embodiments provide implantable medical systems that have implantable leads containing a magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch within the conduction path to an electrode of the lead . in these various embodiments , the switch is magnetic orientation - independent by operating independently of orientation of the magnetic field to a direction of movement of one or more actuators of the switch , although the switch may be more sensitive to certain orientations of the magnetic field than others . according to these embodiments , when the implantable lead is brought into the presence of a significant magnetic field , such as within an mri machine , the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch is forced into an open state to thereby electrically disconnect the electrode from the remainder of the conduction path and create a high impedance for rf currents . heating of tissue at the electrode is reduced to a safe level as a result of the conduction path being disconnected from the electrode by the switch . fig1 shows a typical operating environment for embodiments of the medical lead having the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch . an implantable medical system 100 is implanted within a patient 112 and includes an implantable pulse generator 102 and an implantable medical lead 104 that is coupled to the implantable pulse generator 102 . the lead 104 includes a distal end 106 where one or more electrodes 108 , 110 are present . electrical stimulation signals from the pulse generator 102 are carried by the lead 104 to the electrodes 108 , 110 where the stimulation is delivered to the tissue at the stimulation site within the patient 112 . the distal end 106 of this example is shown in more detail in fig2 . here , it can be seen that the lead 104 has an insulative lead body 202 that contains electrical conductors 204 and 206 . the electrical conductors 204 , 206 may be cables or coils . the electrical conductor 204 is electrically connected on a first end to a proximal contact or other electrical connection established with the pulse generator 102 . the conductor 204 is electrically connected on the end shown in fig2 to a magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch 208 which is in turn electrically connected to the electrode 110 . the electrical conductor 206 is connected to a magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch 210 which is in turn connected to the electrode 108 . these switches 208 , 210 are also contained within the lead body 202 . it will be appreciated that either of the electrodes 108 , 110 may be a most distal electrode or may be located proximal of other distal electrodes that may or may not have switches in the corresponding conduction path . the positioning of the distal end 106 of the lead 104 may vary from one patient to another . while one patient may have the distal end 106 positioned as shown in fig1 , another patient may have the distal end positioned at a different angle relative to a reference axis of the patient 112 . so even though the direction of the magnetic field within an mri machine may be a known constant , the orientation of the magnetic field of the mri machine to the distal end 106 of the lead varying from one patient to the next results in the orientation of the switches 208 , 210 relative to the magnetic field of the mri machine also varying from one patient to the next . therefore , the switches 208 , 210 are constructed so as to be magnetic orientation - independent . examples of such a magnetic orientation - independent construction are discussed below . fig3 and 4 show one example of the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switch 208 in more detail . in this example , the switch 208 is shaped as a cylinder to facilitate inclusion within the lead body 104 . on one end , a ferromagnetic body 302 is positioned beside another ferromagnetic body 304 with a gap 306 present between to allow the ferromagnetic body 302 to move toward the ferromagnetic body 304 . the switch 208 further includes series of non - ferromagnetic bodies 308 separated by ferromagnetic bodies 310 . on the end opposite the body 302 is an actuator end 318 . the internal details of the switch 208 and the operation of the actuator end 318 are discussed in more detail below with reference to fig5 - 8 . this example of the switch 208 also includes a conductor 312 that includes an orthogonal spring loaded portion 314 that spans the actuator end 318 . as discussed below , one or more actuators extend from the actuator end 318 during operation of the switch 208 in the presence of a significant magnetic field . however , these one or more actuators should not extend from the actuator end 318 when not in the presence of the magnetic field . the spring loaded