the mammography x - ray apparatus 1 presented in fig1 consists of a frame part 11 and a c - arm 12 connected to it . typically , placed at opposite ends of the c - arm 12 are a radiation source 13 and an image data receiving means 14 ′, which is located e . g . inside a so - called bottom shelf structure 14 . these imaging means 13 , 14 ′, being placed inside the casing of the apparatus , are not actually visible in fig1 . in addition , placed in the area between these imaging means 13 , 14 ′, typically near the image data receiving means 14 ′, are means 15 , 16 for positioning the object to be imaged in the imaging area . typically , the c - arm 12 can be both moved vertically and horizontally in relation to the means 15 , 16 for positioning the object to be imaged and rotated in relation to the frame part 11 . the positioning means 15 , 16 typically consist of an upper compression plate 15 and a lower compression plate 16 , and the lower compression plate 16 may also be arranged to function as a so - called bucky . “ bucky ” means a grid structure placed between the tissue to be imaged and the image data receiving means to prevent radiation scattered from the tissue from reaching the image data receiving means . fig2 presents one c - arm structure 12 used in mammography apparatus . the c - arm 12 in fig2 differs from the structure in fig1 especially in respect of the way in which the cassette tunnel or similar space 17 has been arranged in the imaging area of the apparatus . the solution illustrated in fig1 , in which both ends of the cassette tunnel 17 are closed and a cassette 14 ′ is entered into the cassette tunnel 17 by driving the bottom shelf structure 14 downwards so that a space is formed between it and the lower compression plate 16 , allowing the cassette 14 ′ to be inserted into the cassette tunnel 17 via this space from above , is fairly seldom used in mammography apparatus . fig2 presents perhaps a more typical solution , in which at least one end of the cassette tunnel 17 is open , allowing the cassette 14 ′ to be inserted directly into the tunnel 17 from the side of the structure , without requiring operation of the means for driving the c - arm 12 . generally speaking , in mammography systems there are used more or less integrated structures of several different types for forming the assembly consisting of the bottom shelf , lower compression plate and bucky / grid 14 , 16 and the associated cassette tunnel or similar space 17 . for example , in the solution illustrated in fig2 , the cassette tunnel 17 has been integrated as a part of the lower compression plate / bucky / grid structure 16 of the apparatus . anyway , all cassette tunnel solutions have the common aim of bringing one edge of the cassette tunnel 17 as close as possible to that wall 18 of the bottom shelf or similar structure 14 , 16 which comes into contact with the chest during imaging , because the image data receiving means must be so placed in the imaging area as to allow a maximal amount of tissue even in the region of the sternum and armpit to be imaged . when the cassette tunnel 17 has been arranged to be loaded in a horizontal plane — while the c - arm 12 of the mammography apparatus is in a vertical position as shown in fig2 , its feed / eject opening is generally disposed in a lateral location as seen from the direction 18 from which the tissue to be imaged is entered . this obviates the need for re - positioning the object to be imaged , which is an awkward operation that may be unpleasant to the person being imaged , only because a change of cassette 14 ′ is needed . fig3 illustrates an arrangement according to the invention which allows the entry , the ejection and if so desired , even other kinds of movements of a film cassette 14 ′ in the cassette tunnel 17 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig3 , the arrangement for moving the cassette 14 ′ in the cassette tunnel 17 comprises a bottom shelf 14 , depicted in a sectioned view in the figure , means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′, a button 20 for starting the ejection of the cassette 14 ′, and a bucky 16 . the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ comprise a driving roller 21 , a driving roller motor not visible in the figure , being placed below the bottom shelf 14 , and a turning shaft 22 functionally connecting the roller 21 and its motor and provided with a gearing 22 ′. in the arrangement in fig3 , the cassette tunnel 17 is so implemented that it forms a part of the bucky 16 , with an opening / openings 17 ′ at its sides serving as cassette 14 ′ feed / eject openings . the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ are mounted on a carriage 23 which can be moved along guide rails 24 and which is connected to a spring 25 continuously tending to draw it by means of a drawing band 26 toward that end 18 of the bucky 16 which comes into contact with the chest . the bottom of the bottom shelf 14 is also provided with an elongated aperture 29 , shown in fig3 , laid in a direction parallel to the guide rails 24 , the shaft 22 of the driving roller 21 going through this aperture . thus , the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ can move in the direction of this aperture and the guide rails 24 . the cassette tunnel 17 , e . g . its bottom , may additionally be provided with one or more sensors 27 which are connected to the control means 30 of the apparatus to probe the position of the cassette 14 ′ in the cassette tunnel 17 . disposed on the side opposite to that wall 18 of the bucky 16 that comes into contact with the chest of the object to be imaged is arranged an elongated cut - out or groove 28 substantially parallel to the guide rails 24 , into which the shaft of the driving roller 21 is directed when the bucky 16 is being mounted on the bottom shelf 14 from the direction of the wall 18 placed against the chest . the length of this cut - out 28 is so designed that it will position the driving roller 21 in relation to the cassette tunnel 17 so that the circumference of the roller 21 