IELTS 아카 데 믹 - Reading 1 . An End to the Skin Color Controversy ? ( 답 은 맨 마지막 에 있 으며 , 안 보이 도록 일부러 간격 을 조정 했 습니다 . .) A . Ten years ago , while at the University of Western Australia , anthropologist Nina Jablonski was asked to give a lecture on human skin . As an expert on primate evolution , she decided to discuss the evolution of skin color , but when she went through the literature on the subject she was dismayed . Some theories advanced before the 1970 s tended to be racist , and others were less than convincing . White skin , for example , was reported to be more resistant to cold weather , although groups like the Inuit ( Eskimos ) are both dark and particularly resistant to cold . Jablonski and her husband set about formulating the first comprehensive theory of skin color . Their findings , published in a recent issue of the Journal of Human Evolution , show a strong and somewhat predictable correlation between skin color and the strength of sunlight across the globe . But they also show a deeper , more surprising process at work : Skin color , they say , is largely a matter of vitamins . Jablonski begins by assuming that our earliest ancestors had fair skin just like chimpanzees , our closest biological relatives . Between 4 . 5 million and 2 million years ago , early humans moved from the rain forest and onto the East African plains . There , they not only had to cope with more exposure to the sun , but they also had to work harder to gather food . Mammalian brains are particularly vulnerable to overheating : A change of only five or six degrees can cause heatstroke . So our ancestors had to develop a better cooling system . B . The answer was sweat , which dissipates heat through evaporation . Early humans probably had few sweat glands , like chimpanzees , and those were mainly located on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet . Occasionally , however , individuals were born with more glands than usual , and more patches of hairless skin which allows the sweat to exude . The more they could sweat , the longer they could forage before the heat forced them back into the shade . The more they could forage , the better their chances of having healthy offspring and of passing on their sweat glands to future generations . A million years of natural selection later , each human has about two million sweat glands spread across his or her body . Human skin , being less hairy than chimpanzee skin , “ dries much quicker , ” says Adrienne Zihiman , an anthropologist at the University of California at Santa Cruz . “ Just think how after a bath it takes much longer for wet hair to dry . ” Hairless skin , however , is particularly vulnerable to damage from sunlight . Scientists long assumed that humans evolved melanin , the main determinant of skin color , to absorb or disperse ultraviolet light . But what is it about ultraviolet light that melanin protects against ? Some researchers pointed to the threat of skin cancer . But cancer usually develops late in life , after a person has already reproduced . C . Jablonski found a 1978 study that examined the effects of ultraviolet light on folate , a member of the vitamin B complex . An hour of intense sunlight , the study showed , is enough to cut folate levels in half if your skin is light . Jablonski made the next , crucial connection only a few weeks later . At a seminar on embryonic development , she heard that low folate levels are correlated with neural - tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly , in which infants are born without a full brain or spinal cord . Jablonski later came across three documented cases in which children ’ s neural - tube defects were linked to their mothers ’ visits to tanning studios during early pregnancy . Moreover , she found that folate is crucial to sperm development — so much so that a folate inhibitor was developed as a male contraceptive . ( “ It never got anywhere , ” Jablonski says . “ It was so effective that it knocked out all folate in the body . ” ) She now had some intriguing evidence that folate might be the driving force behind the evolution of darker skin . But why dosome people have light skin ? As far back as the 1960 s , the biochemist W . Farnsworth Loomis had suggested that skin color is determined by the body ’ s need for vitamin D . This vitamin helps the body absorb calcium and deposit it in bones , an essential function , particularly in fast - growing embryos . Unlike folate , vitamin D depends on ultraviolet light for its production in the body . Loomis believed that people who live in the north , where daylight is weakest , evolved fair skin to help absorb more ultraviolet light , and that people in the tropic ; evolved dark skin to block the light , keeping the body from overdosing on vitamin D , which can be toxic at high concentrations . Loomis ’ s insight about fair skin complemented Jablonski ’ s insight about folate and dark skin perfectly . The next step was to find some hard data correlating skin color with light levels . Until the 1980 s , researchers could only estimate how much ultraviolet radiation reaches the Earth ’ s surface . But in 1978 , NASA launched the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer . Jablonski took the spectrometer ’ s global ultraviolet measurements and compared them with published data on skin color in indigenous populations from more than 50 countries . There was an unmistakable correlation : The weaker the ultraviolet light , the fairer the skin . Jablonski went on to show that people living above 50 degrees latitude have the highest risk of vitamin D deficiency . “ This was one of the last barriers in the history of human settlement , ” Jablonski says . “ Only after humans learned fishing , and therefore had access to food rich in vitamin D , could they settle these regions . ’ D . Humans have pent most of their history moving around . To do that , they ’ ve had to adapt their tools , clothes , housing , and eating habits to each new climate and landscape . But Jablonski ’ s work indicates that our adaptations go much further . People in the tropics have developed dark skin to block out the sun and protect their body ’ s folate reserves . People far from the equator have developed fair skin to drink in the sun and produce adequate amounts of vitamin D during the long winter months . Jablonski hopes that her research will alert ! ! people to the import ! ! ance of vitamin D and folate in their diet . It ’ s already known , for example , that dark - skinned people who move to cloudy climes can develop conditions such as rickets from vitamin D deficiencies . More import ! ! ant , Jablonski hopes her work will begin to change the way people think about skin color . “ We can take a topic that has caused so much disagreement , so r much suffering ; and so much misunderstanding , ” she says , “ and completely disarm it . ” Questions 1 — 5 The reading passage has four sections ( A — D ) . In boxes 1 — 5 on your answer sheet write the appropriate letter A , B , C or D to show in which section you can find a discussion of the following points . You may use any letter more than once . 1 . The effect of ultraviolet light on skin color . 2 . The role of folate levels in ensuring healthy births . 3 . Early theories of skin color were flawed . 4 . Fish and the spread of human settlement . 5 . How hairless skin is a mechanism of the body ’ s cooling system . Answer : 1 - C , 2 - C , 3 - A , 4 - C , 5 - B 2 . The Exquisite BalanceIn a 1987 lecture entitled “ The Burden of Skepticism , ” astronomer Carl Sagan succinctly summarized the delicate compromise between tradition and change : “ It seems to me that what is called for is an exquisite balance between two conflicting needs : the most skeptical scrutiny of all hypotheses that are served up to us and at the same time a great openness to new ideas . .. If you are only skeptical , then no new ideas make it through to you . .. On the other hand , if you are open to the point of gullibility and have not an ounce of skeptical sense in you , then you cannot distinguish the useful ideas from the worthless ones . ” Why , we might inquire , do some people prefer orthodoxy while others favor heresy ? Is there a personality trait for preferring tradition and another for change ? This is an import ! ! ant question because the answer helps to explain why in the history of science some scientists chose to support radical new ideas while others opposed them . In 1990 David W Swift published SETI Pioneers : Scientists Talk about Their Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence , in which he identified an overabundance of first - born children , including Sagan . It is significant that Sagan was an enthusiastic supporter of the idea that there are other intelligent beings in the universe besides man . However , at the same time he consistently opposed the idea of UFOs ( unidentified flying objects ) , which many reputable scientists believed in . But is the number of firstborns among people who accept new ideas enthusiastically a statistically significant overabundance ? Swift , a sociologist at the University of Hawaii , did not compute this , but University of California at Berkeley psychologist Frank J . Subway and the author did . Eight is the expected number of firstborns based on the number of siblings the SETT pioneers had , but 12 is the observed number . This difference is statistically significant at the 95 percent level of confidence . So what ? In Sulloway ’ s book Born to Rebel , he presents a summary of 196 controlled birth - order findings classified according to the Five - Factor Model of Personality : Conscientiousness . Firstborns are more responsible , achievement - oriented , organized , and planful . Agreeableness Laterborns are more easygoing , cooperative , and popular . Openness to Experience . Firstborns are more conforming , traditional , and closely identified with parents . Extroversion . Firstborns are more extroverted , assertive , and likely to exhibit leadership . Neuroticism . Firstborns are more jealous , anxious , neurotic , fearful , and likely to group together under stress . To eval ! ! uate Sagan ’ s personality , Sulloway requested a number of his friends to rate him on a standardized personality inventory of 40 descriptive adjectives using a nine - step scale between them , based on the Five - Factor model . For example , the author judged whether Carl Sagan was someone who was either hardworking or lackadaisical , tough - minded or tender - minded , rebellious or conforming , etc . The following results are in percentile ranking relative to Subway ’ s database of more than 7 , 276 subjects . Most consistent with his firstborn status was Sagan ’ s exceptionally high ranking — 88 th percentile — on conscientiousness ( ambitiousness , dutifulness ) and his strikingly low ranking of the 13 th percentile on agreeableness ( tender - mindedness , modesty ) . This is the opposite of what we would expect from laterborns . But his openness to experience ( preference for novelty ) was nearly off the scale at the 97 th percentile . Why ? First , birth order is not the only influence on openness and can be affected by cultural influences surrounding a person as he or she grows up — Sagan was raised in a socially liberal Jewish family ; and he was mentored by such scientific revolutionaries as Joshua Lederberg and H . J . Muller . Second , openness also includes an “ intellectual ” component , and firstborns tend to excel at intellectual pursuits , reflected by their higher I . Q . scores and a tendency to win more Nobel Prizes in science . Here is the key to understanding the exquisite balance between tradition and change : Sagan ’ s high degree of openness led him to be a SETI pioneer , but his high degree of intellectual conscientiousness made him skeptical of UFOs . Considering the example of Sagan , we can glean a valuable lesson on how science operates effectively in discriminating sense from nonsense , and it is science that helps us understand how and why this should be so . Questions 1 — 8 Using the information in the passage , identify each characteristic described below . In boxes 1 — 8 on your answer sheet , write : FB if the statement refers to firstbornsLB if the statement refers to laterbornsCS if the statement refers to Carl SaganCI if the statement refers to cultural influencesFS if the statement refers to Frank J SullowayNote : Each indicator may be used more than once . Example AnswerHis lecture dealt with tradition and change . CS 1 . Swift discovered many of them among the SETI pioneers . 2 . They are more ambitious than their siblings . 3 . They are more sociable than their siblings . 4 . He used the Five - Factor Model of Personality . 5 . His personality was analyzed . 6 . Birth order is not the only influence on openness . 7 . They are less conscientious and agreeable . 8 . His eagerness to experience new things was extremely high . Answer : 1 - FB , 2 - FB , 3 - LB , 4 - FS , 5 - CS , 6 - CI , 7 - LB , 8 - CS 3 . Controversy over Identity ChipA Florida technology company , Applied Digital Solutions ( ADS ) , is poised to ask the US government for permission to market a computer identity chip which can be embedded beneath a person ’ s skin . This new implant technology could be good news for airports , nuclea power plants and other high - security facilities , as it could replace ID cards , which ar easy to counterfeit , and avoid the problem of negligence on the part of security guards . In addition , the computer chip , which is no bigger than a grain of rice , is extremely difficult remove or fake . Other uses of this techchnology include satellite tracking of an individual ’ s every move to the storage of sensitive data such as medical records . As a result , the technology is attracting interest worldwide among people involved in tasks such as foiling kidnapping and providing paramedical services . Already , eight companies based in Latin America , wh re kidnappings are endemic , have asked ADS to develop programs for them . Also , a r an who suffers from serious allergies is keen to be the first person to have one of the chips implanted in him . Jeff Jacobs of Florida said , “ In case I had an allergy attack , nedical personnel would be able to tell from the chip whom to contact , what medications I ’ m on , what I ’ m allergic to , what kind of operations I ’ ve had and where there might be problems . ” More than a decade ago , ADS bought a competing firm which had been making chips for implanting into animals . The chips helped owners find lost pets and also stored vaccination record . Chips for humans are not much different . The makers of the chip foresee it being used to help emergency workers diagnose a lost Alzheimer ’ s disease patient or to acces an unconscious patient ’ s medical history . The chip has no power supply ; rather , it contains a millimeter - long magnetic coil that is activated when a scanning device is run across the skin above it . A tiny transmitter on the chip sends out the data . Without a scanner , the chip cannot be read . ADS plans to give scanners free to hospitals and ambulance companies , in the hope that they will become standard equipment . However , several groups advocating personal privacy have expressed fears that the chips may be used to infringe on personal freedoms . A spokesman for the Electronic Frontier Foundation , one of such organizations , said , “ The problem is that you always have to think about what the technology will be used for tomorrow . It ’ s what we call function creep . At first a device is used for applications we all agree are good . But then it is slowly used for more than was originally intended . For instance , people who fall foul of the law and order authorities may be compelled to have the chips implanted in them in rder to monitor their movements . This brings the individual helplessly into the power of the state . ” ADS responds to this criticism by asserting that it will never provide the technology to anyone who intends to coerce people to have the chips implanted in them . Questions 1 - 6 The paragraph below is a summary of the reading passage . Choose ONE or TWO words from the passage to complete spaces 1 - 6 . Write the words in boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet . Example AnswerThe new implant technology could replace . ID cardsADS has developed a technique aimed at strengthening security systems using a ( 1 ) ------- which would be embedded in the body . Two of the areas where the system could be very helpful are in efforts to combat ( 2 ) ------ and provide ( 3 ) ------. The technology was developed from a system used to trace ( 4 ) ------ . The data cannot be read without a ( 5 ) ------ , but ADS intends to supply such equipment free to certain users . A problem is that groups which champion personal privacy are alarmed about what they call ( 6 ) ------. Answer : 1 - computer chip , 2 - kidnappings , 3 - paramedical services , 4 - lost pets , 5 - scanner , 6 - function creep 4 . Good Nutrition — The Choice is yoursMaking wise food choices early in life will help prevent health problems that can effect you later . It is reported that 8 of the 10 leading causes of death in America are directly related to what we eat