Hexagon grid coordinate system If I had a grid of squares, they can be labeled with Cartesian coordinates such that given square $(x,y)$, you know it shares a boundary with squares $(x+1,y),(x-1,y),(x,y+1),(x,y-1)$.

Is there a way of labeling a tessellated hexagon grid, so that given any hexagon label you can work out it's neighbors?
In the interest of closing the question I've posted this answer, but full credit for the answer goes to Michael Lugo for his comment on my initial Post.

All information comes from this link. It goes into far more detail than this answer.

There are multiple approaches to labeling Hexagon grids, each with advantages and disadvantages.

Offset coordinates


  The most common approach is to offset every other column or row. Columns are named col or q. Rows are named row or r. You can either offset the odd or the even column/rows, so the horizontal and vertical hexagons each have two variants.




Cube coordinates


  Another way to look at hexagonal grids is to see that there are three primary axes, unlike the two we have for square grids. There’s an elegant symmetry with these.




Instead of having two values per coodinate, representing how far North and South the hexagon is, you can use three dimensions.

Axial Coordinates


  The axial coordinate system, sometimes called “trapezoidal”, is built by taking two of the three coordinates from a cube coordinate system. Since we have a constraint such as x + y + z = 0, the third coordinate is redundant. Axial coordinates are useful for map storage and for displaying coordinates to the user. Like cube coordinates, you can use the standard add, subtract, multiply, divide operations from cartesian coordinates.




So for my purposes, the most useful map system was cube coordinates, as they have the simplest and most consistent rules for changing coordinates based movement between cells.
Create the grid by drawing horizontal lines thru ALL hexagon centers and drawing vertical lines thru ALL hexagon centers.  The neighbors are:

(+1,-1), (+2,0), (+1,+1), (-1,+1), (-2,0), (-1,-1)

Note: the x-axis is scaled by a factor of sqrt(3).  This is ok.  Cartesian coordinates can have an axis that is scaled.  

Note: the x,y does not match the hexagon label.  This is ok.

If we set the upper left hexagon with a coordinate of (0,0), the hexagon label is:  Math.floor(x/2)+1 plus y+1

(0,0) => 0101   (2,0) => 0201  (4,0) => 0301
     (1,1) => 0102     (3,1) => 0202    (5,1) => 0302