Where do other countries fall on the US-Europe continuum for PhDs? My understanding is that for most US PhDs:


applicants are expected a bachelor's but not a master's
applicants are required a statement of purpose but not a research proposal
applicants apply to school before choosing doctoral adviser
first year or two is coursework followed by exams then finally dissertation


while for most European PhDs:


applicants are expected a master's (and has to be a research master's and not a taught master's?)
applicants are required a research proposal
applicants choose doctoral advisor before applying to school
almost no coursework


So:


What countries or states outside Europe and aside from the US are like the US?
Which are like Europe?
Which are in between Europe and the US?


For example, PhDs in Country A seem to be somewhere in the middle:


most PhDs require master's but...
...may waive the requirement if the applicant has bachelor's with honors (or bachelor's without honors but in an honors course or something like that)
some universities require research proposals (and choosing a doctoral advisor first) for PhDs in certain fields but only statement of purpose* in other fields in the same university
some universities require research proposals (and choosing a doctoral advisor first) for PhDs in certain fields but other universities require only statement of purpose* for the same field


*or something which in my opinion is closer to a statement of purpose than a research proposal
In Canada it is standard to have a Master's before beginning a PhD. There are a small number of direct BSc/BA to PhD programmes but they remain the exception. Most universities will admit PhD students who do not have an advisor already lined up, but if you already have an advisor lined up you're more likely to get in.