before describing several exemplary embodiments of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description . the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways . as used herein , “ luer slip ” or “ luer fitting ” used in conjunction with luer connectors and other luer fittings means a connector that is disassembled primarily by the application of axial force as described in iso 594 - 1 , as distinguished from luer lock fittings that are disassembled primarily by the application of torque , as described in iso 594 - 2 . it has been determined that when a male luer fitting with a conical tip and a female luer fitting are assembled in the presence of a lubricious material under wet conditions , the force required to disassemble the fitting decreases , potentially resulting in leakage . this is especially problematic because plastic formulations often have additives , like glycerol monostearate , designed to reduce friction or the static properties of the material . without being bound by any particular theory , it is believed that these additives may migrate to the surface of the material resulting in lubricious material being present at the surface . this can cause a decrease in the coefficient of friction of the material resulting in a lower pull force required to disengage a luer connection . it has been found that adjusting the surface finish on at least the male conical tip of a luer connection of a medical device results in an increase in the force required to disengage the fitting . this is a surprising result as it has long been known that increasing the surface roughness of a luer fitting increases the tendency for leakage during injection . therefore , it was unexpected to find that increasing the surface roughness could , instead , result in a connection with high pull forces with little or no leakage . with reference to fig1 , one or more embodiments of the invention are directed to medical devices 10 comprising a male luer slip fitting 12 . the male luer slip fitting 12 being connectable to a female luer portion 14 of a second medical device 16 by application of an engagement force to provide a contact surface between the male luer slip fitting 12 and female luer portion 14 , and separable by application of a disengagement force that does not require substantial twisting motion , meaning that in normal use , the male luer slip fitting 12 and female luer portion 14 do not require more than 90 degrees of relative radial movement . normally , the male luer slip fitting 12 and female luer portion 14 are assembled by simply applying an axial force in the direction of the longitudinal axis of each fitting by pressing the parts together . it will be appreciated that during normal assembly some small amount of relative twisting between the male luer slip fitting 12 and female luer portion 14 may be utilized by the practitioner to assembly the fittings . the male luer slip fitting 12 comprises a material incorporating a lubricious agent such that the disengagement force of a dry connection is less than the engagement force when the contact surface does not include a roughened surface . the male luer slip fitting 12 has a contact surface that is roughened 18 such that the disengagement force required to separate the male luer slip fitting 12 from the female luer portion 14 of the second medical device 16 , when in a wet connection , is greater than the force required to disengage the male luer fitting 12 from the female luer portion 14 of the second medical device 16 when the contact surface of the male luer fitting 12 is not roughened . another aspect of the invention pertains to methods of making a medical device . the methods comprise manufacturing a male luer fitting with a conical tip having an outside surface that mates with a female luer fitting of a second medical device . the male luer fitting is manufactured from a material which contains a lubricious agent such that the force required to disassemble a non - roughened male conical tip from a female luer fitting is less than the force required to assemble the non - roughened male luer fitting from the female luer fitting . the outside surface of the male conical tip is roughened such that upon assembly of the male luer fitting with the female luer fitting , with liquid present between the male conical tip and female luer fitting , the removal force is less than about the assembly force . in other embodiments , the force required to disengage the male luer fitting from the female luer portion increases with increasing engagement force . in specific embodiments , the force required to disengage the male luer fitting from the female luer portion is less than about 80 % of the engagement force . in more specific embodiments , the force required to disengage the male luer fitting from the female luer portion is less than about 75 %, 70 % or 65 % of the engagement force . the surface of the male luer in various embodiments is roughened using a mold to form the tip . the mold has been roughened using a technique selected from electrodischarge machining ( edm ), vapor honing , cross hatching , polishing and combinations thereof . the external surface of the male luer fitting of some embodiments is roughened to between about 0 . 3 μm to about 1 . 2 μm . in specific embodiments , the external surface of the male luer fitting is roughened to between about 0 . 4 μm to about 0 . 8 μm . in other specific embodiments , the surface is roughened to have an average roughness of about 0 . 3 μm or about 0 . 4 μm or about 0 . 7 μm or about 1 . 