다양 한 발효 미생물 로 이종성 유전자 의 클로닝 은 헥소오스 및 펜토오스 를 에탄올 로 변환 시킬 수 있 는 ( 공동 발효 ) 유전자 의 구성 을 이끌 었 다 ( Chen and Ho , 1993 , Cloning and improving the expression of Pichia stiprtis xylose reductase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Appl . Biochem . Biotechnol 39 - 40 : 135 - 147 , Ho et al . 1998 , Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effectively cofermenting glucose and xylose , Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 64 : 1852 - 1859 ; Kotter and Ciriacy , 1993 , Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Appl . Microbiol . Biotechnol . 38 : 776 - 783 ; Walfridsson et al . , 1995 , Xylose - metabolizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing the TKL 1 and TAL 1 genes encoding the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes transketolase and transaldolase , Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 61 : 4184 - 4190 ; Kuyper et al . , 2004 , Minimal metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation : a proof of principle , FEMS Yeast Research 4 . 655 - 664 ; Beall et al . , 1991 , Parametric studies of ethanol production from xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coli , Biotech . Bioeng . 38 : 296 - 303 ; Ingram et al . , 1998 , Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production , Biotechnol . Bioeng . 58 : 204 - 214 ; Zhang et al . , 1995 , Metabolic engineering of a pentose metabolism pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis , Science 267 : 240 - 243 ; Deanda et al . , 1996 , Development of an arabinose - fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain by metabolic pathway engineering , Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 62 ; 4465 - 4470 ) .