Issue Survey Report on 
Advanced ITS and Automated 
Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies:
Update Overview
ITS Info-communications Forum
Cellular System TG
https://itsforum.gr.jp/Public/E3Schedule/p35/Cellular_system_E202101.pdf
Background (Global)
•Research and development and policy discussions for advanced ITS and creation of an automated driving society using communications are active on a global scale. 
•Based on high expectations for cellular V2X, verifications based actual operation and deployments are on going. Each region requires studies on the feasibility of business and deployment.
⚫3GPP:
–Short range communications: LTE V2X has been specified; 5G NR V2X Rel.16 has been specified, and Rel.17 is under development.
–Wide area communications: 5G NR specifications have been specified.
⚫China:
–Large-scale operational tests and deployment for commercial operation are underway in various regions of China including Wuxi.
⚫United States:
–The FCC narrowed the 5.9 GHz ITS bandwidth to 30 MHz and issued 1st R&Oadopting the technology for that bandwidth for C-V2X.
◼Europe:
–5.9 GHz ITS band systems and standards are technologically neutral. 
Notice of accidentinformation
Emergency vehiclesProximity information
Traffic signal information
Construction and regulatory information
Background (Japan)
⚫Cabinet Office, Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)
– Automated driving proving tests in the Tokyo coastal region, investigation of communications system for cooperative 
driving automation, etc.
⚫Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
– Technical investigation relating to communications systems for 5.9 GHz band V2X use– Investigation of the scope of support for use cases of existing ITS for cooperative driving automation
⚫ITS Info-communications Forum
– Radio System Technology TG: Investigation of wireless communication requirement use cases of SIP cooperative driving 
automation
•Some services, which are under discussion globally, are already being deployed in Japan.
•The public and private sectors are now working on the use cases for future cooperative driving automation and discussing the scope of existing ITS and future V2X communication.
Cellular System TG•In order to enable advanced ITS and automated driving using cellular technology, the task group investigates entire system verification and issues other than technology like business models, infrastructure deployment, operation/management systems including interconnectivity and security, and separation of responsibilities. 
Overview of Cellular V2X and Purposes of This Report
Overview of cellular V2XWide area communications- Suitable for network/Internet connections, wide area information distribution, and non-line-of sight communication.Short range communications- Direct communications between terminals that do not go through a base station. Shorter latency compared with wide area communications. It would be used for communications that require urgency.Purposes of this reportThis report was prepared to accelerate future investigation of effectiveness and identification and resolution of issues of cellular V2X and to organize a technical overview, anticipated use cases, communications architecture, business models, and issues.
CellularNetwork
On-road/roadside
Pedestrians
Traffic signal
Vehicles
Roadside
V2X Application ServersThird-Party Servers
V2N (2X)
Internet/Closed area connection
Core network
Base station
Wide Area Communications
Short rangecommunications
Pedestrianto vehicle
Road to vehicle
Inter-vehicle
Short rangecommunications
Report Structure and Overview of Updated Content
ItemOverview of First VersionUpdated Content
Chapter 1
Current Status and Outlook for Cellular Communication Systems
Creation of 4G and 5G specifications, frequencies, and status of services
5G (wide area communications) added (URLLC, Multicast, etc.), overview of NR-V2X (wide area communications), status of wide area communications and short range communications frequency allocation in each country
Chapter 2
Use Cases Expected for Communications and their Roles
Detailed investigation of selection of use cases (notice of falling object, distribution of traffic signal information, etc.) with a focus on the frequency of information updates
Detailed investigation of selection of use cases that demonstrate high added value with a focus on the combination of short range communications with wide area communications
Chapter 3Communications Architecture
Investigation of communication parameters and operating methods for short range communications (PC5), wide area communication (LTE) operation, and use of MEC
Investigation of suitability of MEC installation sites in anticipated use cases of wide area communications
Chapter 4Business Models
Specification of cost factors taking into consideration stakeholders and commercialization, investigation of allocation of costs
Presentation of stakeholders and business model diagrams (automobile insurance model, tax model, MaaS/automated driving model) as formats for allocation of expenses, identification of issues for commercialization
Chapter 5Organization of IssuesOrganization of issues identified in Chapters 2 to 4Additions based on the updated content in Chapters 2 to 4
Chapter 6Summary--
Appendices -
Detailed glossary, technical overview of LTE-V2X (short range communications) communications performance, etc.
Additional content on LTE-V2X and NR-V2X (short range communications) technical overview
Issue Survey Report on Advanced ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Communications Formats and 
Standardization Trends
Cellular V2X System Overview
⚫ Wide Area Communications (V2N)
– Communications via base stations 
and core network
– Use of existing communications 
infrastructure and wireless interfaces is anticipated
– IP Communications
⚫ Short Range Communications 
(V2V/V2I/V2P)
– Use of frequency dedicated to ITS– Use of direct communications 
between mobile stations for V2X
– Non-IP communications
CellularNetwork
On-road／roadside
Pedestrians
Traffic signal
Vehicles
Roadside Unit
V2X Application ServersThird-Party Servers
V2N(2X)
Core network
Base station
Cellular V2X(V2V/V2I/V2P/V2N)
Internet/Closed area connection
Terminology
⚫Base station, NobeB
–Base station means the equipment that communicates with mobile devices in the cellular network. A base station supports one or multiple cells.
