Have there been famous/documented cases where people die from working too hard in the lab? Have there been famous/documented cases where people die from working too hard in the lab, similar to this and this in finance/marketing?
The term that is typically used for this is karoshi (unsurprisingly, a Japanese term).  To the best of what I have been able to determine, there have not been any cases where an academic at a university has been diagnosed as having died through Karoshi.  There are some significant deaths, however, of people in industry who could certainly be considered as being part of the broader community of scientists, notably a lead engineer at Toyota and more than one engineer in Taiwan.

Note, however, that there is also a strong cultural component, both in the manner of death and the classification of that death.  An American, for example, might be less likely to die quietly at their desk and more likely to commit suicide or engage in criminal activity (see, for example, the tragedies in the development of the Apple Newton).  Moreover, since karoshi is not generally recognized in American culture, deaths that might be attributed to it in a Far East nation would likely be blamed on the proximate cause of death instead.