and drink . Your eating habits , along with a smart exercise program , are crucial elements on the path to a healthier body and self . Fighting the Freshman 15 University students often experience substantial weight gain in their first year . Experts recommend limiting your fat intake to 30 % of the total calories you consume per day . For a moderately active woman , you should consume approximately 2000 calories and 65 grams of fat each day . For a moderately active man , you should consume approximately 2500 calories and 80 grams of fat . If you want to lose weight , the equation is simple , eat less and exercise more . If you reduce your caloric intake by 500 calories per day , you will lose 1 pound per week . Alternatively , if you consume the same amount of calories , but increase your activity level to burn an additional 500 calories per day , you will also lose 1 pound per week . The easiest way to decrease the number of calories your body stores as fat is to not consume those calories in the first place ; especially since it is much more difficult to burn calories once they are consumed . For weight loss it is recommended that you do not decrease your calorie and fat intake to any less than 1200 calories and 40 grams of fat . Starvation diets or losing weight too fast can be dangerous . Fitness can be Fun ! A consistent pattern of daily physical activity and exercise is one of the healthiest habits you can get into . Studies have shown that physical activity tends to decrease with age , so now is the time to start . Walking to classes , taking stairs instead of elevators and becoming involved in sports and other physical activities are just a few of the many ways to develop a more active life - style . The time you spend on physical activity each day will also give your mind a much - needed break from it ’ s academic workout . And besides , exercise makes you feel wonderful , provided that you do not overdue it . So start slow , set goals for yourself , and GET MOVING ! Vegetarianism — A Growing Trend Vegetarianism is becoming increasingly popular among college students . It is estimated that 15 % of the current college - age population in America is vegetarian . There are several different types of vegetarian diets , and each is chosen for a variety of reasons . Some people consider themselves vegetarian simply because they do not eat red meat . As far as nutritional recommendations for vegetarian diets , protein , iron and calcium can become an issue for those who do not consume animal products . Guidelines for vegetarian diets include : • Choose whole grains instead of refined • Include a variety of legumes , fruits and vegetables . Choose green leafy vegetables and good sources of vitamin C • Select non / low fat dairy products • Minimize fats , oils and refined sugarsEating DisordersA healthy outlook about your body and appearance and how it relates to food and physical activity is very import ! ! ant for young adults . Self - destructive behavior ! ! s , which lead to eating disorders , such as eating a diet with too little fat or calories or embarking on a severe regime of physical activity , can have very harmful consequences to the health of your body and mind . Keep your mind and body in shape by treating them both with respect . A healthy self - image and realistic perception of yourself is one of the healthiest feats you can achieve . Questions 1 — 6 For each question choose the letter ( A — D ) that most closely describes the authors ’ claims and write the appropriate letter in boxes 1 — 6 on your answer sheet . 1 . First year students often _______ a ) gain weight . b ) die because of food . c ) have health problems . d ) exercise a lot . 2 . Vegetarianism is growing in popularity because _______ a ) it is economical . b ) red meat is bad for you . c ) it is healthier . d ) not given . 3 . One method not mentioned to lose weight is ______ a ) exercise more . b ) don ’ t eat too much . c ) surgery . d ) vegetarianism . 4 . An eating disorder can be something as simple as _______ a ) eating too little protein . b ) exercising too aggressively . c ) taking in too little calories . d ) all of the above . 5 . A normally active man should eat how many grams of fat per day ? a ) 500 b ) 80 c ) 2500 d ) 656 . What type of dairy products should vegetarians choose ? a ) Low fatb ) Freshc ) Refinedd ) WholeAnswer : 1 - A , 2 - D , 3 - C , 4 - D , 5 - B , 6 - A 5 . Cambodia ’ s Poverty ProblemThe Cambodian government is working on developing rural areas , in order to stem the tide of rural people abandoning the countryside and flocking into the capital Phnom Penh . “ When their own communities are developed , the poor and dispossessed will not have to seek a living in Phnom Penh , ” said Deputy Phnom Penh Governor Mom Sarin . But the problem is not confined to the rural districts , as statistics show that nearly 40 % of the country ’ s 13 million people live on less than US $ 1 a day , no matter wherer they live . A typical destitute family of four which moved to the capital from the countryside makes a bare living scavenging in rubbish dumps . They must work 13 hours a day , every day , gathering scraps of discarded paper , plastic bottles and tin cans , just to make ends meet . What they find is bought by middlemen in Phnom Penh , who re - sell the usable material to recycling plants in Vietnam . At current prices , the family must find 23 kg of waste paper or 7 . 5 kg of plastic bottles to survive . Government officials say that they are trying to inject funds into rural development , agriculture , health and education “ I hope that Cambodia will be able to fight poverty when these sectors are improved , ” said Khek Ravy , joint secretary of state for commerce . “ The government is on the right track , but that is not enough . We need more help from donor countries . ” Such countries granted US $ 55 million in aid to the Cambodian government , and another US $ 55 mfflion to non - governmental organizations last year , compared with a total of US $ 548 million in 2000 . Critics say that much of the money is squandered through mismanagement and corruption , but the government insists that the funds are being spent wisely . “ Grant aid does not go into the pockets of powerful individuals ; it is used to built up a sound infrastructure , which is necessary for economic growth , “ said Ministry of Commerce official Sok Siphanna . But Cambodia faces a massive task . The Ministry of Commerce says that , in order to make inroads into the poverty problem , the country must achieve an economic growth rate of as much as 8 % a year . However , the official growth forecast for this year is a much more moderate 4 . 5 %. The grim truth is that there has been no growth at all in the Cambodian economy since 1998 , due to the lingering effect of the Asian financial crisis . Prospects for higher growth are bleak . Foreign direct investment fell by 14 % last year , and is expected to keep falling . Annual foreign investment now is half the level it was only five years ago . Compounding the problem is the fact that Cambodia has few advantages to offer investors . Even its labor force is no cheaper than that of China . In fact , China has many more advantages for investors , as it offers equally low costs , better infrastructure and a vast domestic market . Natural disasters have worsened Cambodia ’ s plight . In 2000 , the worst flooding in 70 years affected 3 . 5 million people and damaged 305 of the country ’ s rice fields . Some observers warn that Cambodia ’ s increasing poverty could fuel a fresh round of instability and violence . The country is already deeply scarred by decades of civil war , following the American carpet bombing and invasion of Cambodia during the U . S . war against Vietnam in the 1960 s and 1970 s . A long - time observer of Cambodian affairs has been quoted as saying , ” The situation in the countryside is worse now than in the 1960 s . More and more farmers are abandoning their land , and either moving to Phnom Penh trying to find work , or emigrating to Thailand to find jobs — and badly paid jobs at that . ” Questions 1 — 7 Complete the following notes using information from the passage . Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER in boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet . Cambodia ’ s Poverty Problem • government trying to develop rural areas • to stop the drift of poor farmers into ( Example ) Answer : Phnom Penh • aid is being sought from ( 1 ) . • critics say that donated funds are being wasted because of ( 2 ) , but the government says that the money is ( 3 ) . • ( 4 ) is essential for economic growth . • to begin to tackle poverty , Cambodia ’ s economy must grow by ( 5 ) a year . • economy has not grown since ( 6 ) , because of the ( 7 ) . Questions 8 - 11 Complete the following sentences using information in the passage . Choose the appropriate phrase A - C from the list in the box , and write its letter in the boxes 8 — 11 on your answer sheet . You may use any phrase more than once . A more . . . thanB less . ., than , fewer . . . thanC as many . .. as , as much . . . as 8 . Phnom Penh receives _________ migrants from the countryside per year ________ any other Southeast Asian city . 9 . The economic growth forecast for this year shows 3 . 5 %________ growth ________ what is needed to fight poverty . 10 . There are ________ landless farmers now ________ in the 1960 s . 11 . It costs ________ to hire workers in Cambodia ________ in China . Answer : 1 - donor countries , 2 - mismanagement and corruption , 3 - being spent wisely , 4 - solid infrastructure , 5 - 8 %( or eight percent ) , 6 - 1988 , 7 - Asian financial crisis , 8 - A , 9 - B , 10 - A , 11 - C 6 . True / False / Not GivenScientists at NASA are to build a spacecraft to probe Mercury , the most mysterious and least - explored planet in the inner solar system . One objective of the US $ 286 million mission is to find out if deep craters at the poles of Mercury are filled with ice , despite surface temperatures elsewhere on the planet of up to 450 degrees Celsius . A NASA spokesman said that construction of the Messenger space probe would begin immediately , to meet a scheduled launch date of March 2004 . Five years will be needed after that for the probe to reach its final destination in orbit above Mercury . The only other spacecraft to have made investigations of Mercury was Mariner 10 , which flew past the planet three times in 1974 and 1975 . However , Mariner 10 was only able to take photographs of half the surface area of the sun ’ s nearest planet . This time , the Messenger probe will stay in orbit for at least a year , to make detailed maps of Mercury ’ s topography as well as measure its magnetic field and other geophysical features . A special shield will be attached to protect Messenger from the intense heat of the sun . The deepest parts of Mercury ’ s craters are in continual shadow , and temperatures there never rise above minus — 200 degrees . Radar experiments in 1991 indicated that the craters could contain water deposited there when comets crashed into Mercury over billions of years . Jay Bergstralh , chief scientist at NASA ’ s Solar System Exploration Division in Washington D . C . , said that the Messenger spacecraft is the seventh in NASA ’ s Discovery program , which is aimed at exploring the solar system using small and relatively cheap probes . He noted that Messenger is the program ’ s “ most complex and challenging ” mission , aimed at revealing more about a planet that is too close to the sun for the Hubble space telescope to photograph . Questions 1 — 11 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage ? In boxes 1 — 11 on your answer sheet , write : T if the statement reflects the writer ‘ s claimF if the statement contradicts the writerNG if there is no information about this in the passage 1 . Mercury lies outside the solar system . 2 . The spas alreadce probe will look for ice on the surface of Mercury . 3 . It will take Messenger five years to reach Mercury . 4 . Messenger will make the first close - up investigation of Mercury . 5 . Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun . 6 . Messenger will conduct experiments in space . 7 . The sun ’ s rays cannot reach the bottom of Mercury ’ s craters . 8 . Ice on Mercury could have been formed by ancient rivers . 9 . Messenger is part of a series of probes being conducted by Nasa . 10 . The Messenger mission will be followed by a landing on Mercury . 11 . Mercury hay been photographed by the Hubble space telescope . Answer : 1 - F , 2 - F , 3 - T , 4 - F , 5 - T , 6 - NG , 7 - T , 8 - NG , 9 - T , 10 - NG , 11 - F 7 . Picture Naming , Flow Chart & Table CompletionStrawberries , along with many other soft fruits , suffer from gray mold , a troublesome rotting disease . Although the fungus mainly damages the fruit , infections actually start in the flowers . One effective treatment is to spray those flowers with another fungus called Trichoderma . This organism eliminates the gray mold in the flowers before the fruit berries form , but cause no harm to the fruit itself . A group of scientists at Cornell University has worked out a way to use bees to disperse beneficial micro - organisms such as Trichoderma to strawberry flowers . The system works by putting spores of Trichoderma into a specially designed tray , which is then fixed to the entrance to a beehive . The bees pick up the Trichoderma spores on their legs as they walk out of the hive , and deposit them on the flowers they visit a they search for pollen and nectar . However , the system does have a couple of drawbacks . Bees will only fly about in good weather . So if your fruit blooms on a rainy day , it will not be visited by the bees . Adapted from an article in The EconomistQuestions 1 — 4 Complete the flow chart below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1 — 4 on your answer sheet . Bees collect fungus from the tray on their legs . ( 1 ) _______ are deposited on flowers ( 2 ) _______ is eliminated from flowers ( 3 ) _______ is preserved from harmThe above diagram does not apply in the case of ( 4 ) _______ Answer : 1 - Trichoderma spores , 2 - gray mold , 3 - fruit 4 - bad weather / a rainy day / rainy days 8 . Life on Monhegan IslandThere are 1 , 613 islands off the coast of the State of Maine in the U . S . A . Monhegan Island is one of only 14 of them which are inhabited nowadays . The islanders are a closely - knit community ; when they visit the mainland , they will often say that they are going “ to America , ” as if it were a foreign country . Going “ downtown ” for the local people can mean a walk of no more than 30 yards to the post office , which is all there is to “ downtown , ” except for two small grocery stores and a scattering of other stores that cater to the summer tourists . In summer ferries disgorge hundreds of day - trippers , who spend a few hours hiking the 7 miles of trails , and then head home , although some linger in the half a dozen inns which are only open in the tourism season . The summer population is about 200 , although day - trippers can add another 600 to 700 . In the winter , a quiet and lonely time , the island population shrinks to its 65 permanent inhabitants . In the unofficial hierarchy of Monhegan , day - trippers are at the bottom of the social ladder ; next come people who rent cottages for short stays , followed by the stable population of summer residents . The “ aristocrats ” are the year - round residents , most of whom fish for lobsters to make a living . By November , wind and cold have stripped the island of not only leaves and most other vegetation , but of tourists too . Tap water is turned off , marking the dividing line between the locals and anyone else . Only residents , who have wells , remain . A T - shirt on sale in a store announces : “ If you can ’ t stand the winter , you don ’ t deserve the summer . " The wind starts to blow so furiously that the ferry service is cut back to three times a week , and often suspended altogether for weeks . The rhythm of the island shifts . For fishermen , the year begins with December 1 , or Trap Day , when lobster fishingstarts . The fishermen include some unlikely people , attracted to this remote island , where the hectic pace of the mainland seems a million miles away . For one thing , many of them boast an advanced education . Seven of the island ’ s lobster fishermen have college degrees . Bryan Htchcock attended Andover University , and then got a degree in business at LeHigh University . His partner Ray , who also runs the Carina Grocery ( nearly everyone holds more than one job ) , has a degree in architecture . Altough he once worked as a freelance photographer , for the past 30 years Hitchcock has fished for lobsters . When asked why , he explained that he liked being his own boss arid not having to listen to anyone else . “ If I feel like going out to catch lobsters , I go , ” he said . “ If not , then I don ’ t . ” He added that another attraction is the thrill of pulling up the lobster trap and never knowing what you will find . “ You may catch a blue lobster ( genetic permutations produce such things ) , ” he said , “ and once I caught a half - back , half - yellow lobster . ” Like the other fishermen , Hitchcock is the sort of person who likes to be independent . Monhegan has a fiercely - won set of regulations governing lobster fishing . Some are state law , but others are based on local traditions . The Monhegan Lobster Conservation Area , limiting fishing to holders of a Monhegan license , is state law passed by the Maine legislature , but the rule that on Trap Day everybody goes out to the f shing grounds , or nobody goes out there has only the binding force of tradition . Then ti ere is the “ law of the lobstermen , ” where local tradition and state statutes blur . This concerns territorial claims and who has the right to obtain a state license . “ If you are a lobsterman you know where you belong , ” said one veteran lobster catcher . There is a great sense of comradeship among Monhegan ’ s lobster fishermen . At the end of every day , the lobstermen head for Sherman D . Stanley ’ s Fish House . This establishment has been used as a general store , workshop and recreation center for five ge terations . “ If someone does not appear here in the evening after the day ’ s fishing ” said one Monhegan resident , “ we all go out looking for him , in case he ’ s been irjvolved in an accident . ” He added , “ We ’ re all neighbors here , and we help each other out . ” Adapted from an article by Cathy Newman in National GeographicQuestions 1 — 5 The paragraph below summarizes information from the reading passage . Select ONE word from the reading passage to fill each gap . Write your answers in the spaces numbered ( 1 ) -( 5 ) on the answer sheet . Monhegan is one of only 14 ( 1 ) _____ islands off the coast of Maine . In the summer , most of the people on the island are ( 2 ) _____ . Apart from tourism , the island ’ s main industry is catching ( 3 ) _____ . It is somewhat surprising to find that many of the men engaged in this occupation have had a good ( 4 ) _____ , but no matter what their backgrounds a strong sense of ( 5 ) _____ binds them together . Questions 6 — 9 Write the appropriate letter A , B , C or D in the spaces numbered 6 - 9 on the answer sheet . 