승훈 오 , 순철 안 
 Journal of Life Science . 2015 . Jan , 25 ( 1 ) : 113 - 120 
 ahnsc @ pusan . ac . kr 
 Percentage of 1990 US white women with osteoporosis 
 * Population shows increased percentage of people with osteoporosis with advancement of age . Adapted from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) Report [ 48 ] . 
 In women , the accepted normal value for bone mineral density is within 1 standard deviation below the young adult average , or the peak bone mass . BMD between 1 and 2 . 5 standard deviations below the peak bone mass is categorized as low bone mass , or osteopenia , and having BMD 2 . 5 standard deviations or more below peak bone mass is defined as osteoporosis [ 48 ] . Osteoporosis itself does not have any special symptoms and is often referred to as a “ silent ” disease because its effects are not shown until a fracture occurs , usually in the distal forearm ( wrist ) , proximal femur ( hip ) and the vertebrae ( spine ) . A fracture caused as a result of diminished of bone strength due to osteoporosis is known as fragility fracture . This , coupled with the greater propensity to fall with advanced age , makes osteoporosis especially dangerous for the elderly . While fragility fractures are rarely lethal , they can lead to many intangible complications such as chronic pain , impaired mobility , stooped posture , and loss of independence [ 4 ] . The economic costs of treatment for osteoporosis can be difficult to measure , since not all bone fractures are caused by osteoporosis , and osteoporosis itself is not enough to directly cause a fracture . 
 Bone remodeling cycle . Bone undergoes constant turnover through various phases . These phases can largely be divided into the activation phase , resorption phase , reversal phase , formation phase , and the quiescence or resting phase . The bone remodeling cycles ensures the healthy maintenance of bone structure . Adapted from Hill [ 13 ] . 
 The differentiation and activation of osteoclasts is mediated by a molecule called receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand ( RANKL ) , also known as TNF - related activation - induced cytokine ( TRANCE ) , found on the surface of pre - osteoblasts [ 16 ] . Experiments have shown that RANKL knockout mice develop severe osteopetrosis , a condition quite contrary to osteoporosis where bones harden and become denser . RANK , the receptor for RANKL , can be in turn found on pre - osteoclasts , which ensures that the activation of osteoclasts is followed by a wave of osteoblasts . Another molecule , known as osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) , can also bind to RANKL and block the RANK / RANKL pathway . OPG therefore acts as a “ decoy ” receptor that competes with RANK , and inhibits the formation of osteoclasts [ 43 ] . This OPG / RANK / RANKL system has been studied extensively in recent years , especially in its role in bone disorders including osteoporosis . 
 Many treatments for osteoporosis have been used over the years , but no permanent cure has been found to date . Present day medical treatments for osteoporosis largely fall under one of two categories : inhibitors of bone resorption , or bone anabolic agents aimed at rebuilding resorbed bone . All major medications for osteoporosis in use today such as biphosphonates , estrogen or estrogen analogues , and teriparatide are included in these categories ( Table 2 ) . Intake of nutritional factors such as calcium , phosphate , and vitamin D were shown to have beneficial results as well [ 5 ] . Weight - bearing exercises can also be used , similar to how astronauts regularly perform exercises during space flight to maintain skeletal mass . Following an 11 month - long weight - bearing exercise schedule , it was shown that the BMD of test subjects ( postmenopausal women ) were significantly increased , specifically in the lumbar spine and the proximal femur [ 18 ] . Furthermore , weight - bearing exercise was shown to have an additive effect when used in conjunction with hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) . 
 Current drugs used for bone related disorders 
 * Various drugs and their side effects are summarized in this Table . Adapted from Sethi and Aggarwal [ 19 ] . 
 As previously mentioned , the lack of estrogen , which determines the rate of bone resorption , plays a key role in the development of osteoporosis . Hormone replacement therapy , which involves artificially boosting hormone production using a group of medication to alleviate the symptoms of menopause , has improved the conditions of female osteoporotic patients . Although experiments have shown that total body BMD except for wrist was significantly increased in response to HRT , prolonged use of HRT have side effects such as the increased risk of uterine cancer [ 18 ] . Also , there has been 20 % to 50 % increase in the risk of breast cancer , and rarer side effects include thromboembolic disease , which HRT increases the risk by three - fold [ 32 ] . 
