Food pricesCheap no moreDec 6 th 2007 From The Economist print editionRising incomes in Asia and ethanol subsidies in America have put an end to a long era of falling food pricesGerrit BuntrockONE of the odder features of last weekend ' s vote in Venezuela was that staple foods were in short supply . Something similar happened in Russia before its parliamentary election . Governments in both oil - rich countries had imposed controls on food prices , with the usual consequences . Such controls have been surprisingly widespread — a knee - jerk response to one of the most remarkable changes that food markets , indeed any markets , have seen for years : the end of cheap food . In early September the world price of wheat rose to over $ 400 a tonne , the highest ever recorded . In May it had been around $ 200 . Though in real terms its price is far below the heights it scaled in 1974 , it is still twice the average of the past 25 years . Earlier this year the price of maize ( corn ) exceeded $ 175 a tonne , again a world record . It has fallen from its peak , as has that of wheat , but at $ 150 a tonne is still 50 % above the average for 2006 . As the price of one crop shoots up , farmers plant it to take advantage , switching land from other uses . So a rise in wheat prices has knock - on effects on other crops . Rice prices have hit records this year , although their rise has been slower . The Economist ' s food - price index is now at its highest since it began in 1845 , having risen by one - third in the past year . Normally , sky - high food prices reflect scarcity caused by crop failure . Stocks are run down as everyone lives off last year ' s stores . This year harvests have been poor in some places , notably Australia , where the drought - hit wheat crop failed for the second year running . And world cereals stocks as a proportion of production are the lowest ever recorded . The run - down has been accentuated by the decision of large countries ( America and China ) to reduce stocks to save money . Yet what is most remarkable about the present bout of “ agflation ” is that record prices are being achieved at a time not of scarcity but of abundance . According to the International Grains Council , a trade body based in London , this year ' s total cereals crop will be 1 . 66 billion tonnes , the largest on record and 89 m tonnes more than last year ' s harvest , another bumper crop . That the biggest grain harvest the world has ever seen is not enough to forestall scarcity prices tells you that something fundamental is affecting the world ' s demand for cereals . The meat of the questionTwo things , in fact . One is increasing wealth in China and India . This is stoking demand for meat in those countries , in turn boosting the demand for cereals to feed to animals . The use of grains for bread , tortillas and chapattis is linked to the growth of the world ' s population . It has been flat for decades , reflecting the slowing of population growth . But demand for meat is tied to economic growth ( see chart 1 ) and global GDP is now in its fifth successive year of expansion at a rate of 4 %- plus . Higher incomes in India and China have made hundreds of millions of people rich enough to afford meat and other foods . In 1985 the average Chinese consumer ate 20 kg ( 44 lb ) of meat a year ; now he eats more than 50 kg . China ' s appetite for meat may be nearing satiation , but other countries are following behind : in developing countries as a whole , consumption of cereals has been flat since 1980 , but demand for meat has doubled . Not surprisingly , farmers are switching , too : they now feed about 200 m - 250 m more tonnes of grain to their animals than they did 20 years ago . That increase alone accounts for a significant share of the world ' s total cereals crop . Calorie for calorie , you need more grain if you eat it transformed into meat than if you eat it as bread : it takes three kilograms of cereals to produce a kilo of pork , eight for a kilo of beef . So a shift in diet is multiplied many times over in the grain markets . Since the late 1980 s an inexorable annual increase of 1 - 2 % in the demand for feedgrains has ratcheted up the overall demand for cereals and pushed up prices . Because this change in diet has been slow and incremental , it cannot explain the dramatic price movements of the past year . The second change can : the rampant demand for ethanol as fuel for American cars . In 2000 around 15 m tonnes of America ' s maize crop was turned into ethanol ; this year the quantity is likely to be around 85 m tonnes . America is easily the world ' s largest maize exporter — and it now uses more of its maize crop for ethanol than it sells abroad . Ethanol is the dominant reason for this year ' s increase in grain prices . It accounts