6 . The residents of Monhegan : A . want independence from the United States . B . are suspicious of their neighbors . C . are eager to develop their tourism industry . D . have a deep feeling of community . 7 . Summer residents of Monhegan : A . only visit for one day at a time . B . are the “ aristocrats ” of the island . C . number about 200 . D . are second from the top of the social ladder . 8 . From November , tap water on the island : A . is supplied only to the locals . B . is unavailable to anyone . C . is supplied only to non - residents . D . is available only on the ferries . 9 . Morihegan ’ s fishing industry is governed by : A . three types of regulations . B . the laws of the State of Maine . C . Trap Day . D . licenses . Questions 10 — 13 Five sentences have been left out of the reading passage . Each sentence is divided into Beginning of Sentence and End of Sentence . Complete questions 10 — 13 by adding a phrase from the list A — E . Write your answers in the spaces numbered 10 — 13 on the answer sheet . Example The fact that most islanders have more than one jobAnswer EBeginning of Sentence 10 . The islanders take a pride in . .. 11 . The fierce winter on Monhegan . .. 12 . Because of the smallness of the permanent population . .. 13 . Monhegan ’ s fishermen fiercely oppose . .. End of SentenceA . . .. halts the flow of tourists . B . . .. selling locally made handicrafts . C . . .. outsiders fishing in Monhegan ’ s waters . D . . .. their distinct lifestyle . E . . .. there is no shortage of employment . Questions 14 — 16 In the reading passage , some peculiar aspects of Monhegan are mentioned . Answer questions 14 — 16 by listing some of these aspects , using ONE word taken from the passage for each answer Write your answers in the spaces numbered 14 — 16 on the answer sheet . 14 . Some people are attracted to Monhegan because it is _____ 15 . The nature of the island ’ s fishermen can be characterized as _____ 16 . One advantage of living on Monhegan is the helpfulness of _____ Answer : 1 - inhabited , 2 - day - trippers , 3 - lobsters , 4 - education , 5 - comradeship , 6 - D , 7 - D , 8 - B , 9 - A , 10 - D , 11 - A , 12 - E , 13 - C , 14 - remote , 15 - independent , 16 - neighbors 9 . Read the passage on Fees and Finances and look at the statements below . In boxes 13 - 22 writeTRUE if the statement is true ; FALSE if the statement is false ; NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage . 13 . All kinds of examinations are covered by the annual tuition fee . 14 . Self - sponsored students are supposed to pay tuition upon registration . 15 . Self - sponsored students will not be given an invoice . 16 . Campus accommodation will be arranged after registration . 17 . If you want more information on fees , you should write to the Postgraduate Admissions Office . 18 . Student on Management courses will pay a higher fee than student on Computer Science course . 19 . Students from European countries will be charged a lower fee . 20 . The University might charge visiting students additional fees . 21 . Part - time student pay the same fees as distance - learning students . 22 . Undergraduate students will stay in different places than graduate students . Fees and FinancesFEESThe annual tuition fee covers registration , tuition and examination . It does not include residential accommodation or living expenses , or charges for re - examination . All fees may be revised without notice . Fees are payable from the date of first registration to the date of completion of the course or submission of the thesis . If you are financing your own studies you will be expected to pay your tuition fees on Registration Day . You may opt to pay your fees in three installments – the first installment must be paid when you register . If you are sponsored , an invoice will be sent to your sponsor . You must give us details of your sponsor as early as possible . Your registration cannot be confirm ! ! ed until your fees have been paid in full or a formal installment arrangement has been made . Payment for campus accommodation is arranged separately . Detailed information will be forwarded after you have accepted a place . The fees shown here relate to the 199 / 2000 academic year . Full details will be sent to student who are accepted . Information on fee installment arrangements is available from the Postgraduate Admissions Office . Full - time students ( studying at the University ) : “ Home ” i . e . European Union students : 2350 pounds in 1999 / 2000 . Fees for 2000 / 2001 have not yet been determined . “ Overseas ” students ( from outside the European Union ) : 5920 pounds for 1999 / 2000 , except 7830 pounds for students admitted to postgraduate programmes in Biological Sciences , Environmental Science , Computing , Engineering , Physics , and Psychology . Full - time students ( studying away from the University ) : 1175 pounds in 1999 / 2000 . If the University incurs additional cost , for example in providing laboratory facilities or in supervising work done away from the university , a supplementary fee may be charged . Details will be sent to you upon acceptance . Part - time : 1175 pounds in 1999 / 2000 Visiting students : European Union students : 2350 pounds for 1999 / 2000 ( pro rata or periods shorter than a year ) . Students from countries outside the European Union : 4465 pounds ( in 1999 / 2000 ) for a full year ( pro rata for period s shorter than a year ) . EXPENSESAccommodationAll on - campus graduate accommodation for home and overseas students is located in Graduate College , Graduate Hall , George Fox and a block in Pendle College . Answer : 13 - F , 14 - NG , 15 - T , 16 - NG , 17 - T , 18 - T , 19 - T , 20 - F , 21 - T , 22 - NG 10 . Transforming a City ’ s EducationI . In the early 1990 s no one had a good word to say for the education system in Britain ’ s second - largest city . Parents moaned about it and it was hard to attract good teachers . Education in the city was suffering from years of underfunding , as money had been poured into prestige projects such as the National Exhibition Center . But in little more than 10 years , the percentage of pupils achieving the standard expected , or higher , in English and maths at the age of 11 has nearly doubled . There is a similar astonishing increase — almost double — in the percentage of teenagers getting at least five GCSEs at grade C and above . When you break the figures down , the results show even greater progress . Tests taken of nine - y year - olds in 1993 showed that only 25 % of pupils were at or above the levels expected in reading . The most recent survey of pupils aged 11 shows that 75 % of them are at or above these levels . Teachers and administrators want to work there . It attracts high - quality and ambitious people at the cutting edge of performance and practice . Most significantly , it seems to have pulled off the trick that successive governments have signally failed to do . It has persuaded its teachers that they are valued and capable . So what magic has been wrought in Birmingham to create such a turn around ? II . It began in 1993 , when the local authority accepted it had to do something to stop the rot in education , and did two very brave things . It set up an independent commission o inquiry chaired by the outspoken progressive education academic Professor Ted Wragg of Exeter University , and it appointed Tim Brighouse to be the new chief education officer . Brighouse had been deputy director of the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) , at the time Britain ’ s largest education authority , with a reputation for left - wing idealism and progressive experimentation . It was abolished by Margaret Thatcher ’ s government . Birmingham in many ways is the ILEA ’ s successor in the psyche of educators . Brighouse ’ s appointment coincided with Wragg ’ s public inquiry , in which Wragg and a panel consisting of a primary head , a secondary head and representatives of the local political parties took evidence in 30 public sessions from people who had something to say about the city ’ s education system . Teachers , governors and employers were called . So were local journalists , broadcasters and members of parliament . There were bitter complaints of lack of funding and the poor quality of advice available from the local education authority . Brighouse came and listened to the sessions so he knew what the problems were first - hand before he even took up the post . III . The inquiry came up with 25 recommendations aimed at raising educational standards in the city . They included better funding , target - setting by teachers and collaborative working between teachers and the authority . The city council took heed , treeing to prioritize education and make modest , but real , improvement on funding year by year . Brighouse went visiting schools and held workshop — 11 of them in his first year — in which all the city ’ s head teachers participated . The aim ? School improvement . He wanted to examine the processes and practices that made the huge differences in schools with teachers and hare what worked with everyone . As Brighouse says : “ I wanted to find good practice in Birmingham and open the window and say ‘ My goodness , look at this ! Are we not energy creators in this place ? ” Target - setting was introduced , but the way it was done was the polar opposite of the way ii S been done by both the current Labour government and the Thatcher and John Major Conservative ones . Instead of imposing targets from outside , teachers were asked whether they could improve on their previous best . The usual reply was yes , then targets were agreed between the school and the authority . People were not encouraged to set themselves soft targets . Where people were under performing , Brighouse again took an approach that was the antithesis of government ’ s . Instead of naming and shaming , people were dealt with discreetly and with dignity and , if possible , reused in areas where they did have talents to offer . IV . Guarantees were made by the authority to its teachers , pupils and parents . The primary school guarantee promised improvements in school budgets . It promised that the local authority would try to improve its services to schools and to listen t expertise in school improvements . It promised to follow through on targets for literacy and numeracy . Also , every child was to have the opportunity to take part in a public performance and go on a residential field trip ; every child was to have whatever he or she was good at in the expressive arts identified ; every child would be part of a group producing a book or multimedia project that would tell a story for a younger age group ; all would take part in a collective environmental inquiry . Similar - style guarantees were established for pre - school children and those of secondary age . Everything was done in consultation with the teachers . But there was much more to come . The University of the First Age was introduced , allowing 11 - to - 14 - years - olds of all abilities the opportunity to extend their learning in special sessions after school or during holidays . Thousands of children attend he courses and the idea has been taken up nationally , now being run by 22 local education authorities . The idea was then extended down the age range into the Children ’ s University , which provided the same opportunities for primary - age children . This has also been taken up nationally . In 1995 , Wragg was invited back to the city to check up on how it was doing . He found most of the inquiry ’ s recommendations had been taken up . Adapted from an article in the Guardian by Wendy BerlinerQuestions 1 — 4 The reading passage has four sections . Choose the most appropriate heading for each section from the list of headings in the box below . Write the appropriate numbers in boxes 1 — 4 on your answer sheet . Note : There are more headings than sections , so you will not use all of them . Headingsi . teachers regain confidenceii . two bold stepsiii . from underachiever to education leaderiv . catering to the needs of individual childrenv . a challenge to the government ’ s policyvi . prestige projects drain education fundsSECTION I : SECTION II : SECTION III : SECTION IV : Answer : I : iii , II : ii , III : v , IV : iv 11 . Consumption of genetically modified ( GM ) food in China is expected to rise dramatically following that country ’ s entry into the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Faced with a flood of import ! ! s , China is seeking to raise the efficiency and quality of its agricultural output , analysts say . For example , Hunan Province , China ’ s biggest producer of rice , is using genetic modification techniques to create a new generation of the legendary hybrid rice developed by agricultural scientist Yuan Longping . China wants to produce a new strain that can overcome the quality shortcomings of hybrid rice . The present strain lacks texture and fragrance compared with Thai rice and some species from north China . The province has pinned high hopes on biotechnology . Hunan ’ s agriculture sector is the largest in the country , but its crops are generally low in quality and cannot expect to cornpete well with post - WTO import ! ! s . The super rice will be produced by inserting a corn gene into the hybrid rice . An extract of the wing bean gene will also be used to improve the variety ’ s stress resistance . The genetic arrangement will then be adjusted to improve its texture . Questions 1 — 3 Complete the partial summary below . Choose ONE or TWO words from the passage for each answer . Write your answers in boxes 1 — 3 on your answer sheet . China is gearing up to cope with the challenge of food import ! ! s , following its entry into the WTO . To do so , it is seeking to improve its agricultural output and quality using ( 1 ) _____ techniques . Hunan Province is seeking to develop a new strain of ( 2 ) _____ which will have improved texture and flavor . The experiment involves adding ( 3 ) _____ from other species of crops . Answer : 1 - genetic modification / GM , 2 - hybrid rice , 3 - genes 12 . Outwitting the Music PiratesIn an effort to stop pirate copying of its products , the music industry has formed the Secure Digital Music Initiative ( SDMI ) . This is a consortium of 200 companies , and last year it challenged computer hackers to test its latest safeguard against illicit copying . This involves the insertion of a digital “ watermark ” into a computerized music file . It is a pattern of the one ’ s and zero ’ s of which digital information is composed . This pattern identifies the copyright owner , as well as what may be done with the file . It would then be necessary to arrange for all new music - playing equipment to be fitted with hardware that interprets this watermark appropriately . ( This should be possible , since the SDMI includes the equipment manufacturers ) One method of watermarking is to add echoes to the music . An echo may be present or absent ; the time delay between the primary signal and the echo can also vary . By manipulating these parameters , it is possible to insert a unique pattern of information into a file — ideally , without altering what it sounds like when played . The flaw in the system is that hackers would have access to the watermark detectors built into the music - playing equipment in order to stop the use of pirated material . The hackers could use “ reverse engineering ” to figure out which watermarking technology was being used , and so be able to remove it . Adapted from an article in the EconomistQuestions 1 — 3 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage . Use NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER for each blank . Write your answers in boxes 1 — 3 on your answer sheet . 