이디스 워튼 은 여성 이 예술가 , 특히 작가 의 삶 을 추구 하 기 어려운 시대 에 태어났 다 . 그러나 그녀 는 1937 년 뇌졸중 으로 쓰러져 75 세 의 생애 를 마감 하 기 까지 쉬 지 않 고 집 팔 활동 을 펼쳤 다 . 섬세 한 문체 와 치밀 한 심리 묘사 가 뛰어난 작품 들 을 많이 남겼 다 . 1862 년 미국 뉴욕 에서 태어났으며 , 1866 년 부터 1872 년 까지 스페인 , 이탈리아 , 프랑스 , 독일 등 유럽 각지 를 돌아다니 며 유년 시절 을 보냈 다 . 학교 에 다니 는 대신 가정 교사 로부터 교육 을 받 으며 아버지 의 서재 에서 문학 , 철학 , 종교 서적 을 탐독 했 고 , 1878 년 처음 으로 시집 을 출간 했 다 . 1885 년 에 에드워드 로빈스 ( ' 테디 ') 워튼 과 애정 없 는 결혼 을 했 고 , 불행 한 결혼 생활 과 사회 적 지위 와 작가 로서 의 야심 사이 의 갈등 으로 1894 년 부터 심각 한 신경 쇠약 을 앓 았 다 . 신경 쇠약 을 치료 할 겸 유럽 으로 여행 을 떠나 여러 나라 를 옮겨 다니 며 생활 했으며 , 소설 및 유럽 여러 지역 의 역사 , 건축 , 미술 에 대한 글 을 쓰 곤 했 다 . 헨리 제임스 를 비롯 한 미국 , 유럽 의 여러 예술가 및 지식인 들 과 밀접 한 관계 를 맺 기 도 했 다 . 1 차 세계 대전 때 에 는 프랑스 에서 전쟁 구호 활동 을 적극 적 으로 펼쳤 고 , 이 공로 로 레지옹 도 뇌 르 훈장 을 받 기 도 했 다 . 전쟁 이 끝난 뒤 1920 년 에 발표 한 『 순수 의 시대 』 로 1921 년 여성 최초 로 퓰리처 상 을 수상 했 다 . 1913 년 남편 과 이혼 하 고 1937 년 파리 에서 사망 할 때 까지 프랑스 에서 살 았 다 . 대표작 으로 『 환락 의 집 』, 『 이선 프롬 』, 『 암초 』, 『 여름 』 등 이 있 다 . 이디스 워튼 위키백과 , 우리 모두 의 백과사전 . 둘러보 기 로 가 기 검색 하 러 가 기 이디스 워튼 이디스 워튼 ( Edith Wharton , 1862 년 ~ 1937 년 ) 은 미국 의 소설가 이 다 . 개요 [ 원본 편집 ] 뉴욕 의 부유 한 상류층 가정 에서 이디스 뉴 볼드 존스 라는 이름 으로 태어났 다 . 그녀 는 가정교사 밑 에서 프랑스어 와 독일어 를 공부 했으며 아버지 의 서재 에서 문학 과 철학 , 과학 과 예술 에 관한 책 을 광범위 하 게 읽 었 다 . 1877 년 에 첫 중편 소설 〈 제멋 대로 ( Fast and Loose ) 〉 를 완성 하 고 , 1891 년 〈 맨 스테이 부인 의 관점 ( Mrs . Manstey ' s View ) 〉 이 라는 단편 소설 을 발표 했 다 . 이후 40 년 동안 장편 소설 22 권 , 단편 소설 집 11 권 , 여행기 와 전기 를 포함 한 논픽션 9 권 등 수많 은 작품 들 을 발표 했 다 . 건축가 오 그던 코드 먼 ( Ogden Codman ) 과 《 집 장식 하 기 ( The Decoration of Houses ) 》( 1897 ) 를 공동 으로 집필 했 다 . 《 심판 의 골짜기 ( The Valley of Decision ) 》( 1902 ) 과 《 성역 ( The Sanctuary ) 》( 1903 ) 을 발표 하 던 당시 헨리 제임스 를 만났 으며 , 일생 동안 좋 은 친구 가 되 었 다 . 1905 년 에 발표 한 《 기쁨 의 집 ( The House of Mirth ) 》 은 그해 의 베스트셀러 가 되 었 다 . 《 나무 의 과일 ( The Fruit of the Tree ) 》 을 발표 하 던 1907 년 워턴 은 파리 로 이주 했 다 . 1913 년 당시 다른 여자 가 있 었 고 , 원래 사이 가 좋 지 않 았 던 남편 과 이혼 했 다 . 그해 에 《 그 지방 의 관습 ( The Custom of the Country ) 》 을 발표 해 비평가 들 의 인정 을 받 았 다 . 1 차 대전 이 발발 하 자 워턴 은 피난민 과 고아 들 을 돌보 는 데 헌신 적 으로 일 했 다 . 1917 년 《 버너 자매 ( The Bunner Sisters ) 》 를 발표 했 고 워턴 의 또 하나 의 여성 문학 걸작 으로 평가 되 는 《 여름 ( Summer ) 》 을 발표 했 다 . 1920 년 《 순수 의 시대 》 를 발표 해 퓰리처상 을 수상 했 다 . 1923 년 예일대 학교 에서 명예박사 학위 를 받 았 으며 1930 년 미국 예술 원 회원 으로 추대 되 었 다 . 1934 년 자서전 《 뒤돌아보 며 ( A Backward Glance ) 》 를 발표 했 다 . 1937 년 8 월 11 일 , 워턴 은 심장 마비 로 사망 해 베르사유 의 고 나 르 묘지 ( cimetiere des gonards ) 에 묻혔 다 . 작품 목록 ( 한국 어역 ) [ 원본 편집 ] 기쁨 의 집 The House of Mirth , 1905 거울 Tales of Men and Ghosts , 1910 이선 프롬 Ethan Frome , 1911 ( novella ) 그 겨울 의 끝 암초 The Reef , 1912 순수 의 시대 The Age of Innocence , 1920 ( Pulitzer Prize winner ) Edith WhartonFrom Wikipedia , the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchEdith WhartonEdith Wharton , c . 1889 BornEdith Newbold JonesJanuary 24 , 1862 New York CityDiedAugust 11 , 1937 ( aged 75 ) Saint - Brice - sous - Forêt , FranceResting placeCimetière des GonardsOccupationNovelist , short story writer , designer . Notable awardsPulitzer Prize for Literature 1921 The Age of Innocence SpouseEdward Roberts Wharton ( 1885 – 1913 ) SignatureEdith Wharton ( / ˈ hw ɔː rt ə n / ; born Edith Newbold Jones ; January 24 , 1862 – August 11 , 1937 ) was an American novelist , short story writer , playwright , and designer . Wharton drew upon her insider ' s knowledge of the upper class New York " aristocracy " to realistically portray the lives and morals of the Gilded Age . She was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1921 . She was inducted into the National Women ' s Hall of Fame in 1996 . [ 1 ] Contents 1 Biography 1 . 1 Early life 1 . 2 Early writing 1 . 3 Socialite and debutante 1 . 41880 s 1 . 5 Travels and life abroad 1 . 6 Later years 1 . 7 Death 2 Writing 2 . 1 Career 2 . 2 Themes in writings 2 . 3 Influences 3 Works 3 . 1 Novels 3 . 2 Novellas and novelette 3 . 3 Poetry 3 . 4 Short story collections 3 . 5 Non - fiction 3 . 6 As editor 4 Adaptations 4 . 1 Film 4 . 2 Television 4 . 3 Theater 5 In popular culture 6 References 6 . 1 Citations 6 . 2 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links 8 . 1 Online editionsBiography [ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Portrait of Wharton as a girl by Edward Harrison May ( 1870 ) Edith Wharton was born Edith Newbold Jones on January 24 , 1862 to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander at their brownstone at 14 West Twenty - third Street in New York City . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] To her friends and family she was known as " Pussy Jones . "[ 4 ] She had two older brothers , Frederic Rhinelander , who was sixteen , and Henry Edward , who was twelve . [ 2 ] She was baptized April 20 , 1862 , Easter Sunday , at Grace Church . [ 2 ] Wharton ' s paternal family , the Joneses , were a very wealthy and socially prominent family having made their money in real estate . [ 5 ] The saying " keeping up with the Joneses " is said to refer to her father ' s family . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] She was also related to the Rensselaers , the most prestigious of the old patroon families , who had received land grants from the former Dutch government of New York and New Jersey . Her father ' s first cousin was Caroline Schermerhorn Astor . [ 8 ] She had a lifelong friendship with her niece , the landscape architect Beatrix Farrand of Reef Point in Bar Harbor , Maine . Fort Stevens in New York was named for Wharton ' s maternal great - grandfather , Ebenezer Stevens , a Revolutionary War hero and General . [ 9 ] Wharton was born during the Civil War ; although Wharton herself in describing her family life does not mention the War except that their travels to Europe after the War were due to the depreciation of American currency . [ 2 ] [ 10 ] From 1866 to 1872 , the Jones family visited France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . [ 11 ] During her