Does GPA/Transcript matter for academic jobs after the PhD? Courses taken and GPA can matter quite significantly for undergraduates, both for applying to graduate school and applying for jobs. What about courses taken and GPA during PhD? Do they matter at all for postdoc/professorship application? Do postdoc/professorship application usually ask for a transcript? What about for industry positions? Are there positions that would care about "good grades" or "advanced courses taken" during PhD?

I would guess the answer is largely negative, but I'm willing to hear other opinions.
In my experience on many search committees I've never looked in detail at the coursework or grades of an applicant.  We have however required transcripts as proof of the academic degrees that the applicants claim.