as is shown in the drawings , which are included for purposes of illustration and not by way of limitation , the invention is embodied in a radiopaque marker 10 ( fig1 a , 1b , 2a , 2b , and 5 ). conventional radiopaque markers are limited in that they may comprise undesirable projections extending from a stent , may be arduous to attach , restrict the expansion capabilities of an expandable stent and may be ineffective in the identification of the position , orientation and configuration of a stent . the radiopaque marker 10 of the present invention defines an acceptable , very low profile , may be conveniently affixed to a stent , does not impede the expansion capabilities of an expandable stent , and may be useful in identifying the position , orientation and configuration of a stent within a blood vessel . the radiopaque marker of the present invention , therefore , provides superior means of marking a stent . the present invention facilitates precise placement of a stent 12 by way of its novel configuration , position upon a stent , and material properties . the characteristics of a radiopaque marker 10 are selected to assure that a stent 12 embodying the radiopaque marker 10 may benefit from the advantages which the invention provides . thus , radiopaque marker 10 may have various geometric shapes , comprise various materials and may be positioned anywhere on a stent 12 , so long as the desired advantages of the invention are achieved . while stent 12 can include any number of configurations , one preferred embodiment includes a plurality of cylindrical elements 13 which are interconnected so as to be generally aligned on a common longitudinal axis . stent 12 includes proximal end 14 and distal end 16 , and cylindrical elements 13 are attached by one or more connecting elements 17 . the connecting elements 17 interconnect the cylindrical elements so that each connecting element 17 connects only cylindrical elements that are adjacent to each other . each cylindrical element is formed from straight segments 18 connected by curved portions 20 which together form a generally serpentine pattern 21 . in a preferred embodiment , radiopaque marker 10 is plated upon an outer circumference of a generally cylindrical stent 12 and upon a proximal end 14 and a distal end 16 of the stent 12 . in another embodiment , it is contemplated that an inner circumference underlying the outer circumference be plated as well . by utilizing plating as the means for affixing radiopaque marker 10 to a stent 12 , a minimum profile may be achieved . it is contemplated that the thickness of radiopaque marker 10 be in the range of about 0 . 0003 to 0 . 003 inches . as such , the radiopaque marker 10 does not appreciably alter the profile of stent 12 and therefore , does not result in stent 12 having substantial projections extending into the blood flow or into the walls of the blood vessel being repaired . in addition , by plating or similarly affixing radiopaque material upon a stent , radiopaque markers 10 can be easily and accurately affixed to a stent . that is , plating is an improved means of affixing radiopaque material to stent 12 over conventional means of affixing radiopaque markers , such as sewing or bonding , which can be tedious and imprecise . although it is not necessary for all embodiments , the preferred embodiment contemplates that the entire circumference of the stent be plated at both its proximal end 14 and distal end 16 . it is also contemplated that the plating material may be gold or a material , such as platinum , which has similar radiopaque characteristics . it is significant that gold , or a similar material , is contemplated as the preferred radiopaque marker material . other metals suitable as radiopaque markers include , for example , platinum and silver . by selecting such a material , the stent may be effectively identified under fluoroscopy . in various conventional stents , the radiopaque material employed glows so brightly under fluoroscopy so as to obscure the lesion being repaired . in contrast , the images of radiopaque markers comprised of gold or platinum do not , under fluoroscopy , substantially obscure the lesion being repaired . it is also significant that the preferred embodiment contemplates affixing radiopaque markers 10 to the ends of stents 12 having various geometric configurations ( see fig2 a and 2b ). by doing so , the orientation or configuration of the stent 12 , irrespective of its geometric configuration , can be ascertained , which is particularly important to the determination of whether a stent has completely repaired a blood vessel . by noting the distance between the radiopaque bands , the length of the stent 12 can be ascertained and compared to an expected stent length . by observing the height or width of the radiopaque markers 10 , the extent of expansion of an expandable stent 12 can be ascertained and compared with expected values . similarly , by examining the radiopaque markers of the present invention under fluoroscopy , it can be determined whether the stent 12 is twisted or otherwise improperly seated within a vessel . the plating of radiopaque markers upon a stent may add some rigidity to a stent in the areas of plating . since this is the case , the preferred embodiment contemplates affixing radiopaque markers 10 to only those portions of an expandable stent 12 that do not deform upon expansion . as shown in fig1 a and 1b for example , radiopaque markers 10 may be affixed to straight segments 18 of the proximal end 14 and distal end 16 of a stent . upon expansion , the curved portions 20 of the stent 12 may deform so as to allow the stent 12 to expand , while the straight portions 18 may remain undeformed . by affixing radiopaque markers 10 to the straight portions 18 of stent 12 as shown in fig1 a and 1b , the additional rigidity added to the stent 12 by the radiopaque markers 10 does not impede expansion . therefore , an expandable stent having radiopaque markers 10 of the present invention can uniformly and predictably expand . in order to plate a radiopaque marker 10 upon a stent 12 , a mandrel 30 may be employed ( see fig3 a ). the mandrel 30 may comprise any suitable material formed into an elongate cylindrical shape having a main portion 21 with a cross - sectional diameter sized for receiving stent 12 . the mandrel may further embody a collar 22 formed or attached to one end of the mandrel 30 that has a cross - sectional diameter larger than that of stent 12 and two annular recesses 23 formed in the main portion 21 which have cross - sectional diameters less than that of the main portion 21 . the collar 22 functions as a stop and may aid in registering stent 12 upon the mandrel 30 . annular recesses 23 function to allow interior surfaces of stent 12 to be plated . in another embodiment of mandrel 30 ( fig3 b ), recesses 23 may be sufficiently