previous bicycle trainers provide some features to enhance the training they achieve . there is still room for improvement , however , in bicycle training devices . for example , previous approaches did not allow for the simulation of decline hill training and body positioning without the need for additional components to raise the bicycle off the ground . the presently - disclosed systems and methods provide for the simulation of hill training addressing resistance , incline , decline , and body positioning . embodiments disclosed herein allow a rider to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of incline and decline outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer while maintaining a fixed pedal position in relation to the bicycle frame . the bicycle trainer allows for automatic or manual incline and decline adjustment . embodiments described herein can also allow for seated or standing training , incorporate extreme degrees of inclination and declination , allow for the cyclist to use their personal bicycles , and can be portable and require minimal effort to install , assemble , and use . systems and methods disclosed herein achieve these benefits by raising or lowering the front of a bicycle using a rod &# 39 ; s movement in a direction that does not match the directional movement of the front of the bicycle . accordingly , no additional components are required to achieve the desired downhill positioning and the mechanisms to achieve this positioning do not interfere with the front of the bicycle . the following non - limiting and exemplary embodiments are provided . one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein is depicted in fig1 a with the corresponding kinematic structure is shown in fig1 b . in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the connecting rod ( el ), and link 4 is the slider ( m ). this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be manipulated by applying a horizontal force to the slider ( m ). such a force will cause the connecting rod ( el ) to move and thus effect a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). particularly , movement of the slider ( m ) towards the back of the bicycle lowers the front of the bicycle . movement of the slider ( m ) towards the front of the bicycle raises the front of the bicycle . this movement is achieved because slider ( m ) is connected to sufficiently rigid connecting rod ( el ). as can be seen , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . this embodiment can be referred to as an r - r - r - p implementation . another embodiment , referred to as an r - r - r - r mechanism , is shown in fig2 a ( schematic ) and 2 b ( kinematic ). fig2 depicts a ‘ four - bar ’ ( four link ) mechanism . in this embodiment , the ground is link 1 , the bicycle frame ( he ) is link 2 , the coupler ( en ) is link 3 , and the crank ( o ) is link 4 . this mechanism also has one degree of freedom . one approach to manipulating the orientation of the bicycle frame is to control the angle of the crank ( o ). for example , a torque applied to the crank ( o ) will cause a change in the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). in particular exemplary embodiments adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the front of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) forward raising the front of the bicycle , while adjusting the crank ( o ) towards the back of the bicycle brings coupler ( en ) backwards , lowering the front of the bicycle . again , in this embodiment , no additional components are required to elevate the bicycle to achieve this downhill position and the mechanism to achieve it does not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved . yet another embodiment , referred to herein as the r - r - p - r mechanism , is shown in fig3 a ( schematic ) and 3 b ( kinematic ). in this embodiment , link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame ( he ), link 3 is the slider ( j ), and the rod ( q ) is link 4 . this embodiment has one degree of freedom . the manipulation of the bicycle frame ( he ) can be accomplished by applying a torque to the rod ( q ) about the pivot ( s ). such a torque will cause the rotation of the rod ( q ) and as a result the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ) must change so as to satisfy the loop closure condition . while the previous exemplary embodiments require no additional components to elevate the bicycle to achieve the described downhill positions and the mechanisms to achieve these positions do not unduly limit the downhill angle that can be achieved , it should be understood that the embodiments described above can also be used in combination with previously - used approaches . an example is depicted in fig4 a - 4e . in this example , the entire hill training apparatus rests on the ground ( k ). the figure shows the bicycle in the level position ( i . e ., neither up hill nor down hill ). in this schematic the bicycle &# 39 ; s front wheel ( c ) is removed , and hence is represented by the dashed circle . the bicycle &# 39 ; s front fork ( e ) is attached to an apparatus ( f ) via slider ( j ). the apparatus ( f ) is used to raise and lower the front fork ( e ) of the bicycle so as to simulate cycling up or down a hill . fig4 b shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in the downhill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates downwards , ( i . e . in the − y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the − x direction ). fig4 c shows the bicycle trainer of fig4 a in an uphill position . to obtain this configuration the apparatus ( f ) translates upwards , ( i . e . in the + y direction ) and the slider ( j ) translates backwards , ( i . e . in the − x direction ). the +/− y direction motion generated by the apparatus ( f ) can be realized using previously - known devices including , without limitation : telescoping hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders ; direct drive linear translation motors ; a rack and pinion system driven by a rotational motor ; or a scotch yoke mechanism . as described above , the apparatus ( f ), in conjunction with the slider ( j ), allows the bicycle frame to rotate about the hub ( h ). while this embodiment allows for inclination and declination of the bicycle to simulate the biomechanical orientation characteristic of outdoor hill cycling using a bicycle trainer , the kinematic behavior can be realized more effectively using the