ELIZABETH GASKELL 1810 - 1865 동시대인 과 미래 세대 가 " Gaskell 부인 " 으로 알 고 있 는 작가 가 한때 며느리 에게 " 자신 의 이름 으로 책 을 내 지 않 은 것 은 계집애 같 은 가장 이 다 . " 라고 지적 한 것 은 아이러니 하 다 . Gaskell 부인 이 란 이름 이 암시 하 는 부인 같 은 정체 성 에 도 불구 하 고 그녀 가 언제나 자신 을 그렇게 소개 했 듯이 Elizabeth Gaskell 은 꽤 나 논쟁 적 소재 거리 인 당시 의 사회 적 토픽 에 관해 글 을 썼 다 . 그녀 의 첫 소설 Mary Barton ( 1848 ) 은 노동자 계층 의 고난 과 슬픔 을 동정 적 으로 그린 소설 이 다 . 또 다른 초기 소설 , Ruth ( 1853 ) 은 미혼모 의 유혹 과 갱 생 을 보여 주 는 소설 이 다 . Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell 은 런던 근교 의 Chelsea 에서 1810 년 에 삼 위 일 체설 에 반대 하 고 종교 적 금욕 을 주창 하 는 기독교 운동 인 유니테리언파 ( Unitarianism ) 를 따르 는 집안 에서 태어났 다 . 그녀 의 모친 은 Gaskell 이 한 살 적 에 죽 었 고 소녀 는 Cheshire 의 Knutsford 에 보내 져 숙모 손 에서 길러졌 다 . 스무 한 살 의 나이 로 그녀 는 유니테리언파 목사 William Gaskell 을 만나 결혼 했 는데 그 의 교회 는 산업 도시 Manchester 에 있 었 다 . 결혼 첫 십 년 간 은 목사 의 아내 로 삶 을 살 며 다섯 아이 를 낳 아 키우 며 집안 을 돌보 고 남편 이 사목 을 하 는 것 을 도왔 다 . 네 번 째 아이 이 자 유일 한 아들 , William 이 한 살 에 죽 자 Gaskell 은 절망 에 빠졌 다 . 남편 은 그녀 를 격려 해 슬픔 을 누그러뜨리 는 방법 으로 글쓰기 를 권유 했 고 그녀 는 A Tale of Manchester Life 란 부제 를 단 Mary Barton 을 출간 했 다 . 그 소설 서문 에 그녀 는 " 내 가 살 고 있 는 마을 의 분주 한 거리 속 으로 매일 나 를 밀 어 넣 는 몇몇 삶 의 사랑 이야기 가 얼마나 깊 을 수 있 는지 생각 했 고 나 는 언제나 노동 과 결핍 사이 의 낯선 소외감 속 의 삶 에서 투쟁 할 수 밖 에 없 게 보이 는 찌든 사람 에 깊 은 연민 을 느껴왔 다 . " 라고 썼 다 . 부자 와 가난뱅이 간 의 상호 불신 과 그 에 수반 한 분개심 을 살피 면서 Gaskell 은 자신 의 소설 이 노동자 계층 을 이해 하 고 동정 하 는 중산 계층 의 독자 층 을 형성 해 주 기 를 바랐 다 . 익명 으로 출간 된 그 소설 은 널리 비평 받 고 토론 되 었 다 . Gaskell 은 이내 작가 로 등장 하 게 되게 이어서 그녀 는 문학 계 에 폭넓 은 친교 를 갖 게 되 었 다 . 그녀 는 다섯 권 의 소설 을 더 썼 고 약 서른 개 의 단편 을 써 그 중 많 은 작품 이 Charles Dickens 의 저널 지 Household Words 에 실렸 고 그 후속 잡지 All the Year Round 에 도 실렸 다 . Gaskell 의 삶 의 경험 의 상반 된 두면 은 농촌 지역 Knutsford 와 산업 도시 Manchester 에서 의 경험 으로 그녀 의 소설 의 두 축 을 정의 한다 . 그녀 의 두 번 째 소설 , Cranford ( 1853 ) 은 작 은 시골 마을 의 미묘 한 면 을 보여 주 는 것 으로 그녀 가 마지막 소설 인 , Wives and Daughters ( 1866 ) 에서 보여준 더 넓 고 심리 적 깊이 있 는 주제 로 이끌 었 다 . North and South ( 1855 ) 에서 Gaskell 은 Margaret Hale 이 라는 영국 남부 의 농촌 에서 온 젊 은 아가씨 가 북쪽 공장 마을 로 이주 하 는 소설 속 의 두 세상 을 보여 주 고 있 다 . Gaskell 의 문학 적 명성 으로 알 게 된 작가 중 에 Charlotte Bronte 가 있 는데 그 들 은 친구 가 되 었 다 . Bronte 가 1855 년 에 죽 었 을 때 Gaskell 은 Patrick Bronte 의 권유 로 딸 Charlotte Bronte 의 전기 를 써 도록 권유 받 았 다 . Gaskell 의 Life of Charlotte Bronte ( 1857 ) 은 영국 전기 작품 의 걸작 으로 등장인물 의 정밀 한 묘사 작품 이 되 었 다 . 그 작품 에서 Bronte 의 작가 로서 의 정체 성 과 딸 , 자매 그리고 아내 로서 의 역할 과 의 관계 를 보여 주 는데 Gaskell 자신 이 그녀 가 구상 한 소설 과 그녀 가 좋 아 한 사람 들 간 에 모색 한 균형감 을 나타내 고 있 다 . Dickens 에게서 " 나 의 사랑 하 는 세 헤라 자데 ( my dear Scheherazade ) " 로 불린 Gaskell 은 단지 독자 를 즐겁 게 하 기 위해 썼 는 것 이 아니 라 사회 를 비평 하 고 사회 개혁 을 추구 하 려 글 을 쓴 작가 였 다 . [ 영문 엿보 기 ] The Old Nurse ' s Story You know , my dears , that your mother was an orphan , and an olny child ; and I dare say you have heard that your grandfather was a clergy man up in Westmoreland , where I come from . I was just a girl in the village school , when , one day , your grandmother came in to ask the mistress if there was any scholar there who would do for a nurse - maid ; and mighty proud I was , I can tell ye , when the mistress called me up , and spoke ot my being a good girl at my needle , and a steady honest girl , and one whose parents were very respectable , though they might be poor . I thought I should like nothing better than to serve the pretty young lady , who was blushing as deep as I was , as she spoke of the coming baby , and what I should have to do with it . However , I see you don ' t care so much for this part of my story , as for what you think is to come , so I ' ll tell you at once I was