Square root and principal square root confusion A few months ago I asked a question about the $\pm$ symbol because I was confused about it... I still carry the same confusion (which really bugs me) but I think the real confusion has to do with the square root and principal square root. I hope I can finally grasp the concept with the following two questions...
Question 1:
$\sqrt{12x^2} = \sqrt{4\cdot3x^2} = 2|x|\sqrt{3}$
Why do we only have to keep in mind that $x$ could be negative, yet we just factorize $\sqrt{12}$ to $\sqrt{3\cdot4}$ and put the 2 right in front of the radical sign?
$\sqrt{12}$ could be factorized as $\sqrt{-3 \cdot -4}$ as well.
Question 2:
I've been told to take the square root of both sides in the following equation, but the square root doesn't have its own symbol right? Only the principal root does... So if you'd use the radical sign you're using the principal root and therefore you're missing out on a solution in the following scenario:
$(x + 8)² = 1 \iff \sqrt{(x + 8)^2} = \sqrt1 \iff x + 8 = 1 \iff x = -7$
Does that mean that whenever we want to take the square root of something (not the principal) we just use a $\pm$ symbol instead? For example:
$(x + 8)^2 = 1 \iff x + 8 = \pm 1 \iff x = -8\pm1$
For question 1, you are correct that you could factor $12=-3 \cdot -4$, but it is not useful.  You are choosing to use $12=3 \cdot 4$ because that is useful.  You know $3,4 \gt 0$ because you chose them that way.  $x$ is a variable, and we don't know its sign, so we need the absolute value signs.  We pull out the $2$ because we like $2 \sqrt 3$ better than $\sqrt {12}$.  It is a matter of taste, and in some intermediate calculations we would prefer $\sqrt {12}$ or some other form.  

For question 2, yes I would just go to $x+8 = \pm 1$
We have to keep in mind that $x$ might be negative because we don't know what $x$ is and it might by negative.

But we don't have to keep anything in mind about $12$ because we know exactly what $12$ is.
But perhaps we need to understand why we are allowed to split $\sqrt {ab}=\sqrt{a}\sqrt{b}$ in the first place.
Real Number Answer (Assumes Since $m^2 \ge 0$ for all $m \in \mathbb R$ then $x^2 = $a negative number is impossible)
If $k=\sqrt{a}\sqrt{b}&gt;0$ (presuming $a,b&gt; 0$) then $k^2 = (\sqrt{a}\sqrt{b})^2 = \sqrt{a}^2 \sqrt{b}^2 = ab$ so if we ask &quot;What is $\sqrt {ab}$, that is what is the unique non-negative number so $x^2=ab$&quot;.  Well, we just demonstrated that $k = \sqrt{a}\sqrt{b}$ is such a number.
So if we have $M &gt; 0$ and $M$ could be written as $M = a*b$ where $a,b\ge 0$ we would have $\sqrt M = \sqrt{a}\sqrt {b}$.
Now you are correct that $M = (-a)*(-b)$.  But how does that help us in anyway.  We explained why $M =a*b$ works but $M=(-a)*(-b)$ is as useful for find square roots as noting that $M = j+k$ for some $j$ and $k$.  It's just not relevant.
We need $\sqrt{a}$ so that $\sqrt{a}^2 =a$ as well as a $\sqrt{b}$ so that $\sqrt{b}^2 = b$ for this to work and if we tried it with $-a*-b$ we'd need $\sqrt{-a}$ so that $\sqrt{-a}^2 = -a$ and there's just no such thing.
Unless we use complex numbers...
Complex number:  There exist $i$ and $-i = (-1)*i$ so that $i^2=-1$. (And $(-i)^2 = i^2 = -1$ as well.
So if $k^2 = 12$ we could do $(\sqrt{3}2)^2 = 3*4 = 12$ so $k=\sqrt 3\sqrt 4=2$ is an acceptable answer.  So is $(\sqrt{3}i*2i)^2 = (\sqrt\3i)^2*(2i)^2 = (-3)*(-4) = 12$ but $\sqrt{3}i*2i$ is just another way of writing $\sqrt{3}i*2i = (\sqrt{3}2)*(i^2)= -2\sqrt 3$.
So the two values of $k$ are $2\sqrt 3$ and $-2\sqrt 3$ just as we wanted.
But we can do $\sqrt{12} = \sqrt{-3}\sqrt{-4} = \sqrt 3i* 2i=-2\sqrt 3$.
(I suppose I should point out we tend not to worry about primary square roots in complex numbers because it just opens a can of worms.)

&quot;I've been told to take the square root of both sides in the following equation&quot;

Well, short answer, since we do not know whether $x+8$ is positive or negative we don't know that $\sqrt{(x+8)^2} = x+8$.  If $x = -17$ that is false.
$\sqrt{(-17+8)^2} = \sqrt{(-9)^2} =\sqrt{81}= 9\ne -17+8$.
Instead all we know is that $\sqrt{(x+8^2} = |x+8|$
$\sqrt{(-17+8)^2}=\sqrt{81} = 9 $ which does $|-9| = |-17+8|$.
So to solve
$(x + 8)^2 = 1 \implies \sqrt{(x+8)^2} = \sqrt 1\implies |x+8| = 1$
$\implies -(x+8) = 1$ OR $x+8 = 1$ $\implies$
$x+8 = -1$ ** OR ** $x+8 = 1$
And we can write that last line as
$x+8 = \pm 1$.
Or we can take a short cut and go directly to:
$(x+8)^2 = 1$
$\sqrt{(8+x)^2} = \sqrt 1$
$8+ x = \pm 1$.
.... and from here we can go
$x = \pm 1 -8$ so $x= -1 -8=-9$  OR $x=1-8=-7$.