as used herein , the term “ hair retention ” includes the terms hair conservation and hair preservation . as used herein , the term “ wireframe mesh ” means a mesh woven of , or formed by interlacing , strands of such materials as metal , plastic , or synthetic fibers , such as nylon , rayon , or polyester , or natural fibers , such as cotton ., or any combination thereof . as used herein , the term “ low - level light ” (“ lll ”) means ordinary or coherent light having a wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 1000 nm and having an irradiance at its point of contact with a bodily tissue , such as the skin or the scalp , between about 100 mj / cm 2 and about 900 mj / cm 2 . as used herein , the term “ low - level light therapy ” (“ lllt ”) means , inter alia , the photobiostimulation of a bodily tissue , such as the skin or scalp , by exposure of said bodily tissue to low - level light (“ lll ”). as used herein the term “ continuous ” low - level light (“ lll ”) means continuously emitted or radiated lll , or temporally uninterrupted emission or radiation of lll . as used herein the term “ pulsed ” low - level light (“ lll ”) means , inter alia , pulsed , flickering , interrupted , or otherwise discontinuous emission or radiation of lll . as used herein the term “ emission mode ” refers to the emission of lll as either continuous lll or pulsed lll . as used herein , the word “ computer ” means , inter alia , a microprocessor , server , desktop computer , laptop computer , personal digital assistant or other form of hand - held or portable computer . as used herein , the term “ data entry device ” means , inter alia , a keyboard , keypad , stylus - based data entry device or a touch - based data entry device , such as a touchpad . as used herein , the term “ computer display ” device means , inter alia , a computer monitor , liquid crystal display panel , television set or printer . as used herein , the term “ emission pattern ” means the two - dimensional surface shape of a bodily tissue , such as the skin or the scalp , and the area contained therein , which is exposed to lll by the invention . as used herein , the term “ emission pattern selector ” refers to a device for confining lll to a selected emission pattern . as used herein , the term “ photoelectric cell ” means a photosensitive device such as a photodiode , phototransistor , photoconductive or photovoltaic cell or any combination or plurality thereof . as used herein the term “ conductors ” means electrically insulated or non - insulated metal wires , fiberoptic cables or any other means for transmitting electric power . referring now to the drawings in which like parts are designated by like numerals in the various views , fig1 illustrates a first embodiment of a head covering 22 of the invention wherein the head covering is fashioned out of plastic . fig2 illustrates the first embodiment of the head covering 22 of the invention shown in fig1 worn upon a human head 20 . fig3 illustrates a second embodiment of a head covering 22 of the invention , wherein the head covering is fashioned out of a wireframe mesh . in either the constitutive material of the embodiment of the head covering shown in fig1 or the constitutive material of the embodiment of the head covering shown in fig3 the head covering 22 may be fashioned into any geometric form , including , but not limited to , a spatial configuration generally conforming to the shape of a human head , or any rigid , semi - rigid or flexible device for covering a human head , such as a helmet , hat , cap , hood , dome , cowl , or any sheet , such as a handkerchief . [ 0046 ] fig4 . is a schematic representation of a light - emitting diode (“ led ”) 24 , a led array 25 , a laser diode 26 , and a laser diode array 27 , each of which is shown as a rectangular parallelepiped , having an active , light - emitting face , schematically representing a single led face 84 , a single laser diode face 86 , a representative led array face 85 , and a representative laser diode array face 87 . [ 0047 ] fig5 illustrates a first embodiment of a headpiece 28 of the invention , comprising a head covering 22 , as shown in fig1 with multiple - perforations 21 , upon whose external surface are disposed a photoelectric cell 23 and a representative combination of an inwardly directed led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , for the administration of lll , having controllable wavelengths , irradiances , exposure durations , emission patterns , and emission modes , more fully described infra . in fig5 the inwardly directed led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , are shown as discrete rectangular parallelepipeds , corresponding to the led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , or laser diode array 27 , shown in fig4 . each led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 shown in fig5 has a respectively corresponding single led face 84 , single laser diode face 86 , led array face 85 , and laser diode array face 87 , all facing inwardly for radiant emission through one or more of the perforations 21 of the headpiece 28 . as shown in fig5 when the representative combination of an led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 is viewed from within the headpiece 28 , all that is visible are light sources appearing through the perforations 21 corresponding respectively to light emissions from the single led face 84 , single laser diode face 86 , led array face 85 , and laser diode array face 87 , of each externally disposed led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 . [ 0050 ] fig6 illustrates a second embodiment of a headpiece 28 of the invention , comprising a head covering 22 as shown in fig3 upon whose external surface are disposed a photoelectric cell 23 and a representative combination of an inwardly directed led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , for the administration of lll , having controllable wavelengths , irradiances , exposure durations , emission patterns , and emission modes , more fully described infra . in fig6 the inwardly directed led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , are shown as discrete rectangular parallelepipeds , corresponding to the led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , shown in fig4 . each led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , or laser diode array 27 shown in fig6 has a respectively corresponding single led face 84 , single laser diode face 86 , led array face 85 , and laser diode array face 87 , all facing inwardly for radiant emission through the interstices 45 of the headpiece 28 . as shown in fig6 when the led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , are viewed from within the headpiece 28 , all that is visible are their respectively corresponding light - emitting faces , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , either framed by the interstices 45 or crossed by the strands of which the second embodiment of the headpiece 28 is constructed . tissue exposed to lll emitted by the embodiments of the headpiece 28 of the invention , as shown in fig5 and fig6 is subjected to photobiostimulation (“ pbs ”) which activates energy processes in intracellular mitochondria , wavelength - selective intracellular organelles , and other intracellular constituents such as chromophores and cytochrome systems . in the case of retention and regeneration of the hair of the scalp , pbs is believed to occur between the endothelial cell of the inner root hair follicle sheath wall and the epithelial cuticle cells of the hair shaft . the net effects of the pbs generated by the lll emitted from the headpiece 28 of the invention is to maintain hair shafts in the anagen stage of their growth cycle , reverse the deterioration of hair shafts , accelerate healthy morphological transformation in the catagen stage of the growth cycle of hair shafts , and to shorten or negate the telogen stage of the growth cycle of hair shafts . accordingly , lllt of the scalp is a novel means of reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth in individuals with alopecia . the practical advantages of using lll for the treatment of alopecia include the avoidance of the undesirable side effects associated with the use of topical or oral drugs , the avoidance of the inconvenience and poor cosmesis offered by hair - thickening sprays and shampoos , the avoidance of the transience of a cosmetic coiffure , the avoidance of the pain and distasteful appearance associated with hair transplantation , and the avoidance of the synthetic appearance of a hairpiece and the embarrassment associated with its detection . combinations of leds , led arrays , laser diodes , and laser diode arrays offer useful sources of lll for pbs of the scalp . such combinations of leds , led arrays , laser diodes , and laser diode arrays can be configured to generate pbs within the scalp , without significant heating of the scalp and without risk to the unprotected eye . additionally , such combinations of leds , led arrays , laser diodes , and laser diode arrays can be arranged and configured to emit lll targeting different locations of the scalp and to emit lll confined to patterns of variable area in different locations of the scalp [ 0057 ] fig7 . illustrates a first embodiment of the invention , formed by using conductors 29 to operably connect the first embodiment of the headpiece 28 of the invention to a control module , 38 , comprising at least one computer 31 operably connected to a power source 30 and to computer input and output devices , such as a pointing device 39 , a data entry device 40 , and a computer display device 42 , for controlling the wavelength , irradiance , duration of exposure , emission pattern , and emission mode , used in the administration of lll to one or more regions of the scalp . [ 0058 ] fig8 . illustrates a second embodiment of the invention , formed by using conductors 29 to operably connect the second embodiment of the headpiece 28 of the invention to a control module 38 comprising at least one computer 31 operably connected to a power source 30 and to input and devices , such as a pointing device 39 , a data entry device 40 , and a computer display device 42 , for controlling the wavelength , irradiance , duration of exposure , emission pattern , and emission mode , used in the administration of lll to one or more regions of the scalp . the power source 30 may be a direct current power source such as a battery , or a computer - controllable device whose input is an alternating current power source , such a as a conventional electric power outlet . the photoelectric cell 23 is also operably connected to the power source 30 as a means for turning off the power source 30 whenever the head is withdrawn from the headpiece 28 of the invention . the control module 38 further includes an emission pattern selector , providing means for confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 of the invention to patterns of hair loss , conforming to the patterns of hair loss actually present upon the scalp of any subject . in addition to providing means for confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 to patterns of hair loss present on the scalp on a subject - by - subject basis , the emission pattern selector provides means for confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 to commonly observed patterns of hair loss well known in the hair replacement arts in a first embodiment of the emission pattern selector , in addition to providing means of confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 to patterns of hair loss present on the scalp on a subject - by - subject basis , the screen of the computer viewing device 40 displays an operator &# 39 ; s interface comprising arrays of symbolic tiles . as shown in fig9 in a first array of these tiles , an icon appearing on the face of each tile depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the hamilton scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among men , well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . as shown in fig1 , in a second array of tiles , an icon appearing on the face of each tile depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the ludwig scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among women , also well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . by pointing and clicking upon a tile with a cursor controlled by a computer pointing device 39 , the operator selects means for activating a subcombination of any combination of leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 , disposed upon the headpiece 28 of the invention , which subcombination confines the emission of the leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 to the pattern of hair loss represented by the icon on the selected tile . in a second embodiment of the emission pattern selector , in addition to providing means of confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 to patterns of hair loss present on the scalp on a subject - by - subject basis , the data entry device 40 , such as a keyboard or keypad includes sets of symbolic keys . as shown in fig9 in a first set of keys , an icon appearing on the face of each key depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the hamilton scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among men , well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . as shown in fig1 , in a second set of keys , an icon appearing on the face of each key depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the ludwig scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among women , also well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . by striking an icon - bearing key , the operator selects means for activating a subcombination of any combination of the leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 , disposed upon the headpiece 28 of the invention , which subcombination confines the emission of the leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 to the pattern of hair loss represented by the icon on the selected key . in a third embodiment of the of the pattern emission selector , in addition to providing means of confining the lll emitted by the headpiece 28 to patterns of hair loss present on the scalp on a subject - by - subject basis , the control module 38 includes a surface having arrays of buttons . as shown in fig9 in a first array of buttons , an icon appearing on the face of each button depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the hamilton scale , scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among men , well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . as shown in fig1 , in a second array of buttons , an icon appearing on the face of each button depicts a pattern of hair loss replicating one of the states of hair loss of the ludwig scale , a standardized pictographic scale of degrees and patterns of hair loss among women , also well known in the hair retention , regeneration and replacement arts . by pressing an icon - bearing button , the operator selects means for activating a subcombination of any combination of leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 disposed upon the headpiece 28 of the invention , which subcombination confines the emission of the leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 , to the pattern of hair loss represented by the icon on the selected button . when combinations of leds 24 , led arrays 25 , laser diodes 26 , and laser diode arrays 27 are disposed upon an embodiment of the head covering for covering the human head 22 , the resultant embodiment of the headpiece 28 of the invention may be directly applied to the scalp to administer lll for the treatment of hair loss and the augmentation of hair retention . alternatively , the headpiece 28 of the invention , may be disposed within a secondary head covering , such as a helmet , bonnet , cap , hood , or dome , to administer lll to the scalp for the treatment of hair loss and the augmentation of hair retention . for example , fig1 , shows a perspective and sectional view of an embodiment of the head covering 22 , shown in fig1 in the form of a perforated inner hemispheric shell 52 , disposed within an embodiment of a secondary head covering , in the form of a conforming outer imperforate shell 55 , which is supported by a upturned rim 53 of the inner shell 52 , thereby defining a space 56 between the inner 52 and outer 55 shells , and forming a hood 33 . [ 0066 ] fig1 further schematically illustrates an internal view of a disposition of a representative combination of light sources from an emitting face of a led 84 , an emitting face of a led array 85 , an emitting face of a laser diode 86 , and an emitting face of a laser diode array 87 . as shown in fig1 , the disposition of said representative combination of light sources corresponds to a disposition of a representative led , 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , within the space 56 and upon the external surface of the perforated inner hemispheric shell 52 and within the space . in fig1 , the outer shell 55 is provided with an opening 58 to admit conductors 29 , shown in fig1 , carried by a hollow , articulable and adjustable armature 37 , from an embodiment of the control module 38 , for distribution within the space 56 , and thence for operable connection with the representative combination of a led 24 , led array 25 , laser diode 