travels , the young Edith became fluent in French , German , and Italian . At the age of nine , she suffered from typhoid fever , which nearly killed her , while the family was at a spa in the Black Forest . [ 2 ] After the family returned to the United States in 1872 , they spent their winters in New York and their summers in Newport , Rhode Island . [ 11 ] While in Europe , she was educated by tutors and governesses . She rejected the standards of fashion and etiquette that were expected of young girls at the time , which were intended to allow women to marry well and to be put on display at balls and parties . She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive . Edith wanted more education than she received , so she read from her father ' s library and from the libraries of her father ' s friends . [ 12 ] Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married , and Edith obeyed this command . [ 13 ] Edith Wharton by Edward Harrison MayEarly writing [ edit ] Wharton wrote and told stories from an early age . [ 14 ] When her family moved to Europe and she was just four or five she started what she called " making up . "[ 14 ] She invented stories for her family and would walk with an open book , turn the pages as if reading and improvise a story . [ 14 ] Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl , and attempted to write her first novel at age eleven . [ 15 ] Her mother ' s criticism quashed her ambition and she turned to poetry . [ 15 ] At age 15 , her first published work appeared , a translation of a German poem " Was die Steine Erzählen " ( " What the Stones Tell ") by Heinrich Karl Brugsch , for which she was paid $ 50 . Her family did not want her name to appear in print , since writing was not considered a proper occupation for a society woman of her time . Consequently , the poem was published under the name of a friend ' s father , E . A . Washburn , a cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson who supported women ' s education . [ 16 ] In 1877 , at the age of 15 , she secretly wrote a 30 , 000 word novella " Fast and Loose . " In 1878 her father arranged for a collection of two dozen original poems and five translations , Verses , to be privately published . [ 17 ] Wharton published a poem under a pseudonym in the New York World in 1879 . [ 18 ] In 1880 she had five poems published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly , an important literary magazine . [ 19 ] Despite these early successes , she was not encouraged by her family or her social circle , and though she continued to write , she did not publish anything more until her poem " The Last Giustiniani " was published in Scribner ' s Magazine in October 1889 . [ 20 ] Socialite and debutante [ edit ] Between 1880 and 1890 Wharton put her writing aside to perform as debutante and socialite . Wharton keenly observed the social changes happening around her which would appear later in her writing . [ 21 ] Wharton officially came out as a debutante to society in 1879 . [ 22 ] Wharton was allowed to bare her shoulders and wear her hair up for the first time at a December dance given by a wealthy socialite , Anna Morton . [ 22 ] Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens , the son of a wealthy businessman . [ 23 ] Wharton ' s family did not approve of Stevens . [ 23 ] In the middle of Wharton ' s debutante season , the Jones family returned to Europe in 1881 for Wharton ' s father ' s health . [ 24 ] Wharton ' s father , George Frederic Jones , died in Cannes in 1882 of a stroke . [ 25 ] Stevens was with the Wharton family in Europe during this time . [ 24 ] Wharton and her mother returned to the United States and Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens announcing their engagement in August 1882 . [ 24 ] The month the two were to marry , the engagement abruptly ended . [ 26 ] Wharton ' s mother , Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander , moved back to Paris in 1883 and lived there until her death in 1901 . [ 10 ] 1880 s [ edit ] The Mount , 2006 Wharton married in 1885 and began to build upon three interests -- American houses , writing , and Italy . [ 27 ] On April 29 , 1885 , [ 28 ] at age 23 , Wharton married Edward ( Teddy ) Robbins Wharton , who was 12 years her senior , at the Trinity Chapel Complex . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] From a well - established Boston family , he was a sportsman and a gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel . The Whartons set up house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport . [ 27 ] They then bought and moved to Land ' s End on the other side of Newport in 1893 for $ 80 , 000 . [ 27 ] Wharton decorated Land ' s End with the help of designer Ogden Codman . The Whartons purchased their New York home 884 Park Avenue in 1897 . [ 31 ] They traveled abroad from February to June between 1886 and 1897 – mostly to Italy , but also to Paris and England . [ 31 ] From the late 1880 s until 1902 , Teddy Wharton suffered from acute depression , and the couple ceased their extensive travel . [ 32 ] At that time his depression manifested as a more serious disorder , after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate The Mount . During those same years , Wharton herself was said to suffer from bouts of depression and health issues with asthma . [ 33 ] In 1908 her husband ' s mental state was determined to be incurable . In the same year , she began an affair with Morton Fullerton , a journalist for The Times , in whom she found an intellectual partner . [ 34 ] She divorced Edward Wharton in 1913 after 28 years of marriage . [ 32 ] Around the same time , Edith was beset with harsh criticisms leveled by the naturalist writers . Edith Wharton collection / Beinecke 10061396 . Edith Wharton as a young woman , ca . 