National Democratic Union (Brazil)

The National Democratic Union (, UDN) was a political party that existed in Brazil between 1945 and 1965. It was ideologically aligned with conservatism. During most of its existence, it was the country's second-strongest party. Its symbol was an Olympic torch and its motto was "The price of freedom is eternal vigilance", a quote falsely attributed to Thomas Jefferson.

History
At the end of Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo regime in 1945, political parties were allowed to reorganize themselves and to run in the general elections of that year. UDN grouped the main leaders of the opposition against the populism of the outgoing president. This constant opposition to Vargas was the party's main characteristic. Therefore, its main opponents were the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), formed to give support to Vargas among the elite and the working class, respectively.

UDN was defeated in the presidential elections of 1945, 1950 and 1955, but remained the second largest party in the National Congress, second only to PSD, from 1945 until 1962, when it was surpassed by PTB. The main political figure of UDN was Carlos Lacerda, a staunch enemy of Vargas, whose second presidency (1951–1954) was bitterly opposed by UDN. An assassination attempt against Lacerda led to Vargas' suicide. On 1960, UDN preferred not to launch a presidential candidate, supporting the victorious Jânio Quadros instead. Although Quadros was not a UDN member himself, most of the ministers in the Quadros Cabinet were members of UDN. The party was soon dissatisfied with Quadros, who resigned in a clumsy political maneuver. Without UDN's support, Quadros lost the majority of seats in the Congress, and soon found out it was impossible to govern without the backing of the Parliament. On August 21, 1961, just eight months after his inauguration, he resigned, hoping to return to power via popular acclaim.

Vice President João Goulart from PTB (at that time, Brazilians would vote for President and Vice President separately) then took office. As soon as 1962, UDN began to conspire with military officers to topple him. A political protégé of Vargas, Goulart launched a Basic Reforms plan, predicting education reform, land reform, urban reform, electoral reform and tax reform. That was labelled by UDN as a Soviet influence on Brazilian politics. The plan also made PSD withdraw its support to the Goulart government in the National Congress, leaving him in a complicated situation. On April 1964, Goulart was deposed by a US-backed military coup d'état, which had the support of most UDN members. Lacerda, then governor of the Guanabara State hoped to win the scheduled presidential election of 1965. However, the military regime cancelled this election and suppressed all the political parties, including UDN.  Most of its members subsequently joined the National Renewal Alliance Party (Aliança Renovadora Nacional – Arena), a new party created to endorse the military regime.

Ideology
Even before UDN supported the 1964 Brazilian Coup d'état, opponents of UDN characterized it as a golpista (pro-coups d'état) party. However, the party was not conservative as a whole. Liberal and authoritarian, conservative and progressive theses coexisted in UDN. For instance, it voted in favor of the state monopoly on oil and against the impeachment of Communist members of the Congress. On the other hand, it denounced the "Communist infiltration" in public administration, and strongly opposed government intervention in the economy. As a matter of fact, members of the Democratic Left faction, which defected UDN to form the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), characterized the party as a free market advocate, citing this as one of the reasons for the defection. Contesting the results whenever losing an election was also a common practice inside UDN.

The party was marked by binding itself with the Brazilian Army and the aspirations of urban middle classes, all of which became unofficially known as "udenismo". An expression of the attitudes of its leaders towards politics, "udenismo" was characterized by defending classical liberalism, clinging to higher education and morality, and repulsing populism (as well as characterizing it as bad).

Electoral performance

Presidents 
 1945–1947: Otávio Mangabeira
 1947–1949: José Américo de Almeida
 1949–1951: Prado Kelly
 1951–1953: Odilon Braga
 1953–1955: Arthur Ferreira dos Santos
 1955–1957: Milton Campos
 1957–1959: Juracy Magalhães
 1959–1961: José de Magalhães Pinto
 1961–1963: Herbert Levy
 1963–1965: Olavo Bilac Pinto
 1965: Ernani Sátiro

Secretaries-General 
 1945–1947: Virgílio de Melo Franco
 1947–1949: Aliomar Baleeiro
 1949–1951: José Monteiro de Castro
 1951–1953: Rui Santos
 1953–1955: Virgílio Távora
 1955–1957: João Agripino Filho
 1957–1959: Guilherme Machado
 1959–1961: Aluísio Alves
 1961–1963: Ernani Sátiro
 1963–1965: Rui Santos
 1965: Oscar Dias Correia

References

Category:Political history of Brazil
Category:Conservative parties in Brazil
Category:Defunct political parties in Brazil
Category:Political parties established in 1945
Category:1945 establishments in Brazil
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1965
Category:1965 disestablishments in Brazil