with initial reference to fig1 it will there be noted that i have revealed the exterior of my novel apparatus particularly designed for the processing of medical waste materials and the like , the use of which also involves a novel method . this invention includes the advantageous utilization of a heavy walled processing vessel a that is generally cylindrical in configuration . heavy walls are used in the construction of vessel a in order that it can operate under conditions of high internal pressure as well as on occasion , under vacuum conditions . the vessel a is mounted in a non - rotatable manner on a sturdy stationary support 26 , having a sufficiently wide base as to give ample stability . the support 26 preferably utilizes structural steel members designed to effectively transfer the weight of the processor and its contained materials to the foundation under the processor . the rotating drum about to be described , that i utilize within the shell of the vessel a , transfers its forces to carrier and support bearings , which in turn transfer that load into the shell of the vessel a and become a part of the load supported by the structural supports of the shell , and thus transferred to the foundation below the processor . a closure device or dome shaped door 40 , provided with a seal 41 , is hingedly mounted adjacent the inlet 30 of the vessel a so that substantial pressure or a vacuum can be established inside the vessel at selected times , as mentioned previously . located inside the non - rotating vessel a is a generally cylindrical drum d mounted so as to be rotatable in either direction on its axis , which axis is coincident with the axis of the vessel a . drum d is provided with a riding ring or support ring 12 adjacent its front end 50 , with rollers or trunnion bearings 58 being positioned on the interior of vessel a to contact the ring 12 , and thus provide support for the front end 50 of the drum d . the front end 50 of the drum d is open , whereas the rear or lower end 56 of the drum is closed and watertight . affixed to the rear or lower end 56 of the drum d is drive shaft 16 , which is arranged to support the rear end of the drum d and drive it in rotation . the shaft is rotatably supported by roller or ball bearings 17 that are in turn supported from a structural member 19 attached to the vessel a . this support arrangement is designed to fix the location of the drum d insofar as its horizontal positioning within the vessel a is concerned . the drive shaft 16 of the drum d penetrates the shell of the vessel a and is sealed from the atmosphere by a seal 33 of the type manufactured by john crane - houdaille , inc . of morton grove , il to enable a selected pressure or a selected vacuum to be maintained from time to time within the vessel a , and of course within the drum d . the typical rate of rotation for the drum d is between 2 and 30 rpm and preferably approximately 15 rpm to facilitate a uniform loading of forces on the drive mechanism 14 utilized for driving the drum in rotation . the drum d is capable of being rotated in either direction on its horizontal axis by means of the drive assembly 14 depicted in fig1 that may , for example , utilize a reversible electric motor 20 and suitable reduction gearing 18 connected to the drive shaft 16 of the drum to turn the drum d in the selected direction . i prefer to use a heavy duty chain 22 passing over sprockets 23 and 24 for transferring the rotation of the motor to the drive shaft , in an arrangement familiar to those knowledgeable in the art , as depicted in fig1 and 3 . by placing the drum d within the pressure vessel a , i am able to have the same advantages of unobstructed agitation of materials as i would have had in a free - standing rotatable drum . by designing the drum to have adequate containing walls , the materials that are being processed and the additives to be inserted into those materials are contained within the drum during processing . because in accordance with this invention the drum is disposed within a pressure vessel , the materials of construction of the drum are considerably lighter than are required for a free - standing , rotatable drum , which would have required the structural integrity to withstand the forces of pressure as well as the forces associated with the vacuum that will be utilized from time to time in the process . along the lines of the arrangement set forth in my allowed copending patent application ser . no . 321 , 563 , now u . s . pat . no . 4 , 974 , 781 , the interior of drum d is equipped with a series of lifting paddles 70 and a helical flighting 80 to facilitate agitation and movement of waste materials as a consequence of rotation of the drum d . the lifting paddles used for the instant invention and the flighting will shortly be described in more detail . vessel a , in accordance with this invention , is preferably operated on an incline . the preferred angle of incline is 7 ° from the horizontal , with the front or inlet end 30 being higher than the closed lower end 36 of the vessel . the angle of incline aids in containing the materials to be processed within the drum d in that the medical waste and other such materials will be moved through the drum d toward the back end , at least partly under the influence of gravity as the drum is rotated . i am not to be limited to any particular size of drum d , but it is to be noted that a device in accordance with this invention utilizing a drum approximately ten feet long is of a size that can be effectively utilized in a