the aim was to perform impregnation tests of porous b - tcp blocks to assess how such blocks can be loaded with a calcium and / or phosphate containing salt the porosity of the porous β - tcp blocks was in the range of 69 to 77 %. the porosity consisted of roughly 54 % macropores ( mean diameter close to 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 mm ) and 25 - 33 % micropores ( mean diameter in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers ) the samples were calcined at 500 ° c . for 1 h prior to the impregnation tests to remove organic residues present on the block surface ( without calcination , the samples were so hydrophobic that they were floating in aqueous solutions ). impregnation tests were performed with a 0 . 25 g / ml and 0 . 50 g / ml calcium chloride solution . a 2 2 factorial design of experiments with three repeats was performed with the following factors : factor a : cacl 2 concentration ( 0 . 25 or 0 . 50 g / ml ); factor b : liquid amount ( 3 . 5 or 7 . 0 ml ). each of the 14 × 14 mm cylinders was placed standing in a snap cap flask . the solution was then slowly added to allow impregnation through capillarity . the cylinder top was always protruding out of the solution . the samples were then inserted into the drying cupboard tempered at 60 ° c . the ventilation of the drying cupboard was set at its maximum . the weight of the flask + solution + samples was measured at regular interval to determine the point at which constant weight was reached . after 24 h , most samples but 3 ( those made with 7 ml 0 . 50 g / ml solution ) appeared to be dry . therefore , these 9 samples were removed from the flask and the weight was determined without flask . the 3 samples made with 7 ml 0 . 50 g / ml solution were kept for a longer time . the drying temperature was increased to 80 ° c . 36 h after the experiment start . both ca solutions were sucked by the porous block within seconds . since an excess of liquid was used , some solution was left besides the samples . after drying , a different picture was revealed depending on the soaking solution and the amount : the blocks soaked in calcium chloride appeared mostly “ clean ”, whereas the blocks soaked in 7 ml 0 . 50 g / ml cacl 2 solution were encrusted in large cacl 2 residues , suggesting that too much cacl 2 was used . interestingly , drying was very slow and as soon as the samples were retrieved from the drying cupboard and left in the lab , the block surface became wet , suggesting that the samples were very hygroscopic due to the presence of calcium chloride . after 3 . 5 days , a liquid could still be found below the crust formed around the samples produced with 7 ml 0 . 50 g / ml cacl 2 . the amount of calcium chloride present within the samples was slightly lower than expected , perhaps because the calcium chloride crystals used to produce the ca chloride solution contained water and / or because some of the ca chloride was left in the snap cap flask . the loading efficiency was close to 84 %, without noticeable difference between 7 ml of 0 . 25 g / ml solution and 3 . 5 ml of 0 . 50 g / ml solution . perform impregnation tests of porous β - tcp blocks to assess how such blocks can be loaded with a phosphate containing salt the porosity of the porous β - tcp blocks was in the range of 69 to 77 %. the porosity consisted of roughly 54 % macropores ( mean diameter close to 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 mm ) and 25 - 33 % micropores ( mean diameter in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers ) the samples were calcined at 500 ° c . for 1 h prior to the impregnation tests to remove organic residues present on the block surface ( without calcination , the samples were so hydrophobic that they were floating in aqueous solutions ). impregnation tests were performed with a 0 . 50 g / ml di - potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ( k 2 hpo 4 ). each of the 14 × 14 mm cylinders was placed standing in a snap cap flask . the solution was then slowly injected at the bottom of the snap - cap flask to allow impregnation through capillarity . 6 different volumes were injected : 1 . 8 , 2 . 7 , 3 . 6 , 4 . 5 , 5 . 6 and 6 . 3 ml . these volumes correspond to an expected k 2 hpo 4 amount of 0 . 9 , 1 . 35 , 1 . 8 , 2 . 25 , 2 . 8 and 3 . 15 g . two cylinders were prepared for each solution volume . the cylinder top was always protruding out of the solution . the samples were then inserted into the drying cupboard tempered at 95 ° c . the ventilation of the drying cupboard was set at its maximum . the weight of the flask + solution + samples was measured at regular interval to determine the point at which constant weight was reached . the sample weight was determined to assess how much di - potassium hydrogen phosphate was present in the block pores . the solution was sucked by the porous block within seconds . since an excess of liquid was used , some solution was left besides the samples , especially with a high liquid amount . the samples looked very good , with hardly any crystals protruding at the sample surface . the experimental results show a good agreement between measured and expected amount ( fig1 ) of k 2 hpo 4 present in the β - tcp block . however , it appears that beyond an expected amount of = 2 . 