Cornelius Cardew

Cornelius Cardew (7 May 193613 December 1981) was an English experimental music composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble. He later rejected experimental music, explaining why he had "discontinued composing in an avantgarde idiom" in his own programme notes to his Piano Album 1973 in favour of a politically motivated "people's liberation music".

Biography
Cardew was born in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. He was the second of three sons whose parents were both artists—his father was the potter Michael Cardew. The family moved to Wenford Bridge Pottery Cornwall a few years after his birth where he was first nurtured as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral, and later at The King's School, Canterbury which had evacuated to the nearby Carlyon Bay Hotel for the war. His musical career thus began as a chorister. From 1953 to 1957, Cardew studied piano, cello, and composition at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

Career
Having won a scholarship to study at the recently established Studio for Electronic Music in Cologne, Cardew served as an assistant to Karlheinz Stockhausen from 1958 to 1960. He was given the task of independently working out the composition plans for the German composer's score Carré, and Stockhausen noted:

As a musician he was outstanding because he was not only a good pianist but also a good improviser and I hired him to become my assistant in the late 50s and he worked with me for over three years. I gave him work to do which I have never given to any other musician, which means to work with me on the score I was composing. He was one of the best examples that you can find among musicians because he was well informed about the latest theories of composition as well as being a performer.

Most of Cardew's compositions from this period make use of the integral and total serialist languages pioneered by Boulez and Stockhausen. In 1959, Cardew performed in the first British performance of Pierre Boulez's Le marteau sans maître at Dartington International Summer School of Music (having learnt to play the guitar for the occasion as no professional guitar player was available).

Indeterminacy and the American experimentalists
In 1958, Cardew witnessed a series of concerts in Cologne by John Cage and David Tudor which had a considerable influence on him, leading him to abandon post-Schönbergian serial composition and develop the indeterminate and experimental scores for which he is best known. He was particularly prominent in introducing the works of American experimental composers such as Morton Feldman, La Monte Young, Earle Brown, Christian Wolff, and Cage to an English audience during the early to mid sixties and came to have a considerable impact on the development of English music from the late sixties onwards.

Cardew's most important scores from his experimental period are Treatise (1963–67), a 193-page graphic score which allows for considerable freedom of interpretation, and The Great Learning, a work in seven parts or "Paragraphs," based on translations of Confucius by Ezra Pound. The Great Learning instigated the formation of the Scratch Orchestra. During those years, he took a course in graphic design and he made his living as a graphic designer at Aldus Books in London.

In 1966, Cardew joined the free improvisation group AMM as cellist and pianist. AMM had formed the previous year and included English jazz musicians Lou Gare, Eddie Prévost, Keith Rowe, and one of his first students at the Royal Academy Christopher Hobbs. Performing with the group allowed Cardew to explore music in a completely democratic environment, freely improvising without recourse to scores.

While teaching an experimental music class at London's Morley College in 1968, Cardew, along with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons formed the Scratch Orchestra, a large experimental ensemble, initially for the purposes of interpreting Cardew's The Great Learning. The Scratch Orchestra gave performances throughout Britain and elsewhere until its demise in 1972. It was during this period that the question of art for whom was hotly debated within the context of the Orchestra, which Cardew came to see as elitist despite its numerous attempts to make socially accessible music.

Political involvements
After the demise of the Orchestra, Cardew became more directly involved in left-wing politics and abandoned avant-garde music altogether, adopting a populist though post-romantic tonal style. He spent 1973 in West Berlin on an artist's grant from the City, where he was active in a campaign for a children's clinic. During the 1970s, he produced many songs, often drawing from traditional English folk music put at the service of lengthy Marxist-Maoist exhortations; representative examples are Smash the Social Contract and There Is Only One Lie, There Is Only One Truth. In 1974, he published a book entitled Stockhausen Serves Imperialism, which denounced, in Maoist self-critical style, his own involvement with Stockhausen and the Western avant-garde tradition.

Cardew was active in various causes in British politics, such as the struggle against the revival of neo-Nazi groups in Britain, and subsequently was involved in the People's Liberation Music group with Laurie Scott Baker, John Marcangelo, Vicky Silva, Hugh Shrapnel, Keith Rowe and others. The group developed and performed music in support of various popular causes including benefits for striking miners and Northern Ireland.

Cardew became a member of the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) in the 1970s, and in 1979 was a co-founder and member of the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). His creative output from the demise of the Scratch Orchestra until his death reflected his political commitment. 

At a meeting of the Central London branch of the Musicians Union, he tabled a controversial motion denouncing David Bowie as a fascist, after Bowie said that "Britain was ready for a fascist leader". The motion read:

Although the vote was a tie, At twelve for and twelve against, a second motion was passed with a majority of 15–2. the time of the punk explosion, he wrote a tract called "Punk Rock Is Fascist", where he called The Clash "reactionary".

Cardew's efforts to politicise culture in Britain were influenced by his relationship with Hardial Bains, the Canadian communist leader and a leading anti-revisionist politician. Bains contributed the lyrics to Cardew's signature song from his later period, We Sing for the Future.

Death
Cardew died on 13 December 1981, the victim of a hit-and-run car accident near his London home in Leyton. The driver was never found.

Musician John Tilbury, in his book Cornelius Cardew—A Life Unfinished suggests that the possibility that Cardew was killed because of his prominent Marxist-Leninist involvement "cannot be ruled out". Tilbury quotes a friend of Cardew's, John Maharg; "MI5 are quite ruthless; people don't realise it. And they kill pre-emptively".

A 70th Birthday Anniversary Festival, including live music from all phases of Cardew's career and a symposium on his music, took place on 7 May 2006 at the Cecil Sharp House in London.

In popular culture
In 1999 Page 183 of Cardew's Treatise was performed by the experimental rock group Sonic Youth on their album SYR4: Goodbye 20th Century.
"Cornelius Cardew" is the name of the unemployed pipe-fitter in Alan Moore's Skizz.
A character called "Cornelius Cardew" appears (as a caricature of a political radical) in the 1980 novel The Shooting Party.
The German musician and composer Ekkehard Ehlers published a Cardew-inspired work in 2001, titled Ekkehard Ehlers plays Cornelius Cardew, which was released on Staubgold Records.
The US band The Music Lovers name-checked Cardew in the song, "Thank You, Cornelius Cardew". It appears on their 2006 album, The Music Lovers' Guide for Young People.
Controversial Danish/Faroese musician Goodiepal used Treatise to debate abstract notation in his Radical Computer Music lectures.
The band The Caribbean have written a song entitled "Stockhausen Serves Imperialism".

Selected discography
The Great Learning Paragraphs 2 and 7 (1971; re-released 2002) (Deutsche Grammophon/Universal Classics 471 572).
The Great Learning All paragraphs, four CD (Poland 2010) (Bolt Records 1008).
Thälmann Variations (solo piano, rec. 1975 in New York, publ. posthumously, 1986)
Cornelius Cardew Piano Music musicnow 1991 (the composer; Andrew Ball and John Tilbury, Andrew Bottrill, 79.00)
We Sing for the Future! Interpretations of two compositions for solo piano (We Sing for the Future!, Thälmann Variations) by Frederic Rzewski (2002) (New Albion)
Four Principles On Ireland And Other Pieces (Ampersand)
Treatise (Hat[Now]Art)
Chamber Music 1955–1964 Apartment House (2001) (Matchless Recordings mrcd45)
Material (Hat[Now]Art)
Cornelius Cardew — piano music 1959–70 (1996) John Tilbury (Matchless Recordings mrcd29)
AMMMUSIC — Cardew as an improviser. With Lou Gare, Eddie Prévost, Lawrence Sheaff and Keith Rowe, London 1966. CD release (ReR Megacorp.)
AMM The Crypt – 12 June 1968 Cardew as an improviser. With Lou Gare. Christopher Hobbs, Eddie Prévost and Keith Rowe. Double CD. (Matchless Recordings MRCD05)
AMM LAMINAL Cardew as an improviser. Three CD retrospective AMM box set published in 1996. Cardew performs on one CD, titled The Aarhus Sequences (1969). (Matchless Recordings MRCD31)
"Cornelius Cardew: Works 1960–70" (2010) with John Tilbury, Michael Francis Duch and Rhodri Davies

