Miliana

Miliana () is a town in Aïn Defla Province, northwestern Algeria. It is approximately  southwest of the Algerian capital, Algiers. The population was estimated at 44,201 in 2008.  The town is located south of the Dahra Massif, on the wooded southern flank of Mount Zaccar Rherbi, five kilometers north of the Chelif River, and overlooking the Zaccar plateau to the west.

History
Miliana corresponds to the town of Punic origin known in Roman times as Zucchabar. Under Augustus, it was given the rank of colonia and was thus referred to as Colonia Iulia Augusta Zucchabar. The Greek form of the name used by the geographer Ptolemy was Ζουχάββαρι (Zuchabbari). Pliny the Elder calls it "the colony of Augusta, also called Succabar", and Ammianus Marcellinus gives it the name Sugabarri or (in adjectival form) Sugabarritanum.

Zucchabar belonged to the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis. The film Gladiator invented a Roman province of Zucchabar, which did not in fact exist.

Zucchabar became a Christian episcopal see. The names of two of its Catholic bishops and one Donatist are recorded:
Maximianus, who attended the Conference of Carthage (411);
Germanus, the Donatist bishop who attended the same conference;
Stephanus, one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to a meeting in Carthage in February 484 and then exiled.

The bishopric is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.

Miliana was (re)founded in the 10th century by Buluggin ibn Ziri on the site of the ancient Roman city of Zucchabar (Succhabar).

In 1261, Miliana was conquered by Abou Hafs, brother of the Hafsid emir of Tunis, whose forces included mercenary Christian knights led by the exile Henry of Castile.

In the 1830s, the town came under the control of Abd al-Qadir in opposition to the increasing French occupation of Algeria. In 1840, al-Qadir ordered Miliana to be burned down instead of surrendering it to the French. The town eventually fell under French control in 1842, and was rebuilt in the French Colonial architectural style.

From 1874 to 1975 up tp 2000 people worked in an underground iron ore mine on Mont Zaccar, which transported the ore and passengers by the  Miliana-Margueritte Tramway to the nearest PLM railway station in Miliana-Margueritte.

Geography
Due to its position in mountainous terrain, the elevation of Miliana differs greatly, ranging from  to . Mount Zaccar Rherbi, just to the north of the city, reaches . There is also a smaller ridge to the south that reaches , separating Miliana from Khemis Miliana. The area around the town is well forested.

Climate

Miliana has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Town structure
The center of Miliana has a Muslim quarter and a French quarter, both of which are surrounded by city walls built on Turkish and Berber foundations. The main site in the Muslim quarter is the Mosque of Sidi Ahmed ben Yousef. Built in the Moorish style, the mosque is the location of a biannual pilgrimage. The Muslim quarter also contains a covered marketplace. The modern section of the town center, known as the Place Cornot (or Place de l'Horloge), is shaded by trees and contains a clock tower, formerly a minaret.

Economy
Miliana is primarily an agricultural town. Its vineyards, orchards and gardens, which lie below the town center, are fed by water from nearby mountains that usually have snow in winters. Hydroelectricity is used to power tile factories, flour mills and other light industries.

Recreation
The game of El Koura is a traditional game that was played in Miliana, Laghouat and other places prior to French colonization. Similar to association football, the game was played during the spring and times of extreme drought because it was believed to bring rain. After French colonization, European sports, especially association football, became more popular.

The town is home to Algerian club football team S.C. Miliana.

Notable people from Miliana
Mustapha Ferroukhi, resistant.
Mohamed Bouras, founder of the Algerian Muslim Scouts.
Ali Ammar said Ali La Pointe, resistant.
Augustin Ferrando (1880–1957), Orientalist painter, director of the School of Fine Arts in Oran.
Marcello Fabri (1889–1945), poet and Orientalist painter, essayist, philosopher, art critic, playwright, founder of two journals.
Sidi Ahmed Benyoucef Errachidi (1435–1524), whose mausoleum was classified a historic monument in 1978.
Mohammed Benchicou, eminent journalist

References

Category:Archaeological sites in Algeria
Category:Populated places in Aïn Defla Province
Category:Communes of Algeria
Category:Algeria geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia