Can you obtain detailed date information on publications when using Google Scholar? My question is related to Google Scholar. I know that I can search articles by specified year or year range, but is it possible to obtain detailed dates of publication/indexing in Google Scholar? If so, how could I do it?
Sometimes.

There is no way to search by more specific date ranges but an exact date might be available for a particular paper. For example, this paper shows a publication date of 2014/4/26 but this paper only shows the year, 2015, but no month or day. 

Otherwise, if Google Scholar doesn't show the date, you can follow the link to the publisher's website which might have it. For example, IEEE lists that second paper as having a conference date of "Sept. 29 2015-Oct. 1 2015."