hospital or a large medical office , for example , where it is extremely convenient to be able to get rid of contaminated medical waste on the premises , making unnecessary the shipment of the contaminated waste to another location for disposal . in other words , a smaller sized version of a waste processor in accordance with this invention could take the form of a unit that could be placed within a relatively limited area , to handle medical type waste materials generated therein . it is obviously possible to build larger units in accordance with the teachings of this invention , to perform large scale operations , and by the foregoing mention of a processor of a size to be used in a hospital i do not intend to limit the largeness or smallness of any processor , except that the diameter of the vessel should be sufficiently large as to accept materials upon which a prior size reduction has not taken place . any combination of reasonable diameters and lengths could be utilized in accordance with this invention , limited only by practicality . in terms of size practicality , the primary limit on size would be the limitations that are imposed on items that are shipped on trucks over roads and highways . this limit is 12 feet in diameter and 50 feet long , and even this size requires special permits for oversize shipment . above this size , shipment by standard means becomes impractical . on the other hand , the fabrication of units of virtually unlimited size can be constructed on the site of a proposed operation , accomplished by utilizing special fabrication techniques . returning to the details of a preferred embodiment of my invention , the lifting paddles 70 are mounted on the interior of the drum d and are arranged so as to minimize any obstruction of flow of materials within the drum . the lifting paddles are distributed in sections along the horizontal dimension of the drum , as shown in fig5 and are staggered at approximately 45 ° intervals from one section to the next . the lifting paddles 70 are affixed to the interior perimeter of the drum d perpendicular to the shell of the drum , as shown in fig6 a and 6b , and are oriented lengthwise to correspond with the longitudinal dimension of the drum , as is shown in fig5 and 7 . as best seen in fig8 the perpendicular leg 72 is affixed to the interior sidewall of the drum , and the angled member 74 is affixed at its midline 77 to the radially inner portion of the perpendicular leg . the angled member 74 has external surfaces 75 and 76 , with surface 75 being at an angle of approximately 45 ° from the perpendicular leg 72 of the lifting paddle , and surface 76 being at a like angle to the leg 72 . i prefer to utilize the midline 77 of the angled member 74 at an angle of approximately 52 ° with respect to the interior surface of the drum d , and as shown in fig8 the midline 77 is placed in a direction that is toward the higher end of the drum d . stated somewhat differently , the interior portions 78 of the lifting paddles face the closed end 56 of the drum d , which is to the left as view from the perspective of fig8 . in the preferred embodiment , the angle of incline of the drum is 7 ° with respect to the horizontal , so the angle of incline of the angular portions 75 and 76 of the lifting paddle is 52 ° with respect to the shell wall of the drum d , and this results in the angular portions 75 and 76 of the lifting paddle operating at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the horizontal . the helical flighting 80 is affixed to the interior perimeter of the drum d so as to minimize obstruction of flow of materials within the drum , and preferably at a frequency corresponding to one complete cycle of the helix in a distance equal to the diameter of the drum , measured along the length of the drum . the angularity of the helical flighting is such that when the drum d is rotated in what i call the first rotative direction , the materials to be processed are moved forward , toward the closed lower end 56 of the drum , whereas rotation of the drum in the second rotative direction causes the materials to be moved backward toward the inlet opening 50 of the drum . the helical flighting is continuous , meaning that occasional lifting paddles 70 must be eliminated at certain locations in order to make fabrication possible . as is obvious to those skilled in the art , the size and frequency of the lifting paddles , the angle of incline of the drum and the rate of rotation of the drum are variable and are a function of the required rate of movement of materials within the drum and the amount of material to be processed in a given amount of time . the diameter of the drum needs to be sufficient to accept a selected quantity of material to be processed , with an additional space of approximately 40 % of the volume of the interior diameter of the drum needed to remain vacant to allow materials to fall and to mix within the drum as it rotates . in a design of this type of device , additional processing capacity is added to the processor by increasing its length . the ratio of diameter to length is variable and depends upon the amount of material to be processed in a given amount of time in concert with the size and frequency of the agitation mechanisms of the drum to insure complete mixing of materials . as will be discussed at length hereinafter , i utilize several devices for monitoring and controlling the process , such as water piping , steam piping , vacuum piping , pressure controllers and other needed instruments . in using a free - standing , rotatable drum , each of these devices requires that they be affixed to the centerline of the axis of rotation of the rotatable drum , which complicates the closure devices on such a vessel and , by necessity , places these devices at the ends of the drum . in the case of pressure controllers , vacuum connections and temperature controlling instruments , this is not an appropriate location . rather , devices of this type should monitor and control the process from a location that is nearer to the point in the process where the reaction is taking place , and not adjacent to or at the opposite end of the injection of additives to the process . these factors have contributed to the decision i made to utilize a pressure vessel in which a rotating drum is utilized . another reason for the decision involves the fact that the requirement for pressure and vacuum to be induced in a system concerned with pathogen destruction further complicates the utilization of a free - standing , rotating drum . vacuum , in particular , requires that the selected device have considerable strength to keep from collapsing , and this generally equates to massive components , requiring considerable horsepower if such components are to be driven in rotation . additionally , the requirement to introduce large objects that are generally not free - flowing , that are not conveniently reduced in size prior to their introduction to the process necessitates that the closure device be of large size . because of their large size and because of the pressure and vacuum conditions of the process , the closure devices would be very difficult to handle manually . automatic closure device operators that would be affixed to a free - standing , rotating drum would be complicated and because it is a requirement of the instant process to rotate the drum for a time period during which the closure device is open , the closure device and its operator must not interfere with the ability of the drum to rotate under these circumstances . with reference to fig1 the vessel a is equipped with piping 90 for the selective addition of steam and piping 92 for the selective addition of water , with suitable valves being utilized in order to control the flow . the steam piping and the water piping are combined into a single injection pipe 94 as shown in fig1 enabling steam and water to be conducted through the sidewall of the vessel a and then injected into the open end of the drum d , through curved fixed pipe 95 . during one phase of the operation of my device , vacuum is induced into the vessel a by a vacuum system such as the type manufactured by nash engineering company of norwalk , ct or croll - reynolds company , inc . of westfield , nj , connected to the vessel by vacuum connection 46 ; note fig9 . in accordance with my novel method , medical waste is carried by a suitable conveyor and introduced through the inlet opening 30 , when the door 40 has been moved to the open position , and into the open end 50 of the drum d . inasmuch as medical waste is typically packaged in red bags of a particular size and may also contain an assortment of materials varying in size , shape and density , and which may not necessarily be free flowing , the inlet opening 30 in the vessel a and the opening 50 into the drum are large enough and without obstructions so as to allow previously unprocessed medical waste to be directly introduced into the processor . the drum d is rotated in the first rotative direction while medical waste is being conveyed into the drum , and , by virtue of the helical flighting 80 and the angle of incline of the drum , a sufficient amount of the material , though not free flowing , will be loaded into the drum for processing . when the drum d has been filled with a sufficient amount of material to be processed , the closure device 40 is closed and is secured by a locking ring 42 , such as the type manufactured by the klinge products company of denmark . i typically add substantial quantities of water to the medical waste to be processed , this being accomplished by injecting water through pipe 92 , such that sufficient water is brought into contact with the material in the drum , via the curved stationary pipe 95 . moisture is usually added to accomplish a moisture content of between 30 % and 90 % in the moisture absorbable materials , with approximately 75 % being the optimum . the drum d is ordinarily rotated in the first rotative direction during the water addition to enhance the contact of the waste materials with the added moisture . in the first rotative direction , assumed to be clockwise when viewed from the open end of the drum , material is intercepted by the directional flighting 80 and is moved through the drum toward the back or closed lower end 56 of the drum . simultaneously , the bi - directional lifting paddles 70 , by virtue of the angular portion of each paddle , direct a portion of the waste material counter - currently toward the inlet end of the drum as each of the paddles comes in contact with the material during the rotation of the drum . this simultaneous backward and forward movement of materials within the drum by the action of the helical flighting 80 and the surfaces 76 of the novel lifting paddles 70 during the rotation of the drum d in the desired direction results in a highly advantageous and a very complete agitation of the materials being processed . because of these actions and the added moisture , the repulping of the pulpable materials of the waste materials is very effectively accomplished . i prefer to regard the surfaces 76 as the first portions , and the surfaces 75 of the paddles as the second portions . heat is added to the vessel during the processing of the waste materials . in this case , steam may be advantageously added to the vessel by steam piping 90 and injected into the waste materials by injection piping 94 while the drum is being rotated in the first rotative direction ; note fig1 . as previously described , the addition of heat causes the plastic red bags to become softened and to open and spill their contents into the drum while the drum is being rotated , thus allowing the materials that were in the bags to be completely agitated and contacted with the added moisture and added heat . desired pressure is maintained in the vessel a by suitable use of the valves of the pressure control system associated with the pressure pipe 60 and the vent connection 62 . valve 61a controls the pressure pipe , and valve 61b the vent pipe 62 . pipe 68 forms the connection to the interior of vessel a . if desired to add a sterilizing agent , sodium hypochlorite or the like can be added as a liquid or a vapor into the steam line , or alternatively into the water line . a temperature of at least 272 ° f . is maintained for a period of at least 45 minutes at a pressure of approximately 27 psig during the processing of the waste materials to accomplish the sterilization of the waste materials . heat is added by the injection of steam to attain the required temperature , this being accomplished from the previously described piping , and pressure resulting from the injection of the steam is controlled and maintained by the pressure control system connected to the vent piping . because of the added moisture , and the very complete agitation , the required heat needed to accomplish sterilization of the medical waste materials is more able to be transferred into those materials , such that very effective sterilization is accomplished . when processing has been completed , the steam injection to the system is shut off and the vacuum system depicted in fig9 is turned on while continuing to rotate the drum in the first rotative direction . as a vacuum is induced on the vessel , moisture is withdrawn from the processed materials through vacuum connection 46 and into the vacuum system , and collected for reuse in future processing or for discharge . the amount of water that is added to the process will be absorbed by the moisture absorbable materials that are in the waste during the processing and will not exist in a pool in the vessel as the vacuum is being applied . additionally , as the vacuum is induced on the system , the temperature of the boiling point of the water is reduced and the water is vaporized and withdrawn from the system into the vacuum system . the greater the intensity of the vacuum that is induced on a system , the greater is the decrease in the boiling point of the water that is exposed to the vacuum in the system . for instance , at approximately 5 lbs . of absolute pressure , with 14 . 7 lbs . of absolute pressure being equal to the atmospheric pressure and 0 lbs . of absolute pressure being a perfect vacuum , water will boil at approximately 162 ° f . and at approximately 1 lb . of absolute pressure , water will boil at approximately 102 ° f . drying techniques such as vacuum evaporation and freeze - drying utilize this phenomenon to accomplish low heat drying . in that i use high temperatures during the processing and these temperatures are significantly higher than the atmospheric boiling point of water , when i induce a vacuum on the system , i cause a rapid evolution of moisture to vapor and therefore a rapid drying effect of the materials that are in the processor . another benefit of the evaporative effect of moisture loss in this manner is the resulting cooling of the materials that have been processed that they may more easily be handled in subsequent operations as we have described in the text . under these conditions , even pooled water will evolve into vapor and be withdrawn from the system . i prefer to use a vacuum connection at the top of the vessel in that the evolving vapor , as it is being withdrawn from the system , can act as a carrier gas and , by its velocity , can carry light particles with it out of the vessel and into the vacuum system and potentially clog it . by placing the nozzle at the top of the vessel , gravity will make this action less likely . the installation of the nozzle is also at a point that causes a torturous path to be followed by the vapor , further preventing particles from being carried into the vacuum system in that a change in direction of a carrier gas stream will cause the deposition of particles that are being carried from the gas stream . it is also to be noted that the installation of the nozzle on the top of the shell of the vessel causes the vapor evolving from the materials in the drum to travel out of the opening 50 of the drum and to turn back along the interior perimeter of the shell of the vessel to reach the nozzle and by virtue of the change in direction of the vapor stream at the opening of the drum , to deposit particles that may be carried in the vapor stream at the opening of the drum . as the vacuum is induced and the moisture is withdrawn from the system , the processed materials are cooled from the temperature of sterilization to a lower , more manageable temperature for further handling , and from a level of moisture required for effective sterilizing heat penetration to a drier , more manageable