Is there a common standard for the title hierarchy of research positions in English? Is there a common standard for the title hierarchy of research positions in the English language?  Excluding people who do research such as students or professors, but purely researchers.  Something in engineering such as, Junior Programmer and Senior Programmer.

I have heard of these, and in what I assume is a hierarchy: 


Research assistant
Assistant researcher
Researcher
Senior researcher


Is there such thing as "Principal Researcher" which describes the job position as opposed to the PI on a project.  Would this title be given to more than one person in the same lab?

Purpose of the question:  In other languages, specifically in Asia, there are many words for hierarchy in both business and academia.  Google translate does not work, as it just recommends "senior" for many of the words, but in the native language they are much different, and are all above the standard "Researcher" position.  The research institute would like things like business cards and website to make sense to other countries and native English speakers.  As of now, the native language shows two different words, but in English they are the same "Senior Researcher", which makes it difficult to understand/explain what position the person is in.
Is there a common standard for the title hierarchy of research positions in the English language? 


No.

There is no defined, consistent hierarchy of research job titles anywhere in the world, at least to my best knowledge. Essentially, every university, often even individual departments, handle job titles, responsibilities and hierarchies slightly differently, even if of course a lot of common patterns exist. Don't assume anything about hierarchy purely based on titles.