fig1 shows a side view of a sports shoe 1 particularly adapted to skateboarding . it includes an upper 3 beneath which a sole 2 is fixed . the sole 2 includes an intermediary sole 5 whose function is to ensure the comfort of the foot , and a wear sole 4 that is made of a material having a good adherence property and a very good abrasion resistance . the upper is sewn on a flexible sole called a strobel insole , the assembly constituted of the upper 3 and of this strobel insole is cemented to the sole 2 , thus forming the shoe 1 . fig2 shows a perspective exploded view of the sole 2 . the intermediary sole 5 includes a bottom intermediary half - sole , or partial - sole , 6 and a top intermediary half - sole , or partial - sole 7 . the bottom half - sole or cup 6 includes a bottom surface 10 which comes into contact with the wear sole , and a top surface 11 which comes into contact with the top intermediary half - sole 7 . the periphery of the cup 6 is constituted of substantially vertical edges 8 . in its front portion , the bottom surface 10 of the cup 6 has a plurality of bottom protuberances 9 . the bottom protuberances 9 are cylindrical , or substantially cylindrical , and project downwardly from the cup 6 . they are uniformly arranged over the entire front portion of the bottom surface 10 of the cup 6 . the arrangement of the bottom protuberances 9 is carried out according to a pattern whose first direction is oriented substantially along the longitudinal axis of the shoe . the second direction of the pattern forms , together with the first , an angle that is comprised between 60 ° and 80 °, or about 60 ° and 80 °. the bottom protuberances 9 have a cylindrical shape with a diameter comprised between 4 and 6 millimeters ( mm ), and project by a distance comprised between 1 . 5 and 3 mm , or between about 1 . 5 mm and about 3 mm . the distance between two adjacent bottom protuberances 9 is comprised between 1 mm and 5 mm , or between about 1 mm and about 5 mm . preferably , this distance is approximately equal to 2 mm . except for a peripheral band , the bottom protuberances 9 are present over the entire front portion of the bottom surface 10 of the cup 6 . the top surface 11 of the cup 6 has an edge 8 at its periphery . it includes a depression 12 in substantially the entire front zone ; this depression 12 corresponds to the front zone of the bottom surface 10 of the cup 6 where the bottom protuberances 9 are arranged . thus , exclusive of the height of the protuberances , the cup 6 is the thinnest in the area of this depression 12 . in the heel area , the top surface 11 includes a cavity 13 having substantially the shape of an inverted truncated cone at the bottom of which a well 14 extending through the cup 6 is arranged . because the cup 6 is substantially thicker in its heel portion than in the front portion , the top surface thereof also includes an inclined portion 15 connecting the depression 12 to the cavity 13 . the edge 8 includes a lower belt 16 overlaid by an upper belt 17 . the lower belt 16 makes it possible to embed the top intermediary half - sole 7 , whereas the upper belt 17 is adhered to the upper during assembly of the shoe . the top intermediary half - sole includes a lower surface 18 and an upper surface 19 . the lower surface 18 is complementary to the top surface of the cup . thus , in the front portion a projecting slab 20 which conforms to the shape of the depression 12 is arranged . the heel portion includes a dome 21 oriented downwardly , which is extended at its end by a nipple 23 . the upper surface 19 has , in its front portion , a depressed area whose peripheral contour corresponds to the projecting slab 20 present on the lower surface 18 . as mentioned previously , in a preferred embodiment the top intermediary partial - sole is more flexible than the bottom intermediary - sole . thus , according to a preferred embodiment , the dome of the top intermediary partial - sole is more flexible than the rear zone of the bottom intermediary partial - sole . also , as shown in the partial cut - away detail in fig2 the dome 21 is made in one piece and is solid in horizontal cross section along the height of the dome . surface 18 . from the bottom of this depressed area , a plurality of top protuberances 22 project upwardly . the arrangement of these top protuberances 22 is carried out along a pattern , one direction of which corresponds substantially to the longitudinal axis of the shoe , whereas the other direction forms , together with the latter , an angle that is comprised between 60 ° and 80 °, or approximately between 60 ° and 80 °. the top protuberances 22 have a generally cylindrical shape whose diameter is comprised between 4 mm and 6 mm , or approximately therebetween . their height is not uniform over the entire area of the upper surface 19 . in the central zone , i . e ., in a zone located in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis , the protuberances have a height comprised between 2 and 4 mm . in the peripheral zones , on the other hand , the height of the protuberances is comprised between 4 and 6 mm . now it is advisable to see how the various elements constituting the sole are assembled with one another and how they interact . in a known fashion , the three elements , viz ., wear sole 4 , cup 6 , and top intermediary half - sole are adjusted and then cemented . the complementarity of the shapes of the top surface 11 and of the lower surface 18 facilitates the adjusting and ensures greater efficiency during cementing . fig3 shows a longitudinal cross - section of the assembled sole , and fig3 a is a partial enlargement of fig3 . each bottom protuberance 9 is in vertical alignment with a top protuberance 22 . thus , with this superimposition , a plurality of studs 36 constituted by a top protuberance 22 and a bottom protuberance 9 are defined . the latter are connected to one another only by their central portion 37 , which includes one portion extending from the top half - sole and another extending from the bottom half - sole . the overall shock absorption of the front portion of the sole is ensured by the juxtaposition of these cylindrical studs 36 . during a jump landing , the pressure exerted on the sole by the foot is substantially uniformly distributed , and all these cylindrical studs have a similar behavior , i . e ., all of them are going to be subject to a compression that is proportional to the pressure . if , on the other hand , the sole is subjected to a force that is not uniformly distributed over its entire surface , the behavior will not be similar in all areas . the response of the sole to the bias will be precisely limited to the areas where the force is exerted . fig5 , 7 show a comparison between the behavior of the sole according to the invention and the behavior of two soles according to the prior art . fig5 schematically shows the behavior of a sports shoe sole positioned on a skateboard 30 having a screw 32 for binding the trucks 31 , whose head projects from the board . the intermediary sole 5 , which is made out of a very soft material to ensure a good shock absorption , is compressed in the area of the screw head without the upper surface thereof becoming deformed . with such a sole , no information is transmitted to the athlete from the surface with which he / she is in contact . fig6 also schematically shows the behavior of a sole according to the prior art in the same situation . the material of the intermediary sole is more rigid and the projection made by the screw head generates a buckling of the entire sole . in this case , the information transmitted from the board to the athlete is very inaccurate , and the user cannot determine his / her exact position on the board by relying on his / her sensations alone . this type of sole somewhat smoothes or dissipates the information . fig7 shows the behavior of the sole according to the invention . due to the relative independence of the studs with respect to one another , the sole becomes deformed only in the area located at the screw head . thus , the athlete is able to determine precisely how he / she is positioned in relation to the screw in question . similarly , when his / her foot is positioned on the edge of the board , the athlete can precisely feel the contour line thereof . fig8 a , 8 b , and 8 c show the behavior of an intermediary sole whose heel portion includes an insert 33 made of foam or gel , having a higher absorption coefficient than the remainder of the sole . fig8 a shows the situation at rest . the foot 34 is slightly sunk into the insert 33 . fig8 b shows the situation of the sole during landing from short range jumps . the insert 33 perfectly fulfills its role and the impact is absorbed . in the case of longer range jumps , fig8 c , the material of the insert flows laterally under the violence of the impact , and there is a sudden variation in the absorption of the impact . initially , the shock absorption is ensured by the insert 33 . secondly , the latter is obtained by the intermediary sole . finally , a bottoming phenomenon occurs , during which the heel no longer benefits from any shock absorption . fig9 a , 9 b , and 9 c show the behavior of a sole according to the invention under the same conditions . at rest ( fig9 a ), as well as during a small impact ( fig9 b ), the behavior of the sole is almost similar to that of a sole having an insert according to the prior art . however , during very violent impacts ( fig9 c ), the flow does not occur only laterally , but partly by the well 14 . thus , even when the shock absorption is at its height , the lower portion of the heel benefits from the shock absorption of the top half - sole . in this regard , the well 14 plays a key role . if it were not present , the material of the top half - sole would be compressed to the maximum , and the bottoming phenomenon would occur much more quickly . bottoming occurs when , under the effect of a very strong impact , the intermediary sole has reached its maximum limit of compression and , for the heel , it is as if there were no longer any shock absorption . fig1 a , 10 b , and 10 c show the functioning of the progressive shock absorption of the front portion of the sole . in fig1 a , the sole is at rest , the top and bottom protuberances are slightly compressed or not compressed . during low jump landings ( fig1 b ), only the top protuberances , which are made of a flexible material , are compressed . if the jump is high ( fig1 c ), the bottom protuberances , made of a more rigid material , are also compressed . fig1 shows a second embodiment of the invention in which the intermediary sole 5 is made in one piece . in the front portion thereof , especially beneath the metatarsophalangeal bending zone , two recessed zones face one another , one on top , the other at the bottom . the top recessed zone is equipped with top protuberances 22 , whereas the bottom recessed zone is equipped with bottom protuberances 9 . given that each of the bottom protuberances is vertically aligned with a top protuberance , studs are thus constituted , which participate in the shock absorption function of the intermediary sole while having a certain freedom of movement , especially vertical , with respect to one another . fig1 schematically shows a shoe sole according to a third embodiment of the invention . the intermediary sole 5 includes holes 35 in which studs are inserted . as in the two previously described embodiments , the studs are arranged over a major portion of the front zone of the sole , especially that corresponding to the metatarsophalangeal bending zone . fig1 shows a fourth embodiment of the invention in which the front portion is similar to the embodiment described in fig1 . thus , the entire front portion of the intermediary sole is in one piece , whereas the top intermediary half - sole is reduced to an insert 7 supporting the heel . according to the invention , and as is shown in fig1 a , the studs 36 are constituted of a top protuberance 22 , a bottom protuberance 9 , and a central portion 37 which ensures the linkage of the studs with one another . the rear portion of the bottom intermediary half - sole includes a cavity 13 having a generally conical shape complementary to that of the insert 7 . as mentioned previously , this conical shape , associated with the presence of a well 14 , enables the material of the insert 7 to flow in the cavity 13 and the well 14 . the invention is not limited to the few particular embodiments described by way of examples , and many other embodiments can be envisioned without leaving the scope of the invention . thus , one can provide that the holes 35 described in fig1 be blind and do not extend completely through the sole . in parallel , the shock absorption / sensitivity compromise can also be obtained from a conventional , i . e ., integral and protuberance - free intermediary sole , in which non - through notches are made .
a shoe having an upper and a sole , the sole including a wear sole and an intermediary sole . the intermediary sole includes an upper surface and a bottom surface , a rear zone provided to support the user &# 39 ; s heel zone , and a front zone provided to support the user &# 39 ; s forefoot zone . in the front zone , the upper surface includes a plurality of top protuberances and the bottom surface includes a plurality of bottom protuberances , each top protuberance of at least one portion of the plurality of top protuberances is vertically aligned with a bottom protuberance so as to constitute shock - absorbing cylindrical studs that are linked to one another only by their central portion .