fig1 illustrates a typical respiratory humidification system , comprised of three parts : [ 0062 ] 1 ) a humidification chamber located at a distance from the patient , which heats and substantially saturates gases flowing through it ; [ 0063 ] 2 ) a delivery system consisting of a flexible tube which carries humidified gases from the humidification chamber 1 to the gas outlet 5 ; and [ 0064 ] 3 ) a heater base which heats the humidification chamber 1 and provides measurement and control functions . the gas to be humidified flows into the chamber 1 from port 4 and leaves the delivery system 2 at gas exit port 5 . gas from exit port 5 flows to a patient via a face mask or similar ( not shown ). the system is controlled using sensors located at positions 7 and 8 — typically temperature probes . dry gases at the gas input 4 are heated and humidified by passing over the surface of hot water 6 in the chamber 1 so that they are substantially saturated with water vapour when they leave chamber 1 at exit port 10 . hot water 6 is heated by heater plate 9 and the amount of heating is controlled so that the gas reaches a predetermined temperature at exit port 10 . this temperature is measured by sensor 7 . therefore the humidification chamber 1 acts to heat and humidify the medical gases so that they are substantially saturated at the output of chamber 1 , and are at a predetermined temperature . the gas delivery system 2 ( also known as a delivery tube or breathing circuit ) consists of a flexible tube 11 containing a heater 12 , which may consist of a heated resistance wire . the gas from the humidification chamber 1 passes through the tube 11 and is heated by heater 12 to offset heat losses through the walls of tube 11 . the amount of heating applied to heater 12 is regulated so that the gas reaches a predetermined temperature at gas outlet 5 , as measured by sensor 8 . the control temperature at sensor 8 is usually higher than the control temperature at sensor 7 , so that the gas is heated along tube 11 to ensure that condensation doesn &# 39 ; t occur in the tube . the system as described has gas entering gas inlet 4 from a continuous flow gas source ( not shown ) and exiting the system through gas outlet 5 . however the system is equally applicable where the gas source is a ventilator , which creates intermittent flow patterns to provide breaths to a patient . in this case gas outlet port 5 is connected directly to gas inlet port 16 . the patient is connected to port 17 via an endotracheal tube or similar ( not shown ). during patient inspiration dry gases from the ventilator enter the system at inlet port 4 , pass through chamber 1 , delivery system 2 , pass through wye - piece 13 and reach the patient through port 17 . during patient exhalation gases pass back through port 17 , through wye - piece 13 , tube 14 and leave through gas outlet port 18 . tube 14 may also be heated by heater 15 to prevent condensation . humidifiers incorporating humidity sensors for display or control have been described in the prior art , however all used humidity sensors which were positioned at the patient airway . the current work describes novel humidifier configurations incorporating a humidity generating chamber located at a position which is remote from the patient , a heated breathing circuit to transfer humidity to the patient , and humidity sensors to control the level of absolute or relative humidity supplied to the patient . these humidity sensors are to be located either : 1 ) at the chamber outlet only , 2 ) at both the chamber outlet and near the patient , or 3 ) near the patient only . one aspect of the present disclosure would be to use a humidity sensor as sensor 7 . the purpose of humidity sensor 7 is to determine the absolute amount of humidity which is being generated by chamber 1 . accordingly an absolute humidity sensor would be ideal for use as sensor 7 , although the use of a relative humidity sensor with associated temperature sensor could equally be used . this system has the advantage of creating a controlled level of absolute humidity at chamber outlet 10 , however this level of absolute humidity may not reach the patient if condensation is allowed to occur in tube 11 . an alternative system which would overcome this disadvantage is to use a second absolute humidity sensor at point 8 instead of a temperature sensor . the difference in absolute humidity between sensors 7 and 8 allows the humidifier to determine whether condensation is occurring between the two points . if the two absolute humidity sensors 7 and 8 read the same level of absolute humidity then no condensation is occurring in the tube . if the absolute humidity at sensor 7 is greater than at sensor 8 , then the difference shows the rate of condensation that is occurring . one control strategy would be to control the amount of heating provided to heater 12 so that the absolute humidity difference is reduced to zero . however the tube may still contain mobile condensate because the humidity difference only describes the rate of condensation , not the absolute amount of condensate in the tube . another control strategy is to remove this condensate and hence create a dry tube by heating heater 12 so that the rate of measured condensation is negative ( i . e . condensation is being evaporated in tube 11 ) until the measured condensation rate reaches zero , indicating that all of the condensate has been removed . the amount of heating can then be reduced until the sensors show that condensation has just started to occur , then the heating can be increased slightly to the optimum level . drying out of the tube may be a continuous process , or may be initiated at regular time intervals . another variation of the system shown in fig1 would be to use a temperature sensor for sensor 7 and an absolute humidity sensor at point 8 . this system is simpler than having an absolute humidity at both points 7 and 8 . in operation the controller would have to adjust the amount of heating at heater 12 and heater