Analysis of potential needs of Agriculture Sector for EO analysis
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Charvat, Karel
Agriculture comprises vital economic sectors producing food, agro-industrial feedstock, and energy and provides environmental services through managing soil, water, air, and biodiversity holistically. Agriculture including forestry also contributes to managing and reducing risks from natural disasters such as floods, droughts, landslides, and avalanches. Farming with its close contact to nature provides the socio-economic infrastructure to maintain cultural heritage. Farmers are also conservers of forests, pastures, fallow lands, and their natural resources and, in turn, of the environment. Agriculture today is a composite activity involving many actors and stakeholders in agri-food chains that produce and provide food and agricultural commodities to consumers. In addition to farmers, there are farm input suppliers, processors, transporters, and market intermediaries each playing their roles to make these chains efficient. Presentation will present analysis and the the vision of the EO4Agri project about the role of Earth observations in agriculture. The increasing economic, social, and environmental needs of agriculture pose many challenges for the upcoming years. This topic is closely related to the strategies of the United Nations and the European Union on sustainability. The United Nations adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The European Union presented in 2019 the European Green Deal - a roadmap to make the European economy sustainable. This white paper aims to stress the importance of knowledge management for agriculture to address these challenges. The role of Earth observation in this knowledge management is analysed including its current gaps and limitations. The white paper focuses on the definition of key problems, analysis data gaps, delivery platforms, analytical platforms, and final recommendations for future policies and financing. This document serves as an input for the future Strategic Research Agenda and the Policy Roadmap.
 So, as I was saying, thank you for being patient, for waiting for us for the last two presentations. We have received some communication from our speakers. They are well entitled not to be here, unfortunately. So, thank you for your patience. We would like to introduce our new speaker, it's Karel Shavok from the Czech Republic. Welcome, Karel. Hello, you have to be here? Yes, we can. I hope I'm pronouncing your name correctly. Yes, yes, it's Karel. I would like to also introduce you. So, Karel is a graduated theoretical cybernetics. He is also a member of the International Society for Precision Agriculture, the Research Data Alliance, the Club of Ossia and other societies. He was the president between 2005 and 2007, the president of the European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food and Environment. He is now chairman of the OGC Agriculture Directorate. He is also volunteering for the Inspire Hacks and also is part of the National Implementation Team of the Czech Republic, Inspire Geoportal. He also participated in many other research projects, but I will let him actually present and tell us about the analysis of potential needs of agriculture sector for the UNO. Thank you, Karel. Okay, thank you for the introduction. I will try to speak about our vision of the needs of agriculture sector for air observation. In first presentation, we heard about the solution. Now I will not speak at all about the solution, I will speak about what is needed or how agriculture sector can benefit from air observation, what we can do in the future to be better. This analysis was done by European Projects Air for Agri, it was the two years analysis of different groups in agriculture sector. I will analyze primary production, food production, but also the needs of public sector, the needs of financial sector and also the needs of information for Fujia Kuriti, which is very close to previous presentation of Gail Glam. I will start with some important ideas or messages at the beginning. I will start a little explain about Agri food sector. I participate in many projects on many meetings and what we very often see as the mistake that people are trying to develop solution which where farmers can use air observation data. This is not a reality, I know few farmers who are really able to use air observation data directly, but most of normal farmers need to know the knowledge which is generated from air observation data. They need to use this information in relation with other information sources. We already work with European Space Agency around 2005 on the model of edit value chain. I think that till now this is not fully implemented and this is the future, how they could deliver the benefit of air observation data to the farmers. We need to include all different producers of information or different stakeholders into the chain and find the way how we will be able to combine all this information sources for farmers. As I mentioned other important players can be food industry. Generally food industry is on one way interested about information about the potential of the market. The company which are focused on high level production, they are very often also supporting what we are calling precision farming and they are supporting services for farmers. They need to guarantee that farmers and suppliers will make top level production and they are running such type of services for farmers. There is more organization who are now already doing this in the world. We can mention Nestle Barilla in the Czech now. For example personal breweries also trained to support the farmers with such type of knowledge. Public sector, I am from Europe, outside of Europe sometimes there are different rules. In public sector in Europe we have this common agriculture policy and this common agriculture policy on one way is controlling the subsidies for payment system. What is important for the future is that it will not only be used for the restriction of the purposes of the control of the farmers but they can also help and cooperate on data sharing to be possible to use some services and