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 ' 플 루 이야기 ' 에 해당 되 는 글 1 건 
 2009 . 11 . 10 플 루 공포 의 결정판 : 1918 대유행 
 2009 . 11 . 10 01 : 00 
 플 루 공포 의 결정판 : 1918 대유행 
 2009 . 11 . 10 01 : 00 in 분류 없 음 
 사실 WHO 가 제일 겁나 는 것 은 1918 Pandemic 의 재현 이 다 . 
 가벼운 계절 성 독감 처럼 시작 해서 사신 으로 변한 플 루 는 중간 에 변형 종이 나타났 다 . 
 이 분야 관계자 들 은 당시 의 상황 을 떠올리 지 않 을 수 없 다 . 
 20 학번 의사 이 던 조부 는 이 당시 의 이야기 를 해 주 곤 했 다 . 당시 엔 아스피린 조 차 아주 귀한 약 이 었 다고 한다 . 
 나중 에 는 순화 병원 의 원장 이 되 었 는데 전염병 이 돌 면 적당 한 약 이 없 더라도 용감 하 게 진료 할 수 밖 에 없 었 다고 한다 . ( 전염병 을 전담 하 던 순화 병원 은 지금 은 없 어 진 중구 시립 병원 의 전신 이 다 . ) 
 1918 FLU PANDEMIC 을 번역 해서 올려 놓 으면 괴담 의 유포 자 로 잡혀 갈지 모르 니 위키백과 에 있 는 내용 을 그대로 올려 놓 을 수 밖 에 없 겠 다 . 하지만 이것 은 괴담 이 아니 라 있 던 일 이 었 다 . 
 신종 플 루 가 가끔 폐색 전증 을 일으킨다는 보고 들 이 있 다 . 미국 에서 는 사례 들 이 보 고 되 고 있 다고 한다 . 이 뉴스 를 조금 포장 한다면 패닉 이 일어날 것 이 다 . 폐출혈 이 의심 되 는 증상 들 이 나타나 고 있 다 . 그런데 내 가 걸린다 해도 어떤 일 이 일어날지 를 예측 할 수 는 없 다 . 예외 가 아닌 것 이 다 . 
 바이러스 의 병독 성 이 어떤 변화 를 보일지 는 아무 도 모른다 . 그것 은 1918 대유행 에 도 마찬가지 였 다 . 별 탈 이 없 기 를 기원 할 수 밖 에 없 다 . 미국 CDC 관계자 의 얼굴 이 티브이 에 자주 나오 지 않 기 만 을 바란다 . 1919 대유행 에서 는 온몸 에서 출혈 증상 이 있 었 다 . 폐 는 기본 이 고 장 과 피부 에서 도 출혈 이 있 었 다 . 
 얼마나 겁나 는 일 인지 는 상상 에 맞기 겠 다 , 바이러스 가 펄펄 하 게 살 아 있 는 피 가 사방 에 홍건 하 면 의료진 들 의 공포 는 어땠 겠 는가 ? 
 Three pandemic waves 라는 그림 이 정말 무서운 그림 인데 봄 이 되 자 갑자기 바이러스 는 병독 성 을 잃 었 다 . 
 The difference between the influenza mortality age - distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics . 라는 제목 의 두 번 째 그림 은 젊 은 층 의 사망 률 이 높 다는 이야기 다 . 
 너무 패닉 해 지 면 안 되 니 이야기 는 이 정도 로 그쳐야 할 것 이 다 . 이번 대유행 의 이야기 는 조용히 끝났으면 한다 . 상상력 이 날기 시작 해서 좋 을 것 도 없 다 . Worst Scenario 는 이미 다 만들 어 져 있 거 대응책 비슷 한 것 도 나와 있 다 . 타미 플 루 도 있 다 . 
 Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrate treatment practices during theinfluenza pandemic of 1918 . 