plate 9 so that the correct level of absolute humidity was reached without condensate in delivery tube 12 . in practice two separate control algorithms would be required , one to control the amount of heating occurring in tube 11 so that no condensation occurred , and another to control heater plate 9 so that the desired level of absolute humidity was generated in chamber 1 . the two algorithms could work concurrently because the heater plate 9 will respond slower than heater 12 , so quick changes in absolute humidity would indicate the action of heater 12 . sensor 7 provides a control point for heater plate 9 , but may not be needed . all systems described so far have used a chamber 1 which attempts to humidify the gas leaving gas outlet 10 to a high level of relative humidity . while this condition isn &# 39 ; t essential for the correct operation of the new humidification configurations just described because they use humidity control , it was essential for the prior art humidifier where control is purely based on temperature . however there are some advantages to be gained from using a chamber which heats gases to the correct absolute humidity , but at a low relative humidity ( i . e . the temperature of the gas is higher than the dewpoint of the gas , therefore the gas is not saturated ). the first advantage is that it is easier to design a heated delivery system to transport such a gas without condensation , since the gas doesn &# 39 ; t need to be heated immediately after it enters the delivery tube to prevent condensation . secondly , the use of low relative humidity gases leaving the chamber means that the heater element 12 can be rated at a lower power than would otherwise be the case , as the gas already has a higher energy content and can tolerate a greater loss of energy before the gas condenses in the tube 12 . it may even be possible to use an unheated , well insulated breathing circuit instead of a heated breathing circuit if the chamber provides gas with enough energy . note that low relative humidity chambers can only be used if the heating to the chamber is controlled using an absolute humidity sensor , not a temperature sensor , since otherwise the absolute humidity output would be too low . to this end , some humidification chamber configurations which provide a high temperature , low relative humidity gas output are shown in fig2 - 8 . fig2 shows a chamber which incorporates a metal element 20 ( e . g . a spiral scroll shape ), but without wicking paper attached . this provides both dry heating ( via the metal element ) and heated humidification from the heated water 21 . with this configuration the chamber 19 provides gas which is not saturated because some of the heating provided to the gas is dry heating via the metal scroll . the relative humidity generated by the chamber is affected by the gas flow path , scroll shape , dimensions , and the water level , and so is not readily adjustable in use . however chamber 19 does give the condensate reducing advantages provided by a low relative humidity , controlled absolute humidity output . fig3 and 4 are alternative humidification chambers which provide low relative humidity , high temperature gases at their output . fig3 shows a chamber using a porous material 22 ( such as a porous ceramic ) containing water 23 to provide a heating and humidifying function , while fig4 shows a chamber using a semipermeable membrane 24 to provide a barrier to the water 25 in the chamber . in both cases these chambers provide dry heating via the porous or semipermeable material , as well as heated humidification from the water . in both cases the ratio of heating to humidifying is fixed and cannot be easily adjusted except by limiting the water supply . fig5 to 8 show chambers that can supply gases at varying levels of relative humidity and temperature . in fig5 a variable valve 26 allows us to adjust the ratio of gas which passes through the dry bypass tube 27 to that which flows across the surface of the water 28 . the bypass tube passes under the water to heat the gas . the two gas streams merge at the output 29 . this is an example of a “ parallel ” system where the gas splits and takes two different paths to provide heating and humidification . in fig6 the gas is again split into two gas paths using an adjustable valve 30 . one part of the gas gets humidified by passing across the water 31 in chamber 32 , while the other is heated by heater 58 , which surrounds tube 33 . the gas paths merge at junction 34 . the angle of variable valves 26 and 30 in fig5 and 6 , may be permanently set , may be manually adjustable 1300 , or may be automatically adjustable for example by electromechanical actuation 1400 . one advantage of an automatically adjustable valve would be to provide a constant level of humidity out of the chamber when used with intermittent flow rates , for example when used with a ventilator . these flow patterns can be a problem because parts of the breath cycle contain less humidity than other parts , due to the chamber providing less humidity at higher flow rates . one way to overcome this problem is to measure the instantaneous flow rate using a fast response flow sensor , and then rapidly adjusting the angle of the variable valve . a more practical method of achieving this effect would be to spring - load valves 26 and 30 using springs 70 and 71 or use an elastic valve member to form the variable valve . this would mean that low flow rates would mostly pass through the bypass tubes , while high flow rates would operate the spring - loaded valve and allow more gas to pass across the water in the humidification chamber . the angle of the spring - loaded variable valve could also be used by the humidifier to measure the gas flow rate . fig7 and 8 show alternative series configurations for low relative humidity chambers , where the dry gas entering chamber 35 containing heated water 36 is either pre - heated via heater 37 in fig7 , or heated via heater 38 in fig8 after leaving the chamber . in