portion 314 applies a bias to the actuator end 318 to return the actuators to a start position once removed from the magnetic field and to maintain those actuators in the start position to allow the connectivity to the electrode 110 to be maintained . the bias of the spring loaded portion 314 is chosen to be great enough to overcome any frictional resistance plus resistance from any residual magnetic forces to returning the actuators to the start position while being low enough to be overcome by the force the expected magnetic field of the mri machine or other concern produces in the actuators . the conductor 312 and spring loaded portion 314 may also serve as a conductive portion of the switch 208 . the conductor 204 of the lead 104 may be electrically connected to the conductor 312 . a conductor 205 that extends to the electrode 110 is also connected to an electrical contact 316 mounted on the actuator end 318 of the switch 208 . the electrical contact 316 may be electrically isolated from any conductive surfaces of the switch other than the spring loaded portion 314 for instance by being mounted on a non - conductive surface . when the spring loaded portion 314 is holding the actuators in the start position as in fig3 , the spring loaded portion 314 contacts the electrical contact 316 so that a conductive path is completed from the conductor 204 to the conductor 205 so that stimulation signals may proceed to the electrode 110 . however , in the presence of a significant magnetic field that produced forces in the actuators of the switch 208 ′ to overcome the bias of the spring loaded portion 314 ′ as shown in fig4 , the spring loaded portion 314 is disconnected from the electrical contact 316 at the actuator end 318 ′ to thereby disconnect the conductor 205 and electrode 110 from the remainder of the conductor 204 . this disconnection substantially reduces the heating that occurs at the electrode 110 due to ambient rf electromagnetic energy . fig5 shows a longitudinal cross - sectional view of the switch 208 which shows actuators 317 , 319 in the starting position where no significant magnetic field is present and where the ends of the actuators 317 , 319 do not extend beyond the actuator end 318 as shown in fig3 . the actuator 317 is a pin that is mechanically coupled to the ferromagnetic body 302 . the actuator 319 is a cylinder constructed of a series of ferromagnetic bodies separated by non - ferromagnetic bodies , where the ferromagnetic bodies of the actuator 319 are offset from the outer ferromagnetic bodies included in the outer cylinder surrounding the actuator 319 . for instance , ferromagnetic body 313 is offset from ferromagnetic body 310 while ferromagnetic body 315 is offset from ferromagnetic body 310 and ferromagnetic body 311 , albeit with ferromagnetic body 315 being closer to ferromagnetic body 311 than to ferromagnetic body 310 . ferromagnetic bodies 310 and 311 are separated by the non - ferromagnetic body 309 . in this example , the actuator 317 is positioned coaxially with the actuator 319 by being located within a bore through the actuator 319 . fig6 shows a longitudinal cross - sectional view of the switch 208 ′ where a significant magnetic field 602 is present in a lateral orientation 604 to the switch 208 ′, the lateral orientation 604 being normal to a direction of movement of the actuator 319 ′ and actuator 317 in this example , where the direction of movement of the actuators 319 ′ and 317 are parallel to one another . it will be appreciated that other embodiments of the switch 208 may be designed where the direction of movement of the actuators 317 and 319 are not parallel to one another . the actuator 317 is in the starting position and does not extend beyond the actuator end 318 as the lateral orientation 604 creates lateral poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 302 and 304 such that they do not attract to one and another . the actuator 319 ′ is in a stop position where the actuator 319 ′ extends beyond the actuator end 318 to thereby open the switch 208 ′ to disconnect the electrode 110 from the conductor 204 and create a high impedance for rf currents . the actuator 319 ′ is extended because the lateral orientation 604 of the magnetic field 602 produces magnetic poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 310 , 313 and 311 , 315 which pulls the bodies 310 and 313 into alignment of their longitudinal positions and also pulls the bodies 311 and 315 into alignment of their longitudinal positions . this alignment occurs as a result of the body 315 being closer to body 311 than to the body 310 such that the body 315 is pulled into alignment of longitudinal position with the body 311 . this alignment creates longitudinal motion of the actuator 319 ′. in this example , the force