farmers cheaper. So it is important to connect this also into this one chain. Financial institutions are interested about information on the market but insurance company or reinsurance company are also interested to minimize damages and monitor the damages. Again there could be some common interest with the farmers. This is other player who has to be in some way included into the chain. Of course there is this global security and we heard a lot about Gilglam before. This is some part of this but again we are now on two level. One level is this world level about the world production and then second is how to help farmers in developing countries to increase their productivity to make their agriculture more sustainable. This slide is very old. We done this slide around 2008. It was in previous project called Future Farm. Already in this time we recognize that there could be some trends or challenges which can go from opposite direction. We need to increase food quality and safety but the population is growing and we need also to find the way how to increase global production. This is not problem in Europe but in the global scale. There is competition between production of the food and energy. There are more such challenges which go from opposite direction and we need to find the solution. How to find the optimal methods and health observation could be one from the sources. Now in Europe we have Green Deal which is defining some very ambitious goal. Reduce amount of nitrogen and fertilizer, decrease usage of pesticides, increase biodiversity and this also generates sustainable development goals which came early then. Green Deal, European and sustainable development goals are in some way in line. Again here are the things which I mentioned that we discussed already many years ago. As above zero hunger, it is food quality clean environment. There are many things which is necessary to solve in the future and the question is how health observation can help to this goals on local but also on the global scale. In our projects we run some questionnaire. This was in Europe and you can see that the average scale of farms of production is relatively low and then only 20% of the farms is bigger than 1000 hectare. Of course it is different in different countries and if we will go to developing countries this will be much more. So we have now the topic for the discussion how we can help with earth observation to this smaller farms. Again, another question what we discussed with the community was about the resolution of the satellite data and you can see that only for approximately half or a little more than half, the most common open data like Copernicus Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 or transatomatic may be taking us good but that number of farms require higher resolution than is possible to use with this data and which is now only supplied by commercial providers. The situation is the willingness of farmers to pay for this services and you can see that most of the farmers are not willing to pay for the earth observation services more than 5 euro per hectare. Two sets of the farmers are not willing to pay more than 5 euro per hectare for this type of services and again this is some limitation. So we can say that in the future agriculture we need to produce globally more with higher quality and using less land and fewer inputs at the same time. So this is important and although the resources are limited because for example willingness of farmers to pay for this services is limited. We will be able only to do this if we will be able to build some good knowledge management. I mentioned that farmers are not interested about the data, farmers are interested about the knowledge and wisdom to understand why they do something and there is necessary to connect a number of organizations, a number of technologies to come from this poor data to this final wisdom. We analyze the data which were most often required by different groups and here you can see the data which are most required by agri-food group and what was very interesting that the most often was mentioned the weather forecast and this type of the data which are related in the climate. We analyze this things not only in Europe but we also analyze this in Africa but these things which were related to the weather, to climate, to soil and water was common for all Europe and Africa and I expect that this could be something which is important globally. In the financial sector there are the main requirements for the potential of biomass production but for insuransive flattice it is important mapping of the different diseases. If you are looking on this requirements it can be in some way combined with the requirements of farmers. Public sector again if you go directly and more deeply to this common requirements you can see that a lot of things which could be considered as useful by the public sector can be also useful for farmers or for other organizations. In the global scale I think that it is in line with what was mentioned in the GeoGlam presentation what are the most important things but again this is a lot of related to global production but also to environmental issues. About the data, data can be important source of information. It is useful that this data Copernicus or Landsat are open so this is the reason why people are trained to use this data as much as possible. But in many cases there are requirements for better spatial resolution, new bands and to have the data more dense. We have now of course big problem with the data from Landsat on Centrel2 with the cloud so there is necessary to look for the way how we can be able to combine this different data to have real coverage during the season. What is important that is necessary to derive the way how to combine and sometimes the data is necessary to combine with aerial or drone data. There is important that now there exist number of deliver platform for this data probably who are from Europe you know that in Europe we have now this five-dias platform. Till now this dias platform were financed by public money mainly but it is expected that from 2002 there has to be self-finance. Then it's question if all five dias platform will be