for the rise in the price of maize because the federal government has in practice waded into the market to mop up about one - third of America ' s corn harvest . A big expansion of the ethanol programme in 2005 explains why maize prices started rising in the first place . Ethanol accounts for some of the rise in the prices of other crops and foods too . Partly this is because maize is fed to animals , which are now more expensive to rear . Partly it is because America ' s farmers , eager to take advantage of the biofuels bonanza , went all out to produce maize this year , planting it on land previously devoted to wheat and soyabeans . This year America ' s maize harvest will be a jaw - dropping 335 m tonnes , beating last year ' s by more than a quarter . The increase has been achieved partly at the expense of other food crops . This year the overall decline in stockpiles of all cereals will be about 53 m tonnes — a very rough indication of by how much demand is outstripping supply . The increase in the amount of American maize going just to ethanol is about 30 m tonnes . In other words , the demands of America ' s ethanol programme alone account for over half the world ' s unmet need for cereals . Without that programme , food prices would not be rising anything like as quickly as they have been . According to the World Bank , the grain needed to fill up an SUV would feed a person for a year . America ' s ethanol programme is a product of government subsidies . There are more than 200 different kinds , as well as a 54 cents - a - gallon tariff on import &# 033 ed ethanol . That keeps out greener Brazilian ethanol , which is made from sugar rather than maize . Federal subsidies alone cost $ 7 billion a year ( equal to around $ 1 . 90 a gallon ) . In theory , what governments mandate , they can also scrap . But that seems unlikely with oil at the sort of price that makes them especially eager to promote alternative fuels . Subsidies might be trimmed , of course , reducing demand occasionally ; this is happening a bit now . And eventually , new technologies to convert biomass to liquid fuel will replace ethanol — but that will take time . For the moment , support for the ethanol programme seems secure . Hillary Clinton and John McCain used to be against ethanol subsidies , but have changed their minds . Russia and Venezuela are not the only countries that like to meddle in food markets for political reasons . So demand for grain will probably remain high for a while . Demand , though , is only one side of the equation . Supply forms the other . If there is a run of bumper harvests , prices will fall back ; if not , they will stay high . Harvests can rise only if new land is brought into cultivation or yields go up . This can happen fairly quickly . The world ' s cereal farmers responded enthusiastically to price signals by planting more high - value crops . And so messed - up is much of the rich world ' s farming systems that farmers in the West have often been paid not to grow crops — something that can easily be reversed , as happened this year when the European Union suspended the “ set aside ” part of its common agricultural policy . Still , there are limits to how much harvests can be expanded in the short term . In general , says a new report by the International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI ) , which is financed by governments and development banks , the response tends to be sticky : a 10 % rise in prices yields a 1 - 2 % increase in supply . In the longer run , plenty of new farmland could be ploughed up and many technological gains could be had . But much of the new land is in remote parts of Brazil , Russia , Kazakhstan , the Congo and Sudan : it would require big investments in roads and other infrastructure , which could take decades — and would often lead to the clearing of precious forest . Big gains could be had if genetically modified foods were brought into production or if new seed varieties were planted in Africa . But again , that will take time . Moreover , GM foods will not live up to their promise unless they shed the popular suspicion that dogs them , especially in Europe . And some of the new land — dry , marginal areas of Africa , Brazil and Kazakhstan — could be vulnerable to damage from global warming . By some measures , global warming could cut world farm output by as much as one - sixth by 2020 . No less worryingly , high oil prices would depress the use of oil - based fertilisers , which have been behind much of the increase in farm production during the past half - century . It is risky to predict long - run trends in farming — technology in particular always turns out unexpectedly — but most forecasters conclude from these conflicting currents that prices will stay high for as much as