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+{"text": "The Healthcare Commission started work on 1 April 2004, taking over all the functions of the former Commission for Health Improvement , which had released the corresponding PCT ratings for 2002/2003 in July 2003.On 21 July 2004, the Healthcare Commission , with handy functions like map search (by PCT name or part of it). The maps feature a colour-blind friendly quadri-colour scheme to represent PCT star ratings. Clicking a PCT on any of the maps will display the detailed performance report of that PCT for the corresponding year.We produced two Web-based interactive maps of PCT star ratings, one for 2003 and the other for 2004 Using our Web-based interactive maps, users can visually appreciate at a glance the distribution of PCT performance across England. They can visually compare the performance of different PCTs in the same year and also between 2003 and 2004 (by switching between the synchronised 'PCT Ratings 2003' and 'PCT Ratings 2004' themes). The performance of many PCTs has improved in 2004, whereas some PCTs achieved lower ratings in 2004 compared to 2003. Web-based interactive geographical interfaces offer an intuitive way of indexing, accessing, mining, and understanding large healthcare information sets describing geographically differentiated phenomena. By acting as an enhanced alternative or supplement to purely textual online interfaces, interactive Web maps can further empower organisations and decision makers. The Healthcare Commission started work on 1 April 2004, taking over all the functions of the former Commission for Health Improvement , which had released the corresponding PCT ratings for 2002/2003 in July 2003 [On Wednesday 21 July 2004, the Healthcare Commission A star rating scheme is adopted. PCTs with the highest levels of performance in the measured areas are awarded a rating of three stars. PCTs with mostly high levels of performance, but which are not consistent across all measured areas, are awarded a rating of two stars. PCTs where there is some cause for concern about particular areas of measured performance are awarded a rating of one star. PCTs that have shown the poorest levels of measured performance or little progress in implementing clinical governance receive a rating of zero stars . and . This \"geographic search\" does not allow any visual appreciation of PCT performance levels, or any visual comparisons to be made between PCTs or between 2003 and 2004 result sets.The performance ratings Web pages of the Healthcare Commission and the former Commission for Health Improvement offer a very limited \"geographic search\" restricted to browsing results by Strategic Health Authority (SHA) . The maps use a yellow-green-blue quadri-colour scheme to represent PCT star ratings. Users can switch between the two map sets or themes, 'PCT Ratings 2003' and 'PCT Ratings 2004', within the same pane  can be organised and navigated based on their geographical attributes [Using our Web-based interactive maps, users can quickly and intuitively locate any PCT and retrieve detailed performance information about it. They can also visually appreciate at a glance the distribution of PCT performance across England; for example, one can instantly note that there were no three star (dark blue) PCTs in the London region in 2002/2003 and that this has remained unchanged in 2003/2004. Users can visually compare the performance of different PCTs in the same year and also between 2003 and 2004 (by switching between 'PCT Ratings 2003' and 'PCT Ratings 2004' themes). The performance of many PCTs has improved in 2004, whereas some PCTs, e.g., Northumberland Care Trust \u2013 Figure Web-based interactive geographical interfaces offer an intuitive way of indexing, accessing, mining, and understanding large healthcare information sets describing geographically differentiated phenomena, and can act as an enhanced alternative or supplement to purely textual online interfaces. Geographical interfaces enable instant visual comparisons to be made between different geographical areas and over time (when information sets and maps for successive periods of time are available), thus empowering organisations and decision makers. and the Healthcare Commission  respectively. The Internet addresses (URLs) of the corresponding detailed reports of PCT performance were also harvested from the same sources.Star ratings of English PCTs for the years 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 were obtained from the Web sites of the former Commission for Health Improvement . We used the 2001 Census PCT (post April 2002 change) boundary dataset, which is the copyright of the Crown/Ordnance Survey , and is freely available to the UK academic community from EDINA UKBORDERS service with the support of the ESRC and JISC . The names/boundaries and labels (codes) of few PCTs changed between 2003 and 2004, but this was properly cared for in our exercise.The maps were created in ESRI ArcView GIS Version 3.1 We inserted four new fields in the original PCT boundary dataset table to store the 2003 and 2004 star ratings and corresponding detailed report URLs for all English PCTs. The PCTs in the output maps are coloured according to the values in their star rating fields , with light colours for low ratings to dark colours for high ratings. and [We used ColorBrewer  and ) to sele and Figure ).The online interactive maps were then produced using the Demo version of alta4 HTML ImageMapper 3.5 extension for ESRI ArcView GIS 3.x .It is noteworthy that HTML ImageMapper does not require any server side software installation, and as such is much simpler to use than some other Internet GIS solutions like the client/server version of ALOV Map/TimeMap  and JShape  Java applets, which don't require any server side setup, are limited by the fact that they need to download the whole map shapefile from the Web server before they can start on the client side, and so are not suitable for large datasets (our PCT boundary dataset in ESRI shapefile format is about 50 MB in size). Other options for generating interactive Web maps from a desktop GIS are discussed in [The standalone versions of ALOV Map/TimeMap"}
+{"text": "The rates of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s, making them a major public health concern. In 2003, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in England, and around one third of those cases were diagnosed in London.. These maps are in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format and require a freely available Adobe SVG browser plug-in to be displayed. They are based on data obtained from the House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 15 October 2004. They show steadily rising rates of STDs in London over the covered seven-year period. Also, one can clearly see on the maps that PCTs located in central London had the highest numbers of STD diagnoses throughout the mapped seven years. A companion bar chart allows users to instantly compare the STD figure of a given PCT for a given year against the average figure for all 25 mapped PCTs for the same year, and also compare those figures across all seven years. The maps offer users a rich set of useful features and functions, including the ability to change the classification method in use, the number of ranges in the map, and the colour theme, among others.Using GeoReveal v1.1 for Windows, we produced Web-based interactive choropleth maps of diagnoses of STDs by Primary Care Trust (PCT) in London for the years from 1997 to 2003 Wizard-driven tools like GeoReveal have made it very easy to transform complex raw data into valuable decision support information products (interactive Web maps) in very little time and without requiring much expertise. The resultant interactive maps have the potential of further supporting health planners and decision makers in their planning and management tasks by allowing them to graphically interrogate data, instantly spot trends, and make quick and effective visual comparisons of geographically differentiated phenomena between different geographical areas and over time.\u00ae Flash and bitmap graphics.SVG makes an ideal format for such maps. SVG is a World Wide Web Consortium non-proprietary, XML-based vector graphics format, and is an extremely powerful alternative to Macromedia Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become a major public health concern in the UK during recent years. The rates of STDs in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s. In 2003, the number of STDs in England rose by 4% compared to 2002. Overall, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in England in 2003, and around one third of those cases were diagnosed in the London area alone [The House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 15 October 2004 included an answer by Melanie Johnson MP, Minister for Public Health at the Department of Health, to a question by Sarah Teather MP on \"how many cases of diagnosed STDs there were in each Primary Care Trust (PCT) in London in each year since 1997\". The answer was provided in the form of a long table showing the figures for 25 PCTs in London  clinic data sets, are crucial for the decision maker wanting, for example, to:- improve access to GUM clinics and make decisions regarding the expansion or closure of existing clinics, or the creation of new ones;- channel resources and target STD prevention programmes to areas with the most need, or scale such programmes according to the magnitude of the problem in different areas ; and/or- monitor the impact of such programmes in a given area over time.In this paper, we describe a much better way of presenting the same Hansard table data in the form of interactive Web maps in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format to further support health planners and decision makers in their planning and management tasks. \u2013 see 'Methods' section below), we produced Web-based interactive choropleth maps of diagnoses of STDs by PCT in London for the years from 1997 to 2003, which readers can browse at   for all 25 mapped PCTs . Using the 'Select Map Topic' list, users can select the topic that is shown on the main map (a year from 1997 to 2003). Finally, users can select from the 'Colour of Theme' list the colour theme that is used in the main map .Map zooming, panning, MapTips (displaying PCT names), and a dynamic legend are available. An overview map shows a miniature version of the full extent map. When the user zooms in, a rectangle on the overview map highlights the area that is currently being displayed in the main map window. The user can click and drag this rectangle to change the view in the main map window. After zooming into the main map, users can use the 'Reset' button to return to the full extent of the main map.An 'Info' button is also available. Clicking this button will open a pop-up window with extra information about the maps, links to the Web sites of London PCTs, and detailed help about the map interface Figure .Turning raw tabular data into much more useful and accessible visual information in the form of interactive Web maps is much needed to support and empower decision makers, and even members of the general public. Such maps help us understand the relationships, patterns and trends buried in the original data sets and also enable instant visual comparisons to be made between different geographical areas and over time (when data sets for successive periods of time are available) . to see the difference for themselves and appreciate the value of interactive maps.We believe this transformation of raw data into valuable decision support information is very evident in the London STD example described in this paper. Readers only have to compare the original Hansard table Table  with the). It is rapidly becoming a popular choice for delivering interactive Web maps, being designed to work effectively across platforms, output resolutions, colour spaces, and a range of available bandwidths. It offers a rich modern graphics format providing the ability for better map display, and advanced graphical features such as transparency, arbitrary geometry, filter effects , scripting, and animation [SVG is a non-proprietary language for describing rich, stylable two-dimensional graphics and graphical applications in XML (eXtensible Markup Language). SVG is fully endorsed by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium \u2013 nimation .\u00ae Flash format [\u00ae Shockwave/Flash File) formats, will keep their sharp character when enlarged, while raster-based images (storing information about each and every pixel in the image), such as those saved in GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) or JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) formats, will show jagged edges.All these features have made SVG a direct competitor to the proprietary Macromediah format . Vector-), in the same way the free Adobe Reader software is available for rendering PDF (Portable Document Format) files.A free SVG Web browser plug-in is available from Adobe for different platforms , other SVG/Flash mapping tools available today for publishing maps created in desktop GIS (Geographic Information Systems) include G\u00e9oClip , SVGMapMaker , MapViewSVG , and SVGMapper . The latter two tools (MapViewSVG and SVGMapper) are specific to ESRI ArcView GIS. Table Besides GeoReveal . These maps are in SVG format and require a freely available Adobe SVG browser plug-in to be displayed. They are based on data obtained from the House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 15 October 2004. They show steadily rising rates of STDs in London over the covered seven-year period. Also, one can clearly see on the maps that PCTs located in central London had the highest numbers of STD diagnoses throughout the mapped seven years. A companion bar chart allows users to instantly compare the STD figure of a given PCT for a given year against the average figure for all 25 mapped PCTs for the same year, and also compare those figures across all seven years. The maps offer users a rich set of useful features and functions, including the ability to change the classification method in use, the number of ranges in the map, and the colour theme, among others.Using GeoReveal v1.1 for Windows, we produced Web-based interactive choropleth maps of diagnoses of STDs by PCT in London for the years from 1997 to 2003 We also presented a quick review of some of the tools available today for creating interactive vector graphics maps from desktop GIS projects.Wizard-driven tools like GeoReveal have made it very easy to transform complex raw data into valuable decision support information products (interactive Web maps) in very little time and without requiring much expertise. The resultant interactive maps have the potential of further supporting health planners and decision makers in their planning and management tasks by allowing them to graphically interrogate data, instantly spot trends, and make quick and effective visual comparisons of geographically differentiated phenomena between different geographical areas and over time.\u00ae Flash and bitmap graphics.SVG makes an ideal format for such maps. SVG is a W3C non-proprietary, XML-based vector graphics format, and is an extremely powerful alternative to Macromedia\u00ae .NET framework v1.1 to be installed on the production machine.We used GeoReveal v1.1 for Windows to create the interactive SVG maps described in this paper. GeoReveal runs under Windows 98/NT/2000/XP and requires Microsoft, and is freely available in both ArcView and MapInfo formats to the UK academic community from EDINA UKBORDERS service with the support of the ESRC and JISC . We also prepared a spreadsheet containing data about the number of STDs recorded in each London PCT between 1997 and 2003 using data from [, creating a MapInfo .TAB file. This file was exported to MID/MIF format, the format that files need to be in, in order to be used by GeoReveal.We started by extracting London PCT boundaries from a larger data set of all England (2001 Census PCT \u2013 post April 2002 change), which is the copyright of the Crown/Ordnance Survey We created our presentation (the interactive SVG Web maps) using the GeoReveal Wizard; an eight-step process that allows users to create a fully interactive SVG page.The first Wizard dialog that must be completed is the 'Introduction' dialog, which is used to specify the directory to which the final GeoReveal output files will be saved Figure .To select the output directory, we clicked the 'Browse' button and in the resulting file browse dialog, we selected the required directory and clicked 'OK'. To move to the next step, we clicked 'Next'.The first Wizard step is the 'Choose Template' dialog Figure . This diWe selected the template to be used. Ten templates are provided; four that include a bar chart, four that include a pie chart and two that have no chart. With our London PCT STD data, the most appropriate is a bar chart template.We selected a logo image to be added to the top-left corner of our GeoReveal page. We clicked the 'Browse' button and selected the required file \u2013 in this instance, a University of Bath logo has been used..We then specified the title of the GeoReveal page. This title is placed next to the logo at the top of the output page  is the piece of text that is displayed when the mouse cursor is hovered over a region in the map. In this instance, the PCT Name field has been selected.Users can also choose to turn the information box on or off. When it is turned on, a user can click a region in the map to display a dialog containing all information held within the MID/MIF file about that region Figure .Finally, we selected the background colour and highlight colour for the map. The highlight colour is the colour a map region  will be displayed in when the mouse cursor hovers over it. To move to the next step, we clicked 'Next'.The third step is the 'Select Overview Map Data' dialog Figure . This diWe selected the MID/MIF file to be used for the overview map by clicking the 'Browse' button and selecting the required file. It is possible to use the same MID/MIF file for both the main and overview maps.We selected the overview map colour and the overview rectangle colour (this rectangle shows a user where they are currently zoomed in on the main map). Additionally, users can select the background colour and border colour for the overview map panel. To move to the next step, we clicked 'Next'.The fourth step is the 'Select Options Controls' dialog Figure . This diFirst, we selected the background map image that is to be used. We ticked the top 'Checkbox Visible' box to activate the background map option and then clicked the top 'Browse' button to select the file that will be used. This file must be a JPEG or GIF image and information is needed about its width and height in real terms, and also the bounding coordinates.Once the required file is selected, the 'Background Image Settings' dialog is displayed Figure . In thisIn the 'Select Options Controls' dialog, it is also possible to:- enable a vector map option; and- select the text colour, border colour, background colour and control colour (the colour in which the fields are rendered) for the 'Options Panel'.To move to the next step, we clicked 'Next'.The fifth step is the 'Set Bar Chart' dialog Figure . This di- specify the bar colour, grid colour (if the grid is enabled), text colour, background colour and border colour;- add or remove a % sign to the figures that are shown at the end of each bar. As the data being used in this presentation are absolute, the 'Show %' box should be unchecked; and- specify the opacity of the bars in the bar chart.After specifying our settings for the bar chart, we clicked 'Next' to move to the next step.The sixth step is the 'Set Legend' dialog Figure . This di- specify a title and subtitle for the legend. Rather than specifying a main title, we checked the 'Use Dynamic Legend' box. When this box is checked, the title will be determined by the topic that the GeoReveal map is based on (a year from 1997 to 2003 in our case);- enable or disable the 'Highlight Range' option. If this option is enabled (as is the case in our presentation), when the mouse is hovered over a map region (PCT), the legend range that this region falls into will be highlighted; and- specify the text colour, background colour and border colour for the legend panel.After specifying our settings for the legend, we clicked 'Next' to move to the next step.The seventh step is the 'Set Information Panel' dialog Figure . This di- enable or disable each of the information panels and select the fields from the MID/MIF file that will be used to populate each panel. A title can also be entered for each panel ; and- specify the text colour, background colour and border colour for the 'Information Panel'.We then clicked 'Next' to move to the next step.The eighth step is the 'Set Navigation Panel' dialog Figure . This diWe then clicked 'Next' to move to the final step.Lastly, we saved the settings for our presentation and generated an initial presentation page Figure . The 'Wi- save the settings they have just made by clicking 'Save Settings', then in the resulting dialog, browsing to the required directory and clicking 'Save'. The saved settings file enables users to restore their settings and edit the presentation at a later date; and- generate the presentation by clicking 'Finish'. A message is displayed to confirm that the presentation has been successfully generated Figure . ClickinWhen the presentation is created, the 'Advanced View' window is also opened. This can be used to add the finishing touches to the presentation. It contains all the options that the wizard does, along with a few advanced options.The 'Legend' tab can be used to select the legend colour schemes that will be available Figure . In thisThe 'Bar Chart' tab can be used to edit the bar chart Figure . It is p- we ticked the 'Show Average Value Bars' box to add average value bars to the bar chart; and- set the average bar colour and specified the opacity of the bars.Finally, we used the 'Navigation Toolbar' tab to edit the 'Navigation Panel' Figure . In this- we enabled the help button by ticking the 'Display Help Button' box;- entered the text that will be shown on the button. In this instance, it will show 'Info'; and- selected the help file that will be used by clicking the 'Browse' button and selecting the required file. In this instance, an HTML document was created that contains hyperlinks to the PCT Web sites, and information about using the presentation , the company that produces GeoReveal.All three authors contributed equally to this paper."}
