Body modification

Body modification (or body alteration) is the deliberate altering of the human anatomy or human physical appearance. It is often done for aesthetics, sexual enhancement, rites of passage, religious beliefs, to display group membership or affiliation, in remembrance of lived experience, traditional symbolism such as axis mundi and mythology, to create body art, for shock value, and as self-expression, among other reasons. In its broadest definition it includes plastic surgery, socially acceptable decoration (e.g., common ear piercing in many societies), and religious rites of passage (e.g., circumcision in a number of cultures), as well as the modern primitive movement.

Explicit ornaments
Body piercing - permanent placement of jewelry through an artificial fistula; sometimes further modified by stretching
Ear piercing - the most common type of body modification
Pearling - also known as genital beading
Neck ring - multiple neck rings or spiral are worn to stretch the neck (in reality lowering of the shoulders)
Scrotal implants
Tattooing - injection of a pigment under the skin
Teeth blackening
Eye tattooing - injection of a pigment into the sclera
Extraocular implant (eyeball jewelry) - the implantation of jewelry in the outer layer of the eye
Surface piercing - a piercing where the entrance and exit holes are pierced through the same flat area of skin
Microdermal implants
Transdermal implant - implantation of an object below the dermis, but which exits the skin at one or more points

Surgical augmentation
In contrast to the explicit ornaments, the following procedures are primarily not meant to be exposed per se, but rather function to augment another part of the body, like the skin in a subdermal implant.
Breast implants - insertion of silicone bags filled with silicone gel or saline solution into the breasts to increase their size, or to restore a more normal appearance after surgery
Male enhancement surgery to increase penis size for length and girth
Subdermal implant - implantation of an object that resides entirely below the dermis, including horn implants

Removal or split
Hair cutting
Hair removal

Genital modification and mutilation:
Female genital mutilation
Clitoral hood reduction - removal of the clitoral hood
Clitoridectomy - removal of the clitoris
Infibulation -  removal of the external genitalia (and suturing of the vulva)
Labiaplasty - alteration (removal, reduction, enhancement, or creation) of the labia
Circumcision - the partial or full removal of the foreskin, sometimes also the frenulum
Foreskin restoration - techniques for attempting restoration
Emasculation - complete removal of the penis (orchiectomy plus penectomy)
Genital frenectomy
Meatotomy - splitting of the underside of the glans penis
Orchiectomy - removal of the testicles
Penectomy - removal of the penis 
Subincision - splitting of the underside of the penis, also called urethrotomy

Nipple cutting:
Nipple removal
Nipple splitting

Nullification involves the voluntary removal of body parts. Body parts that are commonly removed by those practicing body nullification are: penis, testicles, clitoris, labia and nipples. Sometimes people who desire a nullification may be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, body integrity identity disorder or apotemnophilia.

Tongue cutting:
Lingual frenectomy - this is to expand the external physical protrusion of the tongue.   
Tongue splitting - bisection of the tongue similar to a snake

Applying long-term force
Body modifications occurring as the end result of long term activities or practices
Corsetry or tightlacing - binding of the waist and shaping of the torso
Cranial binding - modification of the shape of infants' heads, now extremely rare
Breast ironing - Pressing (sometimes with a heated object) the breasts of a pubescent female to prevent their growth.
Foot binding - compression of the feet of girls to modify them for aesthetic reasons
Anal stretching
Jelqing - penis enlargement with physical exercises by using a milking motion, to enhance girth mainly over a period of two to three months 
Non-surgical elongation of organs by prolonged stretching using weights or spacing devices. Some cultural traditions prescribe for or encourage members of one sex (or both) to have one organ stretched till permanent re-dimensioning has occurred, such as:
The 'giraffe-like' stretched necks (sometimes also other organs) of women among the Burmese Kayan tribe, the result of wearing brass coils around them. This compresses the collarbone and upper ribs but is not medically dangerous. It is a myth that removing the rings will cause the neck to 'flop'; Padaung women remove them regularly for cleaning etc.
Stretched lip piercings - achieved by inserting ever larger plates, such as those made of clay used by some Amazonian tribes.
Labia stretching or pulling to enhance sexual pleasure by stimulation, particularly reaching an orgasm that squirts, multiple orgasms that flow together frequently upon climax. 
Foreskin restoration or stretching to increase its physical size, desensitize the foreskin, move the foreskin further down the head for enhanced sensitivity and improve its appearance.

Others
Human branding - controlled burning or cauterizing of tissue to encourage intentional scarring
Ear shaping (which includes cropping, ear pointing or "elfing")
Scarification - cutting or removal of dermis with the intent to encourage intentional scarring or keloiding
Human tooth sharpening - generally used to have the appearance of some sort of animal.
Yaeba - the deliberate misaligning or capping of teeth to give a crooked appearance. Popular in Japan.
Tooth-knocking or tooth ablation - the act of deliberately knocking one's teeth out, often as a rite of passage or to satisfy an aesthetic ideal. Commonly practiced among Australian Aboriginals and Native Hawaiians prior to the 20th century, and observed in archaeological complexes around the world.

Controversy
"Disfigurement" and "mutilation" (regardless of any appreciation this always applies objectively whenever a bodily function is gravely diminished or lost) are terms used by opponents of body modification to describe certain types of modifications, especially non-consensual ones. Those terms are used fairly uncontroversially to describe the victims of torture, who have endured damage to ears, eyes, feet, genitalia, hands, noses, teeth, and/or tongues, including amputation, burning, flagellation, piercing, skinning, and wheeling.

Some surgical procedures that modify human genitals are performed with the informed consent of the patient, using anesthesia. The phrase "Genital mutilation" is sometimes used to describe procedures that individuals are forced to undergo without their informed consent, or without anesthesia or sterilised surgical tools. The phrase has been applied to involuntary castration, male circumcision, and female genital mutilation. Intersex campaigners say that childhood modification of genitals of individuals with intersex conditions without their informed consent is a form of mutilation.

Many use body modification and self-mutilation interchangeably. In many ways self-mutilation is very different than body-modification. Body modification gives one the feeling of pride and excitement, giving one something to show off to others. Alternately, those who self-mutilate typically are ashamed of what they've done and want to hide any evidence of harm. Body modification is explored for adornment, self-expression, and an array of many other positive reasons, while self-mutilation is inflicted because of mental or emotional stress and the inability to cope with psychological pain. Those who self-mutilate do so in order to punish themselves, express internal turmoil, and reduce severe anxiety.

Individuals known for extensive body modification

See also

Adornment
Attraction to disability
Bioethics
Blood ritual
Church of Body Modification
Deformity
Eyeborg
Fakir Musafar
First haircut
Genital tattooing
Grinder (biohacking)
Leblouh
Makeup
Microchip implant (human)
Rhinoplasty
Suspension (body modification)

References

 
Category:Cultural trends
Category:Underground culture