fig1 shows a cross - section of a human head with anatomical structures including the nasal cavity n , bone b of the hard palate hp , the soft palate sp including the uvula uv at the posterior end thereof , the mouth m , the tongue t , the trachea tr , the epiglottis ep , the esophagus es , and the posterior pharyngeal wall ppw . in a human body , an air filled space between the nasal cavity n and the larynx lx is referred to as the upper airway . the most critical part of the upper airway associated with sleep disorders is the pharynx px . referring to fig2 , the pharynx has three different anatomical levels . the nasopharynx np is the upper portion of the pharynx located in the back of the nasal cavity n . the oropharynx op is the intermediate portion of the pharynx containing the soft palate sp , the epiglottis ep , and the curve at the back of the tongue t . the hypopharynx hp is the lower portion of the pharynx located below the soft tissue of the oropharynx op . the oropharynx op is the section of the pharynx that is most likely to collapse due to the high prevalence of soft tissue structure , which leaves less space for airflow . the hypopharynx hp lies below the aperture of the larynx and behind the larynx , and extends to the esophagus . as is well known to those skilled in the art , the soft palate and the tongue are both flexible structures . the soft palate sp provides a barrier between the nasal cavity n and the mouth m . in many instances , the soft palate sp is longer than is necessary and extends a significant distance between the back of the tongue t and the posterior pharyngeal wall ppw . the midline posterior end of the soft palate is referred to as the uvula , which is the soft tissue that extends downward from the soft palate over the back of the tongue . although the muscles relax throughout the body during sleep , most of the muscles of the respiratory system remain active . during inhalation , the diaphragm contracts and causes negative pressure to draw air a into the nasal cavity n and the mouth m . the air then flows past the pharynx px , through the trachea tr and into the lungs . the negative pressure causes the tissue of the upper airway to deform slightly , which narrows the airway passage . in apneic patients , the soft palate sp , the tongue t , and / or the epiglottis ep collapse against the posterior pharyngeal wall ppw to block airflow into the trachea . as the airway narrows , airflow through the pharynx becomes turbulent , which causes the soft palate sp to vibrate , generating a sound commonly known as snoring . during sleep , humans typically experience brief obstructions of airflow and / or small decreases in the amount of airflow into the trachea and lungs . an obstruction of airflow for more than ten seconds is referred to as apnea . a decrease in airflow by more than fifty percent is referred to as hypopnea . the severity of sleep disorders is measured by the number of apneas and hypopneas that occur during every hour of sleep . if apnea or hypopnea occurs more than five times per hour , most medical personnel diagnose the individual as having an upper airway resistance problem . many of these patients often exhibit symptoms related to sleep disorders including sleepiness during the day , depression , and difficulty concentrating . individuals having ten or more episodes of apnea or hypopnea during every hour of sleep are officially classified as having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome . as the airway is obstructed , the individual makes repeated attempts to force inhalation . many of these episodes are silent and are characterized by movements of the abdomen and chest wall as the individual strains to draw air into the lungs . typically , episodes of apnea may last a minute or more . during this time , oxygen levels in the blood will decrease . ultimately , the obstruction may be overcome by the individual generating a loud snore or awakening with a choking feeling . referring to fig2 , when an individual is awake , the back of the tongue t and the soft palate sp maintain their shape and tone due to their respective internal muscles . as a result , the airway a through the pharynx remains open and unobstructed . during sleep , however , the muscle tone decreases and the posterior surface of the tongue and the soft palate become more flexible and distensible . referring to fig3 , without normal muscle tone to keep their shape and to keep them in place either alone or as a group , the posterior surface of the tongue t , the epiglottis ep , and the soft palate sp tend to easily collapse to block the airway a . referring to fig4 , during sleep , the proximal end of the tongue t may block the airway a between the nasal passages n and the upper end of the trachea tr . the soft palate sp may also relax and have the uvula uv slide between the back of the tongue t and the posterior pharyngeal wall ppw . in one embodiment , the present invention provides an implant that changes the shape of the soft palate so that it does not move into the position shown in fig4 . the implant also desirably provides support to the tongue t so that it does not sag in a posterior direction against the posterior pharyngeal wall , as shown in fig4 . referring to fig5 a - 5e , in one embodiment , an implant 100 , such as a soft palate implant , includes a main body 102 that is implantable in a soft palate . the main body 102 has a posterior or distal end 104 , and an anterior or proximal end 106 that is adapted to be coupled and / or secured to a hard palate of a patient . the main body 106 of the implant 102 preferably includes a top surface 108 and a bottom surface 110 . the main