alternate kinematic structures above in fig1 - 3 . fig4 a - 4e describe additional features that can also be used with the embodiments disclosed in fig1 - 3 . for example , fig4 a depicts a rear mounting apparatus ( a ) attached to the rear wheel of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle ( b ). a computer control panel ( i ) is connected to the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) and to the apparatus ( f ). notwithstanding fig4 , in certain embodiments , the computer control panel ( i ) can be mounted on the bicycle handle bar . in some embodiments , the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can attach to the hub ( h ) of the cyclist &# 39 ; s bicycle . embodiments disclosed herein can also be modified so that the rear wheel ( b ) and / or the hub ( h ) is raised and lowered by apparatus ( f ) or according to the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 above rather than the front wheel ( c ). those of ordinary skill in the art understand these modifications and they are not discussed in detail herein . as the cyclist pedals the back wheel ( b ) rotates about the hub ( h ). the rear mounting apparatus ( a ) can provide several functions including , without limitation : ensuring that the hub ( h ) does not translate in the horizontal direction ( x ), or the vertical direction ( y ), relative to the ground ( k ); measuring the angular velocity of the back wheel , which can be used to determine the effective translational speed of the cyclist ; measuring the cadence of the cyclist ; and providing resistance to the back wheel ( b ) and / or hub ( h ). the computer control panel ( i ) can be used to perform various tasks , including , without limitation : sensing and recording the angular velocity of the back wheel ( b ); sensing and recording the cadence of the cyclist ; computing the effective translational velocity of the cyclist ; sensing and recording the height of apparatus ( f ); and regulating the height of apparatus ( f ) so as to put the cyclist in an uphill , level , or downhill orientation . in addition , using the effective translational velocity of the cyclist , the computer control panel can be used to determine the instantaneous height of the apparatus ( f ) so as to simulate cycling on a specific hill . to begin a kinematic analysis for a hill training apparatus as described herein , note that in all orientations of the bicycle the hub ( h ) does not translate significantly or at all . that is , the hub ( h ) does not substantially move in the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). hence , the hub ( h ) can be treated as a stationary point ( affixed to the ground ( k )). moreover , the bicycle frame is assumed to be sufficiently rigid , thus the distance between the hub ( h ) and the fork ( e ) is functionally constant in all orientations of the bicycle in the hill training apparatus . embodiments disclosed herein can be modified , however , such that the hub ( h ) translates to move vertically and / or horizontally relative to the ground ( k ). in such modified embodiments , the front fork ( e ) would not substantially translate and would therefore be treated as a stationary point . fig4 e is a kinematic representation of a hill training apparatus under the assumptions stated above . this is a four link mechanism that forms a closed kinematic chain . the links that make up the mechanism are as follows . link 1 is the ground ( k ), link 2 is the bicycle frame , represented by he , link 3 is the slider ( j ), and link 4 is the apparatus ( f ). based on this diagram , one of ordinary skill in the art will note that links 1 and 2 are connected via a revolute ( or turning ) pair ( r ). see fabien , b . c ., analytical system dynamics : modeling and simulation , springer , 2009 : 64 - 73 ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the link 1 ( the ground ( k )) about the hub ( h ). links 2 and 3 are connected by a revolute pair ( r ). this is because link 2 ( the bicycle frame ( he )) can rotate relative to the slider ( j ) about the front fork ( e ). links 3 and 4 are connected by a prismatic ( or sliding ) pair ( p ). this is because link 3 ( the slider ( j )) can only translate in the horizontal direction relative to link 4 ( apparatus ( f )). finally , links 4 and 1 are connected by a prismatic pair ( p ). this is because link 4 ( apparatus ( f )) can only translate in the vertical direction relative to the ground ( k ). thus , in this realization the hill training apparatus is called an r - r - p - p mechanism . the mobility of this mechanism can be established using gruebler &# 39 ; s equation ([ 1 ], pp . 70 ). specifically , the number of degrees of freedom ( dof ) for this mechanism is given by where λ = 3 for motion in a plane , i is the number of links in the mechanism , j is the number of joints in the mechanism , and fi is the number of degrees of freedom allowed at the i - th joint . therefore , the r - r - p - p mechanism shown in fig4 d and 4e have that is , the mechanism has one degree of freedom . by regulating any one of the degrees of freedom at the joints the bicycle frame ( he ) can be placed in an arbitrary orientation . for example , the height of the apparatus ( f ) can be controlled to manipulate the orientation of the bicycle frame ( he ). if apparatus ( f ) is a hydraulic cylinder , applying a force via the cylinder will cause the front fork ( e ) to be raised ( or lowered ). unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing numerical values and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about .” accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods disclosed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., “ such as ”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are disclosed herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically disclosed herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term “ consisting of ” excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term “ consisting essentially of ” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .
a bicycle trainer with a hill training apparatus is described . the hill training apparatus enables bicyclists to simulate uphill riding , downhill riding , and hill resistance or lack thereof . the hill training apparatus also provides for correct body positioning while riding uphill or downhill , and with or without resistance . riding on a trainer with correct body positioning provides for improved training .