reference is now made to fig1 which illustrates the stent fabrication method of the present invention . in the stent fabrication method of the present invention , a drawing representing a stent is designed on a computer that generates a printout with the desired stent pattern presented in a flat format 40 . the pattern of step 40 can be printed on any size printout , but generally must be reduced to fit the requirements of photographic film 42 and the dimensions of the desired stent design . after the drawing of the stent pattern is reduced , it is transferred onto a high contrast transparent film 44 . the final step requires that the photo - transparent film be calibrated to match the circumference and dimensions of the tubular member employed in the fabrication process 46 . the tubular member can be any type of biocompatible materials , such as titanium , tantalum , stainless steel , platinum , gold alloy or gold / platinum alloy , a polymeric material or a material which is plated with a biocompatible material . the preferred candidate for stainless steel material for the tubular member is either the 316 or 321 stainless steel classes . the process of forming the tubular member is well known extrusion technology . it is preferable to have the tubular member relatively consistent in diameter , concentricity , thickness and seamless . to process the particular tubular member , is it preferable to clean and remove contaminates 20 . the tubular member can be further treated by exposing the cleaned tubular member to a temperature in the range of 100 to 200 degrees celsius . dependent on the tubular member &# 39 ; s material and the photo - sensitive resist material employed , a coupling agent may be necessary to enhance the adhesion of the photo - sensitive resist to the outer surface of the tubular member . therefore , after cleaning , the outside surface of the tubular member is optionally coated with a coupling agent 22 . the processed tubular member is then coated with a photo - sensitive solution 24 . next , a novel apparatus is employed which exposes the resist coated tubular member to a specific pattern of uv light 26 . the exposed tubular member is then immersed into a negative resist developer 28 , whereby unexposed resist is removed from the processed tubular member . fig2 is a schematic view of the finished stent of the present invention in its intended operational environment . a stent resulting from the present invention can be used to treat atherosclerotic disease , prevent vessel recoil , overlie an aortic dissecting aneurysm , tack dissections to the vessel wall , and eliminate the risk of occlusion caused by flaps in both coronary native vessels and by - pass grafts . stents can also be used to reinforce collapsing structures in the respiratory , biliary , urological , and other tracts . for steps 20 , 22 and 24 , fig3 demonstrates a simple means for exposing tubular member 64 to a cleaning solution 60 , coupling agent 61 , or the photo - sensitive resist 63 within a container 62 . for example , industroclean solvent detergent made by amway corporation is an example of suitable commercially available cleaning solution . a number of organo - silane coupling agents may be employed with the current invention process . some examples of commercially available organo - silane coupling agents are vinyltriethoxysilane or methyltriethoxysilane made by union carbide and z - 6040 ( containing glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane ) or z - 6020 ( containing aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane ) made by dow corning . probimide made by olin industries is an example of suitable commercially available photo - sensitive resist . when exposing the tubular member 64 with some commercially available photo - sensitive resists 63 , the thickness of the resist polymer layer is dependent upon the amount of exposure time and possibly , the method of exposure or other variables . one method that can be employed to control the thickness of the photo - sensitive resists is to uniformly draw the tubular member ( s ) 64 through a solution of photo - resist for a specified period of time to obtain the desired coating layer . furthermore , it may be desirable to protect the internal lumen of the tubular member from the photo - sensitive resist polymer during the exposure process . it should be obvious to the one skilled in the art that standard methods of subjecting one or more tubular members to a cleaning solution are commercially available and can be employed with the present invention . in addition , it would be obvious to those skilled in the art to expose the cleaned tubular member to a heat source , preferably in the temperature range of 100 to 200 degrees celsius , to facilitate drying of the tubular member . furthermore , it should be obvious to one skilled in the art that standard methods of coating one or more tubular members with a coupling agent or photo - sensitive resist are commercially