+{"text": "Little is known about the use of bush medicine and traditional healing among Aboriginal Australians for their treatment of cancer and the meanings attached to it. A qualitative study that explored Aboriginal Australians' perspectives and experiences of cancer and cancer services in Western Australia provided an opportunity to analyse the contemporary meanings attached and use of bush medicine by Aboriginal people with cancer in Western AustraliaData collection occurred in Perth, both rural and remote areas and included individual in-depth interviews, observations and field notes. Of the thirty-seven interviews with Aboriginal cancer patients, family members of people who died from cancer and some Aboriginal health care providers, 11 participants whose responses included substantial mention on the issue of bush medicine and traditional healing were selected for the analysis for this paper.The study findings have shown that as part of their healing some Aboriginal Australians use traditional medicine for treating their cancer. Such healing processes and medicines were preferred by some because it helped reconnect them with their heritage, land, culture and the spirits of their ancestors, bringing peace of mind during their illness. Spiritual beliefs and holistic health approaches and practices play an important role in the treatment choices for some patients.Service providers need to acknowledge and understand the existence of Aboriginal knowledge (epistemology) and accept that traditional healing can be an important addition to an Aboriginal person's healing complementing Western medical treatment regimes. Allowing and supporting traditional approaches to treatment reflects a commitment by modern medical services to adopting an Aboriginal-friendly approach that is not only culturally appropriate but assists with the cultural security of the service. Indigenous Peoples' concept of health and survival is both the collective and individual inter-generational continuum encompassing a holistic perspective incorporating four distinct shared dimensions of life, which are the spiritual, intellectual, physical, and emotional. Linking these four fundamental dimensions, health and survival manifests itself on multiple levels where the past, present and future co-exist simultaneously 1905 Act... see all those land taken away. ...so, that causes a lot of stress... the stolen generation... stress. We know... people were in stress and depression... that sort of things can cause cancer.\" [Urban male participant]\"Related to this was the idea that bush medicine reduces the risk of cancer. Bush medicine was regarded as a preventive measure as it helped to release stress, making the person stronger from the inside:What happens is... it's a bush... or root... that you boil it up... and... it's a browny... it's got like a barky taste like a woody taste... But there is something in it... that is good for insides, just as a cleanser. Makes all your body organs healthy and strong, it gets rid of all your internal stress.\" [Urban male participant]\"Another participant talked about maintaining her longstanding belief in bush medicine and using it even after being diagnosed with cancer. She explained that a great deal of Aboriginal people were naive about cancer and got stressed when they heard the diagnosis. From others' stories it was clear that, to them, bush medicine could help in releasing the burden of their illness.The 2002 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Social Survey showed that Aboriginal people over the age of 18 were 1.5 times more likely to have reported experiencing a life stressor. Lurking in the collective memory of Aboriginal Australians is the legacy of child removal (the \"stolen generation\") and other historical mistreatments experienced in their recent past with its devastating effect on cultural practices and living conditions, including creating barriers to the development of social capital within Aboriginal communities.\"Healing is mental, emotional and spiritual as well\"A connection to spirituality and holistic health worldview: For some of the participants the application of bush medicine was not only seen as relieving stress but was also seen as an enabler in maintaining their connections and beliefs on culture, ancestors and spirituality. The practice of bush medicines confirmed and supported participant's cultural beliefs and attitudes that conformed to Aboriginal understandings and epistemologies of health and wellbeing as holistic. Engaging with bush medicines and the associated healing rituals that accompany its use is spiritually significant to Aboriginal people whose identity and connection is embedded in their relationship to the land. The relationship that Aboriginal people have with the land is sacred and related to their concept of health, wellbeing and healing. Two excYeah, their spirituality is always there; they link bush medicine with the land, but it is very hard to get, because there's not many people who go out and get it. You get it from certain trees and what-have-you. But that belief that trying bush medicine will heal them is still there.\" [Urban female participant]\"Consistent with several other interviewees, this participant would not go into particular detail about where you can get bush medicine and what it is. This keeps the spiritual mysticism alive.An old lady came up there with a bottle. I said, I can't eat for six months... can't swallow anything. She said, \"You drink it, and you would get better.\" And I believed that. And it's gone. I went back for the check-up, and the doctors asked me, \"Hey, what did you do? It's not there. What did you do? Did you see someone special?\" I said,\" Yes, there was this old black lady. She pushed me to drink. And I had it.\" He said, \"Bring that to me.\" He wanted to know the secret. No, you can't. You have to get it from that old lady. It belongs to her. I hadn't got it. She had got it. So, I asked to the lady, and she said, \"It belongs to the land. Leave it where it is.\" That's the way life is. If you want anything, you go and ask for it. \" [Remote male participant]\"For this participant, the spirituality associated with healing comes from and belongs to the land. To relinquish the bush medicine to the doctor would be subjecting it to a western medicalised inquiry that conflicts with that spirituality and with the holistic health worldview. The patient wanted to maintain the sacredness of his relationship with the country and its spirits. It could also be about protecting Aboriginal knowledge from appropriation by the western system which in the past has been highly exploitive. The old lady's response was a recognition of cultural protocols and affirmation of ownership in that, she did not have the authority to pass on the information. This highlights the tension between what is allowed to be public knowledge by Aboriginal people and what remains private.healing isn't just a physical thing' rather it is very much related to patients' 'mental, emotional and spiritual' state. This worker firmly believed that sometimes miracles do happen in life, and people could recover, even from serious illnesses like cancer. As one female participant who worked in an urban Aboriginal medical organization stated: \"the spirit world is an integral part of day-to-day life; yes, absolutely\". The allusion to 'miracles' by the first respondent also supports the idea that bush medicine is spiritually-based. These participants reinforced the need to cater to the spirituality of Aboriginal patients as part of the healing process.Healing and the holistic health worldview were stressed several times, particularly by two interviewees who worked in health care. One of them emphasised that '\"if it worked... if either one (white-men medicine or the black-men medicine) that is good because it gives you a chance\". To help in this way confirmed the man's healing ability, establishing his identity and status in the Aboriginal community as a healer and validating Aboriginal knowledge as having a legitimate place alongside western medical approaches. He also stated that he did not take money for bush medicine as he believed his ancestors would not approve, demonstrating his deep spiritual respect for his ancestral relations, a recurring theme in Aboriginal communities. Participants commonly noted that believing in the effectiveness of bush medicine is important: described by one participant as \"pure positive thinking\". Another participant clarified that bush medicine and western medicine were not incompatible:Many participants generally argued for accepting and communicating about the use of bush medicine with Aboriginal patients in their cancer treatment plan concurrently with western medicine. One participant who was a medicine-man expressed his feeling about someone benefitting from his medicine: \"a lot of people say, 'Oh, yeah, that's just a lot of rubbish' and especially you will find doctors that say so...No, I'd never say, 'Discard conventional medicine and just concentrate solely on this', because I think it's got to complement each other, and if you've got those beliefs already... that this is gonna help you, it will (emphasizing). It may not cure you. It may not save your life, but it will help you, even if it's only in a mental or an emotional way of help. So, I really do believe that it would help, and have just having somebody there to go and smoke the house... to get rid of all the bad feelings. I mean that's ... a lot of these are very spiritual stuff that Aboriginal people have known for millennia,\" [Urban female participant]Bush medicines and traditional healing approaches are compatible with other complementary, alternative and integrative medicines, of which the use is increasing among patients with cancer, with the average prevalence rate of 31.4 percent in the Australian population. This un\"Chinese have been practicing all this acupuncture, acupressure and all those sorts of things for thousands of years, and now it's all in vogue, so it's all right. It's the same thing with the bush medicines. Even meditation! and all these things. They are all of a sudden miraculously, 'Yes, they do work.' Well a lot of Aboriginal people, and old cultures have known that for so... long.\" [Urban female participant]As the Indigenous concept of wellness and hence healing is linked to their culture and spirituality, there is a need for health care providers to acknowledge and respect this component of Indigenous beliefs when providing health care.\"Radiation and chemo nearly killed me\"Adverse reaction from biomedicine: I know a couple of people who chose the bush medicine once they read up about chemotherapy and the two per cent of people that chemo cured, they took their chances with the bush medicine, and they are still going. It's either the quality of life or being sick from the chemo, that's what they weighed up.\" [Rural female participant]\"There are some Aboriginal people who use traditional medicine as an alternative to Western medicine. Both cancer patients and the family members felt some people get scared about the intensive procedures of common cancer treatments and their side-effects, influencing them to choose other options instead. As well, some patients did not cope with the side-effects of chemotherapy and radiation treatment and disliked having to spend long periods away from their family and home town. This was made more salient for Aboriginal women if they had the responsibility of taking care of their children and grandchildren, impacting on the choices made between using traditional healing and medicine so that they did not have to go away. One respondent summarized:It's hard for a lot of people. So, they prefer to either go for bush medicine or not take the treatment, because they know that they are going to be away for a while from their family.\"\"\"She looked better when she took the bush medicine\". These perceptions confirmed and validated the healing qualities of bush medicine as an alternative or as a complementary approach to Western medicine.The perception of some of the participants towards bush medicine was how well people were when they were taking it: \"at the end we were just clutching to hope\"Last resort and desperation to try everything: 'miracle-makers'. However, when everything failed the family turned back to their traditional treatment which by then was too late as the cancer had advanced too far. After sharing her story, the participant admitted that \"really, they (doctors) are not miracle-makers and, we've got to start doing some stuff, too.\" Attempting a range of different healing options to treat cancer, especially when Western medical treatments have not worked are not uncommon in many societies\"Although this participant reported not knowing much about bush medicine because she grew up in urban areas, she said she would give anything a go if somebody said that it could work.Many respondents did not use bush medicine or did not talk about the use of bush medicine during the interviews. For many, it was not because they did not want to use bush medicine, but rather that they did not have access to the source, got confused about what would be better for them to use, or were unsure about the process of taking it.Many participants, especially Aboriginal people who lived in the city and in the rural towns admitted that it was hard to get bush medicine, as most traditional healers lived in rural and remote areas. This meant that they either had to travel away from where they lived or organise for the traditional healer and supplier of bush medicine to travel to where they lived; both a time-consuming and expensive exercise. These issues restricted their choice of using bush medicine. Some people also explained that although they wanted to use bush medicine, they did not know who, how and where to contact a traditional healer.One participant when asked if they had taken any bush medicine replied:\"No, no. No, I haven't had any. No, I got to go up to Wiluna and get some.\" [Rural female participant]It should be noted here that a healer has to be authorized to be able to practice and prescribe bush medicine. As one participant described:\"The 'ok' to use it. You just can't go and use it. He told me that I could go ahead and get the medicine, and prepare them, and use it. Otherwise, in our ways, you can't just use it unless anybody given the 'ok' to you to use it. So, he gave me the 'ok' to use it.\" [Urban female participant]Being given the authority to collect the plant used for treating cancer also involved being trusted enough to be told where to harvest it, how to prepare the medicine and how and when to take it. For this to happen requires that the person has a good relationship with the healer, who would not hand over his/her knowledge over lightly.\"... we are urban Aboriginal, we are not traditional\"Urbanized Aboriginal people: A devastating effect of colonisation was the alienation and disconnection of Aboriginal people from their land, their cultural heritage and traditions. Being taken away from their family and raised elsewhere on missions or placed in non-Aboriginal families was traumatic for those who were removed. The separation from their traditional country and families and the relocation to urban and regional centres meant that for some there was a loss of cultural knowledge, language and tradition. Some respondents admitted that they had lost their connection with their traditions and culture, while others said that they continued to visit their homeland occasionally, for funerals or other ceremonies. Participants who grew up in Western society and had been exposed to Western education had access to modern technologies and information systems and a reasonable knowledge of the cancer that troubled their family member. Many of these people did not try to look for bush medicine and traditional healing. As one of the participants said:\"We were born into ... a society that were fully functional at that time... we are urban Aboriginal, we are not traditional. We have access to information, technology, whatever. We didn't have any Aboriginal remedies... or anything like that...\" [Urban female participant]However, not all urban Aboriginal people subscribed to this view. Traditional beliefs and practices persist amongst many urban Aboriginal people and may become visible only when it affects those who are close. 18 partAnother reason given by some participants for foregoing traditional practices was religious beliefs. Christianity was imposed as part of the colonizing process and with this came restrictions upon Aboriginal peoples' life-style and values system. Many Ab\"We didn't use traditional medicine or anything like that. Because we are not traditional Aboriginal, and our family was Christian based, and so...We put our trust on God.\" [Urban female participant]\"I was a bit worried taking any of that...\"Dilemma of usage: Secrecy and mystery abound in the Aboriginal community about the use and availability of bush medicine. This inevitably means poor availability of accurate information regarding its actual use. As Western medicines usually have detailed prescriptive and side effect information available, this created an expectation among some Aboriginal people for similar processes and information being available for bush medicine. As one participant said:\"I was a bit worried taking any of that because none of them could tell me exactly how much, what quantity to take and I was worried about that....\" [Rural female participant]\"I tried [bush medicine], but, yeah, I think it reacts with all my tablets I'm taking.\"Another participant from the rural area said that she tried bush medicine but had severe reactions (rash and urine infections) so she stopped it. She wanted to just stay on bush medicine provided more accurate information and guidance was given to her. The conflict between the use of western and traditional healing meant patients had to make choices, presumably based upon their relative confidence in what each treatment would offer: There has been little study of the role of bush medicine and other traditional healing in contemporary Aboriginal society in Australia, and very little about the use of traditional medicine in cancer treatment: what information is available is anecdotal. The desire to use traditional medicines among Aboriginal patients is still widespread, even for a serious disease like cancer. Aboriginal participants in the study acknowledged traditional healing practices and use of bush medicines as important aspects of cancer treatment. Bush medicine has spiritual significance for Aboriginal people as it is natural, comes from the land, connects to identity and spirituality and plays an important role in people's health and wellbeing. Bush medicine is also connected to the holistic world view in such a way that the interplay between the physical, emotional, social and spiritual aspects is crucial in attaining wellbeing. Whereas hospitals and Western medical systems are representative of the dominant society reminding Aboriginal people of their loss of cultural knowledge, access to the traditional healing system, bush medicine and other healing processes repairs some of the damage inflicted by colonisation. The opportunity to access traditional knowledge through other groups who have retained this knowledge can be reassuring for Aboriginal people with cancer.People often turn to spirituality in dire situations, and this is the same for cancer which is often regarded as a death sentence. AborigiThis study revealed that in Aboriginal communities the cause of cancer is attributed to a number of different things; stress and/or the influence and impact of the dominant culture and sometimes cultural causes. It is often interpreted as a \"white-man's disease\" and linked to colonisation. These factors can create a hesitation to use bush medicine because of the pressure and expectation to engage with the dominant health system and the well-established biomedical model. On the other hand, bush medicine is considered culturally safe, a practice connected to Aboriginal ways of being and doing. Applying bush medicine and engaging with an Aboriginal healer provides comfort from a cultural perspective that is healthy and healing for the spirit. This explains why some Aboriginal Australians see bush medicine as a non-stressful alternative treatment for a disease that may be attributed to stress.For health care providers, it is important that they have an appreciation and understanding of Indigenous belief systems in relation to health care, and work to incorporate this understanding into their service delivery. One way to do this would be to adopt a family-centred, integrative approach that works with the individual in concert with their familial and cultural support. Applying this type of approach not only respects Aboriginal people's choice to utilize bush medicine as a part or whole of cancer treatment and their overall search for health and wellbeing, but recognizes and begins the journey of working with Indigenous epistemology and ways of doing.It is also of value for practitioners to know that their patients are taking bush medicine because there can be potential risks involved in using both. Plants, leaves and trees used in making bush medicines may be bioactive and can have physiological, emotional and psychological effects. A well-known example of a herbal drug that interacts with biomedicines is St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum, which is a traditional European herbal drug used to treat mild depression that interacts with a wide number of biomedicines, including anti-retroviral drugs, oral contraceptives and warfarin.Another risk that medicinal plants may pose is that they often may not be safe to use. Effects may not be immediate, and the potential toxicity of plants may be hidden to traditional healers. Many of the plants used traditionally by Aboriginal people in Australia have not been studied phytochemically, thus this is an unknown area. Thus, acceptability and understanding of the use of these medicines would provide a rationale for dealing with such issues. Further exploration of these issues may be needed but this needs to start with clinicians being alert to the possibility of use of bioactive agents that are not prescribed.Recognition and understanding of the use of traditional medicine and healing system can boost the confidence of Aboriginal people to access mainstream services and it will definitely improve the delivery of health services to Aboriginal communities. Both medicine needs to be supported and developed with enduring research so that the therapeutic value of traditional medicine can be judged and understood. The growing popularity and use of complementary and alternative medicine world-wide may assist and support the improvement and sustainability of Aboriginal Traditional medicine and healing in Australia.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.SS participated in the project's design, carried out the data collection and analysis for this project, prepared the initial draft. RB contributed to preparing the initial draft and commented upon drafts of the manuscript. DB was involved in writing and commented upon drafts of the manuscript. SCT coordinated the whole project, participated in the design and assisted with the conduct of the study and writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
+{"text": "During exercise, heart failure patients (HF) show an out-of-proportion ventilation increase, which in patients with COPD is blunted. When HF and COPD coexist, the ventilatory response to exercise is unpredictable.2 relationship and that the VE-axis intercept might be an index of dead space ventilation.We evaluated a human model of respiratory impairment in 10 COPD-free HF patients and in 10 healthy subjects, tested with a progressive workload exercise with different added dead space. We hypothesized that increased serial dead space upshifts the VE vs. VCO2\u200a=\u200a0, i.e. VE-axis intercept. We compared dead space volume, estimated dividing VE-axis intercept by the intercept on respiratory rate axis of the respiratory rate vs. VCO2 relationship with standard method measured DS.All participants performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test with 0, 250 and 500 mL of additional dead space. Since DS does not contribute to gas exchange, ventilation relative to dead space is ventilation at VCO2 relationship, with a minor slope rise . In healthy, adding dead space increased VE-axis intercept  without slope changes. Measured and estimated dead space volumes were similar both in HF and healthy subjects.In HF, adding dead space increased VE-axis intercept  and upshifted the VE vs.VCOVE-axis intercept is related to dead space ventilation and dead space volume can be non-invasively estimated. Up to now, only few studies have evaluated the ventilatory behaviour during exercise in patients with coexisting HF and COPD, being patients with comorbidities usually excluded from research trials dedicated to HF or COPD HF and COPD often coexist with a reported prevalence of COPD in HF patients ranging between 23 and 30% 2 relationship and that the VE-axis intercept (VEYinter) might be an index of DS ventilation. Indeed, since DS does not contribute to gas exchange, VE relative to DS is VE at VCO2\u200a=\u200a0, i.e., VEYint on the VE vs. VCO2 relationship.In the present study, we evaluated HF patients and healthy individuals through a progressive workload exercise with different added DS, hoping to mimic at least in part the effects of COPD on ventilation behaviour during exercise. We hypothesized that increased serial DS upshifts the VE vs. VCOTen HF patients and 10 healthy subjects were enrolled in the present study.1/FVC) <0.70% and/or lung vital capacity (VC) <80% of predicted value HF patients were regularly followed-up at our HF unit. Study inclusion criteria for HF patients were New York Heart Association functional classes (NYHA) I to III, echocardiographic evidence of reduced left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction \u226440%), optimized and individually tailored drug treatment, stable clinical conditions for at least 2 months, capability/willingness to perform a maximal or near maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Patients were excluded if they had obstructive and/or restrictive lung disease  and all participants signed a written informed consent before enrolling in the study.At enrolment, demographical and clinical data were collected, lung function measurements and echocardiographic evaluation were performed to verify that the subjects screened met the study inclusion/exclusion criteria, and the informed consent was obtained.Spirometry  was performed by all participants in accordance with the recommended technique To become familiar with the procedure, both HF patients and healthy subjects had been previously trained to perform an exercise test in our laboratory 2), VCO2 and VE were measured breath by breath with flowmeter and respiratory gas sampling lines at the end of the added DS. They were averaged every 20 seconds. Anaerobic threshold (AT) was calculated with the standard technique All participants underwent incremental CPET on an electronically braked cycle-ergometer  using a personalized ramp protocol that was chosen aiming at a test duration of 10\u00b12 minutes. The exercise was preceded by 5 minutes of rest gas exchange monitoring and by a 3-minute unloaded warm-up. A 12-lead ECG, blood pressure and heart rate were also recorded, and arterial oxygen saturation was monitored through a pulse oxymeter. The participants wore a nose clip and breathed through a mouthpiece connected to a mass flowmeter . Subjects were asked to cycle at a pedalling rate of 60\u201370 rpm, and CPET were self-terminated by the subjects when they claimed that maximal effort had been achieved. Oxygen consumption (VO2 is characterized by a linear relationship (VE\u200a=\u200aaVCO2+ b), with \u201ca\u201d as the slope and \u201cb\u201d as the intercept on the VE axis (VEYint) 2\u200a=\u200a0, which is the Y intercept of VE vs. VCO2 relationship. To calculate DS volume (VD) from VEYint (VDYint), we need to identify the corresponding respiratory rate (RR). This was obtained as the intercept of the RR vs. VCO2 relationship on the RR axis (RRYint). Specifically, the RR vs. VCO2 relationship was calculated through its linear portion that starts from the beginning of exercise and ends when RR increases more steeply, which corresponds to the tidal volume inflection/plateau Yint and RRYint is reported in In the absence of psychogenic hyperventilation, below the respiratory compensation point Yint) with resting and exercise values of VD, measured with standard method meas), in the 3 experimental conditions, with 0 mL, 250 mL and 500 mL of added DS. The volume of mouthpiece and flowmeter (50 mL) was subtracted from VD. The standard calculation of VD meas) is obtained by the following equation:aCO2 as pressure for arterial CO2.We compared estimated VD values . Therefore, we measured PaCO2 from arterial gas sampling in HF patients, and we estimated PaCO2 from PETCO2 in healthy subjects. Thus, only in HF patients, a small catheter was introduced into a radial artery, blood samples were obtained at rest and every 2 minutes during exercise, and PaCO2 was determined with a pH/blood gas analyzer .In healthy individuals 2 relationship and/or it simply upshifts it.We calculated possible VD changes during exercise, and we evaluated whether an added DS modifies the slope of the VE vs. VCOmeas during exercise in the 3 experimental conditions. Bland and Altman relationship was calculated to compare VDYint values and VDmeas values in HF patients and in healthy individuals.Data are mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD). Cardiopulmonary measurements were collected breath by breath and reported as average over 20 s. Comparisons between the two groups were done through unpaired t-test. Both