1889 In addition to novels , Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories . [ 12 ] She was also a garden designer , interior designer , and a taste - maker of her time . She wrote several design books , including her first major published work , The Decoration of Houses ( 1897 ) , co - authored by Ogden Codman . Another of her " home and garden " books is the generously illustrated Italian Villas and Their Gardens of 1904 . Travels and life abroad [ edit ] Photographic portrait of Edith WhartonShe would eventually cross the Atlantic sixty times . [ 35 ] In Europe , her primary destinations were Italy , France and England . She also went to Morocco in North Africa . She wrote many books about her travels , including Italian Backgrounds and A Motor - Flight through France . Her husband , Edward Wharton , shared her love of travel and for many years they spent at least four months of each year abroad , mainly in Italy . Their friend , Egerton Winthrop , accompanied them on many journeys in Italy . [ 36 ] In 1888 , the Whartons and their friend James Van Alen took a cruise through the Aegean islands . Wharton was 26 . The trip cost the Whartons $ 10 , 000 and lasted four months . [ 37 ] She kept a travel journal during this trip that was thought to be lost but was later published as The Cruise of the Vanadis , now considered her earliest known travel writing . [ 38 ] In 1897 Edith Wharton purchased Land ' s End , Newport , Rhode Island , from Robert Livingston Beeckman , a former U . S . Open Tennis Championship runner - up who would go on to become Governor of Rhode Island . At that time Wharton described the main house as " incurably ugly . " Wharton agreed to pay $ 80 , 000 for the property , and spend thousands more to alter the home ' s facade , decorate the interior , and landscape the grounds . Land ’ s End , Newport , RIIn 1902 , Wharton designed The Mount , her estate in Lenox , Massachusetts , which survives today as an example of her design principles . Edith Wharton wrote several of her novels there , including The House of Mirth ( 1905 ) , the first of many chronicles of life in old New York . At The Mount , she entertained the cream of American literary society , including her close friend , novelist Henry James , who described the estate as " a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond ".[ 39 ] Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year with her friend , Egerton Winthrop ( John Winthrop ' s descendant ) , The Mount was her primary residence until 1911 . [ 40 ] When living there and while traveling abroad , Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime chauffeur and friend Charles Cook , a native of nearby South Lee , Massachusetts . [ 41 ] [ 42 ] When her marriage deteriorated , she decided to move permanently to France , living first at 53 Rue de Varenne , Paris , in an apartment that belonged to George Washington Vanderbilt II . Page from original manuscript of The House of Mirth , in Edith Wharton ' s handWharton was preparing to vacation for the summer when World War I broke out . Though many fled Paris , she moved back to her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years was a tireless and ardent supporter of the French war effort . [ 43 ] One of the first causes she undertook in August 1914 was the opening of a workroom for unemployed women ; here they were fed and paid one franc a day . What began with thirty women soon doubled to sixty , and their sewing business began to thrive . [ 44 ] When the Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of 1914 and Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees , she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees , which managed to get them shelter , meals , clothes and eventually an employment agency to help them find work . [ 45 ] She collected more than $ 100 , 000 on their behalf . [ 46 ] In early 1915 she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee , which gave shelter to nearly 900 Belgian refugees who had fled when their homes were bombed by the Germans . [ 47 ] Aided by her influential connections in the French government , she and her long - time friend Walter Berry ( then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris ) , were among the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines during World War I . She and Berry made five journeys between February and August 1915 , which Wharton described in a series of articles that were first published in Scribner ' s Magazine and later as Fighting France : From Dunkerque to Belfort , which became an American bestseller . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Travelling by car , Wharton and Berry drove through the war zone , viewing one decimated French village after another . She visited the trenches , and was within earshot of artillery fire . She wrote , " We woke to a noise of guns closer and more incessant . .. and when we went out into the streets it seemed as if , overnight , a new army had sprung out of the ground ".[ 50 ] Throughout the war she worked tirelessly in charitable efforts for refugees , the injured , the unemployed , and the displaced . She was a " heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country ".[ 51 ] On April 18 , 1916 , the President of France appointed her Chevalier of the Legion of Honour , the country ' s highest award , in recognition of her dedication to the war effort . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed French women , organizing concerts to provide work for musicians , raising tens of thousands of dollars for the war effort , and opening tuberculosis hospitals . In 1915 Wharton edited The Book of the Homeless , which included essays , art , poetry and musical scores by many major contemporary European and American artists , including Henry James , Joseph Conrad , William Dean Howells , Anna de Noailles , Jean Cocteau and Walter Gay , among others . Wharton proposed the book to her publisher , Scribner ' s . She handled all of the business arrangements , lined up contributors , and translated the French entries into English . Theodore Roosevelt wrote a two - page Introduction in which he praised Wharton ' s effort and urged Americans to support the war . [ 54 ] She also kept up her own work during the war , continuing to write novels , short stories , and poems , as well as reporting for The New York Times and keeping up her enormous correspondence . [ 55 ] Wharton urged Americans to support the war effort and encouraged America to enter the war . [ 56 ] She wrote the popular romantic novel Summer in 1916 , the war novella , The Marne , in 1918 , and A Son at the Front in 1919 , ( though it was not published until 1923 ) . When the war ended , she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees ' balcony of a friend ' s apartment . After four years of intense effort , she decided to leave Paris in favor of the peace and quiet of the countryside . Wharton settled ten miles north of Paris in Saint - Brice - sous - Forêt , buying an eighteenth - century house on seven acres of land which she called Pavillon Colombe . She would live there in summer and autumn for the rest of her life . She spent winters and springs on the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in Hyères . [ 57 ] Wharton was a committed supporter of French imperialism , describing herself as a " rabid imperialist ", and the war solidified her political views . [ 58 ] After the war she travelled to Morocco as the guest of Resident General Hubert Lyautey and wrote a book , In Morocco , about her experiences . Wharton ' s writing on her Moroccan travels is full of praise for the French administration and for Lyautey and his wife in particular . During the post war years she divided her time between Hyères and Provence , where she finished The Age of Innocence in 1920 . She returned to the United States only once after the war , to receive an honorary doctorate degree from Yale University in 1923 . Later years [ edit ] The Age of Innocence ( 1920 ) won the 1921 Pulitzer Prize for literature , [ 59 ] making Wharton the first woman to win the award . The three fiction judges — literary critic Stuart Pratt Sherman , literature professor Robert Morss Lovett , and novelist Hamlin Garland — voted to give the prize to Sinclair Lewis for his satire Main Street , but Columbia University ' s advisory board , led by conservative university president Nicholas Murray Butler , overturned their decision and awarded the prize to The Age of Innocence . [ 60 ] She was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927 , 1928 and 1930 . [ 61 ] Wharton was friend and confidante to many gifted intellectuals of her time : Henry James , Sinclair Lewis , Jean Cocteau and André Gide were all her guests at one time or another . Theodore Roosevelt , Bernard Berenson , and Kenneth Clark were valued friends as well . Particularly notable was her meeting with F . Scott Fitzgerald , described by the editors of her letters as one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals ". She spoke fluent French , Italian , and German , and many of her books were published in both French and English . In 1934 Wharton ' s autobiography A Backward Glance was published . In the view of Judith E . Funston , writing on Edith Wharton in American National Biography , What is most notable about A Backward Glance , however , is what it does not tell : her criticism of Lucretia Jones [ her mother ] , her difficulties with Teddy , and her affair with Morton Fullerton , which did not come to light until her papers , deposited in Yale ' s Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library , were opened in 1968 . [ 62 ] Death [ edit ] On June 1 , 1937 Wharton was at the French country home of Ogden Codman , where she was at work on a revised edition of The Decoration of Houses , when she suffered a heart attack and collapsed . [ 63 ] Wharton ' s Le Pavilion Colombe , Saint - Brice - sous - Forêt , FranceEdith Wharton later died of a stroke on August 11 , 1937 at Le Pavillon Colombe , her 18 th - century house on Rue de Montmorency in Saint - Brice - sous - Forêt . She died at 5 : 30 p . m . , but her death was not known in Paris . At her bedside was her friend , Mrs . Royall Tyler . [ 64 ] Wharton was buried in the American Protestant section of the Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles , " with all the honors owed a war hero and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor . .. a group of some one hundred friends sang a verse of the hymn ' O Paradise '..."[ 65 ] Writing [ edit ] Career [ edit ] Despite not publishing her first novel until she was forty , Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer . In addition to her fifteen novels , seven novellas , and eighty - five short stories , she published poetry , books on design , travel , literary and cultural criticism , and a memoir . [ 66 ] In 1873 , Wharton wrote a short story and gave it to her mother to read . Her mother criticized the story , so Wharton decided to just write poetry . While she constantly sought her mother ' s approval and love , it was rare that she received either . From the start , the relationship with her mother was a troubled one . [ 67 ] Before she was fifteen , she wrote Fast and Loose ( 1877 ) . In her youth , she wrote about society . Her central themes came from her experiences with her parents . She was very critical of her own work and would write public reviews criticizing it . She also wrote about her own experiences with life . " Intense Love ’ s Utterance " is a poem