the following description is of the current embodiment for carrying out the invention . this description is not to be taken in a limiting sense , but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention . as shown in fig6 , the system of the present invention comprises , an implanted stimulator 75 , implanted lead 40 , an external stimulator 42 , and an external programmer 85 . as shown in fig7 , the implantable stimulator 75 contains two stimulator assemblies 68 , 70 which operate in a coordinated fashion with control circuitry coordinating the two assemblies . the stimulus - receiver module 68 , which is outside of the titanium can 65 is similar to an inductively coupled stimulation system , known in the art as “ rf neurostimulation system ”. the second assembly , which is encased in a titanium can 65 is the implanted pulse generator ( ipg ) 70 deriving power from an implanted battery . control circuitry means ensures that the two assemblies operate correctly , and in a coordinated fashion . a simplified schematic and block diagram of the implantable stimulator 75 is shown in fig2 . the inductively coupled stimulus - receiver module 68 is shown in the left part of the diagram , and the battery - operated portion 70 is shown on right side of the diagram . the battery - operated portion 70 is also referred to as ipg 70 , implanted pulse generator 70 , stimulator subassembly 70 , and battery operated module 70 in this disclosure . much of the circuitry included within this embodiment of the ipg 70 is realized on single application specific integrated circuit ( asic ). this allows the overall size of the ipg 70 , to be quite small and readily housed within a suitable hermetically - sealed case , such as one made of titanium . using cmos technology and monolithic design , the analog and digital functions are integrated on a silicon chip approximately 5 mm × 5 mm in size . hybrid technology being used as a reliable connection technology for the wiring of the ic with non - integrated discrete components ( like quartz oscillators , tantalum capacitors , coils of transmission , reed contacts , etc ). the implantable stimulator 75 is implanted in a patient , in the usual fashion by making an incision to expose the nerve ( s ) for placement of the electrode approximately just above or below the level of the diaphragm . one pair of electrodes is placed for unilateral stimulation or two pairs of electrodes are placed ( using 2 leads ) for bilateral stimulation . the single lead 40 or both leads are connected to the pulse generator 75 . the pulse generator 75 is placed in a bluntly dissected pocket . the incision is closed in layers in the usual manner , and stimulation can begin after the tissues are healed ( approximately 2 weeks ). once implanted , in the system and method of this invention , pulsed electrical stimulation can be performed either via an external stimulator 42 in conjunction with the stimulus - receiver module 68 ( fig6 ), or via the implanted pulse generator 70 according to parameters which are programmed via an external programmer 85 . it also being understood that there may be two stimulators and two separate leads as shown in fig5 b and 5c . in one aspect of the invention , the physician can asses the stimulation parameters in terms of efficacy and tolerability to the patient , by using the external stimulator 42 in conjunction with the stimulus - receiver module 68 . advantageously , the external stimulator 42 is networked , and can be controlled by a physician via the internet , from a distant location . once the optimal stimulation parameters are assessed and the stimulation dose is “ titrated ”, the stimulation parameters can then be programmed into the implanted pulse generator 70 using the external programmer 85 . the “ tuning ” of the vagus nerve 54 ( or another cranial nerve ), for a particular patient , can be performed in one of two ways with the external stimulator 42 . one method is to activate one of several “ pre - determined ” programs . a second method is to “ custom ” program the electrical parameters which can be selectively programmed , for specific disease state of the individual patient . selected useful “ customized ” programs can then be saved in the memory of the external stimulator 42 . the electrical parameters that can be individually programmed , include variables such as pulse amplitude , pulse width , pulses per second , stimulation on - time , and stimulation off - time among others . the system of the present invention is designed such that when stimulation is applied via the external stimulator 42 through the primary ( external ) coil 46 , and is picked up by the implanted ( secondary ) coil 48 , the battery operated stimulation module ( ipg ) 70 is temporarily suspended . this is accomplished through the comparator circuitry 178 , 180 which sends a control signal to the controller 184 , causing the battery operated stimulator module 70 to suspend operation and go into “ sleep mode ”. the length of time for this “ sleep mode ” is programmable with the external programmer 85 . the external stimulator 42 comprises numerous pre - packaged programs , which may range anywhere from two to three hundred programs . in addition , “ customized ” programs specifically tailored to the physiology of the individual patient , can be generated and stored in one of the several memories available in the external stimulator 42 . new programs can be loaded into the external stimulator 42 , preferably as described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 366 , 814 b1 , incorporated herein by reference . each pre - packaged program comprises a unique combination of electrical pulse stimulation parameters such as pulse amplitude , pulse width , number of pulses per second , on - time and off - time . examples of mild stimulation programs may be , 0 . 