성결 대 박 사원 선교 문화 인류학 세미나 20 글로벌 / 세계 적 교통세 계통 문화 세계 교차 문화 세계 화 인터 컬처 커뮤니케이션 한국 교포 들 이 세계 적 으로 700 여 만약 100 여 국가 에 흩어져 산다 . 미국 에 교포 가 300 만 중국 에 교포 가 200 만 일본 에 교포 가 50 만 등 등 한국 선교사 가 30000 만 여 명 100 여 국가 에 흩어져 선교 와 생산 에 참여 하 고 있 다 . 한국인 사회 는 IT 선교 영향 으로 웹 사이트 인터넷 스마트 폰 텔레비전 디비 디 피 디에프 파일 등 으로 온 세계 가 한 극 에서 세계 로 글 과 동영상 으로 순식간 소통 이 이루 어 진다 . 한국 에 는 영어 권 에서 온 선생 들 만 도 수만 명 에 이르 고 있 다 . 한국인 들 도 지구촌 적 사회 에 살 고 있 다 . 다음 글 은 wiki encypedia 에서 퍼와 일부 한글 로 번역 한 논고 국제 화 이 주 Globalization and Migration 세계 화 GlobalizationThe term globalization was first defined in the Merriam - Webster ThirdInternational Dictionary , 1961 edition . It is said , however , that the phenomenaof globalization started with the first humans . A general definition ofglobalization is “ the process of integrating nations and peoples -- politically , economically , and culturally -- into a larger community . ” [ 1 ] Contemporary globalization is fueled by the increases in technology ( especially concerning communication and transportation ) . Scholars in politicalscience , economics , linguistics , anthropology , geography , law , art , and filmstudies have all helped to define the term . Many have identifiedtechno - economic globalization as the beginning of other forms of globalization , such as transnational cultural exchange . [ 2 ] The focus is not only towardindividual nations but rather the entire globe . Therefore , a better definitionperhaps would emphasize that contemporary globalization is a complex , controversial , and synergistic process in which improvements in technologycombined with the deregulation of markets and open borders bring an increasedstream of people , money , goods , services , and information . Globalizationcombines people , businesses , nongovernmental organizations , and nations intolarger networks . Globalization promotes convergence , harmonization , efficiency , growth , and in some cases , democratization and homogenization . [ 3 ] It should be noted , however , that Globalization has historically andcurrently caused extremely negative and destructive outcomes on certainpeoples . This is especially true when contact is between industrialized massconsumption societies , and foraging or horticultural groups . An example of globalizationaiding an indigenous group : The Kayapó : people are the Gê - speaking native peoples of the plain lands of the Mato Grossoand Para in Brazil , South of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and itstributaries . The Kayapó are nomadic people who still live in the rain forestsusing a sustainable slash - and - burn horticulture mode of production . Using global media and international attention , they have establishedpolitical power over their own land . At one time , mining and logging threatenedto destroy the rain forest , and their way of life . However , the Kayapó peopleused forceful tactics to banish loggers and miners in some areas , as well asestablishing themselves as an economic force . Later , they were again threatenedby secretive government plans to build a series of hydro - electric dams on theirland . However , a large demonstration was created by the Kayapó that caught theattention of the media world - wide . This demonstration , at the site for thefirst dam in Altamira , Pará , lasted several days and brought much pressure uponboth the World Bank and the Brazilian government . As well , the rock star Stingmade an appearance at the demonstration . As a result , the World Bank denied therequest for a loan which was to be used to build the dam and the Braziliangovernment backed out of its original plans . As well , the Kayapó have relationswith The Body Shoppe : they supply the chain with the Brazil nut oil used intheir best - selling line of hair conditioners . [ 4 ] An example of Globalizationnot aiding an indigenous group : A verygood historical example of the negatives of globalization is the Europeancolonization of the Americas in the 15 th and 16 th centuries . European diseasesto which the native populations had no natural immunity paired withtechnological superiority in especially military weapons and tactics caused theextermination of roughly 90 % of the natives . [ 5 ] Globalization has also harmed many cultures that are exploited by bigbusinesses from other countries . The working conditions of laborers inIndonesia who make shoes are very harsh , as they work 60 + hours a week and livein fear of their supervisors . [ 6 ] 세계 화 가 생산 / 출산 에 영향 을 주 는 방법 How Globalization Affects the Five Modes of Production 생산 / 출산 5 가지 양태 The Five Modes of Production : 1 . 사냥 채집 Foraging - hunting and gathering food and provisions . 2 . 야생 재배 Horticulture - “ slash and burn ” , gardening , plant cultivation as ameans to harvest food and resources . 3 . 목축 Pastoralism - a system of agriculture based on raising stock such ascattle , sheep , or goats . 4 . 농업 Agriculture - the practice of cultivating soil , producing crops , andraising livestock in preparation of marketing the resulting product . 5 . 산업 / 도시 Industrialism - capitalism , specialized manufacture , technologicalprocessing 세계 화 화 와 생산 Globalization ' s Affects on Modes of Production : 1 . Foraging : Foragingsocieties have been impacted by globalization through an increased amount ofcontact with others from various cultures around the globe . This vastlyincreased contact most often involves severe reduction in available territoryto support the foraging lifestyle . Foraging supports a much less densepoulation than do other modes of production . 2 . Horticulture : Horticulture is affected by globalization much in the same manner as foraging . The Horticultural society depends on the practices of migratory slash and burnfarming as well as hunting and gathering , and the amount of available land toproduce food in theis manner becomes more and more strained and globalizationcontinues . 3 . Pastoralism : This isaffected by globalization because the animals herded , raised and butchered inthis mode of production can be exported out of their original region . Havingimportant things in common , such as food can further ‘ the process ofintegrating nations and peoples ’. Furthermore , the wool sheared from sheep canbe used in the international textiles industry . Material from one place can bemade into clothing that can be sold in an abundance of locations around theworld . 4 . Agricultural : Globalization affects this because through agriculture food can be grown orraised in surplus , and sent around globally . Drugs ( legal and illegal ) are alsosent around the world . 5 . Industrialism : This isaffected by globalization because many cultural aspects are spread byindustrialism , especially through technological means , which is one of the mostefficient modes of communication and exchange . 여행 이동 TourismTourists are defined as peoplewho stay in locations that are outside of their normal environment withoutintent to settle there . They travel to new places for recreational or leisurepurposes . Many nations , such as Greece , Thailand and The Bahamas heavily depend on the revenue created through globaltourism . Employment in these areas is heavily reliant on associated areas ofwork ( i . e . hotels , transportation services like cruise ships and taxis . ) PacificPrincess off the U . S . West Coast . There are three classificationsfor locations of tourism : 부족 권 여행 Domestic tourism - residents of a certain country travel within theircountry . ( i . e . an American living in California visits New York ) 거주 권 밖 여행 Inbound tourism - non - residents travel within the borders of a givencountry . ( i . e . an Australian tourist visits a Chinese resident ) 군 밖 영행 Outbound tourism - residents of one country travel within another country ( i . e . a Canadian resident visits Greece ) Additionally , there are fivetypes of tourism : [ 7 ] 동 민족 영향 Ethnic tourism - visits to see native people from a very foreign / different environment ( i . e . traveling to Nahua Indians and their local andnational governments ) [ 8 ] 문화 기행 Cultural tourism - visits to experience other cultures on a general level ( i . e . traveling to New Orleans , Louisiana for Mardi Gras ) 역사 기행 Historical tourism - visits to historical sites or monuments ( i . e . traveling to Paris to see the Eiffel Tower or traveling to Rome to see the Colosseum ) 환경 기행 Environmental tourism - visits to experience a completely differentenvironment than the traveler is accustomed to in their home country ( i . e . traveling to Antarctica ) This also includes going to a national park that ispreserved for environmental sight seeing by the National Park Service ( i . e . traveling to Yellowstone or Yosemite ) [ 9 ] 오락 기행 Recreational tourism - visits to partake in activities unique to thedestination ( i . e . traveling to Pamplona , Spain to see the Runningof the Bulls ) The UnitedNations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) is one of the leading tourism organizations that regulates andinforms tourists around the world . Oftentimes tourists are drawn toa country by an attraction within that nation . Some of the most popularinternational tourist attractions include the Eiffel Tower ( France ) , LeaningTower of Pisa ( Italy ) , and the Great Wall ( China . ) The Great Wall of Chinadraws around 10 million visitors a year . Other cultural aspects , such astasting the cuisine , experiencing traditional events or learning the language , may also attract tourists . Throughout history , people withan elevated level of affluence have had greater ease traveling . Wealthierpeople have both the money and the time needed to visit other areas , whereaspeople in lower classes do not have this luxury . Tourism is largely beneficial tothe worldwide economy , but there are also risks associated with it for both thetourists and country being toured . For tourists , issues such as security andhealth are present whenever they are in a country different than their own . Insome cases , cruise ships have dealt with outbreaks of contagious diseases . For the country being toured , there are many issues as a result of annually inviting millions of strangersacross their borders . Inviting strangers into their country is not their onlydanger , though . There are a variety of things that can happen to countries whorely on tourism as their main source of economic income . Natural disasters andterrorism are both great dangers when it comes to tourism . For example , hurricane Katrina kept many people from visiting the hot tourist spot , NewOrleans , which had been destroyed due to a natural occurrence . In addition , after the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , many people were reluctant to visit the supercity of the world , New York . It is risky for countries to rely solely ontourism because there are unexpected and uncontrollable things that can happenthat will keep people from traveling to certain parts of the world . [ 10 ] Tourism is a central industry tothe island nation of Jamaica . It is among the leading foreign exchange earnersfor the nation , and draws many tourists from the English speaking nations aswell as from other nations . The island is home to many luxury resorts locatedon the white sand beaches , and guests to these resorts are treated to manyaspects of the Jamaican culture . However , these relaxing settings are fardifferent from the environments of the majority of the inhabitants of Jamaica . The island is urbanized and many citizens earn extremely low wages ; this iscoupled with the problems the nation faces in the financial sector , such asextremely high inflation and a low GDP . The country of Thailand is also atourist hotspot . It has been called the “ backpacking capital of the world ” , andmost of its tourism expenses are directed towards those that could accommodatea backpacker . Because of this , many of Thailand ’ s attractions are remotelycheap , especially around the city of Bangkok . Tourism is central to Thailand , and many civilians sell their own goods in the markets located throughout thecountry . All across Thailand you can find amazing scenery , delicious food , andlow prices , if you know where to look , and Thailand thrives on the income itreceives solely from its tourists . [ edit ] Consumer CulturePackaged food aisles of Fred Meyer in Portland atInterstate and Lombard 말르 크 스 신 마르크스주의 -- 자본 모으 려 이동 Marxian andneo - Marxian theory leads to the viewthat one of the major driving forces behind globalization is the corporate needin capitalism to show increasing profitability through more , and morefar - reaching , economic imperialism … enhancing profitability by increasingcultural hegemony nationally and ultimately throughout the world . ” 1 once organizations have economically dominated their own nation , a culturallydriven need to expand outward to other nations occurs . Mostly driven byAmerican corporations , industries continue to expand by the exportation andexploitation of other countries . Mere exportation is no longer enough to feedthe companies , and a new aim to globalize consumerism and evoke a demand forthe same products all over the world has arisen . Thus a global market andconsumer culture has emerged and flourished . Companies like Wal - Mart , Disney , McDonald ' s and Visa MasterCard all spend enormous amounts of time and resourcesto entice customers with a desire for freedom , lower prices or a qualityexperience , in affect , causing all people to consume in similar ways . Thismarket culture is bought by consumers as a way of life , and poses underlyingassumptions that money and products buy us a better life , and corporations aredesigned to make consumers always feel dissatisfied with what they have andready to buy more , and is therefore able to reproduce and sustain itself . This widespread sense of aconsumer culture has not always existed . It is largely an outcome of America ' swealth and status coming out of WWII . Corporations were at the height of theirmanufacturing capacity after the war , and had made a fortune funding themilitary / industrial complex . They stood to make an even more considerableamount of money if this monumental demand for products could be sustained . Thisdemand was created by impressing on the American people , and soon after peoplearound the world , the association between acquiring material goods withincreased social standing . Since corporations also control the means throughwhich we view the world , i . e . the media , they could easily make thisconsumerist mindset a habit in society . This lifestyle has now been through afew generations of people , and for the most part we now short - sightedly assumethat we have always , and will always live this way . This mass migration of goods , people and especially information has resulted in continual negative repercussionson cultural diversity and the environment . The companies that have created andsustained this market have received a lot of money and power which they use topursue expansion and make more profit to satisfy few people . As a result , theworld of consumption