written about Henry Stevens . [ 37 ] In 1889 , she sent out three poems for publication . They were sent to Scribner ’ s , Harper ’ s and Century . Edward L . Burlingame published " The Last Giustiniani " for Scribner ’ s . It was not until Wharton was 29 that her first short story was published . " Mrs . Manstey ' s View " had very little success , and it took her more than a year to publish another story . She completed " The Fullness of Life " following her annual European trip with Teddy . Burlingame was critical of this story but Wharton did not want to make edits to it . This story , along with many others , speaks about her marriage . She sent Bunner Sisters to Scribner ' s in 1892 . Burlingame wrote back that it was too long for Scribner ' s to publish . This story is believed to be based on an experience she had as a child . It did not see publication until 1916 and is included in the collection called Xingu . After a visit with her friend , Paul Bourget , she wrote " The Good May Come " and " The Lamp of Psyche ". " The Lamp of Psyche " was a comical story with verbal wit and sorrow . After " Something Exquisite " was rejected by Burlingame , she lost confidence in herself . She started " travel writing " in 1894 . [ 37 ] In 1901 , Wharton wrote a two - act play called Man of Genius . This play was about an English man who was having an affair with his secretary . The play was rehearsed , but was never produced . She collaborated with Marie Tempest to write another play , but the two only completed four acts before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays . one of her earliest literary endeavors ( 1902 ) was the translation of the play , Es Lebe das Leben ( " The Joy of Living "), by Hermann Sudermann . The Joy of Living was criticized for its name because the heroine swallows poison at the end , and was a short - lived Broadway production . It was , however , a successful book . [ 37 ] Many of Wharton ' s novels are characterized by a subtle use of dramatic irony . Having grown up in upper - class , late - nineteenth - century society , Wharton became one of its most astute critics , in such works as The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence . Themes in writings [ edit ] Versions of her mother , Lucretia Jones often appeared in Wharton ' s fiction . Biographer Hermione Lee described it as one of the most lethal acts of revenge ever taken by a writing daughter . "[ 25 ] In her memoir , A Backward Glance , Wharton describes her mother as indolent , spendthrift , censorious , disapproving , superficial , icy , dry and ironic . [ 25 ] Wharton ’ s writings often dealt with themes such as “ … social and individual fulfillment , repressed sexuality , and the manners of old families and the new elite . .."[ 68 ] . Maureen Howard , editor of Edith Wharton : Collected Stories , notes several recurring themes in Wharton ’ s short stories , including confinement and attempts at freedom , the morality of the author , critiques of intellectual pretension , and the “ unmasking ” of the truth [ 69 ] . Wharton ’ s writing also explored themes of “ social mores and social reform ” as they relate to the “ extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age ” [ 68 ] . A key recurring theme in Wharton ’ s writing is the relationship between the house as a physical space and its relationship to its inhabitant ’ s characteristics and emotions . Maureen Howard argues “ .. Edith Wharton conceived of houses , dwelling places , in an extended imagery of shelter and dispossession . Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities … they are never mere settings [ 69 ] . ” Influences [ edit ] American children ' s stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton ' s childhood home . [ 70 ] This included such popular authors as Mark Twain , Bret Harte or " Uncle Remus . " She was allowed to read Louisa May Alcott but Wharton preferred Lewis Carroll ' s Alice in Wonderland and Charles Kingsley ' s Water Babies . [ 70 ] Wharton ' s mother forbid her from reading many novels and Wharton said she " read everything else but novels until the day of my marriage . " [ 70 ] Instead Wharton read the classics , philosophy , history , and poetry in her father ' s library including Daniel Defoe , John Milton , Thomas Carlyle , Alphonse de Lamartine , Victor Hugo , Jean Racine , Thomas Moore , Lord Byron , William Wordsworth , John Ruskin , and Washington Irving . [ 71 ] Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as having read herself " out of Old New York " and her influences included Herbert Spencer , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , T . H . Huxley , George Romanes , James Frazer , and Thorstein Veblen . [ 72 ] These influenced her ethnographic style of novelization . [ 72 ] Wharton developed a passion for Walt Whitman . [ 73 ] Works [ edit ] Source : Campbell , Donna M . " Works by Edith Wharton ". Washington State University . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Novels [ edit ] The Valley of Decision , 1902 The House of Mirth , 1905 The Fruit of the Tree , 1907 The Reef , 1912 The Custom of the Country , 1913 The Triumph of Night , 1916 Summer , 1917 The Marne , 1918 The Age of Innocence , 1920 ( Pulitzer Prize winner ) The Glimpses of the Moon , 1922 A Son at the Front , 1923 The Mother ' s Recompense , 1925 Twilight Sleep , 1927 The Children , 1928 Hudson River Bracketed , 1929 The Gods Arrive , 1932 The Buccaneers , 1938 ( unfinished ) Novellas and novelette [ edit ] The Touchstone , 1900 Sanctuary , 1903 Madame de Treymes , 1907 Ethan Frome , 1911 Bunner Sisters , 1916 Old New York , 19241 . False Dawn ; 2 . The Old Maid ; 3 . The Spark ; 4 . New Year ' s DayFast and Loose : A Novelette , 1938 ( written in 1876 – 1877 ) Poetry [ edit ] Verses , 1878 Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse , 1909 Twelve Poems , 1926 Short story collections [ edit ] The Greater Inclination , 1899 , includes Souls Belated . Crucial Instances , 1901 The Descent of Man and Other Stories , 1904 The Other Two , 1904 The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories , 1908 Tales of Men and Ghosts , 1910 Xingu and Other Stories , 1916 Here and Beyond , 1926 Certain People , 1930 Human Nature , 1933 The World Over , 1936 Ghosts , 1937 Roman Fever and Other Stories , 1964 Madame de Treymes and Others : Four Novelettes , 1970 The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton , 1973 The New York Stories of Edith Wharton , 2007 Non - fiction [ edit ] The Decoration of Houses , 1897 Italian Villas and Their Gardens , 1904 Italian Backgrounds , 1905 A Motor - Flight Through France , 1908 ( travel ) Fighting France : From Dunkerque to Belfort , 1915 ( war ) French Ways and Their Meaning , 1919 In Morocco , 1920 ( travel ) The Writing of Fiction , 1925 ( essays on writing ) A Backward Glance , 1934 ( autobiography ) Edith Wharton : The Uncollected Critical Writings , Edited by Frederick Wegener , 1996 Edith Wharton Abroad : Selected Travel Writings , 1888 – 1920 , 1995 , Edited by Sarah Bird WrightAs editor [ edit ] The Book of the Homeless , 1916 Adaptations [ edit ] Source : Marshall , Scott ( 1996 ) . " Edith Wharton on Film and Television " ( PDF ) . Edith Wharton Review : 21 – 25 . ISSN 2330 - 3964 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Film [ edit ] The House of Mirth , a 1918 silent film adaptation ( 6 reels ) ( of the 1905 novel ) directed by French film director Albert Capellani , starring Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart . It is considered to be a lost film . The Glimpses Of The Moon , a 1923 silent film adaptation ( 7 reels ) ( of the 1922 novel ) directed for Paramount Studios by Allan Dwan , starring Bebe Daniels , David Powell , Nita Naldi and Maurice Costello . It is considered to be a lost film . The Age of Innocence , a 1924 silent film adaptation ( 7 reels ) ( of the 1920 novel ) directed for Warner Brothers by Wesley Ruggles , starring Beverly Bayne and Elliott Dexter . It is considered to be a lost film . The Marriage Playground , a 1929 talking film adaptation ( 70 minutes ) ( of the 1928 novel The Children ) directed for Paramount Studios by Lothar Mendes , starring rising star Fredric March in leading role ( as Martin Boyne ) , Mary Brian ( as Judith Wheater ) , and Kay Francis ( as Lady Wrench ) . The Age of Innocence , a 1934 film adaptation ( 9 reels / circa 80 – 90 minutes ) ( of the 1920 novel ) directed for RKO Studios by Philip Moeller , starring Irene Dunne and John Boles . Strange Wives , a 1934 film adaptation ( 8 reels / 75 minutes ) ( of the 1934 short story Bread Upon the Waters ) directed for Universal by Richard Thorpe , starring Roger Pryor ( as Jimmy King ) , June Clayworth ( as Nadja ) , and Esther Ralston ( as Olga ) . It is considered to be a lost film . The Old Maid , a 1939 film adaptation ( 95 minutes ) ( of the 1924 short novella ) directed by Edmund Goulding starring Bette Davis . A 1944 film version of the 1911 novel Ethan Frome starring Joan Crawford was proposed , but never came to fruition . [ 74 ] Ethan Frome ( 99 minutes ) directed by John Madden and released in 1993 . The Age of Innocence ( 138 minutes ) directed by Martin Scorsese and released in 1993 , starring Daniel Day Lewis , Winona Ryder and Michelle Pfeiffer . The Reef ( 88 minutes ) directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and released in 1999 . The House of Mirth ( 140 minutes ) directed by Terence Davies and released in 2000 , starring Gillian Anderson as Lily Bart . Television [ edit ] Ethan Frome , a 1960 ( CBS ) TV US adaptation , directed by Alex Segal , starring Sterling Hayden as Ethan Frome , Julie Harris as Mattie Silver and Clarice Blackburn as Zenobia Frome . First Wharton adaptation on television . Looking Back , a 1981 TV US loose adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton : A Backward Glance , Wharton ' s own 1934 autobiography & Edith Wharton , a 1975 biography by R . W . B . Lewis ( 1976 Bancroft Prize - winner ) . The House of Mirth , a 1981 TV US adaptation , directed by Adrian Hall , starring William Atherton , Geraldine Chaplin and Barbara BlossomThe Buccaneers , a 1995 BBC mini - series , starring Carla Gugino and Greg WiseTheater [ edit ] The House of Mirth was adapted as a play in 1906 by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch [ 75 ] [ 76 ] The Age of Innocence was adapted as a play in 1928 . Katharine Cornell played the role of Ellen Olenska . In popular culture [ edit ] In The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , Edith Wharton ( Clare Higgins ) travels across North Africa with Indiana Jones in Chapter 16 , Tales of Innocence . Edith Wharton is mentioned in the HBO television series Entourage in the third season ' s 13 th episode : Vince is handed a screenplay for Wharton ' s The Glimpses of the Moon by Amanda , his new agent , for a film to be directed by Sam Mendes . In the same episode , period films of Wharton ' s work are lampooned by agent Ari Gold , who says that all her stories are " about a guy who likes a girl , but he can ' t have sex with her for five years , because those were the times ! " Carla Gugino , who plays Amanda , was the protagonist of the BBC - PBS adaptation of The Buccaneers ( 1995 ) , one of her early jobs . " Edith Wharton ' s Journey " is a radio adaptation , for the NPR series Radio Tales , of the short story " A Journey " from Edith Wharton ' s collection The Greater Inclination . The American singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega pays homage to Edith Wharton in her song " Edith Wharton ' s Figurines ", from her studio album Beauty & Crime . References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ National Women ' s Hall of Fame , Edith Wharton ^ Jump up to : a b c d e Lee 2008 , p . 