fig1 is an exemplary illustration of a system 110 for detecting position information related to a face , and more particularly to an eyeball in a face of an individual 112 , in accordance with some embodiments of the invention . system 110 may determine position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 . system 110 may include a laser radar system 116 capable of determining a range to and / or a range rate ( i . e ., velocity ) of a point on a surface of individual 112 ( e . g ., skin , clothing , lips , etc .). system 110 may include a monitor module 118 capable of determining position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 based on the determinations of laser radar system 116 . system 110 may enable the position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 to be monitored and determined remotely from individual 112 without directly contacting individual 112 . in some embodiments of the invention , laser radar system 116 may direct a beam of electromagnetic radiation 114 toward individual 112 to be incident on individual 112 at a point on the surface of individual 112 to be measured . some or all of radiation 114 directed to the point on the surface of individual 112 may be reflected by the surface , and may then be received back into laser radar system 116 . as described below , based on one or more aspects of radiation 114 ( e . g ., frequency , phase , intensity , etc .) prior to emission and / or subsequent to reflection , laser radar system 116 may determine one or both of the range and the range rate of the point on the surface with respect to laser radar system 116 . according to various embodiments of the invention , laser radar system 116 may make a plurality of determinations of range and / or range rate of a set of measurement points on a surface of the eyeball of individual 112 ( e . g ., at a periodic rate ) over a period of time . monitor module 118 may implement the determined ranges and range rates to determine the position information related to the eyeball . according to various embodiments of the invention , monitor module 118 may additionally monitor movement of the head of individual 112 , in order to more accurately determine position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 . in some of these embodiments , system 110 may include a video imaging system that captured video footage ( successive images ) of individual 112 . lateral or vertical motion of the face of individual 112 ( in the plane of the images captured by the video imaging system ) that displaces the eye socket , along with the eyeball , may be determined by video optical flow processing ( or some other motion tracking processing ) of the video footage captured by the video imaging system . similarly , the rotation of the face of individual 112 within the image plane may be determined . in this way , three degrees of motion may be measured by the video imaging system . this optical flow processing may be performed by monitor module 118 . motion of the face of individual 112 out of the plane of the images captured by the video imaging system may be determined by taking measurements of the face ( outside of the eye sockets ) by laser radar system 116 . these motions comprise range motion ( a translational degree of freedom ) and the two rotational degrees of freedom that are orthogonal to the image plane of the video imaging system . thus , by combining the information determined from the video footage captured by the video imaging system and the measurements of laser radar system 116 , monitor module 118 may determine the motion of the face of individual 112 in six degrees of freedom . by determining the motion of the face of individual 112 , monitor module 118 may track the motion and / or position of the eye socket of individual 112 . monitor module 118 may adjust determinations of the position and / or movement of the eyeball of individual 112 , using the motion and / or position of the eye socket of individual 112 , to reflect only ( or substantially only ) the rotation of the eyeball in the eye socket . fig2 illustrates a frequency modulated laser radar system 210 that may be implemented within system 110 as laser radar system 116 , according to some embodiments of the invention . system 210 may include a laser source 212 that emits a beam 214 of electromagnetic radiation . beam 214 may be emitted at a frequency that is continuously varied , or chirped . in some instances , chirping the frequency may include sweeping the frequency between a lower frequency and an upper frequency ( or vice versa ) in a periodic manner ( e . g . a sawtooth waveform , a triangle waveform , etc .). beam 214 may be divided by an optical coupler 216 into a target beam 218 and a reference beam 220 . it should be appreciated that although laser radar system 210 is shown and described as a single beam system , that in order to provide beams of electromagnetic radiation to a plurality of points on the eyeball of the individual beam 214 may be divided into a plurality of beams , and each beam may then be subsequently processed in the manner described below . in conventional embodiments , system 210 may include a target interferometer 222 and a reference interferometer 224 . target interferometer 222 may receive target beam 218 , and may divide the target beam at an optical coupler 226 . target interferometer 222 is typically used to generate a target signal that may depend upon a range of a target 230 ( e . g . individual 112 ) from target interferometer 222 . target interferometer may accomplish this by directing one portion 228 of target beam 218 toward target 230 , and the other portion 232 of target beam 218 to a target frequency difference module 234 over an optical path with a fixed path length . portion 228 of target beam 218 may be reflected by target 230 and may be transmitted to target frequency difference module 234 via optical coupler 226 and an optical fiber 236 . based on interference between portions 236 and 232 at coupler 248 , target frequency difference module 234 may generate the target signal corresponding to a beat frequency of portions 236 and 232 of target beam 218 due to the difference between their path lengths . according to various embodiments of the invention , reference interferometer 224 may receive reference beam 220 and may generate a reference signal corresponding to a frequency difference between two portions of reference beam 224 that may be directed over two separate fixed paths with a known path length difference . more particularly , reference beam 220 may be divided by an optical coupler 240 into a first portion 242 and a second portion 244 . first portion 242 may have a fixed optical path length difference relative to second portion 244 . based on interference between portions 242 and 244 at coupler 246 , reference frequency difference module 250 may generate the reference signal corresponding to a beat frequency of portions 242 and 244 of reference beam 220 caused by the fixed difference between their path lengths . as will be appreciated , target interferometer 222 and reference interferometer 224 have been illustrated and described as mach - zehnder interferometers . however other interferometer configurations may be utilized . for example , target interferometer 222 and reference interferometer 224 may include embodiments wherein michelson - morley interferometers may be formed . in some embodiments , system 210 may include a processor 238 . processor 238 may receive the target signal and the reference signal and may process these signals to determine the range of target 230 . range information determined based on the target signal and the reference signal may be used to determine a range rate of target 230 with respect to target interferometer 222 . fig3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a laser radar system 310 that may be implemented within system 110 , as laser radar system 116 , to monitor one or more points on a surface of the eyeball of individual 112 , according to some embodiments of the invention . laser radar system 310 may employ two or more laser radar sections , each of which emits a target beam of radiation toward a target . for example , a first laser radar section 374 emits a first target beam 312 and a second laser radar section 376 emits a second target beam 314 toward a target 316 ( e . g ., individual 112 ). in some embodiments of the invention , first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 may be chirped to create a dual chirp system . the implementation of laser radar system 310 in system 110 to monitor one or more points on a surface of the eyeball of individual 112 may provide unambiguous determinations of the range and the range rate of the points on the surface of the eyeball of individual 112 with respect to system 110 , and may enable enhanced determinations of position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 by monitoring module 118 . for example , the unambiguous determination of the range and / or the range rate of the points on the surface of the eyeball of individual 112 may reduce an amount of noise in the determined ranges and / or range rates . if present , the noise may impact the accuracy of the determinations of the ranges and / or range rates . inaccuracies within the determined ranges and / or range rates may hamper determinations that leverage the determined ranges and / or range rates to position information related to the eyeball of individual 112 . it should be appreciated that although laser radar system 310 is shown and described as a dual beam system that provides two beams incident on a single point , that this description is not limiting and that in order to provide monitor a plurality of points on the eyeball each of the target beams may be divided into a plurality of beams , and each beam may then be subsequently processed in the manner described below . in some implementations , the plurality of points on the eyeball may be monitored by successively by the single point radiation ( e . g ., by scanning the single point of radiation to each of the plurality of points on the eyeball in succession ). although in these implementations the points on the eyeball may not be monitored absolutely simultaneously , the single point radiation may be provided to each of the plurality of points on the eyeball quickly enough that the resulting collection of data may be processed as if the plurality of points had been monitored simultaneously . in some implementations , a hybrid approach may be implemented in which the beams provided by laser radar system 310 as a single point of radiation may be divided to provide a plurality of points of radiation , and each of the plurality of points of radiation may be scanned successively to different points on the eyeball ( and / or individual 112 ). according to various embodiments of the invention , laser section 374 may include a laser source controller 336 , a first laser source 318 , a first optical coupler 322 , a first beam delay 344 , a first local oscillator optical coupler 330 , and / or other components . second laser radar section 376 may include a laser source controller 338 , a second laser source 320 , a second optical coupler 324 , a second beam delay 350 , a second local oscillator optical coupler 332 and / or other components . for example , some or all of the components of each of laser radar sections 374 and 376 may be obtained as a coherent laser radar system from metris usa . coherent laser radar systems from metris usa may provide various advantages , such as enhanced linearity functionality , enhanced phase wandering correction , and other advantages to laser radar system 310 in determining the range and the range rate of target 316 . in some embodiments of the invention , first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 may be reflected by target 316 back toward laser radar system 310 . laser radar system 310 may receive first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 , and may determine at least one of a range of target 316 from laser radar system 310 , and a range rate of target 316 . according to various embodiments of the invention , first laser source 318 may have a first carrier frequency . first laser source 318 may emit a first laser beam 340 at a first frequency . the first frequency may be modulated at a first chirp rate . the first frequency may be modulated electrically , mechanically , acousto - optically , or otherwise modulated as would be apparent . first laser beam 340 may be divided by first optical coupler 322 into first target beam 312 and a first local oscillator beam 342 . first local oscillator beam 342 may be held for a first delay period at a first beam delay 344 . in some embodiments of the invention , second laser source 320 may emit a second laser beam 346 at a second frequency . the second frequency may be modulated at a second chirp rate different from the first chirp rate . the second frequency may be modulated electrically , mechanically , acousto - optically , or otherwise modulated . the first chirp rate and the second chirp rate may create a counter chirp between first laser beam 340 and second laser beam 346 . in some instances , the second carrier frequency may be substantially the same as the first carrier frequency . for example , in some embodiments the percentage difference between the first baseline frequency and the second baseline frequency is less than 0 . 05 %. this may provide various enhancements to laser system 310 , such as , for example , minimizing distortion due to speckle , or other enhancements . second laser beam 346 may be divided by second optical coupler 324 into a second target beam 314 and a second local oscillator beam 348 . second local oscillator beam 348 may be held for a second delay period at a second beam delay 350 . the second delay period may be different than the first delay period . in some embodiments , the output ( s ) of first laser source 318 and / or second laser source 320 ( e . g . first laser beam 340 and / or second laser beam 346 ) may be linearized using mechanisms provided in , for example , metris usa model mv200 . phase wandering of the output ( s ) of first laser source 318 and / or second laser source 320 may be corrected using mechanisms provided in , for instance , metris usa model mv200 . in some embodiments of the invention , laser radar system 310 may determine the range and the range rate of target 316 with an increased accuracy when the range of target 316 from laser radar system 310 falls within a set of ranges between a minimum range and a maximum range . when the range of target 316 does not fall within the set of ranges , the accuracy of laser radar system 310 may be degraded . according to various embodiments of the invention , first beam delay 344 and second beam delay 350 may be adjustable . adjusting first beam delay 344 and second beam delay 350 may enable laser radar system 310 to be adjusted to bring the set of ranges over which more accurate determinations may be made closer to , or further away from , laser radar system 310 . first beam delay 344 and the second beam delay 350 may be adjusted to ensure that the range of target 316 falls within the set of ranges between the minimum range and the maximum range so that the range and the range rate of target 316 may be determined accurately . first beam delay 344 and second beam delay 350 may be adjusted by a user , or in an automated manner . the degradation of determinations of range and range rate when the range of target 316 is outside of the set of ranges may be a result of the finite nature of the coherence length of first laser source 318 and second laser source 320 . for example , the distance between the minimum range and the maximum range may be a function of the coherence length . the longer the coherence length of first laser source 318 and second laser source 320 , the greater the distance between the minimum range and the maximum range may be . thus , increasing the coherence length of first laser source 318 and second laser source 320 may enhance range and range rate determinations by laser radar system 310 by providing the ability to make determinations over an enhanced set of ranges . in some embodiments of the invention , first local oscillator beam 342 may be divided into a plurality of first local oscillator beams and second local oscillator beam 348 may be divided into a plurality of second local oscillator beams . in such instances , laser radar system 310 may include a plurality of beam delays that may apply delays of varying delay periods to the plurality of first local oscillator beams and the plurality of second local oscillator beams . this may ensure that one of the plurality of first local oscillator beams and one of the plurality of second local oscillator beams may have been delayed for delay periods that may enable