What does it mean for a function to be a solution of a differential equation? What does it mean for a function to be a solution of a differential equation?  I think I understand, but I still don't have a simple or intuitive understanding.
Solving $x+1=3$ means finding a value for $x$ that satisfies the equation $x+1=3$. In this case, $x=2$ does the job because $2+1=3$.

Now, given a differential equation such as:

$\frac{dy}{dx}= 2x$            ..........(1)

a solution to this equation is a function (call it $y(x)$). Of course not any function will do. The correct function must satisfy the equation we have in (1) above.

for this particular case, y(x) can be equal to $x^2$. 

Why? Because the derivative of $x^2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{dy}{dx}= 2x$ which is what we have in our equation.

But wait, what about $y(x)=x^2$+5? 

In fact, this is another solution. As you can see, in this case we end up with many solutions all of the form:

$y(x)=x^2+k$ 

where k is a constant. This is because, all of such functions satisfy our differential equation.
When you write an algebraic equation you are trying to generalise a calculation for say. In a way you are saying what will be the end result if you give certain input or vice-versa.

Similarly when you write a function you are generalising the notion of the end result itself. After defining a function you can opt for any result your wish and find the input required to get that desired result.

In the same way when you define a differential equation you are actually trying to emphasis that in what way the rate of change of a function and its value will merge together to give the result. This kind of approach is useful in study of complex systems where the rate of changes can be measured with time and which helps in understanding the nature of system mathematically.