in HF and in healthy subjects, analysis of variance for repeated measures with Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to analyze the effect of the adding of different DS and to evaluate the changes of VDStatistical significance was set at p<0.05. All statistics were performed with IBM SPSS statistics 20.0 for windows.We enrolled 10 HF patients  and 10 age-matched healthy subjects . The main anthropometric data were not significantly different between the two groups. Patients with HF and healthy subjects were free from obstructive defects; although within the predicted normal limits, lung volumes tended to be smaller in HF patients than in normal subjects .Mean left ventricle ejection fraction was 33\u00b15%. The cause of HF was ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in 4 cases and primary dilated cardiomyopathy in 6 cases. Three patients had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator; 9 were in sinus rhythm and 1 was in permanent atrial fibrillation. Four patients were in NYHA class I, 5 in NYHA class II and 1 in NYHA class III. All HF patients were on \u03b2-blockers, 9 with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 4 with aldosterone receptor antagonists, 5 with diuretics and 3 with amiodarone.2 was slightly reduced compared to healthy subjects. With the exception of reduced peak workload and of an increased VT, the adding of different DS did not significantly impact on CPET data at peak of exercise and on VO2 at AT  resembling what happens during exercise in COPD patients  DS, so that we do not know if changes in physiological DS similarly influence the VEpatients . TherefoaCO2 from PETCO2 in healthy subjects, which is a accepted method in the absence of lung disease aCO2 from PETCO2 even in normal individual is approximate and likely to cause some of the variability observed , which corresponded to 1/10 of peak VT in healthy subjects. It is recognized, however, that whilst the means of estimated and measured VD are similar, the individual values differ up to 60% in case of no added DS and up to \u223c20% when 500 mL DS were added. This suggests caution when analyzing specific individual data, particularly in the presence of no or modest lung disease.The VE vs. VCOYint increase was related to DS increase, we calculated VDYint. To do so, we need to divide VE by RR, but the value of RR to be chosen is an open question. We used the intercept of the RR vs. VCO2 relationship on the RR axis because this is the RR value corresponding to VEYint. Interestingly, the changes of VDYint values with added DS were very similar to the amount of added DS.In the present study, we added 250 mL and 500 mL of DS during exercise. To confirm that VEYint during exercise as a tool to evaluate DS. Further studies are needed to confirm and to analyze the clinical meaning of the present observation.In conclusion, we provide the rational basis for the assessment of VE2 relationship during exercise is commonly used to assess ventilatory efficiency and prognosis in heart failure patients. The slope of the VE vs. VCO2 relationship increases as heart failure severity increases, whereas in respiratory patients the VE vs. VCO2 slope during exercise is reduced the greater the ventilatory limitation. However, respiratory disease often coexists in heart failure patients so that the mean of the slope of the VE vs. VCO2 relationship in these cases is unclear.The ventilation (VE) vs. VCO2 behavior during exercise is a linear relationship, at least up to the respiratory compensation point, characterized by a slope and a Y intercept value. The latter has been ignored, but it represent the ventilation at VOC2\u200a=\u200a0 and therefore it is somehow related to dead space ventilation. Accordingly, we built a human model of increased anatomical dead space, resembling what happens in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, by adding external dead space during exercise in healthy subjects and HF patients. We demonstrated that adding dead space increases the Y intercept of the VE vs. VCO2 relationship. The Y intercept of VE vs. VCO2 relationship is suggested as an index of increased dead space ventilation so that the finding of a elevated Y-intercept in a heart failure patient should bring the suspicious of a coexisting respiratory disease.We reasoned that the VE vs. VCO"}
+{"text": "However, evidence suggests that As4O6-induced cell death pathway was different from that of As2O3. Besides, the anticancer effects and mechanisms of As4O6 are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the anticancer activities of As4O6 on apoptosis and autophagy in U937 human leukemic cells. The growth of U937 cells was inhibited by As4O6 treatment in a dose- and a time-dependent manner, and IC50 for As4O6 was less than 2\u2009\u03bcM. As4O6 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and Beclin-1-induced autophagy, both of which were significantly attenuated by Bcl-2 augmentation and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment. This study suggests that As4O6 should induce Beclin-1-induced autophagic cell death as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis and that it might be a promising agent for the treatment of leukemia.Tetraarsenic hexaoxide (As There are two types of programmed cell death reported. One is apoptosis, type I programmed cell death which is characterized by a highly stereotypical series of morphological and biological changes, such as cytoplasmic shrinkage, blebbing of the plasma membrane, chromatin condensation, and DNA degradation [Arsenic trioxide (Asia (APL) , 2 and iia (APL) . It is tradation . Anotherradation . Autopha4O6) has been used as a Korean folk remedy for the management of cancer since the late 1980s because its toxicities were minimal compared to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, the anticancer effects of As4O6 have not been investigated much although the anticancer effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) have been investigated in many leukemic cells [2O3 and As4O6 demonstrated that As4O6 was more effective in suppressing human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and that As4O6-induced cell death pathway was different from that of As2O3 [4O6-induced cell, but not in As4O6-induced cell death. In addition, As4O6 has been used orally, whereas As2O3 has been used as a parenteral drug. Oral agents are more convenient to take than parenteral agents. Hence identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in its anticancer effects would allow us to contribute to developing a new oral agent. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of anticancer effects of As4O6 in U937 human leukemic cells.Tetraarsenic hexoxide  and were maintained in a medium containing 0.7\u2009\u03bcg/mL geneticin (G418 sulfate). As4O6 was obtained from Chonjisan institute . Antibodies against Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Bcl-xL, XIAP, procaspase 3, procaspase 8, and procaspase 9 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology . Antibodies against poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), PLC\u03b3-1, LC3, and Beclin-1 were purchased from PharMingen . Antibody against \u03b2-actin was from Sigma . Peroxidase-labeled donkey anti-rabbit and sheep anti-mouse immunoglobulin and an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit were purchased from Amersham . Caspase activity assay kits were purchased from R&D systems . All other chemicals not specifically cited here were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. . All these solutions were stored at \u221220\u00b0C. Stock solutions of DAPI (100\u2009\u03bcg/mL) and propidium iodide  were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).U937 human leukemic cells from the American type culture collection  were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium  supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) , 1\u2009mM L-glutamine, 100\u2009U/mL penicillin, and 100\u20095\u2009cells/mL and then treated with the indicated concentration of As4O6 for 24\u2009h. MTT (0.5\u2009mg/mL) was subsequently added to each well. After 3\u2009h of additional incubation, 100\u2009\u03bcL of a solution containing 10% SDS (pH 4.8) plus 0.01\u2009N HCl was added to dissolve the crystals. The absorption values at 570\u2009nm were determined with an ELISA plate reader.For the cell viability assay, the cells were seeded onto 24-well plates at a concentration of 5 \u00d7 104O6, the cells were harvested, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10\u2009minutes at room temperature. Fixed cells were washed with PBS and stained with 2.5\u2009\u03bcg/mL 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution for 10\u2009min at room temperature. The cells were washed two times with PBS and analyzed by a fluorescent microscope.After treatment with the indicated concentration of As5\u2009cells/well in six-well plates. Reduced (sub-G1) DNA content was measured by PI staining. The DNA content in each cell nucleus was determined with a FACSCalibur flow cytometer . Two independent experiments were performed [The cells were plated at a concentration of 2 \u00d7 10erformed .The cells were harvested and lysed, and protein concentrations were quantified using the BioRad protein assay . The proteins of the extracts were resolved by electrophoresis, electrotransferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane , and then the membrane was incubated with the primary antibodies followed by a conjugated secondary antibody to peroxidase. Blots were developed with an ECL detection system.Caspase activity was determined by a colorimetric assay according to the manufacturer's protocol in a kit for caspase activity. In brief, the cells were lysed in the supplied lysis buffer. The supernatants were collected and incubated with the supplied reaction buffer containing dithiothreitol and substrates at 37\u00b0C. The reaction was measured by determining the change in absorbance at 405\u2009nm using the microplate reader .4\u2009cells illuminated with blue (488\u2009nm) excitation light was measured with a a FACSCalibur flow cytometer . Three independent experiments were performed.In acridine orange-stained cells, the cytoplasm and nucleolus fluoresce bright green and dim red, whereas acidic compartments fluoresce bright red. Therefore, we stained the cells with acridine orange for 17\u2009min. Green (510\u2013530\u2009nm) and red (650\u2009nm) fluorescence emission from 1 \u00d7 10t-test for two group comparison. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.Each experiment was performed in triplicate. The results were expressed as means \u00b1 SD. Significant differences were determined using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-test Neuman-Keuls in the cases at least three treatment groups and Student's 4O6, U937 cells were treated with various concentrations of As4O6 for 24\u2009h. The cell growth was assessed by MTT assay. The MTT assay revealed that the growth of U937 cells was inhibited by As4O6 treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the 50% inhibition of cell growth (IC50) was less than 2\u2009\u03bcM . As4O6 decreased the expression levels of procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and procaspase-9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. With the decrease of procaspases, the cleavages of PARP and PLC\u03b3-1, the substrates of caspases, were found to be progressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner  in a dose- and time-dependent manner whereas the expression of Bcl-2, Bad, Bcl-xL, and XIAP (antiapoptotic proteins) remained unchanged or slightly reduced  and increased the expressions of beclin-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner  leading to loss of mitochondrial potential  [2O3 induced apoptosis in leukemic cell lines via modulation of the glutathione (GSH) redox system [4O6-induced autophgy and apoptosis, we analyzed the cells with sub-G1 DNA content and AVOs using flow cytometry after As4O6 treatment and observed changes in nuclear morphology of As4O6-treated cells by DAPI staining. We found that NAC reduced the As4O6-induced autophagosome formation as well as As4O6-induced cell death  . In addix system . NAC is  Figures . The DAP37 cells .4O6-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Western blotting revealed that NAC suppressed As4O6-induced Beclin-1 induction and LC3 conversion and As4O6-induced caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavages  is well known to have anticancer properties against leukemic cells as well as other cancer cells. The reported mechanisms of As2O3-induced cell death vary depending on the cell lines: caspase-dependent apoptosis [2O3-induced cell death of U937 cells, some studies reported that caspase-dependent apoptosis is a major mechanism for the cell death [2O3-induced cell death appears similar to that of As4O6 although there is a report showing a significant difference between As2O3- and As4O6-induced cell death [This study was designed to determine whether Aspoptosis , 17, caspoptosis , and autpoptosis , 19. Evell death  and othell death . In othell death . The mecll death . 4O6 through the induction of Bax protein. At first we were puzzled at this result (Bax induction by As4O6) in p53-deficient U937 cells because tumor suppressor p53 plays the central role in regulating Bax protein, a proapoptotic protein. However, the previous report that Bax protein can be induced in U937 cells through the transaction of p73 gene can explain our results [Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that can be executed through extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway. Either pathway is involved in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization which is a critical event in apoptosis . The mit results . 4O6-induced cell death. This finding showing As4O6-induced autophagy in As4O6-induced cell death is also similar to that in As2O3-induced leukemic cell death [2O3-induced cell death should vary depending on the cell lines; so it is not unknown whether our results are applicable to other cancer cells. Therefore, we are going to investigate the mechanism for As4O6-induced cell death in other solid cancer cells. Our results were derived from a single leukemic cell line; so it is difficult to generalize this finding to all leukemic cells. However, those indicated that As4O6-induced Beclin-1 induction which led to autophagy can be another mechanism for its antileukemic effects on U937 cells. This study also suggested that the Beclin-1-induced autophagic cell death could be another mechanism for Asll death , 21. Recll death . This fi4O6-induced cell death or a mechanism to rescue cancer cells from toxic damage. Now that the autophagic cell death is mainly a morphologic definition , there is still no definite evidence that a specific mechanism for autophagic death actually exists. Nonetheless, it is quite conceivable that the autophagy induced by As4O6 could eventually destroy a cell because it has been reported that autophagic cell death is a major mechanism for the anticancer activities of radiation [Another limitation is that we have not verified yet whether Beclin-1-induced autophagy is a critical mechanism for Asadiation  and temoadiation  as well adiation , 21. 2O3-induced cell death in U937 cells, As4O6 did not suppress Bcl-2 expression in this study, but we tested the effects of augmented Bcl-2 on apoptosis and autophagy as well as apoptosis induced by As4O6. We observed that augmented Bcl-2 significantly suppressed the autophagic cell death as well as apoptotic cell death induced by As4O6. This finding is consistent with the previous study [Unlike Asus study \u201329. 4O6-induced autophagy as well as As4O6-induced apoptosis. This finding suggested that ROS production should be greatly involved in As4O6-induced autophagy as well as As4O6-induced apoptosis. Although the possibility that Beclin-1-induced autophagy can be a process to rescue cancer cells from As4O6-induced apoptosis could not be excluded, our finding suggested that ROS induced by As4O6 should lead to Beclin-1-induced autophagy. In aerobic organisms ROS is produced in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain during energy production. Under normal circumstances, reductive enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase can defend cells from the ROS damage, but if ROS is produced high enough to cause severe cellular damage, a cell may undergo programmed cell death , 30. We 4O6-induced cell death is carried on through Beclin-1-induced autophagic cell death as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis, and that the ROS production by As4O6 plays important roles in triggering both Beclin-1-induced autophagic cell death and caspase-dependent apoptosis. This study provides evidence that As4O6-induced cell death is related to Beclin-1-induced autophagy as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis and As4O6 might be an effective agent for the treatment of leukemia similar to As2O3.In conclusion, we have demonstrated that As"}
+{"text": "Yersinia pestis, responsible for causing fulminant plague, has evolved clonally from the enteric pathogen, Y. pseudotuberculosis, which in contrast, causes a relatively benign enteric illness. An ~97% nucleotide identity over 75% of their shared protein coding genes is maintained between these two pathogens, leaving much conjecture regarding the molecular determinants responsible for producing these vastly different disease etiologies, host preferences and transmission routes. One idea is that coordinated production of distinct factors required for host adaptation and virulence in response to specific environmental cues could contribute to the distinct pathogenicity distinguishing these two species. Small non-coding RNAs that direct posttranscriptional regulation have recently been identified as key molecules that may provide such timeous expression of appropriate disease enabling factors. Here the burgeoning field of small non-coding regulatory RNAs in Yersinia pathogenesis is reviewed from the viewpoint of adaptive colonization, virulence and divergent evolution of these pathogens. Yersinia comprises 17 different species, but only three have been shown to be virulent to humans and animals: Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis. Although both Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica are enteric pathogens, they are much less closely related at a DNA level than Y. pestis is with Y. pseudotuberculosis. In fact, Y. pseudotuberculosis diverged from Y. enterocolitica between 41 and 186 million years ago, while Y. pestis diverged from Y. pseudotuberculosis within the last 1500\u201320 000 years, which implies that these two species are more closely genetically related  Cis-acting sRNAs are a second type of sRNA that is transcribed from the antisense strand of its target mRNA. Being usually encoded in the 5\u2032-UTR region of the mRNA, it mediates its interaction by forming a duplex that contorts into a secondary structure which interferes with ribosome binding or mRNA stability. Besides the sRNA-mRNA interaction, sRNAs can directly interact with regulatory proteins to interfere with their function. This is best exemplified by the interaction of the CsrB and CsrC sRNAs with the global regulator protein CsrA which is a mechanism described for Y. pseudotuberculosis  Trarculosis . This wirculosis  or thermrculosis .Yersinia species, there are several studies that have identified the arsenal of sRNAs expressed by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis under different growth conditions. This has revealed both similarities and unexpected differences, not only limited to the presence or absence of sRNAs genes, but also related to the spatial and temporal expression patterns, and dependence on RNA binding proteins. In this review our aim is to take stock of our current understanding of the role of sRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in these pathogens, and how this may have influenced the unique disease manifestations that define each species.With regards to post-transcriptional regulation in the Salmonella  in bacteria has significantly increased in recent years due to their important regulatory functions. Identification of sRNAs has been undertaken in diverse pathogenic bacterial species, e.g., lmonella , Vibrio cholerae , Group Atococcus , Helicobr pylori , Clostriifficile , Acinetoaumannii , and Porngivalis  amongst Y. pestis using sRNAPredict2 which searched for intergenic regions (IGs) with a conserved sequence and adjacent Rho-independent terminator that had to be present in 3\u20137 related bacterial species. Recent development of high-throughput methods and more sophisticated computational algorithms has allowed rapid identification of sRNA candidates in different species. However, given their varying sizes (50\u2013500 nucleotides [nt]) and their potential genomic locations in the 5\u2032- or 3\u2032-UTRs as well as in IGs, identification and validation of true sRNAs remains challenging.Initially sRNAs were discovered only by computational analysis using gene homology with closely related bacterial species; but without experimental data, erroneous determination of gene start sites or incorrect annotations can be made. For example, Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis under various in vitro conditions  microtus strain  was initially coined by the Lathem group to name identified Yersinia specific sRNAs . The total number of potential sRNAs that they identified between Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis was 216  was noted for Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953  were amongst those identified in  IP32953 , and fivtis CO92 ; these sY. pestis was reported by Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis and all but two are conserved in Y. enterocolitica. Only 14 were conserved in E. coli but several were only partially conserved, suggesting that even when sRNAs are conserved, their functions could have diverged. Some sRNAs are conserved only in the region required for base-pairing with targets identified in E. coli which suggests that these Ysrs share some mRNA targets besides their species-specific targets. Similar to the findings of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis depending upon temperature and the presence of Hfq. Comparative Northern blot analysis of all 31 sRNAs in both Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis showed that most of them were constitutively expressed in both species regardless of temperature or the presence of Hfq , revealed identification of six homologs of known sRNAs of other enteric bacteria, including 6S RNA, SsrA, 4.5S RNA, CyaR, CopA and STnc490. Of these, 6S RNA, which is highly abundant in E. coli , BHI and from infected mouse lungs and spleens  that were adjacently located to open-reading frames were re-annotated as 5\u2032-UTRs  in a stuY. pseudotuberculosis YPIII and its derivative crp mutant. This study employed a more rigorous and comprehensive methodology than previous studies, and determined at single nucleotide resolution the global gene expression of these bacteria grown in LB to exponential and stationary phases at 25 and 37\u00b0C , a previously validated sRNA (Ysr164), 11 new sRNAs and 10 antisense sRNAs were confirmed by Northern blot. Most trans-encoded sRNAs were largely temperature and growth phase responsive in keeping with studies described above and reflect the transition of the bacteria between heterothermic environments during transmission. This study has to date advanced identification of post-transcriptional regulation involving sRNAs in Yersinia and allowed clear categorization of sRNAs into trans-encoded or antisense sRNAs, or as 5\u2032-UTR regulatory elements.A most recent study, identified sRNAs in and 37\u00b0C . A totalY. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis thus far to be ~354, of which about 105 have been alternately validated by Northern or RT-qPCR  species and strains, e.g., Y. pestis vs. Y. pseudotuberculosis or Y. pestis CO92 vs. Y. pestis KIM6+ (3) methodologies used, e.g., deep sequencing vs. cDNA cloning, (4) bioinformatics analysis and pipelines applied to data, e.g., expression cut-off thresholds. However other intrinsic factors could also impact variable expression of sRNAs. Take for instance a scenario in which Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis encode the same sRNA but that this sRNAs controls different mRNAs targets in the two species, which in turn are additionally differentially regulated by distinct global regulators or growth conditions. In this case, the expression of the sRNA will vary according to the availability of its targets, as in the absence of the mRNA target the sRNA is subject to destabilization and rapid degradation. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that conserved sRNAs between Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis can differ in stability and/or expression , also known as tmRNA or 10S, and small protein B (SmpB) are components of a unique bacterial translational control system . This syY. pseudotuberculosis but among deep sequence analyses that searched for new Yersinia sRNAs, it was identified in the Y. pestis bv. microtus strain and referred to as sR022 or Yp-sR31 , are reduced in the smpB-ssrA mutant. Furthermore this mutant exhibits delayed host cell cytotoxicity and is more sensitive to oxidative and nitrosative stresses, low pH, and sublethal concentrations of translation-specific antibiotics, and is non-motile  and regulates  of yopJ . It has Yersinia adaptation to the host because a Ysr35 mutant showed significantly compromised survival in a mouse model in both Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis (Y. pseudotuberculosis using single-molecule fluorescence hybridization (smFISH) and its expression was demonstrated to increase upon a temperature upshift from 25 to 37\u00b0C, further supporting its importance in pathogenesis  synthase, GlmS, in ynthesis . The Glmth phase . It has promoter .Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis  and rpsO , is expressed preferentially at late-logarithmic phase, and activated by heat and cold shock treatments  with the E. coli gcvB sequence  matrix. Biofilm formation results in blockage of the flea proventriculus, which facilitates an hosts .Y. pestis EPS biosynthesis is encoded by the hmsHFRS operon, whereas HmsT and HmsD are the two sole diguanylate cyclases responsible of biosynthesis of c-di-GMP, while HmsP is the sole phosphodiesterase responsible for c-di-GMP degradation , is central to the biofilm formation as it promotes EPS production . In Y. pradation .Y. pestis bv. microtus  identified by RNA-seq study of microtus . This isc-di-GMP . These eesterase . HoweverYersinia genus will be discussed below.Post-transcriptional activation of transcripts can occur indirectly, through mechanisms that do not require direct base pairing of sRNAs with their targets. In these cases, globally acting RNA-binding proteins Hfq and CsrA often play an important role. These thoroughly studied RNA binding proteins and their roles in sRNA function in the trans-acting sRNAs. It promotes stable sRNA:mRNA base-paring interactions as in trans-acting sRNAs the contact on the target is typically short and imperfect  family of eukaryotic proteins, is a well-known RNA chaperone widely recognized for being required for the proper functioning of many mperfect  and it amperfect . Most sRmperfect . Due to pathways . Hfq binpathways , that arpathways .Y. enterocolitica species, as the protein Yrp which regulates production of the heat stable enterotoxin, Y-ST -type RNA genes in other bacteria, are activated by the two-component signal transduction system BarA/UvrY which regulates the expression of genes associated with virulence, secondary metabolism, motility, exoenzyme production, quorum sensing or biofilm formation  in the promoter region of target genes and operons.More recently it is becoming apparent that the global transcriptional regulator cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein, Crp, has an important role in regulating sRNAs in . pestis . Within lability . Transcrcrp gene of Y. pseudotuberculosis . It remains to be resolved whether these are legitimate riboswitches and how they function. Additionally, at 37\u00b0C the compromised growth phenotype exhibited by a Y. pestis hfq mutant can be partially restored by synthesis of Crp, emphasizing that Hfq and Crp are functionally coordinated during Y. pestis infection of its mammalian host , as well as two antisense sRNAs (Ysr232 and Ysr114) exclusively expressed in the crp mutant were validated as directly targeted with Crp using gel shift assays. Thus key findings regarding Crp regulation of sRNAs, are that Crp acts as a master regulator of many sRNAs; it binds directly or mediates indirect control of sRNAs through other transcriptional regulators, and that Crp regulation of sRNAs occurs especially at stationary growth phase during catabolite repression.Several direct targets of Crp have been experimentally verified in both rculosis  and Y. p. pestis  includin. pestis . As sRNAY. pestis bv. microtus strain, contained Crp-binding sites. Northern analysis verified expression of seven of these sRNAs in the wild type versus the crp mutant. The known Crp-regulated CyaR/RyeE sRNA  of bacteria during systemic dissemination to identify the localized, nutrient-specific disparate regulatory changes in gene expression of the two pathogens that likely fine tunes their adaptation during infection.Given that for Crp, there appears to be some distinct differences between Crp-regulated targets and its regulation by Hfq between cis-acting non-coding RNA regulatory elements like riboswitches and RNA thermometers. These elements have a distinctive regulatory mechanism in that they undergo structural rearrangement in response to binding of a small ligand, e.g., metabolites or cofactors, or thermal shifts, i.e., their function is intimately coupled with signal integration.Long 5\u2032-UTRS of some mRNAs can contain structured Yersinia species that exhibit thermo-regulation of gene transcription as the bacteria transitions between the environmental/flea environment into the mammalian host. The thermometer element was found located intercistronically between the yscW that encodes a structural component of the T3SS apparatus and the lcrF gene that encodes a transcriptional activator of genes encoding effector proteins. The RNA thermometer composes two hairpin mRNA secondary structures. The lcrF proximal hairpin contains a sequence of four U\u2019s, also called fourU that sequesters the SD sequence, while the secondary structure occludes the start codon. The mammalian host body temperature is, however, sufficient to melt the unstable G-U bonds that hold the SD/fourU sequences together. Once the hairpin structure is destabilized, post-transcriptional controlled initiation of lcrF translation ensues leading to differential synthesis of YscW and LcrF proteins and expression of virulence function. Due to the 100% conservation in nucleotide sequence homology in this region, this RNA thermometer mechanism of regulation is likely conserved in all pathogenic Yersinia species. Currently the only clearly defined recognition motifs that typify thermometer elements are the fourU and ROSE elements  using the RibEx riboswitch explorer (btuB gene that encodes a Ton-B dependent vitamin B12 receptor, composed of a 315 nucleotide long 5\u2032-UTR, contains a known cobalamin riboswitch element. Unknown RLEs require experimental verification, functional characterization and determination of the metabolites/cofactor ligands that mediate their structural switching.Unlike RNA thermometer elements, riboswitches require binding of a ligand, usually a metabolite or cofactor, to induce conformational changes in the RNA secondary that directs premature transcription termination or inhibit initiation of translation. A search for riboswitch elements in rculosis . In thisexplorer  predicte2+ responsive riboswitch, mgtA, which regulates the expression of the downstream encoded Mg2+ transporter MgtA, has been described only for Y. enterocolitica (2+ concentration to inhibit expression of MgtA. At low Mg2+ concentration an alternate single stem loop antiterminator structure forms that favors translation of the mgtA mRNA and Mg2+ uptake. Similar studies are required for the Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis to identify disparities in riboswitch mechanisms that may facilitate their distinct host infection phenotypes.To date a detailed riboregulatory mechanism of a 5\u2032-UTR Mgcolitica . Here, iYersinia virulence and host adaptation. The underlying emerging theme of the Yersinia sRNA studies reviewed here is that sRNAs coordinate metabolic adaptation to enhance the host\u2013pathogen interaction.In the last decade, research on sRNA identification and functional analysis has begun to reveal a previously hidden regulatory layer in the already complex gene networks that control cellular function and behavior. As discussed in this review, sRNAs have been shown to act as regulators of Yersinia sRNAs, the exact cellular function and downstream mRNA targets remain to be elucidated. Thus far we have learned that different growth and treatment conditions uncover distinct sRNAs repertoires reflective of that particular set of conditions. So while in vitro growth studies representing infection relevant conditions have potential to identify some important host-specific sRNAs, the full complement of these molecules may be overlooked without in vivo studies. Only a single study identified Y. pestis sRNAs in the biologically relevant context of the lung and spleen, but only one highly induced, and previously annotated sRNA, SsrA, was shown to be important for mouse infection (Yersinia species. Importantly, comparative analyses of sRNAs and post-transcriptional regulation between Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis may provide insight into the evolution of the distinct disease states of these two pathogens.Many fundamental questions about sRNA biology remain to be answered, however, before sRNAs can be exploited to disrupt the host\u2013pathogen interaction. For most identified nfection  similar nfection . StudiesY. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis discussed in this review, emphasize their important and specific roles in fine tuning adaptation of these pathogens to cause disease.Because experimental efforts to determine cellular function of sRNAs are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and bioinformatics prediction of target mRNAs remains largely unreliable being confounded by imperfect complementarity between the sRNA and mRNA, researchers are faced with several challenges in the field of sRNA biology. Undoubtedly, however, the mechanisms of sRNA regulation suggests the possibility that inhibition of key sRNA folding or targeted mRNA interactions strategies can be developed as the basis of novel anti-infective strategies, especially in the face of antibiotic resistance. The several instances of obviously different post-transcriptional regulatory control of infection and adaptation between LM-C and VV reviewed the literature and contributed to writing and revising this manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
+{"text": "Some RNAs in mammalian cells can help to silence the DNA they are transcribed from. Related research article Johnson WL, Yewdell WT, Bell JC, McNulty SM, Duda Z, O'Neill RJ, Sullivan BA, Straight AF. 2017. RNA-dependent stabilization of SUV39H1 at constitutive heterochromatin. eLife6:e25299. doi: 10.7554/eLife.25299Related research article Velazquez Camacho O, Galan C, Swist-Rosowska K, Ching R, Gamalinda M, Karabiber F, De La Rosa-Velazquez I, Engist B, Koschorz B, Shukeir N, Onishi-Seebacher M, van de Nobelen S, Jenuwein T. 2017. Major satellite repeat RNA stabilize heterochromatin retention of Suv39h enzymes by RNA-nucleosome association and RNA:DNA hybrid formation. eLife6:e25293. doi: 10.7554/eLife.25293Related research article Shirai A, Kawaguchi T, Shimojo H, Muramatsu D, Ishida-Yonetani M, Nishimura Y, Kimura H, Nakayama J-I, Shinkai Y. 2017. Impact of nucleic acid and methylated H3K9 binding activities of Suv39h1 on its heterochromatin assembly. eLife6:e25317. doi: 10.7554/eLife.25317Some of the DNA within our cells is packaged into a dense structure known as heterochromatin, which is often thought of as the dark matter of the genome because it effectively 'silences' regions of DNA that are potentially harmful to cells. In mammals, the bulk of heterochromatin forms at repeated DNA sequences called satellite repeats, which are found near a region of the chromosome known as the centromere . HoweverThe DNA in chromosomes is wrapped around proteins called histones. To make heterochromatin, enzymes of the Suv39h family modify the H3 histone by adding methyl groups to a particular location (to produce a modification known as H3K9me3). Proteins containing a region known as the chromodomain are able to bind to this H3K9me3 mark. This, in turn, leads to the recruitment of downstream factors that prevent the DNA being transcribed to make RNA molecules.Over the past two decades, studies in fission yeast, plants and various animals have identified a role for RNA molecules that do not encode proteins and proteins that bind to RNA in the recruitment of Suv39h enzymes to heterochromatin . Many ofIn flies and mammals, RNAi seems to be only required for silencing DNA repeats in germline cells . Some stPrevious work has shown that the fission yeast homolog of the mammal Suv39h family can directly bind to RNA and DNA in cell-free systems through a region of the enzyme known as the chromodomain . One memAaron Straight of Stanford University and co-workers at various universities in the US \u2013 including Whitney Johnson and William Yewdell as joint first authors \u2013 set out to determine whether RNA is associated with heterochromatin in human cells. They found that RNAs transcribed from DNA repeats called \u03b1-satellites near centromeres remain where they are made and co-localize with the H3K9me3 heterochromatin mark on chromosomes in cells that are preparing to divide .Subsequently, Johnson et al. observed that treating these cells with drugs that block transcription, or an enzyme that degrades single-stranded RNAs, results in fewer SUV39H1 enzymes being associated with the chromosomes. They also found that SUV39H1 could bind to both RNA and DNA (without sequence specificity) through its chromodomain and another region called the N-terminal extension .To explore the underlying mechanisms in more detail, Johnson et al. generated mutant versions of SUV39H1 that were unable to bind to DNA and RNA, but were able to interact with and modify the histone H3 protein. Adding further mutations that disrupt the ability of the chromodomain to recognize H3K9me3 modifications showed that SUV39H1 needs to bind to both H3K9me3 and RNA or DNA in order to form stable associations with heterochromatin and efficiently silence \u03b1-satellite repeats.In the second study, Yoichi Shinkai at RIKEN, Jun-ichi Nakayama at the National Institute of Basic Biology and co-workers \u2013 including Atsuko Shirai and Takayuki Kawaguchi as joint first authors \u2013 at various institutes in Japan showed that the chromodomain of Suv39h1, the mouse homolog of human SUV39H1, directly binds to RNA  with minimal sequence specificity . Suv39h1Shirai et al. also found that the mutant Suv39h1 enzymes were less likely to associate with RNAs produced by satellite DNA in mice. Decreasing the levels of major satellite RNAs in the cells appeared to reduce the ability of Suv39h1 to associate with heterochromatin near the centromeres. Thus, similar to what Johnson et al. say for the human version of the enzyme, Shirai et al. found that the chromodomain of murine Suv39h1 is able to bind to RNA and DNA, which cooperates with its H3K9me3 binding activity to allow it to stay attached to heterochromatin .In the third study, Thomas Jenuwein at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics and co-workers \u2013 including Oscar Velazquez Camacho as first author \u2013 uncovered a basic domain at the N-terminal end of another mouse Suv39h enzyme known as Suv39h2 that is able to bind to RNA . This doUsing a biochemical assay, Velazquez Camacho et al. \u2013 who are based at institutes in Germany, the Netherlands and Turkey \u2013 showed that most major satellite RNA is stably bound to chromatin and may form the 'scaffolds' that are required for Suv39h enzymes to remain associated with purified DNA wrapped around histones. However, expressing a mutant Suv39h2 enzyme that does not contain the N-terminal extension in cells that were missing the wildtype Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 enzymes restored the H3K9me3 modifications and the silencing of major satellites to nearly normal levels. This suggests that the possible biological role of Suv39h2 in RNA binding may be masked by redundant mechanisms.Together, these studies suggest a new role for noncoding RNAs transcribed from DNA repeats, a role that involves helping Suv39h enzymes to associate with heterochromatin. The three teams all propose that the RNAs provide tethers that work together with histone H3K9me3 modifications to stabilize the binding of Suv39h enzymes to heterochromatin, leading to further H3K9me3 modifications and the silencing of DNA .Although the latest work supports a role for non-specific RNA binding in the tethering of Suv39h enzymes to heterochromatin, a role for DNA binding cannot be ruled out. In particular, a recent study suggests that the N-terminal extension of the human SUV39H1 enzyme promotes interactions with purified DNA wrapped around histones and stimulates H3K9me3 modification .More generally, noncoding RNAs have also been implicated in the association of other histone-modifying enzymes with DNA in chromosomes. Like the members of the Suv39h family discussed here, these enzymes are able to bind to a variety of RNAs in cell-free systems. Therefore, the findings of these three studies may be applicable to other enzymes that control the way DNA is packaged in chromosomes."}
+{"text": "Fructose is an abundant sugar in plants as it is a breakdown product of both major sucrose-cleaving enzymes. To enter metabolism, fructose is phosphorylated by a fructokinase (FRK). Known FRKs are members of a diverse family of carbohydrate/purine kinases known as the phosphofructokinase B (pfkB) family. The complete complement of active fructokinases has not been reported for any plant species.Arabidopsis thaliana pfkB members identified eight highly related predicted proteins, including one with previously demonstrated FRK activity. For one, At1g50390, the predicted open reading frame is half the size of active FRKs, and only incompletely spliced RNAs were identified, which led to a premature stop codon, both indicating that this gene does not produce active FRK. The remaining seven proteins were expressed in E. coli and phosphorylated fructose specifically in vitro leading us to propose a unifying nomenclature (FRK1\u20137). Substrate inhibition was observed for fructose in all FRKs except FRK1. Fructose binding was on the same order of magnitude for FRK1\u20136, between 260 and 480\u00a0\u03bcM. FRK7 was an outlier with a fructose Km of 12\u00a0\u03bcM. ATP binding was similar for all FRKs and ranged between 52 and 280\u00a0\u03bcM. YFP-tagged AtFRKs were cytosolic, except plastidic FRK3. T-DNA alleles with non-detectable wild-type RNAs in five of the seven active FRK genes produced no overt phenotype. We extended our sequence comparisons to include putative FRKs encoded in other plant sequenced genomes. We observed that different subgroups expanded subsequent to speciation.Protein sequence analysis of the 22 Arabidopsis thaliana as well as all other plant species analyzed contain multiple copies of genes encoding FRK activity. Sequence comparisons among multiple species identified a minimal set of three distinct FRKs present on all species investigated including a plastid-localized form. The selective expansion of specific isozymes results in differences in FRK gene number among species. AtFRKs exhibit substrate inhibition, typical of their mammalian counterparts with the single AtFRK1 lacking this property, suggesting it may have a distinct in vivo role. Results presented here provide a starting point for the engineering of specific FRKs to affect biomass production. E. coli phosphofructokinase 2 (Pfk-2) which is the minor fructokinase isoform in this species [Fructose is an abundant sugar found in plants, generated via the breakdown of sucrose either by invertases, which hydrolytically produce fructose and glucose, or by sucrose synthases, reversibly producing fructose and NDP-glucose using a nucleoside diphosphate. To enter metabolism, fructose must first be phosphorylated most typically to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) by a fructokinase FRK, EC 2.7.1.4). Curiously, FRKs are members of a family of diverse kinases known as the phosphofructokinase B (pfkB) family based on their sequence similarity to the founding member, .7.1.4. CTypical PfkB protein structure is a large domain consisting of a \u03b2-sheet sandwiched between several \u03b1-helices, and a smaller domain, known as the lid domain, comprised of another \u03b2-sheet attached to the larger domain by short loops that act as a hinge , 4. The Leishmania donovani pfkB member ADK, decreased enzyme activity to less than 1% of that of the wild-type enzyme and reduced substrate binding affinity, presumably due to the inability of the mutant protein to adopt the closed conformation that supports catalysis [E. coli Pfk-2 significantly abrogated enzymatic activity, but substrate binding was only mildly affected [PfkB proteins possess two signature motifs: a di-gly (GG) motif in the N-terminal region and a G/AXGD motif in the C-terminal region . The rolatalysis . The aspatalysis , 4. MutaMany pfkB proteins are active as dimers generated through interactions between the lid domains of two monomers , 4. InteArabidopsis thaliana. Among these species, FRK activities are best characterized in tomato and four tomato FRK isozymes have been studied functionally and biochemically [FRK4 promoter to drive expression of diphtheria toxin A in Arabidopsis to assess the tissue-specific expression profile of FRK4, David-Schwartz et al. found that the lethal effects of the toxin were limited to pollen and developing anthers suggesting FRK4 expression is restricted to these organs [Despite renewed interest in understanding regulation of carbon flux within the plant and overall plant biomass accumulation for energy purposes, biochemical studies on FRK activities have been characterized only in a few species, mostly tomato, potato and emically . As GFP emically . Tomato emically . Surprisemically . Vasculaemically . In expee organs . The difFRK2 led to a reduction in the UDP-glucose pool, which was accompanied by reduced cell wall fiber thickness and a lower proportion of cellulose in cell walls [The growth and vasculature defects in the tomato KD plants suggest that FRKs could be involved in cell wall development, which is a logical possibility for carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Sucrose synthase generates fructose and UDP-glucose, the latter of which is a precursor of cellulose, a major constituent of plant cell walls, and fructose is a feedback inhibitor of sucrose synthase. Since FRKs phosphorylate fructose, and thereby reduce intracellular fructose pools, they are hypothesized to indirectly affect cellulose production through modulation of sucrose synthase activity and UDP-glucose production. This hypothesis implicates FRKs as relevant to crop engineering for lignocellulosic biofuel production , 21. In Arabidopsis thaliana, biochemical characterization of seven active members, and the identification of one pseudogene. All seven members phosphorylated fructose specifically, and henceforth will be referred to as FRKs. Fluorescently tagged Arabidopsis FRK enzymes localized to the cytosol, with the exception of At1g66430/FRK3, which was plastid-localized. Sequence analysis using predicted FRKs from other sequenced genomes support a minimal set of three types of FRKs in plants. Analysis of other plant species also suggests that some of the isozymes may have expanded after speciation. Arabidopsis lines with T-DNA-mediated disruption of single FRKs did not noticeably affect plant growth. The data presented in this manuscript represents the first steps in defining the biological and biochemical roles for the individual FRK enzymes in Arabidopsis.In Arabidopsis, two electrophoretically distinct FRK activities have been identified and characterized biochemically for substrate specificities and sensitivities to ions and metabolites, though the identities of protein or proteins in each band are unknown . In contArabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0, encoded in At1g66430, therein named FRK3, was an active FRK after expression of the recombinant protein in E. coli. To determine whether other pfkB enzymes in Arabidopsis are active FRKs, we first generated a phylogenetic tree based on an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the 22 putative pfkB family members in Arabidopsis to determine whether and which other pfkB proteins clade with FRK3 . Each mutant line was confirmed homozygous for the T-DNA insertion in the respective gene (data not shown) and none of the T-DNA insertional mutants made authentic transcripts for their respective disrupted FRK gene Fig. -e. AfterN. benthamiana) and examined by confocal microscopy. The majority of a plant cell\u2019s cytoplasm comprises the vacuole, such that the cytosol is compressed between the vacuolar and plasma membranes. Cytosolic proteins therefore appear around the edges of cells by microscopy, as seen for a known GFP-tagged cytosolic protein, \u03b2-glucuronidase  fusions transiently in tobacco leaves , Solanum lycospersicum (tomato), Populus trichocarpa (poplar), Zea mays (maize), Brachypodium distaychon, and Physcomitrella patens (moss). We then created a phylogenetic tree using all protein sequences along with all Arabidopsis pfkB sequences. We included all proteins that were within one branch from any of the seven active Arabidopsis FRKs. This yielded 51 protein sequences comprised of seven from Arabidopsis, 11 from Medicago, three from rice, four from tomato, four from Populus, four from Brachypodium, eight from maize, and eight from Physcomitrella (moss).In order to determine whether orthologous FRKs are present in other plant species for all seven Arabidopsis FRKs, we compared the amino acid sequences of the seven active Arabidopsis FRKs with those of other plant species with sequenced genomes including Several interesting relationships were apparent from the resulting phylogenetic tree comprised of the 51 confirmed and putative FRKs Fig. . All PhyFructose is one of the major sugars found in plant cells as it is a common product of the two major sucrose cleaving enzymes, and it must be phosphorylated to enter metabolism as F6P. Here we provide evidence that there are at least seven active fructokinase isozymes in the model plant Arabidopsis. This trend of multiple FRKs also appears to extend to other plant species as there were at least three putative FRKs encoded by the genome of each species included in our analysis. The Physcomitrella genome encodes eight putative FRKs, which clade together but group away from all other species in our analysis. The fewest FRKs were identified in rice and we speculate that the three putative rice FRK enzymes may represent the minimum FRK cohort that supports plant survival. The groups of FRK paralogs in Arabidopsis, Physcomitrella, and Medicago that are more closely related to each other than those of any of the other species in our analysis suggest that each has a common ancestral gene that then may have duplicated multiple times after speciation.E. coli PFK-2 shows substrate inhibition by ATP, which involves an allosteric ATP binding site made up partly by the first ATP molecule bound to the protein [The similarity between the Arabidopsis FRK protein sequences suggested that their biochemical activity would likely be very similar. Indeed, each of the Arabidopsis FRKs in our analysis phosphorylated fructose specifically. Five Arabidopsis FRKs were roughly equivalent in activity while the other two were significantly lower. The lower activities of FRK5 and FRK7 is surprising given the sequence similarities between these two and the other FRKs. Upon closer inspection of the peptide sequences there are no amino acid or motif differences that are shared between only FRK5 and FRK7, leaving the molecular explanation for the difference in activity as compared to the other FRKs unresolved. The regulation of most Arabidopsis FRKs, with the exception of FRK1 that lacks apparent substrate inhibition by fructose, also appears to be very similar, though the mechanism of substrate inhibition in FRK enzymes by fructose remains unknown. The  protein . The str protein . Alloste protein \u201310, thouThe ionic cofactor requirements for the tested Arabidopsis FRKs are comparable to those of characterized pfkB family enzymes from other species, which further supports that potassium and magnesium are general cofactors for pfkB family enzymes \u201313. InorFRK4, David-Schwartz et al. [FRK1 and FRK3 were expressed at moderate to high levels in all plant tissues with the exception of stamens where their expression was low. FRK7 was expressed at high levels in pollen and in roots, and was also present in siliques and stems. For FRK4, which they report to be the likely functional Arabidopsis homolog of tomato FRK4, expression was confined to mature pollen. Examining the tissue specific expression profiles from the database used in the aforementioned study, Arabidopsis FRK5 and FRK6 are both expressed only at low levels. FRK5 is expressed mainly in roots, flowers, and seeds, while FRK6 is expressed at similar low levels in roots, flowers, and pollen. FRK2, on the other hand, was expressed at moderate levels throughout the plant and expressed highly in hypocotyls, roots, and stems. The ubiquitous and generally moderate to high levels of expression for FRK1, FRK2, and FRK3 further suggests that these enzymes may exhibit functional redundancy. The low level of expression of FRK5 and FRK6 in any tissue suggests that they play minor roles in plant metabolism. We did not examine the effects of the loss of FRK4 as no T-DNA lines were available when we began these studies. However, we speculate that the loss of FRK4 may result in pollen deficiencies due to the tissue specific expression of its putative tomato ortholog [An important point to consider as it pertains to the possible redundancy between the Arabidopsis FRKs is their tissue-specific expression profiles. In their manuscript describing the tomato z et al.  discusseortholog .FRK1, FRK2, FRK5 or FRK7. FRK3 is the only isozyme that is differentially localized, so we expected to see a phenotypic difference upon its inactivation. However, growth of FRK3 T-DNA line was also not different than wild type.The biochemical data presented here combined with the similar subcellular localization for six of the seven Arabidopsis FRKs further suggest possible redundancies between two or more Arabidopsis FRKs. Indeed, we observed no discernable differences in the vegetative growth upon T-DNA-mediated inactivation of Arabidopsis FRK3 mutant may not exhibit a growth phenotype but also does not explain the possible importance of plastidic FRK.The role of plastidic FRK is unknown. In prokaryotes it is well established that fructose in the unphosphorylated form will more easily pass through cell membranes. So, unphosphorylated plastidic fructose may also freely cross the chloroplast membrane making it available for phosphorylation by a cytosolic FRK. This scenario explains why the Currently, there is no evidence that FRKs, themselves, are signal transducers . HoKnockdown experiments in tomato and aspen suggest that FRKs could participate in regulating cell wall development, likely by modulating the flux of cellulose precursors. This implicates FRKs as possible targets for biofuel crop engineering. Mukherjee et al. (19) sought to increase cotton fiber yield via the overexpression of tomato FRK1. They noted an increase in seed cotton production, though much of the increase was likely due to an increase in seed number. The transgenic cotton had reduced sucrose levels, and, curiously, increased stem diameters, though they speculate that other factors could have affected stem diameter . AlthougArabidopsis thaliana. FRKs represent an important group of enzymes that maintain the metabolic flux of fructose, one of the breakdown products of sucrose, the mobile sugar in plants. A large subfamily of pfkB family genes with high peptide sequence similarity was identified that included eight putative enzymes. One was found to likely encode a pseudogene, as its cDNA product contained an unspliced intron that contained a premature stop codon. The remaining seven were bacterially expressed and found to phosphorylate fructose specifically with roughly similar kinetic parameters. All were cytosolic except one, which was plastidic. Inactivation of any of five of the seven for which T-DNA insertion mutants were available resulted in no overt phenotype. Sequence analysis, when extended to other species, suggests that the pattern of encoding several FRKs is a general property of plants. Our study represents the first side-by-side characterization of the FRK family as a whole in a plant species and provides the basis for further studies linking FRK activity through sucrose metabolism to the agronomically important area of cellulosic biomass production.This manuscript describes the identification and initial biochemical characterization of seven active fructokinases (FRKs) in the model plant All chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted.Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 ecotype seeds  and propagated in the laboratory) were surface sterilized in a solution of 30% bleach and 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10\u00a0min, rinsed with water, stratified for 48\u00a0h at 4\u00a0\u00b0C and grown for 10\u00a0days on solid  germination media (GM) (4.3\u00a0g/l Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts, 2.5\u00a0mm MES, 1\u00d7 B vitamins , 1% w/v sucrose (Fisher), pH\u00a05.7). All plate-grown seedlings were grown at 20\u00a0\u00b0C under constant white light at 40\u201350\u00a0\u03bc mol sec\u22121\u00a0m\u22122 and used for RNA isolation.FRK1, SALK_046463 (frk1\u20131); two alleles for FRK2, SALKseq_17726 (frk2\u20131) and SALK_114786 (frk2\u20132); two alleles for FRK3, SALK_044085 (frk3\u20131) and SALK_035386 (frk3\u20132); two alleles for FRK5, SALK_027635 (frk5\u20131) and SALK_057002 (frk5\u20132); and one allele for FRK7, GABI_253H07 (frk7\u20131), seeds were obtained from ABRC and sown directly on soil, thinned to 1 plant per 8\u00a0cm by 8\u00a0cm square pot, with multiple pots for each genotype distributed among 4\u20137 trays and grown at 22\u00a0\u00b0C in cycles of 16\u00a0h light and 8\u00a0h dark (average 116\u00a0\u03bcmol\u22c5sec\u22121\u22c5m\u22122). Untransformed Col-0 was grown as control. The growth experiment was performed twice with identical results. Rosette size at 3\u00a0weeks was measured with Image J software from photographs, graphed and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests in Prism (GraphPad). Genomic DNA isolation and PCR genotypic were performed as described previously [For phenotypic analysis of T-DNA insertional mutants, Nicotiana benthamiana seeds were obtained from Bo Liu  and groMedicago truncatula, Oryza sativa, Solanum lycopersicum, Populus trichocarpa, Physcomitrella patens, Zea mays, and Brachypodium distachyon for the keyword \u201cpfkB\u201d. All resulting sequences were downloaded and aligned along with the peptide sequences from seven Arabidopsis FRKs in MUSCLE [Full-length protein sequences of Arabidopsis FRKs were aligned using MUSCLE  and visun MUSCLE . Then a n MUSCLE  and visun MUSCLE . Sequencn MUSCLE  and the n MUSCLE . The phyFRK2, FRK3, FRK4, FRK5, and FRK7, RNA was extracted from 7-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) and used to generate cDNA using the SuperScript III First-Strand Supermix (Invitrogen). pENTR223 and pDONR221 based clones for FRK1 (G09822) and FRK5 (DQ056446), respectively, were obtained from the ABRC and were recombined directly into destination vectors for bacterial expression. Clones for transient expression in tobacco leaves and for Arabidopsis transformation had their stop codon mutated and Gateway (Invitrogen) recombination sites added via PCR using the primers listed in Table E. coli strain DH5\u03b1 (New England Biolabs) for propagation of plasmid DNA. Sequences were verified at the UC Davis DNA sequencing facility. Clones were then recombined into pEAK2 [For to pEAK2  for bactK5 DQ0564, respectto pEAK2  via the E. coli strain BL21-pLys-S (New England Biolabs) and purified via Ni Sepharose  affinity chromatography. Bacterial cells were lysed by sonication in lysis buffer ), mixed with resin and the beads washed with at least 10 column volumes of wash buffer  and eluted in elution buffer . Eluate was brought to 20% glycerol and was flash frozen and stored at \u221280\u00a0\u00b0C. Concentration of recombinant proteins was determined using Protein Assay Reagent (BioRad) and BSA to generate standard curves. Purity was determined by coomassie staining of an 10% SDS-acrylamide gel.Proteins were expressed in 340. The reaction mixture consisted of 50\u00a0mM Tris pH\u00a07.5, 100\u00a0mM KCl, 10\u00a0mM MgCl2, 0.1\u00a0mM ATP, 1\u00a0mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 10\u00a0mM inorganic phosphate, 1\u00a0mM NADH, 1\u00a0mM fructose, 2\u00a0U/mL lactate dehydrogenase, 2\u00a0U/mL pyruvate kinase. Reactions were carried out in 100\u00a0\u03bcl volumes in microplate format (NUNC) and A340 was monitored using a Spectra Max 340 microplate reader (Molecular Devices). For the determination of Km values of ribose and ATP, initial reaction rates were measured in concentrations of ribose or ATP, respectively, varied between 2 and 0.0625\u00a0mM with all other parameters held constant. Data were plotted and biochemical parameters determined via non-linear curve fitting to either the Michaelis Menten equation or substrate inhibition equation as appropriate in Prism 7 (GraphPad). To determine the effect of monovalent cations, initial reaction rates were determined in the presence of 100\u00a0mM KCl, or NaCl and normalized to that of KCl. To determine the effect of divalent cations, initial reaction rates were determined in the presence of 10\u00a0mM MgCl2 or EDTA, and normalized to that of MgCl2. Inorganic phosphate was omitted from the reaction to test its requirement. Nucleotide preference was tested by substituting the 0.1\u00a0mM ATP with 0.1\u00a0mM GTP or UTP, and normalized to that of 0.1\u00a0mM ATP. All assays to determine Vmax and Km were performed in triplicate. Assays to determine cofactor requirements were performed in quadruplicate and expressed as scatterplots showing all data points. Statistical differences were determined using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Dunnett\u2019s multiple comparison test in Prism (GraphPad).Enzymatic assays were carried out in assays coupling the production of ADP to NADH oxidation and monitored by ANicotiana benthamiana leaves. After 48\u00a0h, a small leaf disc close to the site of infiltration was excised and then prepared and mounted similarly to what was shown in Littlejohn and Love [Agrobacteria strain AGL1  carryinand Love . Briefly"}
+{"text": "We review the literature to identify common problems of decision-making in individuals and groups. We are guided by a Bayesian framework to explain the interplay between past experience and new evidence, and the problem of exploring the space of hypotheses about all the possible states that the world could be in and all the possible actions that one could take. There are strong biases, hidden from awareness, that enter into these psychological processes. While biases increase the efficiency of information processing, they often do not lead to the most appropriate action. We highlight the advantages of group decision-making in overcoming biases and searching the hypothesis space for good models of the world and good solutions to problems. Diversity of group members can facilitate these achievements, but diverse groups also face their own problems. We discuss means of managing these pitfalls and make some recommendations on how to make better group decisions. Making decisions in groups can reduce uncertainty, and this is one of the reasons why it is observed frequently throughout the animal kingdom\u00a0,2. For eintuitive is important; it reminds us that we are not conscious of most of our cognitive processes, which happen automatically and are simply too fast to reach awareness. We will often refer to the Bayesian distinction between past experience (prior) and new evidence (likelihood). We will also refer to the need to explore the hypothesis space from which we select an action. In doing so, our main aim is to understand how decisions can go wrong. Details of the Bayesian approach can be found in appendix A.Our review will mostly be concerned with small groups who agree on the problem to be solved, such as panels and committees, although many of the phenomena that we consider can also be observed in large groups. We adopt a Bayesian framework which has been shown to capture many aspects of intuitive decision-making\u00a0\u201310. The 2.2.1.2.1.1.It is important to strike the right balance between, on one hand, past experience and perceived wisdom and, on the other hand, new evidence. In the middle of the last century, doctors sent large numbers of children to hospital to have their tonsils and adenoids removed. Such referrals were made even though, in 1938, the Schools Epidemic Committee of the Medical Research Council concluded: \u2018It is a little difficult to believe that among the mass of tonsillectomies performed to-day all subjects for operation are selected with true discrimination and one cannot avoid the conclusion that there is a tendency for the operation to be performed as a routine prophylactic ritual for no particular reason and with no particular result\u2019\u00a0. In a mo2.1.2.reliability, known as precision in the Bayesian framework, of our sources. The confidence with which others transmit information can be a useful marker, but it can also be misleading, even when there is no intention to deceive. These dangers are present even when evaluating our own judgements. In many situations, the confidence we feel might not be a good guide. For example, a victim of a crime may sincerely believe that they have a good memory for the face of the criminal, but select an innocent person in an identity parade\u00a0\u2019\u00a0\u2019\u00a0. When as added]\u2019\u00a0,86,173.8.2.8.2.1.The risks of equality bias can be countered if group members have equal competence at the task in hand\u00a0. Failing8.2.2.The risks of social conformity can sometimes be avoided by granting anonymity\u00a0. For exa8.2.3.instructed dissent, is to ask a subset of group members to play devil's advocate\u00a0[contrived advocacy often has less influence on the listener compared to genuine advocacy, possibly because the arguments for an adopted position are made with less confidence\u00a0[no-interruption rule; it tends to be unshared ideas, or group members who bring diversity to the discussion, such as women in male-dominated environments, who are cut short\u00a0[There are various techniques which may help groups overcome shared information bias. One of them, advocate\u00a0, always advocate\u00a0. A problnfidence\u00a0. Anotherut short\u00a0. Each grut short\u00a0,198. Finut short\u00a0.8.2.4.Delphi method, developed by members of the RAND Corporation in the 1950s\u00a0[While free interaction is a good way to search the hypothesis space, it may also lead to a rapid narrowing of ideas; for example, group members may fixate on a small part of the hypothesis space or adapt to each other's ideas too quickly\u00a0,116. Onehe 1950s\u00a0. This mehe 1950s\u00a0. In its he 1950s\u00a0. There ahe 1950s\u00a0.8.2.5.Because of the complexities of group decision-making, it is wise to have a monitoring process in place. This can be achieved through a group chair or leader. The chair should make explicit the precise pitfalls that the decision-making process should avoid. The chair should be aware of the range of biases that might be at play and point them out when they occur. The chair should be particularly sensitive to group members not agreeing on the nature of the problem to be solved. In this case, discussion of their respective solutions will not be fruitful. Experience suggests that, sometimes, different ideas about which course of action is best to take may be rooted in different ideas about the problem at hand. Here, much time can be wasted in arguing about seemingly alternative solutions, which are, in fact, solutions to entirely different problems. Another important role of the group leader is to take into account the long-term goals of the group, especially when these are in conflict with immediate goals. For the overall effectiveness of a group, and the quality of its decisions over time, listening to everyone can be important, even if that means overweighting poor information for specific decisions. This is less the case for one-off panels assembled for a particular purpose, but it is a significant factor in building an effective group to deliver a long-term project. The chair should also be aware of the trade-off between speed and accuracy. Sometimes, the group moves too slowly and loses out on other opportunities. Sometimes, the group moves too quickly and delivers bad decisions as a result.9.. However, this is not the story that we want to propagate. Biases are the reality of our cognitive system. It is the cost we pay for efficiency. We can think of biases as priors in the Bayesian framework. These priors have been passed on to us partly by nature and partly by culture. They often stand us in good stead. Biases can help us make decisions in novel situations where our learned habits cannot guide us. They avoid dithering, which can be fatal. But, biases are a bad thing when they are out of date and inappropriate. They can also lead us to get stuck on local maxima.Our focus on biases may have given the impression that biases are something that we always need to overcome to make good decisionsCan we change our biases consciously? We are not usually conscious of our biases at the time we make a decision, but we can reflect on them afterwards and they are malleable. They are also more obvious to others, especially diverse others, than they are to ourselves, and can thus be the subject of discussion. Why should we wish to change our biases? The reason is simple: if we surrendered to our biases wholesale, there would only ever be business as usual, and we would not improve our models of the world and find better solutions to the many problems that we face."}
+{"text": "Sporophila that have diversified during the Pleistocene in Neotropical grasslands. Capuchinos can be diagnosed by adult male coloration patterns and song, two sets of characters known to contribute to pre-mating reproductive isolation. However, it remains unknown whether potzygotic incompatibilities contribute to maintaining species limits in this group. Here we use existing breeding records from captive individuals to test for patterns consistent with F1 inviability. We compare hatching success, fledging success, and the sex ratio at adulthood between conspecific and hybrid capuchino pairs. We observed a trend towards lower numbers of the heterogametic sex among adult hybrids, consistent Haldane's rule, but this was supported by only one of our statistical tests. Our study is the first to document hybrid male capuchino phenotypes based on known crosses. We observed phenotypes that were similar or intermediate to those of the parental species, as well as novel plumage patterns that have not been described in the wild. One cross produced a plumage pattern that has been observed at low frequencies in natural populations. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding the relative importance of the mechanisms of reproductive isolation in capuchino seedeaters.Postzygotic reproductive isolation may become strong only once the process of speciation is in its advanced stages. For taxa in the early stages of speciation, prezygotic reproductive isolation barriers may play a predominant role in maintaining species boundaries. Here, we study the recent capuchino seedeater biological radiation, a group of highly sympatric species from the genus  Postzygotic reproductive isolation barriers among avian species have been shown to develop over millions of years, generally becoming progressively stronger as species diverge \u20134. A fewSporophila, a group of 11 species that evolved rapidly throughout the Pleistocene in the Neotropics ).The cages housing the individuals of each sex were placed adjacently and initially separated by physical and visual barriers. The contact with singing males stimulates females to build nests. The visual barrier was removed once the nest building began. If a female responded to the male\u2019s presence , the physical barrier between cages was removed. Generally, the male entered the female\u2019s cage and copulated. The process was repeated 2\u20133 times a day for 2 or 3 days until the female began to reject the male. Females incubated the eggs and subsequently fed the chicks alone. Females lay 2\u20133 eggs, incubate them for 11 days, and 10\u201312 days after hatching, the chicks fledge. The chicks are fed by the female until up to 35\u201340 days of age, after which they were removed and placed in the large communal cages. In captivity, each female can have three or four nesting attempts per season.S. castaneiventris, S. bouvreuil, S. melanogaster, and S. nigrorufa. We included males of the alternative morphs from S. ruficollis (caraguata), S. hypoxantha (uruguaya) and S. palustris (zelichi), but not from S. melanogaster (xumanxu). For each pair, we recorded the number of eggs laid, the number of eggs hatched, the number of chicks that fledged (between 35 and 40 days of age), and their sex when possible. The data were combined when a pair had more than one nesting attempt in a year. Sex was determined by the development of adult reproductive plumage, therefore remaining unknown when individuals died before reaching this stage. Some individuals show a few feathers with adult coloration between six and eight months of age but develop their full reproductive plumage only when two or three years old [Male birds were identified to species by their diagnostic reproductive plumage. Females were identified using information of the species present in the locality of origin and by the diagnostic plumage coloration of their sons. In captivity older females may also develop some characteristics of the male plumage of their species . A totalears old . From thS. ruficollis x female S. cinnamomea was considered separately from male S. cinnamomea and female S. ruficollis). Intra-specific color morphs were also considered separately from individuals of the same species that had the most common phenotype . For each variable, we assessed statistical significance when comparing hybrid and conspecific matings using a randomization test. First, we calculated the difference between the means for the observed data. We tested the null hypothesis of no difference between these means  by randomizing the \u201ctype of cross\u201d label (hybrid or conspecific) 10,000 times while maintaining the group size constant. The null distribution was generated by calculating the difference between the means after each randomization, and the proportion of randomizations that produced a difference in means that was more extreme than the observed one was used as the p-value (multiplied by two for two-tailed tests).The data were analyzed in two different ways: 1) using the specific pair of individuals as the sampling unit, totaling 60 different pairs ; and 2) We obtained data from a total of 60 breeding pairs, 40 of which comprised individuals from the same species (hereafter \u201cconspecific\u201d pairs), involving six different species with between one and 14 matings per species . The remOn average 54% of eggs hatched. However, the hatching success was significantly higher for hybrid crosses than for conspecific ones  male and a S. hypoxantha female. This F1 hybrid is phenotypically similar to the low frequency alternative uruguaya morph that has been described for S. hypoxantha , yet 25 outlier regions or divergence peaks showed higher levels of differentiation. Importantly, 10 of the 25 peaks were located on the Z chromosome. This pattern of a disproportionate contribution of sex chromosomes to species differences (fast-Z effect) has been observed in many bird species [In this study we present the first direct evidence of hybridization among capuchino seedeater species using captive birds. We compared the viability of F1 hybrids to that of individuals obtained from conspecific pairs. Our results suggest that hatching success is lower in the conspecific pairs, whereas fledging success did not differ between conspecific and heterospecific matings. The lower hatching success in conspecific pairs may be the consequence of inbreeding in the captive birds, whereas hatching success may be higher in the hybrids when more distantly related individuals (from different species) are crossed. This pattern of decreased hatching success with increased genetic similarity has been documented before in birds . The hatguttata, ) bred inguttata,  sequence species .S. palustris (zelichi morph) and a female S. hypoxantha, is very similar to that of the urugauya morph that has been described for S. hypoxantha  x S. hypoxantha cross in the wild. However, our observation supports the possibility that some of the rare intra-specific morphs could be the products of hybridization. Finally, we obtained a hybrid phenotype when crossing S. cinnamomea and S. ruficollis (in both directions) that has not been described in the wild. S. cinnamomea and S. ruficollis can be found sympatrically, thus it is possible that this hybrid either does not occur naturally or has not yet been found.We documented male hybrid phenotypes in capuchino seedeaters, providing information relevant to detecting hybrids in nature. We obtained four types of hybrid phenotypes. First, some hybrids showed plumage patterns that were similar to those of their parental species. Individuals with these phenotypes, if produced in nature, would not be easily identified as hybrids, suggesting that cryptic hybridization events could occur in the wild. We also obtained a male hybrid with plumage that is intermediate to that of both parental species  across a fixed set of plumage patches Click here for additional data file."}