26 , and laser diode array 27 , disposed upon the external surface of the inner perforated inner hemispheric shell 52 , coincident with the perforations 21 fashioned thereon . for purposes of illustration , fig1 shows an embodiment of the invention in the form of a stationary lllt station 41 , comprising an embodiment of the control module 38 , described supra and shown in fig7 and fig8 and a treatment module 32 . the treatment module 32 of the lllt station 41 comprises a chair 34 whose back 35 bears mounting means 36 for mounting a hollow , articulable and adjustable armature 37 , whose superior end pivotably connects to and supports an embodiment of a secondary head covering in the form of a hood 33 , described supra ., and shown in fig1 and in fig1 . [ 0070 ] fig1 shows a perspective view of a portable embodiment of the invention , wherein the superior aspect of the armature 37 is pivotably connected to a hood 33 , and the inferior aspect of the armature 37 is pivotably connected to a portable base 43 adapted to contain , or operably connect to , an embodiment of the control module 38 . as shown in fig1 , in a portable embodiment , the invention may be folded from its operable position into its storage or carrying position in a manner well known in parallel mechanical arts . in another embodiment of the invention for the self - administration of lllt , shown in fig1 , the headpiece 28 of invention is disposed within an embodiment of the secondary head covering in the form of a helmet 71 , having an opening 72 to admit conductors 29 emanating from a hand - held embodiment of a control module 38 , for operable distribution to and connection with a representative combination of a led 84 , a led array 85 , a laser diode 86 , and a laser diode array 87 , said representative combination being disposed upon the headpiece 28 , within the helmet 71 . accordingly , different embodiments of the invention may be used in different treatment settings and in different manners determined by different treatment protocols . in one example of a use of the invention , a subject with regions of his or her scalp in need of hair retention or regeneration may be seated in the chair 34 of the lllt station 41 , shown in fig1 , with his or her head covered by the hood 33 . an operator may then use an embodiment of the control module 38 to select lll parameters within the module &# 39 ; s control . for example , an operator may select the continuous mode of lll emission , at a wavelength of about 670 nm , delivering an irradiance of about 500 mj / cm 2 , to be applied for about 15 minutes to one or more selected regions of the subject &# 39 ; s scalp . the resulting application of lll may comprise a treatment dose . the treatment dose may be repeated at least once weekly , and the aggregate of said treatment doses given in the course of a week may comprise a weekly dose . the weekly dose may be repeated over the course of about 1 to 52 consecutive weeks , and the aggregate of weekly doses may comprise a total dose distributed over a course of lllt . during a course of lllt , the treatment parameters , treatment dose , weekly dose , total dose or duration of a course of lllt may be altered depending upon the subject &# 39 ; s response to the lll produced by the lll parameters previously selected . a course of lllt may be repeated periodically or applied to other regions of a subject &# 39 ; s scalp in need of hair retention or regeneration . other courses of lllt , governed by other protocols , may use other treatment doses and may use other weekly doses that are administered over other time periods . for example , a course of maintenance lllt may be administered pursuant to a protocol designed to maintain the benefit of an earlier administered course of lllt . in another example of a use of the invention , a subject with regions of his or her scalp in need of hair retention or regeneration may use a portable embodiment of the invention , as shown in fig1 or in fig1 , for the self - administration of lll , selecting lll parameters from a portable embodiment of the control module 38 pursuant to a protocol provided by a hair retention and regeneration practitioner . the foregoing description of embodiments and uses of this invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form or use disclosed , and obviously , many modifications and variations are possible . such modifications and variations that may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined by the accompanying claims .
an apparatus and method for regenerating and retaining hair wherein one or more regions of the scalp of a human head may be selectively and repeatedly exposed to low - level light having a wavelength between about 400 nm and about 1000 nm and delivering an irradiance between about 100 mj / cm 2 and about 900 mj / cm 2 over variable exposure times . the lll is emitted from a light source disposed upon a head covering for covering the scalp of a human head , and is directed toward the scalp when the head covering is worn upon the head . the head covering may be worn alone in one of several embodiments , or it may be disposed within one of several secondary means for covering a human head . the light source is chosen from the group consisting of light - emitting diodes , light - emitting diode arrays , laser diodes , laser diode arrays , and any combination thereof . the light source is operationally connected to means for selecting regions of the scalp to be exposed to lll , means for selecting lll wavelengths , means for selecting lll exposure durations , means for selecting lll irradiances , and means for selecting the emission of either continuous or pulsed lll . a photoelectric cell is operationally connected to the head covering to deactivate the light source whenever the head is withdrawn from the head covering .