자 재명 : 방 킬 라이 ( BANGKILAI : 인도네시아 , YELLOW BALAU : 말레이시아 ) 우리 나라 에서 는 예전 에 는 잡목 이 라 하 여 건축 자재 로써 는 기피 되 어 지 던 나무 였으나 , 목조 주택 의 데크 공사 가 일반 화 되 면서 그 내구 성 이 인정 되 어 사용 되 기 시작 되 었 다 . 말레이시아 에서 는 SELENGAN BATU 라고 도 불려서 우리 나라 에서 약자 로 S , B 라고 도 부른다 . 목재 자체 가 강재 ( HARD WOOD ) 이 기 때문 에 못 을 사용 하 여 작업 을 할 경우 못 이 잘 들어가 지 않 으며 갈라짐 이 심하 여 반드시 드릴 로 구멍 을 낸 후 비스 작업 을 해야 한다 . 습기 , 병충해 에 강하 여 방부 처리 를 하 지 않 고 외부 에서 사용 하 여도 20 - 30 년 은 충분히 견딘다 . 단점 은 제재 의 방향 에 따라 변형 이 심하 며 , 그 힘 이 강하 여 시공 시 잘못 시공 하 면 뒤틀림 이 발생 하 여 하 자 가 생길 수 있 다 . 원산지 : 인도네시아 , 말레이시아 등 동남 아시아 색 상 : 황갈색 , 변재 는 갈회색 을 띤다 , 기건 비중 : 평균 0 . 91 g / cm 3 ( 0 . 61 - 1 . 16 g / cm 3 ) 수 축 율 : 건조로 에서 4 . 8 %/ 종단면 , 8 . 3 / 횡단면 . 건조 후 에 는 거의 수축 이 없 음 . 휨 강 도 : 1 , 300 kg / cm 2 압축강도 : 710 kg / cm 2 아래 부분 에 기타 자료 와 하와이 대학 의 연구 논문 을 올렸으니 참고 하 시 기 바랍니다 . BOTANICAL NAME : Shorea laevis Ridl . ( Syn . S . laevifolia Endert ) , Dipterocarpeceae family . LOCAL NAMES Bangkirai , Yellow Balau , Balau Kuning , Selangan batu , Anggelam , balau kumus , selangan batu kumus , thakian - samphon , mikai , selangan kumus , kumus , penapak , benuas , bangkirai , balau tanduk , chanOTHER NAMESBangkirai , Yellow Balau ( UK , USA , Fr , Sp , It , Sw . NI , Gm ) . Yellow Balau is usually used in Malaysia and Bangkirai is usually used in Indonesia . GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION All over Kalimantan , IndonesiaHABITUSThe tree height may reach 50 m , the length of the clear bole is 35 to 40 m , the diameter is 100 cm and over . The buttress is as high as 2 m . The outer bark is grey , red or brown , sometimes even dark red with grooves and peels off in small thin pieces . The bark contains dark yellow resin . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSColourThe Heartwood is brownish yellow , the sapwood yellowish pale light brown . TextureWood texture ranges from fine to rather coarseGrainThe grain is straight or interlocked . TouchThe wood surface is smooth or alternately smooth and rough owing to the interlocked grain . GlossThe wood surface is glossy . FiguresThe radial section shows stripes in a lighter colour . STRUCTUREVesselsMost vessels are solitary . A small part of them are in groups of 2 to 4 in radial direction , sometimes in tangential and oblique lines . They are round or oval , have a diameter of 1 00 to 300 ? ? a frequency of 2 to 10 per Sq mm , and contain much tylosis . The perforation plates are simple . ParenchymaThe parenchyma are of the paratracheal type in the form of complete or incomplete borders to the vessels . There are also apotracheal parenohyma in the form of short , tangential bands besides diffuse parenchyma . RaysThe rays are homogenous , fine and short , and have a frequency of 6 to 8 per mm . They sometimes contain a brown deposit . Intercellular canalsThe Intercellular canals are almost always smaller than vessels , occasionally of the same size . They are arranged in long series , and contain white resin . FibresThe fibres are 1 , 203 long with a diameter of 19 . 9 ; wall thickness of 1 . 9 and lumen diameter of 16 . 1 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIESSpecific gravity 0 . 91 ( 0 . 60 - 1 . 16 ) g / cm 3 Strength classI – IIShrinkageShrinkage to oven - dry condition is 4 . 5 % ( R ) and 8 . 3 % ( T ) Fibre Saturation Point 23 % MECHANICAL PROPERTIESBending strength 150 mPa 21756 psiModulus of elasticity 22940 mPa 3327 1000 psiCrushing strength 85 mPa 12328 psiJANKA Hardness 7 . 99 kN 1798 lbs forcenote : at 12 % moisture contentCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ContentCellulose 62 . 9 % Lignin 24 . 0 % Pentosan 16 . 8 % Ash 1 . 0 % Silica 0 . 4 % SolubilityAlcohol – benzene 3 . 0 % Cold water 0 . 8 % Hot water 2 . 6 % 1 % NaOH 10 . 9 % DURABILITY AND T R EATABILITYDurabilityFungi - Class 2 - DurableDry Wood Borers - Heartwood durableTermites - Class D - Durable ( see " Bangkirai and Merbau Termite Resistance ") TreatabilityBangkirai wood is difficult to treat . DRYING 2 . 