able to run on the base of commercial services. Second thing is the knowledge building yes you don't only deliver data but you need to have the solution which will be able from this data to derive information and knowledge. There were huge investment in Europe to large infrastructures here you can see some schemas of some big project which were or are financed. There is data by Eucsdat, Afar cloud, Demeter so there is number of side solution but till now it's necessary to find the way how this solution will be again self-financing and how we will guarantee that this platform will be operational after end of the project. And what we can do to deliver better services for farmers. Yes there is large investment many application is highly fragmented. There is a lot of apps develop on the top of solution but they are not integrated on all information. And there is urgent need to combine private and public investment to be able to better use the data and also supported better discovery of the data. We have very good catalogs for primary data but what for example is not solved is to have such good description for the data which are derived because there is necessary to understand which methods was used for this type of analysis. How it was analyzed, what was in putting data and there is still now the gap which has to be overcome in the future. So as I mentioned in the beginning that both Europe and United Nations are looking on sustainable environmentally friendly production and the plans are ambitious and what is important that this environmental task must be integrated with agriculture production but then is again question how this has to be financed. And how this could be proceed. A lot of we look on precision farming and what I would like also stress here that if we are speaking about environmental protection and about the methods. Till now the most often precision farming is understand as method of this variable rate application to recognize where I have to put fertilizer where I have to put more and when I have to put less. What is very important is to look on the timing case because we already recognize that for example for nitrogen the good timing can lead to better usage of nutrients by crops and also reducing the losses to the water to the source. So it is important to be able to support also this other topic is that in some way is important as I already mentioned this precision farming with other activity and to run some public private partnership to read the goals because for the Energy Institute for public sector for all is important to guarantee the lower losses to guarantee the more environmental friendly production and then it's necessary to look how different organization can cooperate and aggregated demand for air and data to be possible to reduce the cost of the production and to be able to deliver to the farmer services in the cost which will be acceptable for them because for every farmer is important that its benefit has to be bigger from some services than what they will pay for the services. As I already mentioned, we need to support better fire principles for accessing of the data and we need to collect this province information about the origin of the data. And there is some 10 recommendation from Elf or Agri and also this my presentation here is partly connected with this recommendation is to organize regular worship and conferences where different stakeholders will discuss how they can cooperate. We need to support cooperation of this different place from public and private sector. In the research we need to combine the multi actor research because very often something is developed by IT expert or Earth observation expert, but if they are not included agronomies they are not included the expert from all area. We never can come to the result which will really help. So we need to support fire principles and new metadata models. We need to look on the usage of previous solution and I think that here is also if we are on the first 4G very important that in many cases the solution are based on open sources and that usage of open sources can also lead to the better of usage of existing solution and their extension. Sometimes they are financed very huge project but to bring something new new methods probably can come from the smaller project and we need also to have some financing and some instruments for supporting smaller projects. What is very important and one from the key issue is standardization because we need to make information standardize but we need also to have more live standard. Many of previous standard is very heavy and it is different to use this by for example non-GI specialist to use this standard so we need to go much more to light APIs to be possible. We need to build new solution where we will cooperate different expert from different areas and what is important to organize some coordination action or from public money or on the base of some organization where people will try and put effort together. As was mentioned I am part of OGC and we are now trying inside OGC to have regular meeting and discuss how different organization can cooperate and of course the biggest problem on all levels is legislation and financing in Europe. It will require some included into the reform of common agriculture policy but we need also to have the action in the global scale because we need now to help also to other countries better use this as observation data for both for reducing the power and making better food production in this country. Here you can see the team of organization which participate on this study and all our materials or our report are publicly available or on the web pages of the AFOG project or they are also on the research gate publicly available. So anybody who will be interested about our work in the more details you can go there or contact me and I will share with you our information. Thank you very much Carol that was a very interesting presentation on the thing that we can do for agriculture with our observation. We have a little time left for questions and we already have a question in the chat asking you how will the farmers receive or access the process data of the US services using a mobile or tablet app or it will be given in a periodic report. I think that or what we recognize that farmers are using computer mobile app but what is important that there is some local service provider who is able to integrate this different data not only data from airsoft observation but for example from machinery and who is able to deliver this to the farmer as the services. And usually farmers like also not only access the services but if you are able to communicate with them you are able to explain them why for example they have to put more or less fertilizer. So it is really important to solve this question of this last mile because there is many ideas that we will build some marketplace for application from the farmers but usually this is not where us farmers are working. They need to have some trust and they like to have local original organization which are helping them which are making for them services and this is I think the way how we can access the farmers. As for example idea that farmers will go directly on dias platform I know such farmers yes but I think that in Czech Republic five six. It is all yes so there is necessary that there is anybody who is doing this services for them and working with them but also it is much better if it is some service organization where farmer are used to work with them if you will go as airsoft observation expert or as IT person to the farmers. They will be not trusted they need to speak with anybody who has agriculture knowledge. Exactly we have another question for you aside from payment for earth observation information what is the next biggest barrier to earth observation information for farmers. One one barrier is that this optical satellite are not very often available during the season is because sentinel to automatic mapper for example this season in Czech Republic we had only few images which we are able to use and farmers need to have information in the time and on the other side. For example our group is trying to work with Sentinel one but till now the work with Sentinel one is not so advanced and not so often but this is the way what can be used. Other topic is that I mentioned that this scale of the farm usually Lanzar data or sentinel data are good for the fields bigger than five hectares. If you have small fields there is again limitation of course we have Maxar we have planet and other data provider but there to be possible to deliver services in the cost which will be acceptable for farmers there is necessary to provide aggregation of this information and aggregation of the demand for this information. And to be able to cover the cost from more sources yes it could be not only from the farmers but I mentioned from the food producer or other. So it is necessary to build the new models of this public private partnership to combining different request and to trade to reuse one data for more purposes. Alright thank you very much for all the context. We can take another question if you have it we will go over a bit until our next presenter might connect. So if you have another question for Karel please use this opportunity to ask it now. If not we included Karel's contact here if he allows us we can direct users to directly ask other questions about your work. Yes of course I am ready to speak and if there is interest to publish my presentation I can send this presentation and I am trying to have all my work publicly available so I don't know if the first 4G will publish the presentation or how it has to be I can send my presentation and also use this video recording I agree to publish this. Thank you Karel. For everybody that is listening us all the presentations will be shared in a stream format so far. I am not sure exactly what the policy is for the presentation in the other format but all these streamings are recorded and will be released in a few weeks from now when everything is going to be edited and put together in a very streamlined way. Thank you very much Karel. It seems that we don't have any other questions in the chat but thank you for joining us and presenting.
 So, as I was saying, thank you for being patient, for waiting for us for the last two presentations.  We have received some communication from our speakers. They are well entitled not to be here, unfortunately.  So, thank you for your patience. We would like to introduce our new speaker, it's Karel Shavok from the Czech Republic.  Welcome, Karel.  Hello, you have to be here?  Yes, we can. I hope I'm pronouncing your name correctly.  Yes, yes, it's Karel.  I would like to also introduce you. So, Karel is a graduated theoretical cybernetics.  He is also a member of the International Society for Precision Agriculture, the Research Data Alliance, the Club of Ossia and other societies.  He was the president between 2005 and 2007, the president of the European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food and Environment.  He is now chairman of the OGC Agriculture Directorate.  He is also volunteering for the Inspire Hacks and also is part of the National Implementation Team of the Czech Republic, Inspire Geoportal.  He also participated in many other research projects, but I will let him actually present and tell us about the analysis of potential needs of agriculture sector for the UNO.  Thank you, Karel.  Okay, thank you for the introduction.  I will try to speak about our vision of the needs of agriculture sector for air observation.  In first presentation, we heard about the solution.  Now I will not speak at all about the solution, I will speak about what is needed or how agriculture sector can benefit from air observation, what we can do in the future to be better.  This analysis was done by European Projects Air for Agri, it was the two years analysis of different groups in agriculture sector.  I will analyze primary production, food production, but also the needs of public sector, the needs of financial sector and also the needs of information for Fujia Kuriti, which is very close to previous presentation of Gail Glam.  I will start with some important ideas or messages at the beginning.  I will start a little explain about Agri food sector.  I participate in many projects on many meetings and what we very often see as the mistake that people are trying to develop solution which where farmers can use air observation data.  This is not a reality, I know few farmers who are really able to use air observation data directly, but most of normal farmers need to know the knowledge which is generated from air observation data.  They need to use this information in relation with other information sources.  We already work with European Space Agency around 2005 on the model of edit value chain.  I think that till now this is not fully implemented and this is the future, how they could deliver the benefit of air observation data to the farmers.  We need to include all different producers of information or different stakeholders into the chain and find the way how we will be able to combine all this information sources for farmers.  As I mentioned other important players can be food industry. Generally food industry is on one way interested about information about the potential of the market.  The company which are focused on high level production, they are very often also supporting what we are calling precision farming and they are supporting services for farmers.  They need to guarantee that farmers and suppliers will make top level production and they are running such type of services for farmers. There is more organization who are now already doing this in the world.  We can mention Nestle Barilla in the Czech now. For example personal breweries also trained to support the farmers with such type of knowledge.  Public sector, I am from Europe, outside of Europe sometimes there are different rules. In public sector in Europe we have this common agriculture policy and this common agriculture policy on one way is controlling the subsidies for payment system.  What is important for the future is that it will not only be used for the restriction of the purposes of the control of the farmers but they can also help and cooperate on data sharing to be possible to use some services and farmers cheaper.  So it is important to connect this also into this one chain. Financial institutions are interested about information on the market but insurance company or reinsurance company are also interested to minimize damages and monitor the damages.  Again there could be some common interest with the farmers. This is other player who has to be in some way included into the chain. Of course there is this global security and we heard a lot about Gilglam before.  This is some part of this but again we are now on two level. One level is this world level about the world production and then second is how to help farmers in developing countries to increase their productivity to make their agriculture more sustainable.  This slide is very old. We done this slide around 2008. It was in previous project called Future Farm. Already in this time we recognize that there could be some trends or challenges which can go from opposite direction.  We need to increase food quality and safety but the population is growing and we need also to find the way how to increase global production.  This is not problem in Europe but in the global scale. There is competition between production of the food and energy. There are more such challenges which go from opposite direction and we need to find the solution.  How to find the optimal methods and health observation could be one from the sources. Now in Europe we have Green Deal which is defining some very ambitious goal.  Reduce amount of nitrogen and fertilizer, decrease usage of pesticides, increase biodiversity and this also generates sustainable development goals which came early then.  Green Deal, European and sustainable development goals are in some way in line. Again here are the things which I mentioned that we discussed already many years ago.  As above zero hunger, it is food quality clean environment. There are many things which is necessary to solve in the future and the question is how health observation can help to this goals on local but also on the global scale.  In our projects we run some questionnaire. This was in Europe and you can see that the average scale of farms of production is relatively low and then only 20% of the farms is bigger than 1000 hectare.  Of course it is different in different countries and if we will go to developing countries this will be much more.  So we have now the topic for the discussion how we can help with earth observation to this smaller farms.  Again, another question what we discussed with the community was about the resolution of the satellite data and you can see that only for approximately half or a little more than half,  the most common open data like Copernicus Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 or transatomatic may be taking us good but that number of farms require higher resolution than is possible to use with this data and which is now only supplied by commercial providers.  The situation is the willingness of farmers to pay for this services and you can see that most of the farmers are not willing to pay for the earth observation services more than 5 euro per hectare.  Two sets of the farmers are not willing to pay more than 5 euro per hectare for this type of services and again this is some limitation.  So we can say that in the future agriculture we need to produce globally more with higher quality and using less land and fewer inputs at the same time.  So this is important and although the resources are limited because for example willingness of farmers to pay for this services is limited.  We will be able only to do this if we will be able to build some good knowledge management.  I mentioned that farmers are not interested about the data, farmers are interested about the knowledge and wisdom to understand why they do something and there is necessary to connect a number of organizations, a number of technologies to come from this poor data to this final wisdom.  We analyze the data which were most often required by different groups and here you can see the data which are most required by agri-food group and what was very interesting that the most often was mentioned the weather forecast and this type of the data which are related in the climate.  We analyze this things not only in Europe but we also analyze this in Africa but these things which were related to the weather, to climate, to soil and water was common for all Europe and Africa and I expect that this could be something which is important globally.  In the financial sector there are the main requirements for the potential of biomass production but for insuransive flattice it is important mapping of the different diseases.  If you are looking on this requirements it can be in some way combined with the requirements of farmers.  Public sector again if you go directly and more deeply to this common requirements you can see that a lot of things which could be considered as useful by the public sector can be also useful for farmers or for other organizations.  In the global scale I think that it is in line with what was mentioned in the GeoGlam presentation what are the most important things but again this is a lot of related to global production but also to environmental issues.  About the data, data can be important source of information.  It is useful that this data Copernicus or Landsat are open so this is the reason why people are trained to use this data as much as possible.  But in many cases there are requirements for better spatial resolution, new bands and to have the data more dense.  We have now of course big problem with the data from Landsat on Centrel2 with the cloud so there is necessary to look for the way how we can be able to combine this different data to have real coverage during the season.  What is important that is necessary to derive the way how to combine and sometimes the data is necessary to combine with aerial or drone data.  There is important that now there exist number of deliver platform for this data probably who are from Europe you know that in Europe we have now this five-dias platform.  Till now this dias platform were financed by public money mainly but it is expected that from 2002 there has to be self-finance.  Then it's question if all five dias platform will be able to run on the base of commercial services.  Second thing is the knowledge building yes you don't only deliver data but you need to have the solution which will be able from this data to derive information and knowledge.  There were huge investment in Europe to large infrastructures here you can see some schemas of some big project which were or are financed.  There is data by Eucsdat, Afar cloud, Demeter so there is number of side solution but till now it's necessary to find the way how this solution will be again self-financing and how we will guarantee that this platform will be operational after end of the project.  And what we can do to deliver better services for farmers.  Yes there is large investment many application is highly fragmented.  There is a lot of apps develop on the top of solution but they are not integrated on all information.  And there is urgent need to combine private and public investment to be able to better use the data and also supported better discovery of the data.  We have very good catalogs for primary data but what for example is not solved is to have such good description for the data which are derived because there is necessary to understand which methods was used for this type of analysis.  How it was analyzed, what was in putting data and there is still now the gap which has to be overcome in the future.  So as I mentioned in the beginning that both Europe and United Nations are looking on sustainable environmentally friendly production and the plans are ambitious and what is important that this environmental task must be integrated with agriculture production but then is again question how this has to be financed.  And how this could be proceed.  A lot of we look on precision farming and what I would like also stress here that if we are speaking about environmental protection and about the methods.  Till now the most often precision farming is understand as method of this variable rate application to recognize where I have to put fertilizer where I have to put more and when I have to put less.  What is very important is to look on the timing case because we already recognize that for example for nitrogen the good timing can lead to better usage of nutrients by crops and also reducing the losses to the water to the source.  So it is important to be able to support also this other topic is that in some way is important as I already mentioned this precision farming with other activity and to run some public private partnership to read the goals because for  the Energy Institute for public sector for all is important to guarantee the lower losses to guarantee the more environmental friendly production and then it's necessary to look how different organization can cooperate and aggregated demand for air  and data to be possible to reduce the cost of the production and to be able to deliver to the farmer services in the cost which will be acceptable for them because for every farmer is important that its benefit has to be bigger from some services than what they will pay for the services.  As I already mentioned, we need to support better fire principles for accessing of the data and we need to collect this province information about the origin of the data.  And there is some 10 recommendation from Elf or Agri and also this my presentation here is partly connected with this recommendation is to organize regular worship and conferences where different stakeholders will discuss how they can cooperate.  We need to support cooperation of this different place from public and private sector. In the research we need to combine the multi actor research because very often something is developed by IT expert or Earth observation expert, but if they are not included agronomies they are not included the expert from all area.  We never can come to the result which will really help. So we need to support fire principles and new metadata models.  We need to look on the usage of previous solution and I think that here is also if we are on the first 4G very important that in many cases the solution are based on open sources and that usage of open sources can also lead to the better of usage of existing solution and their extension.  