What type of lawyer (criminal, civil, family, etc.) would I need to help me deal with issues of academic misconduct? What can stop a university from doing whatever they want and screwing students over in terms of accusing them unfairly of cheating, plagiarism, or a misunderstanding of professor authorization of essay re-submission in a second class? Also trying to take a student's degree or credit away after the course is completed/graduated with little evidence and no proof of circumstantial evidence that truly happened at the time of the incident? I ask this since they are private and go by their own rules and apparently there is no standard policy for how all universities are supposed to deal with issues. There are a lot of cases where businesses "screw people over".

This is in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Thanks.
Now that you've supplied sufficient information, the answer to your question seems fairly clearly spelled out within the university's own policy documents:

Section 6.6 shows that the decision-making process is not just a single professor &quot;screwing you over,&quot; but rather:

a determination of academic misconduct shall be decided
by the Department Chair/Program Director based on a discussion between the student, the
instructor, and the Department Chair/Program Director, as well as a review of the evidence


At some point, it leaves the department and ends up in the hands of a Dean, who also meets with the students. The full details of the process are spelled out in Section 7.

If the student is unhappy, they have a right to appeal to a Senate Student Appeals Board (Section 8), which seems a peer body rather than a faculty body.  The full details of that process are spelled out in another linked document.


This looks like a pretty typical set of checks and balances: the individual professor is involved, but the key decision-making is not done by that professor or even within the department, and the faculty is in turn checked by appeals to a body of students.
Now, if your professor, the department head, the involved dean, and the student board are all convinced that you are guilty, you've got a more serious problem on your hands. Getting outside legal help might be warranted, but based on what you've written here, it seems like it's also quite plausible that you've either committed an offense and don't understand why it's an offense, or else that you've done yourself a disservice in the process by alienating people who might otherwise have helped.