5 g , most of the additional k 2 hpo 4 amount remains in the flask and does not load the β - tcp block . perform impregnation tests of porous β - tcp blocks to assess how such blocks can be loaded with a phosphate containing salt the porosity of the porous β - tcp blocks was in the range of 69 to 77 %. the porosity consisted of roughly 54 % macropores ( mean diameter close to 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 mm ) and 25 - 33 % micropores ( mean diameter in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers ) the samples were calcined at 500 ° c . for 1 h prior to the impregnation tests to remove organic residues present on the block surface ( without calcination , the samples were so hydrophobic that they were floating in aqueous solutions ). impregnation tests were performed with a 0 . 50 g / ml di - sodium hydrogen phosphate solution ( na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o . since the solubility of di - sodium hydrogen phosphate solution is relatively low at room temperature , the solution was heated up at 95 ° c . at that temperature , a clear solution was obtained . each of the 14 × 14 mm cylinders was placed standing in a snap cap flask . the solution ( kept at 95 ° c .) was then slowly injected at the bottom of the snap - cap flask to allow impregnation through capillarity . 3 different volumes were injected : 2 . 7 , 4 . 5 , and 6 . 3 ml , corresponding to 1 . 35 , 2 . 25 and 3 . 15 g of na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o . two cylinders were prepared for each solution volume . the cylinder top was always protruding out of the solution . the samples were then inserted into the drying cupboard tempered at 95 ° c . the ventilation of the drying cupboard was set at its maximum . the weight of the flask + solution + samples was measured at regular interval to determine the point at which constant weight was reached . the sample weight was determined to assess how much di - potassium hydrogen phosphate was present in the block pores . each sample was then placed into a small porous cage produced by joining together two bd falcon filters ( mesh size : 70 micrometers ). the cage was lowered into a 1 l deionized water . stirring was performed with a large magnetic bar ( 6 cm in length ) at 50 rpm . the samples were removed from the solution after 1 h or 3 h ( 1 sample per time and per composition ). the samples were then dried at 95 ° c . and weighed to determine the amount of na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o released during the test . as control group , 6 β - tcp blocks that had not been impregnated in sodium hydrogen phosphate solution were also tested . the solution was sucked by the porous block within seconds . since an excess of liquid was used , some solution was left besides the samples , particularly at a high loading . interestingly , the sample surface was not “ clean ” but covered with a thick material layer . the amount of material left after drying the flask was lower than expected assuming that all na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o present in the na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o solution is left in the flask . this suggests that either the solution concentration was wrong ( for example due to adsorbed water in the initial powder ) or the na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o was transformed into na 2 hpo 4 during drying . since there is a very good correlation between the experimental points and the predictions made assuming the presence of na 2 hpo 4 ( fig1 ), the latter explanation is probably correct . the results also show that the loading efficiency decreases with an increase in added na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o amount , suggesting that the block pores cannot be fully filled with na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o . the point at which the loading efficiency drastically decreases is close to 1 . 35 g . all release solutions contained particles in suspension after the release test suggesting that some particles precipitated in the release solution . this could explain why released na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o amount was not affected by the initial loading and the release duration ( fig2 ). in any case , this experiment shows that the release rate of na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o proceeds relatively slowly , for example compared to the results obtained with cacl 2 in the following example 4 . the mean weight loss of pure β - tcp blocks ( without loading ) was slightly positive after 3 h ( 0 . 005 ± 0 . 012 g ) but not significantly larger than zero , which means that the dissolution rate dr d of sodium hydrogen phosphate was two order of magnitude larger than the dissolution rate dr s of β - tcp ( since 0 . 3 to 0 . 8 grams of sodium hydrogen phosphate were dissolved in the release medium within the same duration ). the porosity of the porous β - tcp blocks was in the range of 69 to 77 %. the porosity consisted of roughly 54 % macropores ( mean diameter close to 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 mm ) and 25 - 33 % micropores ( mean diameter in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers ) the samples were calcined at 500 ° c . for 1 h prior to the impregnation tests to remove organic residues present on the block surface ( without calcination , the samples were so hydrophobic that they were floating in aqueous solutions ). impregnation tests were performed with a 0 . 