75 ma current output , 0 . 2 msec pulse width , 15 hz frequency , 15 sec on time - 1 . 0 min off time , in repeating cycles . 1 . 0 ma current output , 0 . 3 msec pulse width , 20 hz frequency , 20 sec on time - 2 . 0 min off time , in repeating cycles . 2 . 0 ma current output , 0 . 2 msec pulse width , 25 hz frequency , 20 sec on time - 1 . 0 min off time , in repeating cycles . 2 . 5 ma current output , 0 . 25 msec pulse width , 25 hz frequency , 30 sec on time - 1 . 0 min off time , in repeating cycles . 2 . 5 ma current output , 0 . 3 msec pulse width , 30 hz frequency , 40 sec on time - 1 . 5 min off time , in repeating cycles . 3 . 0 ma current output , 0 . 4 msec pulse width , 40 hz frequency , 30 sec on time - 1 . 0 min off time , in repeating cycles . it being understood , that the above programs are examples only , and the actual programs may deviate from these programs . in addition to the prepackaged programs , customized stimulation programs may be programmed from a range of parameters shown in table 3 . the parameters in table 3 are the electrical signals delivered to the nerve via the two electrodes 61 , 62 ( distal and proximal ) around the nerve , as shown in fig5 a . it being understood that the signals generated by the external stimulator and transmitted via the primary coil 46 ( antenna ) are larger , because the attenuation factor between the primary coil 46 and secondary coil 48 is approximately 10 - 20 times , depending upon the distance , and orientation between the two coils 46 , 48 . accordingly , the range of transmitted signals of the external pulse generator 42 are approximately 10 - 20 times larger than shown in table 3 . in the method and system of current invention , much of the stimulation parameter “ dose ” titration , and patient tolerability to “ aggressive ” stimulation can be performed without the patient having to go to the clinic or physician &# 39 ; s office for programming . many of the pre - packaged programs may be initially locked out to the patient . during the course of therapy , the physician can selectively activate the few programs that the patient is going to try for evaluating efficacy of therapy and patient tolerance . the remote activation and de - activation of selected pre - packaged programs may be performed by the physician or medical staff from a distant location using cable modem and internet , preferably as described in a co - pending application ser . no . 09 / 794 , 530 . alternatively , the medical staff can activate ( and de - activate ) selected pre - packaged programs over the wireless internet as disclosed in another co - pending application ser . no . 09 / 837 , 565 . both of the disclosures being incorporated herein in their entirety by reference . such activation and de - activation of selected pre - packaged programs may be used in “ titrating ” the optimal dose for therapy . patient tolerance to such nerve stimulation therapy can vary widely . once the particular patient &# 39 ; s tolerance and response is “ characterized ”, the stimulation parameters can be programmed into the battery operated module 70 of the implanted stimulator 75 via an external programmer 85 . with reference to fig2 , for the functioning of the inductively coupled stimulus - receiver 68 , a primary ( external ) coil 46 is placed in close proximity to secondary ( implanted ) coil 48 . the primary coil 46 may be taped to skin 90 , or other means may be used for keeping the primary coil in close proximity . referring to the left portion of fig2 , the amplitude and pulse width modulated radiofrequency signals from the primary ( external ) coil 46 are electromagnetically coupled to the secondary ( implanted ) coil 48 in the implanted unit 75 . the two coils , 46 and 48 thus act like an air - gap transformer . the system having means for proximity sensing between the two coils and feedback regulation of signals as described more fully in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 473 , 652 b1 , which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference . again with reference to fig2 , the combination of capacitor 152 and inductor 48 tunes the receiver circuitry to the high frequency of the transmitter with the capacitor 152 . the receiver is made sensitive to frequencies near the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit and less sensitive to frequencies away from the resonant frequency . a diode bridge 154 rectifies the alternating voltages . capacitor 158 and resistor 164 filter out the high - frequency component of the receiver signal , and leaves the current pulse of the same duration as the bursts of the high - frequency signal . a zenor diode 169 is used for regulation and capacitor 166 blocks any net direct current . as shown in conjunction with fig2 a the pulses generated from the stimulus receive circuitry 68 are compared to a reference voltage , which is programmed in the implanted pulse generator 70 . when the voltage of incoming pulses exceeds the reference voltage ( fig2 b ), the output of the comparator 178 , 180 sends digital pulse 89 ( shown in fig2 c ) to the stimulation electric module 184 . at this predetermined level , the high threshold comparator 178 fires and the controller 184 suspends any stimulation from the implanted pulse generator 70 . the implanted pulse generator 70 goes into “ sleep ” mode for a predetermined period of time . in the presently preferred embodiment , the level of voltage needed for the battery operated stimulator to go into “ sleep ” mode is a programmable parameter . the length of time , the implanted pulse generator 70 remains