shallow or be missing entirely from mandrel 30 so that , where desirable , interior surfaces of stent 12 are not plated with radiopaque material . in a preferred method , stent 12 is placed upon mandrel 30 and heat shrink tubing 32 ( see fig4 a and 4b ) is slipped over stent 12 . the heat shrink tubing 32 is then exposed to heat to shrink the tubing on the stent 12 . it is contemplated that the heat be concentrated at a midpoint of the heat shrink tubing 32 and then gradually apply heat towards each end so as to prevent distortion of the stent . the shrink tubing 32 may be any polyester having heat shrink properties and the ability to mask the stent during the electroplating process . once the heat shrink tubing 32 is snug upon stent 12 , the stent may be precisely positioned on the mandrel 30 and then temporarily secured in place using a high temperature wax . where it is desired to plate an interior as well as an exterior surface of stent 12 , the annular recesses 23 may be aligned with the interior portions of the stent 12 desired to be plated ( see fig4 a ). where it is deemed undesirable to plate the interior surface , no such further alignment is necessary ( see fig4 b ). next , the curved portions 20 ( fig1 b ) of stent 12 as well as the ends of the mandrel 30 can be dipped in high temperature wax to prevent them from being plated . in order to plate the desired portions of stent 12 , the heat shrink tubing 32 surrounding portions of the stent 12 to be plated may be cut away using a standard co 2 laser or its equivalent . the laser output is to be limited so that stent 12 and mandrel 30 are not affected . by utilizing a mandrel 30 without annular recesses ( see fig3 b and 4b ), portions of the heat shrink tubing 32 may be lased away so that only the outer circumferences of stent 12 may be plated . by employing the mandrel 30 illustrated in fig3 a and 4a , portions of the heat shrink tubing 32 overlaying annular recesses 23 may be lased away , thereby resulting in a stent 12 having desired portions of its interior as well as its exterior 12 plated with radiopaque material ( see fig2 b ). as with any electroplating process , an electrical current is used in the process of putting a metallic coating on a metal or other conducting surface . in the preferred embodiment , a gold solution exists in the form of positively charged ions that have lost one or more electrons . the stent is connected to the cathode or negative terminal and the anode , or positive electric terminal , is connected to the stainless steel mandrel 30 which is dipped into the gold solution . the ions are attracted to the cathode and the coating is deposited on the stent metal surface . as is known in the art , the thickness of the layer deposited depends on the amperage of the electric current , the concentration of the metallic ions and the length of time that the stent is plated . the plating process should be at a low enough amperage to prevent mapping , nodules , and a matte surface . after plating the gold on the stent , the wax is removed from stent 12 and mandrel 30 by inserting them in acetone or an equivalent solution . as can be appreciated from the drawings ( fig2 a and 2b ), the end portions 36 , 38 of a stent 12 which are not masked , are plated with radiopaque material and the portions of the stent 12 which are masked , are not plated . once the stent 12 is plated with a radiopaque marker 10 , it is removed from the mandrel 30 and the heat shrink tubing 24 is stripped away . the heat shrink tubing 24 may be removed , for example , by cutting it with a laser or in the alternative , dissolved with chemicals . finally , the mandrel is withdrawn from the plated stent 12 and the stent 12 may be cleaned with an alcomox or equivalent solution . in another embodiment , the entire exterior surface of a stent may be plated with radiopaque material . subsequent to plating , the stent 12 is masked and subjected to etching . in this embodiment , the areas designated to retain radiopaque material are masked and the radiopaque material is etched away from the remaining portions of the stent . in yet another embodiment , radiopaque markers having some pattern are affixed to a generally cylindrical stent so as to facilitate the identification , position and configuration of a stent 12 within a blood vessel . for example , the pattern of a radiopaque marker 10 may be in the form of a sine wave . as the sine wave expands along with the stent during deployment , it is visible under fluoroscopy and it can be determined whether the stent 12 is properly seated within a blood vessel by viewing the amplitude and shape of the sine wave radiopaque marker . as another example , as depicted in fig5 the pattern of a radiopaque marker 10 may be a continuous or dashed line extending from the proximal end 14 to the distal end 16 of stent 12 . a longitudinal marker of the type described will allow the doctor to determine if the stent has twisted upon deployment or if it expanded unevenly . in an alternative embodiment , a radiopaque plastic may be coated or affixed to all or a portion of a stent . in this embodiment , a radiopaque plastic is formed by loading a plastic material with a radiopaque material such as barium sulfate or bismute trioxide . the resultant mixture is then coated or affixed to the stent . several methods of affixing the radiopaque material to the stent are contemplated and include : ( 1 ) melting the radiopaque material and then dipping the stent into the melt ; ( 2 ) solvent casting ; and ( 3 ) vacuum deposition . these methods are generally known and various process steps are apparent to those skilled in the art . as with the plating process steps described above , the stent can be masked and mounted on a mandrel and then coated by dipping , solvent casting , or vacuum deposition . from the foregoing it will be appreciated that the radiopaque marker of the invention effectively identifies the location and configuration of a stent within a patient &# 39 ; s body lumen and provides a method and apparatus for constructing the same . while several particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described , it will also be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . thus , it should be understood that various changes in form , and detail , and application of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention .
a radiopaque marker associated with a stent which is adapted to be implanted into a patient &# 39 ; s body lumen to maintain the patency thereof and a convenient and accurate method for affixing the radiopaque marker to the stent . the radiopaque marker defining an acceptable profile and capable of facilitating , under fluoroscopy , the identification of the position , diameter and length of a stent without obscuring the lesion being repaired and without impeding the deformation of an expandable stent .