1 . The purpose of a digital watermark is to identify the owner of the ______ of music . 2 . Unique digital information can be added to a piece of music by means of _____ . 3 . Hackers could remove watermarks by _____ the process used by watermark ______ built into the devices used to play music . Answer : 1 - copyright , 2 - echoes , 3 - reversing , detectors 13 . Scientists at NASA are to build a spacecraft to probe Mercury , the most mysterious and least - explored planet in the inner solar system . One objective of the US $ 286 million mission is to find out if deep craters at the poles of Mercury are filled with ice , despite surface temperatures elsewhere on the planet of up to 450 degrees Celsius . A NASA spokesman said that construction of the Messenger space probe would begin immediately , to meet a scheduled launch date of March 2004 . Five years will be needed after that for the probe to reach its final destination in orbit above Mercury . The only other spacecraft to have made investigations of Mercury was Mariner 10 , which flew past the planet three times in 1974 and 1975 . However , Mariner 10 was only able to take photographs of half the surface area of the sun ’ s nearest planet . This time , the Messenger probe will stay in orbit for at least a year , to make detailed maps of Mercury ’ s topography as well as measure its magnetic field and other geophysical features . A special shield will be attached to protect Messenger from the intense heat of the sun . The deepest parts of Mercury ’ s craters are in continual shadow , and temperatures there never rise above minus — 200 degrees . Radar experiments in 1991 indicated that the craters could contain water deposited there when comets crashed into Mercury over billions of years . Jay Bergstralh , chief scientist at NASA ’ s Solar System Exploration Division in Washington D . C . , said that the Messenger spacecraft is the seventh in NASA ’ s Discovery program , which is aimed at exploring the solar system using small and relatively cheap probes . He noted that Messenger is the program ’ s “ most complex and challenging ” mission , aimed at revealing more about a planet that is too close to the sun for the Hubble space telescope to photograph . Questions 1 — 11 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage ? In boxes 1 — 11 on your answer sheet , write : T if the statement reflects the writer ‘ s claimF if the statement contradicts the writerNG if there is no information about this in the passage 1 . Mercury lies outside the solar system . 2 . The spas alreadce probe will look for ice on the surface of Mercury . 3 . It will take Messenger five years to reach Mercury . 4 . Messenger will make the first close - up investigation of Mercury . 5 . Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun . 6 . Messenger will conduct experiments in space . 7 . The sun ’ s rays cannot reach the bottom of Mercury ’ s craters . 8 . Ice on Mercury could have been formed by ancient rivers . 9 . Messenger is part of a series of probes being conducted by Nasa . 10 . The Messenger mission will be followed by a landing on Mercury . 11 . Mercury hay been photographed by the Hubble space telescope . Answer : 1 - F , 2 - F , 3 - T , 4 - F , 5 - T , 6 - NG , 7 - T , 8 - NG , 9 - T , 10 - NG , 11 - F 14 . New Prospects for Brazilian Beef ExportsBrazil , Latin America ’ s biggest nation , is trying to catch up with meat producers in rich , industrialized nations by adopting and adapting their technologies and farming techniques . As a result , it is closing the productivity gap with its main competitors , the U . S . and Australia . Brazilian cuts of meat have muscled in on new markets in Europe , Asia and the Middle East , tripling the sector ’ s exports to more than 750 , 000 tons in three years , and making Brazil the world ’ s No . 3 beef exporter , although it exports only ten percent of its total production . Today , Brazil boasts the world ’ s biggest commercial herd , with 165 million head . Worth US $ 120 billion last year , agribusiness made up 20 percent of Brazil ’ s gross domestic product and employs about 14 million people . “ Thanks to technological advances , we have multiplied the number of grass - fed cattle per hectare by nine , ” said Edivar de Queiroz , president of the country ’ s beef exporters ’ association ABIEC . “ And we have reduced seasonal drops in production , ” he added . “ That ’ s fantastic progress . ” So far , it has been mainly sprawling ranches such as the ones Mr Queiroz keeps in Sao Paolo Rondonia and Goias states that have adopted new technology . But smaller ranchers are also investing in new technology . Marcelo Lima has pioneered simple but effective technologies on his 700 - hectare ranch some 500 km northwest of Sao Paolo . The new technologies , which cost him US $ 119 , 000 , are fairly basic — correcting soil acidity and fertility , pasture rotation , a clean drinking water system , moving cattle round as little as possible between fields and , cost - controlling computer systems — but they have had an impressive effect . Mr Lima pointed out that there is a great demand abroad for beef such his healthy cattle provide — lean , hormone - free and raised just on grass , salt and water — because European and Asian countries are plagued with epidemics of mad - cow disease and foot - and - mouth disease . At the same time , the technique of artificial insemination is gradually raising the quality of Brazil ’ s cattle herds . “ There has been a revolution in the quality of stock over the past decade , thanks to new breeding techniques , ” said Luis Alfredo Deragon , technical director of Nova India Genetica . In addition , he pointed out , many of Brazil ’ s cattle are hybrids of Indian , European and Brazilian stock that provide better beef in the country ’ s tropical climate . As Brazilians love their beef , only about one tenth is exported . But that is changing , as exporters learn to specialize in the cuts of meat that export markets want , such as ground meat and hamburger meat . “ What we have to do is produce a more sophisticated product , with more value added , to make it more attractive to customers abroad , ” Mr Queiroz said . “ At the moment , our beef is shipped as a commodity which needs to be processed at the other end , and so is priced as a commodity . We need to Start shipping ready - cut steaks that go straight onto the supermarket shelves . By shipping ready - packaged beef , we can improve the mark - up by between ten and 20 percent , ” he explained . Another strategy for boosting Brazil ’ s beef exports is espoused by Samuel Giordano , professor of agribusiness at Sao Paolo University . “ The country ’ s priority should be to include agribusiness , including beef , in the round of international trade talks agreed to last year in Doha , ” he said . However , many in the business doubt that the rich , industriadized countries will open their markets or end subsidies that protect their farmers from the cheaper Brazilian competition . Mr Lirna said , “ The only reason we can ’ t get a bigger world market share today is the huge amount of subsidies that the US and Europe give to their farmers . ” Adapted from an Associated Press article carried in the South China Morning PostQuestions 1 — 8 Complete the summary below . Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answerWrite your answers in boxes 1 — 8 on your answer sheet . SummaryBrazil ’ s cattle raisers are striving to gain a bigger share of the world beef market by introducing new technologies which they hope will narrow the ( 1 ) _____ with its major competitors . As a result , ( 2 ) _____ now makes up one fifth of the Latin American country ’ s gross domestic product . Even smaller ranches are adopting new technology , including ( 3 ) _____ to monitor costs . Brazilian beef has a competitive advantage , as it is free from the ( 4 ) _____ that affect cattle in other countries . A technology which is doing much to increase the quality of Brazil ’ s cattle is ( 5 ) _____ . It has been pointed out that at the moment Brazilian beef is regarded by import ! ! ers as a ( 6 ) _____ , and that it needs to have more ( 7 ) _____ in order to appeal better to foreign customers . An expert has suggested that Brazil should try to get its beef industry included in the 8 round of international trade talks . Quetions 9 — 13 The reading passage contains a number of opinions provided by four different people . Match each opinion ( Questions 9 - 13 ) with the persons quoted in the passage ( A - D ) . N . B . You may use any of the persons A — D more than once . 9 . Brazilian beef exports are hampered by foreign subsidies . 10 . Brazil must get its beef exports included in the Doha round of trade talks . 11 . Brazil needs to export ready - cut beef . 12 . Brazilian cattle are in demand abroad because they are free from epidemics . 13 . New breeding techniques have revolutionized the Brazilian cattle industry . A . Edivar de QueirozB . Marcelo LimaC . Luis Aifredo DeragonD . Samuel GiordanoAnswer : 1 - productivity gap , 2 - agribusiness , 3 - computer systems , 4 - epidemics , 5 - artificial insemination , 6 - commodity , 7 - value added , 8 - Doha , 9 - B , 10 - D , 11 - A , 12 - B , 13 - C 15 . A New Approach to TeachingProgram innovations that encourage teachers to work together and share ideas is sometimes called team teaching . This concept is defined as “ a group ” of two or more persons assigned to the same students at the same time for instructional purposes in a particular subject or combination of subjects . An experiment in team teaching was carried otit at a college in Japan , and three case studies were analyzed in order to discover how far team teaching improved the academic performance of the students . The school is a fully - accredited , four - year liberal arts college aimed at developing bilingual students ( fluent in English and Japanese ) who employ critical thinking while pursuing a liberal arts degree . All courses , except those in Japanese Expression ! !, use English as the language of instruction . In team teaching language specialist ( LS ) instructors and discipline specialist instructors ( DS ) work together . They jointly plan syllabuses and lessons , and teach together in the same classroom . The student ' s educational background presents some obstacles to achieving success in the curriculum . In high school , Japanese students have limited experience in speaking and listening to English . Their secondary education has been predominantly passive in nature , and they have had little exposure to academic class work in English . In addition , they enter the college with a varied proficiency in English — from low - intermediate to advanced . In the fifrst case study , syllabus arrangement and teaching style , as well as the students ’ backgrounds were intensively scrutinized . The LS had had extensive experienqe in teaching English as a foreign language , and the DS was a history teacher from the US . Together they guided the students through a series of well - structured tasks to finally enable them to produce a properly written five - page report . They found that the best way to do this was to both be present in the classroom at the same time , and integrate language teaching with the history lesson . In the second case study , lesson planning was emphasized . In this case , the DS was a professor of religion . The steps that they followed were : appropriate pre - reading activities , followed by feasible reading tasks , and then follow - up activities until the stu 4 ents could read authentic college - level religious texts . An innovative technique used by this pair was to split the class up into discussion groups , and both teachers would circulate among the groups to facilitate comprehension . In the third case study , the stress was on classroom interaction , while at the same time striving to imbue the students with abstract concepts . These problems were tackled , and partly solved by the LS and DS devising a series of mini - lectures recorded on audio - cassettes for the students to listen to on their own . The students would complete worksheets while listening to the texts . Then , as a team , the LS and DS agreed on strategies they could use to show students how to read authentic college material actively . In general , those who took part in the case studies agreed that team teaching is a new approach to pedagogy . It substantially alters the points of view and approaches of the teachers . But , more import ! ! antly , it was found that team teaching is particularly useful when attempting to impart knowledge to students in their second language . Now , the possibility of applying team teaching to other college teaching situations is being widely discussed . Moreover , experiments are being devised to introduce the concept into middle schools in the US . QuestIons 1 — 3 The author of the reading passage mentions several problems with the students ’ English - language background . One of these problems is that it is “ limited experience . ” Identify THREE other problems . Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer , write the three problems separately in boxes 1 - 3 on your answer sheet . 1 . 2 . 3 . Questions 4 — 8 Below is a list of the areas offocus of the three case studies . Complete the list . Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for your answers . Write your answers in boxes 4 - 8 on your answer sheet . Case Study One : 4 . 5 . ExampleStudents ' backgroundsCase Study Two : 6 . Case Study Three : 7 . 8 . Questions 9 — 11 Complete the summary below . Choose your answers from the list A - F below the summary , and write them in boxes 9 — 11 on your answer sheet . N . B . There are more phrases than spaces , so you will not use them all . You may use any of the phrases more than once . An experiment in ( F ) ( example ) was carried out at a college in Japan , in the form of three case studies . It was hoped that the new mode of instruction would overcome the problem presented by the students ’ ( 9 ) _____ . In the first two case studies , ( 10 ) _____ teachers were more satisfied with the results than their colleagues . But in Case Study 3 , almost ( 11 ) _____ of both types of teachers expressed satisfaction with the experiment . A . syllabus arrangementB . educational backgroundC . equal percentagesD . facilitate comprehensionE . language specialistF . team teachingQuestions 12 — 1312 . What were the two different specializations of the teachers who took part in the case studies ? 13 . Which course at the college where the case studies were carried out is NOT taught in English ? Questions 14 — 15 Choøse the appropriate letter A — D , and write them in boxes 14 — 15 on your answer sheet . 14 . The objective of the case studies was : A . to improve the English ability of Japanese students . B . to get teachers of different subjects to follow the same curriculum . C . to see if team teaching improved students ’ performance . D . to streamline the cooperation between teachers and school administrators . 15 . The results of the case studies suggest that : A . team teaching helps students to grasp knowledge in a second language . B . team teaching is only effective between teachers with the same cultural background . C . older teachers should appraise younger teachers ’ methods . D . team teaching requires the re - writing of school curricula . Answer : 1 - predominantly passive , 2 - little exposure , 3 - varied proficiency , [ the above three in any order ] 4 - syllabus arrangement , 5 - teaching style [ the above two in either order ] 6 - lesson planning , 7 - classroom interaction , 8 - abstract concepts [ the above two in either order ] 9 - B , 10 - E , 11 - C , 12 - language and discipline / discipline and language , 13 - Japanese Expression ! !, 14 - C , 15 - A 16 . Which diagram best illustrates the way flowing water changes the shape of a stream ? Write A . B , C , or D in the space provided . A B C D Your answer _______ In the study of river geomorphology it is well known that the current has a great effect on changing the shape of a river . Whenever a current is pulling away from the side of a stream , sediment will tend to fill in and make the water more shallow . Where the current is pushing against a stream bank it will tend to grind , cut and pull the streambed apart . This results in constantly changing stream configurations . Glossary : Geomorphology : the study of the shape of the earth and physical features . Current : the direction of flowing water . Sediment : rocks and particles of earth that are mobile in water . Answer : B 17 . 