will come into contact with the side wall of the cassette 14 ′ as it is fed in the cassette tunnel 17 . a spring 25 continuously draws the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ toward the cassette 14 ′, ensuring that a frictional force sufficient for converting the rotational motion of the roller 21 into a linear movement of the cassette 14 ′ exists between the sidewall of the cassette 14 ′ and the driving roller 21 . in the solution illustrated in fig3 , the guide slot 28 and guide rails 24 for guiding the bucky 16 are disposed at an angle substantially perpendicular to the feed direction of the cassette 14 ′ in the cassette tunnel 17 , but naturally they may also be arranged at a different angle . in mammography , cassettes 14 ′ of different sizes are commonly used to meet different imaging needs . the arrangement presented in fig3 is modified so as to allow the use of another cassette size , by replacing the bucky 16 on the bottom shelf 14 with one having a cassette tunnel 17 dimensioned for the other cassette size and a cut - out or recess 28 coming into contact with the driving roller 21 that has a length corresponding to this arrangement , by means of which cut - out or recess the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ are moved along the guide rails 24 to correct position for moving this different - sized cassette 14 ′. the arrangement illustrated in fig3 may function e . g . as follows . when a cassette 14 ′ is fed through the feed opening 17 ′ into the cassette tunnel 17 , the control system 30 of the apparatus detects by means of a sensor 27 placed in the tunnel 17 that a cassette 14 ′ has been entered in the tunnel 17 and starts the drive motor of the driving roller 21 . as the cassette 14 ′ is pushed further in , its rear edge meets the driving roller 21 , which begins to draw the cassette 14 ′ into the tunnel 17 , whereupon the person inserting the cassette 14 ′ can release his / her grip of it . preferably , into the cassette tunnel 17 open at both of its ends a sensor 27 is provided in the area of both of the feed openings , in which case the control system 30 will control the drive motor of the driving roller 21 to rotate in the appropriate direction to draw the cassette 14 ′ into the tunnel . disposed at a suitable location at the other end relative to the feed opening 17 ′ of the tunnel 17 , there may be another sensor ( not shown in the figure ) to detect the edge of the cassette 14 ′, allowing the control system either to stop the motor or to drive the cassette 14 ′ from this detection point to a given other imaging position as required in each case . in most cases , this position is the location where the midpoint of the cassette 14 ′ lies on the center axis of the field of rays used for imaging . according to the invention , the control system of the apparatus may be so implemented that it also includes an ability to measure and learn the correct position of the cassette 14 ′ in the tunnel 17 . after the cassette 14 ′ has been correctly positioned , the control system gives a permission for starting the actual imaging process . upon completion of the imaging process , the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ drive the cassette 14 ′ out of the cassette tunnel 17 either on the basis of a signal obtained from a cassette eject button 20 or automatically e . g . via a predetermined eject opening . the arrangement preferably comprises two or an even number of cassette eject buttons 20 , 20 ′, which are disposed substantially near each end opening of the cassette tunnel 17 . the control system identifies which one of the buttons 20 , 20 ′ has been pressed and drives the cassette 14 ′ out of the tunnel 17 via the eject opening corresponding to this button 20 , 20 ′. in the embodiment illustrated in fig3 , the means 19 for moving the cassette 14 ′ do not automatically drive the cassette 14 ′ far enough out of the eject opening to allow it to fall but only far enough to make it easy for the operator of the apparatus to get hold of the cassette 14 ′ in order to remove it from the tunnel 17 . among the advantages of the embodiment of the invention as presented in fig3 are the profitableness resulting from its structural simplicity , and especially its small space requirement . in a mammography apparatus , it is not recommendable to fit any complex arrangements in the regions below the lower compression plate because any large structures in these areas are a significant obstruction to patient positioning for different projections . in the embodiment presented in fig3 , the means for moving the cassette in the cassette tunnel comprise only one roller , but naturally more rollers can be used without departing from the basic idea of the invention . an alternative solution for providing the apparatus with means for moving the cassette according to the invention is to use two driving rollers immovable in the plane of the cassette feed direction , at least one of which is provided with means for implementing an axial motion of the roller . by placing such cassette moving means at suitable locations in the cassette tunnel or its immediate vicinity , it will be possible to use one driving roller for moving a cassette of one size and another roller for moving a cassette of another size , and this axial movement permits a roller which is used for moving a cassette of a given size but which would prevent some other bucky , cassette and so on from being fed into the cassette tunnel 17 to be drawn out of the cassette tunnel when necessary . another alternative way of providing the apparatus with means for moving cassettes of different sizes is to use a single driving roller having an increased length in the direction of its rotation axis , which is brought into the cassette tunnel or to a substantially close vicinity to it in a horizontal position , i . e . in an orientation parallel to the bottom / top of the cassette tunnel , and positioned there in a fixed location . when the length of the roller is suitably selected , it will be long enough to move cassettes