a decade . Because supplies will not match increases in demand , IFPRI believes , cereal prices will rise by between 10 % and 20 % by 2015 . The UN ' s Food and Agriculture Organisation ' s forecast for 2016 - 17 is slightly higher . Whatever the exact amount , this year ' s agflation seems unlikely to be , as past rises have been , simply the upward side of a spike . If prices do not fall back , this will mark a break with the past . For decades , prices of cereals and other foods have been in decline , both in the shops and on world markets . The IMF ' s index of food prices in 2005 was slightly lower than it had been in 1974 , which means that in real terms food prices fell during those 30 years by three - quarters ( see chart 2 ) . In the 1960 s food ( including meals out ) accounted for one - quarter of the average American ' s spending ; by 2005 the share was less than one - seventh . In other words , were food prices to stay more or less where they are today , it would be a radical departure from a past in which shoppers and farmers got used to a gentle decline in food prices year in , year out . It would put an end to the era of cheap food . And its effects would be felt everywhere , but especially in countries where food matters most : poor ones . A blessing and a curseIf you took your cue from governments , you would conclude that dearer food was unequivocally a bad thing . About a score of countries have imposed food - price controls of some sort . Argentina , Morocco , Egypt , Mexico and China have put restraints on domestic prices . A dozen countries , including India , Vietnam , Serbia and Ukraine , have imposed export taxes or limited exports . Argentina and Russia have done both . In all these places governments are seeking to shelter their people from food - price rises by price controls . But dearer food is not a pure curse : it produces winners as well as losers . Obviously , farmers benefit — if governments allow them to keep the gains . In America , the world ' s biggest agricultural exporter , net farm income this year will be $ 87 billion , 50 % more than the average of the past ten years . The prairie farmers of the Midwest are looking forward to their Caribbean cruises . Other beneficiaries are in poor countries . Food exporters such as India , South Africa and Swaziland will gain from increased export earnings . Countries such as Malawi and Zimbabwe , which used to export food but no longer do so , also stand to gain if they can boost their harvests . Given that commodity prices have been falling for so long in real terms , this would be an enormous relief to places that have suffered from a relentless decline in their terms of trade . In emerging markets an income gap has opened up between cities and countryside over the past few years . As countries have diversified away from agriculture into industry and services , urban wages have outstripped rural ones . Income inequality is conventionally measured using a scale running from zero to one called the Gini coefficient . A score of 0 . 5 is the mark of a highly unequal society . The Asian Development Bank reckons that China ' s Gini coefficient rose from 0 . 41 in 1993 to 0 . 47 in 2004 . If farm incomes in poor countries are pushed up by higher food prices , that could mitigate the growing gap between city and countryside . But will it ? Guess who losesAccording to the World Bank , 3 billion people live in rural areas in developing countries , of whom 2 . 5 billion are involved in farming . That 3 billion includes three - quarters of the world ' s poorest people . So in principle the poor overall should gain from higher farm incomes . In practice many will not . There are large numbers of people who lose more from higher food bills than they gain from higher farm incomes . Exactly how many varies widely from place to place . Among the losers from higher food prices are big import &# 033 ers . Japan , Mexico and Saudi Arabia will have to spend more to buy their food . Perhaps they can afford it . More worryingly , some of the poorest places in Asia ( Bangladesh and Nepal ) and Africa ( Benin and Niger ) also face higher food bills . Developing countries as a whole will spend over $ 50 billion import &# 033 ing cereals this year , 10 % more than last . </ P >< P > Rising prices will also hurt the most vulnerable of all . The World Food Programme , the main provider of emergency food aid , says the cost of its operations has increased by more than half in the past five years and will rise by another third in the next two . Food - aid flows have fallen to their lowest level since 1973 . </ P >< P > In every country , the least well - off consumers are hardest hit when food prices rise . This is true in rich and poor countries alike but the scale in the latter is altogether