CASE OF VACCARO v. ITALY
Violation of Art. 5-3;Pecuniary damage - claim dismissed;Non-pecuniary damage - financial award;Costs and expenses partial award
Christos Rozakis
8. The applicant was detained on 30 September 1993 further to an order issued on 24 September 1993 by the preliminary investigations judge ("giudice per le indagini preliminari") attached to the Florence District Court. The applicant was accused of belonging to a Mafia type association, drug-trafficking, unlawful possession of arms and forgery. The accusation was based on the statements of a certain Mr M., a pentito (a mafioso who had decided to co-operate with the authorities). 9. In the reasons for the order of 24 September 1993, the preliminary investigations judge found that M.'s statements should be considered credible and to have been made voluntarily. They could therefore constitute strong evidence of guilt ("gravi indizi di colpevolezza"), which is a prerequisite under Italian law for remanding an accused in custody. The judge also considered that these statements were corroborated by the results of criminal investigations concerning similar crimes, as well as by statements made by other pentiti. Furthermore, pursuant to section 275 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“Codice di Procedura Penale”, hereinafter called the "CPP"), the nature and the seriousness of the offences raised the rebuttable presumption that the conditions for remand in custody laid down in section 274 (risk of tampering with evidence, of absconding and of re-offending) applied. 10. On 24 March 1995, the preliminary investigations judge committed the applicant and twenty-six other persons for trial before the Florence District Court. 11. In a judgment of 8 February 1996, the Florence District Court, acting in accordance with section 23 of the CPP (which provided that the judge who found himself incompetent ratione loci should forward the case-file to the competent judge), declared that the case was outside its territorial jurisdiction and ordered that the case-file be transmitted to the Grosseto District Court. 12. In an order of 25 March 1996, the Grosseto District Court confirmed the applicant’s detention on remand. 13. In an order of 28 March 1996, the President of the Grosseto District Court committed the accused for trial and scheduled the date of the first hearing for 7 May 1996. 14. In an order of 25 July 1996, the Grosseto District Court granted the prosecution's request to suspend the maximum periods of detention on remand for the duration of the trial and deliberations at first instance, pursuant to section 304(2) CPP. It considered that, given the fact that more than three hundred witnesses had to be examined and a considerable volume of documents, including a number of experts' opinions, had to be produced, the proceedings could be regarded as being particularly complex. In the reasons for that order, the District Court specified that, according to the Court of Cassation's well-established case-law, the suspension should cover the whole duration of the trial and not only the days of the actual hearings. 15. On 21 November 1996, the applicant lodged an application for immediate release with the District Court. He observed that the interpretation followed in the order of 25 July 1996 - according to which the suspension of the maximum periods of detention on remand should cover periods of inactivity between hearings - was inconsistent with the relevant provisions of the CPP, with the overall purpose of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention and with Articles 3, 13 § 5 and 24 of the Italian Constitution. 16. In an order of 3 December 1996, the Grosseto District Court, observing that the maximum periods of detention on remand had not been overstepped, dismissed the applicant's claim. 17. On 18 December 1996, the applicant appealed against that order. The Florence District Court, sitting as the authority with jurisdiction to decide on measures affecting the liberty of persons ("tribunale della libertà e del riesame"), dismissed the applicant's appeal in an order of 15 January 1997. 18. On 7 February 1997, the applicant appealed on points of law. 19. In a decision of 17 June 1997, the Court of Cassation, considering that the lower court had not duly indicated the specific and concrete grounds for the decision to suspend the maximum periods of detention on remand, annulled the impugned order and referred the case back to the Florence District Court. 20. In a decision of 27 October 1997, filed with the registry on 7 November 1997, the Florence District Court confirmed the Grosseto District Court's order of 3 December 1996 and declared that the doubts raised by the applicant as to the constitutionality of the relevant provisions of the CPP were manifestly ill-founded. The District Court observed that the length of the proceedings was mainly due to the complexity of the case, to the number of parties and witnesses as well as to the circumstances preventing the attendance of the accused's lawyers and of the District Court's judges. Furthermore, no significant periods of inactivity seemed to have occurred during the trial, given the fact that at least fifty hearings had taken place from 25 June until December 1996. However, the court noted that some hearings had been adjourned for reasons which were not imputable to the applicant or to the requirements of the fair administration of justice in criminal cases, such as lawyers' strikes, the Public Prosecutor’s illness and a lack of a proper hearing-room. It consequently considered that a global delay of thirty-one days should be deducted from the maximum period of detention on remand, which had not been overstepped, even taking into account such deduction. 21. On 24 November 1997, the applicant appealed on points of law against that decision. In a decision of 18 February 1998, filed with the registry on 19 March 1998, the Court of Cassation declared the applicant's appeal inadmissible as manifestly ill-founded. 22. In the meanwhile, one hundred and thirty-eight trial hearings had taken place before the Grosseto District Court. About three hundreds witnesses had been heard and a number of expert opinions were examined. 23. During the trial, the lawyers of the accused had contested the lawfulness of the order for committal for trial. They had noted that in a judgment of 15 March 1996, the Constitutional Court had declared that section 23 of the CPP was unconstitutional and that the incompetent judge should forward the case-file to the Public Prosecutor’s Office (and not to the competent judge, as previously provided). Given the fact that in its judgment of 8 February 1996 the Florence District Court had ordered that the case-file be transmitted to the Grosseto District Court, the lawyers had requested that the whole proceedings be declared null and void. 24. On 22 July 1997, the applicant’s lawyer had declared that due to family reasons, he was unable to take part in the hearings scheduled in August and had requested to adjourn the case until 1 September 1997. 25. In a judgment of 16 December 1997, the Grosseto District Court had sentenced the applicant to eleven years and six months' imprisonment for drug-trafficking and had acquitted him in respect of the remainder of the charges. The court had also ordered that the applicant's case-file be transmitted to the Public Prosecutor's Office in order to evaluate the desirability of instituting fresh proceedings against him for belonging to a Mafia type association and drug-trafficking, crimes which appeared to have been committed in Florence. 26. As concerned the question of the lawfulness of the order for committal for trial, the District Court had observed that the decision of the Florence District Court had been adopted on 8 February 1996, while the invoked judgment of the Constitutional Court had been published only on 20 March 1996. Therefore, in accordance with the principle tempus regit actum, the finding of the unconstitutionality of section 23 of the CPP could not retroactively affect the lawfulness of the Florence District Court’s judgment. 27. The applicant lodged an appeal with the Florence Court of Appeal. 28. In a judgment of 17 November 1998, filed with the registry on 27 November 1998, the Court of Appeal declared that the committal for trial and the first-instance judgment were null and void and ordered that the case-file be transmitted to the Florence Public Prosecutor's Office. It observed, in particular, that the finding that a provision was unconstitutional should in principle apply to all pending proceedings. Therefore, after the Constitutional Court’s judgment of 15 March 1996, the District Court had no power to commit the accused for trial and its President’s order of 28 March 1996 as well as all the acts done before it were invalid. 29. On 3 May 1999, the applicant was released.