2 μm . in further specific embodiments , the roughened surface is prepared by electrodischarge machining . the roughened surface of detailed embodiments has a surface with a random patterned finish , i . e ., there is not obviously repeatable pattern to the finish . the surface of other detailed embodiments has a repeatable pattern . in one or more embodiments of the invention , the medical device is made of a material that includes an additive that enhances the lubricious property of the material . the additive of detailed embodiments is glycerol monostearate . in other detailed embodiments , the additive is a slip agent . in still further detailed embodiments , the slip agent is a fatty acid amide . luer slip syringes made from a resin which lacked glycerol monostearate , or other lubricious agents , were assembled with a needle tip luer fitting . assembly occurred under controlled axial forces at 3 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 12 lb . the hub pull force required to disassemble the syringe from the luer fitting was measured . luer slip syringes made from a resin which included a lubricious agent , specifically 2500 ppm glycerol monostearate , were assembled with a needle tip luer fitting . assembly occurred at controlled axial forces of 3 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 12 lb . ( although a resin having 2500 ppm was used for these samples , the same phenomenon has been observed in syringes made from resins with lower amount of gms , for example , 1200 ppm and 600 ppm .) the hub pull force required to disassemble the syringe from the luer fitting was measured . fig2 shows a graph of the pull force required to disassemble a connected hub for examples a - j under wet conditions . there were between 25 and 30 measurements taken at each data point . the data shows that the pull forces increased with increasing assembly force for materials without gms . on the other hand , the pull forces for syringes with gms remained fairly constant , with increasing spring back , regardless of the assembly force . spring back is a phenomenon where the assembly force , on a luer slip syringe assembled to a female luer device , when removed , the syringes shows a sudden movement away from the female device . the number of samples exhibiting spring back is listed above each column of data points in fig2 . luer slip syringes made from a resin without glycerol monostearate or other lubricious agents were prepared with a variety of surface finishes . the surface finishes were prepared by electro - discharge machining ( edm ) or using a sandblasted tip insert . the average roughness of the edm finished surfaces were 0 . 3 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 7 and 1 . 2 μm . the syringes were assembled with a luer hub using an assembly axial force of 10 lbs . the force required to disassemble the syringe from the hub was measured . luer slip syringes made from a resin containing a lubricous agent , specifically glycerol monostearate , were prepared with a variety of surface finishes . the surface finishes were prepared by electro - discharge machining ( edm ) or a sandblasted insert . the average roughness of the edm finished surfaces were 0 . 3 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 7 and 1 . 2 μm . the syringes were assembled with a luer hub using an assembly axial force of 10 lbs . the force required to disassemble the syringe from the hub was measured . for comparison purposes only , syringes from terumo medical corporation were assembled with a luer hub using an assembly force of 10 lbs . the force required to disassemble the syringe from the hub was measured . fig3 shows a graph of the hub axial pull force ( lbs ) required to disassemble the syringes of examples k - t and comparative example ca under wet conditions . the average surface roughness for the edm prepared samples is listed below the chart . the surface roughness for the samples containing the sandblasted insert is not listed . fig3 shows that the syringes which have glycerol monostearate and a surface finish ( examples p - t ) show equivalent pull forces to the modified surface finished syringes that do not have gms . the data also shows that after modifying the surface with edm or adding a sandblasted tip insert , the pull forces are equivalent to the pull forced exhibited by a terumo ® syringe . luer slip syringes made from a resin containing a lubricious agent , specifically glycerol monostearate , were prepared with the surface finishes shown in table 1 . the syringes were assembled with a luer hub at assembly axial forces of 8 , 10 and 12 lbs . the force required to disassemble the syringe from the hub was measured . fig4 . shows a graph of the hub pull forces for samples u - z under wet conditions . the data shows that the syringes with gms and a surface finish ( samples v - z ) have a pull of force which increases with the assembly force , like the samples without a lubricious agent . ( see samples a - e in fig2 .) whereas the group of samples that have gms but no surface finish ( sample u ) have relatively equivalent pull off forces regardless of the assembly force , as was previously shown in samples f - j . ( see fig2 .) reference throughout this specification to “ one embodiment ,” “ certain embodiments ,” “ one or more embodiments ” or “ an embodiment ” means that a particular feature , structure , material , or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention . thus , the appearances of the phrases such as “ in one or more embodiments ,” “ in certain embodiments ,” “ in one embodiment ” or “ in an embodiment ” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention . furthermore , the particular features , structures , materials , or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments . although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments , it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . thus , it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents .
medical devices with male luer slip fittings with either a male conical tip having a roughened outer surface or a female luer fitting with a roughened surface and methods for manufacture and use are disclosed . the outer surface of the male conical tip or a surface of the female luer fitting is roughened to increase the force required to remove the male luer fitting from the female luer fitting without causing leakage of the connection .