Sometimes they are financed very huge project but to bring something new new methods probably can come from the smaller project and we need also to have some financing and some instruments for supporting smaller projects.  What is very important and one from the key issue is standardization because we need to make information standardize but we need also to have more live standard.  Many of previous standard is very heavy and it is different to use this by for example non-GI specialist to use this standard so we need to go much more to light APIs to be possible.  We need to build new solution where we will cooperate different expert from different areas and what is important to organize some coordination action or from public money or on the base of some organization where people will try and put effort together.  As was mentioned I am part of OGC and we are now trying inside OGC to have regular meeting and discuss how different organization can cooperate and of course the biggest problem on all levels is legislation and financing in Europe.  It will require some included into the reform of common agriculture policy but we need also to have the action in the global scale because we need now to help also to other countries better use this as observation data for both for reducing the power and making better food production in this country.  Here you can see the team of organization which participate on this study and all our materials or our report are publicly available or on the web pages of the AFOG project or they are also on the research gate publicly available.  So anybody who will be interested about our work in the more details you can go there or contact me and I will share with you our information.  Thank you very much Carol that was a very interesting presentation on the thing that we can do for agriculture with our observation. We have a little time left for questions and we already have a question in the chat asking you how will the farmers receive or access the process data of the US services using a mobile or tablet app or it will be given in a periodic report.  I think that or what we recognize that farmers are using computer mobile app but what is important that there is some local service provider who is able to integrate this different data not only data from airsoft observation but for example from machinery and who is able to deliver this to the farmer as the services.  And usually farmers like also not only access the services but if you are able to communicate with them you are able to explain them why for example they have to put more or less fertilizer.  So it is really important to solve this question of this last mile because there is many ideas that we will build some marketplace for application from the farmers but usually this is not where us farmers are working.  They need to have some trust and they like to have local original organization which are helping them which are making for them services and this is I think the way how we can access the farmers.  As for example idea that farmers will go directly on dias platform I know such farmers yes but I think that in Czech Republic five six.  It is all yes so there is necessary that there is anybody who is doing this services for them and working with them but also it is much better if it is some service organization where farmer are used to work with them if you will go as airsoft observation expert or as IT person to the farmers.  They will be not trusted they need to speak with anybody who has agriculture knowledge.  Exactly we have another question for you aside from payment for earth observation information what is the next biggest barrier to earth observation information for farmers.  One one barrier is that this optical satellite are not very often available during the season is because sentinel to automatic mapper for example this season in Czech Republic we had only few images which we are able to use and farmers need to have information in the time and on the other side.  For example our group is trying to work with Sentinel one but till now the work with Sentinel one is not so advanced and not so often but this is the way what can be used.  Other topic is that I mentioned that this scale of the farm usually Lanzar data or sentinel data are good for the fields bigger than five hectares.  If you have small fields there is again limitation of course we have Maxar we have planet and other data provider but there to be possible to deliver services in the cost which will be acceptable for farmers there is necessary to provide aggregation of this information and aggregation of the demand for this information.  And to be able to cover the cost from more sources yes it could be not only from the farmers but I mentioned from the food producer or other.  So it is necessary to build the new models of this public private partnership to combining different request and to trade to reuse one data for more purposes.  Alright thank you very much for all the context.  We can take another question if you have it we will go over a bit until our next presenter might connect.  So if you have another question for Karel please use this opportunity to ask it now. If not we included Karel's contact here if he allows us we can direct users to directly ask other questions about your work.  Yes of course I am ready to speak and if there is interest to publish my presentation I can send this presentation and I am trying to have all my work publicly available so I don't know if  the first 4G will publish the presentation or how it has to be I can send my presentation and also use this video recording I agree to publish this.  Thank you Karel.  For everybody that is listening us all the presentations will be shared in a stream format so far. I am not sure exactly what the policy is for the presentation in the other format but all these  streamings are recorded and will be released in a few weeks from now when everything is going to be edited and put together in a very streamlined way.  Thank you very much Karel. It seems that we don't have any other questions in the chat but thank you for joining us and presenting.
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