the implant coverings usable in connection with this invention may be manufactured from any material which promotes limited tissue ingrowth into the material , and has a high biocompatibility and low reactivity and disorganizes scar tissue at the implant / body interface . expanded ptfe ( ptfee ) is a preferred material for this invention . ptfee is sold under the tradename gortex and is readily available . the expanded ultrastructure of this material is associated with a high degree of ultramicroporosity which invites tissue ingrowth . the material is approximately 50 % air by volume . it is extremely strong yet soft , smooth , pliable , compressible and stretchable . gortex is readily available in sheet form of various thicknesses , as round filaments of various diameters , and as tubes of various diameters and wall thicknesses . ptfee sheeting stretches to a limited extent along a given axis , however resists stretching along all axes simultaneously . it is extremely biocompatible having been used in more than 700 , 000 clinical uses with no confirmed cases of material rejection . ptfee is incorporated into surrounding tissue and is minimally encapsulated by collagen . the material is extremely strong and thereby would reduce the need for reoperation for material fatigue . it resists flexural fatigue by acting like a chain when bending forces are applied . however , it is easily cut by a knife or by using die cutting techniques . it lends itself well to machine manufacturing methods including stitching . fig1 shows one embodiment of an implant cover using ptfee filament or ribbon in a complex expandable weave pattern . the implant 10 has an outer elastomer membrane surface 12 which is covered by the complex ptfee weave 14 . ptfee filament or ribbon may be woven into a complex stretch weave in the form of a blind sock so as to permit complete envelopment of the implant 10 . the weave 14 may be attached to a backing 16 , such as a dacron or nylon stretch weave embedded in silicone elastomer by sewing or other means . the sock thus formed may be held around the implant 10 by means of a drawstring closure 20 or other suitable means . the sock may be either attached to the exterior surface 12 of the implant , as for example with an adhesive , or may be unattached . if desirable , multiple layers of ptfee stretch weave socks may be used to envelop the implant 10 . fig2 shows detail of fixation of ptfee filament or ribbon to stretch fabric by sewing through the ptfee filament or ribbon . the sewing filament 22 is used to affix the weave 14 to the backing 16 . as shown in fig8 and fig9 other covering can be made utilizing silicone elastomer filaments and / or foam as anchoring substrates for ptfee filament or ribbon . the silicone filaments 15 are matted and may be affixed to backing 16 or left entirely unattached to anything other than ptfee filament or ribbon 14 . attachment means may be substantially similar to those indicated in fig2 . foam 17 may be affixed to backing 16 by suitable means or may be left entirely unattached to anything other than ptfee filament or ribbon 14 . tubular ptfee material such as vascular graft material may be cut into a corona configuration as shown in fig3 . the corona configuration consists of an unsevered annular region 30 with a plurality of fingers or projections 32 extending from the annular region 30 . two such corona configurations may be formed back to back with the two annular bases 30 being attached in a small region 34 . these corona may then be sewn together or to an intermediate backing of stretch dacron or nylon fabric or other suitable material in order to form a sock similar to that shown for the complex stretch weave pattern of fig1 or otherwise affixed to the backing or used in other embodiments . alternatively , the corona structures may be attached directly to the exterior surface or other covering of the implant by other means . a covering for an implant may be constructed substantially of a single sheet of ptfee as shown for example in fig4 . a single sheet of ptfee 40 is cut so as to permit it to be wrapped around the implant 10 . projectile tongues 42 may be fastened together or may be attached to separate ptfee sheets 44 and 46 which serve as cap and bottom pieces . appropriate cuts 48 are made in the single ptfee sheet 40 to permit stretching of the sheet in various directions . it will be appreciated that the ptfee sheet covering of the implant may be composed of a large number of shapes and sizes of elements . in addition to those embodiments disclosed in detail above , it is possible to use multiple overriding flat sheets sewn to conform to the shape of the implant , overriding or abutting sheets of various geometric shapes as shown in fig1 , with stress - relieving patterns of cuts , fan folded or pleated sheets in a cascading pattern to conform to the implant shape , as shown in fig7 or corrugated or pleated sheets as marginal covering over portions of or over the entirety of the implant . other embodiments include sewing sheets of ptfee to a backing material made of a stretch material , silicone elastomer sheet or foam material which may be wrapped around the implant or attached to the implant by other suitable means , or by interposing sheets of ptfee between elements of the implant which may be attached to each other by suitable means as shown in fig5 a , 5b , 6 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , and 29 . other coverings consistent with the objectives of this invention may be similarly used . the covering for the implant may be composed of a stack of annular shaped ptfee sheets as shown , for example , in fig6 . annular sheets of ptfee 50 may be sewn together or suitably attached at their outer edge 52 and / or at their inner edge 54 . when so attached , an interior space 56 defines a plurality of evaginations which are filled by a similarly shaped implant . two different basic constructions of this covering are shown . fig5 a shows an embodiment with two sheets between evaginations . fig5 b shows an embodiment with one sheet between evaginations . as in fig1 , 12 , 13 , and 14 , a textured molded covering 58 may be provided made of silicone elastomer or other suitable materials which serves to limit the force of scar contracture around the implant by disorganizing the scar tissue itself and also by compartmentalizing blood clot and collagen around the implant . the &# 34 ; nested hexcel &# 34 ; structural pattern of fig1 and 12 is a preferred embodiment . all such hexcels are attached to or part of the same base which is a covering element of the implant . the textured covering 58 may form the entirety or only a portion of the covering of the implant . the hexcel with the largest perimeter 60 in this configuration is also the tallest and delimits hexagonal pools of biologic materials and tissues at the interface between the implant and the body cavity . as scar tissue forms it is forced into concentric , rested rings of scar tissue which do not communicate freely and thus do not contribute to an integral circumferential scar capsule . it will be appreciated that the height of these nested hexcel structures may be varied . also the number , diameter or perimeter of the hexcel structures as well as their wall thickness and shapes and characteristics may be varied . it will be further appreciated that a great number of geometric patterns may be utilized for the purposes described above , including square and circular patterns . it will be appreciated also that the molded textured covering 58 above may be configured to accept a geometric shaped portion of any of the other coverings described herein . a piece of the woven ptfee stretch weave cover 62 , as an example , is sewn or otherwise suitably affixed to the molded covering 58 . the covering of the implant may also comprise a plurality of silicone elastomer cells . as shown in fig1 , 16 , and 17 , in the preferred embodiment , hexagonally shaped cells (&# 34 ; hexcels &# 34 ;) 70 may be used . other configurations would also work well . a plurality of hexcels 70 may be attached to the exterior surface 72 of the implant by silicone adhesive bonding 74 or other suitable means or may be incorporated into a separate covering element such as foam , for example . the hexcels 70 are arranged over the surface 72 of the implant in a mosaic arrangement . the hexcels 70 may be abutting or they may be spaced apart by as far as five millimeters . if necessary , the space between hexcels 70 may be filled with silicone adhesive , foam or other suitable material . the hexcel 70 is composed of an exterior wall 76 and an internal socket 78 . a space 80 is defined between the exterior wall 76 and the internal socket 78 . the space 80 may be filled with normal saline or other biocompatible fluid . the space 80 may in addition be filled with foam , or silicone elastomer filaments or other materials which possess the requisite characteristic of offering limited resistance to compression external to the hexcel as well as the characteristics of a great amount of flexibility and deformability . the wall 76 is constructed to offer limited resistance to deformation by varying the wall thickness . an insert 80 is placed in socket 78 . as shown in detail in fig1 , the insert 82 is composed of an enlarged section 84 , strands of ptfee filament or ribbon 86 , a clip 88 and a surface piece 90 . the enlarged section 84 is received by the socket 78 and held in place thereby . in this embodiment a slight amount of rotational and flexural movement on the part of the insert 82 is permitted . the clip 88 is preferably a radiolucent plastic vascular clip crimped to hold the ptfee filaments or ribbons 86 within the enlarged molded section 84 . the surface disc 90 is made of solid ptfe or ptfee sheeting or other suitable material and may be used to stabilize the hexcel structure . it will be appreciated that the ptfee material may be in any number of forms , for example , in the filament or ribbon form as shown herein , or in any other format provided that it can be retained by the hexcel . relief holes 92 may be provided in the hexcel 70 to make the hexcel more compressible . in the event of capsular contracture the outer surfaces of the hexcel 70 will be compressed towards the implant surface 72 thereby increasing the pressure of materials contained within the space 80 . if the pressure within the space 80 exceeds the pressure outside the relief hole 92 , biocompatible fluid such as normal saline will be injected into the body at a rate equal to the contracture rate , thereby decreasing the overall volume of the implant slightly and yet retaining implant suppleness , softness and shape . an interior compressive structure may be provided within the implant as shown in fig1 . the implant may contain multiple enveloping membranes 94 as well as multiple enveloping compartments 96 , any one of which may contain gel or normal saline or other biocompatible fluid , foam or other suitable material . an internal compressive structure 100 may be provided which is made of silicone elastomer and which may be configured to incorporate a plurality of evaginations 102 , which compressive structure 100 contains a gas in the innermost chamber 98 . a special coating consisting of a polysiloxane or other appropriate material may be applied to prevent gas diffusion through the wall of the evaginated structure 102 . normal saline , gel or other suitable material is used in spaces 96 to transmit pressure between fluid or gel - filled compartments 96 , and elastomer evaginations 102 . the fluid passes through the perforations 106 . the various enveloping membranes 94 may be affixed to each other in a region , for example 104 , if desired . another preferred embodiment is that of utilizing a plurality of the compressive structures shown in fig1 inside a gel - filled or normal saline - filled implant along with a larger compartment of gel or normal saline or other - configured portion of an implant . multiple enveloping compartments may be provided that can be serially decompressed . radiopaque and independently targetable regions of such compartments may be provided in order to permit the outermost compartment then still containing fluid to be selected for decompression by insertion of a hollow needle or other suitable device . alternatively , pressure sensitive valves may be provided to permit spontaneous decompression without surgical intervention . a plurality of pressure accommodation elements 100 may be provided as described in fig2 . these elements are situated in a compartment 108 which is also filled with silicone gel or normal saline or other suitable fluid and the compartment 108 may be located outside of or surrounding a separate compartment of gel or normal saline or other portion of an implant . these pressure accommodation elements may be affixed to the outermost elastomer shell 110 or to the inner elastomer membrane 112 or both or may be permitted to float freely within the fluid or gel inside the compartment 108 . fig2 shows detail of the compression structure 100 . one or more vent holes 106 may be employed for equilibration of pressures . as described in fig2 , another preferred embodiment is that of an implant containing a plurality of gas and / or fluid and / or foam containing compressible members within the implant which also contains fluid or gel . each typical pressure - accommodating element may be a small version of the element described in fig1 . other compressive structures as shown in fig1 , 20 and 21 may be provided which incorporate polyurethane or other biocompatible foam 114 filled with normal saline and which may be placed substantially around or within another separate compartment 116 filled with silicone gel or normal saline or other biocompatible fluid . each such fluid - filled foam element accommodates to compression external to the implant by bleeding off biocompatible fluid sufficient to equal such compression via a number of perforations or tubes between the foam - filled space and the space surrounding the implant . the foam - filled space may in addition contain semi - compressive sac - like structures or a trabecular network of silicone elastomer walls or filaments which may provide additional resistance to compression of the foam and thereby limit the collapse of the space in compartment 116 . the fluid that is drained off is absorbed by the body . it will be appreciated that there may be a plurality of such small fluid - filled foam elements comprising yet another configuration of this embodiment . fig2 shows the compartment 116 attached to the outer cover of the implant , as an example . the use of a plurality of fluid - filled or gas - filled or solid discoid elements , connected to each other at the central constriction ( narrow waist ), such as shown and described in connection with fig5 a , 5b , and 30 , and expandable discoid evaginations as shown and described in connection with fig2 and 27 , are preferred embodiments . these discoid elements may have varying sizes and shapes . the diameter of each disc or evagination may be set as needed . in one preferred embodiment as shown for example in fig3 , a relatively large distance will separate the inside portions 124 of the evaginations 120 closest to the chest wall . this space will decrease as the opposite pole of the implant is approached . in this way , greater stability and axial projection of the implant may be achieved . additional stabilization may be achieved by changing the shape of the central tube 126 . attachment of the projection element 128 is by means of a flared portion 130 of the tube 126 or by other suitable means . if desired , an expandable region may be included which comprises a relatively more distensible and thin walled section of the exterior surface 132 of the implant as well as a chamber 134 in which normal saline or other biocompatible fluid may be used to provide pressure to expand the thin walled region of the exterior membrane 132 of the implant . it will be appreciated that the implant may be covered with any of the coverings described herein . fig2 , 28 , and 29 show the use of a plurality of fluid - filled or solid toroid - shaped elements , maintained in apposition by a projection element with a tubal element 156 that traverses the central opening of each element . this is a preferred embodiment of the invention . the enlarged top 140 and bottom 142 portions serve to maintain all elements of the implant in intimate contact . either the top or bottom portion or other portions of the projection element may serve as an expansion chamber 148 which may be filled through either the bottom or top piece or both . the surfaces of the toroid elements 144 are protected by a covering of ptfee sheeting 146 which serves to reduce friction at the interfaces 150 as the implant is manipulated . the ptfee sheets are affixed to each other by suitable means at the greater periphery 152 , the lesser periphery 154 , or both . likewise the tubal element 156 is covered by tubular ptfee 158 to reduce friction . it will be appreciated that the individual sub - elements of this embodiment may be configured in a great variety of ways . it will also be appreciated that any portion of or the entirety of the implant may be covered by any of the coverings described herein . though the invention has been described with respect to specific preferred embodiments , many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art . it is therefore the intention and expectation that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art in order to include all such variations and modifications .
an implant and coverings for an implant for use in the human body are disclosed . coverings for implants are constructed to present a biocompatible surface to the body and to provide a textured surface which serves to disorganize scar tissue which forms around the implant . filaments of expanded ptfee are attached to a stretch fabric backing in a loose weave configuration . silicone molded in geometric patterns may be employed to present a textured surface . compressive structures may be beneficially used on the surface of the implant or in the interior of the implant . foam is one such compressive structure . hexagonally shaped compressive cells containing fluid , gas , gel or foam are adapted to receive an insert which contains an outer biocompatible coating . a valve or port is provided to communicate between the cell and the body . expansions means may be provided to expand the implant in a desired direction .