Stephen Allen Benson

Stephen Allen Benson (May 21, 1816 – January 24, 1865) served as the 2nd President of Liberia from 1856 to 1864. Prior to that, he served as the 3rd Vice President of Liberia from 1854 to 1856 under President Joseph Jenkins Roberts. Benson was the first president to have lived in Liberia since childhood. He and his family were among the earliest American immigrants, arriving in 1822.

Early life
Benson was born in Cambridge, Maryland, United States, to free born African-American parents.  In 1822, his family emigrated to the newly established country of Liberia, sailing aboard the Brig Strong. Shortly after his arrival in August 1822, the colony was taken over by African natives, holding Benson and his relatives captive for four months.

For four years, he was a military shopkeeper. He was also a private secretary to Thomas Buchanan, the last of Liberia's white governors. Benson later became a successful businessman. Benson joined the militia in 1835, and in 1842 became a delegate to the Colonial Council. After Liberia's independence in 1847 he became a judge. He was also a Methodist preacher.

Presidency (1856–64)
In 1853 Benson became the vice president to Joseph Jenkins Roberts, and after Roberts left office in 1856, Benson succeeded Roberts as President of Liberia.

Foreign relations
Benson obtained the recognition of Liberia from Belgium in 1858, Denmark in 1860, and diplomatic recognition from the United States in 1862. That same year he visited Europe, and obtained recognition from Italy. Norway and Sweden recognised Liberia either in 1863 or 1849, Haiti in 1864 or 1849 (accounts differ).

Expansion; relations with indigenous people
In 1857, Benson organised the annexation of the Republic of Maryland.  
Benson, who knew many indigenous languages, sought collaboration with the native tribes, in contrast to previous Liberian policy, which emphasised American-Liberian superiority and Western customs. 
Regrettably, this new policy remained largely unimplemented.
By 1860, through treaties and purchases with local African leaders, Liberia had extended its boundaries to include a 600-mile (1000 km) coastline.

Finances
Whereas government revenue decreased as a result of the restrictive law, increased military spending to suppress the numerous revolts and wars added to the public deficit. This deteriorated an already precarious financial situation. Consequently, the Liberian Government faced financial bankruptcy on more than one occasion.
The overall Liberian economy was also contracting during these years, as palm kernel oil exports to the United States declined. This was due to competition from the whale oil industry and the new mineral oil industry, still in its infancy. Whereas palm kernel oil was once a prized source for lantern light oil, market tastes had changed. This would also prove true of certain coffee exports, as Coffee Arabica would replace blends grown and traded locally as the world markets flavour of choice after this period.

Retirement
After the end of his presidency Benson retired to his coffee plantation in Grand Bassa County where he died in 1865.

Legacy
Benson is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, Trachylepis bensonii, which is endemic to Liberia.

See also
History of Liberia

References

Further reading
see History of Liberia, further reading

External links
Biography
 
see also History of Liberia, external links
S. A. Benson, President of Liberia  article in National Magazine,  April 1856, pages 311-317

Category:Presidents of Liberia
Category:Vice Presidents of Liberia
Category:1816 births
Category:1865 deaths
Category:Americo-Liberian people
Category:People from Cambridge, Maryland
Category:People from Grand Bassa County