in “ sleep ” mode is also a programmable parameter . therefore , advantageously the external stimulator 42 in conjunction with the inductively coupled part of the stimulator 68 can be used as much as needed by the patient , and prescribed by the physician . in the preferred embodiment , the external stimulator 42 is networked using the internet , giving the attending physician full control for activating and de - activating selected programs . using “ trial and error ” various programs for electrical pulse therapy can be custom adjusted for the physiology of the individual patent . also , by using the external stimulator 42 , the battery 188 of the implanted stimulator unit 75 can be greatly extended . further , even after the battery 188 is depleted , the system can still be used for neuromodulation using the stimulus - receiver module 68 , and the external stimulator 42 . at some point , the implanted pulse generator 70 is programmed with the external programmer 85 , using a modified pc and a programming wand 87 , as is shown in fig3 a and 30b . the battery - operated portion of the system 70 is shown on the right side of fig2 and is described in conjunction with fig2 and 25 . the stimulation electronic module 184 comprises both digital and analog circuits . the main timing generator 330 ( shown in fig2 ), controls the timing of the analog output circuitry for delivering neuromodulating pulses to the vagus nerve 54 , via output amplifier 334 . limiter 183 prevents excessive stimulation energy from getting into the vagus nerve . the main timing generator 330 receiving clock pulses from crystal oscillator 186 . main timing generator 330 also receiving input from inductively coupled circuitry 68 , and programmer 85 via coil 172 . fig2 highlights other portions of the digital system such as cpu 338 , rom 337 , ram 339 , program interface 346 , interrogation interface 348 , timers 340 , and digital o / i 342 . most of the digital functional circuitry 350 is on a single chip ( ic ). this monolithic chip along with other ic &# 39 ; s and components such as capacitors and the input protection diodes are assembled together on a hybrid circuit . as well known in the art , hybrid technology is used to establish the connections between the circuit and the other passive components . the integrated circuit is hermetically encapsulated in a chip carrier . a coil situated under the hybrid substrate is used for bidirectional telemetry . for the implanted battery portion 70 , the hybrid and battery 188 are encased in a titanium can 65 . this housing is a two - part titanium capsule that is hermetically sealed by laser welding . alternatively electron - beam welding can also be used . the header 79 ( fig7 ) is a cast epoxy - resin with hermetically sealed feedthrough , and form the lead 40 connection block . the stimulus - receiver assembly 68 is then also assembled on to the pulse generator 70 to finish the complete implanted stimulator 75 . fig2 a shows a picture of the finished implantable stimulator 75 . fig2 b shows the pulse generator with some of the components used in assembly in an exploded view . these components include a coil cover 7 , the secondary coil 48 and associated components , a magnetic shield 9 , and a coil assembly carrier 11 . the coil assembly carrier 11 has at least one positioning detail 80 located between the coil assembly and the feed through for positioning the electrical connection . the positioning detail 80 secures the electrical connection . fig2 a is a simplified diagram of one aspect of control circuitry . in this embodiment , to program the implanted portion of the stimulator 70 , a magnet 144 is placed over the implanted pulse generator 70 , causing a magnetically controlled reed switch 182 ( which is normally in the open position ) to be closed ( shown in fig2 ). as is also shown in fig2 a , at the same time a switch 67 going to the stimulator lead 40 , and a switch 69 going to the circuit of the stimulus - receiver module 68 are both opened , completely disconnecting both subassemblies electrically . further , protection circuitry 181 is an additional safeguard for inadvertent leakage of electrical energy into the nerve tissue 54 during programming . alternatively , as shown in fig2 b , instead of a reed switch 182 , a solid state magnet sensor ( hall - effect sensor ) 146 may be used for the same purpose . in the presently preferred embodiment , the solid state magnet sensor 146 is preferred , since there are no moving parts that can get stuck . with the magnet sensor switch 146 ( or reed switch 182 ) in the closed position , a coil 192 in the head of the programmer , communicates with a telemetry coil 172 ( shown in fig2 ) of the implanted pulse generator 70 . bidirectional inductive telemetry is used to exchange data with the implanted unit 70 by means of the external programming unit 85 . as shown in conjunction with fig3 a , 30b , 31 a and 31 b , inductive coupling is also employed to transmit the programming instructions , which are detected by a receiving element , which is the antenna coil 172 . these pulses of the magnetic field are transmitted in a coding scheme that induces current to flow in the antenna coil 172 . programming takes place via coil 172 , a receiving amplifier , a decoder , a controller , and the register in which the temporary and permanent programs are stored . radiofrequency ( rf ) waves of electromagnetic field using frequencies of approximately 100 khz , that allow rapid transmission of large amounts of information . both the transmitter ( in the programmer 85 ) and the receiver ( in the pulse generator 172 ) have antennae ( coils ) for emitting and decoding rf signals . the rf frequency is modulated , allowing