5 cm and 4 cm thick Bangkirai boards are kiln dried from 50 % to 15 % in respectively 6 and 9 days in a drying temperature of 43 degrees Centigrade to 71 degrees Centigrade and a relative humidity of 84 % to 38 %. Bangkirai wood is difficult to dry as it easily splits , checks , and deforms . WORKING PROPERTIESDespite its hardness , bangkirai is not so difficult to work , e . g . , with hardened tipped saws or it can be planed smoothly with small cutting angle . Holes should be drilled before nailing to prevent splitting . USESDue to its high strength and durability , - bangkirai wood is used for heavy construction under roof as well as in the open , such as bridges , railway sleepers , electric poles , flooring , marine construction , boat building , vehicular bodywork and housing . Data are from Indonesia Wood Atlas Volume I , 1989 ; Department of Foresty Agency for Forestry Research and Development Forest Product Research and Development Centre Bogor - Indonesia . Resistance of Bangkirai ( Shorea laevis ) to Attack by the FormosanSubterranean TermiteJ . Kenneth Grace and Carrie H . M . TomeDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa 3050 Maile Way , Room 310 Honolulu , HI 96822 - 2271 A Report for Mr . Michael Dalke April 1999 INTRODUCTIONConstruction materials used in Hawaii and other tropical and subtropical regions are exposed to severe risk of attack by subterranean termites . The Formosan subterranean termite , Coptotermes formosamis Shiraki , in particular is a severe pest in many parts of the world , and other Coptotermes species are serious pests in the South Pacific , Australia , and Southeast Asia . In Hawaii , this termite is responsible for over $ 100 million in costs for control and damage repairs each year . In these regions , the ability of building materials to resist termite attack is a critical factor in architectural design and construction decisions . Naturally durable woods represent an alternative to the use of preservative - treated wood inbuilding construction . For example . Western red cedar ( Thuja plicala ) , Alaska cedar ( Cliamaecyparis nooikaiensts ) , redwood { Sequoia sempervif & ts ^ and teak ( Tecfoiia grandis ) ail exhibit some degree of resistance to termite attack ( Grace & Yamamolo 1991 , Grace et al . 1999 ) . Recent surveys of tree species grown in Hawaii ( Grace et al . 1996 ) and in Malaysia ( Grace et al . 1999 ) also identified several different trees with potential for greater use in the tropics . Sliorea laevis Ricil . ( family Diptocarpaceae ) is a dense tropical hardwood species with favorable strength properties that reported to have some degree of resistance to both insects and decay fungi ( Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994 ; Indonesia Dept . of Forestry , undated ; Lopez 1984 ) . This rather dark and attractive wood is known as Bangkirai in Indonesia , and Balau kumus in Malaysia . As with almost all durable tree species , only the heartwood of bangkirat is reputed to be durable , and the sapwood does not carry any such resistance . This need to differentiate between heart wood and sapwood in specifying naturally durable woods for construction purposes is important to bear in mind . In recent laboratory evaluations , we found that heartwood of both Hinoki ( Japanese cypress ) and Alaska cedar ( also known as yellow cypress ) was very resistant to termite attack , but the sapwood was extremely susceptible ( unpublished ) . Fortunately , most tropical durable trees are largely heartwood . In the present study , wafers , cut from bangkirai heartwood lumber ( of Indonesian origin ) were evaluated for resistance to attack by Formosan subterranean termites in a rigorous laboratory test ( American Wood - Preservers ' Association Standard Method El - 97 ) . This lest method consisted of both a no - choice ( or single choice ) assay , in which termites were provided with only a single sample of either bangkirai or susceptible Douglas - fir upon winch to feed ; and a two - choice assay in which termites had the option of feeding upon either bangkirai or a Douglas - fir wafer . In both cases , each replicate with each individual wood sample was exposed to 400 termites for a 4 - week ( 28 - day ) period . This test represents severe termite exposure , since the termites are freshly collected from field locations immediately before the test , and then kept under warm and humid conditions ideal for survival and feeding . Typically , Douglas - fir wafers are virtually destroyed in the 4 - week test period . MATERIALS AND METHODSWafers cut from bangkirai ( Shoiea laevfs ) heartwood lumber were provided by Mr . Michael Dalke , 11 AX - E ( Habitat and Living Environments , LTD ) , 4224 Waialae Avenue , Suite 5 / 248 , Honolulu III 96 & 21 . These were precut lo the standard test wafer dimensions of 1 x 1 x l / 4 - inch specified in AWPA Standard Method El - 97 ( AWl ' A 1993 ) . Wafers were ovendried ( 90 " C . 