–eNodeB is an LTE base station.
–gNodeB is an NR base station.
⚫Mobile station, UE (user equipment)
Devices that communicate with networks in cellular networks.
⚫Roadside unit, RSU
–In this document, devices that use wide range communications to communicate with terminals are not referred to as roadside units.
–A device that uses short range communications to communicate with terminals are referred as roadside units.
A certain geographic area to which a base station transmits radio waves on a single frequency and is uniquely recognized by mobile devices.
Short Range Communications, PC5
Wide Area Communications, Uu
⚫Communications latency
-It often means the shortest latency in one direction under active state and light load on communication links.
-Further consideration is necessary of 1) data generation frequency and latency in the sensors and communication data generation units, 2) the effects and variation under heavy loads on communication links, 3) the time required for the retransmissions and 4) whether the communication units are always active or not.
Releases in 3GPP
Wide Area Communications, UuShort Range Communications, PC5
Rel-8LTE initial version
Rel-9LTE downlink broadcasts
Rel-14LTE downlink broadcasts(Optimization for V2X usage)
Short range communications using LTE V2X
Rel-15NR initial versionShort range communications enhancement in LTE V2X
Rel-16NR enhancement for URLLCShort range communications using NR V2X
Rel-17NR downlink broadcastsShort range communications enhancement in NR V2X
Completed in June 2020
Scheduled for  completion in June 2022
Wide Area Communications (V2N) Overview
Operator A
Operator A
Operator B
Operator B
SIMSIM
MEC (Multi-accessEdge Computing)
Various types of servers
Wide Area Communications Using NR (V2N)
⚫ NR: A wireless access technology standardized by 3GPP for 5G
– Fundamentally covers all services that can be achieved using LTE Uu– Backwards compatible with terminals and base stations
⚫ Two types of connection
– Non-standalone: Paging in LTE. Communication via LTE and NR– Standalone: Both paging and communication via NR – Terminals also support LTE, so LTE is used to connect the network when 
outside of the NR coverage area
⚫ Various subcarrier spacings allows use of millimeter waves and shortens 
the data allocation latency
⚫ Latency is also reduced by the data allocation using OFDM symbol units⚫ Forward compatibility by reducing constant transmission signals
Wide Area Communications
Wide Area Communications Using NR (V2N)
⚫ URLLC (ultra-high reliability, ultra-low latency)
– Release 16 specification aims to support remote automated driving
• Assumed conditions: Latency is 5 ms, reliability is 99.999%, and data 
speeds are uplink 25 Mbps and downlink 1 Mbps
– Flexibility and high frequency of physical layer control signals, flexibility of 
repeated transmission, prioritization on the physical layer, cancellation function during transmission, etc.
⚫ Multicast
– A single transmission received by multiple terminals simultaneously is being  
standardized in Release 17.
Wide Area Communications
Short Range Communications Using NR (V2V/V2I/V2P)
⚫ Short range communication using an NR, which is primarily intended to 
be complementary to short range communication using LTE
– Advanced use cases are expected to use both LTE-V2X and NR-V2X 
simultaneously
– Which technologies will be used for which use cases is a decision of the 
ecosystem including regional standards bodies and the automobile industry
⚫ Various subcarrier spacing are supported⚫ Intended for low latency with aperiodic communications⚫ Supports groupcast and unicast in the physical layer
– In groupcast, group formation by spatial proximity and group formation by 
application layer decision
⚫ Supports error decoding results notification, MIMO, and channel status 
feedback
⚫ Release 17 is ongoing standardiztion to cover pedestrians and others
Short Range Communications, PC5
Issue Survey Report on Advanced ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Frequency Trends
Contents of Frequency Trends
⚫ ITS frequency trends in the United States
⚫ ITS frequency trends in Europe
⚫ ITS frequency trends in China
⚫ ITS frequency trends in Other Countries
⚫ Status of ITS Frequencies in Japan
⚫ Frequencies for Wide Area Communications (5G)
ITS Frequency Trends in the United States (1)
⚫ In 1999, the FCC allocated 5850 - 5925 MHz as the ITS band for DSRC (802.11p).
⚫ In December 2019, the FCC proposed changes to the allocation plan. In November 2020, the FCC 
issued a Report and Order (R&O) allocating 5850-5895 MHz as an unlicensed band and 5895 - 5925 MHz as the ITS band for use by C-V2X.
585058555865587558855895590559155925
Reserved
Initial DSRC Frequency Allocation
585058555865587558855895590559155925
C-V2XUnlicensed
FCC R&O
ITS Frequency Trends in the United States (2)
⚫ Process After R&O
Day 0:Publication in Federal RegisterFurther Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FNPRM)
(* It was registered and FNPRM was issued on May 3rd = Day 0.)
