Will it cause problems if I publish under a different version of my name than I use in my future medical practice? I'm a medical student who is also interested in research and scientific publishing. 

Although my legal name is Asian, I go by an English name with peers and supervisors (which is not on my degrees/official school records). In the future, I will have to use just my Asian first name when I practice medicine (but this won't matter because I will just be Dr.LastName anyways). 

I'm just wondering what I should be publishing under - I found that a lot of people on pubmed/GScholar share my Asian name...and with my supervisors I am known by EnglishName-AsianName LastName. 

Will publishing under this hyphenated name pose future problems if I practice just under AsianName? 

I'm thinking problems such as not being recognized in research communities, hospital affiliations with research-based hospitals, etc.
I really doubt it will cause you any problems in future.

A lot of people would change their family name as a result of marriage and even that not too terrible.