The term gender-based violence--. means any harmful threat or act directed at an individual or group based on actual or perceived biological sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or lack of adherence to varying socially constructed norms around masculinity and femininity;. is rooted in structural gender inequalities, patriarchy, and power imbalances; and. includes the use or threat of physical, psychological, sexual, economic, legal, political, social and other forms of control or abuse.