with reference to fig1 there is disclosed an article of footwear 1 with a distinctive box 24 and a midsole / outsole 2 , the midsole / outsole 2 has a distinctive wearing layer 10 positioned such that the wearing layer 10 is the first portion of the article of footwear 1 to come in contact with the ground or support surface during the gait cycle . the article of footwear 1 also has a midsole / outsole 2 with a substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 which has a distinctive apex 4 . the midsole / outsole 2 has flex grooves or channels 15 extending thereacross which enhance the natural dorsiflexion of the foot . the flex grooves or channels 15 are of such design as to allow the substantially unrestricted dorsi - flexion of the midsole / outsole 2 through the metatarsal region 14 and more specifically through the line of flexion 16 as illustrated in fig2 . the article of footwear 1 can be manufactured according to any of the standard manufacturing methods including slip , combination , stroble and board lasting . the article of footwear 1 has an upper 50 which may be fabricated of a variety of materials typically used in footwear design and manufacturing with the provision that the materials comprising said toe box 24 display characteristics consistent with the allowance of maximal dorsi - flexion of the hallux . the midsole / outsole 2 may also be manufactured by any of a variety of manufacturing methods common to the footwear industry including compression molding , pouring and injection , and may be formed from a variety compounds displaying the desired midsole outsole characteristics including foam based pvc , eva and polyurethane . [ 0036 ] fig2 illustrates a dorsal view of a human foot positioned as desired superior or dorsal to the midsole / outsole unit 2 wherein a desired target area 5 of the foot is aligned with the apex 4 of the substantially domed shaped catalyst 3 . the target area 5 is definable as the region of the foot approximating the intersection of the lateral cuneiform 28 , the cuboid 29 and the navicular 30 . preferably the rebound , deflection , and compression properties of the dome shape catalyst 3 are such that when the dome shape catalyst 3 is subjected to compressive forces consistent with daily weight bearing activities , the apex 4 of the dome shaped catalyst 3 will have a maximum height of between 1 % and 5 % of the foot &# 39 ; s total length . the mild pressure created by dome shaped catalyst 3 acts to create muscle contraction through the interaction of the pressure and the golgi tendon organs of the supporting muscles of the foot . the repetitive muscle contractions function as a progressive resistance program resulting in a gradual strengthening of the muscles of the foot . [ 0038 ] fig2 also illustrates a desired location of the flex grooves or channels 15 ( in fig1 ). in fig2 reference 14 identifies a “ metastarsal region ” which incorporates the natural flex location of the forefoot , namely the metatarsal - phalangeal joints of the foot . the flex grooves or channels 15 preferably extend across the metatarsal region 14 and parallel a desired line of flexion 16 . in order to accommodate a variety of toe to foot length ratios the preferred embodiment has a zone of enhanced flexibility in the sagittal plane through the metatarsal region 14 . this may be achieved by having flex grooves or channels 15 incorporated into the midsole design running parallel to the line of flexion 16 created by the articulations of metatarsal - phalangeal joints . the flex grooves or channels 15 are preferably located within a region defined on the medial aspect of the foot by a medial posterior boundary 17 not less than 70 % of the foot &# 39 ; s length and a medial anterior boundary 18 not more than 80 % of the foot &# 39 ; s length and on the lateral aspect of the foot by a lateral posterior boundary 19 not less than 60 % of the foot &# 39 ; s total length and a lateral anterior boundary 20 not more than 70 % of the foot &# 39 ; s length . through the incorporation of the flex grooves or channels 15 corresponding to the above , the shoe &# 39 ; s midsole / outsole 2 is capable of dorsi - flexing in unison with the foot to enhance the attainment of ideal gait biomechanics , particularly through the swing phase when the foot is in the air preparing to strike the ground while entering into the next step , or contact phase . [ 0039 ] fig2 also illustrates lines of reference a - a ′ and b - b ′, which intersect the apex 4 of the dome shaped catalyst 3 and act to define the cross - sectional views of fig3 . with reference to fig3 detailing the cross sections of the dome shaped catalyst 3 through an anterior - posterior cross section , a - a ′ and a medial - lateral cross section b - b ′ through its apex 4 , the cross