What is the current industry standard for online course exam proctoring I am curious what is the current industry standard for delivery of online course materials. I have in mind coursework which traditionally has been graded on the basis of in-class residential tests which are closed-book and timed. For example, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus, Economics, Biology at the university level. When we offer these same courses online then:


  Is there an expectation of proctoring of exams.


Proctoring generally meaning that either the student goes to a testing center where they are monitored by a service with no conflicting interest. Or, perhaps a webcam service where video is recorded to check if the student is:

1.) who they claim to be,

2.) actually doing the work on the test without using cheat sites.

Thanks in advance for your insights. I am particularly interested in scholarly articles, but anecdotal evidence is also useful.
One possible solution is a timed online quiz or exam with new questions, not available in any book or course notes, designed to make students think about and apply the material or process to be assessed.

Some students always say this is « too hard » others say it is fine... So can’t win...