available and can be employed with the present invention . having said this , subjecting tubular members of different metallic compositions may require different commercially available photo - sensitive resists or , if necessary , coupling agents . fig4 - a demonstrates a cross - section of the outer surface of tubular member 64 coated with a photo - sensitive resist 66 . in this example , the adhesion properties between tubular member 64 and the resist 66 is robust enough to not require an intermediate coupling agent layer . for example , using class 316 or 321 stainless steel for the tubular member with probimide made by olin industries is an example of a suitable photo - sensitive resist / tubular member combination that does not need a coupling agent . it should be recognized by the artisan that there are several classes of polymers that can be employed with the present invention to function as a protective coating . fig4 - b shows a cross - section of the outer surface of tubular member 64 coated with a photo - sensitive resist 66 . sandwiched between the tubular member 64 and resist 66 is a coupling agent 68 . in this example , the adhesion properties requires the use of a coupling agent to facilitate and strengthen the bond between the tubular member 64 and the resist 66 . for example , using gold alloy or platinum metal for the tubular member with probimide photo - sensitive resist is an example of a combination that may need an organo - silane coupling agent to strengthen the bond between the tubular member and the resist . fig5 a and 5b show a preferred stent configuration imprinted on a transparent photographic film . the drawing of the pattern is generated on a computer program , reduced and printed onto a transparent film . for example , a stress analysis program called algor was used to develop the computer generated printouts . the printout is then sent to a film processing facility who reduces the printout and generates a precisely dimensioned negative . as discussed in more detail below , the dimensions of the negative must be calibrated to render a specific stent design . because of regulations concerning patent drawings which prohibit large blackened areas , an explanation of the drawings used to represent the photographic film is necessary . in fig5 a and 5b , the open ( transparent ) spaces which allow the uv light to pass through the film are represented as solid black lines and alternating loops . the white areas of the drawings 5a and 5b represent the exposed ( black ) areas of the film which will block the uv light from passing through the film and exposing the underlying areas to uv . an example of a suitable film that can be employed in the present invention is kodak ali - 4 accumax film made by kodak industries . the length 77 of stent imprint is directly equal ( 1 to 1 ) to the circumference of tubular member 64 . the width 75 is equivalent to the working length of the processed stent . fig5 b shows the transparent photographic film 76 with multiple frames 70 of the preferred stent configuration . fig6 shows sections of the apparatus including the ultraviolet lamp 82 laid - out in a typical configuration with sealed bulb 81 and filament 80 in an assembly . a regulating platform 84 comprises a base 84 with a top plate 88 . a specially configured slit 87 centers the ultraviolet light into a narrow beam which reaches and penetrates the specific pattern of transparent film 76 . selected portions of the coated tubular member are illuminated with ultra - violet light which causes the exposed photo - resist to react and change its properties ( cure and harden ) and result in those portions remaining after electro - chemical etching as the stent struts 118 . the platform also comprises a rotating member 86 engaged with tubular member 64 . rotating member 86 moves in conjunction with the film passing over the rotating tubular member . for step 28 , fig7 demonstrates a simple means for exposing tubular member 92 to a negative resist developer 90 , within a container 94 . it should be recognized by the artisan that there are numerous commercially available solvents for selectively removing the unexposed photo - sensitive resist of polymeric protective coating . it should also be obvious to the artisan that standard methods of exposing one or more tubular members with a negative resist developer can be employed . fig8 is a representation of step 30 where a means 100 is used to remove unexposed photo - sensitive resist or protective polymeric coating and rinse excess negative resist developer or other selective solvents from the partially exposed tubular member 92 using an appropriate solvent 102 . in the preferred embodiment , qz3501 made by olin industries is an example of suitable commercially available solvent to rinse the excess negative resist developer . at this time , the entire tubular member is incubated for a specified period of time , allowing the remaining photo - sensitive resist polymer to fully cure ( harden ) and attach to the surface of the processed tubular member . the tubular member can be incubated at room temperature or can be exposed to a heat source in the range of 100 to 400 degrees celsius . fig9 is a representation of step 32 where an electro - chemical means is employed to remove the unexposed metallic material from the exposed tubular member 92 . shown in fig9 is electro - chemical solution 110 contained within a member 116 . in the preferred embodiment , a combination of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acids are employed to the etch unexposed metallic material . hydrite 4000 made by hydrite industries is an example of suitable commercially available electro - chemical etching solution that contains the phosphoric and sulfuric acids . when employing a tubular member composed of stainless steel class 304 , the preferred electro - chemical etching solution comprises a solution of ferric chloride . if the tubular member is composed of a gold alloy or platinum , other electro - chemical etching solutions , such as potassium cyanide , aqua regia ( hydrochloride and nitric acids ), or sodium hypochlorite may be required . to energize the etchant solutions , a negative charge is supplied through cathode 112 ( which is immersed in the etchant solution ) to the positively charged electrode 114 with is engaged to final tubular member 119 ( of which both are immersed in the etchant solutions ). materials commonly employed as cathodes are platinum or gold . it should be obvious to one skilled in the art that standard methods of treating one or more tubular members with a electro - chemical means can be employed . fig1 is a representation of the preferred stent design 72 that results from the present invention method . the portions of the photoresist that were exposed to uv illumination and changed physical properties ( cured and hardened ) are retained during the electro - chemical process and remain intact as the struts or loops 118 of stent 72 . the portions of the photoresist that were not exposed to uv illumination are removed during the electro - chemical process and result in open spaces 120 . the structure resulting from a pattern of struts 118 and open spaces 120 comprises the desired stent configuration . the present invention results in the preferred stent design 72 having specifically configured struts 118 . fig1 , 12 , and 13 illustrate , in cross - section , three exemplary stent strut designs . as demonstrated in fig1 , the preferred stent design has the outer portion of the struts protruding in a trapezoidal configuration 134 which is directed radially from the longitudinal axis of the stent . the pattern of the preferred stent employs cross - section fig1 and has a series of loops ( u - shaped ) 118 and a single backbone running along the length of the stent , thereby forming the basic scaffold of the stent design . the pattern of fig1 and 11 can be formed of any size ; a preferable size is between 0 . 035 thousandths to 0 . 100 thousandths in diameter when formed ( crimped ). the expanded or deployed diameter ranges from 2 . 0 mm to 8 . 0 mm with a preferred range for coronary applications of 2 . 5 mm to 6 . 0 mm . the length of the stent is virtually constant from its initial formation length to its length when expanded and ranges from 2 mm to 50 mm , with a preferred length for coronary applications of 5 mm to 20 mm . in an alternate embodiment , the pattern of stent 72 is similar to that of fig1 and 11 but differs in the outer portion of the strut comprising a triangular configuration 132 ( fig1 ) where the point of the triangle is directed radially from the longitudinal axis of the stent . in another alternate embodiment , the pattern of stent 72 is similar to that of fig1 and 11 but differs in the outer portion of the strut comprising an extended base with a radius 130 ( fig1 ) which is directly radially from the longitudinal axis of the stent . finally , the stent 72 can be polished to remove any excess material not properly removed by the process . the polishing can be performed mechanically , by rubbing a polishing stick having diamond dust on its outside inside the stent 72 . alternatively , an additional electro - polishing step can be utilized . fig1 is a simplified perspective view of the apparatus used in the present invention stent fabrication process . mounted on a stage is a supporting means 141 for locating the enclosure 142 containing uv light source 82 over the y shaped regulating platform 84 . the uv light source has a wavelength within the range of 360 to 440 nanometers with a preferred wavelength of 390 nanometers . a series of repeating stent patterns or individual frames 70 are imprinted on a spool of film 147 which is engaged to rotating shaft 146 . a motor 143 is engaged to and rotates the shaft 146 which speed is regulated by controller 140 . mounted also on the stage is regulating platform 84 which supports the coated tubular member 64 engaged to a rotatable shaft 