24 hours ) to obtain dry weights prior to termite exposure . Wafers of the same dimensions cut from Douglas - fir heartwood , which is quite Susceptible to termite attack , were treated similarly . Two tests were conducted : ( 1 ) a no - choice ( or single - choice ) lest in which termites were presented either with a wafer of bangkirai or a wafer of susceptible Douglas - fir , und ( 2 ) a two - choice test in which a wafer of bangkirai ' Vas paired with a wafer of Douglas - fir within a single test container , thereby offering a choice of food to the termites . For the no - choice lest , a single dry wafer of either Bangkirai or Douglas - fir was placed on top of a on rhr surface of 150 g of damp silica sand ( moistened with 30 ml distilled water ) inside a screw - top jar ( 8 cm diameter . 10 cm high ) . For the two - choice test , a wafer of bangkirai was paired will ) a Douglas - fir wafer within a similar test container , under the same conditions as the no - choice test . Formosan subterranean termites , Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki , were collected from an active field colony at the Poamoho Experiment Station ( Oahu , Hawaii ) immediately before the laboratory test using a trapping technique ( Tamashiro et al . 1973 ) . 400 termites ( 360 workers and 40 soldiers , to approximate natural caste proportions in field colonies ) were added to each test jar . The no - choice test was replicated 10 times , and the two - choice test was replicated 5 times . We also included 3 additional wafers of each wood as " environmental controls " - exposed lo the same test conditions as the other wafers , but without addition of any termites to the jar - in order to recognize any weight change in the wafers due to absorbing moisture or any oilier factor ; unrelated to termite attackAfter adding termites , the jars were placed in an unlighted controlled - temperature cabinet at 28 ° C for 4 weeks ( 28 days ) , as specified in AWPA El - 97 . Each jar was inspected weekly for evidence of termite activity in the soil and on the test materials . At the conclusion of the 4 - week test period , percentage termite mortality was recorded , the wafers were rated visually according to a 0 * 10 scale ( where 10 is sound , 9 is light attack , 7 is moderate attack and penetration , 4 is heavy attack , and 0 is total failure of the wood sample ) , and the ovendry weight change was recorded for each wafer . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSAs can be seen in the attached table summarizing the results of both tests , the Douglas - fir wafers were virtually destroyed by termite feeding over the 4 - week test period , ( visual ratings of 0 - 4 ) . The bangkirai wafers , however , were largely untouched ( average ratings of 9 . 8 in both the no - choice and two - choice tests ) , even the termites had no other food source available to them in the no - choice test and literally had to eat or starve . Out of the IS bangkirai wafers exposed to termites , 12 received visual ratings of " JO " ( completely sound ) and only 3 received ratings of " 9 " ( small surface abrasions by the termites on one of the wafer surfaces . The Douglas - fir wafers lost more than half of their original weight due to termite attack , while the bangkirai wafers actually gained weight very slightly ( due to moisture uptake that was not completely removed by the short - term ovendrying at the end of the test ) in the two - choice test , and lost almost no weight ( overall adjusted average loss of less than 4 %) In the no - choice test . Obviously , the termites avoided the bangkirai in favor of feeding on the Douglas - fir when it was available , and still avoided it to the point of starvation when no other option was available . The increased mortality among the termites exposed to bangkirai only indicates that it is extremely deterrent to them . Clearly , these very high visual ratings and negligible weight lasses demonstrate that bangkirai heartwood is not only comparable in terms of termite resistance to Alaska cedar and leak , but alsoto wood pressure treated with the commonly - used preservatives CCA ( rated 9 - lOby Grace 1998 ) and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate ( rated 7 - 10 by Grace & Yamamoto t ° 94 ) . It is important to note , though , that it is only the heartwood of bangkirai that has been demonstrated to be termite and decay resistant , and that the sapwood is reported to be susceptible to attack ( Lopez 1984 ) . Fortunately , heartwood is more predominant than sapwood in this tree , but for construction purposes it is important to specify bangkirai heartwood lumber and to minimize any sapwood content . These evaluations were performed using bangkirai of Indonesian origin . Shorea laevis is also harvested in other countries , such as Malaysia where it is known as balau kumus . Timber harvested in these other countries may also be extremely termite resistant , and S . laevis from Malaysia has indeed been reported locally to be quite durable ( Lopez 1984 ) . However , site specific differences in the environment , soil conditions , and age of trees at harvest have been shown to influence the amount of heartwood in other durable trees and the extractive content of the heartwood . Both of these factors can impact termite resistance . For example , teak fromLaos , Burma , and Indonesia has been reported to be very durable , while teak from younger trees harvested in Malaysia was less durable ( Grace et al . 1999 , Martawijaya 1065 ) . Thus , although S . laevis ( bangkirai ) is generally reputed throughout Southeast Asia to be a very durable heartwood species ( Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994 ) , it would be a wise precaution to first evaluate lumber samples from the specific countries of harvest against the Formosan subterranean termite , if bangkirai lumber from countries other than Indonesia is to be imported for construction purposes . In conclusion , this study demonstrates that bangkirai ( Shorea laevis ) heartwood lumber from Indonesia is extremely resistant to termite attack , and is a viable replacement for preservative - treated lumber or other naturally durable limbers for construction use in Hawaii and other regions where the Formosan subterranean termite occurs . Care should be taken to specify heartwood lumber and minimize any sapwood content . However , if lumber is to be imported from sources other than Indonesia , we would recommend as a precaution that it also be evaluated before use , since natural durability may vary among trees grown in different regions of Southeast Asia . REFERENCESAmerican Wood - Preservers ' Association . 1998 , Standard method for laboratory evaluation todetermine resistance to subterranean termites . El - 97 . AWP A Book of Standards . Grace , J . K . 1998 . Resistance of pine " treated with chromated copper arsenate to the Formosansubterranean termite . Forest Products Journal 48 ( 3 ) : 79 - 82 Grace , J . K . , and R . T . Yamamolo . 1994 . Natural resistance of Alaska - cedar , redwood , and teakto Formosan subterranean termites . Forest Products Journal 44 ( 3 ) : 41 - 45 . Grace , J . K . , 1 XM . Ilwart , & C . H . M . Tome . 1996 . Termite resistance of wood species grown inHawaii . Forest Products Journal 46 ( 10 ) : 57 - 60 . Grace , J . K . , A . H . H . Wong , and C . H . M Tome . 1999 . Termite resistance of Malaysian and exoticwoods with potential for plantation growth . Forest Products Journal . In Press . Indonesian Dept . of Forestry . Undated . Bangkirai . 4 pages . Lopez , D . T . 1983 . Malaysian timbers - balau . Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No . 78 . Malaysian Timber Industry Board . 9 pages . * Martawijaya , A . 1965 . The influence of Iree age on the durability of teak . Laporan No . 98 . PurestProducts Research Institute , Bogor , Indonesia . 12 pp . Soerianegara , I . , and R . H . M . I . Lemmens ( Editors ) . 1994 . Timber trees : Major commerciallimbers . Plant Resources of Soulh - Easl Asia 5 ( 1 ) . Proses Foundation , Bogor , Indonesia . Tamashiro , M . , J . K - Fujti & P . Y . Lai . 1973 . A simple method to observe , trap and prepare largenumbers of subterranean termites for laboratory and field experiments . EnvironmentalEntomology 2 : 721 - 122 . 저작 자 표시