HELLUM v. NORWAY
Inadmissible
The applicant is a Norwegian citizen, born in 1952 and resident in Fredrikstad. Before the Court he is represented by Mr Knut Rognlien, a lawyer practising in Oslo. The respondent Government are represented by its Agent, Mr Tolle Stabell, Attorney, Office of the Attorney General (Civil Matters). The facts of the case, as described mainly in the national courts’ judgments, may be summarised as follows. The applicant is a qualified teacher who also holds a degree in special educational needs. From 1980 to 1987 he worked as a teacher in a prison and, from 1987 to 1989, as a social environment worker (miljøterapeut) in a community home for young people. The applicant began working at the Østfold Central Hospital’s psychiatric division in Veum Hospital (“the hospital”) on 7 August 1989. His job was classified as a social environment worker in order for him to receive a salary corresponding to his qualifications but, de facto, he mainly served as a non-qualified nursing assistant. On recruiting him the hospital expressly retained the right to make changes to his “duty arrangements and place of service”. The applicant had applied for a job on the hospital’s security ward - Ward 11, which was to be opened following the closure of the national hospital for the care for particularly difficult and/or dangerous psychiatric patients and the decentralisation of the services provided by the latter. Veum hospital had sought to recruit psychiatric nurses but there was a shortage of qualified candidates. Awaiting the opening of Ward 11, the applicant served for a brief period on Ward 12. He worked on Ward 11 from 1 January 1990 until the autumn 1991, partly during the daytime and partly on night duty. During this period there was a certain amount of disturbance on the Ward, partly owing to the hospital’s use of physical restraint of the patients, particularly by means of devices such as belts and straps. In the view of the applicant, as well as other employees, the hospital used physical restraints too often and arbitrarily. He raised the matter internally and also in several letters to the Chief County Medical Officer and the Committal Complaint Board in 1991. The disturbances at the hospital were one of the reasons why, in October and November 1991, a special inspection was carried out of the hospital’s psychiatric division. As to the use of physical restraints, it was noted in the conclusions of the inspection report that “physical restraints are employed too much without proper reason... There has been no adequate supervision and control”. On 2 September 1991 the applicant wrote to the hospital management stating, inter alia, that the possibility of expressing professional disagreement had been exhausted, and that he therefore asked to be allowed to leave Ward 11. Accordingly, the applicant was temporarily transferred on 21 October 1991 to work on Ward 18. However, the applicant did not wish to work with patients needing nursing assistance and, again at his own request, was transferred on 6 January 1992 to work night shifts on Ward 10 on a one year temporary assignment. The applicant worked on Ward 10 until 16 April 1992, when he was granted sick leave. By this time serious problems had arisen between him and the other person working night shifts on that Ward and several unsuccessful meetings with superiors had been held to try to solve the problem. A further meeting was held in June 1992 with inter alia the hospital management, a union representative and the applicant, still on sick leave. Due to the acuteness of the problem, it was decided to place the applicant as a social environment worker in the hospital’s Activity Unit (serving the hospital at large) where, it was hoped, his pedagogic skills could be put to use. On his return to duty on 31 August 1992 he worked in the Activity Unit. The applicant was, however, not satisfied with his new functions and, on 19 October 1992, was again granted sick leave. By 1 November 1992 he was fit for work, but informed the hospital that he did not intend to return to the Activity Unit because he could not accept the transfer from night duty on Ward 10 with the resultant reduction in salary. The applicant later failed to resume work despite the fact that his employer had let it be known that this would be regarded as absence without leave. The applicant never returned to work at the hospital. No formal decision was ever made by the applicant’s employer concerning his dismissal. In late June 1994 the applicant sued the hospital for unlawful dismissal, but in a judgment of 30 January 1995 the Sarpsborg City Court found against him. On appeal, this judgment was upheld on 27 November 1995 by the Borgarting High Court, which concluded that he was himself responsible for having brought his employment to an end. As the City Court had done, the High Court praised the applicant for having aired his critical views on the use of coercive measures. However, it found no basis for associating the hospital’s treatment of him with the conflict on Ward 11. Nor was there anything to indicate that his transfer to the Activity Unit had been motivated by a desire to transfer an allegedly troublesome employee from a nursing ward. The High Court found that during the relatively brief periods the applicant had worked on Wards 10, 11, 12 and 18 there had, except for his brief assignment on Ward 18, been incidents perceived as negative by certain colleagues. This had been so even if there were colleagues with whom he had worked well. In general, the High Court noted, his relations with colleagues had showed a negative trend. The problems had come to a peak on Ward 10, where the situation had become untenable. A colleague had, at one point, passed on confidential information that the applicant had been depressed owing to the serious illness and death of a close relative. This information was later abused by a chief physician who had stated during a meeting on personnel policy matters that he considered the applicant mentally ill. The hospital Director later expressed regret about this occurrence, noting that the applicant had not requested any evaluation of his medical state at the said meeting. In this connection, the High Court stated: “[The applicant] argues that the chief physician of Ward 11 responded to his criticism of the conditions on the Ward by asserting that he was mentally ill. Statements of this kind – if it is correct that this was said – may result in liability for the employer under section 2-1 subsection 1, first paragraph, of the Damage Compensation Act, although it may rightly be questioned whether it was reasonable to expect the senior consultant to respond in such a manner… However, the High Court cannot see that [the applicant] has been able to establish as probable that this particular isolated incident, which was only touched upon during the submission of evidence before the High Court, has caused him any financial loss. As regards compensation for any non-pecuniary damage, the High Court notes that such a claim must be brought against the person who has caused the damage, i.e. the chief physician. It is accordingly unnecessary for the Court to go more closely into the procedural provisions laid down in section 61 A of the Working Environment Act.” The High Court, which heard the case anew, sat with three professional judges and two “lay” judges particularly qualified to handle labour disputes, one representing the employer’s side and another the employee’s side. Normally there shall be four such “lay” judges – two from each side – outnumbering the professional judges, unless the parties agree only to have two, like in the present case. The hearing before the High Court lasted for four days during which a total of 24 witnesses were heard (of whom six were heard for the first time in the case). On 15 April 1996 the Appeals Selection Committee of the Supreme Court (Høyesteretts kjæremålsutvalg) refused the applicant leave to appeal under Article 373 (3) no. 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure (tvistemålsloven). It observed that the appeal could not be upheld without the Supreme Court departing form the High Court’s judgment on a point where it was essential for the latter to hear evidence from the parties and witnesses or to carry out investigative measures, which it was not open to the Supreme Court to do.