different . As Gary Becker , a Nobel economics laureate at the University of Chicago , points out , if food prices rise by &# 111 ;&# 110 ; e - third , they will reduce living standards in rich countries by about 3 %, but in very poor &# 111 ;&# 110 ; es by over 20 %. </ P >< P > Not all consumers in poor countries are equally vulnerable . The food of the poor in the Andes , for example , is potatoes ; in Ethiopia , teff : neither is traded much across borders , so producers and consumers are less affected by rising world prices . As the World Bank ' s annual < EM > World Development Report </ EM > shows , the number of urban consumers varies from over half the total number of poor in Bolivia , to about a quarter in Zambia and Ethiopia , to less than a tenth in Vietnam and Cambodia . </ P >< P > But overall , enormous numbers of the poor &# 8212 ; both urban and landless labourers &# 8212 ; are net buyers of food , not net sellers . They have already been hard hit : witness the riots that took place in Mexico over tortilla prices earlier this year . According to < SPAN class = scaps > IFPRI </ SPAN >, the expansion of ethanol and other biofuels could reduce calorie intake by another 4 - 8 % in Africa and 2 - 5 % in Asia by 2020 . For some countries , such as Afghanistan and Nigeria , which are &# 111 ;&# 110 ; ly just above subsistence levels , such a fall in living standards could be catastrophic . </ P >< P > So it is no good saying “ let them eat cake ” : there are strong welfare arguments for helping those who stand to lose . But the way you do it matters . In general , it is better to subsidise poor peoples ' incomes , rather than food prices : this distorts price signals the least and allows farmers to benefit from higher prices . Where it is not possible to subsidise incomes ( because to do so requires a decent civil service ) , it is still possible to minimise the unintended consequences if food subsidies are targeted and temporary . Morocco fixed bread prices ( the food of the poor ) during Ramadan , the Muslim month of fasting ; at the same time , it cut tariffs on food import &# 033 s to increase competition . </ P >< DIV class = content - image - float style =" WIDTH : 220 px ">< SPAN > AP </ SPAN >< IMG title ="" height = 268 alt =" " src =" http : / / www . economist . com / images / 20071208 / 4907 BB 2 . jpg " width = 220 >< SPAN class = caption > But a problem too </ SPAN ></ DIV >< P > In contrast , Russia shows how not to do it . It imposed across - the - board price controls on milk , eggs , bread and other staples , benefiting everyone whether they needed help or not . Food is disappearing from shelves and farmers are bearing the brunt . As Don Mitchell of the World Bank points out , “ if you want to help consumers , you can do it without destroying your producers but &# 111 ;&# 110 ; ly if you go about it in the right way . ” In reality , many of the recent price controls are blatant politicking . About half the countries that imposed price controls did so before elections or other big political events . Russia ' s are due to run out just after next year ' s presidential election . Funny , that . </ P >< P > There is &# 111 ;&# 110 ; e last import &# 033 ant knock - on effect of agflation . It is likely to help shift the balance of power in the world economy further towards emerging markets . Higher food prices have increased inflation around the world , but by different amounts in different countries . In Europe and America food accounts for &# 111 ;&# 110 ; ly about &# 111 ;&# 110 ; e - tenth of the consumer - price index , so even though food prices in rich countries are rising by around 5 % a year , it has not made a big difference . There have been clucks of concern from the European Central Bank and a consumer boycott of pasta in Italy , but that is about all . </ P >< P > In poor countries , in contrast , food accounts for half or more of the consumer - price index ( over two - thirds in Bangladesh and Nigeria ) . Here , higher food prices have had a much bigger impact . Inflation in food prices in emerging markets nearly doubled in the past year , to 11 %; meat and egg prices in China have gone up by almost 50 % ( although that is partly because pork prices have been pushed up by a disease in pigs ) . This has dragged up headline inflation in emerging markets from around 6 % in 2006 to over 8 % now . In many countries , inflation is at its highest for a decade . </ P >< P > Central bankers are determined to ensure that what could be a &# 111 ;&# 110 ; e - off shift in food prices does not create continuing inflation by pushing up wages or creating expectations of higher prices . So they are tightening monetary policy . China increased interest rates in August , Chile in July , Mexico in May . The striking thing about