 3 . 1 Geographic sources 
 3 . 5 Less affected areas 
 3 . 6 End of the pandemic 
 3 . 7 Cultural impact 
 5 . 1 Notable fatalities 
 5 . 2 Notable survivors 
 The difference between the influenza mortality age - distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics . Deaths per 100 , 000 persons in each age group , United States , for the interpandemic years 1911 – 1917 ( dashed line ) and the pandemic year 1918 ( solid line ) . [ 10 ] 
 Three pandemic waves : weekly combined influenza and pneumonia mortality , United Kingdom , 1918 – 1919 [ 11 ] 
 The global mortality rate from the 1918 / 1919 pandemic is not known , but it is estimated that 10 % to 20 % of those who were infected died . With about a third of the world population infected , this case - fatality ratio means that 3 % to 6 % of the entire global population died . [ 12 ] Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks . Older estimates say it killed 40 – 50 million people [ 4 ] while current estimates say 50 — 100 million people worldwide were killed . [ 13 ] This pandemic has been described as " the greatest medical holocaust in history " and may have killed more people than the Black Death . [ 14 ] 
 This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50 % and the extreme severity of the symptoms , suspected to be caused by cytokine storms . [ 4 ] Indeed , symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue , cholera , ortyphoid . One observer wrote , " One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes , especially from the nose , stomach , and intestine . Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred . "[ 13 ] The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia , a secondary infection caused by influenza , but the virus also killed people directly , causing massivehemorrhages and edema in the lung . [ 10 ] 
 The unusually severe disease killed between 2 and 20 % of those infected , as opposed to the more usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0 . 1 %.[ 10 ] [ 13 ] Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults , with 99 % of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65 , and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old . [ 25 ] This is unusual since influenza is normally most deadly to the very young ( under age 2 ) and the very old ( over age 70 ) , and may have been due to partial protection caused by exposure to a previous Russian flu pandemic of 1889 . [ 26 ] 
 Although the first cases of the disease were registered in the continental U . S , and the rest of Europe long before getting to Spain , the 1918 Flu received its nickname " Spanish flu " because Spain , a neutral country in WWI , had no special censorship for news against the disease and its consequences . Hence the most reliable news on the disease came from Spain , giving the false impression that Spain was the most — if not the only — affected zone . [ 27 ] 
 While World War I did not cause the flu , the close troop quarters and massive troop movements hastened the pandemic and probably increased transmission , augmented mutation and may have increased the lethality of the virus . Some researchers speculate that the soldiers ' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks , increasing their susceptibility to the disease . [ 28 ] Price - Smith has made the controversial argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the latter days of the war towards the Allied cause . Specifically , he provides data that the viral waves hit the Central Powers before they hit the Allied powers , and that both morbidity and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France . [ 29 ] 
 [ edit ] Geographic sources 
 Some scholars have theorized that the flu probably originated in the Far East . [ 30 ] Dr . C . Hannoun , leading expert of the 1918 flu for the Institut Pasteur , theorized that the former virus was likely to have come from China , mutated in the United States near Boston , and spread to Brest , France , Europe ' s battlefields , Europe , and the world using Allied soldiers and sailors as main spreaders . [ 31 ] Hannoun considered several other theories of origin , such as Spain , Kansas , and Brest , as being possible but not likely . 
