Generational accounting

Generational accounting is a method of measuring the fiscal burdens facing today's and tomorrow's children. Laurence Kotlikoff's individual and co-authored work on the relativity of fiscal language demonstrates that conventional fiscal measures, including the government's deficit, are not well defined from the perspective of economic theory. Instead, their measurement reflects economically arbitrary fiscal labeling conventions. "Economics labeling problem," as Kotlikoff calls it, has led to gross misreadings of the fiscal positions of different countries, starting with the United States, which has a relatively small debt-to-GDP ratio, but is, arguably, in worse fiscal shape than any developed country. Kotlikoff's identification of economics labeling problem, beginning with his 1984 Deficit Delusion article in The Public Interest led him to push for generational accounting, a term he coined and that provides the title for his 1993 book, Generational Accounting.

History
In 1991, Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, produced the first set of generational accounts for the United States. Their study demonstrated a major fiscal gap separating future government spending commitments and its means of paying for those commitments, portending dramatic increases in the lifetime net tax burdens facing young and future generations. The generational accounting and fiscal gap accounting developed by Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff has become an increasingly standard means of assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy and how different countries intend to treat their next generations. Recent generational accounting by the IMF and fiscal gap accounting by Kotlikoff confirm the truly severe long-run fiscal problems facing the U.S.

Generational accounting considers how much each adult generation, on a per person basis, is likely to pay in future taxes net of transfer payments, over the rest of their lives. Aggregating these remaining lifetime net tax payments of adults and subtracting them from the fiscal gap reveals how much today's and tomorrow's children must pay to resolve the country's fiscal gap if current adults don't pay more, on net.  This residual burden facing today's and tomorrow's children is allocated to them in proportion to their projected levels of lifetime labor income.   I.e., if each successive generation of children is expected to experience, on average, a 1 percent higher level of lifetime earners, generational accounting allocates to successive generations net lifetime tax payments that are 1 percent higher.

Neither fiscal gap accounting nor generational accounting are perfect measures of fiscal sustainability.  Neither suffers from economics severe labeling problem.  But both raise the thorny issue of how to discount future taxes and transfers when they are uncertain.  The Social Security Trustees Report, in Table IVB6, provides an infinite horizon fiscal gap analysis each year for the Social Security System by itself in which the actuaries use a 3 percent real discount rate.  The size of the fiscal gap can be sensitive to the choice of the discount rate.  But so is the size of the present value of future GDP against which it is compared.  Hence, the ratio of the fiscal gap to the present value of GDP is much less sensitive to the choice of discount rate.   It is this ratio that determines what adjustment is needed to eliminate the fiscal gap.  In the U.S. case, the fiscal gap is now 12 percent of the present value of GDP, suggesting that an immediate and permanent fiscal adjustment equal to 12 percent of GDP would be required to eliminate the fiscal gap.

Criticism
Fiscal gap and generational accounting have their critics.  Some commentators believe the government faces no intertemporal budget, which is the foundation of the fiscal gap and generational accounting frameworks.  They believe the government can meet its obligations by either cutting taxes and raising spending to stimulate the economy by enough such that the endogeneous increase in taxes will more than pay for the initial loss in net revenues. Other critics believe generational accounting is based on specious arguments and a fundamental misunderstanding of government debt.  Once such critique of generational accounting was published in 2009.

See also

 Dependency ratio
 Distribution (economics)
 Demographic economics
 Pensions crisis
 Social welfare provision
 Wealth (economics)

Notes

References

 Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1987. "Social security," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 418–20.
 _____, 1992. Generational Accounting: Knowing Who Pays, and When, for What We Spend, The Free Press. Description and review  extract .
 Alan J. Auerbach, Jagadeesh Gokhale and Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1994. "Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Evaluate Fiscal Policy ," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), pp. 73–94.
 Robert Haveman, 1994. "Should Generational Accounts Replace Public Budgets and Deficits?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), pp. 95–111.
 John Sturrock, 1995. Who Pays and When? An Assessment of Generational Accounting.  U.S. Congressional Budget Office.  Preface, contents, & links by chapter.
 Peter Diamond,  1996. "Generational Accounting and Generational Balance: An Assessment," National Tax Journal, 49(4), pp. 597–607.
 Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1997. "Reply to Diamond's and Cutler's Reviews of Generational Accounting,  National Tax Journal, 52(2).  pp. 303–14.
 Willem H. Buiter, 1997. "Generational Accounts, Aggregate Saving and Intergenerational Distribution," Economica, N.S., 64(256), pp. 605–26.
 Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Bernd Raffelhüschen, 1999. "Generational Accounting around the Globe," American Economic Review, 89(2), pp. 161–66.
 Alan J. Auerbach, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and Willi Leibfritz, 1999. Generational Accounting Around the World. 534 pp. Preview.
 Rowena A. Pecchenino1 & Kelvin R. Utendorf, 1999. "Social Security, Social Welfare and the Aging Population," Journal of Population Economics, 12(4), pp. 607–23.  Abstract.
 Holger Bonin, 2001.  Generational Accounting: Theory and Application.  Springer. Preview.
 World Bank, 2001. "Generational Accounting." as lecture outline. Simple as ABC.
 Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns, 2005. The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future. MIT Press. Description and chapter-preview links, p. vii.
 Jagadeesh Gokhale & Kent A. Smetters, 2006. "Fiscal and Generational Imbalances: An Update" in James M. Poterba, ed., Tax Policy and the Economy, v. 20, ch. 6, pp. 193–223. MIT Press.
 Rudy Penner, 2007. "Taxes and the Budget: What is Generational Accounting?" in The Tax Policy Briefing Book: A Citizens' Guide for the 2008 Election and Beyond. Tax Policy Center.
 U.S. Government Accountability Office.  2008 Financial Report of the United States Government, p. 40, Note 23, with estimated present value of future expenditures in excess of future revenue. Chapter links.
 John B. Shoven, ed., 2011. Demography and the Economy'', University of Chicago Press. Scroll-down description and preview, ch. 4–6 & 8.

Category:Demographic economics
Category:Fiscal policy
Category:National accounts
Category:Public economics
Category:Retirement
Category:Social security in the United States