the aorta of a normal individual is depicted in fig1 a . aorta 2 is anatomically designated as having ascending aorta 3 , aortic arch 4 , and descending aorta 5 . aortic arch 4 includes greater curvature 12 and lesser curvature 13 . a number of arteries branch from aorta 2 and supply blood to many of the body &# 39 ; s vital organs . for example , innominate artery 6 , left common carotid artery 7 , and left subclavian artery 8 supply blood to various regions of the brain . if blood flow to any of these arteries is interrupted , stroke may result . intercostal arteries 9 branch from descending aorta 5 and supply blood to various regions of the spine and spinal cord . interruption of blood flow in the intercostal arteries can result in paraplegia . the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood to the intestines , the celiac artery supplies blood to the liver , and the renal arteries supply blood to the kidneys . interruption of blood flow in any of these arteries can have devastating results . fig2 illustrates the initiation of an aortic dissection . the most common aortic dissections occur near the ostium of left subclavian artery 8 , just downstream where blood passing along the greater curvature of the arch impacts the intimal lining of the aorta at the takeoff of the left subclavian artery . intimal lining 15 begins to tear away from outer layers 16 of the aorta , which layers include the media and adventitia ( see fig1 b , 1 c , and 1 d ). entry point 17 opens as a result of tearing , which creates a chamber between torn intima 15 and outer layers 16 . the chamber receives and traps blood , and as the pressure builds within the chamber , blood flow causes the tear to progress downstream as depicted in fig3 . as intima 15 pulls away from outer layers 16 , a false lumen 19 is formed that progresses downstream in descending aorta 5 as depicted in fig4 a . re - entry point 18 forms where the intima tears from itself to allow blood to re - enter the natural lumen . a catheter for aortic dissection repair is depicted in fig5 . catheter 21 is an elongate tubular member and has proximal end 22 , distal end 23 , and is adapted and sized for advancement into the aorta through a femoral artery access site . catheter 21 may include a lumen that extends proximally from one or more ports at a distal region for administering pharmaceutical agents . a self - expanding stent 25 is loaded on the distal region or distal end of catheter 21 . stent 25 is held in a low profile configuration by sheath 24 , which is an elongate tubular member operable from the proximal end of catheter 21 . sheath 24 is withdrawn proximally to uncover and thereby release stent 25 as illustrated in fig6 . as stent 25 is released , it expands to an enlarged state adapted to engage the endoluminal surface of the aorta . in use , stent delivery catheter 21 is advanced through a femoral access site into the descending aorta as illustrated in fig7 . catheter 21 is advanced retrograde past the downstream edge of torn intima 15 so that catheter 21 remains within the native lumen ( not within the false lumen ). distal end 23 of catheter 21 is positioned adjacent entry point 17 of the aortic dissection . the procedure may be conducted using standard fluoroscopic visualization techniques to align catheter 21 with anatomical landmarks visible by angiography . one or more fluoroscopic markers may be included on catheter 21 , on the distal region or distal end 23 of catheter 21 , on covering 41 ( see fig1 ), on covering 42 ( see fig1 ), and / or on stent 25 for purposes of alignment . the takeoff of left subclavian artery 8 or entry point 17 are among anatomical landmarks useful for alignment . after distal end 23 of catheter 21 is aligned with entry point 17 at the most upstream edge of the intimal tear , sheath 24 is withdrawn proximally to release stent 25 as shown in fig8 . stent 25 expands to engage intima 15 and then displace intima 15 until it makes contact again with outer layers 16 of aorta 2 . intima 15 is thereby pressed into contact with the outer layers of the aorta . stent 25 contacts the intimal tear to close entry point 17 at a first position 33 on the circumference of the upstream region ( distal region ) or upstream end of stent 25 . a second position 31 on the circumference of the upstream region ( distal region ) or upstream end of stent 25 , approximately 180 ° relative to first position 33 , engages the endoluminal surface of the aorta at the lesser curvature . as will be explained in greater detail below , stent 25 may be pre - curved , and in certain cases over - curved relative to the curvature of the aorta so that second position 31 on stent 25 achieves uniform wall contact along the endoluminal surface at the lesser curvature . as stent 25 displaces intima 15 toward outer layers 16 of the aorta , blood is purged from the false lumen and the false lumen is gradually closed . this process continues as shown in fig8 as sheath 24 is withdrawn proximally until proximal end 32 ( the downstream end ) of stent 25 is released in the downstream region of the descending aorta as shown in fig9 . proximal end 32 of stent 25 expands to close re - entry point 18 . substantially all blood is forced out of the false lumen created by the aortic dissection . catheter 21 and sheath 24 may then be withdrawn from the aorta and removed from the patient . with time , any remaining blood trapped between layers of the vessel will be removed by the healing process as the aorta is remodeled by re - attachment of intimal layer 15 to outer layers 16 . the woven or strut pattern of stent 25 moreover is sufficiently porous to allow perfusion of intercostal arteries 9 and other arteries that branch from the aorta in the region now covered by the stent . the subject matter herein may be implemented so that stent 25 achieves uniform wall contact , especially where the stent contacts the lesser curvature of the aorta arch , and conforms to the curvature of the aorta without distorting native anatomy . these objectives may be accomplished using a pre - curved stent as depicted in fig1 . the upstream or distal end 31 of stent 25 has longitudinal axis 35 . the downstream or proximal end 32 of stent 25 has longitudinal axis 36 . axis 35 and axis 36 meet at angle theta . as described herein , it is understood that stent 25 may desirably be implemented with pre - curved angle theta of 145 ° or less , 140 ° or less , 130 ° or less , 120 ° or less , 110 ° or less , 100 ° or less , 90 ° or less , 80 ° or less , 70 ° or less , 60 ° or less , or 50 ° or less . by using a stent that is over - curved relative to the aorta in the region proximate to the entry point of the dissection 17 ( see fig7 , 8 and 9 ), the leading edge 31 of stent 25 achieves uniform wall contact with the endoluminal surface of the lesser curvature of the aorta . without uniform wall contact at leading edge 31 , blood flow along the lesser curvature will impact leading edge 31 , pulling the leading edge away from the lesser curvature and causing blood flow turbulence . the devices may also include a portion of a textile material on the distal region ( upstream region ), the proximal region ( downstream region ), or both the proximal and distal regions . a stent having textile 41 and 42 on distal and proximal regions is illustrated in fig1 . textile 41 at the upstream end of stent 25 may be disposed on the outer circumference of metal stent 25 . alternatively , textile 41 at the upstream end of stent 25 may be disposed on the inner circumference of metal stent 25 . textile 41 may extend downstream for a length of 1 cm , 2 cm , 3 cm , 4 cm or more . textile 41 may be composed of dacron , nylon , teflon ( ptfe ), expanded ptfe ( eptfe ), urethanes ( lycra spandex ), polypropylene , silicone , biodegradable synthetics , such as polyglycolide ( pga ), polylactide ( pla ), biologics , and composites , or any other biocompatible material suitable for intravascular use . coatings may be added to affect physiologic response , e . g ., blood clotting and healing . for instance , prothrombin , which induces clotting , may be coated on the textile positioned near or adjacent the entry tear . coatings may be added to resist thrombogenesis , e . g ., heparin coating . for instance , heparin might be used on the un - covered portion of the stent that is distal to the entry tear to prevent clotting around the intercostals . textile 41 is advantageously composed of a porous mesh material having a pore size of greater than 50 microns , greater than 60 microns , greater than 70 microns , greater than 80 microns , greater than 90 microns , greater than 100 microns , greater than 110 microns , or greater than 120 microns . at the same time , pore size will advantageously be less than 2000 microns , less than 1500 microns , less than 1000 microns , less than 750 microns , less than 500 microns , or less than 250 microns . the porosity of the textile may also be described with reference to flow rate . porosity will be chosen to allow a flow rate of greater than 800 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , greater than 850 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , greater than 900 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , or greater than 1000 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg . porosity will be chosen to allow a flow rate of less than 20 , 000 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , less than 18 , 000 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , less than 15 , 000 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg , or less than 10 , 000 ml / cm2 · min at 120 mmhg . the textile may have the ability to promote in - growth of vascular cells to remodel the intimal lining for long - term healing . textile 42 , when present , at the downstream end of stent 25 may be disposed on the outer circumference of metal stent 25 . alternatively , textile 42 at the downstream end of stent 25 may be disposed on the inner circumference of metal stent 25 . textile 42 may extend upstream for a length of 1 cm , 2 cm , 3 cm , 4 cm , or more . textile 42 may be composed of dacron , nylon , teflon ( ptfe ), expanded ptfe ( eptfe ), urethanes ( lycra spandex ), polypropylene , silicone , biodegradable synthetics , such as polyglycolide ( pga ), polylactide ( pla ), biologics , and composites , or any other biocompatible material suitable for intravascular use . coatings may be added to affect physiologic response , e . g ., blood clotting and healing . for instance , prothrombin , which induces clotting , may be coated on the textile positioned near or adjacent the entry tear . coatings may be added to resist thrombogenesis , e . g ., heparin coating . for instance , heparin might be used on the un - covered portion of the stent that is distal to the entry tear to prevent clotting around the intercostals . textile 42 is likewise advantageously composed of a porous mesh material having pore sizes and flow characteristics in the ranges listed above for textile 41 . textile 42 may also have the ability to promote in - growth of vascular cells to remodel the intimal lining for long - term healing at the reentry point . the working length of catheter 21 will generally be between 30 and 100 centimeters , preferably approximately between 50 and 80 centimeters . the outer diameter of the catheter 21 shaft will generally be between 1 french and 8 french , preferably approximately between 1 . 5 french and 4 french . the outer diameter of sheath 24 will generally be between 10 and 22 french , preferably approximately between 12 and 16 french . stent 25 may vary in length but is generally approximately 5 cm to 30 cm , preferably approximately 10 cm to 20 cm . the foregoing ranges are set forth solely for the purpose of illustrating typical device dimensions . the actual dimensions of a device constructed according to the principles of the present invention may obviously vary outside of the listed ranges without departing from those basic principles . although the foregoing invention has , for the purposes of clarity and understanding , been described in some detail by way of illustration and example , it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced that will still fall within the scope of the appended claims . for example , the devices and features depicted in any figure or embodiment can be used in any of the other depicted embodiments .
methods and devices for treating an aortic dissection having an entry point downstream of the takeoff of the left subclavian artery . the devices include a catheter that carries an endoluminal implant at a distal region of the catheter . the implant is a self - expanding tubular mesh or strutted stent . a capture sheath holds the stent in a compressed state for percutaneous delivery . the catheter is advanced to position the stent adjacent the entry point of the dissection . the stent is released by withdrawing the capture sheath . the stent expands to engage the intimal lining and press the intima into contact with the outer layers of the aorta and thereby promote healing of the dissection .