 Biphosphonates , named for its two phosphonate groups , are currently very popular and used as first line drugs in treating osteoporosis . Once taken , biphosphates block essential protein synthesis pathways and therefore inactivates and eventually leads to apoptosis of osteoclasts . Decrease in the number of osteoclasts leads to an increase in BMD and biphosphates have suppressed bone fractures by up to 50 % [ 32 ] . However , certain side effects are noted . Oral intake of biphosphate has caused inflammation of esophagus and sometimes , osteonecrosis of the jaw [ 47 ] . Recent researches indicate that intake of biphosphonate may lead to atrial fibrillation [ 2 ] . Also , unlike other medications , biphosphates are not fully metabolized or ejaculated out of the body system . Although their long term effects have yet to be discovered , it has been shown that biphosphates are accumulated in bone with use [ 28 ] . 
 Teriparatide is a type of parathyroid hormone and therefore the primary regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism . Teriparatide has shown to increase BMD in lumbar spine and hip [ 34 ] . Although teriparatide shows promising results , it has also shown certain side effects . Teriparatide is known to increase the risk of osteosarcoma in rats and National Institute of Health recommends that teriparatide should not be used to prevent or treat mild osteoporosis [ 42 ] . However , studies have not yet confirmed causual relationship between teriparatide and human osteosarcoma . 
 Despite their success in treating osteoporosis , present day medications have numerous side effects that make their use somewhat limiting [ 37 ] ( Table 2 ) . Alternatively , treatments using natural products are being researched in hopes of finding safer and inexpensive ways of treating osteoporosis ( Table 3 ) . Historically , many cultures , most notably those in Eastern Asia , have been using natural remedies to cure illnesses for many centuries . These “ Oriental ” medicines , while not founded on modern chemistry or pharmacology , have nonetheless proven their use through years of development . There is no doubt that many of these medicines do have a positive effect on the illnesses they are claimed to cure . However , it is unclear as to which ingredients , or chemical compounds are the ones primarily involved in the mechanisms that heal the patient . Recent studies have re - evaluated traditional herbal medicines and identified a few compounds that show potential as anti - resorptive , or bone anabolic agents . Once fully developed , these herbal medicines can provide a cost - effective alternative to chemically synthesized medicines . 
 Natural products for treatment of bone related disorders 
 With the advent of the Internet age , a growing trend of seeking self - medication or simple dietary changes to improve one ’ s health has also contributed to the increased popularity of natural remedies . However , because unsubstantiated or unreliable claims are made on many of the websites providing natural treatments for osteoporosis [ 43 , 46 ] , more studies need to be conducted in order to establish a firm foundation supported by scientific evidences . The beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin D on bone are well publicized , but little is known of other food derivatives and their effects on bone physiology . Some common food sources have been examined for their effects on bone disorders [ 30 ] , of which lactoferrin purified from milk and isoflavones from soy beans ( Glycine max ) are two of the best studied . 
 Milk is a highly nutritional fluid drunk primarily in the infantile stages of mammals , when rapid skeletal development is required . So it may come as no surprise that lactoferrin , a component in human , as well as bovine milk , can have positive effects on bone health . Lactoferrin is an iron - binding glycoprotein and is known to have antibacterial properties in addition to transferring iron . The skeletal effects of lactoferrin have been studied both in vitro and in vivo , which has powerful anabolic , differentiating , and anti - apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclastogenesis [ 8 ] . 