+ 60 days  R&O becomes effective+ 90 days:  Comments due and Petitions for Reconsideration possible+ 90 days:  Technical rules for upper 30 MHz+ ?   days:  Final Rule, including rules for outdoor unlicensed activity
⚫ Main Details of the FNPRM（Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making)
– DSRC must be transitioned to C-V2X after a certain period, but the timing and method of transition 
require further study
– Limiting unwanted emissions from added unlicensed bands– Outdoor use in added unlicensed bands– Added frequencies for ITS use
In addition, interference from VLP (very low power) unlicensed devices from the 6 GHz band is also an issue (a system for VLP will be created in the future.)
*The status was updatedafter the workshop.
ITS Frequency Trends in Europe
⚫ In 2020, the system relating to frequency for ITS was revised including the addition of frequency for 
urban rail.
⚫ The technology to be used has not been specified (technology neutral), but the purposes of use are 
specified for each band.
⚫ Sales of automobiles equipped with ITS-G5 (DSRC) started in the second half of 2020.
58555865587558855895590559155925
Non-safety road ITS 
shared with non-
specific short range 
devices
Safety related ITSPriority for road ITSUrban railPriority for Urban rail
Frequency Allocation in Europe
ITS Frequency Trends in China
⚫ 5905 - 5925 MHz was allocated to LTE-V2X in 2018, and commercial operation started in 2020.⚫ The technology used is limited to LTE-V2X.
⚫ Studies on expansion of frequencies have started in anticipation of NR-V2X.
– There are many opinions in industry organizations that commercial deployment will start in about 2025.
Frequency Allocation in China
58555865587558855895590559155925
LTE-V2X
ITS Frequency Trends in Other Countries
⚫ South Korea, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Brazil
⚫ Allocation occurred in South Korea in 2016, and discussion is now taking place on the technologies to 
be used in this band.
Frequency Allocation
58555865587558855895590559155925
Status of ITS Frequencies in Japan
⚫ 755.5 - 765.5 MHz was allocated as the ITS-exclusive frequency (V2X), and operation of ITS 
Connect, a drive assist system that uses road-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communications started in 2015.
⚫ The 5.8 GHZ (5770 - 5850 MHz) band is used for ETC to collect tolls on toll roads and to provide 
information services such as traffic congestion information, safe driving support, and guidance during emergencies using ITS spot in accordance with ETC 2.0.
⚫ The frequency reorganization action plan announced by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 
Communications in 2020 stated that the technical conditions necessary for introduction of V2X communications in the 5.9 GHz band will be investigated. Below is an excerpt.
Based on the progress and importance of automatic driving systems (including safe driving support), a study is being carried out, which will finish by the end of FY 2021, into the technical conditions for frequency sharing with needed existing wireless systems, for example when introducing V2X  communications, and with consideration for existing wireless systems on frequency bands being studied internationally (5.9 GHz band), in addition to the existing ITS frequency bands (760 MHz band, etc.,).In addition, based on the results of these studies, in cases where V2X communications are to be introduced on the same frequency band, there is a goal to allocate frequencies to V2X in FY 2023 after the necessary frequency bandwidth has been secured by migrating existing wireless systems, etc.
Frequencies for Wide Area Communications (5G)
⚫ Concerning the new spectrum to be allocated to operaters for 5G (licensed spectrum), both frequency 
bands below 6 GHz and millimeter wave bands have been allocated in various countries and regions.
⚫ In Japan, 5G frequencies have been allocated to four mobile phone carriers, and the system 
development for using 5G in the frequencies used for 4G have been completed.
Mobile Phone CarrierFrequencies Allocated
NTT DOCOMO3.6 - 3.7 GHz, 4.5 – 4.6 GHz (TDD)
27.4 – 27.8 GHz (TDD)
KDDI3.7 - 3.8 GHz, 4.0 – 4.1 GHz (TDD)
27.8 – 28.2 GHz (TDD)
SoftBank3.9 – 4.0 GHz (TDD)
29.1 – 29.5 GHz (TDD)
Rakuten3.8 – 3.9 GHz (TDD)
27.0 – 27.4 GHz (TDD)
Issue Survey Report on Advancing ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Use Cases Expected for 
Communications and Their Roles
Connected Car Communications (Reproduced from slide of 5th WS)
Big data
InsuranceCar SharingMaintenanceAdvertising
Finance
V2IV2VV2P
Smartphone collaboration
Semi-static dataSemi-dynamic data
Semi-dynamic dataDynamic data
Short-range radio communication
5.8 GHz / 760 MHz      + “?”
３G４G5G ?
In-vehicle electric PF
Wide-area communication
(static data)
Creation of new businessIntroduction of new players
Connected
Automated Driving Vehicle
Telematics
connect
Autonomous-sensor
(real-time vehicle data)
Bluetooth, WiFi
Static data
called “V2X”
Connected car communications are broadly divided into wide area communications (telematics) and short range communications (currently DSRC).It is expected that in the future, services that skillfully combine these will be required.