 Historian Alfred W . Crosby observed that the flu seems to have originated in Kansas . [ 32 ] Political scientist Andrew Price - Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting that the influenza had earlier origins , beginning in Austria in the spring of 1917 . [ 33 ] Popular writer John Barry echoed Crosby in describing Haskell County , Kansasas the likely point of origin . [ 34 ] In the United States the disease was first observed at Fort Riley , Kansas , on March 4 , 1918 , [ 35 ] and Queens , New York , on March 11 , 1918 . In August 1918 , a more virulent strain appeared simultaneously in Brest , France , in Freetown , Sierra Leone , and in the U . S . at Boston , Massachusetts . The Allies of World War Icame to call it the Spanish flu , primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain in November 1918 . Spain was not involved in the war and had not imposed wartime censorship . [ 36 ] 
 Investigative work by a British team , led by virologist John Oxford [ 37 ] of St Bartholomew ' s Hospital and the Royal London Hospital , has suggested that a principal British troop staging camp in Étaples , France was at the center of the 1918 flu pandemic , or was the location of a significant precursor virus . [ 38 ] 
 [ edit ] Patterns of fatality 
 In fast - progressing cases , mortality was primarily from pneumonia , by virus - induced pulmonary consolidation . Slower - progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias , and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in some cases . Some deaths resulted from malnourishment and even animal attacks in overwhelmed communities . [ 40 ] 
 [ edit ] Deadly second wave 
 [ edit ] Devastated communities 
 [ edit ] Less affected areas 
 In the Pacific , American Samoa [ 48 ] and the French colony of New Caledonia [ 49 ] also succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effectivequarantines . In Australia , nearly 12 , 000 perished . [ 50 ] 
 [ edit ] End of the pandemic 
 After the lethal second wave struck in the autumn of 1918 , the disease died down abruptly . New cases almost dropped to nothing after the peak in the second wave . [ 9 ] In Philadelphia for example , 4 , 597 people died in the week ending October 16 , but by November 11 influenza had almost disappeared from the city . One explanation for the rapid decline of the lethality of the disease is that doctors simply got better at preventing and treating the pneumonia which developed after the victims had contracted the virus , although John Barry states in his book that researchers have found no evidence to support this . Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain . This is a common occurrence with influenza viruses : there is a general tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time , providing more living hosts . [ 9 ] 
 American Red Cross nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up insideOakland Municipal Auditorium , 1918 
 In the United States , the United Kingdom and other countries , despite the relatively high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic in 1918 – 1919 , the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990 s and 2000 s . [ 51 ] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a " forgotten pandemic ".[ 32 ] One of the few major works of American literature written after 1918 that deals directly with the Spanish flu is Katherine Anne Porter ’ s Pale Horse , Pale Rider . In 1935 John O ' Hara wrote a long short story , " The Doctor ' s Son ", about the experience of his fictional alter ego during the flu epidemic in a Pennsylvania coal mining town . In 1937 American novelist William Keepers Maxwell , Jr . wrote They Came Like Swallows , a fictional reconstruction of the events surrounding his mother ' s death from the flu . Mary McCarthy , the American novelist and essayist , wrote about her parents ' deaths in Memories of a Catholic Girlhood . Bodie and Brock Thoene ' s " Shiloh Legacy " series led off with an account of the Spanish flu in New York and Arkansas in their novel In My Father ' s House ( 1992 ) . In 1997 David Morrell ' s short story " If I Die Before I Wake "— dealing with a small American town during the second wave — was published in the anthology Revelations , which was framed by Clive Barker . In 2006 Thomas Mullen published a novel called The Last Town on Earth about the impact of the Spanish flu on a fictional mill town in Washington . In 2005 the Canadian television series ReGenesis presented fictional research into the Spanish Flu and Encephalitis Lethargica . 
 Several theories have been offered as to why the Spanish flu may have been " forgotten " by historians and the public over so many years . These include the rapid pace of the pandemic ( it killed most of its victims in the United States , for example , within a period of less than nine months ) , previous familiarity with pandemic disease in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries , and the distraction of the First World War . [ 52 ] 
 Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease . The majority of fatalities , from both the war and the epidemic , were among young adults . The deaths caused by the flu may have been overlooked due to the large numbers of deaths of young men in the war or as a result of injuries . When people read the obituaries of the era , they saw the war or post - war deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side . Particularly in Europe , where the war ' s toll was extremely high , the flu may not have had a great , separate , psychological impact , or may have seemed a mere " extension " of the war ' s tragedies . [ 53 ] The duration of the pandemic and the war could have also played a role : the disease would usually only affect a certain area for a month before leaving , while the war , which most expected to end quickly , had lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck . This left little time for the disease to have a significant impact on the economy . During this time period pandemic outbreaks were not uncommon : typhoid , yellow fever , diphtheria , and cholera all occurred near the same time period . These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public . [ 54 ] 
 Total 524 , 359