body 102 of the implant 100 preferably has a length l and a width w that may vary depending upon patient anatomy . the main body 102 and the top and bottom surfaces 108 , 110 may be curved . the curvature of the main body 102 may vary depending upon patient anatomy , the specific problem affecting the patient and / or surgical requirements . in one embodiment , the curvature of the main body 102 may be varied as required to prevent the back of a patient &# 39 ; s tongue from pressing against the posterior pharyngeal wall . referring to fig5 a - 5e , in one embodiment , the proximal end 106 of the soft palate implant 102 includes a securing element 112 for securing the implant to a hard palate of a patient . in one embodiment , the securing element includes an upper anchoring tab 114 adapted to engage an upper surface of a hard palate , and a pair of lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 adapted to engage a lower surface of a hard palate . referring to fig5 a and 5e , in one embodiment , the upper anchoring tab 114 desirably includes a leading end 120 and trailing end 122 that is connected to the main body 102 via a flexible connection 124 . the upper anchoring tab 114 includes an outer face 126 and an inner face 128 having anchoring barbs 130 . the anchoring barbs 130 are adapted to bite into an upper surface of a hard palate for anchoring the proximal end 106 of the soft palate implant 100 to the hard palate . the flexible connection 124 normally biases the upper anchoring tab 114 toward the opposing lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 in a downward direction designated d 1 . the lower anchoring tabs include the first lower tab 116 having a leading end 132 and a trailing end 134 that is connected with the main body 102 via a flexible connection 136 . the flexible connection 136 normally biases the first lower tab 116 toward the upper tab 114 in an upward direction designated d 2 . the first lower tab 116 includes an outer surface 138 and an inner surface 140 having anchoring barbs 142 projecting therefrom . in one embodiment , the anchoring barbs 142 are adapted to bite into an underside surface of a hard palate . the first lower tab 116 also desirably includes through holes 144 that extend from the inner surface 140 toward the outer surface 138 . in one embodiment , the through holes 144 extend completely between the inner and outer surfaces 140 , 138 . in one embodiment , the through holes 144 are blind detents that extend only part of the way between the inner surface and the outer surface . the second lower tab 118 preferably includes a leading end 146 and a trailing end 148 that is coupled with a proximal end of the main body via a flexible connection 150 . the flexible connection 150 normally biases the second lower tab 118 toward the upper anchoring tab 114 in an upward direction designated d 2 . the second lower anchoring tab 118 includes an outer surface 152 and an inner surface 154 having bone anchoring barbs 156 projecting therefrom . the bone anchoring barbs 156 are preferably adapted to bite into an underside surface of a hard palate . the second lower anchoring tab 118 also includes through holes 158 adapted to receive posts at a distal end of an insertion tool as will be described in more detail below . referring to fig6 , in one embodiment , an insertion tool 200 for implanting the implant 100 shown in fig5 a - 5e includes a shaft 202 having a distal end 204 that secures and deploys the implant . the distal end 204 of the insertion tool 200 desirably includes an upper blade 210 having a leading end 212 and a trailing end 214 . the upper blade 210 includes a pair of aligned slits 216 a , 216 b that extend from the leading end 212 toward the trailing end 214 . the upper blade 210 includes a first set of through holes 218 a , 218 b adjacent the first slot 216 a , and a second set of through holes 220 a , 220 b adjacent the second slot 216 b . referring to fig6 , in one embodiment , the insertion tool 200 also preferably includes a lower blade 222 having a leading end 224 and a trailing end 226 . the lower blade 222 includes an inner surface 228 having a first set of lower anchoring tab securing posts 230 aligned with one another and extending along a first lateral edge 232 of the lower blade 222 and a second set of lower anchoring tab securing posts 234 aligned with one another and extending along a second lateral edge 236 of the lower blade 222 . in one embodiment , the aligned securing posts 230 , 234 on the lower blade 222 may be aligned with the through holes 218 , 220 extending through the upper blade 212 . in one embodiment , the lower blade 222 is adapted to be wedged away from the upper blade 210 for releasing the uvula implant from the distal end 204 of the insertion tool . in one embodiment , the insertion tool 200 includes a push bar 240 that is coupled with an actuator ( not shown ) located at a proximal end of the insertion tool . upon activation of the actuator ( not shown ), the push bar 240 preferably moves in a distal direction designated d 3 for wedging the leading end 224 of the lower blade 222 away from the upper blade 210 . in one embodiment , the push bar may wedge the upper blade away from the lower blade . referring to fig7 a - 7d , in one embodiment , the soft palate implant 100 is preferably securable to the distal end 204 of the insertion tool 200 . referring to fig7 a - 7d , in one embodiment , the insertion tool 200 includes an elongated shaft 202 having a distal end 204 and a proximal end 206 coupled with a housing 207 having an actuator or trigger 209 . referring to fig7 c and 7d , in one embodiment , the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 are held between the upper blade 210 and the lower blade 222 , with the barbs 142 projecting from the inner surfaces of the lower tabs 116 , 118 passing through the slots 216 adjacent the lateral edges of the upper blade 210 . in one embodiment , the upper and lower blades 220 , 222 pinch towards one another for holding the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 therebetween . the securing posts 234 on the lower blade 222 preferably pass through the through holes 144 , 158 of the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 for more securely holding the implant to the distal end 204 of the insertion tool 200 . referring to fig7 c and 7d , in one embodiment , when the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 are held between the upper and lower blades 210 , 224 , the upper anchoring tab 114 preferably lies above the upper blade 210 . in one embodiment , during an insertion operation , the insertion tool 200 secures the implant 100 so that the distal end 104 of the implant 100 may be guided into a surgical opening , such as an incision formed in the soft palate of a patient . in one embodiment , the push bar 240 is actuated so that it moves in the direction d 3 toward the distal end of the insertion tool 200 . as the push bar 240 moves toward the distal end , the upper and lower blades 210 , 222 are wedged away from one another for releasing the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 from the insertion tool . in one embodiment , the respective upper and lower anchoring tabs will preferably bias toward one another , whereby the barbs on the inner surfaces of the tabs bite into the respective upper and lower faces of the hard palate for anchoring the implant 100 to the hard palate . referring to fig8 a and 8b , in one embodiment , the distal end of the insertion tool 200 is adapted to secure a proximal end of the implant device 100 . the distal end of the insertion tool preferably releases the implant device after the device has been implanted in tissue . in one preferred embodiment , the insertion tool is used to implant the implant device in the soft palate of a patient and anchor a proximal end of the implant device to the patient &# 39 ; s hard palate . referring to fig8 a , in one embodiment , the upper and lower blades pinch the pair of lower tabs 116 , 118 therebetween , and the push bar 240 is in a retracted position . in fig8 b , the push bar 240 is advanced in a distal direction designated d 3 for wedging the lower blade 222 away from the upper blade 210 so as to release the pair of lower tabs 116 , 118 from the distal end of the insertion tool 200 . the insertion tool may then be retracted in the direction designated d 4 so as to release the implant device 100 and leave the proximal end of the implant device anchored to a structure , such as the hard palate of a patient . referring to fig9 a , in one embodiment , a surgical opening so is formed in the soft palate sp and an implant device 100 is inserted into the surgical opening for supporting the soft palate sp and the uvula uv . in one embodiment , the implant 100 is preferably held by the upper and lower blades at the distal end 204 of the insertion tool 200 . fig9 b shows a magnified view of the distal end 204 of the insertion tool 200 with the implant 100 inserted into the surgical opening so in the soft palate sp . in one embodiment , the shaft 202 of the insertion tool 200 is moved in the direction a 1 for inserting the implant 100 into the surgical opening so . the shaft 202 of the insertion tool 200 is then retracted in the direction a 2 so that the upper tab 114 overlies the top surface of the hard palate hp and the lower tabs 116 , 118 underlie the bottom surface of the hard palate . the push bar is then advanced to open the upper and lower blades of the tool for releasing the implant 100 from the distal end of the insertion tool . fig1 a - 10c and 10 a - 1 through 10 c - 1 show a simplified view of how the insertion tool is used for implanting the implant device in the soft palate . referring to fig1 a , after the soft palate implant 100 has been inserted into the surgical opening in the soft palate and while the upper and lower blades 210 , 222 hold the implant 100 , the insertion tool 200 is moved in a the direction a 2 so that the upper anchoring tab 114 overlies the top surface of the hard palate hp and the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 are positioned under the bottom surface of the hard palate hp . fig1 a - 1 shows a magnified cross - sectional view of the soft palate implant 100 and the insertion tool 200 shown in fig1 a . the implant 100 includes the upper anchoring tab 114 overlying a top surface of the hard palate hp and the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 underlying the bottom surface of the hard palate hp . initially , the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 remain secured between the upper blade 210 and the lower blade 222 of the insertion tool . the upper and lower blades 210 , 222 desirably pinch the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 therebetween for securing the lower tabs to the distal end of the insertion tool . the push bar 240 , which is later used for wedging the lower blade 222 away from the upper blade 210 , is preferably in the fully retracted position . referring to fig1 b , in one embodiment , an actuator at the proximal end of the insertion tool 200 is engaged for moving the push bar 240 in a distal direction designated d 3 . as the push bar 240 moves in the distal direction , the lower blade 224 is wedged away from the upper blade 210 so that the securing posts 234 on