the encoding of information during transmission by the programmer 85 . the receiver coil 172 is tuned through properly selected inductor - capacitor values to have unique sensitivity to the carrier frequency of the transmitted signals . the transmission of programming information involves manipulation of the carrier signal in a manner that is recognizable by the pulse generator 70 as a valid set of instructions ( shown in conjunction with fig3 a and 30b ). the process of modulation serves as a means of encoding the programming instruction in a language that is interpretable by the pulse generator . modulation of signal amplitude , pulse width , and time between pulses are all used in the programming system , as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art . fig3 a shows an example of pulse count modulation , and fig3 b shows an example of pulse width modulation . the programming signal of the current system is designed to be secure . several schemes can be used , as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art . for example , using the first group of bits and pulses as an identification or access code . another example of programming signal security is shown in fig3 . an x number of pulses are organized into pairs to send a code message of x / 2 digital bits that allow different levels of “ safety interlocks ”. once the implanted pulse generator 70 is programmed , it operates continuously until a signal is received from the stimulus - receiver module 68 , via the high threshold comparator 178 . as shown in fig2 , the controller 184 of the ipg 70 controls the output amplifiers . the pulses have predetermined energy ( pulse amplitude and pulse width ) and are delivered at a time determined by the therapy stimulus controller . the circuitry in the output amplifier , shown in conjunction with ( fig3 ) generates an analog voltage or current that represents the pulse amplitude . the stimulation controller module 184 initiates a stimulus pulse by closing a switch 208 that transmits the analog voltage or current pulse to the nerve tissue through the tip electrode 61 of the lead 40 . the output circuit receiving instructions from the stimulus therapy controller 184 that regulates the timing of stimulus pulses and the amplitude and duration ( pulse width ) of the stimulus . the pulse amplitude generator 206 determines the configuration of charging and output capacitors necessary to generate the programmed stimulus amplitude . the output switch 208 is closed for a period of time that is controlled by the pulse width generator 204 . when the output switch 208 is closed , a stimulus is delivered to the tip electrode 61 of the lead 40 . the constant - voltage output amplifier applies a voltage pulse to the distal electrode ( cathode ) 61 of the lead 40 . a typical circuit diagram of a voltage output circuit is shown in fig3 . this configuration contains a stimulus amplitude generator 206 for generating an analog voltage . the analog voltage represents the stimulus amplitude and is stored on a holding capacitor c h 225 . two switches are used to deliver the stimulus pulses to the lead 40 , a stimulating delivery switch 220 , and a recharge switch 222 , that reestablishes the charge equilibrium after the stimulating pulse has been delivered to the nerve tissue . since these switches have leakage currents that can cause direct current ( dc ) to flow into the lead system 40 , a dc blocking capacitor c b 229 , is included . this is to prevent any possible corrosion that may result from the leakage of current in the lead 40 . when the stimulus delivery switch 220 is closed , the pulse amplitude analog voltage stored in the ( c h 225 ) holding capacitor is transferred to the cathode electrode 61 of the lead 40 through the coupling capacitor , c b 229 . at the end of the stimulus pulse , the stimulus delivery switch 220 opens . the pulse duration being the interval from the closing of the switch 220 to its reopening . during the stimulus delivery , some of the charge stored on c h 225 has been transferred to c b 229 , and some has been delivered to the lead system 40 to stimulate the nerve tissue . to re - establish equilibrium , the recharge switch 222 is closed , and a rapid recharge pulse is delivered . this is intended to remove any residual charge remaining on the coupling capacitor c b 229 , and the stimulus electrodes on the lead ( polarization ). thus , the stimulus is delivered as the result of closing and opening of the stimulus delivery 220 switch and the closing and opening of the rchg switch 222 . at this point , the charge on the holding c h 225 must be replenished by the stimulus amplitude generator 206 before another stimulus pulse can be delivered . referring back to fig2 , for the implanted power source , lithium iodine is preferred in the current embodiment , because of its long history in cardiac pacemakers . however , other power sources where lithium is combined with other cathode materials may be used , such as lithium cooper sulfide , lithium silver vanadium pentoxide , lithium bromine chloride , or lithium sulfuryl chloride cell . fig3 shows an example of the pulse trains that are delivered . the microcontroller is configured to deliver the pulse train as shown in the figure , i . e . there is “ ramping up ” of the pulse train . the purpose of the ramping - up is to avoid sudden changes in stimulation , when the pulse train begins . moving now to fig3 , the implanted lead 40 component of the system is similar to cardiac pacemaker leads , except for distal portion of the lead ( or the electrode end of the lead ). in the presently preferred embodiment , the lead terminal is a linear bipolar ( though a bifurcated terminal can also be used ), and