Approach to Use Case Organization
⚫ Flow of Investigation and Points
Examples of Use Cases Identified in the Initial Version
Short range
Wide area comm
V2VV2IV2N
Collision avoidance and sudden braking due to falling object, etc.●
Intersection transit support using traffic signal informationdilemma zone avoidance, and red traffic signal warning●●
Lane change support/route selection using information on the presence of an obstacle, etc.●
Vehicle avoidance support using information on nearby emergency vehicles●
Route re-search using construction information, etc.●
Review (use cases in the first edition of the report)
・Identified use cases focused on the  interval of information updates and organized issues・Investigated replacing services that have already been put into service with existing ITS with the assumption of replacement by cellular      
Many issues identified
(1) Identification use cases to be adopted as topics
(2) Organization of approaches to cellular use
(3) Organization of issues
(1) Specification of subject scenarios  (2) What issues are to be solved?(3) What approaches are possible in cases where communications are not used?(4) In cases where communications are used, what value will be generated?
Identification Perspectives
Broadly investigate issues necessary for practical application
Static information
(<1 month)
Quasi-static information 
(<1 hour)
Quasi-dynamic information
(<1 min.)
Dynamic information
(<1 sec.)
Linking
Base station map
Presence of nearby vehiclesPresence of pedestriansTraffic signal color information, etc.
Advance information
・Congestion information・Regulatory & construction    information・Obstacle information・Signal cycle information
Lane change based on the above
Differential distribution of information map, etc.
Map dataPassenger movement history, etc.
Prepared by making reference to the Cabinet Office Strategic 
Innovation Program (SIP) Symposium 2014
Movement of nearby vehiclesMovement of pedestriansObstacle avoidance, etc.Comparison with Dynamic Map(Image of Physical Arrangement)
Safety Provision of information/convenience
Time until data use is short
Reliance on communications is high
Short range 
communications
Wide Area
Communications
Frequency
Operations
method
Server
Installation 
location
Information acquisition
Method
Existing ITSsegregation
Examplesof  Issues
Added Use Cases: Identified Perspectives and List
● Looking ahead to the future automated driving society, it is expected that it will be used not only for short range communication,  
but also wide area and high capacity communication.A detailed investigation of use cases combining short range communications with wide area communications(combined wide area communications) was conducted.
Benefits of Combined Wide Area Communications(1) Seamless provision of optimal information according to distance, time, etc. by the strengths and weaknesses of 
each complementing each other
(2) Enhanced service feasibility through sharing functions such as data exchange and vehicle identification and   
authentication
● The five use cases below are representative examples of the investigated use cases
Use Case NameFeatures
Highway exiting support using platoon information near highway exits
Wide area distribution provides information on the presence of platooning vehicles and specific passing warnings at short distances to support smooth exiting from expressways
Provision of warning information concerning events on the road
At short distances, prevents rear-end collisions that have skidded and so on and avoids entry into routes with dangerous sites through wide area distribution based on information from multiple vehicles
FAST that takes into consideration emergency vehicle travel routes
Achieves smoother emergency vehicle driving by transmitting emergency vehicle route information via wide area communications, controlling traffic lights preferentially, and communicating intentions to nearby vehicles
Status recording and notification services at accident sites
In addition to preventing secondary accidents at short distances when an accident occurs, timely assistance and handling are provided by recording and reporting the situation at the accident site via wide area communications.
Platooning security, authentication, and billingPlatoon formation using short range communications and allocation of fuel efficiency improvement by following using wide area communications
Scenario: A platoon of vehicles is present near a highway exit, making it difficult for nearby vehicles to exitSupport: Support smooth exiting from highways by taking into consideration the sense of distance from the exit and the platooning vehicles
: V2V V2NServer
Report on platoon information
Notification of platooning information
Identify platooning vehicles and determine position and speed in real time to provide a warning about passing
Use Case Example 1: Highway Exiting Support Using Platoon Information Near Highway Exits
Focus Point:
- Wide area communications: General information on the presence of platoons that takes advance of the wide-area nature of the communications (presence of platoons near an exit that should be taken into consideration)- Short range communications: Real-time platoon information that makes use of reliability (location, speed, identification of platooning vehicles, etc.)
Main Issues: 
- Method of collecting, managing, and distributing information on a server concerning the presence of platoons and information distribution 
area classification
- Method of mediating wide area and short range communication information on the vehicle side, impact on traffic flows over a wide area, etc.
Based on presence information from distance vehicles, change lanes to the exit lane with time to spare
Concerns about disrupting platoons and causing accidents if a vehicle cuts into the platoon in order to exit
Use Case Example 2: Provision of Warning Information Concerning Events on the Road
Scenario: An area of the road where driving is dangerous (freezing, flooding, etc.)Support: Support danger avoidance by considering the sense of distance to the dangerous site, data, etc.
