different aspects of the invention are described in terms of an afo , which is the preferred embodiment , however it will be clear to the skilled in the art that the invention extends to other orthosis requiring adjustability in pre - loading and moment . some preferred embodiments are described below . fig1 is a general depiction of an ankle foot brace . a calf section 1 is articulated to a foot section 2 through two joints 3 and 4 respectively . while a single joint brace is also useful , the preferred embodiment calls for utilizing two joints . fig2 depicts a cross section of the preferred embodiment of the invention in an unloaded state . the calf portion 1 and the foot portion 2 of the brace , each have a compression surface 7 and 8 respectively . a tensor 60 is coupled to the calf portion and to the foot portion and holds the portions together . in the preferred embodiment the tensor is coupled using fasteners , such as screws , rivets and the like . the tensor is made of resilient material having relatively high tensile strength in at least one plane . the tensor is sufficiently stiff to resist unwanted over flexion , yet sufficiently flexible to allow for a full range of motion . this effect is achieved by a quality described as overall bending stiffness . bending stiffness is described by ei , the product of young &# 39 ; s modulus of elasticity ( e ) and the second moment of inertia ( i ). in other words , the bending stiffness of the tensor can be varied by changing the material ( thus modulus of elasticity ) or the shape ( or size ) of the cross section of the tensor . the values presented in these specifications for overall bending stiffness are values of bending stiffness ( ei ) divided by the length of the tensor ( l ) [ overall bending stiffness = ei / l ]. the values presented are for tensors with a consistent cross section throughout the length of the tensor . it will be clear to the skilled in the art that equivalent overall bending stiffness may be achieved with an infinite range of various cross sections within the length of the tensor . the preferred embodiment will use tensors having varying cross section to better support the mounting points . as mentioned above , a common problem during donning an afo is interference between the foot and foot section . a common way of donning the brace involves sliding the foot from the calf section to the foot section . therefore it is desirable to provide support for the foot as it slides down the brace creating a ‘ foot funnel ’ to assist in donning . in the preferred embodiment the tensors are located on the inside surface of the brace , and therefore provide a continuity , over which the foot glides as it is being inserted into the brace . it is therefore clear why the preferred embodiment uses a generally flat tensor , mounted with its flat side mounted substantially parallel to the inner surface of the brace , and most preferably coplanar therewith . thus the tensors of the joint create a “ slide ” that bridges the gap between the calf section and the foot section . this provides a smooth ‘ foot funnel ’. it is noted however that other tensor cross sections are also applicable . placing of the joint posterior superior to the ankle joint further assists in creating such a ‘ foot funnel ’. furthermore , the preferred embodiment would comprise one or more of the tensors be an integral part of the calf section , thus providing a smoother ‘ foot funnel ’ effect . preferably , the tensor has several anchor points to vary its length and thus the distance between the calf portion and the foot portion . in the preferred embodiment , the tensor is flat , and the anchor points are drilled through the flat side , i . e . the anchor points are transverse to the flat side , therefore allowing easy mounting of the tensor to the foot and calf portions , while crating the ‘ foot funnel ’ described above . alternatively , different sizes of tensors may be provided , and / or a plurality of anchor points may be provided in the brace shell . a compression element 20 ( equivalently referred to as a bumper in these specifications ) is disposed between the two compression surfaces 7 and 8 . the bumper 20 may be held in place by any desired method , such as glue , fastener , strap and the like , but the most preferred embodiment calls for a chamber bounded by side walls and top walls 5 and 15 integral to the brace sections , and the tensor 60 . such chamber holds the bumper securely and limits the movement of the bumper during both compressed and free states . most preferably the chamber is formed in two parts , divided between the calf portion and the foot portion , each formed integrally into the respective brace portion . this construction allows for a strong support to the compression surfaces 7 and 8 that constitute one wall of the chamber . the chamber walls may be formed separate from the compression surfaces , and other methods of creating the chamber will also be apparent to the skilled in the art . the compression surfaces are preferably flat , but may take any desired form as long as they are capable of transmitting the plantarflexion moment forces to the bumper . one or more of the compression surfaces may be adjustable as shown for example in fig1 to allow fine tuning of the preload and / or the plantarflexion resistance . such adjustability may be provided by screws 7 b , cams , ratchets , or any other arrangement that will be known to the skilled in the art for varying the location of a surface 7 a without compromising its load bearing capacity . preferably , the bumper consists of a piece of flexible material having relatively low modulus of elasticity . the modulus of elasticity is commonly known as ‘ durometer number ’ after a common instrument to measure the compressibility of the material . materials such as rubber , silicone , urethane , polyurethane , surlyn ™, foam , and the like , are but few examples of suitable bumper material . however alternative bumper construct may be used such as springs , jell cells , pneumatic containers , hydraulic cells , and other implements that provide elastic response to plantarflexion forces . preferably , the bumper is slightly oversized to the chamber size . thus the unloaded foot portion of the brace is set at an acute angle to the calf section . the preload angle of the foot and calf sections may be adjusted by selecting bumpers of varying dimensions as regards to size and / or shape . while the bumper may be attached to the brace , compression walls or chamber , it is preferably floating , i . e . freely disposed , within the chamber . the preferred embodiment utilizes a compression fit into one half of the chamber and a looser fit into the other half . the floating bumper allows for inexpensive manufacturing and easy bumper replacement . the tensor attaches the foot and calf portions , and carries the load applied by the foot . as shown in fig3 , during plantarflexion , the compression surfaces transmit the moment force applied by plantarflexion , as forces indicated by vectors y and y ′, to the bumper . as the bumper has a relatively low modulus of elasticity it allows a certain amount of compression and resists excessive plantarflexion . thus the modulus of elasticity and the bumper dimensions allow adjustability of the resistance to plantarflexion . fig3 depicts a side view of a joint according to a preferred embodiment during plantarflexion , with the bumper 20 in a compressed state . the bumper is partially enclosed by a chamber formed by pockets in the calf section 1 and in the foot section 2 . as shown in fig1 and 5 , the tensor 60 defines another boundary , or wall , of the chamber . the skilled in the art will recognize that the tensor is under tension load , while the bumper is under compression load . therefore the tensor and bumper form a strong joint that provides full range of motion and simultaneously provides resistance to excessive platerflexion . as can be seen in fig1 , the preferred embodiment calls for the tensor to be placed on the interior surface of the brace and for the chamber to be formed in the exterior surface of the brace . fig4 depicts the rear view of the preferred embodiment of the joint , and fig5 provides a view of the front ( preferably the one close to the foot ). fig5 also shows an optional way to adjust the effective length of the tensor by selecting one of a plurality of mounting holes serving as anchor points . doing so allows for angular , lateral , or medial adjustment between the foot portion and calf portions . the skilled in the art will recognize that a similar method employing a plurality of mounting in the foot portion , the calf portion , or in both , will achieve equivalent result that is also within the scope of the invention . in both cases , it is preferred that the tensor anchor points are transverse to the flat side of the tensor . preferably a gap 22 exists between the calf and foot portions . the inner chamber wall is depicted by a dashed line 25 . fasteners 27 are preferably used to attach the tensor to the foot and calf portions . fig6 is a perspective view of the joint showing the tensor , bumper , and the chambers partially surrounding he bumper . fig7 depicts a cross section of the joint at dashed lines aa in fig4 . in certain cases for an afo it is desirable to limit the maximum distance that the foot may travel , such as to prevent a drop foot . when one or more of the relatively rigid chamber walls meet , ( such as the chamber outer walls 5 and 15 ) further motion is prevented , however such direct contact of the foot and calf portion may result in abrupt stop of the foot motion . fig8 shows an example of a motion limiting arrangement that offers a more gradual motion limit by having the chamber walls 5 and 15 apply force to a stopper 30 having a higher modulus of elasticity , which results in increased resistance to excessive plantarflexion without the jarring motion two rigid parts coming into abrupt contact . clearly , other placement of the stopper 30 and the respective surfaces applying forces thereto are possible , however the placement of the stopper in the vicinity or within the bumper are preferred as it places the stopper in proximity to the tensors and thus allow better force distribution . fig9 is a cross section of the preferred embodiment , showing how bumpers may be replaced . a notable advantage of the preferred embodiments is the chamber , which allows the bumper to float freely therein , requiring no means of attachment of the bumper to the brace . this advantage eases field adjustability of the brace for the needs of individual patients , by simple replacement of the bumper . in order to replace the bumper , the two portions are angularly rotated about the tensor , creating a sufficiently large opening in the chamber to allow the bumper to be withdrawn . therefor , in the most preferred embodiment , it is highly desirable to utilize a tensor having high tensile strength along the axis between its mounting points , and sufficiently flexible to allow resilient bending between the foot portion relative to the calf portion , thus allowing easy replacement of the bumper . to best achieve those goals in the present preferred embodiments , the tensor will have an overall bending stiffness in at least one axis , of between 0 . 035 and 1 . 3 nm , where the range between 0 . 08 and 0 . 9 nm is preferred . presently , it is believed that the ideal range is between 0 . 2 is 0 . 5 nm . in certain cases it is advantageous to place the hinges near ankle . fig1 shows a brace with such placement . furthermore , the joint depicted in fig1 is of an alternative design , details of which are shown on fig1 , 12 and 13 . in this embodiment , the bumper and the tensor are both inserted from the inside of the brace . tensor 60 is inserted inside the chamber , alongside the bumper 20 , as can be seen in fig1 which is a cross section along the lines bb in fig1 . in order to maintain the bumper 20 in position , the tensor in this embodiment is shaped with a bumper holder 90 . the bumper holder may be any protrusion extending to hold the bumper in place , however the preferred embodiment uses fingers that are bent about 90 degrees to the plane of the tensor as seen in fig1 . optionally , this embodiment offers yet another advantage : if desired , the tensor may have slots 62 cut therein that interact with protrusions ( not shown ) in the calf and foot portions of the brace , to achieve anchoring . such arrangement provides easy anchoring of the tensor and the tension forces are transferred to the tensor via the slots . the slots obviate the need for fasteners and therefore reduce the cost of manufacture . holes 61 are preferably cut into the tensor and engage with matching teeth in the brace to hold the tensor in place . fig1 shows an embodiment of the invention as it may be applied to a wrist hand orthosis . the upper forearm section 12 is hingedly connected to the lower hand section 11 . the skilled in the art will recognize that the operation of the joints as described above between the calf and foot portions will be equivalently applicable to the operation of such joints between the forearm and wrist sections . therefore while the majority of the description related to the afo example , the scope of the claims clearly extends to the wrist hand orthosis and other similar orthosis types . it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to what has been described hereinabove merely by way of example . while there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other embodiments , changes , and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention and that it is , therefore , aimed to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention , for which letters patent is applied .
an orthosis having at least one adjustable joint for articulating two hinged parts of the orthosis , the joint comprises a tensor for carrying the load applied between the two hinged parts . compression surfaces coupled to the hinged parts are constructed to apply compression forces to a compression element when the angle between the two parts widens . preferably the compression element comprises a block of resilient material . the joint allows adjustability of the unloaded angle between the hinged parts by varying the dimensions of the block , while selecting blocks having different compressional characteristics such as modulus of elasticity allows varying the degree of resistance to widening the angle between the two hinged parts . the joint is particularly advantageous in constructing an articulating leg brace .