plug ( s ) into the header 79 of the pulse generator 75 ( shown in fig7 ). the lead body insulation 59 may be constructed of polyurethane , medical grade silicone , or silicone reinforced with polytetrafluoro - ethylene ( ptfe ). the electrodes 61 , 62 for stimulating the vagus nerve ( s ) 54 may either wrap around the nerve once or may be spiral shaped . these stimulating electrodes may be made of pure platinum , platinum / iridium alloy or platinum / iridium coated with titanium nitride , and are described more fully in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 205 , 359 which is incorporated here by reference . the conductor connecting the terminal to the electrodes is made of an alloy of nickel - cobalt . the choices for implanted lead design variables are also summarized in the table below . table of lead design variables proximal distal end end conductor ( connecting lead body - proximal lead insulation and distal electrode - electrode - terminal materials lead - coating ends ) material type linear polyurethane antimicrobial alloy of pure spiral bipolar coating nickel - platinum electrode cobalt bifurcated silicone anti - platinum - wrap - around inflamatory iridium electrode coating ( pt / ir ) alloy silicone with lubricious pt / ir coated steroid polytetrafluoro - coating with eluting ethylene titanium ( ptfe ) nitride carbon once the lead 40 is fabricated , coating such as anti - microbial , anti - inflammatory , or lubricious coating may be applied to the body of the lead 59 . fig3 a summarizes electrode - tissue interface between the nerve tissue and electrodes 61 , 62 . there is a thin layer of fibrotic tissue between the stimulating electrode 61 and the excitable nerve fibers of the vagus nerve 54 . fig3 b summarizes the most important properties of the metal / tissue phase boundary in an equivalent circuit diagram . both the membrane of the nerve fibers and the electrode surface are represented by parallel capacitance and resistance . application of a constant battery voltage v bat from the pulse generator 75 , produces voltage changes and current flow , the time course of which is crucially determined by the capacitive components in the equivalent circuit diagram . during the pulse , the capacitors c o , c h and c m are charged through the ohmic resistances , and when the voltage v bat is turned off , the capacitors discharge with current flow on the opposite direction . moving now to the external pulse generator 42 , which is shown in conjunction with fig3 . the external pulse generator 42 is composed of various modules or sub - assemblies . the first sub - assembly is the pulse generation and signal conditioning components 113 , 114 , the second is the battery 116 , and the third is the telemetry 121 and memory unit 123 . the presently preferred embodiment , comprises proximity sensing and feedback circuitry , even though the pulse generator is able to function as supplier of electric pulses to the nerve tissue 54 without the proximity feedback loop . these modules or sub - assemblies also provide for a scalable external pulse generator 42 . in the telemetry module , a wireless antenna 129 provides a means for communication to the external pulse generator 42 and the wireless remote server 189 . in one embodiment , a programming unit 119 can be physically connected to the stimulator 42 ( via the programming unit interface 120 ) in a tethered manner for loading of new predetermined programs or changing parameters of an existing program . also shown in conjunction with fig3 , the pre - packaged programs are stored in the memory unit 123 . this represents memory with a readable and writeable portion and a non - volatile pre - programmable portion . a field programmable array unit ( fpga ) 111 and a random access component ( ram ) and random addressable storage logic , facilitates the application of logic to edit and change the “ current ” parameters being utilized for pulse generation . the programmable unit interface 120 provides an interface to a programming unit ( portable computer system ) 119 , which allows re - loading of a new set of predetermined programs . the pulse generation component 113 generates pulses of well - defined parameters , selected from the programmed parameters that exist in the memory unit 123 . the pulse signal generation unit 113 provides its signal to be amplified and conditioned at the amplifier and signal conditioning unit 114 which then provides these signals to the primary ( external ) inductive coil 46 . in one embodiment , the sensor unit 126 has a pair of sensors which sense the position of the implanted magnet 127 , and the sensor signal is fed back to the proximity sensor control block 110 via the feedback signal conditioning unit 112 . the feedback signal provides a proportional signal for modification of the frequency , amplitude and pulse - width of the pulse being generated by the pulse signal generator unit 113 . the sensor unit 126 has two sensors 124 , 125 that sense the location of the implanted magnet 127 . in one embodiment , the implanted ( secondary ) coil 48 is rigidly connected to the passive circuit and magnet 127 . the skin 90 separates the subcutaneous and external components . the external components are placed on the skin 90 , with the primary coil 46 in close proximity and optimally situated with respect to the implanted ( secondary ) coil 48 . as explained before , the implanted unit 75 communicates with the external stimulator 42 via inductive coupling between primary 46 and secondary coil 48 . in one aspect of the invention , as shown in fig3 , the external stimulator 42 , and the programmer 85 are capable of being networked 290 to a central collaboration computer 286 as well as other