Focus Point:- Short range communications: Real-time information on road irregularities detected by vehicles 
* There is a possibility of collaboration with use case (4)
- Wide area communications: Specific and predictive road conditions based on use of wide area properties and big dataMain Issues:- How to assess an event from the detection of information from each infrastructure unit and vehicle 
(taking into consideration differences among manufacturers)
- Authenticity of information, where responsibility lies, inconsistency between information providers and  beneficiaries, etc.
: V2V/I              : V2NIn addition to accumulating information from infrastructure and vehicles, generate notification information based on weather information (temperature, precipitation, etc.)
Infrastructure sensors, cameras
Server
Call attention to in order to 
avoid danger
Notification of detected freezing information
Route selection performed
Vehicle was able to pass 
but was about to skid
Use Case Example 3: FAST That Takes into Consideration Emergency Vehicle Travel Routes
Scenario: Emergency vehicles engaged in emergency driving should be able to pass quickly even under heavy traffic conditionsSupport: Encourage priority control and passage of both traffic signals and nearby vehicles
Focus Point:- Wide area communications: Emergency vehicle route information, approximate transit times, etc.- Short range communications: Vehicle information (position, authentication ID), intent information (turns, etc.) of emergency vehicles utilizing authenticityMain Issues:- Protocols for FAST compatible intersection database and route generation, distribution, authentication, etc., 
secure operation in all phases including equipment manufacturing and sales, impact on traffic flows over wide areas, etc.
Traffic control 
centerDestination informationand driving route
Authentication and real-time location, information on intent such as turns, turning around, etc.
FAST control reservation 
Priority control of traffic signals giving consideration to routes and turns
: V2V/I               : V2N
Congestion is eliminated in advance by turning traffic signals green ahead of emergency vehicles
Destination
Priority operation of emergency vehicles giving consideration to routes and turns
Use Case Example 4: Status Recording and Notification Services at Accident Sites
Server
Notice of accident occurrenceCall attention to in order to avoid danger
Notify the server of in-vehicle camera information triggered by short range communication
Fire dept
PoliceRoad operator
Insurance company
: V2V/I              : V2N
Analyze and process the acquired images and provide notice to relevant parties
Implement more optimal emergency services through faster and more appropriate understanding of the situation on site
Scenario: Accident at an intersectionSupport: Support for the prevention of secondary accidents and prompt and adequate rescue
Focus Point:- Short range communications: Utilize reliability and immediacy to accurately detect the occurrence of accidents in real time (service trigger)- Wide area communications: Use communication capacity to notify the server of large-volume data such as images and videoMain Issues:- Communication protocols, standardization of message formats, optimal cost burdens of information providers, 
handling rules for image data, mechanisms for distribution of information analysis results on servers, etc.
Accurately detect abnormal situations based on V2V real-time information, recording notification
Use Case Example 5: Platooning Security, Authentication, and Billing
Scenario: Encourage fair platooning by trucks from different companiesSupport: Equalize transportation costs from the improvement in fuel efficiency of following vehicles and support 
the formation of appropriate platoons and the exchange of money
Focus Point:- Wide area communications: Vehicle inspection status inquiry and authentication, billing information- Short range communications: Verification of the validity of information (vehicle identification, position, speed, etc.) and 
billing information required for formation of platoons
Main issues: - Investigation concerning testing and authentication to ensure interconnectivity.- Conditions, standards, laws and regulations, etc. for participation in platoons
(What conditions should be met concerning vehicle sensors, brakes, automated driving programs, billing conditions, etc.?)
: V2V                 : V2N
Authentication 
and billing Server
Fuel efficiency information while driving
Information on vehicle speed, fuel efficiency, etc.
- Authenticate participation in platoons- Manage billing information based on  the fuel efficiency performance of each vehicle
Use short range communication information for the formation of platoons, fuel efficiency improvement effects, calculation and verification of billing information, etc.
Summary of Use Cases Expected for Communications and Their Roles
⚫ New use cases where more advanced services can be provided by combining short 
range communications that offers high reliability, immediacy, and authenticity with wide area communications that utilizes wide-area and high-capacity communication were selected.
⚫ In cases where both short range communications and wide area communications are 
used,– Systems and operation, relationships between information providers and beneficiaries, and 
so on become broad and complex
– The movements and traffic flows of vehicles over wide areas are changedIt is necessary to take these factors into consideration and to conduct 
deeper investigation.
Issue Survey Report on Advanced ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Communications Architecture
Cellular V2X System Overview
⚫ Wide Area Communications (V2N)
– Communications via base stations 
and core network
– Use of existing communications 
infrastructure and wireless interfaces is anticipated
– IP communications
⚫ Short Range Communications 
(V2V/V2I/V2P)
– Use of ITS exclusive frequencies– Use of direct communications 
between V2X dedicated mobile stations
– Non-IP communications
CellularNetwork
On-road／roadside
Pedestrians
Traffic signal
Vehicles
Roadside Unit
V2X Application ServersThird-Party Servers
V2N(2X)
Core network
Base station
Cellular V2X(V2V/V2I/V2P/V2N)
Internet/Closed area connection
Short Range Communications
Parameter management and operation
TCP/UDP
V2X Application
Non-IP
Transport/network(e.g., IEEE/ETSI)
Message/Facilities layer
Security
Wireless layer: Specifications exist for 3GPP
Parameter management tailored to use cases
is necessary
With regard to the upper layer,
it is necessary to specify domestic standards
Use regionsUse cases
Automated operation that does not rely on 
networks
・Parameter setting at time of shipment and vehicle inspection・Communications by terminals
Protocol stack
Wide Area Communications: Architecture
Use of existing MNO infrastructure is assumed.