the range and range rate of the target to be determined accurately . accordingly , in some embodiments of the invention , first laser source 318 and second laser source 320 may emit chirped electromagnetic radiation with an enhanced coherence length . for example , first laser source 318 and / or second laser source 320 may include system 310 as illustrated in fig3 and described above . according to various embodiments , first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 may be directed and / or received from target 316 on separate optical paths . in some embodiments , these optical paths may be similar but distinct . in other embodiments , first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 may be coupled by a target optical coupler 326 into a combined target beam 352 prior to emission that may be directed toward target 316 along a common optical path . in some embodiments , combined target beam 352 ( or first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 , if directed toward target 316 separately ) may be reflected by target 316 and may be received by laser radar system 310 along a reception optical path separate from the common optical path that directed combined target beam 352 toward target 316 . such embodiments may be labeled “ bistatic .” or , combined target beam 352 may be received by laser radar system 310 as a reflected target beam 356 along the common optical path . these latter embodiments may be labeled “ monostatic .” monostatic embodiments may provide advantages over their bistatic counterparts when operating with reciprocal optics . in monostatic embodiments , the common optical path may include optical member 328 that may provide a common port for emitting combined target beam 352 and receiving reflected target beam 356 . optical member 328 may include an optical circulator , an optical coupler or other optical member as would be apparent . in some embodiments , the common optical path may include a scanning element 337 . scanning element 337 may include an optical element such as , for instance , a mirror , a lens , an antenna , or other optical elements that may be oscillated , rotated , or otherwise actuated to enable combined target beam 352 to scan target 316 . in some instances , scanning element 337 may enable scanning at high speeds . in conventional systems , scanning elements may be a source of mirror differential doppler noise effects due to speckle or other optical effects that may degrade the accuracy of these systems . however , because various embodiments of laser radar system 310 use simultaneous measurements ( or substantially so ) to unambiguously determine range and range rate , inaccuracies otherwise induced by high speed scanning may be avoided . in some embodiments of the invention , a target optical coupler 354 may divide reflected target beam 356 into a first reflected target beam portion 358 and a second reflected target beam portion 360 . first local oscillator optical coupler 330 may combine first local oscillator beam 342 with first reflected target beam portion 358 into a first combined target beam 362 . second local oscillator optical coupler 332 may combine second local oscillator beam 348 with second reflected target beam portion 360 into a second combined target beam 364 . in some embodiments not shown in the drawings , where , for example first target beam 312 and second target beam 314 may be directed to and / or received from target 316 separately , first local oscillator optical coupler 330 may combine first target beam 312 that is reflected with first local oscillator beam 342 to create first combined target beam 362 , and second target beam 314 that is reflected may be combined with second local oscillator beam 348 to create second combined target beam 364 . because first local oscillator beam 342 and second local oscillator beam 348 may be combined with different target beams , or different portions of the same target beam ( e . g . reflected target beam 356 ), first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 may represent optical signals that might be present in two separate , but coincident , single laser source frequency modulated laser radar systems , just prior to final processing . for example , laser source controller 336 , first laser source 318 , first optical coupler 322 , first beam delay 344 , and first local oscillator optical coupler 330 may be viewed as a first laser radar section 374 that may generate first combined target beam 362 separate from second combined target beam 364 that may be generated by a second laser radar section 376 . second laser radar section 376 may include laser source controller 338 , second laser source 320 , second optical coupler 324 , second beam delay 350 , and second local oscillator optical coupler 332 . in some embodiments , laser radar system 310 may include a processor 334 . processor 334 may include a detection module 366 , a mixing module 368 , a processing module 370 , and / or other modules . the modules may be implemented in hardware ( including optical and detection components ), software , firmware , or a combination of hardware , software , and / or firmware . processor 334 may receive first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 . based on first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 , processor 334 may generate the range signal and the range rate signal . based on the range signal and the range rate signal , the range and the range rate of target 316 may be unambiguously determined . in some embodiments of the invention , processor 334 may determine a first beat frequency of first combined local oscillator beam 362 . the first beat frequency may include a difference in frequency , attributable to a difference in path length , of first local oscillator beam 342 and the component of reflected target beam 356 that corresponds to first target beam 312 that has been reflected from target 316 . processor 334 may determine a second beat frequency of second combined local oscillator beam 364 . the second beat frequency may include a difference in frequency , attributable to a difference in path length , of second local oscillator beam 348 and the component of reflected target beam 356 that corresponds to second target beam 314 that has been reflected from target 316 . the first beat frequency and the second beat frequency may be determined simultaneously ( or substantially so ) to cancel noise introduced by environmental or other effects . one or more steps may be taken to enable the first beat frequency and the second beat frequency to be distinguished from other frequency components within first combined target beam 362 , other frequency components within second combined target beam 364 , and / or each other . for example , these measures may include using two separate chirp rates as the first chirp rate and the second chirp rate , delaying first local oscillator beam 342 and second local oscillator beam 350 for different delay times at first beam delay 344 and second beam delay 350 , respectively , or other measures may be taken . it will be appreciated that while fig3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the invention implemented primarily using optical fibers and optical couplers , this embodiment is in no way intended to be limiting . alternate embodiments within the scope of the invention exist in which other optical elements such as , for example , prisms , mirrors , half - mirrors , beam splitters , dichroic films , dichroic prisms , lenses , or other optical elements may be used to direct , combine , direct , focus , diffuse , amplify , or otherwise process electromagnetic radiation . according to various embodiments of the invention , processor 334 may mix first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 to produce a mixed signal . the mixed signal may include a beat frequency sum component that may correspond to the sum of the first beat frequency and the second beat frequency , and a beat frequency difference component that may correspond to the difference between the first beat frequency and the second beat frequency . for a target having constant velocity , first laser beam 340 and second laser beam 346 beat frequencies may be described as follows : where f 1 ( t ) represents the first beat frequency , f 2 ( t ) represents the second beat frequency , λ 1 and λ 2 are the two optical wavelengths , v is the target velocity , γ 1 and γ 2 are proportional to the respective chirp rates , r is the measured range and ro 1 and ro 2 represent the range offsets for the two laser radars . now assume that λ 1 = λ 2 = λ . we may subtract the equations to yield f 1 ( t )− f 2 ( t )= 2 πr ( γ 1 − γ 2 )− 2π ( γ 1 ro 1 − γ 2 ro 2 ) ( 3 ) as the corrected range measurement . similarly we may combine ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) to obtain the expression , according to various embodiments of the invention , the beat frequency sum component , described above in equation 4 , may be filtered from the mixed signal to produce a range signal . from the beat frequency sum component included in the range signal ( e . g . f 1 ( t )+ f 2 ( t )), a determination of the distance from laser radar system 310 to target 316 may be made . the determination based on the range signal may be unambiguous , and may not depend on either the instantaneous behavior , or the average behavior of the doppler frequency shift ( e . g . v / λ ). in some embodiments , the beat frequency difference component , described above in equation 4 , may be filtered from the mixed signal to produce a range rate signal . from the beat frequency difference component included in the range rate signal , a determination of the range rate of target 316 may be unambiguously made . to determine the range rate of target 316 , may be represented as a value proportional to a chirp rate difference between the first chirp rate and the second chirp rate . this may enable the doppler shift information to be extracted , which may represent an instantaneous velocity ( i . e ., range rate ) of target 316 . in some embodiments of the invention , the second chirp rate may be set to zero . in other words , second laser source 318 may emit radiation at a constant frequency . this may enable second laser source 318 to be implemented with a simpler design , a small footprint , a lighter weight , a decreased cost , or other enhancements that may provide advantages to the overall system . in such embodiments , laser radar system 310 may include a frequency shifting device . the frequency shifting device may include an acousto - optical modulator 372 , or other device . acousto - optical modulator 372 may provide a frequency offset to second local oscillator beam 348 , which may enhance downstream processing . for example , the frequency offset may enable a stationary target beat frequency between second local oscillator beam 348 and second reflected target beam portion 360 representative of a range rate of a stationary target to be offset from zero so that the a direction of the target &# 39 ; s movement , as well as a magnitude of the rate of the movement , may be determined from the beat frequency . this embodiment of the invention has the further advantage that it may allow for continuous monitoring