86 . the top of the regulating platform comprises a plate which is mounted within two horizontal inward facing slots cut into regulating platform 84 . the top contains a specifically configured centering slit 87 positioned over the film 76 and coated tubular member 64 . the function of the configured slit is to act as a slit lens and center the uv light obtained from the light source onto the narrow region of the film . in this simplified example of the apparatus , the film engages the tubular member 64 which is free to rotate on shaft 86 . the movement of the photographic film over the tubular member 64 generates a rotational force which is in unison with the advancement of the film . an alternate method not shown would be to use a synchronized motor mechanism that would control both the advancement of the film and the corresponding rotation of the tubular member . also not shown is a means to automatically remove the exposed tubular member 92 from the regulating platform and replacing with a coated tubular member 64 . the automatic mechanism needs to correspond with the movement of the film to replace the tubular member between individual stent patterns ( frames ) 70 . mounted on the side of the stage is another supporting means 154 containing a rotatable shaft 150 . a weight is suspended from the end of the photographic film 148 and functions to provide tension on the photographic film to ensure adequate engagement with coated tubular member 64 . a take - up reel or any number of tensioning mechanisms can suffice for the weight 148 . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of the apparatus as seen along line 2 -- 2 in fig1 showing the perspective view of the apparatus . this cross - sectional view shows the relative position of uv light source 82 over regulating platform 84 , slit 87 and tubular member 64 . it can be seen from this figure that weight 148 provides tension to maintain the engagement of the photographic film to the tubular member . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of the light source and the regulating platform . this view demonstrates the orientation of the light source 82 facing in the general direction of the regulating platform 84 . diffuse uv light ( shown by the arrows emanating from the light source ) enter into specially configured slit 87 . the figure also demonstrates one embodiment of the apparatus where the forward advancement of the photographic film 76 ( shown by arrow ) generates a rotational force ( shown as clockwise ) on the coated tubular member 64 which moves in unison with the film . fig1 is a cross - sectional enlargement of the regulating platform of the apparatus , specifically demonstrating the configuration of the focusing slit 87 . light enters beveled angles 90 which funnels the electromagnetic energy into a narrow channel 92 finally engaging photographic film 76 . the pattern imprinted on the film blocks some of the light rays ; while spaces in the pattern allow light to reach and react with the photo - sensitive resist on the coated tubular member 64 . this process transfers the stent pattern from the relatively flat photographic film to the circular tubular member . fig1 is a side perspective view of the regulating platform . this figure shows a section of regulating platform 84 , depicting one of the beveled angles 90 and one side of the narrow channel 92 of slit 87 . also demonstrated is that the width of beveled angle 90 and channel 92 is approximately equivalent to the width of the photographic film 76 . also shown is the photographic film 76 engaged with coated tubular member 64 . length 77 of frame 70 is designed and calibrated to equal the circumference of tubular member 64 . it is to be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims which follow :
disclosed herewithin is a method of fabricating a stent which involves processing a tubular member whereby no connection points to join the edges of a flat pattern are necessary . the method includes the steps of a ) removing contaminates from a tubular member , b ) coating the outside surface of the tubular member with a photo - sensitive resist material , c ) placing the tubular member in an apparatus designed to simultaneously rotate the tubular member while passing a specially configured photographic frame negative between a uv light source and the tubular member , thereby exposing a specified pattern of uv light to the resist coated tubular member , d ) exposing the outside surface of the tubular member to a photoresist developer for a specified period of time , e ) rinsing the excess developer and uncured resist from the outside surface of the tubular member , f ) treating the tubular member with a electro - chemical process to remove uncovered metal . this process can lend itself to virtually an unlimited number of stent designs and configurations . by modifying the photographic frame negative , the same process can be employed to fabricate various stent designs from a tubular structure .