engaged , and settled at the parsonage before Miss Rosamond ( that was the bay , who is now your mother ) was born . To be sure , I had little enough to do with her when she came , for she was never out of her mother ' s arms , and slept by her all night long ; and proud enough was I sometimes when missis trusted her to me . There never was such a baby before or since , though you ' ve all of you been fine enough in your turns ; but for sweet winning ways , you ' ve none of you come up to your mother . She took after her mother , who was a real lady born ; a Miss Furnivall , a granddaughter of Lord Furnivall ' s in Northumberland . I believe she had neither brother nor sister , and had been brought up in my lord ' s family till she had married your grandfather , who was just a curate , son to a shopkeeper in Carlisle - but a clever fine gentleman as ever was - and one who was a right - down hard worker in his parish , which was very wide , and scattered all abroad over the Westmoreland Fells . When your mother , little Miss Rosamond , was about four or five years old , both her parents died in a fortnihgt - one after the other . Ah ! that was a sad time . My pretty young mistress and me was looking for another baby , when my master came homr from one of his long rides , wet and tired , and took the fever he died of ; and then she never held up her head again , but just lived to see her dead baby , and have it laid on her breast before she sighed away her life . My mistress had asked me , on her death - bed , never to leave Miss Rosamond ; but if she had never spoken a word , I would have gone with the little child to the end of the world . The next thing , and before we had well stilled our sobs , the executors and guardians came to settle the affairs . They were my poor young mistress ' s own cousin , Lord Furnivall , and Mr . Esthwaite , my master ' s brother , a shopkeeper in Manchester ; not so well to do then , as he was afterwards , and with a large family rising about him . Well ! I don ' t know if it were their settling , or because of a letter my mistress wrote on her death - bed to her cousin , my lord ; but somehow it was settled that Miss Rosamond and me were to go to Furnivall Manor House , in Northumberland , and my lord spoke as if it had been her mother ' s wish that she should live with his family , and as if he had no objections , for that one or two more or less could make no difference in so grand a household . So , thoough that was not the way in which I should have wished the coming of my bright and pretty pet to have been looked at - who was like a sunbeam in any family , be it never so grand - I was well pleased that all the folks in the Dale should stare and admire , when they heard I was going to be young lady ' s maid at my Lord Furnivall ' s at Furnivall Manor . But I made a mistake in thinking we were to go and live where my lord did . It turned out that the family had left Furnivall Manor House fifty years or more . I could not hear that my poor young mistress had ever been there , though she had been brought up in the family ; and I was sorry for that , for I should have liked Miss Rosamond ' s youth to have passed where her mother ' s had been . My lord ' s gentleman , from whom I asked as many questions as I durst , said that the Manor House was at the foot of the Cumberland Fells , and a very grand place ; that an old Miss Furnivall , a great - aunt of my lord ' s , lived there , with only a few servants ; but that it was a very healthy place , and my lord had thought that it would suit Miss Rosamond very well for a few years , and that her being there might perhaps amuse his old aunt . I was bidden by my lord to have Miss Rosamond ' s things ready by a certain day . He was a stern , proud man , as they say all the Lord Furnivalls were ; and he never spoke a word more than was necessary . Folk did say he had loved my young mistress ; but that , because she knew that his father would object , she would never listen to him , and married Mr . Esthwaite ; but I don ' t know . He never married at any rate . But he never took much notice of Miss Rosamond ; which I thought he might have done if he had cared for her dead mother . He sent his gentleman with us to the Manor House , telling him to join him at Newcastle that same evening ; so there was no great length of time for him to make us known to all the strangers before he , too , shook us off ; and we were left , two lonely young things ( I was not eighteen ) , in the great old Manor House . It seems like yesterday that we drove there . We had left our own dear parsonage very early , and we had both cried as if our hearts woud break , though we were travelling in my lord ' s carriage , which I had thought so much of once . And now it was long past noon on a September day , and we stopped to change horses for the last time at a little smoky town , all full of colliers and miners . Miss Rosamond had fallen asleep , but Mr . Henry told me to waken her , that she might see the park and the Manor House as we drove up . I thought it a rather a pity ; but I did what he bade me , for fear he should complain of me to my lord . We had left all signs of a town or even a village , and were then inside the gates of a large wild park - not like the parks here in the south , but with rocks , and the noise of running water , and gnarled thorn - trees , and old ocaks , all white and peeled with age . The road went up about two miles , and then we saw a great and stately house , with many trees close around it , so close that in some places their branches dragged against the walls when the wind blew ; and some hung broken down ; for no one seemed to take much charge of the place ;- to lop the wood , or to keep the moss - covered carriage - way in order . only in front of the house all was clear . The great oval drive was without a weed ; and neither three nor creeper was allowed to grow over the long , many - windowed front ; at both sides of which a wing projected , which were each the ends of other side fronts ; for the house , although it was so desolate , was even grander than I expected . Behind it rose the Fells , which seemed unenclosed and bare enough ; and on the left hand of the house as you stood facing it , was a little old - fashioned flower - garden , as I found out afterwards . A door opened out upon it from the west front ; it had been scooped out of the thick dark wood for some old Lady Furnivall ; but the branceds of the great forest trees had grown and overshadowed it again , and there were very few flowers that would live there at that time . [ 이하 생략 ] [ 속사 의 평 ] 그냥 밋밋 한 영어 에 밋밋 한 내용 으로 대체 누가 어떤 시각 으로 어떤 상황 을 말 하 는지 종잡 을 수 가 없 다 . 전형 적 인 서술 형 소설 로 어쩌구 저쩌구 주위 를 묘사 하 고 부산스레 화자 와 상대역 과 의 관계 를 말 하 고 있 지만 나 는 화자 가 누구 인지 그리고 주인공 이 누구 인지 를 꽤 읽 고 쓰 는 중 에 도 분간 치 못했 다 . 본인 은 재미 보다 도 사회 개혁 을 위해 글 을 썼 다니 그 옛날 그녀 가 개혁 하 려던 사회 가 지금 의 사회 인지 는 알 수 없 다 .