It is necessary to consider whether infrastructure can be used as-is.
Base station control unit
Base station wireless unit
Transmission
networkCore network
S-GWP-GW
V2X Application
Server
Terminal
controlHSS
Internet/ Closed area connection
ContractinformationQoS control
V2X application server IP address, etc.
•Cellular network infrastructure       High costs for development
•An existing MNO infrastructure (unicast) architecture with high short-term feasibility is assumed
•Although there are mechanisms such as QoS control, complete quality assurance cannot be provided
Wide Area Communications: Geo-messaging
It is necessary to investigate the information distribution methods and 
rules for vehicles in specific areas
Messagedistribution area
V2X Application Server
Core network
(1) Unicast
Message distribution area
Core network
Distribution based on vehicle positionDistribution based on base station coverage
Message distribution cell
V2X Application Server
(2) Multicast
Wide Area Communications: Recipient Management
It is necessary to clarify the division of functions for distribution processing
V2X Application Server
Core network
(1) Recipieapplicationnt management 
using V2X servers(2) Recipient management using LTE networks
V2X Application Server
Core network
DistributionRegistrationIP packet
Vehicle ID mapping in distribution area
Vehicle ID mapping in distribution area
Unicast
Unicast
Base station mapping in distribution area
Multicast
Taking into consideration scalability, efficiency, etc...
Wide Area Communications:Support for MEC and Multiple MNO
It is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of MEC 
taking into consideration cost-effectiveness
Transmission
network
MEC serverMEC serverMEC server
Cloud server
Transmission latency NW load
Terminal
Other MNO networks
Connection MNO network
Basestation
Transmission
network
No. of serversLevel of difficulty of mobility controlLevel of difficulty of interconnecting between MNOs
Interconnectivity
HighLow
LowHigh
Interconnectivity
Terminal
Internet
Basestation
Core network
Core network
Wide Area Communications:Applicability of MEC to the Use Cases in This Document
When using wide area communications for the use cases addressed in this document, cloud servers 
and MEC servers outside P-GW are highly compatible
Transmission
network
MEC serverMEC serverMEC server
Cloudserver
Terminal
Other MNO networks
Connection MNO network
Basestation
Transmission
network
Interconnectivity
Interconnectivity
Terminal
Internet
Basestation
Core network
Core network
Permissible communications latency of 
several seconds or more
Example: Lane change support/route supportInformation provider is an external serverExample: FAST that takes into consideration 
emergency vehicle travel routes
Permissible communications latency of no 
more than several hundred milliseconds
Example: Vehicle avoidance support
Wide Area Communications: 5G MEC
5G base station
Terminal
Cloud server
UPFInternet
With the introduction of UPF, MEC can be installed with a high degree of freedom using 5G.The physical installation location needs to be investigated in consideration of cost-effectiveness, as in LTE
MEC server
UPF (user plane function)・Has a function to identify packets for MEC servers and switch the forwarding destination・Can be installed in any physical location
Data for the Internet
Data for edge servers
Summary of Communications Architecture
⚫ Description of the wide area communications architecture and MEC were added and 
compatibility with MEC installation locations for the use cases in chapter 2 were examined
⚫ Going forward, it is necessary to consider what kinds of communication requirements 
and network configurations will be required according to the use cases to be achieved, and based on the results, to investigate whether or not to use MEC and the installation locations
Issue Survey Report on Advancing ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Business Models
Allocation of Costs Primarily on Beneficiaries
When implementing each of the use cases, based on the beneficiary burden principle, models that will enable costs to be borne by the beneficiaries who enjoy the value of V2X (reduction in accidents, expanded operational design area for automated driving) will be desirable.
Stakeholders are listed with a focus on beneficiaries, and cost factors and cost burdens for V2V/V2I/V2N are organized below.
Stance of this Report
Use casesBeneficiaries
Collision avoidance and sudden 
braking due to 
falling object, vehicle involved in 
accident, etc.
Drivers, 
car owners, etc.
Intersection transit support, dilemma zone avoidance, 
and red light alert 
using traffic signal information
Drivers, 
car owners,
road managers, etc.
Lane change support/route support using information on the presence of 
an obstacle, 
vehicle involved in an accident, etc.
Drivers, 
car owners, etc.
Vehicle avoidance support using information on nearby emergency 
vehicles
Drivers, 
emergency vehicle drivers 
and users, etc.