sectional characteristics of the dome shaped catalyst 3 and its apex 4 are illustrated as well as characteristics of a receptacle 6 capable of receiving a removable resilient member 7 as shown in fig4 . the resilient member 7 act s to define the compression , rebound and deflection characteristics of the dome shaped catalyst 3 by comprising the majority of the volume of the dome shape catalyst 3 . as disclosed in burke et al , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 404 , 659 it is desirable to introduce to the planter aspect of the foot , in the target area 5 , a pressure to stimulate muscular contractions and through which to create a strengthening of the foot &# 39 ; s intrinsic muscles . however to best enable this rehabilitative process , accommodation must be presented to enable an efficient removal and insertion of the resilient member 7 . the shortcomings of the design of the u . s . pat . no . 5 , 404 , 659 have been previously discussed and are overcome by the arrangement illustrated in fig3 which incorporates a receptacle 6 having vertical sidewalls 8 for the purpose of securing the resilient member 7 in place and affording an ease of removability . as shown in fig4 the resilient member 7 has vertical sides 9 for aligning with the vertical sidewalls 8 of the receptacle 6 . to provide the desired rebound , compression and deflection properties , the resilient member 7 may be fabricated from a variety of materials known to those skilled in the art of foam fabrication and utilization and the incorporation of these into articles of footwear and the like . these may include foams with eva , pvc or polyurethane composition as well as mediums through which the desired properties are attainable through the incorporation of visco - elastic polymers . these are but a few examples of preferred materials and the composition of the resilient member 7 need not be limited to these materials . the resilient member 7 may be fabricated through a variety of means known to those skilled in the art , for example injection , pouring , stamping and die cutting , but need not be limited to these methods . according to another aspect of the invention , as illustrated in fig5 a preferred embodiment is presented wherein an article of footwear 1 has a midsole / outsole 2 having a wearing layer 10 . the wearing layer 10 may be fabricated from polymers known to the footwear industry as displaying the abrasion and cut resistance properties required to offer shape retention and durability , these include compounds primarily made of rubber and polyurethane , but need not be limited to these compounds . the midsole / outsole 2 may also be fabricated through means and of materials common to the footwear industry but need not be limited to those materials and / or means . the midsole / outsole 2 of the present invention is also characterized by a novel radial geometry 11 having a geometric centre alignable with a region approximating the long axis of rotation 12 of a biomechanically stable foot when viewed from the posterior aspect , and alignable with the region of the sagittal plane centre of mass of the calcaneus 13 , when viewed from a sagittal plane aspect , as shown in fig7 . in this manner the foot is encouraged to contact the ground or support surface and come to a resting position in a manner that reduces the unnecessary torques and accelerations that accompany conventional midsole / outsole designs . this is achievable by radially aligning the centre of curvature of the curved heel region of the midsole / outsole with the pivotable centre of the calcaneus . [ 0044 ] fig6 illustrates the common relationship between the foot and a traditionally configured midsole / outsole unit . the unshod foot most notably comes in contact with the ground or support surface at an unshod contact point 31 which produces a lever arm equivalent to the distance measurable from the long axis centre of rotation 12 of the foot and the unshod contact point 31 . the introduction of footwear with midsole / outsole units results in the modification of the contact point such that the shod contact point 32 has been translated both laterally and inferiorly relative to the unshod contact point 31 . this results in an increased lever being measurable as the distance from the long axis centre of rotation 12 of the foot and the shod contact point 32 . those skilled in the art of gait biomechanics will appreciate the increases in forces , torques and accelerations that accompany increases in the lever arm from the point of rotation to the point of contact . [ 0045 ] fig7 illustrates the radial geometry 11 of the midsole / outsole 2 when viewed from a sagittal aspect . according to another embodiment of the invention , fig5 and fig7 illustrate a cushioning region 27 which is alignable with the plantar surface of the heel of the wearer ; and which is more easily compressible than the surrounding midsole / outsole making up the periphery of the cushioning region . the cushioning region 27 may be fabricated through a variety means , and of a variety of materials common to the footwear industry but need not be limited to those materials and / or means . the enhanced compressibility of the cushioning region 27 may also be attainable through the strategic implementation of a cavity devoid of any materials at all and in which case the resiliency and durability of the midsole / outsole 2 is solely dependent upon the engineering and design of the materials surrounding the cavity . the purpose of the cushioning region 27 is to enhance the placement of the foot and ensure that during gait the foot comes slowly to rest in the most biomechanically efficient position possible . [ 0047 ] fig7 also illustrates the relationship between the foot of the wearer and the midsole / outsole 2 when viewed from the sagittal plane , and the positional relationship of the flex grooves or channels 15 with the head of the first metatarsal bone 26 . [ 0048 ] fig8 provides a sagittal view of the midsole / outsole 2 with alternative embodiments of the wearing layer 10 wherein the wearing layer has a dominant heel portion with a rearfoot radial geometry 11 region mirroring the non weight bearing calcaneus shape 25 and a forefoot radial geometry region 35 . the midsole / outsole 2 in the region of the rearfoot radial geometry 11 region may also include a plantar cushioning region 34 alignable with the plantar surface of the heel of the wearer with respect to the medial , lateral , posterior and anterior planes . the plantar cushioning region may be constructed of such materials and in such configuration as to allow it to be more easily compressed than the surrounding midsole / outsole 2 making up the periphy of the plantar region 34 . the purpose of the plantar rearfoot cushioning region 34 is to enhance the placement of the foot and ensure that during gait the foot comes slowly to rest in the most biomechanically efficient position possible . the forefoot radial geometry region 35 may possess a forefoot cushioning region 36 which is more easily compressed than the remainder of the outsole / midsole 2 surrounding the forefoot region . the curvilinear nature of the forefoot radial geometry region 35 closely parallels the radial nature of the forefoot when the long axis centre of rotation is used as a geometric centre of rotation for the curve . the forefoot cushioning region 36 should deflect in a manner during weight bearing as to ensure the natural and central placement of the foot about the midsole / outsole 2 . in this manner the energies associated with initial contact are minimized and the forefoot is encouraged to maintain a biomechanically ideal placement dorsal to the midsole / outsole 2 . [ 0050 ] fig8 also illustrates another embodiment wherein the midsole / outsole 2 has a substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 with a distinct apex 4 which is alignable with a desired target area 5 of the foot . the dome shaped catalyst 3 may have an outer shell 37 and a centralized pillar 40 . the centralized pillar 40 maybe constructed in one part of materials providing the compression , deflection and rebound characteristics required for the substantially dome shaped catalyst to function as desired . alternatively the dome shaped catalyst 3 may be constructed such that the pillar 40 has a piston 38 and cylinder 39 wherein the movement of the piston 38 within the cylinder 39 is regulated through appropriate selection of filler material within the cylinder such that the movement of the piston 38 within cylinder 39 provides the desired deflection , compression and rebound characteristics . in this arrangement the substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 has , plantar to its outer shell 37 , regions or voids 41 . these voids 41 may be left empty or may be filled with foams , fluids , bladders or gases etc . to provide structural integrity to the substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 in such a manner as to ensure the maintenance of the desired deflection , compression and rebound characteristics . to allow for a progression in the resistance created by the substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 the composition , design , and material selection of any of the outer shell 37 , the pillar 40 , the piston 38 , and the cylinder 39 maybe altered in such a manner as to allow variability and control of the compression , deflection and rebound properties of the substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 . further control and variability of the compression , deflection and rebound