+{"text": "In this paper, we investigate the Bohr-type radii for several different forms of Bohr-type inequalities of analytic functions in the unit disk, we also investigate the Bohr-type radius of the alternating series associated with the Taylor series of analytic functions. We will prove that most of the results are sharp. Bohr\u2019s inequality states that ifmentclasspt{minimaimproved . Other pentclass1pt{minimaariables , 11 and D such that D, then, for every f. There is a relevant quantity, which we call the Bohr\u2013Rogosinski sum f defined byThe majorant series i radius , 15, whiWe remark that, for Suppose thatis analytic in the unit diskDandinD. Thenwhereis the positive root of the equationThe radiusis the best possible. Moreover,whereis the positive root of the equationThe radiusis the best possible.In 2017, Ali, Barnard and Solynin defined the associated alternating series of series  as \\docuesult in .IfinD, thenin the diskThe radiusis the best possible.Ifis analytic inDsatisfyinginDandis positive, thenforBy a simple calculation in Theorem In this paper, we mainly study the Bohr-type radii for several forms of Bohr-type inequalities of analytic functions when the Taylor coefficients of classical Bohr inequality are partly replaced and when the Taylor coefficients of the classical Bohr inequality are completely replaced by the higher order derivatives of In order to establish our main results, we need the following lemmas, which will play the key role in proving the main results of this paper.Ifis analytic andin the unit diskD. Thenfor all(Schwarz\u2013Pick lemma)Ifis analytic andin the unit diskD. Then:holds forand the equality holds for distinctif and only if\u03c6is a M\u00f6bius transformation;holds forand the equality holds for someif and only iffis a M\u00f6bius transformation.Ifis analytic andinD. Then, for allwe haveIfis analytic inDsuch thatinD, thenfor allWe first provide a result involves computing Bohr-type radius for the analytic functions Suppose thatis analytic inDandinD. ThenThe radiusis the best possible.D and D. Since By assumption, Using these inequalities, we haveNotice  we know  is smallNow, To show the sharpness of the number Let ore, Eq.\u00a0 is smallt}a\u21921 in  shows tht}a\u21921 in  is largeNext, we discuss the Bohr-type radius when the coefficients of the series of missing series are completely replaced by the higher order derivatives.Suppose thatis an integer, is analytic inDandinD. Thenwhereis the minimum positive root of the equationThe radiusis the best possible.By simple calculations we can know thatD and D. Since By assumption, Using these inequalities, we haveNow, Now we split all this into two cases to prove that Case 1. Case 2. To show the sharpness of the number Let ore, Eq.\u00a0 is smallFinally, allowing t}a\u21921 in  shows tht}a\u21921 in  is largeSuppose thatis analytic inDandinD. Thenwhereis the positive root of the equationThe radiusis the best possible.By simple calculations we can know thatIn analogy to the calculation of Theorem\u00a0So  is smallNow, To show the sharpness of the number In analogy to the processing methods of Theorem\u00a0t}a\u21921 in , it follt}a\u21921 in  is largeApplying a method similar to Theorem\u00a0Suppose thatis analytic inDandinD. ThenThe radiusis the best possible.In analogy to Theorem Ifis analytic inDsatisfyinginDandis positive, thenwhereis the positive root of the equationThe radiusis the best possible.D.By assumption, Since Now, equality .To shows that the radius For this function, we find thatr such that We claim that, for every Indeed, inequality  is equivLet  side of . After eore, Eq.\u00a0 is smallFinally, allowing t}a\u21921 in  shows tht}a\u21921 in  is largeSetting Ifis analytic inDsatisfyinginDandis positive, thenwhere the radiusis the best possible.By simple calculation, we can know the Bohr-type radius in Theorem\u00a0Finally, we consider a new Bohr-type radius of the alternating series associated the Taylor series of analytic functions where Suppose thatis analytic in the unit disk\u00a0Dandin\u00a0D. ThenThe radiusis the best possible.D. Since By assumption, Using the last two inequalities, we haveNow, equality .To shows that the radius For this function, we find thatr such that We claim that, for every Indeed, inequality  is equivLet  side of . After eore, Eq.\u00a0 is smallFinally, allowing t}a\u21921 in  shows tht}a\u21921 in  is largeSuppose thatis analytic inDandinD. ThenBy the proof of Lemma\u00a0To find a lower bound for Combining this with , we concequality .\u2003\u25a1Notice that we have not proved that the number D with D such thatFind the largest radius From the results that we have given in this paper, we can get the exact Bohr-type radius when we replace the coefficient of Bohr\u2019s inequality with"}
+{"text": "Ingestion or exposure to chemicals poses a serious health risk. Early detection of cellular changes induced by such events is vital to identify appropriate countermeasures to prevent organ damage. We hypothesize that chemically induced organ injuries are uniquely associated with a set (module) of genes exhibiting significant changes in expression. We have previously identified gene modules specifically associated with organ injuries by analyzing gene expression levels in liver and kidney tissue from rats exposed to diverse chemical insults. Here, we assess and validate our injury-associated gene modules by analyzing gene expression data in liver, kidney, and heart tissues obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to thioacetamide, a known liver toxicant that promotes fibrosis. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a low (25 mg/kg) or high (100 mg/kg) dose of thioacetamide for 8 or 24 h, and definite organ injury was diagnosed by histopathology. Injury-associated gene modules indicated organ injury specificity, with the liver being most affected by thioacetamide. The most activated liver gene modules were those associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. Previous studies on thioacetamide toxicity and our histological analyses supported these results, signifying the potential of gene expression data to identify organ injuries. An effective approach is needed to identify appropriate countermeasures for mitigating or avoiding permanent organ damage from exposure to toxicants. A key requirement for achieving this aim is early detection of toxicant-induced biological changes  that cause acute and long-term adverse health effects is increasing worldwide. Tens of thousands of chemicals already exist, and hundreds more are introduced each year for consumer use . Yet, mo changes . Systems changes . Predict changes . Recent  changes .Iterative Signature Algorithm  , or to rlgorithm  to identlgorithm . Our injlgorithm . This prlgorithm , our proIn the current study, we tested the ability of our previously developed liver and kidney injury modules to predict liver and kidney injuries in rats at early time points after exposure to a toxicant (8 and 24 h). Our aim is to show that the activation score of the injury modules correlate with known injury phenotypes and that our injury modules are advantageous compared to using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) or KEGG pathways to identify injury phenotypes. We selected thioacetamide, an organosulfur compound extensively used in animal studies as a hepatotoxin and carcinogen , for itsad libitum in an environmentally controlled room on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle, with the temperature set at 23\u00b0C. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Animal Care and Use Review Office.Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 10 weeks of age were purchased from Charles River Laboratories . They were fed with Formulab Diet 5001  and given water The surgery for implanting the catheters was performed 7 days before each experiment, as previously described . Rats weTwo days before each study, animals were moved from their regular housing cage to a metabolic cage . To determine the appropriate dose of thioacetamide and time after exposure, animals were divided into six groups of three, treated with either vehicle  or thioacetamide . Blood (100 \u03bcl)from the jugular vein catheter and accumulated urine samples were collected just before, as well as 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36 h after, the dosing treatment  or thioacetamide . For the T2 study, rats were placed into a new housing cage and allowed access to water and food ad libitum for the first 18 h after treatment, then food was removed for the last 8 h . For T2 rats, at the start of the study, blood was collected, then rats were given intraperitoneally at 5 pm (Day 1) either vehicle or thioacetamide . For both T1 and T2 rats, following blood collection at 5 pm, animals were anesthetized by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital through the jugular vein catheter and immediately subjected to a laparotomy. Urine was collected from bladder directly. The liver, kidney, and heart were dissected and frozen using Wollenberger tongs precooled in liquid nitrogen. The collected plasma, urine, and organs were kept in a \u221280\u00b0C freezer until needed for analyses.Based on the results of studies to optimize the dose and time after exposure, we chose 25 and 100 mg/kg as the low and high doses, respectively, and 8 and 24 h as the time elapsed  after thioacetamide exposure  and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured using ALT and AST activity assay kits , respectively. The kidney injury marker-1 was measured using the KIM-1 Rat ELISA kit .Frozen whole kidney and heart samples were powdered in liquid nitrogen, since these organs are histologically heterogeneous. Total RNA was isolated from liver, powdered kidney, and powdered heart, using TRIzol Reagent  and the direct-zol RNA MiniPrep kit . The isolated RNA samples were then submitted to the Vanderbilt University Medical Center VANTAGE Core  for RNA quality determination and sequencing. Total RNA quality was assessed using a 2100 Bioanalyzer . At least 200 ng of DNase-treated total RNA with high RNA integrity was used to generate poly-A-enriched mRNA libraries, using KAPA Stranded mRNA sample kits with indexed adaptors . Library quality was assessed using the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent), and libraries were quantitated using KAPA library Quantification kits (Roche). Pooled libraries were subjected to 75-bp paired-end sequencing according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol . Bcl2fastq2 Conversion Software (Illumina) was used to generate de-multiplexed Fastq files.Rattus norvegicus transcriptome (Rnor_6.0) downloaded from the Ensembl website  method to calculate significantly enriched KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways . Detailet-test (n = 5 for both treatment and control cohorts). The AAFC method then calculated the absolute value of each gene\u2019s log-transformed fold-change value, as well as the average (\u03bc0) and standard deviation (\u03c3) of this value for all genes. For a gene set  the average score  of the absolute values was calculated. The significance of a gene set was estimated by its p-value, i.e., the probability of having a gene set score more extreme than the calculated . According to the Central Limit Theorem, the probability distribution of an average value is approximately normal with parameters \u03bc0 and \u03c3/N , to calculate module activation scores. This method identifies gene sets  that are significantly changed. The AAFC method first calculates the fold-change value for each gene . The significance of this fold-change value was assessed by Student\u2019s N .and will have the standard normal probability distribution, 3 within 24 h. In Sprague-Dawley rats, 24 h after ip injection of thioacetamide at 300 mg/kg, the liver exhibited severe centrilobular necrosis, which was accompanied by a dense inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells and a sixty-fold increase in the hepatic apoptosis score (n = 3 rats) or thioacetamide  to male Sprague-Dawley rats.The median (LD50) and lethal doses of thioacetamide from a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection are approximately 300 and 600 mg/kg, respectively. is score . All ratis score . Based oWe monitored changes in injury markers for liver (plasma ALT and AST) and kidney (urine KIM-1) for 36 h . The low-dose was the highest dose that might lead to mild or no organ injury. The high-dose was the minimum dose of thioacetamide that could result in organ injury.Based on these results, we chose the doses, 0 (vehicle), 25, and 100 mg/kg, and two sample collection times  of no more than 0.01 and a minimum gene expression effect size of 0.60 as the criteria for differential expression. The effect size is defined as the natural logarithm of the fold change. The 0.60 cutoff-value was determined based on the null hypothesis that gene expression is unchanged with 95% confidence. This derived cutoff-value corresponds to a fold-change value of 1.8, which is close to the commonly used fold-change value of metricconverterProductID1.5 in1.5 in the literature. Although the log fold-change value of a gene and the effect size are not equivalent, the directionality of the gene expression change  and ranking should be the same. All DEGs can be found in the RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify DEGs by comparing transcript abundance levels between organ tissue samples exposed or not exposed to thioacetamide. We isolated RNA samples from liver, kidney, and heart tissues 8 or 24 h after they were exposed to a low (25 mg/kg) or high 100 mg/kg) dose of thioacetamide. Table 00 mg/kg The number of DEGs identified in all organ tissue samples strongly depended on the thioacetamide dose Table . InteresTable p-value < 0.01) increased or decreased gene expression levels in at least one of the treatment conditions in the liver, kidney, or heart.To identify enriched/activated pathways we used the aggregated fold-change method (AFC) . This meAs expected, both low- and high-dose thioacetamide treatments significantly altered many pathways in the liver. This is reasonable because the liver \u2013 the primary organ affected by thioacetamide toxicity \u2013 is central for metabolizing thioacetamide . Thioace2 fold change (FC) of all co-expressed genes in that module was calculated. Thus, a z-score and a p-value could be assigned to each injury module. The injury module with the largest z-score was then predicted to be expressed as the most probable injury phenotype, and injury modules with a p-value of greater than 0.01 were not considered significantly activated. Tables p-values < 0.01, in bold). As noted in Section 2.9, the significance of the fold-change value was assessed by Student\u2019s t-test (n = 5 for both treatment and control cohorts). Genes with a t-test p-value of more than 0.05 were discarded from further analysis.We have developed 8 kidney and 11 liver injury modules, which are co-expressed gene sets (modules) associated with specific histopathological injury phenotypes in the liver and kidney . The nump-value < 0.01) injury module regardless of the dose  of hepatocytes, which releases reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that trigger inflammation, which in turn further amplifies cell death . For exaIn contrast to KEGG pathways, which connect genes based on mechanistic insights into a biological function, our injury modules are specific to an injury phenotype. In our approach, genes are selected that significantly change during chemical-induced injury, but which may be mechanistically unrelated and whose functional contributions may be difficult to interpret.Four liver injury modules in Table To validate the activation of injury modules, we histologically analyzed liver, kidney, and heart tissues. The top ranking liver injury modules in Table We have successfully used our injury modules to predict pathological changes in organs exposed to thioacetamide using RNA-seq data. After 24 h of high-dose treatment, our modules clearly indicated inflammatory responses (cellular infiltration and cellular foci) and cell death, both of which were observed in the histological analysis. Our modules also indicated fibrosis, which was not histologically evident at the same time point. However, aggregates of macrophages and neutrophils were observed, suggesting that if the injury were prolonged it would lead to fibrosis and a functionally compromised liver. Alternative methods such as using DEGs and KEGG pathways to identify injury phenotype show low specificity. Our results, which show promise in making toxicity predictions not long after exposure to a toxicant at relatively low doses, offer encouragement to further explore toxicity predictions based on gene co-expression modules.GSE120195 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE120195).The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the U.S. Army or of the U.S. Department of Defense. This paper has been approved for public release with unlimited distribution.PS, RP, MS, and AW made substantial contributions to the concept and design of the work. MS designed the protocols for the animal studies. SE and MS performed the animal studies, analyzed injury markers in blood and urine, and collected samples. RP worked on the extraction and purification of RNA. KB performed histological analysis. PS and AW analyzed the gene expression data. PS contributed to drafting the manuscript. RP, AW, and MS contributed to revising and editing the manuscript for important intellectual content.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
+{"text": "Today, there are no viable in vitro alternatives to these types of animal studies. To develop an in vitro approach, we investigated whether we could predict in vivo organ injuries in rats with the use of RNA-seq data acquired from tissues early in the development of toxicant-induced injury, by comparing gene expression data from RNA isolated from these rat tissues with those obtained from in vitro exposure of primary liver and kidney cells. We collected RNA-seq data from the liver and kidney tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats 8 or 24 h after exposing them to vehicle (control), low (25 mg/kg), or high (100 mg/kg) doses of thioacetamide, a known liver toxicant that promotes fibrosis; we used these doses and exposure times to cause only mild toxicant-induced injury. For the in vitro study, we treated two cell types from Sprague-Dawley rats, primary hepatocytes , and renal tube epithelial cells  dose) with the thioacetamide metabolite, thioacetamide-S-oxide, selecting in vitro doses and exposure times to recreate the early-stage toxicant-induced injury model that we achieved in vivo. RNA-seq data were collected 9 or 24 h after application of vehicle or thioacetamide-S-oxide. We found that our modular approach for the analysis of gene expression data derived from in vivo RNA-seq strongly correlated (R2 > 0.6) with the in vitro results at two different dose levels of thioacetamide/thioacetamide-S-oxide after 24 h of exposure. The top-ranked liver injury modules in vitro correctly identified the ensuing development of liver fibrosis.Consumers are exposed to thousands of chemicals with potentially adverse health effects. However, these chemicals will never be tested for toxicity because of the immense resources needed for animal-based ( There is also an ethical aspect to conducting large-scale animal experiments, which must meet legal and regulatory requirements, as directed by the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) in the U.S. and the European Directive 2010/63/EU to implement the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in research. Consequently, major efforts are currently under way to develop non-animal\u2013based testing methods, such as high-throughput cell-based (in vitro) assays  assays . Howeverachieved . Therefoin vitro and in vivo results. We focus on toxicogenomics, a subfield of toxicology, which assumes that toxicity is accompanied by a change in the expression of either a single gene or a set of genes  or high (100 mg/kg) dose of thioacetamide for 8 or 24 h  associated with molecular toxicity and linked them to specific injuries in the liver and kidney, using the Iterative Signature Algorithm . Compare or 24 h . The mosin vitro transcriptomic responses can correlate with injury modules from in vivo to assist in the prediction of in vivo injury endpoints. For the in vitro-in vivo comparison, we selected thioacetamide as a toxicant for its ability to cause acute liver damage (in vivo because it is rapidly metabolized by cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases into its reactive metabolites (thioacetamide-S-oxide and reactive oxygen species)  or two different doses of thioacetamide-S-oxide (designated low and high), and collected RNA samples at two different time points to ensure a match to an in vivo early-stage injury model. For the in vivo comparisons, we used data from our published thioacetamide toxicity study (Our aim in this study was to test the hypothesis that injury modules identified from r damage . Thioacespecies) . In our -S-oxide , to simuty study  of 30 Spad libitum in an environmentally controlled room at a temperature of 23\u00b0C with a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of laboratory Animals of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and USAMRDC Animal Care and Use Review Office. Animals (30 rats) were administered either vehicle  or thioacetamide  intraperitoneally at 9 am, and the liver and kidney from each animal were harvested 8 or 24 h after the administration of vehicle or thioacetamide. Rats were anesthetized by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital through a jugular vein catheter and then the liver and kidney were dissected and frozen using Wollenberger tongs precooled in liquid nitrogen. The collected plasma, urine, and organs were kept at -80\u00b0C until used for analyses. Frozen whole kidneys were powdered in liquid nitrogen, since this organ is histologically heterogeneous. Total RNA was isolated from the liver and powered kidney, using TRIzol Reagent  and the direct-zol RNA MiniPrep kit . We refer the reader to our original publication for further details . Rats were fed with Formulab Diet 5001  and given water  details .4 cells/well for measurement of cell viability and on collagen 1-coated 6-well plates at a density of 4.5 \u00d7 105 cells/well for RNA sequence analysis. Cells were cultured under 5% CO2 in a 37\u00b0C incubator. After 4 h of culture to allow cell attachment, the medium was replaced with hepatocyte maintenance medium . Rat renal tubular epithelial cells were thawed and suspended in \u201cEpithelial Cell Medium-animal\u201d  and plated into poly-L-lysine-coated 96-well plates at a density of 2 \u00d7 104 cells/well for measurement of cell viability and on poly-L-lysine-coated 6-well plates at a density of 3 \u00d7 105 cells/well for RNA collection. Cells were cultured under 5% CO2 in a 37\u00b0C incubator. After 4 h of culture to allow cell attachment, the medium was replaced by the same medium. Both rat hepatocytes and renal cells were cultured for an additional 18 h before addition of thioacetamide-S-oxide or vehicle .Cryopreserved rat (Sprague-Dawley) hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were purchased from Triangle Research Labs  and Sciencell Research Laboratories , respectively. Hepatocytes were thawed and suspended in thawing medium  at 6\u20137 million cells/50 ml. The suspension was centrifuged at 50 \u00d7g, and cells were resuspended in plating medium . Hepatocytes were plated on collagen 1-coated 96-well plates at a density of 2 \u00d7 10Preliminary studies were performed on rat hepatocytes and renal cells to identify a dose  of thioacetamide-S-oxide and length of exposure  that would result in mild toxicity without substantial loss of cell viability. Two cell viability assays were performed. First, to measure cellular loss of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cells were collected and cellular LDH activity remaining after each treatment was measured using the Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit . Second, cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured using the CellTier-Glo 2.0 Assay kit  according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol. The time-course profiles of cell viablity in these prelimiary studies are illustrated in Total RNA was isolated from culture cells using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the direct-zol RNA MiniPrep kit (Zymo Research). The isolated RNA samples were then submitted to the Vanderbilt University Medical Center VANTAGE Core  for RNA quality determination and sequencing. Total RNA quality was assessed using a 2100 Bioanalyzer . At least 200 ng of DNase-treated total RNA with high RNA integrity was used to generate poly-A-enriched mRNA libraries, using KAPA Stranded mRNA sample kits with indexed adaptors . Library quality was assessed using the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent), and libraries were quantitated using KAPA library Quantification kits (KAPA Biosystems). Pooled libraries were subjected to 150-bp double-end sequencing using an Illumina NovaSeq6000  according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol. Bcl2fastq2 Conversion Software (Illumina) was used to generate de-multiplexed Fastq files.Rattus norvegicus transcriptome (Rnor_6.0) downloaded from the Ensembl website  from transcript abundance data, we used Kallisto\u2019s companion analysis tool Sleuth, which uses the results of the bootstrap analysis during transcript quantification to directly estimate the technical gene variance for each sample . DEGs wehttp://software.broadinstitute.org/gsea/msigdb], in February 2018. This database contains pathway information curated from multiple online databases. Detailed descriptions and performance characteristics of the AFC method can be found in the original literature  method  to calcuterature . In the We developed the aggregate absolute FC (AAFC) method to calculate the activation score of a gene set . This mein vitro assessment of high- and low-risk liver toxicity, we used data from TG-GATEs .For our analysis, we used the KEGG pathway database . To idenin vivo and in vitro for the liver and kidney 24 h after high-dose exposure to a form of thioacetamide. The in vivo and in vitro results showed overlap for 12 pathways in the liver and 13 pathways in the kidney. Changing the significance threshold to p < 0.01 resulted in only two overlapping pathways (cardiac muscle contraction and oxidative phosphorylation), which appeared both in the liver and the kidney. However, there were no overlapping pathways in the liver when we considered the directionality, whether a pathway was significantly overexpressed or suppressed (up- or down-regulated). in vivo and in vitro for both the liver and kidney.2 FC value of all genes in a module to determine the activation score for each injury module. Here, we modified the procedure from our previous study  several injury modules in the liver  only a few injury modules in the kidney . However, those activated in the kidney 24 h after high-dose and low-dose treatment showed no correlation. There was no positive in vivo-in vitro correlation at the shorter time points, regardless of the dose.in vitro data from TG-GATEs and corresponding in vivo data from DrugMatrix. We selected carbon tetrachloride and lomustine as high-risk toxicants, which are known to promote fibrosis in rats after 29 days of exposure to 300 mg/kg of carbon tetrachloride and after 29 days of exposure to 6 mg/kg of lomustine . For this analysis, we calculated a module activation score for each condition and selected the maximum score. We provide all activation scores in The in vitro and in vivo expression data for the four compounds. The fibrosis module was significantly activated for the two high-risk compounds in both in vitro and in vivo, but not for the low-risk compounds.in vitro and in vivo toxicogenomic experiments. No positive correlations were observed for liver or kidney injury modules 8 or 9 h after thioacetamide/thioacetamide-S-oxide exposure. However, our injury module approach did indicate a strong correlation (R2 > 0.60) at 24 h after high-dose treatment of thioacetamide/thioacetamide-S-oxide between liver injury modules activated in vitro (in hepatocytes) and those activated in vivo (in rats), but no correlation (R2 < 0.10) between kidney injury modules activated in vitro  and those activated in vivo (in rats). Interestingly, there was also a strong in vitro-in vivo correlation (R2 = 0.66) for liver injury modules activated 24 h after low-dose treatment, which further indicates the sensitivity of the injury module approach to identifying specific injury phenotypes even after a low-dose exposure.We used different approaches to assess the correlation between in vivo and in vitro was the increase in activation score and rank of the fibrosis module over time (8 to 24 h) for both low- and high-dose treatments  were significantly activated with a p-value of less than 0.05, which included 13 metabolic pathways, as well as cardiac muscle contraction, antigen processing and isoleucine biosynthesis, PPAR signaling, and complement and coagulation cascades pathways  . Similarly, the majority of the significantly activated KEGG pathways in the kidney that showed in vitro-in vivo overlap were involved in metabolism . in vitro-in vivo overlapped pathways in liver or kidney also overlapped between liver and kidney samples. Some of these pathways were expected, such as metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and drug metabolism cytochrome p450, but also cardiac muscle contraction, antigen processing and isoleucine biosynthesis were common across organs. It is interesting to note that the glutathione metabolism pathway was also common, which is important in antioxidant defense and cellular function   . Howeverin vitro-in vivo research has often focused on identifying correlated genes, pathways, or gene ontology terms  . AlthougA major limitation of our injury module approach is that we can only predict injuries for the injury modules we have identified. There are many more injury phenotypes for which we have not yet been able to assign a gene set, because publicly available data are still limited. Other limitations of our approach are that injury phenotypes are not necessarily indistinguishable, and that some injuries respond at different time scales . Additionally, our approach does not yet consider injury modules for other organs, such as the heart and brain.in vivo injury endpoints, we selected four compounds with in vitro data from TG-GATEs and corresponding in vivo data in DrugMatrix. We did not expect perfect in vitro-in vivo concordance because the doses and time points were not necessarily determined in the same way . However, our aim was to test whether we could identify a key injury phenotype and differentiate high-risk liver toxicants known to cause fibrosis from low-risk toxicants. To further validate the ability of our injury modules to predict in vivo injury endpoints, using RNA-seq data from in vitro cell studies. Although this method may never replace animal studies, in conjunction with other in vitro assays, it could facilitate the screening of large numbers of chemicals in order to predict liver and kidney injuries in vivo. Consequently, the approach can reduce the number of animals needed in experiments and improve the efficiency of toxicity assessments.In summary, our results support the hypothesis that coexpressed gene sets specific to an injury phenotype (injury modules) may be useful to predict The files from RNA-seq analysis were deposited in NCBI\u2019s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under series accession numbers GSE120195 and GSE134569.Guide for the Care and Use of laboratory Animals of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, using protocols approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and USAMRDC Animal Care and Use Review Office.This study was carried out in accordance with the PS, RP, MS, and AW made substantial contributions to the concept and design of the work. MS designed the protocols for the animal studies. SE, TO\u2019B, and MS performed the animal studies, analyzed injury markers in blood and urine, and collected samples. RP worked on the extraction and purification of RNA. PS analyzed the gene expression data and contributed to drafting the manuscript. RP, AW, and MS contributed to revising and editing the manuscript for important intellectual content.The authors were supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command , and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency grant CBCall14-CBS-05-2-0007.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
+{"text": "Red-shift of \u03bbENZ (Epsilon-Near-Zero wavelength) from 1422 nm to 1995 nm in wavelength was observed. The modulation of permittivity is dominated by the transformation of plasma oscillation frequency and carrier concentration depending on Drude model, which was produced by the formation of structural defects and the reduction of oxygen vacancy defects during annealing. The evolution of defects can be inferred by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. The optical bandgaps (Eg) were investigated to explain the existence of defect states. And the formation of structure defects and the electric field enhancement were further verified by finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation.Defect-induced tunable permittivity of Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) in indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films via annealing at different temperatures with mixed gases (98% Ar, 2% O Searching for better plasmonic materials was of great significance for the application of various ultrasensitive plasmonic devices ,2,3,4. HA number of studies have mirrored that post-annealing treatment can tune the structural properties of ITO thin films which were deposited on different substrates ,31,32, bIn this work, a tunable permittivity of ENZ in indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films was realized via annealing. The surface morphology and crystallinity of samples were investigated at the beginning. Then, in order to characterize the dielectric and spectral properties of the films, we measured the permittivity and absorption spectra. To describe the mechanism of tunable permittivity, the Drude model was introduced. Meanwhile, the plasma frequency, carrier relaxation time, and optical bandgaps were theoretically and experimentally researched to explain the changes of optical properties ,48,49. F2O3 and 10 wt.% SnO2 target, 99.99% purity) with baking temperature set at 370 \u00b0C and a base pressure less than 5 \u00d7 10\u22124 Pa. The target thicknesses of 80 nm were monitored by a quartz crystal microbalance. All substrates were place on the fixture with the same radius away from the axis to ensure the uniformity of the film thickness.Before deposition, the K9 glass substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, ethanol, and deionized water for 20 min, respectively, and then dried with a nitrogen flow. ITO thin films were grown by electron beam (EB) evaporation from ITO coating materials (90 wt.% In2) were maintained for 60 min at three target temperatures of 150 \u00b0C, 300 \u00b0C, and 450 \u00b0C before a 5 \u00b0C per minute heating rate performed during the procedure under normal pressure. For comparison, an as-deposited film on bare substrate was grown in our work. As-deposited film and as-annealed films were indicated as S0, S1 (150 \u00b0C), S2 (300 \u00b0C), and S3 (450 \u00b0C) respectively.Postdeposition annealing treatments had been carried out using a high temperature tubular furnace . All the ITO films annealing in mixed gases  system  with Cu k\u03b1 radiation (\u03bb = 0.15408 nm). The surface morphology and roughness were characterized by AFM (atomic force microscopy) . The optical absorption was measured with an UV-Vis-NIR double beam spectrophotometer . The sheet resistances of films were measured by four-point probe resistivity measurement system. Hall measurements  were conducted to determine the electron mobility, sheet resistance, resistivity, and free carrier concentration of the films. The dielectric constant characteristics were taken from spectroscopic ellipsometry . The Raman spectrum was carried out by a confocal microprobe Raman system  with a 633 nm operation wavelength. The analysis of the data used the finite-difference time domain (FDTD).The average grain size is calculated by Scherrer formula, using FWHM  values of the XRD diffraction peaks as follows  D=0.9\u03bb/(ectively . We can ectively a\u2013d.ENZ [ENZ of ITO films are 1422 nm (S0), 1504 nm (S1), 1730 nm (S2), and 1995 nm (S3), respectively. Accordingly, when the ENZ wavelength (\u03bbENZ) shifts to red and the imaginary permittivity reduces to less than 1 with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the real permittivity is nearly zero while the imaginary part is smaller than 1 which guarantees the internal fields enhancement that supports the ENZ condition in ITO films.The optical permittivity \u03b5(\u03c9) of ITO films was investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry method. ENZ ,53. The The Drude\u2013Sommerfeld model is adequately introduced to describe the mechanism of the optical constants of ITO film ,49:(1)\u03b5I\u221e is the high frequency limit of \u03b5ITO, \u03c9p is the plasma frequency, and \u0393 expresses the charge carrier collision rate, which leads to the optical losses \u03b52 inside the film. The plasma frequency can be described as0 is the permittivity of free space, e is electron charge, and m* is the effective mass of electron, respectively. Generally, for the sake of negative permittivity, a large free carrier concentration with the order of 1020 to 1022 cm\u22123 is needed. The intrinsic doping is so large in ITO film that brings about the ENZ characteristic in the NIR region. Therefore, ITO films exhibit metal behavior in the NIR range [Here, \u03b5IR range . We can Here, the optical absorption was measured first to check the effects of structure defects. Meanwhile, the optical bandgap shift was experimentally calculated using Tauc\u2019s method to learn the relationship between the oxygen vacancies and the bandgap properties of ITO films ,48. As sg for a direct-gap semiconductor can be described by a function of frequency \u03c9:Theoretically, it is clear thatg has a connection with carrier concentration n, which is described as [According to Burstein\u2013Moss shift effect, the bandgap Eribed as (5)Eg=Egg0 is the intrinsic bandgap, n is the carrier concentration, and m* indicates the effective mass of electron .g decreases due to the diminution of carrier concentration n. From p and extrapolated Eg as a function of annealing temperature. With the increase of temperature, the values are decreasing, but the difference between them is more obvious. We calculate the absorption coefficient by Formula (4), catching an upward tendency which is consistent with Based on the formula above, while the annealing temperature rises, the bandgap Ep, carrier relaxation time \u03c4 and sheet resistance Rs\u2019 by Equation (2) combined with the following formula.To explore the electrical mechanism, the bulk carrier concentration n, sheet carrier concentration n\u2019, the electron mobility \u03bc, and resistivity \u03c1 were measured by Hall Effect measurement. Meanwhile, we calculated the plasma frequency \u03c9All of the electrical relevant data mentioned above are shown in p and \u03c4 can also be certified by the red-shift of absorption spectra reckoned from p. This carrier mechanism is due to the defect modulation discussed earlier; it also infers that \u22121 mode is rooted in the bending and stretching vibrations of InO6 octahedra. The oxygen vacancy defect has a great influence on the vibration of In\u2013O\u2013In bond, and it also causes the change of Raman scattering intensity and the shift of Raman peak position since the scattering intensity is proportional to the square of the derivative of the polarizability [\u22121 are typically assigned to bcc (body-centered cubic)-In2O3 [\u22121 peak demonstrate that there are fewer oxygen vacancies in ITO films after annealing according [The oxygen vacancy defect states and stretching vibrational levels within ITO films were researched by Raman scattering. ITO has been proven to have 22 Raman responsive and 16 infrared responsive modes. The 499 cmzability . Here, wc)-In2O3 ,66,67,68ccording . It indiccording . The broTo further verify the absorption changes and the optoelectronic properties of the films, the electric field distribution on the rough surface was simulated by FDTD solutions. During the calculation, a 600-nm  laser was irradiated perpendicular to the x-y plane of the ITO film and polarized along the y-axis. The values of different parameters including optical refractive index and RMS applied in the model are consistent with the experiment data. According to ENZ (Epsilon-Near-Zero wavelength) from 1422 nm to 1995 nm in wavelength was achieved. XRD and AFM results indicated that structure defects were induced and oxygen vacancies were filled during the annealing procedure that led to the degradation of free carrier concentration and mobility. The reduction of plasma frequency prompted the red shift of absorption with the decreased optical losses. The bandgaps were narrowed with the generation of defect levels. Raman scattering demonstrated the reduction of oxygen vacancies. FDTD solutions further verified the enhanced electric field distribution and optical absorption. It is possible to tailor the characteristics of ITOs through appropriate postdeposition treatment; making widely tunable ENZ ITO films will open up new opportunities in optoelectronic applications.In conclusion, the photoelectric properties of single-layer ITO thin films were modulated by a simple post-annealing method. Red-shift of \u03bb"}
+{"text": "They have also been implicated in inflammatory responses in the cochlea. Some fibrocytes interact closely with the capillaries of the vasculature in a way which suggests potential involvement, together with the stria vascularis, also in the blood-labyrinth barrier. Several lines of evidence suggests that pathology of the fibrocytes, along with other degenerative changes in this region, contribute to metabolic hearing loss (MHL) during aging that is becoming recognized as distinct from, and potentially a precursor for, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This pathology may underlie a significant proportion of cases of presbycusis. Some evidence points also to an association between fibrocyte degeneration and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease (MD). Fibrocytes are mesenchymal; this characteristic, and their location, make them amenable to potential cell therapy in the form of cell replacement or genetic modification to arrest the process of degeneration that leads to MHL. This review explores the properties and roles of this neglected cell type and suggests potential therapeutic approaches, such as cell transplantation or genetic engineering of fibrocytes, which could be used to prevent this form of presbycusis or provide a therapeutic avenue for MD.Cochlear fibrocytes are a homeostatic supporting cell type embedded in the vascularized extracellular matrix of the spiral ligament, within the lateral wall. Here, they participate in the connective tissue syncytium that enables potassium recirculation into the  The major tissues of the cochlea are notable for their discrete functional roles and the diversity of cell types that each possesses. At the same time, these tissues display a complex interdependence in which their disruption, either singly or in different combinations, leads to hearing impairment. There are three main tissues: the sensory epithelium (organ of Corti), located on the basilar membrane, that detects and transduces sound energy into an electrical response; the neural component, i.e., auditory nerve fibers and spiral ganglion, that conveys the responses of the organ of Corti along the auditory pathway; and the lateral wall, a homeostatic tissue that maintains electrochemical conditions within the cochlea favorable to the optimal function, and potentially survival of the sensory organ and the neural elements. In addition to these, there are also other tissue components whose functions are probably less directly involved in hearing, such as the endolymphatic sac and various periosteal linings  obtained 11,557 hits whilst the latter obtained 262, a ratio of 44:1. On the basis of scientific endeavor, then, this might imply that fibrocytes contribute very little to cochlear function. On the basis of human pathological studies  are affected as distinct from SNHL  and conductive  which then signal the hair-cell response to the brain. Potassium ions exit the hair cells into perilymph via basolateral potassium channels  potential (EP) that drives current into the hair cells whilst their transduction channels are open. Exhaustion of K+ ions would reduce the magnitude of transduction; thus loss of EP results in loss of auditory nerve function  via the cells of the outer sulcus which are connected to each other by gap junctions composed of connexins such as Cx26, Cx30 and Cx31 .stria vascularis is a heavily vascularized three-cell layered tissue composed of marginal cells facing the scala media, intermediate cells and basal cells. This tissue lines the inner curved surface of the spiral ligament between a spiral ridge of tissue  and the junction of the ligament with the upper boundary of the cochlear duct, Reissner\u2019s membrane. The ligament itself is longer, extending above and below the stria vascularis; at its lower end is the anchor point of the basilar membrane, whilst extending above Reissner\u2019s membrane it lines the bony external wall to the upper boundary of the spiral chamber  and fibrocytes. There are five main types of fibrocyte in mice, with differential morphology, protein expression and location ,b althouFrom electron microscopic studies, the fibrocytes are distinguished by fine structural characteristics such as the density of cytoplasm, content of cell organelles and the extent to which the plasma membrane is folded . Thus, tstria vascularis  contain prominent cables of actin filaments and may modulate tension between the basilar membrane and the bony wall of the cochlea  endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pig, Nadol et al.  evaluateAn evaluation of the CD/1 mice in our studies  expression also seem to be affected in MD  stimulation of the fibrocytes\u2019 natural proliferative capacity to increase repair potential; (ii) alteration of the physiology of the cells to enhance their homeostatic activities, e.g., through transfection with genes to overexpress functional proteins, or even to express new proteins that might support other cells in the cochlea ; and (iii) direct replacement of fibrocytes through cellular transplantation. These options require a better knowledge of the functions of fibrocytes and ways to manipulate them, as well as a source of fibrocytes in vitro . Fibrocytes have been targeted in a very limited number of studies for transfection (only two to our knowledge: Zhuo et al., Genetic engineering of fibrocytes is a relatively novel concept and there are a lot of unknowns as it is a strategy that has not been explored to any great extent. Cultures of fibrocytes can be used to test transfection strategies and develop either genetically engineered fibrocytes for transplantation or transfection methods that could be applied to native cells in vivo. These approaches are clearly speculative, but there is much to be gained from exploring these potential new avenues.Finally, it may also be possible to functionalize the fibrocytes in novel ways, e.g., by optogenetics to enable them to be more effective in potassium transport. A recently developed light-sensitive potassium channel shows that it may be possible to alter their potassium transport ability in response to light (Alberio et al., Arresting the degeneration of the lateral wall is likely to have other consequences for hearing function if the degeneration of hair cells and/or the spiral ganglion in SNHL is, to some extent, triggered by fibrocyte degeneration (Mahendrasingam et al., in vitro and enhancement or replacement in vivo because of their proliferative capacity which enables them to be grown in culture from adult cochleae. Therapeutic strategies involving fibrocytes thus hold great potential for the future.The fibrocytes of the lateral wall of the cochlea are known to go missing in certain forms of hearing loss, and temporally, show early signs of loss of degeneration in humans and animal models. This leads to potential breakdown of cochlear homeostatic mechanisms and loss of the endocochlear potential. An under-recognized category of hearing loss\u2014MHL\u2014seems to be the likely consequence of this degeneration, and it may lead to SNHL in later stages. Fibrocytes thus constitute a relatively novel target in strategies to prevent hearing loss. Another positive attribute of these cells is that they are especially amenable to both investigation DF conceived the topic area and wrote the review in its entirety.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
