referring now to the drawings , wherein like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views , there is shown in fig1 and 2 a reflector comprised of a first or front substrate 26 , which may be comprised of glass or plastic or the like . a first hologram 28 is disposed on the back surface of the first substrate 26 . the first hologram may be comprised of a material such as dichromated gelatin or the like . a second or back substrate 30 has a second hologram 32 disposed on the front surface thereof . holograms 28 , 32 are disposed on the respective substrates 26 , 30 placed adjacent to each other and are bonded together by means of an adhesive 34 such as transparent epoxy or the like . holograms 28 , 32 and the respective substrate 26 , 30 are formed in the same shape so that when bonded together they will result in reflector 20 having a predetermined contour formed in the shape of a visor for attachment to an aviator &# 39 ; s helmet . fig3 shows an expanded cross - sectional view of the holographic reflector 20 along the lines 3 -- 3 as shown in fig2 . referring to fig2 and 3 , holograms 28 , 32 contain holographic fringes positioned normal to the average paths of incident radiation from an external laser to average locations to left eye 22 and right eye 24 on the back side of substrate 30 . eye 22 utilizes hologram 32 within the angle θ to reflect incident radiation since the fringes therein are recorded so that effective mirrors are formed perpendicular to all incident light received by eye 22 . hologram 28 has fringes recorded so that incident laser radiation received within the angle φ is reflected by effective mirrors created by the fringes normal to the radiation providing maximum reflectivity . the fringe spacing of each hologram 28 and 32 are equal and are determined by the frequency of the laser radiation which is required to be reflected . as shown in fig3 incident radiation from other than horizontal planes are also reflected by virtue of the fringes forming effective holographic reflective mirrors which are normal to incident laser radiation received within the angle α . fig4 shows a plan view of the cross section of reflector 20 illustrating effective mirrors 23a , 23b and 25a , 25b in representative positioning of said mirrors with respect to the incident radiation to eyes 22 and 24 respectively . radiation 21a is reflected by effective holographic mirror 23a formed in hologram 32 by the holographic fringes therein . eye 24 is protected from incident radiation 27a by effective holographic mirror 25a formed in hologram 28 by the fringes therein . mirror 23b formed by the fringes of hologram 28 reflects radiation 21b protecting eye 24 ; likewise incident radiation 27b will be reflected from effective holographic mirror 25b formed by the holographic fringes of hologram 32 . a reflection efficiency of 99 . 9 % is provided by the effective holographic mirrors being positioned normal to incident radiation as illustrated in fig4 . holograms 28 , 30 reflect laser radiation within predetermined angular ranges θ and α , and θ and αrespectively . as shown in fig2 and 4 , fringes recorded in hologram 28 , 32 form concentric arcs with radii centered about eye 24 , 22 respectively . as shown in fig3 holograms 28 , 32 provide an angular protection range of α therefore making reflector 20 effective over other than one horizontal plane . the recorded fringes form concentric arcs having radii centered at eye 24 . hologram construction for achieving a given peak reflection wavelength is generally known in the art . see , for example , collier et al ., optical holography , academic press , 1971 , which shows the mechanics of building a hologram to achieve a given peak reflection wavelength . fig5 and 6 illustrate the method which may be employed to manufacture the holograms utilized in the holographic reflector 20 of the present invention . fig5 shows the construction laser wavefront w emanating from a point at the location of right eye 22 . wavefront w passes through the recording film 28 and through the transparent substrate 26 . wavefront w is then reflected from a mirror 42 which is concentric around eye position 22 so that it is reflected back on itself passing through the substrate 26 in the opposite direction . the interference pattern between the outgoing and reflected waves make an interference pattern in space that is normal to the ray directions or lines of sight from the eye position at 22 . these interference patterns or fringes f are recorded on holographic film 28 and form the effective reflective mirrors therein to protect eye 22 . in a similar manner the exposure apparatus shown in fig6 in which a wavefront w emanates from the center of the left eye 24 is reflected and forms fringes f in recording film 32 to shield the left eye 24 . it can further be seen that only one exposure apparatus need be constructed because by rotating the apparatus of fig5 ° we can form the apparatus of fig6 . additionally instead of rotating the apparatus it is only necessary to rotate the finished holographic element . note that it is necessary only to construct two holograms in the same apparatus as shown in fig6 . one hologram should have the recording gelatin on the convex side of the substrate as shown in fig5 gelatin surface 28 . both recorded holograms can then be cemented together to form the two eye protective device shown in fig2 . for the purpose of completeness , and as an example of a specific design , a holographic reflector constructed according to the invention utilized holographic fringes recorded normal to incident radiation 5 and provided a 99 . 9 % rejection efficiency of laser radiation at 0 . 5041 microns over a 24 . 5 ° angular range but yet allowed 90 percent photopic see - through transmission of desirable wavelengths . the protective visor shilded the eye over a 4 centimeter diameter region centered 3 centimeters from the midpoint between the eye . the 4 centimeters included a two centimeter width of the exposed eye region , about one centimeter to accommodate individual eye position variation and one centimeter horizontal visor position tolerance . the visor provided an angular shielding range of approximately 30 ° requiring it to be placed about 80 centimeters from the eye in order to shield the four centimeter region of the eye . some of the many advantages of the present invention should now be readily apparent . the invention allows for a holographic reflection diffraction grating that can be put on a pilot &# 39 ; s visor and that would reject 99 . 9 % of a specific visible laser wavelength and still have 90 % photopic see - through transmission . the invention will provide maximum reflection of laser radiation with holograms which have limited angular efficiency range . a further advantage of the invention is that holographic gratings can be fabricated on a visor of arbitrary shape since fringe surfaces are normal to the incident radiation . obviously , many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in view of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced than otherwise as specifically described .
a diffractive radiation shield for protecting eyes and radiation sensitive devices from laser radiation . the shield utilizes one or more holograms disposed on transparent substrates . these holograms consist of spherical holographic fringes recorded in a dischromated gel with which the substrates are coated . the holographic fringes reflect laser radiation which is normal to their respective surfaces . reflectivity is maximized for a particular wavelength by proper selection of the fringe spacing . the shield may be configured as a visor for an aviator &# 39 ; s helmet .