 Soy beans have long been thought to be beneficial to the bone in East Asian cultures . Although they are native to East Asia , soy bean and its derivative tofu are increasingly being studied for their health effects in the west since its role in disease prevention received widespread attention in the scientific community in the 1990 s [ 24 ] . Soy and its bean ( Fabaceae ) family are the almost exclusive producers of isoflavones , with soybeans being a particularly high producer of one type of isoflavone , daidzein [ 11 ] . Because daidzein and other isoflavones can bind to estrogen receptors , they act as phytoestrogens ( literally , plant estrogens ) . Despite the initial expectations , studies of isoflavones and their effects on bone health have yielded mixed results , with some papers reporting increased BMD in test subjects [ 9 ] , while others maintain that they are merely suggestions and not conclusive evidence that isoflavones are beneficial [ 3 , 6 ] . The variance in study results may be explained by another isoflavone called equol . Equol is metabolized from daidzein , however only 30 to 50 % of the human population can biotransform daidzein into equol [ 12 ] . There are indications that the prevalence of equol - producing phenotype may be greater in the Asian subpopulation than the Caucasian subpopulation [ 40 ] . Equol attracts and binds to estrogen receptors better than daidzein . Setchell et al . proposed that the clinical effectiveness of soy on various health issues including bone health may be a function of the ability to produce equol , and therefore the failure to distinguish subjects as an “ equol producer ” or “ non - equol producer ” in prior studies could explain the variance in results [ 36 ] 
 The seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L . , more commonly known as safflower , have long been used in traditional Korean medicine . It is known as Honghwa in Korea and believed to be effective in treating bone - related injuries , such as fractures , as well as postmenopausal osteoporosis . Trials on ovariectomized rats suggest that safflower seeds can indeed stimulate osteoblastic differentiation [ 17 ] . Experiments showed that safflower seeds combined with human placenta in a medicinal recipe called Gami - honghwain enhanced the activity of alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) , the biochemical marker of osteoblastic activity , in a dose - dependent manner [ 17 ] . The rhizome ( “ root ” ) of the fern Drynaria fortune ( known as Golsebo in Korean and Gusuibu in Chinese ) is another herbal medicine traditionally used to strengthen bone , in addition to promoting blood circulation and kidney health . In 1996 , it was found that Drynaria rhizome injection promoted calcification of chick embryo bone primordium and increased ALP activity . A more recent investigation on cell cultures confirmed the increase in ALP activity , indicating that Drynaria rhizome directly stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts [ 15 ] . Similarly , aqueous extracts of Angelica sinensis , an herb with a ginseng - like appearance known as Danggwi in Korean and Dongquai in Chinese , was found to stimulate ALP activity , protein secretion and type I collagen synthesis of osteoprecursor cells [ 50 ] . 
 In 2005 , Shishodia et al . reviewed the various health effects of the Indian spice turmeric , which is derived from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa [ 38 ] . The key active ingredient in turmeric is identified as curcumin , which gives turmeric its distinctive orange - yellow color . Curcumin is used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine to treat inflammation . More specifically , it was reported by Bharti et al . that curcumin inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing RANKL signaling [ 1 ] . Tumeric has traditionally been used in many South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine . Phase I clinical trials of curcumin indicate that humans can take doses of up to 3 , 600 - 8 , 000 mg daily for 4 months without side effects , other than mild nausea and diarrhea [ 14 ] . 
 It is clear that osteoporosis is and will increasingly be a major disorder that faces the aging mankind . In this field , much still remain unknown and a cure , elusive . As many controversies surround the medical safety of current treatments for osteoporosis , a greater urgency is placed on the discovery of a treatment from a natural source that is proven to be safe and effective . Unfortunately , the majority of natural product treatments is still in its preliminary stages , and has yet to prove their efficacy in clinical trials . Nonetheless , the pace of developments regarding osteoporosis treatment in the past few decades is astounding . Further progress in pre - clinical studies and the subsequent clinical studies will someday lead to a breakthrough that takes us another step forward in science . 
 This study was supported by Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea ( NRF ) funded by the Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( 2010 - 0004620 ) . 