affects an increasing number of people who relocate towork for their business , concentrate in cities and consume which creates wasteand uses energy and resources . Consequences of “ Americanization ” as concludedby critics , are the irreversible impacts on the strength of cultural diversity , as well as the environmental sustainability of our planet . An example of this culturallyinvasive global trend can be seen in the plastic surgery rooms in Iran . Duringthe Islamic Revolution [ 1 ] , make - upwas confiscated from Persian women and their faces were extensively covered inthe name of Islamic culture . Today , Iran is the nose job capital of the world . Iranian women spend an average of $ 1 , 500 to achieve the ' perfect nose '. Withthe introduction of satellite television from the west and the increasingforces of globalization , Persian women have adopted the idea that “ a westernnose is more beautiful . ” The naturally large Persian nose is considered “ out ofstyle … and the hot look is inspired by Hollywood … the smaller noses of westernwomen . ” 2 The nose job craze strips women of undermines the charm ofrecognizably Persian features and creates a more uniformed beauty , desirable toobtain better social standings and presumed success . 1 Ritzer , George . " The Globalization of Nothing 2 " ( 2007 ) 2 http : / / www . cbsnews . com / stories / 2005 / 05 / 02 / eveningnews / main 692495 . shtml 힙합 춤 국제 화 Globalization of Hip - HopDance competition at the Third Anniversary of Zulu NationSeattle Celebration of Hip Hop Culture , part of Festival Sundiata , a Festálevent at Seattle Center , Seattle , Washington 2007 . Hip - hop is a potent example ofthe capacity for popular culture to cross national boundaries . Fed by thefashion and entertainment industries and reworked by successive generations , hip - hop is more than a musical form ; it is a way of life . Originating in 1970 sNew York City , hip - hop emerged from inner - city art expressed through graffiti , block parties , break dancing and rapping - all carried out in public areas - toan international cultural entity . Now in the twenty first century , hip - hop isseen not only in the urban areas of the United States , but all over the worldlike in South Africa , Brazil , England , India , and Italy . Ian Condry , a culturalanthropologist spent a year and a half , starting in mid 1995 studying thehip - hop culture in Japanese culture . In his article " Japanese Hip - Hop andthe Globalization of Culture , " Condry investigated how the culture ofhip - hop has been translated and adopted by Japan . Although on the surface theJapanese hip - hop culture looks quite similar to American hip - hop culture , thereare major differences between the two . The two cultures share the samecharacteristics such as the loose baggy clothing , large amounts of jewelry or ' bling , ' and the classic Nike sneakers . But unlike American hip - hopparticipants , Japanese hip - hop culture comes secondary to traditional Japanesecustoms and values . At night between the hours of 1 and 5 am in the morning , aJapanese hip - hop participant is fully indulged in the hip - hop culture . But whenthe next day begins , they return to their daily traditional Japanese lifestyle - living at home with their parents and being the products of the Japaneseeducational system . This traditional Japanese lifestyle is strangely beingincorporated into hip - hop culture , as Condry ' s article documents : " Japanese cultural practices do not just disappear " just becausepeople seem to conform to the style of global hip - hop . Much like Americanculture , Japanese cultures , both traditional and hip hop , are blending togetherto form a new collecting culture , thus demonstrating the globalization ofhip - hop in Japan . Condry provides an excellent example of this by telling howthese hip - hop participants went to one another in one of the " genbas " and in the middle of a hip - hop scene exchanging traditional New Year ' sblessings . [ 11 ] Globalization of hip - hop hasreached the country of Italy . Hip - hop in Italy is taken after a type of poetrycalled ottava rima where stanzas have 8 lines of 11 syllables in a rhyme schemeof abababcc . Ottava rima is a very polished form of hip - hop that sounds almostsing - songy . At first rap in Italy was almost directly the same as it was in theUnited States , but since the 1980 s , the Italians have molded it to be theirown . Different dialects of Italy bring out a great variety of the music . Italiansuse hip - hop as a way to convey what happens in their everday lives , verydifferent from American hip - hop that focuses on living a rich life , partying , and putting down women . The people rap about the Mafia , government corruption , homelessness , and drug addiction . Italian hip - hop artists look at their art asa social protest . [ 12 ] It is said that Americans do notrecognize hip - hop outside the states but that hasn ’ t stopped other nation , suchas Latin America from trying to get onto the hip - hop map . With time , reggaetonbeats are being mixed with American hip - hop and have become quite popular inthe clubs . Although these new artists may not be from the “ streets ” consideredappropriate for the scene they are making an impact nonetheless . An AmericanDJ , Wesley Pentz , stumbled across a demo tape while in Brazil finding a brandof music all its own . It consisted of hip - hop , carnival rhythms , and even a bita samba . The image of hip - hop is no longer just the American “ hood ” it hadbegun to take on a global meaning . [ 13 ] 문화 제국주의 대 문화 양동 화 Cultural Imperialism vs . Cultural HybridizationTo understand the spread ofculture , ideologies , and lifestyles around the world , anthropologists havedeveloped the theories of cultural imperialism and cultural hybridization . Cultural imperialism states that some cultures dominate , and eventually replace , other cultures . This became a popular way to understand the spread of Westernculture to the rest of the world . However , its notions are flawed . First , cultural imperialism assumes that non - Western peoples are powerless against thespread of Western culture . Second , it implies that Western culture neverchanges . Third , it ignores cultural trends that occur around the worldcompletely outside of " the West . " Because of these flaws , anthropologists developed a different explanation called cultural hybridity . This new understanding states that cultures don ' t justblindly adopt dominant cultural traits , but rather borrow parts of differentculture that complement or contribute to their own . Another term used to definethis method is cultural creolization . This perspective focuses on thecreativity and motivation involved in hybridization . Rather than culture - changebeing explained as the accidental domination of one culture over another , itshows how native people purposefully adopt and domesticate foreign ideas . One example of culturalhybridization could include the fact that Kanji , one of the three writingsystems in the Japanese language , was first developed from Chinese characters . Many characters have the same meaning in Japanese and Chinese but thepronunciations are different . 대만 부족 과 문화 Addtional Information - Taiwanese People and CultureHuman habitation in Taiwan datesback 12 , 000 to 15 , 000 years , and evidence suggests that the ancestors oftoday ’ s indigenous peoples came from southern China and Austronesia . There arecurrently 11 major indigenous groups in Taiwan : the Atayal 泰 雅 族 , Saisiyat 賽 夏 族 , Bunun 布 農 族 , Tsou 鄒 族 , Thao 邵 族 , Paiwan 排 灣 族 , Rukai 魯 凱 族 , Puyuma 卑 南 族 , Amis 阿 美 族 , Yami 雅 美 族 , and Kavalan 葛 瑪 蘭 族 . Collectively , they comprise less than 2 percent of Taiwan ’ s total population . Both the culture and lifestylesof Taiwan ’ s indigenous peoples have continued to change as the descendants ofTaiwan ’ s earliest inhabitants adjust to rapid modernization . Young people areleaving traditional occupations , such as farming , hunting , and fishing , forjobs in the cities . Indigenous languages are still spoken in Taiwan , but thenumber of native speakers is rapidlly declining , with younger generationsusually not as fluent in their own ancestral tongue as they are in Mandarin orMinnanese 閩 南 語 . 세계 동포 론 C o s m o p o litanismCosmopolitanismis a concept that was first used by the Stoic philosophers of ancientRome . In the Stoic sense , cosmopolitanism means that every human being , “ dwells [ … ] in two communities – the local community of our birth , and the community ofhuman argument and aspiration ” . [ 14 ] During the Enlightenment , Eighteenth century philosopher Immanuel Kantrevisited the term and defined it as being versed in Western ways , promoting akind of “ First World ” culture . Cultural anthropologists use the term today toinclude alternatives to this elite Western culture . Cosmopolitanism can be thoughtof as being comfortable in more than one cultural setting and being able tohandle multiple perspectives or new ways of thinkingSchultz , Emily , and RobertLavenda . Cultural Anthropology . New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Cosmopolitanism 이 주 MigrationHuman migration refers to anymovement of humans from one area to another . This can occur over any distanceand in various group sizes . It is now more common for families to migratetogether . Nuclear families move from one area to another in response toeconomic and social needs . One prominent example ofmigration was the Holocaust [ 2 ] in WorldWar II . The genocide that was inflicted upon people of Jewish descent andreligion in Europe at the time reflected the necessity for Jewish people tomigrate . The Holocaust that occurred in Europe is an example of forcedmigration of people of Jewish descent or religion because of the threat ofdeath of not moving away from Hitler ' s forces . All across Europe Jewish peoplewere forced out of their homes . Some were taken to concentration camps whileothers fled to other countries reflecting the necessity to move away from deathor enslavement . As a result of the United Nations Partition Plan [ 3 ] for Palestine , many people migrated to the British Mandate of Palestine , which is now modern day Israel . World War II resulted involuntary migration as well . After the war ended , in 1945 , Germany was in astate of economic collapse and needed rebuilding . The country had lost over 4 . 5 million people in the war and many more ; especially the Jewish population hadleft the country for fear of persecution . Germany used aid from abroad todevelop new industries in many cities . However , there was a big shortage oflabour that threatened the industrial recovery because there were more jobvacancies than workers so extra labour was needed . Germany solved this problemby importing ‘ guest workers ’ especially from Turkey , Italy and Greece . Thesecountries were less developed than Germany so people migrated to gain work , earn money and live in a more developed country . [ 15 ] Another example would be duringthe Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , led by Chiang Kai - shek , escaped from China and fled with the ROC governmentfrom Nanjing to Taihoku ( Taipei ) , Taiwan ' s largest city , along with some 2 million refugees fromChina , consisting mainly soldiers , KMT party members and some most importantintellectual and business elites . [ 4 ] Yet another example of migrationin the United States was In the early decades of the twentieth century , movement of blacks to the North increased tremendously . The reasons for this " Great Migration , " as it came to be called , are complex . Thousands ofAfrican - Americans left the South to escape sharecropping , worsening economicconditions , and the lynch mob . They sought higher wages , better homes , andpolitical rights . Between 1940 and 1970 continued migration transformed thecountry ' s African - American population from a predominately southern , ruralgroup to a northern , urban one . [ 16 ] 이 주 이론 들 Theories of MigrationIn Adams Smith ' s concept of the Invisible hand , he described the reality of economy where people act intheir own interest . People who seek wealth mostly follow their own interest andwell being . Based on neoclassicaleconomics theory , capital movesfrom high wage countries to low wage countries . Conversely , flows of labor movefrom low wage countries to high wage countries . People in poor countries arewilling to work for low wages , so factories are built in these places to cutcosts . Two possible effectors to migration are push factors and pull factors . The push factor is where there is a lack of jobs , political fear , or the threatof natural disaster which forces people to move from their country of origin . The pull factor is where there are job opportunities with higher pay and betterliving conditions . Companies such as Nike buildsweatshops in poor countries such as in Vietnam in order to cut costs of labor , while effectively increasing their net revenue . Nike has about four times asmany workers in Vietnam than in the U . S . An article by Johan Norberg , mentionsthat people in Vietnam like their new jobs because not only do they receivebetter pay but also they do not have to work in the sun . 1 There aremany more companies that build sweatshops in poor countries mainly becausethere is a great demand for work and the people are willing to work cheapbecause in their eyes , it is advantageous to work for a little than not at all . 1 http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qa 3724 / is _ 200306 / ai _ n 9251504 디아스포라 교포 DiasporaThe term diaspora refers to theforced or voluntary movement of any population sharing a common ethnic identitywho leave their settled territory and become residents in new areasdisconnected from their former home . This is converse to the traditionalnomadic culture . Diasporic cultural development assumes that a group orcommunity takes a different course compared with the population of the originalsettlement . Evidence of a Disporic culture is the community ' s resistance toprimary language change and the maintenance of their religious and culturalpractices . Some examples of this include , Tibetan monks living in Nepal , Indiasince the Chinese invasion of Tibet , as well as the large populations ofHongkongese people living in Vancouver , London , Sydney , Singapore , New York andLos Angeles . 흩어진 유대 교포 Jewish DiasporaJewish Diaspora began when the Assyrian conquered Israel in 722 BC andthe Hebrew people were scattered all over the Middle East . These victims seemedto always be ignored in history books . When Nebuchadnezzar [ 5 ] deported Judeans in 597 BC , he allowed Jews to remain in Babylon , whileothers fled to the Nile . This was considered the beginning date of JewishDiaspora . There were now three groups of Hebrews . Some were in Babylon , Judea , Egypt , and other spread around the Middle East . All of these Jews retainedtheir religion under Persian and Greek law . Some converted to differentreligions but were faithful to the new - found Torah . The Romans discriminatedagainst the Jews . Governors wanted to get as much money revenue as possible andtook any money they could get . The Judeans revolted and in 73 AD the last ofrevolutionaries were holed up in the mountain fort of Masada . 1 , 000 men , women , and children starved in the besiegement for two years . Rather than surrender tothe Romans , the remaining people in the mountain killed themselves . The Romansdestroyed Jerusalem , annexed Judea , and drove Jews from Palestine . The Diasporawould continue as Jewish people spread over Africa , Asia , and Europe . ^ http : / / www . jewishvirtuallibrary . org / jsource / History / Diaspora . html 알 메 니 안 교포 Armenian DiasporaThe Armenian diaspora is a termused to describe the groups or communities of Armenians living outside ofArmenia and the Nagorno - Karabakh region of northern Azerbaijan . It mostlyrefers to the migration of Armenians during and after the Armenian Genocide . 역사 HistoryThe Armenian diaspora has existedsince the loss of Armenian statehood in 1375 , it grew considerably in sizeafter the Armenian Genocide . Most Armenians stayed on the Armenian plainremaining in historical Armenia under control of the Ottoman Empire . Armenianssurvived as peasant farmers in rural Anatolia , but others mostly merchantsresettled in the major Ottoman cities such as Constantinople , Smyrna , andTarsus . Through upward social mobility they were able to gain wealth and statuseven as a non - Islamic minority . This changed when in the mid to late nineteenthcentury , the change political climate in the Ottoman Empire prompted politicalparanoia . Fears of uprising revolts and coup left the Ottoman ' s looking for ascape goat . They found this in the Ottoman - Armenian population . The Young Turkgovernment in an attempt to solidify their power massacred or forcibly removedthe vast majority of Armenians from the eastern Anatolian provinces to theSouth West during the Armenian Genocide . Map of Armenian DiasporaToday estimates range from halfto two thirds of the world ' s Armenians live outside of historical Armenia . [ 6 ] Armeniancommunities have emerged all over the world with the largest communitiesexisting in Jordan , Egypt , Syria , Russia , Poland , Western Europe , India , andNorth America . Of the total Armenian population living worldwide estimated tobe 9 , 000 , 000 , only about 3 , 000 , 000 live in Armenia and about 130 , 000 inNagorno - Karabakh . [ 7 ] The restof the populations appear to be equally dispersed around the world withapproximately two million living in former Soviet states . [ 8 ] The postcommunist Republic of Armenia has officially defined the Armenian nation toinclude the far - flung diaspora , a policy in accord with the feelings of manydiaspora Armenians . Armenia officially considers all of the displaced Armeniansto be part of Armenia and in 2008 , Armenia created a Diaspora Ministry to strengthenties with the Armenian Diaspora . 원거리 국민주의 Long - Distance NationalismLong - Distance Nationalism cameabout when members of a diaspora would decide to support their homelands ’ struggles . The immigrants beingcitizens of a state different than their homeland have been known to showlittle citizenship participation towards their homelands . However , theynormally feel more of an attachment to their homelands than to where theycurrently live , which then leads them to support the struggles in their homeland . They tend to participate in the current conflicts of their homelands bypropaganda , money , and weapons , any way besides voting . 월경 국가 들 Trans - border statesImmigrants who are members ofLong - Distance Nationalism are also known as Trans - border states . They arepeople who are citizens of another state , but claim that even though they haveleft the country , their descendants remain part of their ancestral state . Therefore , they still have the right to participate in homeland struggles forthey are expected to return home bringing with them new skills to help buildtheir nation . In many nations trans - border states are permitted the right tovote in their country of origin . In the Dominican Republic emigrants that havebecome citizens of other countries are expected to vote in the Dominicanelections . People of Trans – border States have the right to participate indecisions that will ultimately affect them , no matter where their decisions aremade . Long Distance Nationalism hasoutgrown its definition and is now known as Trans - border states with the onlydifference between the two being that the citizens show more loyalty towardstheir homeland . Citizens of another state who claim that even though they haveleft their homeland country , their descendants remain part of their ancestralstate are citizens involved in Trans - border states . They want the right toparticipate in their homeland struggles for they are expected to return homebringing with them skills to help build their nation . In many nations peopleinvolved in Trans - border states are permitted the right to vote in theircountry of origin . In the Dominican Republic emigrants that have becomecitizens of other countries are expected to vote in the Dominican elections . People of Trans - border states have the right to participate in decisions thatwill ultimately affect them , no matter where their decisions are made . Thereason Trans - border states has become more easily carried out on a global scaleis because advances in communication and transportation have increase in sizeallowing the ability for more of an impact in their homeland . Trans - borderstates are able to remain in the national struggles of their homeland more thanever before . In Mexico and the Philippines it can be vital for emigrants toattribute to Long - Distance Nationalism by remitting money to sustain theirfamilies and communities . It is encouraged in Mexico for emigrants toparticipate in homeland politics . Although it is encouraged in Mexico it isalso discouraged in many other countries , such as the United States soon afterSeptember 11 th . After September 11 th , dual loyalties began to be re - examinedand the USA took precautions with countries that had Long - Distance Nationalisminside the US . 이 주 유형 차 Different Types of MigrationInternal MigrationReplica of a covered wagon used to travel west . Internal migration is themovement from one part of a country to another . Moving is a long , difficult process , and so in order to make it worth a family ' s or a people ' s while to move , thepromise of wherever they are moving to has to far outweigh the promise ofwherever they are moving from . Reasons for internal migration are varied , butmay include economic hardship , religious persecution , someone ' s job forcingthem to move , or any combination therein . An example from American history is the Westward Movement , where there was massmigration by settlers from the eastern part of the country out west via the OregonTrail . The reasons for pioneers moving west were also varied , but most weremotivated to move in hopes of economic gain . It was thought that the westernUnited States had a near infinite amount of space , and so there would be roomfor anyone who wanted to settle in Washington , Oregon , and California to have alarge farm of his own . Some minority groups , such as the Shakers and theMormons , moved in hopes of settling communities of their own , free frompersecution because of their religious ideals . Citations : " westward movement . " Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009 . EncyclopædiaBritannica online . 09 Mar . 2009 < http : / / www . britannica . com / EBchecked / topic / 641224 / westward - movement >. International Migration --- I ' d like to do this term Curtis Wisser ( talk ) 05 : 59 , 9 March 2009 ( UTC ) Curtis WisserMigration can occur for manyreasons such as work , rights , religion , and family . one of the most known typesof migration is international migration . This kind of migration occurs whenpersons cross international state boundaries . In some cases , people stay in thenew country for a short period of time . There are also many people who migratepermanently and work in order to bring their families to their newdestinations . ( Requirement 2 a ) It ’ s common knowledge that manyLatin American Hispanic citizens migrate to the United States in order to findwork to provide for their family . An anthropologist by the name of Eurgenia Georgesexamined another example of migration , on people from Los Pinos to the UnitedStates . In most households , the husband would migrate and work until they couldbring their family to America ; “ This sometimes took several years because itinvolved completing paperwork for the visa and saving money beyond the amountregularly sent to Los Pinos . ” Some families however , preferred to stay in LosPinos after getting their feet moving , but returned to the States for a monthor more annually in order to keep their visa . ( Requirement 2 b ) - Schultz , Emily , and RobertLavenda . Cultural Anthropology . New York : OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS , 2009 . - http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / International _ migrationTransnational Migration 다른 유형 이주자 들 Different Types of Migrants 노동 Labor MigrantsMigrant farm worker , New YorkLabor Migrants are workers who move from region to region in order tofind work . Labor migrant workers focus on jobs that are the most plentifuldepending on the time of year or season . In other words migrant workers areprimarily seasonal workers ( 1 ) . The United Nations defines a migrant worker as anyone working outside of their country of origin . The definition of migrant workers is different for all parts of the world but is usuallyconsidered someone who moves looking for seasonal work . <( 1 ) ref : http : / / www . encyclopedia . com / topic / migrant _ labor . aspx > In Walla Walla , Washington there are many migrant workers . There has always been alarge number of them because of the vast agricultural base in WallaWalla . Over time the number ofmigrant workers has increased greatly because of the up and coming wineindustry . The workers there are now settled and have ceased to migrateseasonally because there is so much work . All of these workers are fieldworkers . They harvest grapes , asparagus , and apples which falls into theunskilled workers category . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Another example of labor migrantsfrom Washington is in Pasco . The drop out rates of the school are largely influenceby seasonal migrant workers . When the crops need to be harvested workers moveto Pasco and bring their families with them . Then when they leavethe students drop out instead of transferring . It is believed that some of theworkers are illegal immigrants and this puts a lot of strain on the school system to support thestudents . Although so many Hispanic students may make classes largerimmigration also leads to an exchange of cultural values . It results in anexchange of knowledge and expertise between two nations . Immigration serves asan opportunity to interact with people of other countries . It gives a platformfor people from diverse backgrounds to come together and share their views . [ 17 ] 피난 자 들 / 망명자 들 RefugeesA refugee is someone who isforced to leave his or her country . Many things can cause this forcing ofmigration , some of which include : fear , stress and violence . People leave theirhomes for their own safety . Refugees are migrants that cross borders . Peoplewho leave home but do not cross borders are called internally displacedpersons . The majority of refugees will leave their home country but stillremain within their region of origin . Three - quarters of refugees love in thedeveloping world . Syria for instance had received the majority of Iraqirefugees with about 1 . 4 million . Iran and Pakistan are also major receivingcountries for Afghan refugees . Germany and the United States are the Westerncountries which host the most refugees . States that have signed the 1951 Refugee Convention [ 11 ] arelegally committed to protect the rights of refugees who arrive in theircountry . The convention also enforces the principle of non - refoulement , whichprohibits the deportation of refugees to places where their lives or freedomscould be in danger . Today millions of Iraqi refugeeshave fled their homes for either safer locations within Iraq or to neighboringcountries . Five years into the United States military intervention of Iraq , thecountry is facing the largest humanitarian and displacement crises in theworld . There are approximately 1 . 5 million Iraqi refugees living in Syria , Jordan and other neighboring countries . Some Iraqis who have tried to return totheir homes have found them either destroyed or occupied . The likelihood ofviolence in areas of Iraq is still high and these refugees are living inincreasingly desperate circumstances . [ 12 ] Pictured below is a family of refugees near the Jordanian border . It is very common for refugeecamps to be unsanitary and not livable places . Although they are better thanthe country the people fled from . Many people die of disease . Refugees also areat high risk for crime and violence . With small rations and short supply ofeveryday items people are turned against each other in the fight for survival . -- Ironside 3511 ( talk ) 00 : 25 , 8 March 2009 ( UTC ) 국내 적 으로 재 배치 된 사람 들 Internally Displaced PersonsAs defined by the United Nations , internally displaced persons are persons or groups who have been forced orpressured to leave their homes or places of residence , generally to avoid armedconflict , generalized violence , violations of human rights , or natural orhuman - made disasters , yet unlike refugees , they do not cross anyinternationally recognized state borders . The aid and assistance of IDP ' s isextremely difficult . This is because in international law , it is theresponsibility of the government of the state that the people are within toprovide assistance and protection . However , many are displaced as a result ofcivil conflict or violence in states where the authority of the centralgovernment has been undoubtedly undermined . So it is unlikely that thecountries involved are capable or willing to help these IDP ' s . There is alsothe issue that , unlike refugees , a binding legal international legal regime oninternal displacement is absent . The Guiding Principles of InternalDisplacement was drawn up by the United Nations in 1994 but it is not binding , leaving these people unprotected unless individual organizations such as UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees [ 13 ] or theInternational Committee of the Red Cross [ 14 ] elect toprovide assistance . Although it is nearly impossibleto accurately record how many IDP ' s there are in a given country , it isestimated that Sudan is at the top of the list with around 6 million IDP ' s . This country has been experiencing a civil war for over 25 years and in 2005 things worsened when neighboring country Chad attacked . The Sudanese governmentitself is uncapable and unwilling to help its citizens and has been chargedwith crimes against humanity . The government ' s militia , as well as the rebelgroups it is fighting , are both accused of killing innocent civilians andhumanitarians . Although programs have been put in effect to relocate the IDP ' s , they are being reintegrated in small numbers and it is clear that this countryhas a long way to go . The lack of housing and employment as well as thedestruction of schools , health facilities , and water sources due to the civilwar are all huge barriers to progress . " Sudan - Internally Displaced Persons inKhartoum ". http : / / www . landinfo . no / asset / 748 / 1 / 748 _ 1 . pdf . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 4 . 제도 적 이주자 들 Institutional MigrantsMigrants workers in America areusually ( unofficially ) defined in the same way as the United Nations defines aforeign worker , as " a person who works in a country other than the one ofwhich he or she is a citizen . "[ 15 ] Institutional migrants are migrants with cultural practices and social lives , keeping some of their former country and traditions with them . These can beinternally displaced persons , as well as labor migrants and people from out ofthe country . These peoples would be classified under anthropologists RichardWilk and Lisa Cligget ' s economic " camp " of the social model of humannature . This suggests that the person is motivated , at least in part , toimprove the condition of the whole society that they belong to , rather thanjust their own standing . [ 16 ] Institutional migrants follow societal rules and regulations of power andtradition in the economic field . People see themselves as a part of a group , and put efforts toward improving that group . Institutional migrants are seenthroughout our own United States today . Many of these migrants are from out ofthe country , though some people who move around within the United States forwork could be classified as such . The huge numbers of these migrants havehelped give the U . S . its " melting pot " nature . They travel here forwork , or a variety of other reasons , and bring with them their cultural ideas , social systems , and often their families . This is usually accepted by peoplewho were already citizens , as long as the new migrants take in some Americanculture as well . An example of institutional migrants within our country couldbe truck drivers or families / workers moving around the country according toagricultural seasons . These people are working around the country , but usuallyhave a home ( and family ) that they return to at least once a year . Their tiesare kept strong even though they migrate . 실제 시민 권 Substantive CitizenshipSubstantive Citizenship is linked to the idea of forming an identity and cultural distinction . Inthis type of citizenship it shows that minority groups are at a disadvantagebecause it can ascribe “ imagined labor market identities to workers withdifferent nationalities ” [ 7 ] . Which ends up causing a lot ofproblems and unfair treatment . This concept “ implies the notion of equality inthat citizens are said to share a common status in respect of the rights andduties that they hold ” , but instead it deals with who gets to “ enjoy the rightsthat ensure effective membership of a national community ” [ 8 ] . An example of this seen in theworld is that countries like the United States , France or England see workingon a farm or the growing of crops as a lower job . While in places like Centraland South America , farming is seen quite frequently and is accepted as an equaljob . Which means that when the people from that nation move to the UnitedStates , or places in Europe , and this is the only job that they know how do , leads to discrimination of these groups , like racial discrimination , which maydiscriminate against their citizenship . 이민자 권한 / 교육 Immigrant ' s Rights : EducationHistorically , the United Sates isa nation that has hosted immigrants , for a variety of reasons . The governmentallowed immigrants to work the fruit fields during the 1930 s when there wereworker shortages , recruited aliens to be in the army in exchange forcitizenship , allowed refugees to stay here during times of trouble . However , there are problems that immigrants face while here . They face some struggles whilethey are here in the United States . If they do not obtain the proper legalstatus this affects them in their jobs , in schools and social . In their jobsthey can ’ t get a high paying job despite any level of expertise they may havein the area that was studied in their country of origin . If an immigrantdoesn ’ t have a social security number , which is for taxing purposes , and thenyou cannot be employed for a decent job . Getting residency takes up many yearsand a lot of money , that ’ s time and income that they may not have at hand . Theyare left in limbo for several years , unable to really do anything to providefor their families . These struggles continue with the children in schoolbecause children can ’ t attain higher educational for many reasons , lack offinancial aid , fear of deportation , and lack of motivation to further theirschooling . Social it affects immigrants in particular these children who wherebrought over to the United States when they were really young at from no choiceof their own may consider themselves “ Not American . ” Even if they have livedthe majority of their lives here , they are considered by many as “ notAmericans ” . What does it mean to be American ? A piece of paper that allows youto pay taxes ? Or your values , beliefs , likes and dislikes , your life history ? If we bring it back to history this is a nation of immigrants , it is themelting pot . And if look to who was here first they we are all foreignersexcept Native Americans who ’ s this is their land first . Furthermore , if thesestudents do not obtain an education within society most that do not have aneducation are seen as low meaning not smart , ignorant and not worth your time . So what can we do about this to make sure these students to obtain a highereducation ? There have been laws in congressthat have been made to help immigrant in their education . Here are a few , starting 1954 , Brown v Board of Education when blacks and whites weren ’ t theonly ones separated , Asians , Natives , Chicanos , etc . In this case the courtruled that “ separate is not equal ” and therefore segregation unconstitutional . In 1982 , Plyer vs . Doe where Texas denied school enrollment to anyone whodidn ’ t show proper legal documentation . In this case , the Supreme Courtguaranteed K - 12 education for all children regardless of their residence or immigrationstatus . The reason to why they ruled this was because they believed thatchildren couldn ’ t control their parent ’ s behavior or reasons for bring them tothe United States , thus their undocumented status . Also , that withholdingeducation from them takes a toll on their social , economic , intellectual , andpsychological well - being . Social they were seen low in society . Economic theycouldn ’ t get a good job later and people will look down on someone uneducated . Intellectual there is no source to which prepare for the world . Finally , psychological it affects their self - esteem , making them degrade themselves . This is great but it now leaves the question to collage . In 1996 , IllegalImmigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) , the Supreme Courtpassed a document that said that anybody that is unlawfully present in the US , cannot receive instate tuition in colleges and universities unless they areeligible for it “ without regard to whether the citizen or national is such aresident . ” However , many states interpreted in different ways . Some states tookit as a means to deny instate tuition to anyone not of legal status . In 2001 Texas became first to interpret residency based on domicile ( a steady place tolive – one need a home address ) and high school graduation . Others now include : New Mexico , New York , Oklahoma , Utah , Washington , California , Illinois , Kansas , Nebraska . only 10 / 50 states have this interpretation . In 2003 , WA – StudentResidency Tuition Adjustment Act , grants undocumented students to pay instatetuition . Under the conditions that they must have graduated from high school orgotten their GED within the state , lived in the state for at least 3 years andsigned an affidavit saying they will correct their immigration status as soon aspossible . All of these are great but there is still the question of money , howwill they pay for collage if they can ’ t get financial help . Even ifundocumented students find a way to pay for college , without a social securitynumber , they may not be able to get a job and this is creating and perpetuatinga lower class of people that will never be able to move out of poverty . 오바마 이민 드림 안 Recently there has been a new actthat been presented to congress in 2002 called the Development Relief Educationfor Alien Minors ( D . R . E . A . M . ) Act . This is the second time that it is incongress . The D . R . E . A . M . Act is a bipartisan bill that would allow undocumentedstudents conditional legal status ( and eventual citizenship granted withcertain requirements . The purpose is to help young people who have no way ofobtaining legal residency ( even if they have lived here most of their lives ) , because of the immigration status of their parents that are either undocumentedor in immigration limbo . If this act passes the students must meet thefollowing requirements : - Brought to the U . S . before age 16 - Lived in the U . S . continuouslyfor 5 yrs before the D . R . E . A . M . Act passes - Graduated from a U . S . highschool or obtained a GED - Have good moral character withno criminal record - Complete 2 yrs of college ( comm / Tech / vocational / university ) or military service - student must be under age 35 So how will the D . R . E . A . M . Acthelp undocumented students ? Well first of all it is a path to legal residency . First they will gain conditional ( temporary ) residency . In order for them toobtain regular legal permanent residency , by the end of conditional period , permanent residency would be given if during the six years they maintained goodmoral character , and kept a clean record , avoided lengthy trips abroad , andgraduated from a 2 years college or certain vocational colleges , or studied for 2 years toward a B . A . or higher degree , or have served in the military for atleast 2 years . If they meet all of these requirements , then they will get theirpermanent residency . This will help the 65 , 000 undocumented students whograduate form for a high school every year to be able to work , drive , go toschool , and participate as a normal American . I it is life changing and it willimpact these students by increase their average future earnings and they willhave the opportunity to major in anything like education . By keeping them inschool , it would reduce gang membership . And finally they will be able to callthe U . S . their home . Right now it is in congress and 52 members of Congress ( U . S . Senate and U . S . House of Representatives ) haveco - sponsor the DREAM Act and for it to pass we need 60 members of Congress toco - sponsor it . President Obama even supports it , he said " Creating aneducated workforce will stimulate our economy , increase productivity , and helpthe U . S . compete in the global economy . Students who would benefit from theDream Act are our future teachers , doctors , nurses , and lawyers . The Dream Actwill allow thousands of immigrant students to access higher education andmaximize their contributions to our economy and communities . " Ways inwhich you can help are by going into http : / / www . change . org / ideas / 932 / view _ action / ten _ things _ you _ can _ do _ for _ the _ dream _ act and singing petitions and calling in your localrepresentative to support the Dream Act . By supporting the D . R . E . A . M act , thesestudents will be able to further their education and have a chance to succeedand overcome barriers that they weren ’ t able to before . 융통 적 시민 권 Flexible CitizenshipFlexible citizenship [ [ 17 ] ] wasdefined by anthropologist Aihwa ong as “ the strategies and effects employed bymanagers , technocrats , and professionals who move regularly across state boundarieswho seek both to circumvent and benefit from different nation - state regimes . ” This concept allows the nation - states to work together to move toward a bettereconomy and global success . This is closely related to the concept ofglobalization [ 18 ] . It seemedbefore that in order for the nation - states to become globalized they would needto be independent , this has proven to be very contradictory due to flexiblecitizenship . This concept allows people such as business owners and managers tobetter their company and do so on a much larger scale . It calls the concept ofnationalism [ 19 ] intoquestion for some , due to their dispersal within other countries but has beenproven to be very beneficial . This is exemplified in theChinese culture . Chinese elite families are large components for the successesin the economy of the Pacific Rim . This all began when Chinese began movinginto European empires , while doing so the Chinese were required to strengthentheir bonds within their family and business partners in order to besuccessful . The Chinese did not feel as though their citizenship should holdthem back from doing business overseas . They felt that it was their right to “ promote familial interests apart from the well being of society . ” Many of theChinese do not feel as though they have a commitment to nationalism on anylevel . The Chinese feel as though “ making money in the context of globalizationrequired the flexibility to take advantage of economic opportunities whereverand whenever they appeared . ” For example , a Hong Kong family business owner hadtheir son run a part of the hotel chain in the Pacific regions , while anotherbrother lived in San Francisco and managed the hotels that were located withinNorthern America and Europe . 탈 국가 사상 세계 소통 Postnational EthosWithin the Chinese Culture andFlexible Citizenship there can sometimes be a few negative effects . Whenfamilies are dispersed all throughout the world it is hard to stay happy andclose when things such as support , relationships , and parental responsibilitiesare neglected . It seems as though the success sometimes gets out of control andall that is seen by them is success . It is forgotten what it is like to thinkof things other than globalization [ 20 ] , acapitalist economy , and money . The concept of nationalism can completely loseits meaning and they seem to follow a postnational ethos . This happens when “ anattitude toward the world in which people submit to the govern mentality of thecapitalist market while trying to evade the govern mentality of nation - states . ”