acting on the actuator 319 ′ is at a maximum due to the lateral orientation 604 while the force acting on the other actuator 317 is at a minimum . in other embodiments of the switch , when the force on the actuator 319 ′ is at a maximum , the force on the other actuator 317 may be greater than a minimum but less than a maximum of force that the actuator 317 ever receives . fig7 shows a longitudinal cross - sectional view of the switch 208 ″ where a significant magnetic field 602 is present in a diagonal orientation 606 to the switch 208 ″, the diagonal orientation 606 being diagonal to a direction of movement to the actuator 317 ′ as well as being diagonal to a direction of movement to the actuator 319 ′ in this example . the actuator 317 ′ and the actuator 319 ′ are moved to the stop position where both are extended to open the switch 208 ″ and to thereby disconnect the electrode 110 from the conductor 204 and create a high impedance for rf currents . the actuator 319 ′ is extended because the diagonal orientation 606 of the magnetic field 602 still produces magnetic poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 310 , 313 and 311 , 315 which are adequate to pull the bodies 310 and 313 into alignment of their longitudinal positions and also pulls the bodies 311 and 315 into alignment of their longitudinal positions . this alignment creates longitudinal motion of the actuator 319 ′. furthermore , the actuator 317 ′ is extended because the diagonal orientation 606 of the magnetic field 602 to the longitudinal direction of movement of the actuator 317 ′ still produces magnetic poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 302 , 304 which is adequate to move the body 302 longitudinally to bring the bodies 302 , 304 closer together by closing the gap 306 ′. this longitudinal movement creates longitudinal motion of the actuator 317 ′. fig8 shows a longitudinal cross - sectional view of the switch 208 where a significant magnetic field 602 is present in a longitudinal orientation 608 to the switch 208 ″′, the longitudinal orientation 608 being parallel to the direction of movement of the actuator 319 and of the actuator 317 ′ in this particular example . as discussed above , in other embodiments of the switch 208 the direction of movement of the actuators may not be parallel to one another . the actuator 319 is in the start position and does not extend beyond the actuator end 318 as the longitudinal orientation 608 creates longitudinal poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 310 , 313 and 311 , 315 such that they do not attract to one and another . the actuator 317 ′ has moved to the stop position where the actuator 317 ′ is extended to open the switch 208 ′″ to thereby disconnect the electrode 110 from the conductor 204 and create a high impedance for rf currents . the actuator 317 ′ is extended because the longitudinal orientation 606 of the magnetic field 602 produces longitudinal magnetic poles in the ferromagnetic bodies 302 and 304 which is adequate to move the body 302 longitudinally to bring the bodies 302 , 304 closer together by closing the gap 306 ′. this longitudinal movement creates longitudinal motion of the actuator 317 ′. in this particular example , the force acting on the actuator 317 ′ is at a maximum due to the longitudinal orientation 608 while the force acting on the other actuator 319 is at a minimum . in other embodiments of the switch , when the force on the actuator 317 ′ is at a maximum , the force on the other actuator 319 may be greater than a minimum but less than a maximum of force that the actuator 319 ever receives . thus , as can be seen in fig6 - 8 , regardless of the orientation of the magnetic field 602 to the switch 208 , the magnetic field 602 causes one or both actuators 317 , 319 to extend . therefore , the electrode 110 is disconnected from the conduction path 204 regardless of the orientation of the magnetic field 602 to the switch 208 . fig9 shows a first example of a manufacturing process 900 for the switch 208 . initially , alternating sheets 902 of ferromagnetic and non - ferromagnetic layers are stacked . examples of the ferromagnetic material include the permenorm ® alloys by the vacuumschmelze gmbh corporation and the like . examples of the non - ferromagnetic material include brass , annealed 300 series stainless steel , titanium , polyurethane , peek , polysulfone , and the like . these sheets are then affixed in a bonding operation 903 to produce a bonded stack 904 . examples of the bonding agent include epoxies , cyanoacrylates , and the like . the individual outer cylinder 906 and actuator cylinder 908 are created through a cutting operation 905 , such as by watercutting or wire erosion of the bonded stack 904 . the outer cylinder 906 and actuator cylinder 908 