1 . Thousands of British schoolchildren are to be tested for dyscalculia , a “ number blindness ” condition which is increasingly being cited as the reason many youngsters are failing at maths . Scientists believe that up to six percent of the population , the equivalent of nearly two children in every classroom , suffers from the little - known genetic disorder , which is related to dyslexia , or “ word blindness ” , which hampers some children ’ s ability to read . 2 . Educationists fear that dyscalculic children are falling behind in mathematics because teachers are not aware that he condition exists . Class teachers may be particularly confused by the student whose consistent underachievement seems due to what may look like carelessness or lack of effort . These children can be made to feel very different from their peers simply because they may be unable to follow simple instructions , which for others seem easy . A dyslexic or dyscalculic child who finds the acquisition of skills difficult can also suffer a lot of anguish and trauma when he or she feels mentally abused by other children because of this learning difficulty . Maths has its own language , and this can baffle children who are not dyslexic as far as mding is concerned . Whilst some dyslexic students are good at maths , it has been estimated that around 90 % of dyslexic children have problems in at least some areas of maths . General mathematical terminology words need to be clearly understood before they can be used in calculation , e . g . add , plus , sum of , increase and total all describe a single mathematical process . Dyslexic and dyscalculic students may have special difficulties with aspects of maths that require many steps or place a heavy load on the short - term memory , e . g . long division or algebra . 3 . Dyscalculia was first discovered in 1919 by Swedish neurologist Salomon Henschen . He found that it was possible for a person to have impaired mathematical abilities that did not affect intelligence in general . Children with otherwise perfectly normal achievements at school subjects were found to have a baffling problem grasping even the simplest mathematical concepts . Dyscalculia sufferers are often unable to understand mathematical concepts as simple as , 2 + 2 = 4 . Other related difficulties could be with visual / perceptual skills , directional confusion , sequencing , word skills and memory . It is thought that they are born lacking the ability to understand different numbers and the relationships between them . 4 . In an attempt to identify possible sufferers , preliminary tests are to be introduced in schools across Britain in September this year as part of research into dyscalculia backed by the Department for Education and Skills . The tests have been devised by Professor Brian Butterworth , a professor of cognitive neuropsychology at University College London , in cooperation with the British Dyslexia Association . The condition is far less widely recognised than dyslexia . Prof Butterworth said . Although many people have both conditions , it is possible to have good language and literacy skills but still be “ number blind ” . 5 . According to Butterworth , the tests involve a series of simple maths questions , including counting dots on a computer screen , or comparing two sets of images and indicating which is the larger . Children will be graded according to the time they take to answer the questions , with different response times expected for various groups . The tests this year , which will involve children at all school ages , are being seen as the first step towards a national screening programme . “ Dyscalculia is a big problem that is only just being recognised , ” said Butterworth . “ My own guess is that it is rather like color blindness ; there will be ways of working round it , but there won ’ t be a cure as such . ” Adapted from an article in the Daily TelegrapQuestions 1 — 4 The paragraphs in the reading passage are numbered 1 — 5 . Below is a list of paragraph headings , labeled A — I . For each question 1 — 4 , select the most suitable paragraph heading from the list and write your answers A — I in the spaces numbered 1 — 4 on your answer sheet . The first one has been done for you as an example . There are more he lings than you will need , so you won ‘ t use them all . Example AnswerParagraph 1 F 1 . Paragraph 22 . Paragraph 33 . Paragraph 44 . Paragraph 5 List of HeadingsA . Seeking a cureB . The content of he testsC . Dyscalculia and dyslexiaD . First discovered in SwedenE . Government supports testingF . The phenomenon of “ number blindness ” G . Even intelligent children can be dyscalculicH . Classroom problemsI . The special needs of dyscalculic childrenAnswer : 1 - C , 2 - G , 3 - E , 4 - B 18 . Measuring the Uniqueness of the IndividualThe relatively new science of biometrics is attempting to solve the age - old question -— Wh am I ? It is doing it by measuring and recording digitally the physical attributes of any individual . The idea is that we are un - forgeable , and that we carry proof of our identity in our body at all times , including the uniqueness of fingerprints , iris , voice , gait temperature , smell , etc . The applications of biometrics range from police work through a huge range of commercial fields in which secure identification is import ! ! ant . The search started out not as a way of seeing tiny differences , but as a way of classifying a limited number of similarities into a range of types . Charles Darwin ’ s cousin Francis Galton used cranial measurements to reveal the persistence of certain features in murderers , mental patients , Jews and boys attending public schools . Galton and an ltalian , Cesare Lombroso , reduced human identity to a question of mathematics , and they used it as an ideological weapon : Galton saw Negroid features as a sign of degeneracy , and was a firm believer in eugenics . But this approach to classifying people on the basis of types soon fell out of favor , giving way to a search for individual differences . It was Alphonse Bertillon , a French police detective , who invented a system of classifying peopIe so that a number of features could be cross - checked . It consisted of a card with two photographs on it , the person ’ s place and date of birth , and a number of bodily measurements . He also drew up charts of people ’ s ears , and kept them on file . Quite recently , a man in England was convicted of murder on the evidence of an earprint he had left at the scene of the crime . Like Bertillon more than 100 years ago , researchers in Britain are compiling a database of ear images . But the cutting edge of biometrics technology is iris scanning . The identification of the iris part of person ’ s eye has in many cases overtaken traditional fingerprinting as the most reliable proof that we are who we are . The Nationwide building societyreported that a six - month trial of iris recognition technology at a cash machine at its head office in London was very satisfactory . The success of iris scanning rests on the facts that an individual ’ s iris remains unchanged throughout his or her life , that no two people ’ s irises are the same — in fact , no two irises are the same , as people ’ s left and right eyes are different — and that each iris contains at least 260 independent characteristics on which comparisons can be based . However , according to Mark Grossi , who was in charge of the Nationwide experiment , irises are variable over time . If scanning were used by banks , customers would have to have their eyes photographed periodically . But still , he insists , they are impossible to forge . One reason iris scanning is preferred to fingerprinting is the stigma attached to the latter . J . Edgar Hoover , long - time head of America ’ s Federal Bureau of Investigation , stated with regret t at many people regard fingerprinting as something that is only done to criminal suspects . There have been cases in which people who have been fingerprinted to identify suspects in criminal cases demand that their fingerprints be publicly destroyed once the culprit is found . Hoover explained that it is useful for the individual to have his or her fingerprints on record “ as a protection against accident , amnesia or loss of identity through disaster . ” Francis Declerq , th founder and president of Keyware , a software company that has pioneered various biometric technologies , said that his job is to ask the question , “ What makes us unique ? ” , and then to create the technology that answers that question . Declerq loes not believe that any one measurement can sum up an individual . Your voice or hair style can change from day to day , and voice or facial recognition software would not take that into account . So Declerq has designed “ multiple biometrics “ software , which combines , for example , a fingerprint reading with a spoken password and a photograph . Our uniqueness , he argues , can only be measured in a number of ways . “ No one biometric , ” he argues , “ is 100 percent reliable , because w are human . ” Adapted from an article in the ObserverQuestions 1 - 6 Which of the people listed below is associated with the methods of identification 1 - 6 ? Write the letter of the appropriate person in boxes 1 — 6 on your answer sheet . You may use the same name for more than one answerFD Francis DeclerqFG Francis GaltonAB Alphonse BertillonJEH J . Edgar HooverMG Mark Grossi 1 . identification cards 2 . irises 3 . cranial measurements 4 . earprints 5 . multiple biometrics 6 . fingerprintsAnswer : 1 - AB , 2 - MG , 3 - FG , 4 - AB , 5 - FD , 6 - JEH 19 . Herbal remedies are facing stressHerbal shampoo and medicine makers could learn something from American Indians about harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants without endangering some vanishing and valuable species . American Indians gathering plants for herbal remedies take only those they need , and utter songs and chants lamenting the sacrifice and affirming that the plants are being harvested to relieve suffering , said Tis Mal Crow of Speedwell , Tenn . , a Western Band Cherokee healer . “ From any one area we limit the amount taken . They are taken only at certain times of year , ” Crow aid . That ’ s in contrast with some commercial harvesters who , he said , “ go in there with bulldozers and clear off whole hillsides . ” Crow is one of 10 members of a Native American Elder Circle who take part in a U . S . Fish and Wildlife Service Medicinal Plant Working Group discussing ways to protect threatened plants . The group also includes representatives from industry , government , academia and env ronmental organizations . “ Plants that our grandfathers ’ grandfathers respected and protected for future generations are no longer available to us , “ said Crow , author of “ Native Plants , Native Healing ” . He spoke recently at a symposium the working group helped organize on Industrial Leadership for the Preservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants . North American environments from alpine tundra to prairie grasslands , coastal salt marshes and tropical rain forests have 20 , 000 plant species , the working group reported in December 2000 . At least 175 species are marketed for use in over - the - counter remedies and supplements in the $ 3 billion U . S . medicinal herb market . Many plants are collected from the wild in large quantities . For example , about 65 million goIdenseal plants and 34 million ginseng plants a year have been harvested from eastern U . S . forests in recent years , according to the report . The two - day symposium included pharmaceutical , cosmetic , vitamin and herbal product makers , academics , farmers and government representatives . “ We are interested in creating partnerships with as diverse a group as possible and bringing together as many interest groups as possible , ” said Julie Lyke , a U . S . Fish and Wildlife Service bioloist . Some plants are plentiful enough to harvest without concern , said Michael McGuffin , president of the American Herbal Products Association , a Silver Spring , Md . , trade group . “ Saw palmetto is harvested in the wild , but it ’ s estimated that there are 4 million acres of it , " McGuffin said . “ Black cohosh is one we are concerned about . The root is the part used . End of plant . ” One presentation involved some successful efforts to cultivate black cohosh , an eight - foot perennial with stems and roots used to treat menstrual and digestive problems and rheumatism . But plants such as goldenseal root , often used in combination with vitamin C ; American ginseng , marketed as an energizer and immune stimulant ; and echinacea , also sold as an immune stimulant , are considered at risk of extinction , Crow and McGuffin said . Herbal product manufacturers ’ demand for plants can end up preserving natural habitats , such as rain forests , said Dominique N . Conseil , president of Aveda , a maker of plant - based shampoos , cleansers and cosmetics . Conseil said that can be the result if companies show local people how to harvest herbal products that are more profitable than logging or clearing the land for other uses . “ Communities need to have a source of revenue . It ’ s about developing a source of revenue that preserves the wild , ” Conseil said . “ If they can make a living from the environment without destroying it , when that works , it ’ s ideal . ” For some plants , the effort comes too late . Of 200 species discovered by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their expedition of 1803 through 1806 , it isn ’ t known if 30 percent still exist , said Ara DerMarderosian , a professor of pharmacognosy , the study of drugs from natural sources , at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia . It is therefore a primary goal to catalog American plants , DerMarderosian noted . “ We hope they are still there . There are a lot of places you ’ ll go and find a parking lot . ” Questions 1 — 7 , Below is a summary of the reading passage “ Herbal remedies are facing stress ". Complete the summary by choosing words from the box following the summary . Write your answers in boxes 1 — 7 on your answer sheet . Note : There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all . You may use any word more than once . Native plants are under threat of extinction . This is because of over harvesting by pharmaceutical companies that want to ( 1 ) _______ these plants for their medicinal quality to help ( 2 ) _______ suffering . While Native American Indians have always harvested native herbal plants by taking just what they needed , commercial harvesters often clear whole ( 3 ) _______ with bulldozers . This has lead to the loss of some species and the threat to many others . The market for herbal ( 4 ) _______, however , continues to grow . Goldenseal and Ginseng are two of the most heavily ( 5 ) _______ . To save these species and still support a herbal market , communities need to be ( 6 ) _______ that plants can be a source of revenue without destroying the complete plant community . If action is not taken , ( 7 ) _______ will be more common than the old familiar field of flowers . [ villages ] , [ parking lots ] , [ alleviate ] , [ manufacture ] , [ educated ] , [ contribute ] , [ landscapes ] , [ farms ] , [ harvested ] , [ supported ] , [ utilize ] , [ remedies ] , Answer : 1 - utilize , 2 - alleviate , 3 - landscapes , 4 - remedies , 5 - harvested , 6 - educated , 7 - parking lots 20 . The East Coast GreenwayWalkers , cyclists , and other trail advocates have joined forces around an audacious project , a 2 , 600 mile traffic - free path linking East Coast cities from Maine to Florida . Launched only 10 years ago , this vision for an urban alternative to the highly popular Appalachian Trail is quickly becoming a reality . The East Coast Greenway will be the nation ’ s first long - distance , city - to - city , multi - modal transportation corridor for cyclists , hikers , and other non - motorized users . Our goal is to connect existing and planned trails that are locally owned and managed to form a continuous , safe , green route — easily identified by the public through signage , maps , users guides , and common services . The route will be at least 80 percent off - road , using waterfront esplanades , park paths , abandoned railroads , canal towpaths , and parkway corridors . It will serve cyclists , hikers , skaters , equestrians , people in wheelchairs , and other non - motorized users . We are presently working hard to develop the entire trail from Maine to Florida . Our route will be an urban alternative to the Appalachian Trail , located in the shadows of skyscrapers and within suburban greenspace , but also in surprisingly rural areas that still exist between our east coast cities . It will enable residents to travel short distances from their homes to local points of interest , and tourists to travel for a few days or even weeks to visit the rich store of history and culture within the east coast region . While seeking the most direct feasible route between cities , we also value a route offering an interesting , varied experience . It will link with a host of other greenways and trails being developed within the region , forming a true greenway network functioning much like the interstate highway system . Questions 1 — 5 Answer the questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer . Write your answers in boxes 1 — 5 on your answer sheet . 