16 . ^ Dwight 1994 , pp . 12 - 13 . ^ Minkel 2012 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 21 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 22 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 216 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 34 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 18 . ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , pp . 7 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : a b " Chronology ". The Mount : Edith Wharton ' s Home . ^ Jump up to : a b Baym , Nina . The Norton Anthology of American Literature ( Eighth ed . ). W . W . Norton & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 91885 - 4 . ^ Lee 2008 . ^ Jump up to : a b c Lee 2008 , pp . 13 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , p . 36 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 35 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 43 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 44 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 38 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 40 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 47 . ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , p . 58 . ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , p . 60 . ^ Jump up to : a b c Lee 2008 , p . 61 . ^ Jump up to : a b c Lee 2008 , p . 35 . ^ Lewis 1975 , pp . 44 - 47 . ^ Jump up to : a b c Lee 2008 , pp . 81 . ^ New York , New York , Marriage Index 1866 - 1937 ^ Lee 2008 , pp . 74 - 75 . ^ U . S . , Newspaper Extractions from the Northeast , 1704 – 1930 ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , pp . 82 . ^ Jump up to : a b Davis 2007 ^ Lee 2008 , pp . 78 - 81 . ^ " Edith Wharton ' s World , Portrait of People and Places ". US : National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 23 Dec 2009 . ^ Wright , Sarah Bird , Editor ( 1995 ) . Edith Wharton Abroad : Selected Travel Writings , 1888 – 1920 , p . xvii – xviii . New York , St . Martin ' s Griffin . ^ Wright , Sarah Bird , Editor ( 1995 ) . Edith Wharton Abroad : Selected Travel Writings , 1888 – 1920 , p . 3 . New York , St . Martin ' s Griffin . ^ Jump up to : a b c d Lewis , R . W . B . Edith Wharton : A Biography ( 1 st ed . ). Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012603 - 5 . ^ Wright , Sarah Bird , Editor ( 1995 ) . Edith Wharton Abroad : Selected Travel Writings , 1888 – 1920 , p . 17 . New York , St . Martin ' s Griffin ^ Benstock 1994 , pp . 129 - 130 . ^ Lewis , R . W . B . ( 1975 ) . Edith Wharton : A Biography . Harper & Row , Publishers . ISBN 9780060126032 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 143 . ^ Singley , Carol J . ( 2003 ) . A Historical Guide to Edith Wharton . Oxford University Press . p . 238 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513591 - 1 . Photograph of Edith Wharton , Teddy Wharton , Henry James and Chauffeur Charles Cook ^ Dwight , Eleanor ( 1994 ) . Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 183 . New York : Harry N . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 183 - 184 . New York : Harry N . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 188 - 189 . New York : Harry N . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Wolff , Cynthia Griffin ( 1995 ) A Feast of Words : The Triumph of Edith Wharton , Second Edition , p . 253 . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 40918 - 6 . ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 190 . New York : Harry n . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Lee 2008 , p . 486 . ^ Edith Wharton p . 486 . New York : Alfred A . Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40004 - 9 ^ " In Argonne ", Chapter 2 of Fighting France : From Dunkerque to Belfort , published in Edith Wharton Abroad : Selected Travel Writings , 1888 – 1920 , p . 150 . New York : St . Martin ' s Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 16120 - 4 ^ Lee 2008 , p . 454 . ^ Wolff , Cynthia Griffin ( 1995 ) A Feast of Words : The Triumph of Edith Wharton , Second Edition , p . 253 . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 40918 - 6 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 9 . ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , pp . 202 – 203 . New York : Harry n . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Lee 2008 , p . 450 . ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 201 . New York : Harry n . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography , p . 210 . New York : Harry N . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 1 ^ Wegener , Fredrick ( December 2000 ) . "" Rabid Imperialist "': Edith Wharton and the Obligations of Empire in Modern American Fiction ". American Literature . 72 ( 4 ) : 783 – 812 . doi : 10 . 1215 / 00029831 - 72 - 4 - 783 . ^ Nelson , Randy F . ( 1981 ) . The Almanac of American Letters . Los Altos , California : William Kaufmann , Inc . p . 9 . ISBN 0 - 86576 - 008 - X . ^ " Reader ' s Almanac : A Controversial Pulitzer Prize Brings Edith Wharton and Sinclair Lewis Together . " Reader ' s Almanac : A Controversial Pulitzer Prize Brings Edith Wharton and Sinclair Lewis Together . Library of America , 28 June 2011 . Web . 11 Mar . 2015 . ^ " Nomination Database – Literature ". www . nobelprize . org . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Judith E . Funston , " Edith Wharton ", in American National Biography ; New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 ; Vol . 23 , pp . 111 – 112 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512802 - 8 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 86 . ^ " Edith Wharton , 75 , Is Dead in France . " Www . nytimes . com . The New York Times , 13 Aug . 