Help finding the limit of this series $\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{32} + \cdots$ How can I go about finding the limit of $$\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{32} + \cdots = \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^{k+1}}?$$ Could I use the absolute value theorem? I have a feeling it converges to $0$ but I am not sure.
You know the limit of $1+\frac12 +\frac14+\frac18+\ldots$, don't you?

Your sequence is just like that, but without the $1$ and the $\frac12$.
I will add an indefinite version of the sum. In difference calculus we have that the function $2^n$ is the analogous of $e^x$ on ordinary differential calculus.

We have that $\sum 2^n \delta n=2^n$ (you can see it by yourself if you do the difference and see that it doesnt change, i.e. $\Delta 2^n=2^{n+1}-2^n=2^n$).

In your sum, doesnt taking limits, we have that

$$\sum 2^{-n-1}\delta n=-2^{-n}$$

If we take limits then

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n-1}=-2^{-n}\bigg\lvert_{1}^{\infty}=-2^{-\infty}+2^{-1}=\frac{1}{2}$$

Take care with notation because

$$\sum_{k\ge 0}2^k\ne\sum_{k\ge 0}2^n$$