these rises is that they are the opposite of what has been happening in some rich countries . The Federal Reserve reduced rates by 50 basis points in September and 25 points in October ; the Bank of Canada cut rates this week . The indirect effect of food - price rises has therefore been to widen the interest - rate differential between rich and emerging markets . </ P >< P > And all this is going on as the economic balance of power is shifting . Growth in America and Europe is slowing ; China and India are going great guns . Financial confidence in the West has been shaken by the subprime - mortgage crisis ; capital flows into emerging markets are setting records . </ P >< P > This shift will be tricky to handle . Such transitions always are . The risk is of a bubble in emerging markets . As Simon Johnson , the < SPAN class = scaps > IMF ' S </ SPAN > director of research , wryly notes , “ every bubble starts with a change in the real economy . ” Food markets are an obvious place to start . How emerging countries fare &# 8212 ; and how poor consumers cope &# 8212 ; depends on their economic policies . The imposition of food - price controls was not exactly a good start . </ P >< P >& nbsp ;</ P >< div class =' scrap _ memo '>< span >< b > 출처 </ b > : 영어 로 말 해요 ! ! ( Say it in English ! !)< span ></ div >< div class =' scrap _ memo '>< span >< b > 글쓴이 </ b > : WiseMan < span >< a href =" http : / / blog . daum . net / sayit / 14165768 " class =" d _ 4 F 72 B 3 under " target ="_ blank "> 원 글 보 기 </ a ></ div >< div class =' scrap _ memo '>< span >< b > 메모 </ b > : < span ></ div >< div class =" container _ postbtn # post _ button _ group "> < div class =" postbtn _ like "> < script > window . ReactionButtonType = ' reaction '; window . 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float : left ; padding : 3 px 3 px 3 px 3 px ;} # Tag . link _ reMov { font - size : 0 ; } # Tag img . iconMovie { position : absolute ; left : 14 px ; bottom : 3 px ; margin : 0 ; } . re _ thumbg { display : none ; text - align : center ; position : relative ; zoom : 1 ; } / * 태그 */ # Tag . menuBody { padding : 12 px 0 px 20 px 6 px ; display : block ;} # Tag . menuBody p . sideListClr { padding : 20 px 0 20 px 0 ; letter - spacing : - 1 px ; text - align : center ; } # Tag . menuFooter 2 { padding : 3 px 14 px 3 px 0 ; height : 15 px ; } # Tag # tagEmpty { width : 156 px ; height : 160 px ; position : absolute ; z - index : 5 ; } # sideTagList li { height : 14 px ; padding : 3 px 0 3 px 3 px ; } # Tag . menuFooter 4 { padding : 9 px 0 0 0 ; } a . sideListClr . cloud 1 { font - weight : bold ; font - size : 16 px ;} a . sideListClr . cloud 2 { font - weight : bold ; font - size : 16 px ;} a . sideListClr . cloud 3 { font - size : 14 px ;} a . sideListClr . cloud 4 { font - size : 12 px ;} a . sideListClr . cloud 5 { font - size : 12 px ;} / * tag */ . taglog . tit _ tag { height : 43 px ; border - bottom : 1 px solid # c 2 c 2 c 2 ; font - size : 0 ; background : url ( images / tit _ tag . gif ) no - repeat 5 px 8 px ;} . taglog ul { padding : 13 px 0 0 6 px ; text - align : justify ;} . taglog li { display : inline ;} . taglog li a { } . taglog li a : hover {} . taglog li . cloud 1 { font - weight : bold ; font - size : 26 px ; color : # 000000 ; } . taglog li . cloud 2 { font - weight : bold ; font - size : 23 px ;} . taglog li . cloud 3 { font - size : 20 px ;} . taglog li . cloud 4 { font - size : 16 px ;} . taglog li . cloud 5 { font - size : 12 px } . sDateTime { font - family : ' 돋움 ', ' dotum ', ' verdana '; font - size : 10 px ;} . profileMenuBody . box - profile { width : 100 %} # profileSideBarDescInner , # p r o f i leSideBarBloggerNameInner { color : # 000000 ; font - size : 12 px ; } # Profile . profileMenuBody . blogWriter { clear : both ; padding : 0 px 0 4 px 0 ; letter - spacing : - 1 px ; white - space : nowrap ; } # Profile . blogView . profileColor span , span . arrowright { float : left ; } input . inp - search { width : 145 px ; margin - left : 10 px ; } . box - search . menuEtcBody { margin - top : 10 px ; margin - bottom : 18 px ; } div # RSSnew . menuEtcBody { margin : 10 px ; } / * guestbook */ . writeTable . input _ item { float : left ; padding - right : 0 px ; margin - right : 12 px ; margin - bottom : 3 px ; } div . opinionList textarea . box { vertical - align : bottom ; } / * comment */ . commentWrite . submitBtn { display : block ; width : 77 px ; height : 40 px ; text - indent : - 1000 em ; overflow : hidden ; } div . writefrm { clear : both ; padding : 16 px 18 px 16 px 18 px ; } . writefrm . secretWrap { margin - bottom : 3 px ; } . menuBox . menuBody . txt _ bul { margin : 0 3 px 0 0 ; } # Recent . menuBody li { line - height : 160 %; clear : left ; padding : 0 0 0 3 px ; overflow : hidden ; word - break : break - all ; width : 136 px ; display : inline - block ; height : 17 px ; } . scrap _ memo { margin - bottom : 4 px ; } . area - mdaum . menu - mdaum a : link , a : visited , a : active , . area - mdaum . box - mdaum - right . menu - mdaum { color : # 666666 ; }. BasA span . thumbArea { width : 120 px ; height : 90 px ; float : left ; background - image : url ( https : / / t 1 . daumcdn . net / daumblog _ admin / static / top / images / daumblog _ post _ default . png ) ; background - size : cover ; background - position : 50 % 50 %; margin - bottom : 15 px ; margin - top : 15 px ;}. BasA img . thumbImg { width : 120 px ; height : 90 px ;}. BasA span . contArea { float : left ; width : 72 %; margin : 15 px ; display : inline ;}. BasA h 4 . cB _ Title { font - size : 14 px ; margin - bottom : 5 px ;}. BasA div . date { margin - bottom : 18 px ;}. BasA p . galCont { height : 40 px ;}. BasA . funcMenu _ R a . t 11 { font - family : ' 돋움 ', ' dotum ', ' sans - serif '; font - size : 11 px ; letter - spacing : 0 ;}. BasA a . p 11 { margin - right : 10 px ;}. BasA div # pagingBox { padding - top : 3 px ; padding - bottom : 3 px ;}. BasA . contentBoxB { margin - bottom : 8 px ;}</ style > </ div > < div id =" sideBarPlus " style =" display : none "></ div > </ div > < br style =" clear : both ; height : 1 px ; font - size : 1 px ;" / > </ div > <!-- containerBot 시작 -->< div id =" containerBot " class =" containerBot "></ div > < div class =" cl ">& nbsp ;</ div > < div id =" footer " class =" footerAlignC footerWidthW "> < div class =" copy contColor "> 허대 원 ' s blog is powered by < a href =" http : / / www . kakaocorp . com / main " target ="_ blank " class =" contColor ">< b > Kakao Corp . </ b ></ a ></ div > </ div > <!-- 페이지 마지막 --> < div >< img src =' https : / / logins . daum . net / accounts / auth . gif ' width =" 0 " height =" 0 " alt ="" / ></ div > < iframe name =" blog _ koclick " id =" blog _ koclick " src =" about : blank " width =" 0 " height =" 0 " frameborder =" 0 "></ iframe > < input type =" hidden " id =" blog _ curURI " / > < script type =" text / javascript "> ( function ( ) { var url = document . location . href ; var index = url . indexOf ( " blog . daum . net / "); var curURIDOM = document . getElementById ( " blog _ curURI "); var curLocation = url ; if ( index > - 1 ) { var uri = url . substring ( index + 14 ) ; curLocation = "/" + uri ; var koclick _ url = "/_ action / "+ uri ; window . frames [ " blog _ koclick "]. location . replace ( koclick _ url ) ; } if ( curURIDOM ) { curURIDOM . value = curLocation ; } })(); </ script ></ div > < script type =" text / javascript " src ="// t 1 . daumcdn . net / tiara / js / v 1 / tiara . min . js "></ script > < script type =" text / javascript "> window . tiara = {" svcDomain ":" blog . daum . net "," section ":"\ uae 00 \ ubdf 0 "," trackPage ":"\ uae 00 \ ubdf 0 _\ ubcf 4 \ uae 30 "," page ":"\ uae 00 \ ubdf 0 "," key ":" 4725418 - 2551457 "," customProps ":{" userId ": 0 , " blogId ":" 4725418 "," role ":" guest "," filterTarget ": false , " trackPage ":"\ uae 00 \ ubdf 0 _\ ubcf 4 \ uae 30 "," entryId ":" 2551457 "}," entry ":{" entryId ":" 2551457 "," categoryName ":""," categoryId ":" 0 "," author ":" 5090470 "," authorId ":" 5090470 "," image ":" 5090470 "," plink ":"\/ 2551457 "," tags ":[]," key ":" 4725418 - 2551457 "}," sentryDsn ":" https : \/\/ 49 dfe 10 cd 08943 c 392 b 699 af 0 ceb 1 a 44 @ aem - collector . daumkakao . io \/ 721 "," kakaoAppKey ": null , " appUserId ": null };</ script > < script type =" text / javascript " src =" https : / / t 1 . daumcdn . net / tistory _ admin / assets / blog / blog - bd 96 dd 17334 b 8 ce 2 f 37206 f 86 a 83458 bf 1 d 3362 c / blogs / script / tiara / tiara . min . js ? _ version _= blog - bd 96 dd 17334 b 8 ce 2 f 37206 f 86 a 83458 bf 1 d 3362 c " defer ></ script > < script type =" text / javascript "> window . roosevelt _ params _ queue = window . roosevelt _ params _ queue || [ { channel _ id : ' dk ', channel _ label : ' daumblog '}]; </ script > < script type =" text / javascript " src ="// t 1 . daumcdn . net / midas / rt / dk _ bt / roosevelt _ dk _ bt . js " async ></ script >< script type =" text / javascript "> if ( window . console ! = undefined ) { setTimeout ( console . log . bind ( console , "% c 다음 블로그 "," font : 6 em Arial ; color : # 666666 ; font - weight : bold "), 0 ) ; setTimeout ( console . log . bind ( console , "% c 다음 블로그 , 일상 을 담 다 "," font : 2 em sans - serif ; color : # 333 ;"), 0 ) ;}</ script >< iframe style =" position : absolute ; width : 1 px ; height : 1 px ; left : - 100 px ; top : - 100 px " src ="// blog . daum . net / 12346567890 / api " id =" editEntry "></ iframe >< div id =" tistoryEtcLayer " class =" layer _ post "></ div >< div id =" tistorySnsLayer " class =" layer _ post "></ div ></ body ></ html >