b'\n_START_ARTICLE_\nBotulinum toksini\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nBotoks, Botulinum toxin kelimesinden k\xc4\xb1salt\xc4\xb1lm\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9f, \xc3\xb6z\xc3\xbcn\xc3\xbc bir bakterinin (Clostridium botulinum) olu\xc5\x9fturdu\xc4\x9fu proteindir._NEWLINE_Botulinum toksini, Clostridium botulinum ve di\xc4\x9fer iki Clostridia t\xc3\xbcr\xc3\xbc taraf\xc4\xb1ndan \xc3\xbcretilen birbiri ile benzer \xc3\xb6zellikler ta\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1yan yedi n\xc3\xb6rotoksinin ortak ad\xc4\xb1d\xc4\xb1r. Bilinen en g\xc3\xbc\xc3\xa7l\xc3\xbc n\xc3\xb6rotoksin botulinumdur.\n_START_SECTION_\nT\xc4\xb1bbi ama\xc3\xa7l\xc4\xb1 kullan\xc4\xb1m alanlar\xc4\xb1\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nT\xc4\xb1pta kullan\xc4\xb1m\xc4\xb1 \xc3\xa7ok yayg\xc4\xb1n olup, strabismus, blefarospazm, tortikoliz, inme, beyin hasar\xc4\xb1 ve serebral palsi hastalarindaki spastisite ve tetanoz tedavisinde ve plastik cerrahi ile kozmetik alan\xc4\xb1nda da 2002 y\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1ndan beri \xc3\xb6zellikle y\xc3\xbczdeki k\xc4\xb1r\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1kl\xc4\xb1klar\xc4\xb1n giderilmesinde kullan\xc4\xb1lmaktad\xc4\xb1r._NEWLINE_bunun haricinde a\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1r\xc4\xb1 terleme hastalar\xc4\xb1nda ve reyno fenomeni tedavisindede kullan\xc4\xb1lmaktad\xc4\xb1r._NEWLINE_yeni tedavi y\xc3\xb6ntemleri olarak\xc2\xa0: karpal t\xc3\xbcnel sendromu (CTS) tedavisinde de denenmektedir.\n_START_SECTION_\nTarih\xc3\xa7e\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\n1817 ve 1822 aras\xc4\xb1nda Alman fizik\xc3\xa7i ve \xc5\x9fair Justinus Kerner taraf\xc4\xb1ndan "sausage poison" ve "fatty poison" olarak tan\xc4\xb1mlanm\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9ft\xc4\xb1r._NEWLINE_1870\'te ba\xc5\x9fka bir Alman fizik\xc3\xa7i Muller latinceden botulus = "sausage" isimlendirmesini yapt\xc4\xb1. 1895\'te Emile van Ermengem ilk defa Clostridium botulinum bakterisini ayr\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9ft\xc4\xb1rmay\xc4\xb1 ba\xc5\x9fard\xc4\xb1. 1944\'te Edward Schantz cClostridium botulinum bakterisini terbite etti ve toksinini ayr\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9ft\xc4\xb1rd\xc4\xb1. 1949 y\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1nda ise Burgen ve arkada\xc5\x9flar\xc4\xb1 botulinum toksinini n\xc3\xb6rom\xc3\xbcsk\xc3\xbcler faaliyetleri azalt\xc4\xb1c\xc4\xb1 etkisini ke\xc5\x9ffettiler._NEWLINE_1973 y\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1nda Smith-Kettlewell Institute\'den  Alan B Scott A Tipi botoksu (BTX-A) maymunlarda denedi. 1980 y\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1nda ise botoksu resmi olarak ilk defa insanlar \xc3\xbczerinde \xc5\x9fa\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1\xc4\x9f\xc4\xb1 giderme ama\xc3\xa7l\xc4\xb1 kulland\xc4\xb1._NEWLINE_1989 Kas\xc4\xb1m ay\xc4\xb1nda BTX-A (BOTOX) US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) taraf\xc4\xb1ndan g\xc3\xb6zde \xc5\x9fa\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1k tedavisi i\xc3\xa7in blepharospasm y\xc3\xbcz\xc3\xbcn yar\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1nda g\xc3\xb6r\xc3\xbcnen kas\xc4\xb1lmalarda 12 ya\xc5\x9f \xc3\xbczeri hastalar i\xc3\xa7in onayland\xc4\xb1._NEWLINE_BTX-A\'n\xc4\xb1n ilk kozmetik etkisi g\xc3\xb6z doktoru Jean Carruthers ve cildiyeci Alastair Carruthers isimli kar\xc4\xb1 koca taraf\xc4\xb1ndan Vancouver\'da tan\xc4\xb1mland\xc4\xb1. 15 Nisan 2002\'de FDA type A (BOTOX Cosmetic) ka\xc5\x9f aras\xc4\xb1ndaki k\xc4\xb1r\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9f\xc4\xb1klar\xc4\xb1 yum\xc5\x9fatt\xc4\xb1\xc4\x9f\xc4\xb1n\xc4\xb1 ge\xc3\xa7ici olarak onaylad\xc4\xb1. BTX-A\'n\xc4\xb1n ayr\xc4\xb1ca koltuk alt\xc4\xb1 terlemelerini azalt\xc4\xb1c\xc4\xb1 etkisi de onayland\xc4\xb1. BTX-A\'n\xc4\xb1n migren, ast\xc4\xb1m, obezite gibi bir\xc3\xa7ok hastal\xc4\xb1k \xc3\xbczerindeki etkisi bir\xc3\xa7ok AB \xc3\xbclkesinde onay beklemektedir._NEWLINE_Botulinium Toxin Type B (BTX-B)2nin cervical dystonia tedavisine uygunlu\xc4\x9fu ise 21 kas\xc4\xb1m 2000 y\xc4\xb1l\xc4\xb1nda onaylanm\xc4\xb1\xc5\x9ft\xc4\xb1r. Ticari ismi ABD\'de Myobloc, AB\'de ise Neurobloc\'tur.'