Can an editor make substantial edits and publish them without the author's permission? Can an editor make substantial edits to an author's book or paper and publish them without the author's permission?
No.

Editorial review is an iterative process in which an editor, reviews and the author(s) have open (although usually blind) exchanges about the details of a manuscript. The process relies wholly on a full exchange of information between all parties. 

A helpful and detailed account of a standard editorial process may be found at the National Institutes for Health website.