Bongal Kheda

Bongal Kheda refers to an Extremely Jingoistically organised campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Bengali Hindus in undivided Assam which was very Brutal & Oppressive, that originated in the Brahmaputra Valley in the late 1940s and continued into the 1960s.  Significant property damage, ethnic policing and street violence occurred throughout the region. During its peak in 1960, around 50,000 Bengali Hindus were expelled from Assam, who took shelter in West Bengal. Robin Dey, the Bengali-born creator of teenage adventure series of Dasyu Bhaskar in Assamese was forced to leave Assam and settle in Kolkata. In 1959, Sukomal Purakayastha, who was later martyred during the Bengali Language Movement in 1961, was forced to wind up his business in Dibrugarh and flee to Barak Valley.

Background 

The concern for rapidly increasing amount of refugees arriving from East Bengal and later newly formed East Pakistan in the 1940s, created tension among the Indigenous Assamese people and many tribes in the state. The first influx of Hindu refugees in considerable number was in October 1946 following the Noakhali riots. By May 1949 the number of total refugees reached two-and-half lakhs increasing up to 2, 740, 455. In May 1948, ethnic tension escalated between the Assamese people and the Bengali Hindus in the Paan bazaar area of Guwahati, which soon spread to different parts of Assam. Bengali-owned shops were looted in Guwahati. Abusive wall graffiti were put out across the streets of Guwahati such as "Who ate all the fish?, the Bengalis ! So out with them." In 1956, there were widespread disturbances in the erstwhile undivided Goalpara district, when the States Reorganization Commission visited the district to ascertain the feasibility of the district's merger with West Bengal. Sarat Chandra Sinha, the Congress MLA who would later be the Chief minister of Assam, is known to have rallied in different parts of Goalpara district and made provocative speeches against the Bengali Hindus, instigating mob violence against them. Around 250 Bengali medium schools were converted to Assamese medium schools overnight. As per a letter by PM Jawaharlal Nehru to the Assam government, at least one Bengali Hindu was stabbed.

Attacks 

The attacks on the Bengali Hindus started in June 1960. It first started at the Cotton College in Guwahati and then spread to the rest of the state. Assamese mob attacked Bengali Hindu settlements in the Brahmaputra Valley. Violence took place in 25 villages of Goreswar in Kamrup district. An one-man enquiry commission was set up under Justice Gopal Mehrotra. According to the report nine Bengali were killed and more than one hundred were injured. There was at least one incident of attack on women. 4,019 huts and 58 houses belonging to the Bengalis were vandalised and destroyed. The District Magistrate of Guwahati who happened to be a Bengali Hindu was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed. The Deputy Inspector General of Police, also a Bengali Hindu was also stabbed. The Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from the institutions. In Dibrugarh, the Bengali Hindus were attacked in the mixed localities. Bengali Hindu houses were looted, burnt and the occupants were beaten up, knifed and driven out.

Displacement 
Thousands of Bengali Hindus were displaced from the Brahmaputra Valley and they subsequently migrated to West Bengal. According to one estimate 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam. In West Bengal, thousands of refugees arrived in phases. The first batch of around 4,000 refugees arrived between 5 and 11 July 1960. The next batch of 447 arrived between 12 and 20 July. The rest arrived after 31 July. During July – September, around 50,000 Bengalis took shelter in West Bengal.

Protests 
In 1962, Bengali folk poet Nibaran Pandit composed a collection of poems Sei Dingulir Katha (meaning 'the tales of those dark days') in protest of the Bongal Kheda movement.

Aftermath

1960 Language riots 
In 1960, large scale ethnic riots erupted in Assam again when Assamese groups demanded for making Assamese the sole language for writing examinations under the prestigious Gauhati university, where as usual the Bengali Hindus were mostly targeted. This time the violence remained concentrated mostly in the lower Assam districts with minor outbreaks reported in Sibsagar and Dibrugarh. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.

1979-80 attacks 

During the first phase of the Assam Agitation, Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. The killing of Rabi Mitra, an ethnic Bengali technical officer at Oil India's headquarters in Duliajan caused widespread panic among the Bengalis. In 1983, the Bengali Hindus were attacked again during the anti-foreign agitation. In Dhemaji district, the Bengali houses were vandalised by rioting Assamese mobs in Silapathar. Cases have been reported when tribals (Mishing people) were instigated to attack government sanctioned Bengali Hindu refugee settlements in the Lakhimpur district, resulting in horrendous massacres where Bengali babies were snatched from their mothers and thrown to fire, alive. Extremely abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became a common hate spreading mechanism for the Assamese rioters. "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", "Assam for Assamese", etc. were easily seen written on the graffitied walls across the Brahmaputra valley. The Khasi tribals of Meghalaya, under the banner of Khasi Students Union (KSU) and under active collaboration and patronage of the Assamese rioters started targeting domicile  Bengalis in Meghalaya, resenting their dominance in jobs and business. The attacks mostly restricted to Shillong. In 1980, a Bengali legislator was killed and the Bengali localities came under systematic attack repeatedly. Gauri Dey, a pregnant Bengali Hindu women was gang-raped by a Khasi mob in front of her husband and then tied to a tree and lynched. The attacks took place mostly before Durga Puja, the most important Bengali Hindu festival. An estimated 25,000 to 35,000 Bengalis left Meghalaya and settled in West Bengal and other parts of India, since the 1980s.

See also 
 Beh Dkhar
 Mayang Halo
 Operation Roukhala
 D voter
Nellie Massacre

References 

Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus
Category:History of Assam
Category:1960s in India
Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
Category:Illegal immigration to India