 Bharti A . C . , Takada Y . , Aggarwa B . B . 2004 Curcumin ( diferulolylmethane ) inhibits receptor activator of NF - κ B ligand - induced NF - κ B activation in osteoclast precursors and suppresses osteoclastogenesis J . Immunol . 172 5940 - 5947 DOI : 10 . 4049 / jimmunol . 172 . 10 . 5940 
 Black D . M . , Delmas P . D . , Eastell R . , Reid I . R . , Boonen S . , Cauley J . A . , Cosman F . , Lakatos P . , Leung P . C . , Man Z . , Mautalen C . , Mesenbrink P . , Hu H . , Caminis J . , Tong K . , Rosario - Jansen T . , Krasnow J . , Hue T . F . , Sellmeyer D . , Eriksen E . F . , Cummings S . R . 2007 Once - yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N . Engl . J . Med . 356 1809 - 1822 DOI : 10 . 1056 / NEJMoa 067312 
 Branca F . 2003 Dietary phyto - oestrogens and bone health Proc . Nutr . Soc . 62 877 - 887 DOI : 10 . 1079 / PNS 2003309 
 Brenneman S . K . , Barrett - Connor E . S . , Sajjan L . E . , Markson Siris E . S . 2006 Impact of recent fracture on health - related quality of life in postmenopausal women J . Bone Miner . Res . 21 809 - 816 DOI : 10 . 1359 / jbmr . 060301 
 Brouns F . , Vermeer C . 2000 Functional food ingredients for reducing the risks of osteoporosis Trends Food Sci . Technol . 11 22 - 33 DOI : 10 . 1016 / S 0924 - 2244 ( 99 ) 00052 - 7 
 Cassidy A . , Albertazzi P . , Nielsen I . L . , Hall W . , Williamson G . , Tetens I . , Atkins S . , Cross H . , Manios Y . , Wolk A . , Steiner C . , Branca F . 2006 Critical review of health effects of soyabean phyto - oestrogens in post - men - opausal women Proc . Nutr . Soc . 65 76 - 92 DOI : 10 . 1079 / PNS 2005476 
 Chen C . H . , Ho M . L . , Chang J . K . , Hung S . H . , Wang G . J . 2005 Green tea catech in enhances osteogenesis in a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell line Osteoporos Int . 16 2039 - 2045 DOI : 10 . 1007 / s 00198 - 005 - 1995 - 0 
 Cornish J . , Callon K . E . , Naot D . , Palmano K . P . , Banovic T . , Bava U . , Watson M . , Lin J . , Tong P . C . , Chen Q . , Chan V . A . , Haggarty N . W . , Grey A . B . , Reid I . R . 2004 Lactoferrin is a potent regulator of bone cell activity and increases bone formation in vivo Endocrinology 145 4366 - 4374 DOI : 10 . 1210 / en . 2003 - 1307 
 Cotter A . , Cashman K . D . 2003 Genistein appears to prevent early postmenopausal bone loss as effectively as hormone replacement therapy Nutr . Rev . 61 346 - 351 DOI : 10 . 1301 / nr . 2003 . oct . 346 - 351 
 Devareddy L . , Khalil D . A . , Korlagunta K . , Hooshmand S . , Bellmer D . D . , Arjmandi B . H . 2006 The effects of fructooligosaccharides in combination with soy protein on bone in osteopenic ovariectomized rats Menopause 13 692 - 699 DOI : 10 . 1097 / 01 . gme . 0000195372 . 74944 . 71 
 Fonseca D . , Ward W . E . 2004 Daidzein together with high calcium preserve bone mass and biomechanical strength at multiple sites in ovariectomized mice Bone 35 489 - 497 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . bone . 2004 . 03 . 031 
 Frankenfeld C . L . , Atkinson C . , Thomas W . K . , Gonzalez A . , Jokela T . , Wahala K . , Schwartz S . M . , Li S . S . , Lampe J . W . 2005 High concordance of daidzein - metabolizing phenotypes in individuals measured 1 to 3 years apart Br . J . Nutr . 94 873 - 876 DOI : 10 . 1079 / BJN 20051565 
 Hill P . A . 1998 Bone Remodeling Br . J . Orthod . 25 101 - 107 DOI : 10 . 1093 / ortho / 25 . 2 . 101 
 Hsu C . H . , Cheng A . L . 2007 Clinical studies with curcumin Adv . Exp . Med . Biol . 595 471 - 480 
 Jeong J . C . , Lee J . W . , Yoon C . H . , Lee Y . C . , Chung K . H . , Kim M . G . , Kim C . H . 2005 Stimulative effects of Drynariae Rhizoma extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC 3 T 3 - E 1 cells J . Ethnopharmacol . 96 489 - 495 . 37 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . jep . 2004 . 09 . 038 
 Khosla S . 2001 Minireview : The OPG / RANKL / RANK system Endocrinology 142 5050 - 5055 DOI : 10 . 1210 / endo . 142 . 12 . 8536 
 Kim K . W . , Suh S . J . , Lee T . K . , Ha K . T . , Kim J . K . , Kim K . H . , Kim D . I . , Jeon J . H . , Moon T . C . , Kim C . H . 2008 Effect of safflower seeds supplementation on stimulation of the proliferation , differentiation and mineralization osteoblastic MC 3 T 3 - E 1 cells J . Ethnopharmacol . 115 42 - 49 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . jep . 2007 . 09 . 003 
 Kohrt W . M . , Snead D . B . , Slatopolsky E . , Birge S . J . 1995 Additive effects of weight - bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density in older women J . BoneMiner . Res . 10 1303 - 1311 
 Lee S . U . , Park S . J . , Kwak H . B . , Oh J . , Min Y . K . , Kim S . H . 2008 Anabolic activity of ursolic acid in bone : stimulating osteoblast differentiation in vitro and inducing new bone formation in vivo Pharmacol . Res . 58 290 - 296 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . phrs . 2008 . 08 . 008 
 Li F . , Sun X . , Ma J . , Ma X . , Zhao B . , Zhang Y . , Tian P . , Li Y . , Han Z . 2014 Naringin prevents ovariectomy - induce dosteoporosis and promotes osteoclasts apoptosis through the mitochondria - mediated apoptosis pathway Biochem . Biophys . Res . Commun . 452 629 - 635 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . bbrc . 2014 . 08 . 117 
 Li F . , Yang Y . , Zhu P . , Chen W . , Qi D . , Shi X . , Zhang C . , Yang Z . , Li P . 2012 Echinacoside promotes bone regeneration by increasing OPG / RANKL ratio in MC 3 T 3 - E 1 cells Fitoterapia 83 1443 - 1450 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . fitote . 2012 . 08 . 008 
 Li J . X . , Liu J . , He C . C . , Yu Z . Y . , Du Y . , Kadota S . , Seto H . 2007 Triterpenoids from Cimicifugae rhizoma , a novel class of inhibitors on bone resorption and ovariectomy - induced bone loss Maturitas 58 59 - 69 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . maturitas . 2007 . 06 . 001 
 Li N . , Jiang Y . , Wooley P . H . , Xu Z . , Yang S . Y . 2013 Naringin promotes osteoblast differentiation and effectively reverses ovariectomy - associated osteoporosis J . Orthop . Sci . 18 478 - 485 DOI : 10 . 1007 / s 00776 - 013 - 0362 - 9 
 Messina M . 2010 A brief historical overview of the past two decades of soy and isoflavone research J . Nutr . 140 1350 - 1354 DOI : 10 . 3945 / jn . 109 . 118315 
 Muhlbauer R . C . , Lozano A . , Palacio S . , Reinli A . , Felix R . 2003 Common herbs , essential oils , and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism Bone 32 372 - 380 DOI : 10 . 1016 / S 8756 - 3282 ( 03 ) 00027 - 9 
 Nakagawa H . , Wachi M . , Woo J . T . , Kato M . , Kasai S . , Takahashi F . , Lee I . S . , Nagai K . 2002 Fenton reaction is primarily involved in a mechanism of ( -)- epigallocatechin - 3 - gallate to induce osteoclastic cell death Biochem . Biophys . Res . Commun . 292 94 - 101 DOI : 10 . 1006 / bbrc . 2002 . 6622 
 2010 Clinician ’ s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis National Osteoporosis Foundation Washington , DC 
 Ott S . M . 2005 Long - term safety of biphosphonates J . Clin . Endocrinol . Metab . 90 1897 - 1899 DOI : 10 . 1210 / jc . 2005 - 0057 
 Pan W . , Quarles L . D . , Song L . H . , Yu Y . H . , Jiao C . , Tang H . B . , Jiang C . H . , Deng H . W . , Li Y . J . , Zhou H . H . , Xiao Z . S . 2005 Genistein stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation via NO / cGMP in bone marrow culture J . Cell Biochem . 94 307 - 316 DOI : 10 . 1002 / jcb . 20308 
 Putnam S . E . , Scutt A . M . , Bicknell K . , Priestley C . M . , Williamson E . M . 2007 Natural products as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for maintenance of bone health Phytother . Res . 21 99 - 112 DOI : 10 . 1002 / ptr . 2030 
 Raisz L . G . 2005 Pathogenesis of osteoporosis : concepts , conflicts , and prospects J . Clin . Invest . 115 3318 - 3325 DOI : 10 . 1172 / JCI 27071 
 Rodan G . A . , Martin T . J . 2000 Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases Science 289 1508 - 1514 DOI : 10 . 1126 / science . 289 . 5484 . 1508 
 Rodan G . A . , Raisz L . G . , Bilezikian J . P . 2002 Principles of Bone Biology Academic Press San Diego Pathophysiology of osteoporosis 
 Saag K . G . , Shane E . , Boonen S . , Marin F . , Dongley D . W . , Taylor K . A . , Dalsky G . P . , Marcus R . 2007 Teriparatideor alendronate in glucocorticoid - induced osteoporosis N . Engl . J . Med . 357 2028 - 2039 DOI : 10 . 1056 / NEJMoa 071408 
 Santiago - Mora R . , Casado - Díaz A . , De Castro M . D . , Quesada - Gómez J . M . 2011 Oleuropein enhances osteo - blastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis : the effect on differentiation in stem cells derived from bone marrow Osteoporos Int . 22 675 - 684 DOI : 10 . 1007 / s 00198 - 010 - 1270 - x 
 Setchell K . D . R . , Brown N . M . , Lydeking - Olsen E . 2002 The clinical importance of the metabolite equol - aclue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones J . Nutr . 132 3577 - 3684 
 Sethi G . , Aggarwal B . B . 2007 Mending the bones with natural products Chem . Biol . 14 738 - 740 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . chembiol . 2007 . 07 . 002 
 Shishodia S . , Sethi G . , Aggarwal B . B . 2005 Curcumin : getting back to the roots Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1056 206 - 217 DOI : 10 . 1196 / annals . 1352 . 010 
 Somjen D . , Yoles I . 2003 DT 56 a ( Tofupill / Femarelle ) selectively stimulates creatine kinase specific activity in skeletal tissues of rats but not in the uterus J . Steroid Biochem . Mol . Biol . 86 93 - 98 DOI : 10 . 1016 / S 0960 - 0760 ( 03 ) 00252 - 8 
 Song K . B . , Atkinson C . , Frankenfeld C . L . , Jokela T . , Wahala K . , Thomas W . K . , Lampe J . W . 2006 Prevalence of daidzein - metabolizing phenotypes differs between Caucasian and Korean American women and girls J . Nutr . 136 1347 - 1351 
 Song L . , Zhao J . , Zhang X . , Li H . , Zhou Y . 2013 Icariin induces osteoblast proliferation , differentiation and mineralization through estrogen receptor - mediated ERK and JNK signal activation Eur . J . Pharmacol . 714 15 - 22 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . ejphar . 2013 . 05 . 039 
 Subbiah V . , Madsen V . S . , Raymond A . K . , Benjamin R . S . , Ludwig J . A . 2010 Of mice and men : divergent risks of teriparatide - induced osteosarcoma Osteoporos Int . 21 1041 - 1045 DOI : 10 . 1007 / s 00198 - 009 - 1004 - 0 
 Teitelbaum S . L . 2000 Bone resorption by osteoclasts Science 289 1504 - 1508 DOI : 10 . 1126 / science . 289 . 5484 . 1504 
 Wang P . P . , Zhu X . F . , Yang L . , Liang H . , Feng S . W . , Zhang R . H . 2012 Puerarin stimulates osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation through estrogen receptor , p 38 MAPK , and Wnt / β - catenin pathways J . Asian Nat . Prod . Res . 14 897 - 905 DOI : 10 . 1080 / 10286020 . 2012 . 702757 
 Wetli H . A . , Brenneisen R . , Tschudi I . , Langos M . , Bigler P . , Sprang T . , Schürch S . , Mühlauer R . C . 2005 A gamma - glutamyl peptide isolated from onion ( Allium cepa L . ) by bioassay guided fractionation inhibits resorption activity of osteoclasts J . Agric . Food Chem . 53 3408 - 3414 DOI : 10 . 1021 / jf 040457 i 
 Whelan A . M . , Jurgen T . M . , Bowles S . K . , Doyle H . 2009 Efficacy of natural health products in treating osteoporosis : what is the quality of internet patient advice ? Ann . Pharmacother . 43 899 - 907 DOI : 10 . 1345 / aph . 1 L 688 
 Woo S . , Hellstein J . , Kalmar J . 2006 Narrative review : biphosphates and osteonecrosis of the jaws Ann . Intern . Med . 144 753 - 761 DOI : 10 . 7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 144 - 10 - 200605160 - 00009 
 1994 Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for post - menopausal osteoporosis World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser Report of a WHO Study Group . 843 1 - 129 
 Wuttke W . , Seidlova - Wuttke D . , Gorkow C . 2003 The Cimicifuga preparation BNO 1055 vs . conjugated estrogens in a double - blind placebo - controlled study : effects on menopause symptoms and bone markers Maturitas 44 S 67 - S 77 DOI : 10 . 1016 / S 0378 - 5122 ( 02 ) 00350 - X 
 Yang Q . , Populo S . M . , Zhang J . , Yang , G . and Kodama H . 2002 Effect of Angelica sinensis on the proliferation of human bone cells Clinica Chimica Acta 324 89 - 97 DOI : 10 . 1016 / S 0009 - 8981 ( 02 ) 00210 - 3 
 Yin J . , Tezuka Y . , Subehan , Shi L . , Nobukawa M . , Nobukawa T . , Kadota S . 2006 In vivo anti - osteopaorotic activity of isotaxiresinol , a lignan from wood of Taxus yunnanensis Phytomedicine 13 37 - 42 DOI : 10 . 1016 / j . phymed . 2004 . 06 . 017 
 Zhang Y . , Leung P . C . , Che C . T . , Chow H . K . , Wu C . F . , Wong M . S . 2008 Improvement of bone properties and enhancement of mineralization by ethanol extract of fructus Ligustri lucidi Br . J . Nutr . 99 494 - 502 
 Citing ' Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products ' 
 TI - Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products 
 오 , 승 . , & 안 , 순 . ( 2015 ) . Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products . Journal of Life Science , 25 ( 1 ) Korean Society of Life Science . 
 오 , 승 , & 안 , 순 2015 , Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products , Journal of Life Science , vol . 1 , no . 1 , 
 [ 1 ] 승 오 , and 순 안 , “ Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products ” , Journal of Life Science , vol . 1 , no . 1 , Jan 2015 . 
 오 , 승훈 and , 안 , 순철 and , “ Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products ” Journal of Life Science , 1 . 1 2015 : 
 오 , 승훈 , and 안 , 순철 , “ Current Medical Therapies for Osteoporosis and Its Alternative Treatments Using Natural Products . ” Journal of Life Science 1 no . 1 ( ) Jan , 2015 ) :