of different sizes . naturally , a roller is not the only driving means applicable for moving a cassette in the cassette tunnel as provided by the invention ; instead , in principle , any known / applicable power transmission solution can be used . however , according to the fundamental idea of the invention , it is preferable to use means that require only little space and that can simply be placed in the cassette tunnel or in its immediate vicinity in a mammography apparatus . such solutions typically include , however , rollers or other drive wheels or equivalent coming into a direct or indirect contact with the cassette like those described above , from which it is possible to construct simple overall solutions that enable cassettes of different sizes to be moved in the cassette tunnel . corresponding means can advantageously even be used to provide the cassette tunnel or similar space with a drive system by means of which the cassette can be moved in the tunnel both in its feed direction and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the feed direction . in this way , conditions are created for the use of the imaging apparatus in so - called spiral or complex motion tomographic imaging , or conditions for solutions that can be utilized in one preferred embodiment of the invention , the use of means for moving the cassette in co - action with means for labeling of films , also disposed in the cassette tunnel . in the following , these embodiments of the invention will be described in some more detail , but as for bidirectional cassette movement mentioned above , we can already state at this point that , by suitably arranging the cassette tunnel and the means for moving the cassettes , it will be possible to use in the imaging apparatus even cassettes of different types and sizes whose so - called labeling window may be located at different positions , because , using cassette moving means like this , the cassettes can be correctly positioned in the cassette tunnel in alignment with the labeling device even if the latter are stationarily mounted in the apparatus . an additional feature of the invention is a possibility to use the cassette moving means even for other purposes besides cassette feed and eject functions and positioning of the cassette in the cassette tunnel . one embodiment of this type relates to the labeling of films , i . e . to the recording of imaging parameters , patient information etc . on the film . fi patent application 19992537 filed simultaneously with the present application contains a more detailed discussion of the problems associated with prior - art labeling arrangements and the special features of an invention concerning a labeling arrangement , presented in the application in question . in this context , we shall only describe an embodiment in which a labeling device as presented in fig4 is so arranged in conjunction with the cassette tunnel as to allow the labeling of the film to be performed directly in the cassette tunnel . the means 3 for the labeling of films presented in fig4 comprises a frame part 31 , a carriage 33 functionally connected to the frame part 31 via guide rails 32 , a screw conveyor 35 for moving the carriage and a motor 36 driving the screw conveyor . mounted on the carriage is a display or other recording element 37 and a contact means 38 , such as a pin or equivalent . a labeling device 4 like this can be arranged in conjunction with the cassette tunnel either so that the desired markings can be recorded on the film while the cassette is in a typical imaging position or so that the cassette is driven to a given labeling position ( lp ) for labeling , as shown in fig3 . in both cases , the means of the invention for moving the cassette can be utilized for opening and closing the shutter of the labeling window of the cassette so that when the cassette is in its labeling position , its labeling window is located in a position where , as the carriage 33 is being raised , the contact means 38 meets a counterpart provided in the shutter structure of the labeling window of the cassette . thus , the labeling window of the cassette can be opened and closed by moving the cassette itself by the arrangement of the invention . the recording means 37 may be e . g . a liquid crystal display , from which the desired data can be projected onto the film in a known manner by using a lamp placed behind the display . when a liquid crystal display is used , it is preferably so disposed in the labeling means structure that the display 37 can be moved as close to the film as possible for the time required for labeling , e . g . by using a vertical motion of the carriage as in the solution presented in fig4 . in this case , it may be unnecessary to provide any separate optical devices between the display and the film to ensure a successful labeling exposure , although a suitable lens is generally required . if a film marking technique is used that requires no movement of the display 37 or equivalent element , then the solution presented in fig4 can naturally be further considerably simplified . in this case , an arrangement in which the display 37 or equivalent element is immovably mounted directly on the frame part 31 and in which the contact element 38 used is e . g . a solenoid will be sufficient . the labeling function can naturally also be made by using previously known solutions based on a scanning technique , in which case the labeling window structure of the cassette does not necessarily comprise an actual shutter that can be opened / closed . in a scanning technique , the essential feature is that a printing or exposure head is moved over the labeling area of the film . when the labeling is implemented utilizing cassette moving means according to the present application , a recording head of this type can be immovably mounted in the cassette tunnel or in its immediate vicinity and the scanning movement can be implemented as a movement of the cassette . devices based on scanning technique generally use recording heads that expose the film in only one dimension , while another dimension of the marking is accomplished by the scanning movement itself . for example , a single - row led display is considerably cheaper than a corresponding matrix display . this naturally also applies to many other techniques , such as optical fibers . the above - described opening / closing movements of the labeling window will be unnecessary and can be omitted in solutions where a labeling window substantially impermeable to wavelengths of visible light , and a recording element producing information that is capable of penetrating the cassette &# 39 ; s labeling window impermeable to visible light , or that can otherwise , e . g . in a converted form , be conveyed through it , are used . the advantages of the arrangement of the invention are clearly visible in screening studies as mentioned above , in which it can be utilized e . g . as follows : after taking the first image , the operator of the imaging apparatus emerges from behind the radiation shield and steps in front of the apparatus , holding the next cassette ready in his hand , presses the cassette eject switch on that side where he wants the cassette to come out of the cassette tunnel , or removes the cassette automatically ejected by the apparatus and inserts the new cassette via the opening of the cassette tunnel , whereupon the automatic system of the apparatus positions the cassette in the correct position . next , the c - arm of the device is turned into the next projection angle and , if necessary , the position of the object to be imaged is corrected , and thus the apparatus is ready to take the next image . if the apparatus is additionally provided with means for automatic labeling of the cassette according to a preferred embodiment of the invention before it is driven out of the cassette tunnel , then the imaging work can be carried out considerably more effectively than before as the time spent on supplementary work associated with the imaging process is substantially reduced . the amount of manual work to be done in connection with the arrangement of the invention can be further reduced by adding to the cassette tunnel feed opening a cassette feed magazine operated by any known technique . the arrangement of the invention can even be thought of as being developed as far as creating a mammography imaging line that is completely automated except for the positioning of the object to be imaged . the first part of such a line could consist of a station for loading cassettes with film , said station either simultaneously functioning as the cassette feed magazine of the mammography apparatus or being connected to a cassette feed magazine via a cassette conveyor line , from which magazine the cassette is fed into the cassette tunnel of the mammography apparatus , where the cassette moving means provided in the tunnel take care of the cassette movements needed for its positioning in connection with imaging , possible cassette motion and labeling during imaging and finally driving the cassette out of the cassette tunnel , either from the same side as or from a different side than where the cassette was inserted into the tunnel , in which case , depending on the solution , the cassette is conveyed either via the same aforementioned cassette conveyor line or via a separate line to a film development unit containing means known in themselves for automatic removal of the film from the cassette and for its development . besides facilitating the supplementary functions to be performed in connection with the imaging process , the arrangement of the invention can also be utilized e . g . in so - called stereotactic imaging , which involves taking at least two pictures of the same object on the same film or e . g . on a digital cassette , typically requiring the cassette to be moved to a new position between the exposures . in the arrangement of the invention , the cassette motion can be controlled e . g . by means of pre - input operation parameters or by operating the motor of the driving roller via control buttons on the imaging apparatus . furthermore , the arrangement of the invention provides possibilities e . g . for taking film - based narrow - beam tomograms with a mammography apparatus . in this type of imaging , the object to be imaged is scanned with a radiation beam that is narrower than the object to be imaged while the position of the radiation source and film cassette in relation to the stationary tissue layer or area to be imaged is changed during the imaging process , e . g . by revolving the imaging means around the object to be imaged , the film cassette being simultaneously moved in a manner required by the imaging condition known in itself so that the radiation beam also sweeps over the film during the imaging cycle . although the prices of digital sensors are continuously falling , especially sensors having a large surface area are still very expensive . the arrangement of the invention makes it possible to use a digital sensor for taking mammographic radiographs e . g . by using a narrow sensor attached to a suitable cassette or plate , moving the sensor in synchronism with the scanning movement of a narrow radiation beam implemented by keeping the radiation source stationary while moving a screen placed near the radiation source to define the radiation beam . the examples presented above are not meant to be an exhaustive list of concrete and preferred ways of applying the invention ; instead , its embodiments may vary within the scope of the inventive idea defined in the following claims .
the imaging apparatus used in mammography generally having a cassette tunnel or a similar space for the placement of an image data receiving device in the imaging area of the apparatus . in such a space or in its immediate vicinity , device for moving the cassette in the space can be provided , thus making the imaging process in many ways faster and easier to carry out . such device for moving the cassette can also be utilized in various ways to achieve a more versatile and more accurate use of the imaging apparatus .