devices such as a remote computer 294 , pda 140 , phone 141 , physician computer 143 . this minimizes situations in which the physical transport of a patient to a particular clinical setting is required . the interface unit 292 in the preferred embodiment communicates with the central collaborative network 290 via land - lines such as cable modem or wirelessly via the internet . a central computer 286 which has sufficient computing power and storage capability to collect and process large amounts of data , contains information regarding device history and serial number , and is in communication with the network 290 . communication over collaboration network 290 may be effected by way of a tcp / ip connection , particularly one using the internet , as well as a pstn , dsl , cable modem , lan , wan or a direct dial - up connection . the standard components of interface unit shown in block 292 are processor 305 , storage 310 , memory 308 , transmitter / receiver 306 , and a communication device such as network interface card or modem 312 . in the preferred embodiment these components are embedded in the external stimulator 42 and can also be embedded in the programmer 85 . these can be connected to the network 290 through appropriate security measures ( firewall ) 293 . another type of remote unit that may be accessed via central collaborative network 290 is remote computer 294 . this remote computer 294 may be used by an appropriate attending physician to instruct or interact with interface unit 292 , for example , instructing interface unit 292 to send instruction downloaded from central computer 286 to remote implanted unit 75 . taking advantage of this networking , as shown in conjunction with fig4 and 41 , in one embodiment of the invention , as the physician interrogates the device , reviews the patient history , and programs the device , an invoice is generated in the physician &# 39 ; s office computer . shown in conjunction with fig4 a and 42b the physician &# 39 ; s remote communication &# 39 ; s module is a modified pda / phone 140 in this embodiment . the modified pda / phone 140 is a microprocessor based device as shown in a simplified block diagram in fig4 a and 42b . the pda / phone 140 is configured to accept pcm / cia cards specially configured to fulfill the role of communication module 292 of the present invention . the modified pda / phone 140 may operate under any of the useful software including microsoft window &# 39 ; s based , linux , palm os , java os , symbian , or the like . the telemetry module 362 comprises an rf telemetry antenna 142 coupled to a telemetry transceiver and antenna driver circuit board which includes a telemetry transmitter and telemetry receiver . the telemetry transmitter and receiver are coupled to control circuitry and registers , operated under the control of microprocessor 364 . similarly , within stimulator 42 a and ( fig4 b ) a telemetry antenna 142 is coupled to a telemetry transceiver comprising rf telemetry transmitter and receiver circuit . this circuit is coupled to control circuitry and registers operated under the control of microcomputer circuit . with reference to the telecommunications aspects of the invention , the communication and data exchange between modified pda / phone 140 and external stimulator 42 operates on commercially available frequency bands . the 2 . 4 - to - 2 . 4853 ghz bands or 5 . 15 and 5 . 825 ghz , are the two unlicensed areas of the spectrum , and set aside for industrial , scientific , and medical ( ism ) uses . most of the technology today including this invention , use either the 2 . 4 or 5 ghz radio bands and spread - spectrum technology . the three types of spread - spectrum communication used in wireless networks are direct sequence spread spectrum ( dsss ), frequency hopping spread spectrum ( fhss ), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( ofdm ). this invention contemplates using all three types of spread - spectrum communications , depending on the patient &# 39 ; s circumstances . in an fhss environment , signals hop among a series of subchannels in a random pattern understood by both transmitter and receiver . each hop consists of short burst of data , and the amount of time between hops is referred to as dwell time . although dsss also spreads transmissions over multiple channels with a given frequency range , no hopping occurs between frequencies . instead , a binary string called a spreading code creates redundant transmissions , increasing the chances that signals and data will reach the intended receiver intact . the sending wireless device must use the same spreading code as the sender for signals to pass between them . restricting the devices to a particular code , rather than using several , reduces the interference potential on the channel used by the two devices . ofdm makes efficient use of available spectrum by dividing it into subchannels and sending a portion of a given data transmission over each one . the telecommunications technology , especially the wireless internet technology , which this invention utilizes , is constantly improving and evolving at a rapid pace , due to advances in rf and chip technology as well as software development . therefore , one of the intents of this invention is to utilize “ state of the art ” technology available for data communication between modified pda / phone 140 and external stimulator 42 . shown in conjunction with fig4 is the migration paths to what is commonly termed “ 3g ” or third generation wireless internet . the intent of this invention is to use 3g technology for wireless communication and data exchange , even though in some cases 2 . 5g is being used currently . in the united states , the cdma technology that is available today ( 2 . 