25 g / ml calcium chloride solution ( cacl 2 ). each of the 14 × 14 mm cylinders was placed standing in a snap cap flask . the solution ( kept at 95 ° c .) was then slowly injected at the bottom of the snap - cap flask to allow impregnation through capillarity . 2 different volumes were injected : 10 . 5 and 14 ml . three cylinders were prepared for each solution volume . the cylinder top was always protruding out of the solution . the samples were then inserted into the drying cupboard tempered at 95 ° c . the ventilation of the drying cupboard was set at its maximum . the weight of the flask + solution + samples was measured at regular interval to determine the point at which constant weight was reached . after 24 h , the samples were dry . the sample weight was determined to assess how much di - potassium hydrogen phosphate was present in the block pores . each sample was then placed into a small porous cage produced by joining together two bd falcon filters ( mesh size : 70 micrometers ). the cage was lowered into a 1 l deionized water . stirring was performed with a large magnetic bar ( 6 cm in length ) at 50 rpm . the samples were removed from the solution after 10 min , 1 h or 6 h ( 1 samples per time and per composition ). the samples were then dried at 95 ° c . and weighed to determine the amount of cacl 2 released during the incubation . as control group , 6 β - tcp blocks that had not been impregnated in calcium chloride solution were also tested . the solution was sucked by the porous block within seconds . since an excess of liquid was used , some solution was left besides the samples . between 1 . 38 and 1 . 64 g calcium chloride could be loaded into the blocks . despite a difference in the initial volume ( 10 . 5 or 14 ml ), the loaded calcium chloride did not vary much , suggesting that a loading plateau is reached . using the density of calcium chloride , it could be calculated that 42 to 47 % of the pore volume was filled with calcium chloride . the release rate was very fast , with roughly 50 % released within 10 minutes and 80 - 85 % after 1 h . at 6 h , the samples were free of calcium chloride . in other words , 1 . 38 to 1 . 64 grams of calcium chloride were dissolved within 6 h . contrarily , the mean weight loss of pure β - tcp blocks ( without calcium chloride ) was slightly positive after 6 h ( 0 . 01 ± 0 . 01 g ) but not significantly larger than zero , which means that the dissolution rate dr d of calcium chloride was more than 100 times larger than the dissolution rate dr s of β - tcp . load porous β - tcp blocks with na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o and measure the na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o release rate the porosity of the porous β - tcp blocks was in the range of 69 to 77 %. the porosity consisted of roughly 54 % macro pores ( mean diameter close to 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 mm ) and 25 - 33 % micropores ( mean diameter in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers ) the samples were calcined at 500 ° c . for 1 h prior to the impregnation tests to remove organic residues present on the block surface ( without calcination , the samples were so hydrophobic that they were floating in aqueous solutions ). impregnation tests were performed with a 0 . 50 g / ml na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o solution ( na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o ). each of the 14 × 14 mm cylinders was placed standing in a petri dish ( inner dimensions : diameter : 8 . 7 cm ; height : 1 . 1 cm ). 24 . 3 ml of the solution ( kept at 95 ° c .) was slowly injected at the bottom of the petri dish . the blocks were then press - fitted into a plastic membrane covering the petri dish ( fig1 ). the bottom of the samples touched the bottom of the petri dish , whereas the cylinder top protruded out of the membrane covering the petri dish . the petri dish + samples were then inserted into the drying cupboard tempered at 95 ° c . the ventilation of the drying cupboard was set at its maximum . the weight of the flask + solution + samples was measured at regular interval to determine the point at which constant weight was reached . the sample weight was determined to assess how much na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o was present in the block pores . the solution was sucked by the porous block within seconds . the samples could be loaded with the na 2 hpo 4 . 2h 2 o crystals , but large agglomerates were present on the block surface and quite some crystals remained at the bottom of the petri dish . large differences of loaded amount were observed , since values ranged from 0 . 7 to 1 . 2 g . while various descriptions of the present invention are described above , it should be understood that the various features can be used singly or in any combination thereof . the scope of the present invention is accordingly defined as set forth in the appended claim .
a bone graft substitute in the form of an implantable three - dimensional scaffold that includes calcium phosphate and has pores . the scaffold is impregnated with a calcium and / or phosphate containing substance , and the dissolution rate dr s of the scaffold is slower than the dissolution rate dr d of the calcium and / or phosphate containing substance .