the following description of the preferred embodiments are merely exemplary in nature and are in no way intended to limit the invention , or its application , or uses . moreover , while various specific substrate and coating structures are disclosed , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that they are merely exemplary and other specific substrate structures and coating may be used . fig1 discloses a coating 20 of the current invention disposed on a substrate 21 . the primary constituent of the coating 20 is ceramic powder 22 . generally , the ceramic powder 22 is a bio - compatible resorbable ceramic with cations of calcium , sodium potassium and anions of phosphates in various oxidation states . preferably , the ceramic 22 is a phosphate , carbonate , bicarbonate or sulfate including but not limited to calcium sodium phosphate , calcium sulfate , hydroxyapatite , calcium carbonate , tricalcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate or mixtures of these resorbable ceramics . the particle sizes of the embedded ceramic 22 being used for the coatings 20 are generally below 200 microns . it is preferable that the particles have a mean size of 50 microns with a distribution of about 25 microns . it is possible to use tailored size distribution such as a bimodal particle size distribution to modify the overall performance of the device . the coating 20 disclosed does not require the use of a ceramic powder binder 23 in the usual sense . in normal ceramic processing , binders ( usually some kind of polymer ) are used to hold the ceramic powder together but later burnt off during the firing and sintering stages . the subsequent sintering processes ensure structural integrity of powder formed ceramics by joining the individual powder particles together . the binders 23 used in the present invention , and for that matter substrate polymers , are biocompatible and resorbable polymers , copolymers or blends such as those composed of lactic acid , glycolic acid , amides , anhydrides , orthroesters , dioxanones and many others . the weight percentage and molecular weight of the binder 23 is chosen to affect the resorption rate of the final structure . as opposed to normal binders used in the formation of ceramic structures , the binders 23 are not removed from the resulting structure by means of heat and oxidation . the binder materials 23 remain within the structure until resorbed after implantation . the binder material 23 is combined with the ceramic powder 22 by the use of a solvent 24 . the binder polymer 23 is dissolved within the solvent 24 and the ceramic powder 22 is added to form a slurry . the composition of the slurry preferably holds the ceramic powder 22 in suspension in the dissolved polymer / solvent mixture . there may be no chemical interaction between the ceramic powder 22 and this solution . in general , this slurry can also have pore forming agents such as sugar ( sucrose or dextrose ), salt ( sodium chloride or carbonate and bicarbonate ) and biologically active agents . the slurry may also have bio - compatible deflocculating agents ( usually less than a 1 % if any ) to assist in keeping the ceramic particles held in suspension in the solvent 24 . some of the usual solvents 24 that can be used are but not limited to acetone , pyrrolidone such as n - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone , ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate . it is possible to use a mixture of solvents to adjust the density and viscosity of the solution as well as the amount of polymer binder to be dissolved . as with all biomedical applications , the solvents used should be benign and least toxic . as such , the solvent must be removed by well known processes such as vacuum drying or super critical extraction . usually the binder polymer 23 in the slurry is the same as the substrate polymer 21 which is to be coated . it is also envisioned that the binder polymer 23 can be different than the substrate polymer 21 . medical application demands that the binder 23 and substrate polymer 21 be bio - compatible and resorbable . in the event that the binder and substrate polymers are different , the solvent ( or mixture of solvents ) to be used must be able to dissolve or at least make both the substrate polymer 21 and the binder material 23 sticky . if the solvent were removed by evaporation , extraction or leached into another medium before application to the substrate 21 , a composite structure would form of resorbable ceramic powder 22 in a resorbable binder polymer matrix 23 . this ceramic powder 22 is bound in the polymer matrix 23 of the precipitated resorbable polymer , leaving a resorbable composite which can be used as an implant . when the slurry is poured onto the substrate polymer 21 and is allowed to evaporate on the substrate polymer 21 , the solvents in the slurry also partially dissolves the substrate polymer 21 . eventually , the solvent will evaporate leaving the ceramic powder 22 bound by the binder 23 and partially dissolved substrate polymer 21 . the ratio of the binder polymer 23 to the solvent 24 can have a wide range , from very dilute to saturation . if lactosorb , offered by biomet , inc . of warsaw , ind ., is used as binder polymer 23 , the ratio of the binder polymer 23 to solvent 24 is between 9 to 12 g to 100 ml acetone . for saturation , the ratio is 15 g / 100ml acetone . in this range of solution composition , the other variable is the ceramic powder 22 volume fraction . by varying the weight percentage of ceramic powder 22 to binder polymer 23 , the percentage of polymer matrix 23 in the resulting product can be adjusted . so , the slurry could have a composition of dilute to saturated solution with particle volume fraction ranging from sparse to heavy . the preferred composition of the slurry will depend on the application or the characteristics of the coating . intuitively , if a longer resorption time were required , the binder polymer 23 would be close to saturation ( almost 15 g of lactosorb per 100 ml acetone . for devices showing faster resorption , a lower concentration solution would be used . the other variable i . e ., ceramic powder 22 volume fraction should not affect resorption rate , but the ceramic composition will affect resorption characteristics . as can be seen in fig2 several coating layers can be applied to the substrate . these layers can be in any order and can have varying ceramic volume fractions ranging from none to heavy loading as well as varying powder size . by varying the ceramic material , and the binder , resorption rates can be varied . as seen in fig3 the biocompatible resorbable ceramic coating 20 is formed as follows . in process step 30 , a binder polymer 23 is dissolved within a solvent 24 . in process step 31 , the ceramic powder 22 is mixed into the solvent 24 material so as to hold the ceramic powder 22 in suspension . deflocculating additives may be used to hold the ceramic powders 22 in suspension within the mixture . in process step 32 , the mixture is then deposited onto a substrate material 21 . should the substrate material 21 be of a polymer which is dissolvable by the particular solvent used , the surface layer of the substrate material begins to dissolve . in process step 33 , the solvent is removed by evaporation . the ceramic particles 22 are then imbedded within the dissolved surface layer of the substrate as well as in the binder material . as the ceramic powder 22 is bound into the surface of the substrate 21 , a mechanical lock is formed . if so desired , the slurry may be cast on a glass or other substrate with or without the benefit of spreading assisted by spinning . in such a case , instead of a coating , laminated structures of resorbable ceramic - polymer composites are fabricated . as before , the individual laminates can have varying particle size distribution , loading and composition . pore forming agents can be added to the solvent . these agents function to create pores within the binder material and allow for a variation of the resorption time . accordingly , a resorbable substrate material 21 having a resorbable polymer ceramic coating 20 is formed . the coating allows a user to adjust the resorption rate of the material . as seen in fig4 a standard bone plate 34 is shown using the aforementioned material . specifically , the resorption rate of a bone plate used in orthopedic procedures of the current invention can have tailorable resorption properties . the variable resorption rates lead to a significant benefit not seen in prior bone plate structures . for example , the resorption of the bone plate can be significantly slower than those bone plates formed by the substrate material alone . in particular , this can be useful in patients where bone regrowth would be expected to be much slower and , therefore , the support caused by the bone plate would need to be utilized by the patient for a much longer period of time . as mentioned before , a judicious choice of resorbable ceramic would help by supplying bone building elements . a wide variety of features can be utilized in the various material disclosed and described above . the foregoing discussion discloses and describes a preferred embodiment of the present invention . one skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion , and from the accompanying drawings that various changes , modifications , and variations can be made therein without departing from the true spirit and fair scope of the invention .
a bioresorbable material is disclosed having a ceramic and polymer coating . the ceramic and polymer coating increases the tailorability of resorption rates and properties and increases design flexibility by virtue of its simplicity .