Route search using 
construction and regulatory 
information
Drivers, 
road managers,
construction businesses, 
* In this revision, public organizations such as government were added as beneficiaries
Use cases in the first version
CellularNetwork
On-road／roadside
Pedestrians
Traffic signal
Vehicles
Roadside Unit
V2X Application ServersThird-Party Servers
V2N(2X)
Core network
Base station
Internet/Closed area connection
Cost Factors in Cellular V2X Business
Informationacquisition costs
Server installation costs
V2NV2IV2V
Operational and management costs
Communications packet costs
Terminal equipment costs
Costs for V2N and V2I are high because of the costs of communications infrastructure equipment and communications packets
Communications infrastructure equipment costs
V2N base station and backhaul line costs
V2N (Uu) packet communications costs
V2I base station and backhaul line costs
V2NV2IV2V
V2NV2IV2V
V2NV2IV2V
V2NV2IV2V
Approach to Cost Burdens (V2V)
● Anticipated business formats•Initial costs and running costs are lower than V2N and like existing ITS, it is ssumed that the buy-out of V2V compatible terminals by vehicle owners will be the mainstream.
● Measures to promote spread•Introduction of V2V communication with limited functions by smartphone
•Cost reduction of onboard devices and provision of introduction incentives
The “V2V compatible terminal buy-out” business is anticipated
Approach to Cost Burdens (V2I and V2N)
● Anticipated business formatsCompared to V2V, infrastructure initial costs and running costs are higher, and packet communications costs cannot be ignored in V2N.
Similar to the cellular business for smartphones, a business model that continuously recovers infrastructure costs is desirable on the premise of business continuity for a certain time.
Continuous cost recovery business models and complementary use of V2N and V2I are anticipated
Examples of V2I / V2N Business Models
V2X ServiceTarget Area
Business Model
Smart city(Regional)
MaaS/Automated 
drivingmodel
Non-regional
(Including smart cities)
Automobile 
insurance model
/ Tax model
Combination of non-regional V2X service and regional V2X service and compatible business models
•Assumed as stakeholders are service beneficiaries, countries, prefectures, municipalities, insurance companies, V2I/N service providers, communications infrastructure providers, and so on.
•Considering the possibility that the business model may differ depending in the assumed service details and target areas, three models are considered.
Automobile Insurance Model
Service beneficiaries(Drivers, users, etc.)
Insurance service 
businesses
V2I/Nservice
operators
Vehiclesinformation
Drive assist information
Information fees¥
¥Communications fees
¥Insurance premiums
Insuranceservices
Including V2X service fees
Driving 
information
Communications 
infrastructure operators
* Simplified version of the model in the report
A model based on the premise that accident risk can be calculated more accurately than before providing information on the environment in the vicinity of the vehicle collected by V2X (advanced version of telematics insurance)
Communications 
Tax Model
Communications infrastructure operators
V2I/N service 
providers
Drive assist information
National and prefectural 
government, municipalities
¥Taxes
Trafficinfrastructure
Including taxesrelating to V2X
Service beneficiaries(Drivers, users, etc.)
Driving 
information
Information fees¥
¥Infrastructure development costs
¥Communications fees
Communications lines
Vehicleinformation
* Simplified version of the model in the report
A model premised on reducing traffic congestion and traffic accidents by using taxes as a source of funds or the spread of automated driving.
MaaS / Automated Driving Model
Communications 
infrastructure operatorsV2I/N service 
providers
Vehicle information
Drive assist information
Communications
operators
Service beneficiaries(people engaging in mobility)Mobility 
service fees
Mobility services using automated driving
Information fees
¥¥Communications fees
¥Infrastructure development costs
* Simplified version of the model in the report
A model that provides V2I/N services in limited areas such as smart cities for the early establishment of MaaS utilizing level 4 automated driving (unmanned automated driving).
Summary of Business Models
⚫ Based on the beneficiary burden principle, models that will enable costs to be borne by 
the beneficiaries who enjoy the value of V2X (reduction in accidents, expanded operational design area for automated driving) will be desirable.
⚫ Stakeholders are listed with a focus on beneficiaries, and cost factors and cost burdens 
for V2V/V2I/V2N are organized.
⚫ Stakeholders and business model diagrams (automobile insurance model, tax model, 
MaaS/automated driving model) as formats for allocation of expenses are indicated.
Issue Survey Report on Advancing ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Organization of Issues
Overview of Organization of Issues
⚫ Issues relating to communications
– Short range communications– Wide area communications– Combined wide area and short range communications
⚫ Issues relating to acquisition of distributed information
⚫ Issued relating to use of information by transmission-receiving vehicles
⚫ Service and business issue
Issues Relating to Short Range Communications
It is necessary to achieve the use cases and verify availability in order to acquire the frequency bands for short range communications.
⚫ Acquisition of frequency bands, standardization of communication protocols
⚫ Establishment of communications parameters and operational methods
⚫ Creation and maintenance of interconnectivity and security operational management systems
⚫ Verification of feasibility (latency and reliability) and availability
⚫ Responses in cases where performance requirements are not met and countermeasure costs
Issues Relating to Wide Area Communications, Combined Wide Area and Short Range Communications
⚫Verification of the capabilities of existing cellular communication networks and responses when additional measures are needed.