1937 . Web . 11 Mar . 2015 . ^ Benstock 1994 , p . 456 . ^ Benstock 1994 . ^ Armitage , Robert . " Edith Wharton , A Writing Life : Childhood . " Edith Wharton , A Writing Life : Childhood . New York Public Library , 6 May 2013 . Web . 11 Mar . 2015 . ^ Jump up to : a b Mulalic , Almasa ( 2012 ) . " Material Details in Edith Wharton ' s Writings ". Epiphany : Journal of transdisciplinary studies . 5 : 95 – 107 – via ResearchGate . ^ Jump up to : a b Howard , Maureen ( 2001 ) . " Remarks on Edith Wharton ' s Collected Stories by editor Maureen Howard ". Library of America . ^ Jump up to : a b c Lee 2008 , p . 31 . ^ Lee 2008 , pp . 31 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : a b Lee 2008 , p . 23 . ^ Lee 2008 , p . 32 . ^ Wikipedia english / Joan _ Crawford / Move to Warner Bros . ^ Wharton , Edith ; Loney , Glenn ; Fitch , Clyde . " The house of mirth : the play of the novel / dramatized by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch , 1906 ; edited , with an introd . , notes , and appendixes by Glenn Loney ". Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ; Associated University Presses . Retrieved 14 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia . ^ Wharton , Edith ( 14 September 1980 ) . " The play of the novel The house of mirth : the play of the novel ". Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . Retrieved 14 September 2017 – via The Open Library . Bibliography [ edit ] Benstock , Shari ( 1994 ) . No Gifts from Chance : A Biography of Edith Wharton . New York : Penguin . ISBN 9780140172836 . OCLC 40336475 . Davis , Mary Virginia ( 2007 ) . " Edith Wharton ". Magills Survey of American Literature . Salem Press . Dwight , Eleanor ( 1994 ) . Edith Wharton : an extraordinary life . New York : Harry N . Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3971 - 4 . OCLC 28709502 . Lee , Hermione ( 2008 ) . Edith Wharton ( 1 st ed . ). London : Vintage . ISBN 9780099763512 . OCLC 254767936 . Lewis , R . W . B . ( 1975 ) . Edith Wharton : A Biography ( 1 st ed . ). New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 9780099358916 . OCLC 476620731 . Minkel , Edith ( 9 February 2012 ) . " Nobody Likes Edith Wharton ". The New Yorker . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Marshall , Scott ( 1996 ) . " Edith Wharton on Film and Television : A History and Filmography " ( PDF ) . Edith Wharton Review . Washington State University . 13 ( 2 ) : 15 – 25 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Further reading [ edit ] The Letters of Edith Wharton ( R . W . B . Lewis and Nancy Lewis , eds . ) ISBN 0 - 02 - 034400 - 7 , particularly the editorial introductions to the chronological sections , especially for 1902 – 07 , 1911 – 14 , 1919 – 27 , and 1928 – 37 , and the editorial footnotes to the letter to F . Scott Fitzgerald ( 8 June 1925 ) Novellas and Other Writings ( Cynthia Griffin Wolff , ed . ) ( The Library of America , 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 53 - 0 , which contains her autobiography , A Backward Glance . Twilight Sleep ( R . F . Godfrey , ed . ) ISBN 0 - 684 - 83964 - 4 Armbruster , Elif S . ( 2011 ) " Domestic Biographies : Stowe , Howells , James , and Wharton at Home . " New York : Peter Lang ( ISBN 978 - 1433112492 ) Benstock , Shari ( 1994 ) No Gifts From Chance : a biography of Edith Wharton . New York : Charles Scribner ' s Sons . Edith Wharton ' s French Riviera ( 2002 ) Philippe Collas and Eric Villedary , Paris , New York : Flammarion / Rizzoli ( ISBN 2 - 84110 - 161 - 4 ) Dwight , Eleanor . ( 1994 ) Edith Wharton : An Extraordinary Life , An Illustrated Biography New York : Harry N . Abrams . Franzen , Jonathan ( February 13 – 20 , 2012 ) . " A Critic at Large : A Rooting Interest ". The New Yorker . 88 ( 1 ) : 60 – 65 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Hutchinson , Hazel ( 2015 ) . The War That Used Up Words : American Writers and the First World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Lee , Hermione ( 2007 ) Edith Wharton . London : Chatto & Windus ; New York : Knopf . Lewis , R . W . B . ( 1975 ) Edith Wharton : a biography New York : Harper & Row ISBN 0 - 06 - 012603 - 5 Lowry , Elizabeth ( December 9 , 2011 ) . " What Edith Knew : Freeing Wharton from the Master ' s Shadow ". Harper ' s Magazine . 317 ( 1903 ) : 96 – 100 , 102 . Montgomery , Maureen E . ( 1998 ) Displaying Women : Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton ' s New York New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90566 - 4 Wolff , Cynthia Griffin ( 1977 ) A Feast of Words : The Triumph of Edith Wharton Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502117 - 7 Wolff , Cynthia Griffin ( 1995 ) A Feast of Words : The Triumph of Edith Wharton , Second Edition . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 40918 - 6 External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original works written by or about : Edith WhartonWikiquote has quotations related to : Edith WhartonWikimedia Commons has media related to Edith Wharton . Edith Wharton Collection Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale UniversityThe Edith Wharton Papers at the Lilly Library , Indiana UniversityEdith Wharton SocietyThe Mount : Estate and gardens designed by Edith Wharton " Writings of Edith Wharton " from C - SPAN ' s American Writers : A Journey Through HistoryEdith Wharton at Library of Congress Authorities , with 345 catalog recordsOnline editions [ edit ] Works by Edith Wharton at Project GutenbergWorks by Edith Wharton at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Edith Wharton at Internet ArchiveWorks by Edith Wharton at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks )