum toxin complex products , botox ® and dysport ®, and also as alternative to the complexes described in the prior art of the other types ( b , c 1 , d , e , f , g ), a novel pharmaceutical has been developed which comprises only neurotoxin ( type a , b , c 1 , d , e , f or g ) free of complexing proteins , hemagglutinins and other exogenous proteins . because of its lower molecular mass , it diffuses more quickly to the target cells in which it is taken up , before immune cells , attracted by hemagglutinins , are activated . antigenicity studies demonstrate that neurotoxin of any type which is free of complexing proteins , induces no , or at the most very little , formation of antibodies , which is distinct from commercial products of type a and the complexes of types b to g . on therapeutic use of this newly developed pharmaceutical ( neurotoxin of types a , b , c 1 , d , e , f or g which is free of complexing proteins ) there is no failure of therapy due to antibodies even after repeated administration . it has also been possible to show that such neurotoxins are , because of their immediate bioavailability , still suitable for the therapy of patients who have developed , after administration of a botulinum toxin complex , e . g . after treatment with botox ® or dysport ®, an antibody titer against the appropriate type ( so - called secondary non - responders ), that is to say are no longer amenable to further treatment with botox ® or dysport ®, because administration of the commercial toxins no longer provides therapeutic effect . this newly developed pharmaceutical can be employed with particular advantage for patients who have never , or not for many years , been treated with botulinum neurotoxin , because their antibody titer is low or zero from the outset . the advantage of its use is then that the increase in the titer in these patients due to the treatment with pure toxin is zero , or at the most very insignificant . in other words , the newly developed therapeutic composition can be administered over long periods without losing its effect . it is also suitable for patients who exhibit an antibody titer against a botulinum toxin . the induction of antibodies during therapy with a clostridium botulinum neurotoxin is thus prevented by administering a neurotoxin free of complexing proteins in place of the high molecular weight toxin complexes . the neurotoxin which has been completely separated from the complex proteins is immediately bioavailable and can bind directly to the nerve endings of the motor endplates . in keratitis and certain operative interventions on the eye , either a bandage is put over the eye or the upper and lower lids are sutured together to keep the eye closed . this measure serves to immobilize the eye and thus favors healing . daily assessment of the healing process can be done at the time the bandage is changed . however , it is not possible to inspect the surface of the eye if the lids are sutured together . closure of the eyelids can also be achieved by drug - induced ptosis , through the injection of a peripherally and locally acting muscle relaxant . depending on the desired duration of closure , botulinum toxin e or f is injected into the levator palpebrae superioris muscle . the advantage of this procedure is obvious . the eye remains accessible for inspection so that the healing process can be monitored and any necessary further measures can be undertaken without stress to the patient . transient ptosis is reversible , just like the paralyses described above . as has been previously described in detail , botulinum toxin serotypes a and b are used in dystonia or spasticity of different origins . if the disorder is complex or if several muscle groups are involved in the symptoms , it is often not clear which muscle should be paralyzed by the toxin to provide maximal relief for the patient . test injections of serotype a or b would cause additional stress to the patient if they were to be injected into the wrong muscle . to localize the optimal area of injection for toxin therapy with a long - lasting efficacy toxin , a test may be conducted using a toxin which exhibits a short duration of effect . botulinum toxin e is suitable for such a diagnostic test . the patient can experience the expected changes before the actual treatment . as its action lasts for only a few days , the patient finds out what effects will be produced later by treatment with a long - lasting efficacy toxin . should the injection not be optimal , the disturbing effect will last for only a short time and another injection can be performed to test the effect on another muscle . a patient undergoes scar revision excision surgery . the scar is located on the abdomen . the scar was a result of a trauma , and was closed at a tertiary referral center at the time . the patient is placed in a supine position , and 5 ml of 0 . 5 % lidocaine with 1 : 200 , 000 epinephrine is locally injected . the scar is excised and bleeding is controlled with monopolar cautery . botulinum toxin a , which is free of complexing proteins is injected ( 10 units ) into the wound periphery and fanning out from the wound . the wound was closed using 6 - 0 vicryl for deep and 6 - 0 nylon for superficial sutures . approximately 24 hours after surgery , the patient develops marked paralysis of the injection muscles , and had lost the ability to move the skin in an area of about 4 cm in diameter around the excision . the wound heals well in the early postoperative period . it is apparent that there is decreased movement and tension on the wound edges . the wound of the patient heals without complications . compared to the preoperative scar , the cosmetic appearance of the resulting scar 12 months postoperatively is excellent and superior to the initial scar . a patient suffers from keratitis or undergoes surgical intervention on the eye . botulinum toxin type e or f which is free of complexing proteins is injected into the levator palpebral superioris to produce a flaccid ptosis on the upper lid and provide safe and effective protection for the cornea . the eye is inspected to monitor the healing process . injections are repeated until the underlying disease or condition heals . it is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof , the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention , which is defined by the scope of the appended claims . other aspects , advantages , and modifications are within the scope of the following claims .
naturally occurring and / or modified clostridium neurotoxins , including those neurotoxins free of complexing proteins which naturally form complexes with clostridial neurotoxins , are used to enhance healing of injured surface or superficial tissue of a patient by local administration into or in close proximity to the injured tissue . such neurotoxins may be advantageously employed in wound healing and preventing scar formation , and find applicability in the area of ophthalmology , e . g . in treatment of injured corneal tissue , for example by closing inflamed eyes . a further embodiment includes diagnostic usage for the evaluation of effective toxin administration and medicaments for use therein .