are then turned down to more precise outer diameters and to produce longitudinal bores where the longitudinal bore of the outer cylinder 910 is sized to receive the actuator cylinder 912 at a turning operation 907 . at a final assembly operation 909 the ferromagnetic body 304 is attached to the outer cylinder 910 and the actuator cylinder 912 is positioned within the bore of the outer cylinder 910 . also at the final assembly operation 909 , the actuator pin 317 that is coupled to the ferromagnetic body 302 is inserted into the bore through the ferromagnetic body 304 and the bore of the actuator cylinder 912 to complete the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically operated actuators 317 , 319 of the switch 208 . the conductor 312 and spring loaded portion 314 may then be attached to complete the switch 208 . fig1 shows a second example of a manufacturing process 1000 for the switch 208 . initially , alternating sheets 1002 of ferromagnetic and non - ferromagnetic layers are watercut or wire eroded into individual components 1004 having appropriate diameters at a cutting operation 1003 . these individual components 1004 are then affixed in a bonding operation 1005 to produce the individual outer cylinder 1006 and actuator cylinder 1008 . the outer cylinder 1006 and actuator cylinder 1008 are then turned down to more precise outer diameters and to produce longitudinal bores where the longitudinal bore of the outer cylinder 1010 is sized to receive the actuator cylinder 1012 at a turning operation 1007 . at a final assembly operation 1009 the ferromagnetic body 304 is attached to the outer cylinder 1010 and the actuator cylinder 1012 is positioned within the bore of the outer cylinder 1010 . also at the final assembly operation 1009 , the actuator pin 317 that is coupled to the ferromagnetic body 302 is inserted into the bore through the ferromagnetic body 304 and the bore of the actuator cylinder 1012 to complete the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically operated actuators 317 , 319 of the switch 208 . the conductor 312 and spring loaded portion 314 may then be attached to complete the switch 208 . fig1 shows a third example of a manufacturing process 1100 for the switch 208 . initially , bars 1102 of ferromagnetic and non - ferromagnetic layers are precision turned into individual components 1104 having appropriate diameters at a turning operation 1103 . these individual components 1104 are then affixed in a bonding operation 1105 to produce the individual outer cylinder 1106 and actuator cylinder 1108 . the outer cylinder 1106 and actuator cylinder 1108 are then drilled and reamed to produce longitudinal bores where the longitudinal bore of the outer cylinder 1010 is sized to receive the actuator cylinder 1012 at a drilling and reaming operation 1107 . at a final assembly operation 1109 the ferromagnetic body 304 is attached to the outer cylinder 1110 and the actuator cylinder 1112 is positioned within the bore of the outer cylinder 1110 . also at the final assembly operation 1109 , the actuator pin 317 that is coupled to the ferromagnetic body 302 is inserted into the bore through the ferromagnetic body 304 and the bore of the actuator cylinder 1112 to complete the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically operated actuators 317 , 319 of the switch 208 . the conductor 312 and spring loaded portion 314 may then be attached to complete the switch 208 . fig1 shows a fourth example of a manufacturing process 1200 for the switch 208 . initially , alternating sheets 1202 of ferromagnetic and non - ferromagnetic layers are watercut or wire eroded into individual components 1204 having appropriate outer diameters and bores with appropriate inside diameters at a cutting operation 1203 . these individual components 1204 are then affixed in a bonding operation 1205 to produce the individual outer cylinder 1210 and actuator cylinder 1212 . this is done by placing the individual components on stacking pins 1206 , 1208 , which are constructed of a material such as polyoxymethylene or polytetrafluoroethylene , to ensure the resulting bores of the outer cylinder 1210 and actuator cylinder 1212 are consistent where the longitudinal bore of the outer cylinder 1210 is sized to receive the actuator cylinder 1212 . the material of the pins 1206 , 1208 may be chosen to prevent bonding of the small parts to the pins . the outer cylinder 1210 and actuator cylinder 1212 are then ground down to provide outer cylinder 1214 and actuator cylinder 1216 with more precise outside diameters at a grinding operation 1207 . at a final assembly operation 1209 the ferromagnetic body 304 is attached to the outer cylinder 1214 and the actuator cylinder 1216 is positioned within the bore of the outer cylinder 1214 . also at the