What criteria does a research project need to match to be called open science? What kind of formal or non-written rules/requirements does our project need to match and follow so we can say that our project is open science?

Is it only about research data which should be accessible to all?

What if the project doesn't make sense and it's publishing correlation data of the number of pirates with global temperature? Does it still match the criteria of 'open science' project?
To answer the first question:

I asked a similar question on twitter a while back and got a range of responses.  Those are summarized in a storify.  To paraphrase that summary ...


open access to data
open access to code
open access to publications
open source
work must be reproducible
needs to be web enabled


The last bit, and I think this is an important component, is that open science is not binary.  It occurs along a gradient. 

As for you second question, I would use reproducibility as a guide.  The minimum data that needs to be accessible is that which allows for an anlalysis/project to be reproduced.  Following the gradient theme, you could open up more than this, but that it isn't necessarily required.