both cases the heater provides dry heating to the gas and results in a low relative humidity , high temperature gas leaving outlet 39 . any of the low relative humidity , high temperature chambers shown in fig2 to 8 can be used in conjunction with the humidity control schemes described previously in this patent , but not successfully with the prior art humidifier due to it being temperature controlled , not humidity controlled . another facet of the disclosure is shown in fig9 . here the low relative humidity , high temperature humidification system from fig8 has been combined with an unheated , well insulated delivery tube . the incoming gas enters at port 135 into the standard humidification chamber 35 containing water 36 which is heated by heater plate 38 . the gas is substantially saturated in the chamber then leaves the chamber through gas outlet 39 and enters heated tube section 40 which heats the humid gas to a higher temperature , so that it has a low relative humidity . the gas then passes through tube 41 which has an insulating layer 42 around it . preferably the insulating layer is a thin jacket of stagnant air which reduces heat loss . as the high temperature gas , low relative humidity gas passes through the insulating tube , a small amount of heat is lost through the tube walls , and therefore the gas cools . however the amount of heating applied to heater 40 is controlled , so that the gas is never allowed to cool below its dewpoint , which would result in condensation within tube 41 . several different sensor configurations are proposed . firstly , sensor 43 could be an absolute humidity sensor which controls heater plate 38 so that chamber 36 produces the desired level of humidity . in one embodiment sensor 45 is a temperature sensor , which controls heater 40 so that the gas passing sensor 45 remains at a certain desired temperature . if this temperature is greater than the dewpoint of the gas at sensor 43 , then condensation should not occur in tube 41 . however there may already be condensate in tube 41 when the humidifier is turned on . if a humidity sensor is used for sensor 45 instead of a temperature sensor , then the level of condensate occurring in the tube 41 can be controlled . the algorithms described earlier in this patent for dual - humidity sensor control can be used with this system . an alternative location for the absolute humidity sensor is at position 44 instead of 43 . the absolute humidity here should be the same as at 43 because the gas has been heated and so hasn &# 39 ; t lost any moisture . however there may be advantages to placing the absolute humidity sensor at 44 , for instance due to better sensor operation in a low relative humidity environment . this location for the absolute humidity sensor can be used with either a temperature or absolute humidity sensor at location 45 . yet another aspect of this patent relates to removing the need for a sensor at the patient airway . to remove this sensor safely , we must be certain that the gas entering the delivery tube has a safe level of temperature and absolute humidity , and that the surfaces inside the delivery tube do not exceed safe temperature levels . this implies a delivery tube that has a constant internal wall temperature . it would be desirable , therefore , to have a heated delivery tube which self - regulates its temperature at a desired level . the heater could either be embedded in the wall of the delivery tube itself , or it could lie inside the lumen of the delivery tube , or it could be wrapped around the outside of the delivery tube . such a heater could be made from positive temperature coefficient ( ptc ) material ( such as “ winterguard ” from raychem corp ., menlo park , calif . usa ), so that the resistance of the heater increases if the heater is hot , resulting in reduced power . however the delivery tube may pass through more than one environment , or may have localised drafts present on certain parts of the tube . if the ptc elements are arranged in parallel , then the full benefit of the ptc heater can be envisaged . if the ptc elements are arranged in parallel , then the cold portions of the tube will have a lower resistance , which will result in more heat being dissipated . thus the tube will tend to regulate its own temperature . fig1 shows construction of a tube incorporating flexible ptc elements in a parallel wire configuration . the tube 48 is made of a flexible ptc material , which has two low resistive strip connections , 46 and 47 , on either side of it . this allows each portion of the tube to consist of short conducting segments of tube connected in parallel between conductors 46 and 47 . these segments are represented by dotted lines encircling the tube in fig1 . the conductors 46 and 47 are connected to adjustable voltage source 49 , which may be ac or dc . the tube would have an outer layer ( not shown ) which provides electrical insulation and thermal insulation to the tube . each longitudinal segment of the tube will be able to regulate its own temperature independently of the rest of the tube . to enhance this operation , it may be necessary to provide parallel slots 50 running perpendicular to the axis of the tube , to eliminate electrical cross - connection between the different ptc segments . although one specific ptc heated tube design has been envisaged and described , other ptc tube designs could be used . it may also be of advantage to create a ptc tube that has a differing temperature profile along its length rather than a constant temperature profile . the ptc design could also be extended to incorporate ptc heaters in other parts of the patient breathing circuit , such as the flexible extension tube which is usually connected between the y - piece ( port 17 of fig1 ) and the patient &# 39 ; s endotracheal tube . a further extension of the ptc tube concept would be into a self - heated and temperature controlled endotracheal tube . the ptc tube described in fig1 allows us to create a humidifier which doesn &# 39 ; t use any sensor at the patient airway . fig1 shows a humidifier configuration using this tube . gas enters humidification chamber 52 via inlet port 51 and is humidified by water 53 , heated by heater plate 54 . absolute humidity sensor 55 controls the heater plate so that the gas passing sensor 55 is at a desired level of absolute humidity . ptc tube 56 is heated by an external voltage ( not shown ) so that the internal surface temperature is at a constant desired temperature , which is selected to be above the dewpoint of the gas . the gas which leaves tube 56 at outlet 57 will therefore be near the temperature of the tube , and containing the desired level of absolute humidity which was controlled by absolute humidity sensor 55 . a variation of the system shown in fig1 would be to use a temperature sensor at position 55 . another variation of a tube with a constant internal wall temperature would a delivery tube with heated water or other fluid pumped through smaller conduits in the wall of the delivery tube . since the heated fluid has a high specific heat relative to air , the temperature of the fluid remains fairly constant during passage through the delivery wall conduits . traditional humidifiers have tended to use sensors that are probe shaped , so that they can be inserted through specifically designed holes in the side of the breathing circuit to measure temperature . however the humidifier configurations that have been described in this patent incorporate many sensors around the chamber , so the use of a manifold 59 as shown in fig1 may be useful . the humidification chamber 60 is a removable item which can be slid onto the humidifier base 61 as shown in fig1 . as the chamber 60 is slid onto the humidifier base 61 , its base makes contact with heater plate 62 and its inlet and outlet ports 63 and 64 make contact with holes 67 and 68 inside the manifold 59 . dry air to be humidified enters the manifold at port 65 , passes out of the manifold through port 67 , and flows through port 63 into the chamber 60 , where it is humidified . after leaving chamber 60 the humid gas passes through chamber port 64 into manifold port 68 . finally the humid gas leaves manifold 59 through port 66 and passes to the breathing circuit . the manifold may be a separate , removable assembly , or it may be an integral part of the humidifier base . it may contain temperature sensors , humidity sensors , flow sensors , or a heater element . these would be located inside the manifold 59 at positions 72 and 73 . the manifold 59 may be heated to prevent condensation of humid gas . it could connect to both chamber ports 63 and 64 as described , or it may only connect to the outlet port 64 . one advantage of using a manifold is that many sensors or heaters can be combined in a single , cleanable assembly , rather than requiring separate probes which need to be plugged into the breathing circuit . this simplifies connection and setup for the user . another advantage of a manifold is that the incoming dry gas temperature and flow rate can easily be measured without additional probes and connections . although absolute humidity sensors have been described with all of the different humidification schemes described in this patent , relative humidity sensors could also be used . this may involve slightly different control algorithms to the ones described in this patent . alternatively , a relative humidity sensor could be combined with a temperature sensor . this allows the absolute humidity to be calculated from relative humidity and temperature , rather than being measured directly . all of the novel humidification schemes that have been described in this patent could be used with additional temperature sensors . these may provide additional benefits such as providing a safety backup in the event of a failed humidity sensor . another benefit would be maintaining the temperature being delivered to the patient within certain limits so that the relative humidity is not too low , even though the absolute humidity was acceptable . similarly it may be useful to measure the air flowrate through the humidifier , as this is an important parameter which affects humidifier control . therefore flow sensors could be incorporated within any of the previously described systems . one useful prior art flow sensor construction would be to use a sensor based on heat loss from a hot element in the airstream . if a heated humidity sensor is used , the amount of heating that is required for the sensor to achieve temperature can be used to determine the gas flow rate . infection control is a prime consideration when designing medical components . to prevent bacterial colonisation of the components in the humidification system , any parts which come in contact with the gas stream could be made out of antibacterial plastic . to prevent contamination of sensor probes , the probe ports could incorporate a disposable sheath which protects the probe from pathogens in the breathing circuit . this would be particularly applicable to temperature probes . in general humidity probes need to have contact with the gas stream so a disposable sheath would be inapplicable to humidity sensors , unless they worked on optical principles , or unless the sheath was made of water vapour permeable material , which did not allow the passage of pathogens . the protective sheath could be an integral part of a disposable breathing circuit .
a humidifier and humidity sensor is disclosed for use with a breathing assistance apparatus . the humidity sensor preferably includes means to sense absolute humidity , relative humidity and / or temperature at both the patient end and humidifier end . the humidifier may also include provision to both control independently the humidity and temperature of the gases . further , a chamber manifold is disclosed to facilitate easy connection of the humidifier to various outlets , inlets and sensors . a heated conduit is described which provides a more effective temperature profile along its length .