all patents , patent applications and literatures that may be cited herein are incorporated herein by reference . referring to fig1 a product to be treated is placed on pallets and loaded into a treatment vessel 1 . the treatment vessel 1 is a steel chamber 2 with temperature control provided by temperature monitor and controller 10 and heating jackets 3 that surround the exterior of the chamber 2 and pressure control provided by pressure monitor and controller 11 . the chamber 2 is equipped with a door 4 , which , when shut , the chamber 2 can be described as vacuum tight . the chamber 2 is equipped with air injection system 5 , steam injection system 6 and evacuation system 7 . it may also be equipped with an inert gas injection system 8 . the apparatus includes improvements that are incorporated into the invention . prior to initiating the method , a desired treatment temperature is selected . for example , in many cases effective bacterial decontamination can be achieved by elevating product temperature above 160 ° f . ( 71 . 11 ° c .). whereas the viability of noxious weed seeds can often be reduced at 212 ° f . ( 100 ° c .). insects have varying ability to withstand elevated temperatures , as well . based on selected temperature , a pressure is determined from the saturated steam tables ( crc handbook of physics and chemistry ). in this example a pressure of 5 . 3361 psia would provide a saturated steam temperature of 165 ° f . ( 73 . 89 ° c .). this temperature exceeds the target temperature and ensures that the entire product load achieves the target temperature . using the temperature monitor and controller 10 , the chamber jackets 3 are heated to approximately 10 ° f . (− 12 . 22 ° c .) higher than the target temperature . the additional energy provided by the chamber jackets 3 superheats the environment and maintains steam quality . the process of the invention may occur in a range of about 0 . 1 - 14 psia . once the chamber door 4 has been sealed , turning on the vacuum pump 9 lowers the pressure . the pressure continues to drop to as low an absolute pressure below the target pressure as the system can attain . steam is injected via the steam injection system 6 into the chamber 2 until the pressure monitor and controller 11 determines that the pressure is equal to the target pressure . the steam may be introduced continuously or in a pulsed fashion . then the vacuum pump 9 is turned on again . a balance of steam flowing into the chamber and out of the chamber is created so that the pressure remains constant . ideally , the flow into the vacuum system remains at a maximum for the entire phase . this rapid flow of steam minimizes boundary layers surrounding the product and assists in removing concentration of air from the chamber . the process is self - limiting in that the temperature cannot exceed a known maximum and cannot fall below a known minimum . as the air concentration approaches 0 %, the product and chamber temperatures will converge on the temperature dictated by the steam table . the maximum temperature that can be achieved in the product is equal to the heating jacket temperature and the minimum temperature that can be achieved is approximately the temperature dictated by the saturated steam table at the chamber pressure . this resolves the issues of overheating portions of a load in an effort to achieve the minimum temperature in another region . once the target temperature has been achieved , the process continues for a predetermined period of time . for example , the process may continue for 1 - 6 hours or more to ensure adequate lethality within the product load . adequate lethality occurs when the target bioburden that are sensitive to the pre - selected temperature have been killed . by using the process of the invention , one can select a temperature sufficiently low to protect the product but sufficiently high to kill the target bioburden . for example , many spices can be safely heated at 170 ° f . ( 76 . 67 ° c .) to treat for salmonella , which is killed at 160 ° f . ( 71 . 11 ° c .). following the dwell period , the product is cooled and dried . cooling is carried out in accordance with conventional methods . for example , the chamber may be flushed with multiple inert gas washes via the inert gas ejection system 8 . nitrogen heated to the chamber target temperature may be added to the chamber until the pressure is at or above atmospheric pressure . the vacuum pump 9 is turned on and the pressure is reduced to the minimum pressure attainable in the system . this nitrogen pulse followed by re - evacuation is repeated until the produce temperature stops falling . product temperature decreases as subsequent washes remove water from the product load . as the water evaporates the load cools . maintaining the heating jackets 3 on the chamber 2 at the elevated temperature ensures that condensation does not occur and that steam removal occurs as efficiently as possible . at this time , air is introduced into the chamber and the process is complete . according to another embodiment , the process begins with an initial evacuation . steam to a pressure p1a lower than the final target pressure is introduced . the steam flows or is pulsed at this pressure until the product temperature is uniformly heated to t1a and the air is removed from the chamber . the steam is injected to pressure p1 and the temperature rises to t1 , the target pressure and temperature , for the process as previously described , where it is dwelled . the process proceeds as described above . this process is a suitable alternative for products which cannot stand exposure to elevated temperatures for extended periods . by introducing a dwell early in the process at a lower temperature and pressure , the product is pre - heated to a “ safe ” temperature and the air from the load is completely displaced . the saturated steam environment provides a better media to transfer heat upon the introduction of steam from p1a to p1 . the product is thus warmed , the air is eliminated and the product is moistened . steam is then injected to the higher pressure and the temperature through the load rises quickly . the present invention will be further illustrated by the following non - limiting examples : almonds were intentionally inoculated with a nonpathogenic strain of listeria . the almonds were then treated with saturated stem in accordance with the method of the invention . controls were inoculated but not treated . almonds were either whole nutmeats without the shell or chopped nutmeats . the above data represents the process used to treat the almond samples . the variables above may be changed in accordance with the invention . after treatment , the almonds were tested for the presence of listeria using well - known detection techniques . niger seed imported from myanmar and india as feed for finches , is contaminated with noxious weeds not indigenous to the united states , including dodder ( cuscuta spp .). in addition to dodder , these weeds may include , cuscuta japonica , asphodelus fistulosus , borreria alata , commelina benghalensis , impomea triloba , ischaemum rugosum , oryza sp . ( red rice ), paspalum scrobiculatum , setaria pallide - fusca and urochloa panicoidea , eleusine spp ., seteria spp ., pennisetum spp ., panicum spp ., echinochloa spp ., sorghum spp ., zea mays , and oryza spp . after treatment by the method of the invention , the germination rate of these contaminating seeds was 0 %. various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention . accordingly , it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the description as set forth herein , but rather that the invention be broadly construed .
a method and apparatus for significantly reducing the biological load on consumer products such as food products , spices , produce , botanicals , cosmetic ingredients , barrels , pallets , crates , birdseed and medical products is disclosed . the method involves applying a continuous stream of saturated steam to a material in a sealed biological burden reduction chamber . the continuous stream of saturated steam is created in said chamber by correlating a desired temperature to pressure based on the use of saturated steam tables . the apparatus includes : a bioburden reduction chamber ; a temperature controller ; an air injection system ; a steam injection system ; and an evacuation system .