1 . What is the greenway in relation to the Appalachian Trail ? 2 . How long ago did this plan begin ? 3 . Who will be able to know that the Greenway is present because of signs , maps and guides ? 4 . How much of the trail will be along normal roads ? 5 . What will greenway network resemble ? Answer : 1 - urban alternative , 2 - 10 years ago , 3 - the public , 4 - 20 %, 5 - interstate highway system 21 . Cardiologists have long known that eating fish helps to protect against heart disease , but up until recently they didn ’ t know why . Now , there ’ s a growing body of evidence that certain nutrients contained in fish , called omega - 3 fatty acids ( which are especially abundant in species like sardines , salmon and mackerel ) seem to promote cardio - vascular health . One group convinced of the benefits is the American Heart Association , that has released new dietary recommendations . The AHA recommends that everyone eat two 85 g servings of fatty fish a week . Meanwhile , the US Food and Drug Administration has allowed manufacturers of omega - 3 in pill form to advertise its benefits . Omega - 3 fatty acids belong to a group of compounds known as polyunsaturated fats . These fats serve as the raw material for a whole host of essential structures in the body , from brain cells to molecules that regulate inflammation , blood pressure and blood clotting . Since our bodies cannot manufacture their own supply of omega - 3 , we have to get it from the food we eat — mostly from fish , but also from such plant sources as flax , soybeans and walnuts . Indeed , many European countries supplement food for infants with various omega - 3 fatty acids . The earliest studies found that populations that traditionally eat a lot of fish — for instance , Norwegians , Eskimos and Japanese — have relatively low rates of heart disease . Then , laboratory analyses showed that omega - 3 fatty acids lower the risk of clots developing in the blood , which is a common trigger for a heart attack . Omega - 3 also reduces the level of triglycerides , another fatty compound that has been linked to heart disease , and decreasing the number of irregular heartbeats . However , there ’ s a down side to omegá - 3 . First of all , omega - 3 fatty acids tend to raise the level of LDL , or “ bad cholesterol , ” in the blood stream . Doctors also warn that an excessive dose of omega - 3 — that is , more than two grams a day — could have serious side effects , such as internal bleeding . Pregnant women in particular should be careful about taking fish - oil supplements ; taking cod liver oil , for example , can lead to an overdose of vitamin A , which can in turn cause birth defects . Adapted from an article by Christine Gorman in Time magazine . Questions 1 — 10 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage ? In boxes 1 — 10 on your answer sheet , write : T if the statement reflects the writer ' s claimF if the statement contradicts the writerNG if there is no information about this in the passage 1 . Cardiologists discovered omega - 3 . 2 . Eating fish promotes cardio - vascular health . 3 . The U . S . Food and Drug Administration advises people to eat fish . 4 . Omega - 3 can be consumed by people who do not eat fish . 5 . Omega - 3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats . 6 . Omega - 3 is only found in fatty fish . 7 . Heart disease is unknown among people who eat a lot of fish . 8 . Heart attacks are often started by blood clots . 9 . It is safe to take up to 2 . 5 g of omega - 3 a day . 10 . Pregnant women should avoid eating fish . Answer : 1 - NG , 2 - T , 3 - NG , 4 - T , 5 - T , 6 - F , 7 - F , 8 - T , 9 - F , 10 - NG 22 . Globalization on the Football PitchAfrica ’ s emergence as a footballing force to be reckoned with has not been matched by its economic performance . In terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , Nigeria , Cameroon and Senegal are the three poorest countries to have qualified for this year ’ s World Cup . The latest figures from the World Bank show that Nigeria is the l 93 rd richest country in the world , Cameroon is the l 65 th , and Senegal is the 171 st , Nigeria has double the population of Britain , but its per capita GDP is US $ 800 a year , compared with the average US $ 23 , 550 for the average British football supporter . South Africa , mainly because of its large mineral reserves , has the highest living standards in Africa , with per capita GDP of US $ 9 , 000 , 50 percent more than Tunisia . which is also in the World Cup . But even these middle - income nations are a long way behind the United States , where the GDP for one week is nearly as great as that of Nigeria in a year . Nevertheless , for all its wealth , the U . S . team — unlike many of the African teams — has no players of world - class stature and stands little chance of winning the World Cup . So why is there this discrepancy ? The most obvious difference is that African players have been granted a degree of access to the lucrative West European markets that their farmers and textile workers can only dream of . The vast majority of the 115 players representing the five African nations at the World Cup regularly play for European clubs . Brendan Batson , deputy chief executive of the Professional Footballers Association , argues that the ability of players to move from African countries to play for European clubs is proving beneficial , not just to the exported sportsmen but to their national teams as well . He pointed out that Nigeria emerged as a World Cup favorite several years ago . “ On current form , ” he said , “ Cameroon has overtaken them and a number of other African countries are making progress . The import ! ! ing of African players by European clubs has been a good thing , and bodes well for international football , ” he said . However , football is not an example of perfect free trade , as players from outside theEuropean Union do not enjoy the same access to different clubs as those on the inside . For one thing , import ! ! ed players have to be full internationals . This means that they must have played three - quarters of their country ’ s international matches in the previous two years . One of the attractions of recruiting African players was that transfer prices for European players are high . But that may soon be a thing of the past , according to analysts , who point out that the increased role of the players ’ agents means that the scope for paying less than the going domestic rate is limited . Contrast all this with the barrage of restraints that prevent African nations from playing a full part in the global economy . An example is the recently passed U . S . Farm Bill , which raised subsidies to American farmers by US $ 180 billion a year . In addition , the new U . S . Farm Bill will reduce pressure on Europe and Japan to cut subsidies to their own farmers . Agriculture makes up a large share of African nations ’ GDP , and such subsidies will severely hamper efforts by African exporters to sell their produce in the most lucrative markets . In the football world , on the other hand , the fans in the West want to see the best players , wherever they come from , and the desire to protect benefits to home - grown talent is much weaker than in the field of economies and trade . The result has been a global market in football . Years after European clubs began to welcome players from Africa , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has only just launched its “ development round , ” promising to bring the benefits of trade liberalization to Africa ’ s poorest countries . However , few believe that last November ’ s Doha Declaration will do much to help African exporters . The reason is that the “ development round ” should have started a decade ago ; as it is , the export industries of poor countries have not had a chance to develop to the point at which they could take advantage of the WTO ’ s latest trade liberalization step . Oxfam policy adviser Kevin Watkins said , “ If Europe had the same approach to market access in areas like agriculture and garments as it has for football , it would go a long way to improving prospects for Africa . We are in favor of improving market access when it is in the interests of our entertainment industry , but it is a different story when it could do something for the quality of life in poor countries . ” Adapted from an article in The Guardian by Mark Milner and Larry ElliottQuestions 1 — 6 Choose the appropriate letters A — D , and write them in boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet . 1 . In the first paragraph the writers argue that success at footballA . has boosted the economies of African nations . B . has kept GDP growth in Africa low . C . has had no effect on African countries ’ economies . D . has made Africans envious of rich countries . 2 . The writers mention the United States in the second paragraph in order to point outA . that the Americans are a new force in football . B . the irony of a rich nation being weak in a world - class sport . C . how much richer the U . S . is than Nigeria . D . that not all World Cup teams are African . 3 . Brendan Batson thinksA . that there are too many African players in European teams . B . that Nigeria will win the World Cup . C . that Cameroon will win the World Cup . D . that player mobility is good for football worldwide . 4 . The analysts claim that attempts to pay African players low wages are being hampered byA . the Professional Footballers Association . B . the global economy . C . the European Union . D . the players ’ agents . 5 . According to the writers , the U . S . Farm Bill willA . encourage Europe and Japan to maintain farm product subsidies . B . encourage African countries to lower agricultural export prices . C . encourage African producers to concentrate on non - U . S . markets . D . encourage the West to subsidize domestic producers . 6 . Kevin Watkins criticizes Europe forA . not recruiting enough African footballers . B . not opening its other markets as widely as the football market . C . making the infant mortality rate in Africa worse . D . regarding football as entertainment and not as an industry . Questions 7 — 13 The reading passage describes a number of cause - and - effect relationships . Match each Cause question ( 7 — 13 ) in List A with its Effect ( A — J ) in List B . Write the appropriate letters A — J in boxes 7 — 13 on your answer sheet . List A : Causes 7 . South Africa has large mineral reserves . 8 . Leading African footballers play in Europe . 9 . Players from outside the European Union must be full internationals . 10 . Domestic transfer prices within Europe are high . 11 . The U . S . has raised subsidies to its farmers . 12 . Europe ' s football fans want to watch the best players . 13 . The WTO ‘ s “ development round ” has been delayed for ten years . List B : EffectsA . European clubs are buying more overseas players . B . Poor countries export industries are undeveloped . C . Africa ’ s national teams benefit . D . Football is not an example of perfect free trade . E . Political clout is the key . F . It has the highest living standards in Africa . G . European teams now have a cosmopolitan makeup . H . A global market in soccer has been created . I . African agricultural exports are barred from the top markets . J . U . S . chances are poor in the World Cup . Answer : 1 - C , 2 - B , 3 - D , 4 - D , 5 - A , 6 - B , 7 - F , 8 - C , 9 - D , 10 - A , 11 - I , 12 - H , 13 - B 23 . Packaging and Sustainable DevelopmentA . In the 1970 s , the packaging industry faced a number of challenges . The two oil crises of 1973 and 1978 produced a situation in which energy conservation became a top priority . At the same time , goods manufacturers and retailers were demanding ever lighter packaging that would cut the amount of resources used in manufacture and the energy used in transportation . Environmental groups were using packaging in their campaigns as a symbol of the “ throwaway ” society . By the affluent 1980 s , the emphasis was shifting . What had been a serious energy problem had been replaced by what was seen as a solid waste disposal problem . People were less worried about the energy being used and more concerned about what happened to the waste . Environmental groups argued that packaging should be reduced to help solve the “ waste problem ” . Companies are also faced with the problem that consumers often say that they think packaging is a waste of resources . B . For economic reasons , companies design packaging to use just enough , and no more , material than is needed to ensure that goods survive the distribution chain and are delivered to consumers in good condition . In developing countries , up to 50 % of food is wasted on the journey from farm to shop . In Western Europe less than 3 % goes to waste . Packaging is a significant fraction — between 20 % and 25 % by weight — of municil al solid waste , which is largely household waste . What the consumer does not see is that household dustbin waste makes up less than 20 % of the total solid waste from all sources sent to landfill in a typical European country . Landfill is dominated by industrial , demolition and construction waste . Household packaging accounts for less than 5 % by weight or volume . C . Rather than respond to these issues individually , companies in the packaging sector decided to set up a joint body known as the Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment ( INCPEN ) to carry out research into the environmental and social effects of packaging . INCPEN produced the first detailed estimates of the amount of packaging that enters the waste stream and its relationship to total waste generation . It has commissioned studies into the energy requirements of packaging production and packaging distribution systems , and it has carried out surveys of litter . INCPEN commissioned an independent study called “ Packaging in a Market Economy ” , which examined he functional , environmental , social and economic considerations involved in packaging assessment , including case studies on the packaging for fish , computer monitors , liquid detergents and luxury cosmetics . More recently , it has published a report on the environmental impact of packaging in the UK food supply system , investigating the resource requirements of food packaging against those of food production and distribution . The findings from this research have been used to promote good packaging practice , and to inform legislators , consumers and interest groups about the role of packaging . D . Choice of packaging type is made on the basis of a series of trade - offs between many factors , particular 1 y between the amount of packaging and likely product wastage . Manufacturers of goods look for a balance between protecting their goods , protecting public health and the environment and providing what the consumer needs ( easy opening packaging for the elderly , etc . ). The latter factor , and , as families get smaller and household sizes decline , the demand for smaller - sized portions means that the demand for packaging will grow rather than decline . E . At the same ime , there are compensating developments that will tend towards reduced packaging . For example , many companies , especially in the retail sector , are increasingly designing all the packaging needed to protect goods ( the packaging immediately containing the goods , the secondary or grouping , packaging and the packaging used to transport the grouped packs ) as complete systems . This makes more effective us of resources . Consumers are increasingly willing to buy concentrated products in lightweight refill packs for dilution at home , and companies are increasingly informing consumers about the choices available to them , enabling them to make informed decisions about the products they buy and how to use them efficiently . F . The concentration on packaging as waste has led to two separate issues being confused : The need to design good packaging systems that get products from manufacture to consumption witt the minimum necessary expenditure of resources , and the need toinvest in modern solid waste management techniques so that we can reduce the environmental impact of all waste , not just packaging . This confusion has two unfortunate consequences : It gives the false impression that all one has to do to solve the waste problern is to remove packaging from waste , and it over - emphasizes one environmental consideration — waste — and distracts attention from designing resource - efficient packaging that can make the best use of all resources throughout the distribution chain . G . Today , INCPEN ' s major task is to develop effective working partnerships with government regulators , to ensure that policy on packaging aligns more closely with the major needs of sustainable development , rather than simply seeking to reduce the quantities of packaging materials used . Current restrictive laws on packaging need to be replaced with policies that enable companies to develop packaging systems that will help make more efficient use of resources in getting goods from point of production to consumption . Adapted from an article in The TimesQuestions 1 — 7 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A — G . From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph . Write the appropriate numbers i — x in boxes 1 — 7 on your answer sheet . List of Headingsi . Managing wasteii . Packaging is not the worst waste generatoriii . Consumers demand better packagingiv . Alarm bells ring over energy conservationv . Factors leading to reduced packagingvi . Certain packaging laws need to be changedvii . INCPEN commissions studiesviii . How packaging type is decidedix . Environmental pressures on the packaging industryx . The role of INICPEN 1 . Paragraph A 2 . Paragraph B 3 . Paragraph C 4 . Paragraph D 5 . Paragraph E 6 . Paragraph F 7 . Paragraph GAnswer : 1 - ix , 2 - ii , 3 - x , 4 - viii , 5 - v , 6 - i , 7 - vi 24 . The Bottled Water CrazeBottled water is the fastest - growing segment of the global beverage industry , and , based on its current growth rate , sales of bottled water will surpass those of milk , beer and coffee in the next few years . It is now considered a basic rather than a luxury product by developed countries ; even in the smallest retail outlet there are shelves devoted to different brands of bottled water . There are three kinds of drinking water : tap , distilled and mineral water . According to its Water Supplies Department , Hong Kong has one of the safest tap flows in the world , complying chemically and bacteriologically with World Health Organization ( WHO ) standards . FIuoride is added to minimize dental decay . However , critics say that Hong Kong ’ s tap water , most of which comes from a river flowing from Guangdong Province , meets WHO standards only at and immediately after , leaving the treatment works . Ancient storage tanks and unlined galvanized pipes ( prohibited since 1995 ) can contaminate water on its way to the taps , and alter its taste . “ The present problem of water quality does not stem from the treatment system , ” said Dr K . C . Ho of the Open University of Hong Kong . “ It originates in the rusty distribution system , which is not properly maintained . ” Distilled water is simply the condensed steam of boiled tap water , and although it is free from harmful bacteria , it is devoid of all good minerals too . Freshwater fish perish if they are kept in a tank of distilled water , because they need minerals to survive . Doctors , nutrition experts and scientists have observed that if distilled water is ingested by humans over a long period of time , it can leach out valuable body minerals such as potassium , magnesium and calcium , which are respectively required by the body for regulating the acid base and water balance in the blood and body tissues , maintaining healthy teeth and bones , and for the body ’ s metabolic function . Mineral water is collected and bottled at the point of emergence from a protectedunderground source . It gets its taste and content depending on the type of rocks the rain falls on and how long its drops take to filter through . According to European laws , it must contain a consistent level of natural mineral salts to qualify as “ mineral ” wate . “ There are no natural springs in Hong Kong , so technically there is no mineral water as such , ” said Neil Waters , sales and marketing director of Swire Coca - Cola , which bottles and distributes Bonaqua . “ We used to market Bonaqua as mineral water , but we now use the term ‘ mineralized water , ’ because we want our customers to know that they are receiving the same standard and taste of water year after year . ” Bonaqua draws water from the government water supply , imitates the filtration process for natural mineral water , passes the water over two sand filters and an active carbon filter , adds a concoction of minerals specified by Coca - Cola ’ s strict guidelines , and then purifies it . “ We have obtained the water industry ’ s version of the ISO 9002 ( international certificate of quality ) from the American National Sanitary Federation , ” said Waters . “ But this is not something you earn once and for all ; we have to submit to regular checks in order to keep it . ” Specialists agree that people engaging in strenuous exercise lose mineral salts rapidly , and these need to be replenished as quickly as possible . Drinking mineral water is a convenient way to do this . However , there are some reservations about the benefits of mineral water . " It ’ s fine for a healthy individual to drink any kind of mineral water , ” said dietician Mimi Sham . “ But if a person has kidney problems or hypertension , he or she must avoid drinking water with a high sodium content . Similarly , if you suffer from calcium stones you don ’ t want to be consuming more calcium than your body can take . ” Adapted from an article in the South China Morning PostQuestions 1 — 6 Choose ONE phrase A - G from the box to complete each of the following key points . Write the appropriate letters A — G in boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet . The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer . You may use any phrase more than once . Example AnswerThe three categories of drinking water are B 1 . Hong Kong has no proper mineral water 2 . Distilled water 3 . Poor water quality in Hong Kong 4 . Mineral water 5 . Fluoride is added to water 6 . To keep the water industry ’ s version of the ISO 9002 A . can remove minerals from the body . B . tap , distilled and mineral water . C . can be bad for people with certain health problems . D . to protect people ’ s teeth . E . a company selling water must pass regular inspections . F . because it lacks natural springs . G . results from the distribution system . Answer : 1 - F , 2 - A , 3 - G , 4 - C , 5 - D , 6 - E 25 . Canadian College is a leading provider of acting , film making , English ( ESL / EFL ) , business , computer , and language training in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . Canadian College is the only private training institution in Victoria , offering Acting , Filmmaking and ESL programs , that is registered and accredited with the Private Post - Secondary Education Commission of British Columbia . A team of dedicated professionals who are highly respected by government officials , other businesses and the community leads Canadian College . Our mission is to help learners achieve their goals by offering quality educational programs , facilities and services , in a caring , culturally diverse environment . Tuition and FeesAll tuition and fees must be paid by the due dates specified on the enrolment application ( or registration invoice , if applicable ) . Letters of acceptance , homestay information , diplomas , certificates , transcripts and reports will not be issued unless all required tuition and fees have been paid . EnrolmentEnrolment may be subject to the applicant following with the admission policies for their program of study as well as undergoing an assessment . The college reserves the right to modify programs , materials , schedules , rules , regulations and policies as required . All programs are subject to sufficient enrolment and may be postponed or canceled at the discretion of the college . In the event a program is canceled , a full refund or credit would be given . Refund PolicyIf a student wishes to cancel or withdraw from a program and wishes to be considered for a refund , [ written notice ] must be submitted to the Admissions Office . The amount of the refund , depends on when the notice of cancellation or withdrawal is received , type of student and the program duration . An international student is a person who is not a Canadian Citizen or landed immigrant . The program duration is determined by the start and end dates on the enrolment application form . PLEASE NOTE : Registering for a program duration of three months or more is not the same as registering for a series of individual one month terms . By registering for a program duration of three months or more , a student is committing to attend for one long term , not a series of short one month terms . For this long - term commitment , the student receives a lower tuition fee and their refund is calculated on the registration as one long term , not individual one month terms . Students who are not sure of their future plans and who do not wish to commit to long terms of study are advised to register for individual one month terms . TUITION REFUND { NOTICE RECEIVED }[ International Student ] [ Canadian Citizen ] >= 30 days before program start date [ 75 %]* [ 90 %*]< 30 days before program start date [ 60 %]* [ 80 %*] Within 10 % of program completed [ 50 %] [ 70 %] Within 30 % of program completed [ 30 %] [ 50 %] After 30 % of program completed [ 0 %] [ 0 %](* includes books and materials ) HOMESTAY REFUNDMonthly and daily homestay fees are refunded , if notice of cancellation is received 30 days or more before the homestay start date . ROOKS & MATERIALS REFUNDBooks and materials are included in the tuition refund , if notice of cancellation is received before the program start date . Once the program has started , books and materials are non - refundable . NON - REFUNDABLE ITEMSNo refund or credit will be given for student absences from scheduled classes or tests . Registration fees , TOEIC Testing fees , atid Homestay Placement fees are non - refundable . Canadian College reserves the right to suspend or dismiss a student for disciplinary reasons , if the student acts in contravention to the instructions of college staff or breaches college rules , regulations , or policies . Students are responsible to obtain and abide by the college rules , regulations and policies . Students participate in college activities at their own risk and by making application to the college , do hereby release Canadian College of Business & Language Inc . , its employees , agents , assigns and volunteers from any and all liability for any loss , damage , injury or expenses suffered due to any cause whatsoever . Questions 1 — 7 Answer these questions in NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS . Write your answers in boxes I — 7 on your answer sheet . 1 . What kind of institution is Canadian College ? 2 . In addition to following registration procedures according to admission policies , what else does a student have to take part in ? 3 . If you don ’ t want to attend the whole year or even for a three month program , how long can you also attend for ? 4 . What type of student receives a 70 % refund if they cancel with 90 % of the program still left ? 5 . If you notify the program after it has started that you are not attending , what will you not get money back for other than tuition ? 6 . What do students participate in at their own risk ? 7 . If you skip a class , what can you not receive ? Answer : 1 - Private , 2 - An assesment , 3 - One month , 4 - Canadian citizen , 5 - Books and materials , 6 - College activities , 7 - Refund or credit 26 . Tens of thousands are feared dead after the Bhuj earthquake in the Indian state of Gujarat . Horrifyingly , seismologists believe that worse is yet to come . Roger Bilham , a geologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder , believes that more than 60 % of the Himalayan region to the north of the country is overdue for an earthquake of magnitude 8 or more on the Richter scale . An earthquake of this severity would threaten densely populated areas in the Ganges valley , including the Indian capital , New Delhi . Earthquakes happen when the rocky tectonic plates which make up the earth ’ s crust shift suddenly . These plates are in constant , albeit very slow , motion . As a result , huge pressures build up in them over the years , and this accumulated strain is often released as an earthquake . The Bhuj earthquake was unusual , because the strain had built up in the middle of a plate ( most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries . ) In the northern part of the sub - continent , where the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates meet , the greatest pressure is exerted , over tens of millions of years forming the Himalayas . It is here that the most powerful Indian earthquakes tend to occur , and where Bilham thinks the next big one in India will happen , although the entire sub - continent is riddled with faults on the verge of disaster , having been under pressure for so long . How much that worries the Indian authorities — or at least how much they are willing to act on their worries — is a different question . Bilham and Vinod Gaur of the Center for Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation in Bangalore claim that until recently Indian seismological research has neglected a technique known as geodesy , which measures the strains accumulating in , and distorting the surfaces of , tectonic plates . The patterns of those distortions cannot be used to predict quakes , but they can be used to work out which areas are most at risk from them . In the past decade , geodesy has been revolutionized by global positioning system ( GPS ) technology , a satellite - based method of locating points on the earth ’ s surface precisely GPS - based geodesy has now begun in several parts of India , but , according to Bilham and Gaur , its application is being hampered by military secrecy requirements . The zones of maximum quake risk are near India ’ s borders , and the government does not want to make a present of accurate maps to its enemies . Such concerns , while understandable , can be taken too far , according to Bilhamand Gaur . Gujarat is a case in point . Fastidious documentation of the area is already available from a survey carried out in the late 19 th century ; nothing that seismology adds could possibly help an enemy . Besides , more civilian deaths have occurred in the area from earthquakes than in recent wars . Bilham says that the Indian government has even forbidden him to use a gravity meter in the region . Such a meter measures whether a point is moving away from the center of the earth , and therefore indicates a build - up of strain that might be released as an earthquake . Adapted from an article in The Economist Questions 1 — 10 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage ? In boxes 1 — 10 on your answer sheet , write : T if the statement reflects the writer c claimF if the statement contradicts the writerNG if there is no information about this in the passage 1 . The next earthquake in India will occur in the Ganges valley . 2 . Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements in the earth ’ s crust . 3 . The Bhuj earthquake was a typical occurrence . 4 . The population of Bhuj was wiped out by the earthquake . 5 . The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two major tectonic plates . 6 . Geodesy is the science of predicting earthquakes . 7 . The Indian military makes use of GPS technology . 8 . India ’ s borders are vulnerable to earthquakes . 9 . Gujarat has not been properly mapped . 