⚫The combined use of wide area and short range communications may generate high added value, but it is necessary to clarify the division of roles. 
⚫ Verification of feasibility (latency and reliability) and availability
⚫ Investigation of communications quality improvement methods (if necessary)
⚫ Responses (priority control, etc.) in cases where performance requirements are not met, 
countermeasure costs, and whether each MNO can be supported
⚫ Responses to differences in the service areas of each MNO
Issues Relating to Acquisition of Distributed Information
⚫ Acquisition from associations and organizations
– Obtaining approval to acquire information from associations and organizations– Creation of systems for acquiring information from information sources (precision, security, etc.)– Standardization of equipment specification, formats, etc. for acquiring information from information sources
⚫ Acquisition from nearby vehicles
– Adoption of message format and protocol specifications– Formulation of guidelines for controlling variations among vehicles generating information– Security and privacy countermeasures– Obtaining consent regarding the use of information from each vehicle owner
⚫It is necessary to consider issues in collaboration with the associations and organizations that correspond to information sources.
⚫There are many stakeholders up to vehicles that receive communications, and clarification of business models is difficult.
Issued Relating to Use of Information by Transmission-receiving Vehicles
It is necessary to formulate standards and guidelines so that the receiving side can use information reliably.
⚫ Adoption of message format and protocol specifications
⚫ Ensuring the reliability of received information (communications route security)
– Communications routes for wide area communications are becoming more complex
⚫ Formulation of guidelines on the use of received information (including consideration of latency)
General Service and Business Issues
⚫ Formulation of service definitions and guidelines⚫ Development of systems from acquisition of source information to provision to vehicles⚫ Reducing the cost of PC5 onboard devices (to promote widespread adoption)⚫ Burden of Uu communications costs⚫ Establishment of business taking into consideration costs for information acquisition and collection and 
development and maintenance of distribution servers and other equipment (including acquisition of public funding and cooperation and collaboration with associations and organizations)
⚫ Building systems and business models in cases where many parties are involved in services⚫ Acceptability and feasibility of business in cases where information transmitters and the main beneficiaries 
are not the same
⚫Establishing operational models, promoting widespread adoption, and sustainable cost burdens are issues.
⚫In cases where both short range communications and wide area communications are used, the number of stakeholders increases and the number of cases where information transmitters and main beneficiaries are not the same increase.
Service Responsibility Issues
It is necessary to discuss elements not found in conventional ideas, such as wide 
area communications and automated driving.
⚫ Clarification of the allocation of responsibility from acquisition of information to 
provision to vehicles
⚫ Formulation of response policies when services are suspended due to hardware 
failures, network problems, etc.
⚫ Clarification of the scope of certification and inspection (pre-shipment inspection, 
vehicle inspections, etc.)
Summary of Organization of Issues
⚫ Short range communications and wide area communications have different cost burden 
formats not only from the perspective of communications but also from the perspective of services.
⚫ The combined use of wide area and short range communications may generate high 
added value, but as the number of stakeholders increases, the difficulty of systems and business models increases.
⚫ In order to achieve services, it is necessary to consider frequency allocation, operations, 
cost burdens, and the division of responsibility in close cooperation with the automobile industry, telecommunications industry, related organizations, and stakeholders such as the national and local governments.
Issue Survey Report on Advancing ITS and Automated Driving Using Cellular 
Communications Technologies
Summary
Summary
⚫ Selection of use case examples with the potential to use the benefits of cellular V2X for the 
advancement of ITS and automated driving using cellular V2X.
– In addition to use cases that focus on the interval of information updates, investigation of selection of 
use cases that demonstrate high added value achieved by short range communications with wide area communications complementing one another.
⚫ Organization of issues for achieving services based on the use cases.
– Close collaboration between industry-government, the automobile industry, and the telecommunications 
industry will be necessary from the perspectives of performance requirements, implementation formants, business models, frequency and communication specification formulation, system design, and infrastructure development.
⚫ It is expected that discussions will be conducted on both the creation of advantages and new 
value from the use of cellular V2X and the impact on legal systems and business from such creation and that investigations will proceed in a direction leading to the provision of even better ITS services.
Conclusion
⚫ The Advanced Expert Committee Cellular System TG of the ITS Info-communications Forum is currently 
active with 52 members from 25 companies and organizations (automobile manufacturers, electronics manufacturers, telecommunications carriers, etc.).
⚫ We are discussing the application of cellular communications technology to safe driving and automated 
driving support.
⚫ We would like to deepen discussion with many parties regarding the issues raised in this report and look 
forward to new participation by others who can cooperate. In addition, it is necessary to engage in discussion with parties from a wide range of industries, so if you have any ideas for promoting discussion, please let us know.
⚫ Revision of the next edition of the report will be performed giving consideration to your opinions and 
trends such as SIP.
⚫ This report has been posted in recent topics on the home page of the ITS Info-communications Forum 
Website.