5g ) will go through a series of cdma upgrades . the 2 . 5g version is called cdma20001 × while the 3g version is called cdma20003x . each of these represents an increase or improvement in signal processing , bandwidth , and / or modulation . in europe a path to 3g consists of several intermediate steps . the first of these intermediate steps ( 2 . 5g ) is general packet radio services or gprs , which overlays packet switching on the existing gsm system . the next intermediate step is the enhanced data gsm environment or edge . among other things , edge incorporates a modulation improvement to gprs . from there the official “ 3g ” system for europe is universal mobile telecommunications system or umts 486 , which is a true packet switched network . in japan , the first two generation pretty much worked in isolation with their 1g analog system ( jtacs ) 488 and their 2g digital system ( pdc based on a tdma air interface ) 490 . because of all this uniformity , it was possible for japan to essentially jump over 2 . 5g and go right to a 3g system . in japan , which is the first country to deploy a system with 3g capabilities , the system is based on a wcdma 492 air interface similar to that in utms 486 . for the system of the current invention , the use of any of the “ 3g ” technologies for communication for the modified pda / phone 140 , is considered within the scope of the invention . further , it will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art , that as future 4g systems , which will include new technologies such as improved modulation and smart antennas , can be easily incorporated into the system and method of current invention , and are also considered within the scope of the invention . as shown in conjunction with fig4 , 45a , and 45 b , one aspect of the invention takes advantage of wireless networking , specifically the wlan connection as defined by the ieee 802 . 11 standard . the wlans currently operate on the 2 . 4 ghz and 5 . 2 - 5 . 8 ghz frequency bands . for example as shown in fig4 , a wireless access point ( ap ) may be set up in patient &# 39 ; s home which already has a high speed data connection , either via cable modem , high speed telephone line , or satellite based connection . when the patient is in his / her home , within the communication range of the ap router 382 , high speed data communication via the internet occurs with the external stimulator 42 . typically the operating distances are in the order of 300 to 1 , 500 feet , but can be extended by the use of high - gain antennas and amplifiers to more than 10 miles . since the wlan connections are in the order of 11 to 54 mbps or higher , the speed of data exchange will be limited by the speed of the internet connection . similarly , a physician using the modified pda / phone 140 may gain access to the high speed wireless internet by being within the communication distance of an ap 382 , whether in the office or any other place where an ap is available ( fig4 a ). fig4 b shows another configuration of a physician or physician group where a modified pda / phone 140 or other wireless computers gain access to high speed internet using an access pint 382 . the remote interrogation and programming of the stimulator 42 may be initiated at the request of the patient or may be initiated by the physician as shown in step 400 of fig4 . the physician &# 39 ; s checking up on the patient and the device , may be a scheduled activity or be triggered by an event . the physician or medical personnel may look at the patient &# 39 ; s history and external stimulator 42 , device history either on the modified pda 140 if available or by connecting to the office computer as shown in steps 402 - 410 . once the information is reviewed , the physician decides if the active stimulation parameters of the stimulator 42 need to be altered ( step 412 ). if required , the changes are made and recorded in the office computer records . this information is also communicated to the patient , steps 414 and 416 . further , as shown in conjunction with fig4 , the physician determines if billing for the session is required , step 418 . in case billing is required , the modified pda / phone 140 has stored in its memory , all the relevant billing codes and templates . once the generated bill appears on the screen as shown in step 421 , the physician reviews the bill for completeness , step 422 . if the bill is complete , it may be e - mailed to payer as shown in step 432 , or alternatively sent to main computer 436 for billing department to handle . when a patient initiates request for therapy review as in step 440 , shown in conjunction with fig4 , the physician or medical staff is contacted 442 . the physician again looks to see if the patient information on the modified pda / phone 140 is current , if not , then retrieves it from the server in physician &# 39 ; s office 446 . then in a series of steps , similar to as described earlier , the physician reviews records , makes changes to the program if needed , contacts patient , and bills for the services if required , as shown in steps 444 - 458 and steps 418 - 436 ( fig4 ). in one embodiment of the system , as shown in conjunction with fig4 , the programmer 85 also comprises global positioning system ( gps ) receiver 241 for location tracking . alternatively , the location tracking circuitry may be incorporated in the external stimulator 42 . the system controller 307 contains a system lock for maintaining an accurate time base which may be re - calibrated periodically via accurate clocks in the gps satellites 230 . the microcomputer - based systems controller 307 is coupled to data communications network interface via data bus 238 . the system controller 307 may be part of a standard or modified cellular telephone or other personnel communication device . at a medical support network 231 , a base station is provided to be in the communication link with the patient - worn communication device . the base station is preferably a microprocessor - based system that includes the software and hardware needed for communication with the patients to locate the patient . in accordance with one aspect of the invention , the system controller 307 is coupled to a gps receiver 241 via bus 243 for receiving patient positioning data from an earth satellite 230 . the gps receiver 241 may use current systems such as the pcmcia gps sensor . the gps receiver 241 may be actuated by a command received through the system controller 307 from the medical support network 231 in the case of an emergency response . either or both pcmcia cards 235 and 233 may be provided and they are coupled with the voice and communications network 234 via buses 236 and 237 . when both are provided access to the communications satellite link 230 is automatically obtained when a link to a cellular transceiver 232 is not possible . based on the above disclosure , it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art , that with slight modification in the circuitry , other embodiments can be produced . for example , an implantable pulse generator with rechargeable power source . in such an embodiment ( shown in conjunction with fig5 ), the rf pulses transmitted via coil 46 and received via subcutaneous coil 48 a are rectified via diode bridge 154 . these dc pulses are processed and the resulting current applied to recharge the battery 188 a in the implanted pulse generator . as another example , it will also be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art , that the current invention can be practiced with a cheaper and less programmable version of an implantable pulse generator . for example , as shown in fig5 ( bottom right ), a programmer - less stimulator may be used , where a limited number of programs may be accessed via a magnet , preferably as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 449 , 512 and incorporated here by reference . as shown with reference to fig5 , in this version only a limited number of states are possible . for example lo , med , med - hi , hi stimulation states and an off state . each state corresponds to a complete program comprising a unique combination of pulse amplitude , pulse width , pulses per second , on - time and off - time . by using just a magnet 92 , each of these states can be programmed by swiping the magnet 92 , different number of times . for example , once , twice , three times etc . once the pulse generator 170 is programmed to a particular state , it supplies stimulation pulses to the vagus nerve 54 according to the programmed state , until stimulation energy is received from the inductively coupled part of the system 68 . when energy is received from inductively coupled part of the system 68 , the battery operated portion goes into “ sleep mode ” for a predetermined period of time which is programmed . fig5 shows a representative digital circuitry used for the basic state machine circuit . the circuit consists of a prom 322 that has part of its data fed back as a state address . other address lines 329 are used as circuit inputs , and the state machine changes its state address on the basis of these inputs . the clock 323 is used to pass the new address to the prom 322 and then pass the output from the prom 322 to the outputs and input state circuits . the two latches 324 , 325 are operated 1800 out of phase to prevent glitches from unexpectedly affecting any output circuits when the rom changes state . each state responds differently according to the inputs it receives . thus , in this embodiment the functioning of the system is similar to as described earlier . this embodiment though is cheaper to produce and offers limited programmability of the battery operated part of the system . while the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof , numerous modifications and variation could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims .
a system and method for providing pulsed electrical stimulation to one or both vagus nerve of a patient to provide therapy for obesity , eating disorders , neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders . the electrical pulses can be provided either unilaterally or bilaterally and can be supra - diaphramatic or be sub - diaphramatic . the system comprising implantable stimulator , lead , an external stimulator , and a programmer . the implantable stimulator , comprising a pulse generator module , and a stimulus - receiver module which is used in conjunction with an external stimulator . control circuitry ensures selective operation of one of the modules of the implanted stimulator , at a time . further , the external stimulator comprises a telemetry module for remotely activating programs over the internet , to arrive at the optimal program for each patient . once the optimal “ dose ” is titrated using the external stimulator , the implanted pulse generator can then be programmed to similar parameters . the external stimulator in conjunction with the implanted stimulus - receiver can override the implanted pulse generator module , to provide extra dose of therapy , and also to conserve the implanted battery . the external stimulator is networked to other computers . using the networking , a physician situated remotely can monitor and program the devices , as well as , automatically generate invoicing . in one embodiment , the external stimulator also comprises gps circuitry for locating patient .