int makehist(unsigned char *S,int *hist,int len){
	int wherechar[256];
	int i,histlen;
	histlen=0;
	for(i=0;i<256;i++)wherechar[i]=-1;
	for(i=0;i<len;i++){
		if(wherechar[(int)S[i]]==-1){
			wherechar[(int)S[i]]=histlen;
			histlen++;
		}
		hist[wherechar[(int)S[i]]]++;
	}
	return histlen;
}

double entropy(int *hist,int histlen,int len){
	int i;
	double H;
	H=0;
	for(i=0;i<histlen;i++){
		H-=(double)hist[i]/len*log2((double)hist[i]/len);
	}
	return H;
}

int main(void){
	unsigned char S[MAXLEN];
	int len,*hist,histlen;
	double H;
	scanf(,S);
	len=strlen(S);
	hist=(int*)calloc(len,sizeof(int));
	histlen=makehist(S,hist,len);
	
	H=entropy(hist,histlen,len);
	printf(,H);
	return 0;
}