properties of the substantially dome shaped catalyst 3 may be achieved through the selection of materials chosen to fill the voids 41 . [ 0052 ] fig9 illustrates , through the frontal plane , an article of footwear 1 with a midsole / outsole 2 in both a weight bearing and a non weight bearing condition . the midsole / outsole 2 has a wearing layer 10 and a forefoot radial geometry region 35 which may possess a forefoot cushioning region 36 more easily compressible than the surrounding area forming the midsole / outsole of the forefoot region . in the non weight bearing condition the curvilinear nature of the forefoot radial geometry region 35 closely parallels the radial nature of the forefoot when the long axis centre of rotation is used a geometric centre of rotation for a curve . the forefoot cushioning region 36 should deflect in the manner illustrated , during weight bearing as to ensure the natural and central placement of the foot about the midsole / outsole 2 . in this manner the energies associated with initial contact are minimized and the forefoot is encouraged to maintain a biomechanically ideal placement dorsal to the outsole / midsole 2 . [ 0053 ] fig1 and 11 illustrate yet another embodiment of the present invention according to which an article of footwear 1 is provided with a strain resistance device 21 designed and positioned such that its resting tension is achieved only when the upper of said article of footwear 1 is in a maximally dorsi - flexed position definable by the toes of the wearer being maximally raised . by encouraging such dorsi - flexion it is an object of the present invention to allow full accomplishment of the foot &# 39 ; s windlass effect , and the resulting stabilization of the foot that accompanies the windlass effect . as presented earlier , the ability to utilize the windlass effect allows for the pre - stabilization of the foot prior to initial contact and the maintenance of the foot &# 39 ; s structural integrity during the midstance phase of gait . the strain resistance device 21 is designed and positioned to pull or push the toes upwardly during the swing phase of gait and work in harmony with the desire of the toes to dorsi - flex during the same phase in the gait cycle . the strain resistance device 21 may take the form a band of elastic fibers 22 or coiled springs 23 , or the like , that exhibit tension in the direction of pull created as the toes attempt to plantar flex . the strain resistance device 21 should be positioned superior to the first metatarsal sagittal plane axis of rotation 33 of the first metatarsal 26 . with the such positioning , as such a moment arm is created resulting in the achievement of the desired dorsi flexing action through a pulling motion . the strain resistance device 21 may be constructed from a variety of materials and in a variety of configurations . in fig1 another embodiment of the invention is illustrated wherein the strain resistance device 21 is integrated into the midsole / outsole 2 of the article of footwear 1 . as shown the strain resistance device 21 may take the form of a cantilever spring positioned in the shoe &# 39 ; s midsole / outsole 2 , wherein the position of the relaxed state cantilever 35 is consistent with the dorsi - flexed state of the toes of the foot . during the stance phase of the gait cycle however the cantilever spring assumes a stressed state cantilever shape 34 and in its desire to assume its relaxed state it generates a push effect enhancing the dorsi - flexion of the toes . in this configuration the strain resistance device 21 may be constructed from , among other materials , a variety of polymers and layered laminates and in a variety of configurations as would be apparent to one skilled in the art of such cantilever structures . to fully maximize the ability of the toes to be dorsi - flexed through the swing phase of the gait cycle it is desirable that flex grooves or channels 15 cooperate with the strain resistance device 21 and also that the toe box 24 of the article of footwear 1 be designed such that it is capable of allowing maximal dorsi - flexion of the toes of the foot without providing any resistance to the dorsi flexing action . the above description is intended in a illustrative rather than a restrictive sense as no doubt other embodiments will suggest themselves to persons skilled in the relevant arts without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims set out below .
a novel article of footwear that acts to strengthen the foot through biofeedback , reduces stresses on the foot that occur during impact through novel midsole / outsole design characteristics , and enhances the foot &# 39 ; s ability to pre - stabilize itself prior to striking the ground by utilizing the foot &# 39 ; s “ windlass effect ”.