the lower blade 222 are retracted from the through holes extending through the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 . fig1 b - 1 shows an expanded view of fig1 b , whereby the lower blade 222 of the insertion tool 200 is wedged away from the upper blade 210 by the push bar 240 . the posts 234 on the lower blade 222 are retracted from the through holes in the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 of the implant 100 . the barbs on the pair of lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 preferably pass through the slots in the upper blade for engaging the underside of the hard palate hp . after the upper and lower blades 210 , 222 have been wedged away from one another for releasing the implant 100 , the insertion tool 200 may be retracted in the direction designated a 2 . after being released from the distal end of the insertion tool , the upper and lowers tabs of the implant 100 preferably bias toward one another for pinching the hard palate hp therebetween . the barbs 130 , 142 on the inner surfaces of the opposing upper and lower anchoring tabs 114 , 116 , 118 preferably bite into the bone of the hard palate hp for anchoring the implant 100 to the hard palate hp . fig1 c and 10 c - 1 show the implant 100 after it has been anchored to the hard palate hp . the implant 100 includes the upper tab 114 anchored to the top surface of the hard palate hp , and the lower tabs 116 , 118 anchored to the underside surface of the hard palate hp . as shown in fig1 c - 1 , the barbs 124 on the upper anchoring tab 114 bite into the upper surface of the hard palate hp , while the barbs 142 on the lower anchoring tabs 116 , 118 bite into the underside surface of the hard palate hp . although barbs are shown for securing the implant to the hard palate , in other embodiments other fastening elements such as screws , pins , tacks , adhesives , wire , and sutures may be used for securing the implant to the hard palate . referring to fig1 a , some patients have a condition whereby the soft palate sp has a horizontal component h and a vertical component v that is angled relative to the horizontal component . in some instances , the vertical component v may be at an angle that approaches 90 ° or more relative to the horizontal component h . as is known to those skilled in the art , the existence of the vertical component reduces the size of the opening in the posterior portion of the nasopharynx , which may cause osa symptoms . in order to change the shape of the soft palate sp and / or provide a soft palate sp having a more continuous arc , an implant as disclosed herein may be implanted into the soft palate of a patient . fig1 b shows the soft palate sp of the fig1 a after the implant 100 has been implanted therein . the implant 100 includes a proximal end anchored to the hard palate hp of the patient and a distal end that extends to the uvula uv . the implant 100 preferably changes the shape of the soft palate so that it has a more preferred , continuous arc between the hard palate hp and uvula uv . the more continuous arc shape of the soft palate shown in fig1 b opens the posterior portion of the nasopharynx and provides more space between the soft palate sp and the posterior pharyngeal wall ppw . during sleep , the implanted device 100 may provide indirect support to the tongue t in an anterior direction for further opening in the posterior portion of the nasopharynx . referring to fig1 , in one embodiment , an implant 300 for supporting and / or changing the shape of the uvula includes a main body 302 and a fastening element provided at a proximal end of the main body . the main body includes a plurality of openings 305 extending therethrough that provide for bone or tissue in - growth . fig1 shows another embodiment of an implant 400 for supporting a uvula including a main body 402 having an outer mesh surface 405 for promoting bone and / or tissue in - growth . although the present invention is not limited by any particular theory of operation , it is contemplated that two or more implant devices may be implanted in a soft palate of a patient for supporting and / or changing the shape of the uvula of the patient for treating obstructive sleep apnea . referring to fig1 , in one embodiment , a system for treating obstructive sleep apnea may include a pair of implant devices 500 a and 500 b implanted in a soft palate sp , whereby each of the implants have distal ends supporting a uvula and proximal ends anchored to a hard palate . referring to fig1 , in one embodiment , a system for treating obstructive sleep apnea may include a plurality of implant devices 600 a , 600 b , 600 c ( e . g . three implant devices ) that are implanted in a soft palate sp , whereby each of the implants have distal ends supporting a uvula and proximal ends anchored to a hard palate hp . the implants extending through the soft palate may be parallel to one another or may be angled relative to one another . the lengths and / or sizes of the implants may vary . in one embodiment , a first implant may have a first length , and a second adjacent implant may have a second length that is different than the first length . in other embodiments , fastening elements other than barbs may be used for securing the proximal end of the implant to the hard palate . in one embodiment , one or more screws may be used for securing the implant to a hard palate . in another embodiment , surgical tacks may be used for securing the implant to the hard palate . in yet another embodiment , surgical wire or sutures may be used to securing the implant to the hard palate . bone needles may also be used for securing the implant to the hard palate . in one embodiment , the implant may have an outer surface that encourages tissue in - growth so as to stabilize the implant within the tissue and so as to minimize the opportunity for tissue erosion . the outer surface modification may be achieved by texturizing the outer surface , making the implant porous through the addition of holes ( e . g . drilled or pierced holes ), encapsulating the implant with a braided , surgical mesh , or fleece type material , and / or coating the implant with bone growth stimulating agents such as hydroxyapatite . although the present invention is not limited by any particular theory of operation , it is believed that providing a soft tissue implant supported by the distal end of the hard palate provides more positive positioning of the uvula and enables the uvula to provide greater resistance to distal tongue movement than when using implants that are not supported by the hard palate . the soft palate implant of the present invention preferably provides a balanced level of support for the uvula , providing tongue support when needed , but not inhibiting swallowing . the shape changing feature of the implant allows greater uvula support ( and thereby tongue support ) during times of rest and less support during waking hours . providing an outer surface on the implant having tissue in - growth capabilities reduces the chance of tissue erosion and provides greater lateral stability to the implant . in one embodiment , the ability to implant the device through the nasal passageways results in the implant location being more cranial , thereby minimizing tongue sensitivity to the presence of the implant . in one embodiment , the implant procedure does not damage the musculature within the soft palate and maintains mucosal surfaces , thereby enabling the natural musculature to continue to provide support in addition to that provided by the implant . in one embodiment , the soft palate implant may be formed from absorbable materials , non - absorbable materials , or a combination of absorbable and non - absorbable materials . the non - absorbable materials may include polymeric materials such as non - resorbable polymers , silicone , polyethylene terephalate , polytetrafluoroethylene , polyurethane and polypropylene , nitninol , stainless steel , and / or composite materials . suitable resorbable polymers may include polylactide , polyglycolide copolymers , polycaprolactone , and / or collagen . the implant may also include a biocompatible metal or alloy . the present invention provides a number of advantages over prior art methods and devices used for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypopnea . first , the methods , systems and devices disclosed herein provide for simple surgical procedures that are minimally invasive . typically , the methods , systems and devices disclosed herein may be utilized during an outpatient procedure . in addition , the methods , systems and devices disclosed herein provide both immediate and long term results for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypopnea . moreover , the methods , systems and devices disclosed herein do not require a significant level of patient compliance . in addition , the present invention does not anchor the tongue to a fixed hard structure , such as the mandible . thus , the present invention is significantly less likely to affect swallowing or speech , thereby providing a great improvement over prior art devices , systems and methods . the present invention also preferably uses materials having long - term biocompatibility . although various embodiments disclosed herein relate to use in humans , it is contemplated that the present invention may be used in all mammals , and in all animals having air passages . moreover , the methods , systems and devices disclosed herein may incorporate any materials that are biocompatible , as well as any solutions or components that minimize rejection , enhance tissue ingrowth , enhance the formation of mucosal layers , and improve acceptance of the device by a body after the device has been implanted . the headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims . as used throughout this application , the word “ may ” is used in a permissive sense ( i . e ., meaning having the potential to ), rather than the mandatory sense ( i . e ., meaning must ). similarly , the words “ include ”, “ including ”, and “ includes ” mean including but not limited to . to facilitate understanding , like reference numerals have been used , where possible , to designate like elements common to the figures . while the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention , other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof . as such , the scope of the present invention is to be limited only as set forth in the appended claims .
a system for treating obstructive sleep apnea includes a body implantable in a soft palate , and a fastening element at a proximal end of the body for connecting the body with a hard palate . in one embodiment , the body is curved and has a convex top surface and a concave bottom surface . the curved body is adapted to support and / or change the shape of the soft palate for minimizing the likelihood of airway obstructions during sleep . the fastening element , secureable to the hard palate , includes at least one barb adapted to engage the hard palate for anchoring the body to the hard palate . in one embodiment , the body has a surface adapted to promote tissue in - growth . the implant body may be made of materials including nitinol , stainless steel , biocompatible polymers , temperature - sensitive materials , and shape memory materials .