final assembly operation 1209 , the actuator pin 317 that is coupled to the ferromagnetic body 302 is inserted into the bore through the ferromagnetic body 304 and the bore of the actuator cylinder 1216 to complete the magnetic orientation - independent magnetically operated actuators 317 , 319 of the switch 208 . the conductor 312 and spring loaded portion 314 may then be attached to complete the switch 208 . the prior embodiments of the switch 208 have illustrated the actuators 317 , 319 as being packaged together where both actuators 317 , 319 operate upon the same switch established by the spring loaded portion 314 and the electrical contact 316 of fig3 . however , other configurations are also feasible , such as a multi - switch configuration shown in fig1 . here , a first switch 1302 is a cylinder of alternating ferromagnetic layers 1304 and non - ferromagnetic layers 1306 that define a bore . within the bore is positioned an actuator 1312 that is also a cylinder of alternating ferromagnetic layers and non - ferromagnetic layers . the large cylinders of the prior embodiment that are responsive to longitudinally oriented magnetic field are not present for the first switch 1302 . in the presence of a magnetic field that is not longitudinal to the switch 1302 , a force causes longitudinal movement of the actuator 1312 to cause the actuator 1312 to extend . a conductor 1308 that has a spring loaded portion 1310 is affixed to the outer cylinder where the spring loaded portion 1310 contacts an electrical contact 1314 when in the start position . a conductor 207 is electrically coupled to the electrical contact 1314 and the conductor 207 extends further distally . the spring loaded portion 1310 biases the actuator 1312 into the non - extended start position but the force from the non - longitudinal magnetic field moves the actuator 1312 to a stop position which causes the spring loaded portion 1310 to separate from the electrical contact 1314 to disconnect the electrode 110 . a second switch 1303 is a cylinder with a ferromagnetic body 1320 with a ferromagnetic body 1316 separated from the ferromagnetic body 1320 by a gap 1318 . the second switch 1303 lacks all of the individual cylinders that are responsive to the laterally oriented magnetic field such that the overall length of the second switch 1303 may be reduced relative to the prior embodiments . an actuator 1326 is connected to the ferromagnetic body 1316 . in the presence of a magnetic field that is not lateral to the switch 1303 , a force causes longitudinal movement of the actuator 1326 to cause the actuator 1326 to extend . a conductor 1322 that has a spring loaded portion 1324 is affixed to the outer cylinder where the spring loaded portion 1324 contacts an electrical contact 1328 when in the start position . the conductor 205 is electrically coupled to the electrical contact 1314 and the conductor 205 extends further distally to the electrode 110 . the spring loaded portion 1324 biases the actuator 1326 into the non - extended start position but the force from the non - lateral magnetic field moves the actuator 1326 to a stop position which causes the spring loaded portion 1324 to separate from the electrical contact 1314 to disconnect the electrode 110 . thus , the switch 1302 and / or the switch 1303 may serve to disconnect the electrode 110 from the conduction path 204 . this configuration may be appropriate where a smaller diameter lead body is desired , where the series combination of the switch 1302 and switch 1303 may utilize a smaller diameter than a combined switch 208 . however , the combined switch 208 may benefit from a shorter length and may be suitable for situations where a larger diameter lead body may be acceptable , such as for peripheral nerve stimulation applications . while embodiments have been particularly shown and described , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other changes in the form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .
implantable medical systems include implantable medical leads that have magnetic orientation - independent magnetically actuated switches that are placed in the conduction path to the electrode of the lead . thus , regardless of the orientation of a substantial magnetic field like that from an mri machine to the lead and switch within the lead , the switch opens when in the presence of that substantial magnetic field . the switch may be placed in close proximity to the electrode such that the opening of the switch disconnects the electrode from the majority of the conduction path which thereby produces a high impedance for rf current and reduces the amount of heating that may occur at the electrode when in the presence of substantial levels of rf electromagnetic energy as may occur within an mri machine .