10 . The Indian government is cooperating fully with Bilham and Gaur ’ s work . Answer : 1 - F , 2 - T , 3 - F , 4 - NG , 5 - T , 6 - F , 7 - NG , 8 - T , 9 - F , 10 - F 27 . India ' s Injured Soldiers Aim at New CareersLike many technology - aware Indian youngsters , N . Rajendran is learning computer applications to become an entrepreneur . That is nothing in a country seen as a fountainhead of budding software talent , where founders technology companies have become multi - millionaires . But Mr . Rajendran is no star - gazing college student . He is a 36 - year - old army veteran who is blind in one eye and has an artificial leg . Four years ago , fighting separatist guerrillas in the disputed province of Kashmir , an artillery shell nearly killed him . Slowly , he is learning to start life afresh at a school specializing in the rehabilitation of battle - maimed army veterans in western India . The school is the Queen Marv Technical Institute for Disabled Soldiers in Khadki , about 190 km southeast ol Bombay . The institute was set up in 1917 to assist soldiers who had been seriously injured in World War I . At present , it has 165 students ; 84 of them are maimed veterans , with the remainder made up of former soldiers and their dependants . It aims to equip disabled soldiers with skills that they can use to earn their living in civilian life . “ I am learning a new trade , and am planning to open a cyber cafe , ” Mr Rajendran said , “ I feel positive about my future . ” Wheelchair - bound Kumudchandra Saikia , 38 , is also studying computer operation on the same course as Mr Majendran . He lost both his legs in a railway accident while ferrying vehicles to Kashmir from the southern state of Tamil Nadu . He expects to work as a civilian computer operator for the Indian defense forces , Even before they leave the Institute , many of the soldiers , ex - soldiers and their wives are already starting to earn money making electronic parts for companies such as Philips India or steel labels for Kirloskar Oil Engines in the Institute ’ s workshop . Attached to the Institute is the Paraplegic Rehabilitation Center , established in 1974 . The mission of the Center , one of only two establishments in India which treat paraplegic soldiers , is to prepare the disabled soldiers to handle the psychological shocks they will meet when they leave the Institute and make the first steps in thecivilian world . The senior registrar of the Center , Lieutenant - Colonel Jyoti , considers sporting activities to be an essential part of the rehabilitation process . He is proud to show visitors the huge showcases of trophies that the disabled veterans who have been trained at the center have won at national and international events . The Center makes specially designed wheelchairs which allow paraplegic veterans to play basketball and engage in racing tournaments . It also boasts sports grounds , workshops and specially equipped housing . But psychological support is no less import ! ! ant than medical treatment and physical therapy . Lieutenant - Colonel Jyoti explained that all the disabled soldiers who undergo rehabilitation suffer bouts of depression from time to time , especially soon after they are injured “ I was in total despair , ” Mr Rajendran said . " I didn ’ t know what to do with my life . I couldn ’ t think of alternatives until somebody recommended rehabilitation to me . ” But the road to rehabilitation is long and painful . " The process usually takes about two years , ” said Colonel A . S . Kandalla , senior registrar at the military hospital attached to the Institute , which has a special wing for spinal cord injuries . " Especially for those who are destined to live their lives in a wheelchair , it takes at least that long . ” Besides the physical healing , he pointed out , it also takes time for the disabled soldiers to get themselves ready to face the arduous task of re - establishing their independence when they return to civilian life . But the institute is proud of its success stories . Lakhwinder Singh , 27 , was paralysed from the waist down after he was shot 21 times in a 1999 skirmish on the India - Pakistan border . Soon , he will open a cyber cafe in the northern city of Jalandhar in premises given to him by the government of the State of Punjab and with funds extended to him by a leading Indian media company . Adapted from a Reuters Article by Beverh MathewsQuestons 1 - 4 Choose the appropriate letters A — D for each question , and write them in boxes 1 — 4 on your answer sheet . 1 . N . Rajendran is __________ A . a college student . B . a battle - maimed army veteran . C . an entrepreneur . D . wheelchair - bound . 2 . The Paraplegic Rehabilitation Center was founded to ___________ A . teach computer applications . B . train soldiers wounded in World War 1 . C . train soldiers wounded in Kashmir . D . give disabled soldiers psychological preparation . 3 . Rehabilitation at the Paraplegic Center stresses ____________ A . treating spinal cord injuries . B . work . C . sport . D . counseling . 4 . Which of the following is true about the inmates of the Institute ? A . They all want to open cyber cafes . B . They were all wounded in combat . C . They are all vulnerable to depression . D . They are all soldiers . Questions 5 — 8 FIive people are mentioned in the reading passage . For whom are the following statements true ? Write the appropriate letters in boxes 5 — 8 on your answer sheet . You may use any name more than once . R Rajendran KS Kumudchandra SaikiaJ Jyoti K KandallaS SinghExample : Answerwas shot in a border battle : S 5 . runs tile Paraplegic Rehabilitation Center 6 . will be employed by the defense forces 7 . is a senior registrar 8 . is blind in one eyeQuestions 9 — 14 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer of the passage ? In boxes 9 — 14 on your answer sheet write : YES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement contradicts the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 9 . Prospects are dim for computer experts in India . 10 . There are only two places that train paraplegic soldiers in India . 11 . The wages in the Institute ’ s workshop are low . 12 . Psychological help is as import ! ! ant for disabled soldiers as physical assistance . 13 . Disabled soldiers find it difficult to re - adjust to civilian life . 14 . Civilian employers are eager to hire people trained at the Institute . Answer : 1 - B , 2 - D , 3 - C , 4 - C , 5 - J , 6 - KS , 7 - K , 8 - R , 9 - NO , 10 - YES , 11 - NOT GIVEN , 12 - YES , 13 - YES , 14 - NOT GIVEN 28 . Characteristics and Physical Features of the Raccoon ( i ) Occasionally the raccoon makes its home in bank burrows or crevices in the rocks . But the preferred location is the hollow of a tree . These hollows are not made by the raccoon but are usually the result of holes , which have been initially formed by woodpeckers or sapsuckers and then made larger by decay . The raccoon usually chooses hardwood rather than coniferous forests in which to make its home . It would be unusual to find just one raccoon in a hollow area . If room permits , as many as six may bed down together . ( ii ) If a raccoon loses it ` s footing because of loose bark it will fall out of its tree . The mother raccoon is aware of this danger and may remove loose bark to ensure that her young do not slip and fall . Like a cat , the animal can fall from heights without apparent harm . ( iii ) Basically a nocturna animal , the raccoon spends the evening hours searching for food . On occasion one may see a raccoon during the day , but normally it spends this time resting in its den . On bright , sunny days it will stretch out in the topmost branches of a tree to soak up as much sun as possible , delighting in its unorthodox , treetop sunbath . During its nighttime roaming the raccoon is never far from water . In one evening it may travel up to five miles — stopping at any point of interest , spending as much as an hour in one area , then bedding down in any convenient shelter just before daybreak . ( iv ) The short legs of the raccoon make it clumsy and slow in deep snow and place it at an extreme disadvantage both for hunting and traveling . For this reason , the raccoon chooses to remain in its den when deep snow covers the ground . Wind is another enemy . Tests indicate that the raccoon ` s sense of hearing is the most acute among animals . It depends heavily upon its ability to hear and smell to avoid danger . Strong winds reduce its ability to use these senses , and the raccoon usually retreats to the safety of the den . ( v ) Even when the raccoon appears to be completely absorbed in a task , it is always listening for any sound which would indicate danger . Its acute hearing enables it to accurately detect noises even at great distances . When it hears a noise , it will raise its head to listen , becoming more mindful of danger until it finally runs to escape . ( vi ) This mischievous little bandit can create quite a commotion once it gains entry to a home — opening latches to doors , unscrewing jar covers , removing corks from bottles , even turning doorknobs to open doors . Not the least intimidated by its foreign surroundings , the uninvited guest opens , unlatches and tastes everything in sight . The raccoon is able to accomplish these relatively complex tasks by the use of its forepaws equipped with dexterous fingers , which it uses in the same manner as a human hand . ( vii ) The neighbor across the street — no . .. the cat next door — no . .. chances are it is a furry , masked rascal who has been turning over your trash and everyone else ’ s on the block . Usually no garbage container , no matter how sophisticated its latch mechanism , is safe from these ban dits . With ease it opens the lid , crawls in and checks out the contents , looking for anything that appeals to its appetite and not taking much care about leaving a mess behind . ( viii ) Like a human , the raccoon eats both meats and vegetables , cooked or uncooked . It delights in feasting on an assorted menu that included frogs , crayfish , fish , clams , poultry , corn , chestnuts , honey and sugar . It devours the last two items with special delight . The food supply of the raccoon is inconsistent . Feast or famine would be an appropriate description — the raccoon gorges itself during the summer and autumn seasons when food is plentiful but faces the threat of starvation every winter and spring . ( ix ) Running its fingers inder water , the raccoon gropes between the crevices of rocks and allows the defensive crayfish to clamp its pincers on its fingers . With one sweep the raccoon then pulls it out of its hiding place underwater and into its mouth , quickly devouring it . In similar fashion the raccoon gathers clams by forcing its paw between the shell halves , allowing the clam to close on its hand . Pulling the clam out of water , the raccoon chews along the muscle hinge and eventually forces the clam to break its grip . Another favorite food , which takes refuge under loose sand and mud , is the frog . Again the raccoon uses its agile fingers to feel along the bottom for its prey . ( x ) In German this animal is called “ wash bear ” because of a controversial habit , which is performed before eating . The controversy centers on the purpose of the raccoon ’ s customary washing procedure . Whether the raccoon dips its food in water to clean it from mud or to supplement the lack of salivary glands in its mouth is uncertain , but the latter explanatior is most likely . A dog having sufficient saliva is able to swallow its food without any difficulty , but a raccoon must soften its food before it is able to swallow . When it eats food with high moisture content it does not bother to rinse it . Because it loves to feel objects , the raccoon wets its paws and in so doing increases their sensitivity to to touch . ( xi ) The raccoon is equipped with special reflective cells that are situated at the rear of its eyes . This apparatus allows the animal to see in partial darkness . Light enters the eye and is absorbed . The ight that is not absorbed is reflected by these “ mirror ” cells and it again passes throough the retina , giving this light another chance to be absorbed . Through this mirroring device , tapetum lucidum , the raccoon is able to utilize what limited light the nigh affords . ( xii ) A popular pastime in the southern states is the use of hounds for “ coon hunting . ” The hounds are release to find a raccoon . Once the trail is picked up a wild chase begins . All the while the hounds tell their masters the location of the coon through the pitch of their howls . Once the animal runs up a tree the hunter can quickly locate the raccoon by merely shining a flashlight into the branches and picking up the reflective glow of the eyes . Questions 1 — 11 The reading passage “ Characteristics and Physical Features of the Raccoon " has 12 paragraphs . For each paragraph find a matching summary from the box below . Write only ONE letter in each space . Note that there are more summaries than paragraphs . The first one has been done as an example . A . What is tapetum lucidum ? B . Why wouldn ` t you want this mischievous animal in your house ? C . Where could you find a raccoon ? D . What ` s a “ coId sleep ” ? E . Does a raccoon ever fall out of a tree ? F . What tactic does the raccoon use to catch crayfish ? G . Is the raccoon a match for a dog ? H . How does th raccoon handle snow ? I . How could this feature be detrimental ? J . Is the raccoon omnivorous ? K . Is the raccoon always alert ! !? L . Where does a raccoon live ? M . Have you ever wondered who turns over your garbage cans at night ? N . Does the raccoon really wash its food ? Example ; Paragraph I - Answer : L 1 . Paragraph 2 2 . Paragraph 3 3 . Paragraph 44 . Paragraph 55 . Paragraph 66 . Paragraph 77 . Paragraph 88 . Paragraph 99 . Paragraph 1010 . Paragraph 1111 . Paragraph 12 Answer : 1 - E 2 - C 3 - H 4 - K 5 - B 6 - M 7 - J 8 - F 9 - N 10 - A 11 - G 29 . You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13 . Questions 1 - 13 Look at the list of seven television series ( A — G ) on the following page . Answer the questions below by writing the letters of the appropriate series A — G in boxes 1 — 13 on your answer sheet . Note : You may use any letter more than once and each answer may have more than one letter . Example - AnswerWhich deals with life in Wisconsin ? - C 1 . Which series might have episodes that are not suitable for children ? 2 . Which show is only on once a month ? 3 . Which program uses cartoons ? 4 . Which series is shown only early in the mornings ? 5 . In which series can you learn about the role of women in a particular society ? 6 . Which series has the most episodes ? 7 . Which episode airs in the evening ? 8 . On which series is the series creator also the host ? 9 . Which program focuses on the issues of one country ? 10 . Which program uses puppets ? 11 . On which series can you learn about observing animals ? 12 . Which show can you most days of the week ? 13 . On which series can you learn more about Greece ? A . ISSUES FOR THE MILLENNIUM 30 mins . , 25 eps . , Monday 7 : 00 pmUsing innovative approaches and the latest knowledge , this series uses 25 thirty minute programs to introduce and present solutions to some of the most pressing social problems confronting young people today . “ Issues for the Millennium ” often deaIs with sensitive topics , please preview the programs before using them in a classroom . B . GOOD BODIES 25 mins . , 10 eps . , First Saturday each month at 9 : 00 amIt is easier to preven risky health behavior ! ! s than to change them , according to health educators . “ Good Bodies ” takes a lively , integrated approach to helping very young children acquire the knowledge and skills needed to stay well . Slim Goodbody ( played by John Burstein , the series ’ creator ) and a diverse group of target - age children encourage students to adopt behavior ! ! s that can keep them healthy . The programs incorporate on - location explorations with health experts , animation , music , dance , costumes , and puppets . C . EXPLORING WISCONSIN OUR HOME 22 mins . , 54 eps . , Weekdays 4 : 30 pmShaped by eons of natural phenomena and centuries of human activity , Wisconsin is the place people of many races and cultures call home . “ Exploring Wisconsin Our Home ” incorporates the five geographic themes of location , place , movement , human - environment interactions and regions . Contributing to Wisconsin ’ s diversity are its varied landscapes , assorted industries , multitude of recreational opportunities and distinct seasons . All these things , and more , make up the geography of the Badger State . D . WORLD OF NATURE 25 mins . , 33 eps . , Saturday 2 : 00 pmEarth supports a web of life in which all living creatures play a role , including humans . “ World of Nature ” aims to instill an understanding of adaptations in the natural world and interrelationships among wildlife and humans . Students also can learn techniques to use when observing animals , become aware of the positive and negative ways in which human activity affects the natural world , and recognize their role in the world of nature . The series and its teacher guide support the integrated teaching of science , social studies and language arts ; they also are adaptable to cooperative learning . E . ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS 30 mins . , 6 eps . Sunday 2 : 00 pmFrom the invention of writing 5 , 000 years ago to the fall of Rome in A . D . 450 , this series traces the development of economy , government and culture among ancient civilizations in China , India , Mesopotamia , Egypt , Greece , Rome and Mesoamerica . Using models , reconstructions and artifacts , the series examines daily Iife within various civilizations , paying particular attention to the role women played in each society . Rich in visual and narrative detail , some programs in the series and companion activities in the teacher guide also could supplement instruction in art , drama , computer science , family and consumer education , geography and mathematics . F . MEXICO : ITS PEOPLE AND PLACES 15 mins . , 10 eps . , Thursday 2 : 00 am “ Mexico : Its People & Places ” offers a basic knowledge of and instills an appreciation for Mexico ' s history , the cultural heritage of its people and the richness of its physical and human diversity . When possible , parallels are drawn between the histories of Mexico and the United States . Taped on - location with the cooperation of the Republic of Mexico , each program is a short documentary that can stand alone . G . BACKYARD SAFARI 30 mins . , 13 eps . , Saturday 11 : 00 am “ Backyard Safari ” introduces young students to topics in science and natural history and helps them see themselves as scientists who can learn directly from observation . Using animated characters , film clips of animals in action and interviews with scientists , the programs present basic biological and ecological concepts such as the food chain , migration , camouflage , weather and patterns in nature . These programs encourage students to investigate the natural world around them and develop a positive view of science and scientific practices . Answer : 1 - A 2 - B 3 - G 4 - F 5 - E 6 - C 7 - A 8 - B 9 - F 10 - B 11 - D , G 12 - C 13 - E 출처 : http : / / cafe . daum . net / learnmore ( 아이엘 츠 스터디 )