moisture level . as is obvious to those skilled in the art , the coolness and the dryness of the processed materials are variables and are dependent on the subsequent requirements of further handling in a particular operation . in this case , a dryness of approximately 20 % moisture in the moisture absorbable materials and a corresponding temperature of approximately 200 ° f . is preferred . if additional cooling needs to be accomplished beyond that attained as a consequence of moisture removal , air can be drawn into the system through vent connection 62 while the vacuum system continues to operate and , in this manner , additional cooling of the materials can be accomplished . when the required temperature and dryness are accomplished , the vacuum system is turned off and the rotation of the drum is stopped . the closure device 40 is opened and the drum d is rotated in the second rotative direction . in the second rotative direction , assuming counter - clockwise rotation , the processed waste materials are intercepted by the helical flighting 80 and are directed toward the inlet end of the drum d by the action of the helical flighting . as the drum continues to rotate , the processed materials are also lifted and directed toward the inlet end of the vessel by the surfaces 75 of the &# 34 ; y &# 34 ; shaped lifting paddles 70 , as previously described . as should now be clear , the angular surfaces 75 and 76 on each side of the perpendicular surface of the paddles , function in an equal manner in either rotative direction , assisted of course in each instance by the vertically disposed member 72 . it is to be noted that my novel lifting paddles 70 are always functioning in a counter - current manner with respect to the helical flighting 80 during processing , with the surfaces 76 serving in a primary manner at such time . only after the waste materials have been fully processed do i reverse the rotative direction of the drum d , so as to enable the helical flighting to discharge the material out over the lip 51 of the drum into a suitable discharge system . at this time of discharge , the surfaces 75 of the paddles 70 serve in a primary manner , in effect cooperating with the action of the helical flighting 80 . the processed materials are thus discharged from the vessel by the combined action of the helical flighting 80 and the surfaces 72 and 75 of the lifting paddles 70 during the rotation of the drum d in the second rotative direction . because the outer lip 51 of the drum protrudes beyond the outer rim of the vessel a , the discharged processed materials fall clear of the vessel . by virtue of the repulping of the pulpable materials , the volume of the processed waste material is reduced to approximately 1 / 3 of its original volume . the rate of discharge of the processed materials , as is apparent to those skilled in the art , is dependent on the rate of rotation of the drum , the size and frequency of the helical flighting , and the size and number of the lifting paddles and these variables are dependent on the amount of material to be processed in a given amount of time and i am not limited to a single combination of these variables . drain connection 64 is equipped with a suitable valve 66 , which can be opened to enable moisture to be drained from the shell ( pressure vessel a ) upon excess accumulation thereof . the processed materials are then directed to screeners for the separation and recovery of recyclable materials and further to compactors or to shredders for the destruction of the remaining materials such as sharps that might be present , that they may safely be disposed of . other methods and equipment for the separation of component fractions from the processed materials or the further processing of the processed materials for the destruction of the residual material such as sharps that may be present in the processed materials are apparent to those skilled in the art and these techniques may also be used for product recovery from the processed materials or for disposal of the residue from the processed materials .
an apparatus and novel method for processing medical waste materials comprising an elongate pressure vessel of generally cylindrical configuration having an inlet end , and a closely fitting closure member for the inlet . an elongate drum of generally cylindrical configuration is mounted in the vessel for rotation about its longitudinal axis , which drum can be selectively driven in either rotative direction . the longitudinal axis of the drum is disposed at a slight angle of incline to the horizontal , placing the inlet end at a slightly higher elevation than the opposite end . a helically configured member is disposed along the interior perimeter of said drum , such that during rotation of the drum in a first rotative direction , the helically configured member moves the waste material in a direction away from the inlet end of the drum , whereas during rotation of the drum in the second rotative direction , the helically configured member moves the waste material toward the inlet . the helically configured member is utilized in conjunction with a plurality of non - obstructive lifting paddles that serve to effect a highly advantageous , very thorough mixing of the waste materials . moisture and heat are typically utilized to aid the processing of the waste , such as by the addition of stem . discharge of the fully processed waste material is effected when the drum is being rotated in the second rotative direction , after the closure member has been opened .