References

Further reading
 Aharonián, Coriún. "Cardew as a Basis for a Discussion on Ethical Options". Leonardo Music Journal 11 (2001): 13–15.
 Anderson, Virginia. "Chinese Characters and Experimental Structure in Cornelius Cardew's The Great Learning" Journal of Experimental Music Studies (uploaded 17 March 2004).
 Anderson, Virginia. "Cornelius Cardew Lives". OpenDemocracy (5 May 2006).
 Bains, Hardial. "The Question Is Really One of Word and Deed" (unpublished speech delivered 21 December 1996, as part of the seminar, "In Commemoration of Cornelius Cardew, 1936–1981", organised by the Progressive Cultural Association)
 Cardew, Cornelius. Cornelius Cardew: A Reader, edited by Edwin Prévost, introduction by Michael Parsons. Harlow, Essex: Copula, 2006. . (A collection of Cornelius Cardew's published writings together with commentaries and responses from Richard Barrett, Christopher Fox, Brian Dennis, Anton Lukoszevieze, Michael Nyman, Eddie Prévost, David Ryan, Howard Skempton, Dave Smith, John Tilbury and Christian Wolff.)
 Cardew, Cornelius, ed. Scratch Music . (Scratch Orchestra draft constitution, notes, scores, catalogue, and 1001 Activities.)
 Clark, Philip. "Cornelius Cardew: Schematic for the People". The Wire (November 2009): 30–33.
 Eno, Brian. "Generating and Organizing Variety in the Arts". In Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, edited by Christoph Cox and Daniel Warner, 226–33. New York and London: Continuum Books, 2004.  (A study of "Paragraph 7" of The Great Learning.)
 Fox, Edward. "Death of a Dissident". The Independent Magazine (9 May 1992): 24–30.
 Marko, Vladimir.  [Cornelius Cardew—From Ludwig Wittgenstein to Mao Tse-Tung]. Scena: časopis za pozorišnu umetnost no. 4, 2006.
 McKay, George. Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2005. Chapter 4: 'The politics and performance of improvisation and contemporary jazz in the 1960s and 1970s'.
 Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
 Parsons, Michael. "The Scratch Orchestra and the Visual Arts". Leonardo Music Journal 11 (2001): 5–11.
 Schonfield, Victor. "Cornelius Cardew, AMM, and the Path to Perfect Hearing". Jazz Monthly 159 (May 1968): 10–11..
 Taylor, Timothy D. "Moving in Decency: The Music and Radical Politics of Cornelius Cardew" Music & Letters 79, no.4 (November 1998): 555–76.
 Tilbury, John. "Cornelius Cardew" Contact no. 26 (Spring 1983): 4–12
 Tilbury, John. "The Experimental Years: A View from the Left" Contact 22 (1981): 16–21. Reprinted online in Journal of Experimental Music Studies (17 March 2004).
 Tilbury, John. Cornelius Cardew: A Life Unfinished. Harlow: Copula, an imprint of Matchless Recordings and Publishing, 2008.  (cloth),  (pbk)
 Varela, Daniel. "'A Question of Language': Frederic Rzewski in conversation about Cornelius Cardew" Journal of Experimental Music Studies.

External links
Cornelius Cardew on British Composers Project 
Information and CD of Peoples Liberation Music
UbuWEB Historical: Cornelius Cardew (includes PDF of Stockhausen Serves Imperialism and commentary by Kyle Gann.)
Cornelius Cardew on Matchless Recordings Includes the Cornelius Cardew Reader, and recordings with AMM and of his piano works by John Tilbury
UbuWEB: Cornelius Cardew Cornelius Cardew Memorial Concert (1985)
UbuWEB Papers: Toward an Ethic of Improvisation by Cornelius Cardew (1971)
An online animated analysis of Treatise at the Block Museum Website
Online recordings of Treatise by the Seattle Improv Meeting
Online recordings of "Treatise" by Matt Smiley
 (January 2007) at Belsona Strategic record label site
Cornelius Cardew et la liberté de l'écoute: exhibition and concert series presented at CAC Brétigny (France) curated by Jean Jacques Palix and Dean Inkster (2009)
Piano Music of the 1970s at UbuWeb 
"Cornelius Cardew: Works 1960–70" Recorded by John Tilbury, Michael Francis Duch and Rhodri Davies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcRQQ2i89Q8

Category:1936 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:20th-century classical composers
Category:Anti-revisionists
Category:British communists
Category:British experimental musicians
Category:English classical composers
Category:Experimental composers
Category:Maoists
Category:Deutsche Grammophon artists
Category:Music in Gloucestershire
Category:Musicians from Gloucestershire
Category:Pedestrian road incident deaths
Category:People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Category:People from Winchcombe
Category:Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
Category:Road incident deaths in London
Category:20th-century English musicians
Category:Political music
Category:20th-century British composers