of the target range rate , uninterrupted by chirp turn - around or fly - back . chirp turn - around or fly - back may create time intervals during which accurate measurements may be impossible for a chirped laser radar section . in these embodiments , laser radar section 376 may only determine the range rate of target 316 while laser radar system 310 retains the ability to measure both range and range rate . fig4 illustrates a processor 334 according to one embodiment of the invention . processor 334 may mix first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 digitally . for example , processor 334 may include a first detector 410 and a second detector 412 . the first detector 410 may receive first combined target beam 362 and may generate a first analog signal that corresponds to first combined target beam 362 . the first analog signal may be converted to a first digital signal by a first converter 414 . processor 334 may include a first frequency data module 416 that may determine a first set of frequency data that corresponds to one or more frequency components of the first digital signal . in some instances , the first digital signal may be averaged at a first averager module 418 . in such instances , the averaged first digital signal may then be transmitted to first frequency data module 416 . second detector 412 may receive second combined target beam 364 and may generate a second analog signal that corresponds to second combined target beam 364 . the second analog signal may be converted to a second digital signal by a second converter 420 . processor 334 may include a second frequency data module 422 that may determine a second set of frequency data that corresponds to one or more of frequency components of the second digital signal . in some instances , the second digital signal may be averaged at a second averager module 424 . in such instances , the averaged second digital signal may then be transmitted to second frequency data module 422 . the first set of frequency data and the second set of frequency data may be received by a frequency data combination module 426 . frequency data combination module 426 may linearly combine the first set of frequency data and the second set of frequency data , and may generate a range rate signal and a range signal derived from the mixed frequency data . fig5 illustrates a processor 334 according to another embodiment of the invention . processor 334 may include a first detector 510 and a second detector 512 that may receive first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 , respectively . first detector 510 and second detector 512 may generate a first analog signal and a second analog signal associated with first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 , respectively . processor 334 may mix first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 electronically to generate the range signal and the range rate signal . for example , processor 334 may include a modulator 514 . modulator 514 may multiply the first analog signal generated by first detector 510 and the second analog signal generated by second detector 512 to create a combined analog signal . in such embodiments , processor 334 may include a first filter 516 and a second filter 518 that receive the combined analog signal . first filter 516 may filter the combined analog signal to generate a first filtered signal . in some instances , first filter 516 may include a low - pass filter . the first filtered signal may be converted by a first converter 520 to generate the range rate signal . second filter 518 may filter the combined analog signal to generate a second filtered signal . for instance , second filter 518 may include a high - pass filter . the second filtered signal may be converted by a second converter 522 to generate the range signal . fig6 illustrates a processor 334 according to yet another embodiment of the invention . processor 334 may mix first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 optically to generate the range signal and the range rate signal . for example , processor 334 may include a detector 610 that receives first combined target beam 362 and second combined target beam 364 and generates a combined analog signal based on the detection . in such embodiments , processor 334 may include a first filter 612 and a second filter 614 that receive the combined analog signal . first filter 612 may filter the combined analog signal to generate a first filtered signal . first filter 612 may include a low - pass filter . the first filtered signal may be converted by a first converter 616 to generate the range rate signal . second filter 614 may filter the combined analog signal to generate a second filtered signal . second filter 14 may include a high - pass filter . the second filtered signal may be converted by a second converter 618 to generate the range signal . although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments , but , on the contrary , is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . for example , it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that , to the extent possible , one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment .
detecting position information related to a face , and more particularly to an eyeball in a face , using a detection and ranging system , such as a radio detection and ranging system , or a light detection and ranging system . the position information may include a location of the eyeball , translational motion information related to the eyeball , rotational motion information related to the eyeball as the eyeball rotates within its socket .