+{"text": "Alteration of the postoperative frontal mechanical leg axis is a known problem in femoral rotational osteotomies. However, the maintenance of the sagittal mechanical leg axis seems also important. Goal of this study was to investigate the impact of femoral rotational osteotomies on the sagittal mechanical leg axis and to identify the degree of mal-angulation of the osteotomy planes that alter the postoperative sagittal alignment relevantly.Using 3D bone models of two patients with a pathologic femoral torsion (42\u00b0 antetorsion and 6\u00b0 retrotorsion), subtrochanteric and supracondylar rotational osteotomies were simulated first with an osteotomy plane perpendicular to the mechanical femoral axis (baseline osteotomy plane), second with predefined mal-angulated osteotomy planes. Subsequently, five different degrees of rotation were applied and the postoperative deviations of the sagittal mechanical leg axes were analyzed.Using the baseline osteotomy plane, the sagittal mechanical leg axis changed by 0.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00b0 over both models. Using the mal-angulated osteotomy planes, maximum deviation of the sagittal mechanical leg axis of 4.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u00b0 and 11.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00b0 was observed for subtrochanteric and for supracondylar procedures, respectively. Relevant changes of more than 2\u00b0 were already observed with mal-angulation of 10\u00b0 in the frontal plane and 15\u00b0 of rotation in supracondylar procedures.Relevant changes of the postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis could be observed with just slight mal-angulation of the osteotomy planes, in particular in supracondylar procedures and in cases with higher degrees of rotation. However, osteotomies perpendicular to the femoral mechanical axis showed no relevant alterations. Subtrochanteric or supracondylar femoral rotational osteotomies are established surgical treatment options in symptomatic patients with pathological increased femoral antetorsion or retrotorsion , 2. HoweComputed tomography (CT) data of the lower extremity of two patients with a femoral rotational deformity was used, whereby the CT data of both patients was already used in a different study . The firThe statistical analysis was performed by descriptive analysis using the software R .Over both models, 20 rotational osteotomies with different degrees of rotation were performed using the baseline osteotomy planes. Regarding the mal-angulated osteotomies, 80 different mal-angulated osteotomy planes have been generated and with the five different degrees of rotation, overall 400 simulations with mal-angulated osteotomy planes were performed in the two patient models Fig.\u00a0.Fig. 5FUsing the baseline osteotomy planes, the simulations with the different degrees of rotation altered the neutral sagittal alignment by a mean of 0.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00b0. In Model 1, the postoperative mean sagittal mechanical leg axis was 0.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00b0 and in Model 2 0.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u00b0, compared to the preoperative neutral alignment of 0\u00b0.Regarding the simulated rotational osteotomies using the mal-angulated osteotomy planes, an overview of mean deviation from preoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis for the subtrochanteric osteotomies is given in Table\u00a0The most important finding of this study is, that performing a femoral rotational osteotomy perpendicular to the mechanical femoral axis showed no relevant postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis deviation. However, performing the osteotomy with an unintended mal-angulated osteotomy plane showed mean deviations of the postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis up to 11.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00b0, wherefore the hypothesis of this study could be confirmed. In supracondylar procedures, even a mal-angulation of only 5\u00b0 in the frontal plane in combination with a rotation of 30\u00b0, or a mal-angulation of 10\u00b0 in the frontal plane in combination with a rotation of only 15\u00b0 resulted in a postoperative mean deviation of the sagittal mechanical leg axis greater than 2\u00b0. Overall, the findings of this study reveal, that supracondylar procedures showed to be more vulnerable for relevant postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis deviations than subtrochanteric procedures, the same applies for mal-angulation of the osteotomy plane in the frontal plane compared to mal-angulation in the sagittal plane. The difference of the alteration of the postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis between subtrochanteric and supracondylar procedures can be explained according to the described tendency to varus angulation in proximal femoral rotational osteotomies and the tendency to valgus angulation in distal femoral rotational osteotomies . In all Overall, the observation of relevant sagittal mechanical leg axis deviations in femoral rotational osteotomies, already with just slight mal-angulation of the osteotomy planes, appear important, as not only the maintenance of the AP-projected mechanical leg axis but also the maintenance of the sagittal mechanical leg axis seems crucial in such procedures. With a continuously increasing incidence of knee osteoarthritis, also a continuously increase of TKA can be expected . HoweverIt seems obvious, that reconstructive procedures, such as femoral rotational osteotomies, should not be performed in a way that later required surgical procedures get hampered. An accurate preoperative planning seems mandatory. However, using conventional surgical techniques, an intraoperative estimation of the femoral mechanical axis is challenging due to the limited surgical exposure. Even more challenging is to perform the osteotomy plane exactly perpendicular to the femoral mechanical axis, and therefore the risk for an unintended mal-angulated osteotomy plane with a possible related sagittal mechanical leg axis deviation increases. Hence, the use of navigation aids, such as patient-specific instruments (PSI) , should This study has some limitations. First, only two patient models were used. However, with 42\u00b0 femoral antetorsion in Model 1, and 6\u00b0 femoral retrotorsion in Model 2, the two patient models presumably cover the deformities in daily practice. Likewise, this study was not thought to give an exact estimation of the expected postoperative deviation of the sagittal mechanical leg axis. The intent of this study was much more to demonstrate the presumably underestimated changes in the sagittal plane after femoral rotational osteotomies and to sensitize for this so far less investigated problem. Second limitation is the use of a computer simulation approach only. To perform a more comprehensive error analysis, cadaver experiments can be performed. However, the efforts and costs for cadaver experiments are very high and in contrast a computer simulation approach is a cost-effective and already established alternative. Third, the whole sagittal mechanical leg axis was investigated, not only the changes in the sagittal femoral bowing. The reason for this was, that a special developed CT protocol was used for preoperative planning, scanning only the regions of interest  and skipping irrelevant mid-shaft regions. Therefore, CT data of the whole femur was not available to measure explicitly the changes of the sagittal femoral bowing. However, by preoperatively orienting the bone models in a neutral sagittal position, the simulations reveal indirectly the changes of the sagittal femoral bowing. Fourth, as reference values for relevant postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis deviations, reference values from the AP-projected mechanical leg axis were applied. Due to the fact, that so far no reference values for the sagittal mechanical leg axis exist, this circumstance had to be accepted, but is subject to future studies.Relevant changes of the postoperative sagittal mechanical leg axis could be observed in femoral rotational osteotomies with solely 5\u00b0 of mal-angulation of the osteotomy planes. However, osteotomies perpendicular to the femoral mechanical axis showed no relevant alterations. To prevent problems in later required surgical treatments around the hip and knee, accurate preoperative planning is mandatory and surgical navigation aids should probably be considered. This applies in particular for supracondylar procedures and in cases with higher degrees of rotation."}
+{"text": "Furthermore, all derivatives demonstrated promising activity upon evaluation of theirin vitroandin vivosuppression of p53 ubiquitination and inhibition assessment for LDHA kinase. Finally, molecular docking studies were performed to predict the possible binding features of the potent derivatives within the ATP pocket of LDHA in an attempt to get a lead for developing a more potent LDHA inhibitor with anti-proliferative potency.A series of branched tetrapeptide Schiff bases  Peptides are short linear chains of amino acids  and are often stabilized by disulfide bonds . RecentlStill, cancer is one of the most prominent causes of death in developed countries and there is a great demand for the discovery of new chemotherapies with more selectivity for cancer cells and less side effects ,5. The aMoreover, tumor-targeting peptides are effective alternative entities for the selective delivery of high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs or diagnostic agents to tumor sites while sparing normal tissues. Several peptide hormones have already been applied for tumor targeting, for example, the cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, octreotide, has been utilized for radiotargeting in neuroendocrine tumor . AdditioSchiff bases have been important candidates owing to their coordination chemistry, and they can be synthesized and used as ligands in building complex with different metal ions. On the other hand, Schiff bases have been interested with a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, DNA binding, anti HIV, Largicidal, antifertility, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities ,21,22,23+ and NADH. LDH is present in humans as three subunits\u2014LDHA, LDHB, and LDHC pyridine candidates were successfully designed, synthesized, and plausibly characterized by analytical techniques including IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy evidences. In addition, their cytotoxicity effects on MCF-7 cancer cell lines, in vivo and in vitro inhibition of p53 ubiquitination, and lactate dehydrogenase-A were demonstrated in detail. Furthermore, molecular docking illustrates the binding affinity to LDHA kinase, which could facilitate the discovery of novel anticancer and LDHA inhibitory agents.In the present investigation and as a continuation of our previous work ,36,37,383\u20136 were obtained from \u03b1N-dipicolinoyl-bis[hydrazide] 2, which was obtained from corresponding ester 1 [2 with cycloalkanone derivatives in refluxing glacial acetic acid afforded the corresponding \u03b1N-dipicolinoyl-bis[- N`-cycloalkylidenehydrazide] 3a\u2013d. Condensation of 2 with active carbonyl derivatives, namely, acetylpyridine or substituted acetophenone derivatives in refluxing acetic acid, gave the corresponding \u03b1N-dipicolinoyl-bis[-N`-(1-(pyridyl)ethylidene)benzo- hydrazide] 4a\u2013c and \u03b1N-dipicolinoyl-bis-[-N`-(1-(substituted phenyl) ethylidene)benzohydrazide] 5a\u2013e, respectively. Finally, treatment of heterocyclic aldehydes in refluxing ethanol gave the corresponding \u03b1N-dipicolinoylbis-[-N`-(1- (furyl- 6a and thienyl)ethylidene)benzohydrazide] 6b, respectvely . Similarly, except for 5a, 5b, and 6a, all other compounds were more active than cisplatin (IC50 = 13.34 \u00b1 0.11 \u00b5M). The most active compound (4b) was more active by about 39.1% and 55.9% than cisplatin and milaplatin, respectively.Following the synthesis of the new bis-dipeptide derivatives, we evaluated the anticancer potentials of these derivatives in vitro against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) as well as normal non tumorigenic MCF-10A cells. The obtained results were expressed as IC4b > 4a> 4c > 5e > 5d > 5c > 6b > 5b>6a > 5a. This arrangement can be related with the structure function relationship. Pyridine containing derivatives 4a\u2013c were more active than benzene ring-containing ones (5a\u2013d), which were in turn less active than the five-membered ring compounds . Furthermore, the nitrogen-position in pyridine nucleus affected the activities where the 3-pyridyl >2-pyridyl >4-pyridyl ones. This may be attributed to the aromaticity and the location of the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring. On the other hand, substitution on the benzene ring affected the anticancer activity (nitro 5e > bromo 5d > chloro 5c > methoxyl 5b > methyl 5a), owing to the difference in the electron withdrawing or donation capacity of the substituting group. Finally, the substitution with five-membered rings afforded notably increased activity in the thiophene derivative 6b than the furan one 6a, owing to the difference in electronegativity between the oxygen and sulfur atoms. Moreover, the larger size of the sulfur atom makes the thiophene ring more similar in size to a phenyl ring and gives it a more pronounced aromatic character, compared with the furan ring, thus more closely resembling the benzene ring of the active compounds. Bis-dipeptide Schiff bases have been previously reported to exhibit anticancer activities owing to their ionophoric properties, which may contribute to apoptosis induction amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (3a):N Yield 72%, mp 232\u2013234 \u00b0C. [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u20131: 3518-3334 (NH), 3090 (CH-Ar), 2985 , 1654, 1532, 1254 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm:0.90\u20130.95 ,1.24\u20131.35 , 1.58\u20131.70 , 2.18\u20132.25 , 3.42 , 4.35 , 4.55 , 6.95\u20137.65 , 8.38, 9.05 , 8.65, 8.75, 9.15 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 17.32, 17.54 , 24.15, 29.42, 34.32, 186.86 , 23.98 , 40.12 , 42.26 , 52.48, 53.12 , 124.18, 128.26, 129.35, 138.64 , 131.55, 140.13, 152.12 , 163.72, 169.15 , 174.40 . MS : m/z (%) = 848 (45) [M]+. Found, %: C 66.45; H 7.18; N 14.76. C47H61N9O6 (848.04). Calculated, %: C 66.57; H 7.25; N 14.86.3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-cyclohexylidenehydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (3b): Yield 65%, mp 198\u2013200 \u00b0C. [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3510\u20133387 (NH), 3088 (CH-Ar), 2989 , 1655, 1533, 1254 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm:0.86\u20130.94 ,1.50\u20131.65 , 2.22\u20132.26 , 2.10\u20132.14 , 3.46 , 4.34 , 4.54 , 6.98\u20137.68 , 8.42, 9.09 , 8.64, 8.78, 9.16 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 17.30, 17.42 , 24.76, 27.02, 28.32, 165.85 , 23.90 , 40.18 , 42.34 , 52.45, 53.16 , 124.24, 128.28, 129.38, 138.65 , 131.58, 140.15, 152.16 , 163.76, 169.18, 174.42 . MS : m/z (%) = 876 (32) [M]+. Found, %: C 67.00; H 7.42; N 14.30. C49H65N9O6 (876.10). Calculated, %: C 67.18; H 7.48; N 14.39.N3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-cycloheptylidenehydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (3c):N Yield 56%, mp 221\u2013223 \u00b0C. [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3412\u20133375 (NH), 3092 (CH-Ar), 2995 , 1655, 1535, 1255 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.88\u20130.96 , 1.50\u20131.70 , 2.20\u20132.24 , 2.02\u20132.10 , 3.45 , 4.44 , 4.58 , 6.92-7.60 , 8.54, 9.00 , 8.65, 8.76, 9.15 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 17.40, 17.44 , 27.12, 28.82, 30.28, 36.12, 183.90 , 24.00 , 40.24 , 42.46 , 52.40, 53.24 , 124.28, 128.30, 129.42, 138.64 , 131.60, 140.18, 152.18 , 163.72, 169.24, 174.40 . MS : m/z (%) = 902 (14) [M-2]+. Found, %: C 67.64; H 7.61; N 13.86. C51H69N9O6 (904.15). Calculated, %: C 67.75; H 7.69; N 13.94.3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-cyclooctylidenehydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (3d):N Yield 56%, mp 242\u2013244 \u00b0C. [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u20131: 3418\u20133360 (NH), 3086 (CH-Ar), 2990 , 1654, 1533, 1255 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm:0.84\u20130.90 , 1.22\u20131.60 , 1.65\u20131.70 , 2.00\u20132.08 , 2.18\u20132.22 , 3.52 , 4.20\u20134.35 , 4.60\u20134.68 , 6.96\u20137.54 , 8.46, 9.05 , 8.68, 8.74, 9.12 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 17.30, 17.54 , 22.92, 24.80, 25.28, 27.02, 28.79, 154.94 , 23.68 , 40.10 , 42.56 , 52.62, 53.12 , 124.24, 128.25, 129.40, 138.65 , 131.70, 140.34, 152.25 , 163.68, 169.16, 174.45 . MS : m/z (%) = 932 (32) [M]+. Found, %: C 68.18; H 7.80; N 13.45. C53H73N9O6 (932.22). Calculated, %: C 68.29; H 7.89; N 13.52.\u03b1-dinicotinoyl-bis[Synthesis of NL-phenylalaninyl-L-leucyl] Schiff bases 4a\u2013c, 5a\u2013e, and 6a,b. A mixture of 2 (1 mmol) and acetylpyridines or substituted acetophenones or heterocyclic aldehyde, namely, 2-, 3-, 4-acetylpyridine,4-methyl-, 4-methoxy-, 4-chloro-, 4-bromo-, 4-nitroacetophenone or 2-furane, 2-thiophene aldeydes (2 mmol) in AcOH or ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed for 4\u20136 h, and then evaporated to dryness. The formed residue was solidified with n-hexane, filtered off, and crystallized from the proper solvents to give Schiff base derivatives 4a\u2013c, 5a\u2013e,and 6a,b, respectively.3,N5-Bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-(2-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)pentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (4a):N Yield 60%, mp 216\u2013218 \u00b0C (DMF/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3450\u20133354 (NH), 3092 (CH-Ar), 2986 , 1654, 1534, 1252 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.85\u20130.95 , 1.60\u20131.70 , 1.82 , 2.20-2.30 , 3.48 , 4.25\u20134.34 , 4.60\u20134.70 , 6.92\u20137.65 , 7.68\u20138.50 , 9.04 , 8.65, 8.85, 9.15 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 13.45, 17.85, 18.00 , 23.96 , 40.56 , 42.44 , 52.56, 53.12 , 124.24, 128.26, 129.35, 138.68 , 145.30 , 122.90, 126.00, 131.60, 135.80, 140.20, 148.62, 152.22, 154.48 , 163.82, 169.33 , 174.55 . MS : m/z (%) = 922 (54) [M]+. Found, %: C 66.32; H 6.36; N 16.60. C51H59N11O6 (922.08). Calculated, %: C 66.43; H 6.45; N 16.71.3,N5-Bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-(2-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)pentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (4b):N Yield 58 %, mp 208\u2013210 \u00b0C (AcOH/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3467\u20133350 (NH), 3075 (CH-Ar), 2990 , 1652, 1536, 1252 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.88-0.93 , 1.62\u20131.74 , 1.80 , 2.16\u20132.24 , 3.45 , 4.24\u20134.35 , 4.62-4.70 , 6.96-7.60 , 7.72-8.65 , 9.04, 9.08 , 8.70, 8.86, 9.18 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 15.25, 17.88, 18.02 , 23.94 , 40.55 , 42.45 , 52.55, 53.15 , 124.25, 128.25, 129.35, 138.65 , 145.35 , 122.96, 126.14, 131.65, 137.56, 140.45, 147.82, 151.32, 154.80 , 163.80, 169.14 , 168.12 . MS : m/z (%) = 921 (18) [M-1]+. Found, %: C 66.33; H 6.34; N 16.64. C51H59N11O6 (922.08). Calculated, %: C 66.43; H 6.45; N 16.71.3,N5-Bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-(2-(1-(pyridin-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)pentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (4c):N Yield 75%, mp 196\u2013198 \u00b0C (EtOH/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u20131: 3466\u20133348 (NH), 3080 (CH-Ar), 2986 , 1655, 1535, 1255 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.86-0.90 , 1.65\u20131.70 , 1.96 , 2.18\u20132.20 , 3.46 , 4.25\u20134.32 , 4.60\u20134.68 , 6.98\u20137.64 , 7.70\u20138.65 , 9.06 , 8.75, 8.85, 9.14 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 16.02, 17.86, 18.12 , 23.86 , 40.50 , 42.60 , 52.54, 53.18 , 124.60, 128.42, 129.38, 138.658 , 146.30 , 124.14, 131.60, 138.50, 140.40, 147.50, 149.54 , 164.15, 169.46 , 174.10 . MS : m/z (%) = 920 (8) [M-2]+. Found, %: C 66.37; H 6.35; N 16.65. C51H59N11O6 (922.08). Calculated, %: C 66.43; H 6.45; N 16.71.3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (5a):N Yield 55%, mp 202\u2013204 \u00b0C (AcOH/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3478\u20133348 (NH), 3085 (CH-Ar), 2976 , 1655, 1534, 1253 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm:0.86\u20130.94 , 1.62\u20131.74 , 1.98 , 2.18\u20132.25 , 3.45 , 3.68 , 4.20\u20134.35 , 4.65\u20134.70 , 6.95\u20137.65 , 8.62, 9.00 , 8.66, 8.76, 9.20 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 15.50, 17.85, 18.24 , 23.78 , 40.26 , 42.48 , 52.76, 53.15 , 55.72 , 114.32, 125.65, 127.28, 128.32, 128.65, 129.75, 138.68, 162.84 , 131.60, 140.12, 152.20 , 145.15 , 164.14, 169.65 , 174.06 . MS : m/z (%) = 980 (16) [M]+. Found, %: C 67.28; H 6.62; N 12.76. C55H65N9O8 (980.16). Calculated, %: C 67.40; H 6.68; N 12.86.3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (5b):N Yield 60 %, mp 184\u2013186 \u00b0C (DMF/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3467\u20133345 (NH), 3086 (CH-Ar), 2979 , 1654, 1535, 1254 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.88\u20130.92 , 1.64\u20131.70 , 2.05 , 2.20\u20132.24 , 3.46 , 4.26\u20134.34 , 4.68\u20134.72 , 7.10\u20137.90 , 8.65, 9.04 , 8.70, 8.78, 9.18 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 15.85, 17.80, 18.12 , 23.84 , 40.38 , 42.50 , 52.74, 53.10 , 125.65, 127.28, 128.32, 128.78, 129.05, 134.95, 135.68, 136.84 , 131.70, 140.18, 152.26 , 144.98 , 164.34, 169.65 , 173.96 . MS : m/z (%) = 988 (24) [M-1]+. Found, %: C 64.24; H 5.90; Cl 7.08; N 12.65. C53H59Cl2N9O6 (988.99). Calculated, %: C 64.36; H 6.01; Cl 7.17; N 12.75.3,N5-Bis{1-[(1-(2-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (5c):N Yield 72 %, mp 210\u2013212 \u00b0C (DMF/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3462\u20133345 (NH), 3090 (CH-Ar), 2988 , 1655, 1532, 1250 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.84\u20130.90 , 1.60\u20131.65 , 2.02 , 2.18\u20132.22 , 3.48 , 4.25\u20134.35 , 4.66\u20134.70 , 7.14\u20137.82 , 8.62, 9.08 , 8.72, 8.76, 9.16 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 15.90, 17.60, 17.86 , 23.80 , 40.42 , 42.56 , 52.78, 53.15 , 125.55, 126.04, 127.56, 128.24, 128.70, 130.75, 135.98, 136.34 , 131.62, 140.26, 152.28 , 145.08 , 164.65, 168.98 , 174.16 . MS : m/z (%) = 1078 (14) [M]+. Found, %: C 58.88; H 5.45; N 11.62. C53H59Br2N9O6 (1077.90). Calculated, %: C 59.06; H 5.52; N 11.69.3,N5-Bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-(2-(1-(p-tolyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)pentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (5d):N Yield 55%, mp 235\u2013237 \u00b0C (DMF/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3465\u20133340 (NH), 3088 (CH-Ar), 2980 , 1656, 1536, 1256 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm:0.88\u20130.92 , 1.66\u20131.70 , 2.00 , 2.18\u20132.24 , 2.34 , 3.43 , 4.23\u20134.30 , 4.66\u20134.72 , 7.12\u20137.68 , 8.65, 9.05 , 8.68, 8.75, 9.18 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 16.80, 17.90, 18.15, 21.12 , 23.86 , 40.35 , 42.52 , 52.75, 53.18 , 125.72, 126.45, 127.35, 128.40, 128.92, 134.08, 136.10, 139.56 , 131.68, 140.25, 152.25 , 145.60 , 164.12, 169.68 , 174.18 . MS : m/z (%) = 948 (42) [M]+. Found, %: C, 69.60; H, 6.86; N, 13.22. C55H65N9O6 (948.18). Calculated, %: C, 69.67; H, 6.91; N, 13.30.3,N5-Bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-(2-(1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (5e).N Yield 72 %, mp 256\u2013258 \u00b0C (DMF/H2O). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR \u03bd, cm\u22121: 3485\u20133354 (NH), 3092 (CH-Ar), 2986 , 1655, 1533, 1255 . 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.86\u20130.90 , 1.66\u20131.74 , 2.10 , 2.24\u20132.26 , 3.45 , 4.25\u20134.32 , 4.65\u20134.68 , 7.08\u20137.26 , 8.00\u20138.28 , 8.58, 9.03 , 8.65, 8.75, 9.15 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 16.04, 17.88, 18.06 , 23.95 , 40.45 , 42.54 , 52.73, 53.13 , 125.63, 126.86, 127.32, 127.90, 128.24, 136.70, 143.06, 149.85 , 131.55, 140.25, 152.20 , 145.00 , 163.98, 169.40 , 174.34 . MS : m/z (%) = 1010 (8) [M-1]+. Found, %: C, 62.94; H, 5.80; N, 15.20. C53H59N11O10 (1010.12). Calculated, %: C, 63.02; H, 5.89; N, 15.25.3,N5-bis{1-[(1-(2-(furan-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (6a):NYield 75%, mp 205\u2013207 \u00b0C (DMF/Ether). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). - IR (film): \u03bd = 3495\u20133350 (NH), 3095 (CH-Ar), 2985 , 1654, 1532, 1250  cm\u22121.1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.85\u20130.92 , 1.68\u20131.74 , 2.22\u20132.34 , 3.42 , 4.16\u20134.26 , 4.45\u20134.58 , 6.90\u20136.90 , 7.12\u20137.38 , 7.98 , 8.32, 9.10 , 8.78, 8.80, 9.16 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 18.60, 19.15 , 22.96 , 40.25 , 42.48 , 52.56, 53.34 , 112.05, 117.95, 143.45, 148.16 , 125.84, 127.42, 127.98, 137.85 , 131.62, 140.34, 152.40 , 137.12 , 163.95, 169.48 , 178.46 . MS : m/z (%) = 872 (16) [M]+. Found, %: C, 64.65; H, 6.10; N, 14.39. C47H53N9O8 (872.00). Calculated, %: C, 64.74; H, 6.13; N, 14.46.3,N5-bis{1-[(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-(2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)pentan-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide (6b).N Yield 70%, mp 218\u2013220 \u00b0C (DMF/Ether). [\u03b1]c = 0.5, DMF). IR (film): \u03bd = 3482\u20133365 (NH), 3084 (CH-Ar), 2978 , 1655, 1535, 1254  cm\u22121.1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4H, ppm: 0.82\u20130.90 , 1.65\u20131.70 , 2.20\u20132.30 , 3.44 , 4.18\u20134.30 , 4.46\u20134.55 , 7.18\u20137.56 , 7.86 , 8.36, 9.08 , 8.75, 8.84, 9.18 . 13C NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6), \u03b4C, ppm: 18.32, 19.10 , 22.78 , 40.55 , 42.68 , 52.54, 53.32 , 126.45, 127.90, 130.45, 144.06 , 125.80, 127.52, 128.14, 137.80 , 131.65, 140.36, 152.42 , 125.18 , 163.86, 169.45 , 178.42 . MS : m/z (%) = 904 (24) [M]+. Found, %: C, 62.32; H, 5.86; N, 13.88; S, 7.00. C47H53N9O6S2 (904.12). Calculated, %: C, 62.44; H, 5.91; N, 13.94; S, 7.09.2humidified incubator at 37 \u00b0C and passaged bi-weekly. The in vitro anti-proliferative activity of the newly synthesized derivatives was assayed using the standard MTT technique [Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany, were propagated in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1% standard antibiotic solution. Cells were incubated in a 5% COechnique ,55,56.50. Experiments were repeated at least in triplicate, to obtain good reproducibility between replicate wells with standard errors below 10%. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of the prepared derivatives were evaluated against normal nonmalignant cells, non-tumorigenic MCF-10A, in order to find out if the synthesized derivatives have toxicity against normal cells. Additionally, the results were compared with reference compounds (cisplatin and milaplatin) as positive controls.The results were expressed as IC6 cells, total volume 0.2 mL) into the left inguinal area of the mice. Caliper measurement was used to measure tumor growth in two perpendicular diameters of the implant after 48 h, and its volume was determined. Mice grafted with MCF-7 were divided into different groups (7\u201310 mice/group). Untreated mice received the solvent only. Treated groups received different prepared derivatives as previously described [The breast cancer xenograft model protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (50-01-05-08B). Female athymic pathogen-free nude mice  were used. Firstly, MCF-7 xenografts were initiated by implanting pellets slowly releasing estrogen for two months (1.7mg 17\u03b2-estradiol/pellet) subcutaneously in the female nude mice. After 24 h, confluent MCF-7 cells were harvested, washed two times with serum-free medium, re-suspended, and injected subcutaneously (s.c.)  and recombinant human LDHA protein  were used to assess the inhibitory effect of the tested compounds. First, we generated an NADH standard curve for colorimetric detection by measuring the OD 450 nm) at different molar amounts of NADH. The linear regression equation of the curve was derivatized in Graphpad Prism. Tested compounds were dissolved in DMSO and their inhibitory activity was assessed at 140 and 300 \u03bcM strength. Galloflavin  at the same molar concentration was used as a known LDH inhibitor. The master reaction mix composed of LDH assay buffer and 10 ng human LDHA substrate per reaction was prepared. Tested compounds were added and the final reaction volume was adjusted to 50 \u03bcL. Absorbance at 450 nm was taken after 2\u20133 min  and continued every minute for 118 min . The change in measurement over time (delta A450) was calculated as T-final minus T-initial. The amount of NADH generated by the assay between T-initial and T-final was deduced by comparing the A450 of each sample to the standard NADH standard curve. LDHA activity was calculated in milliunits per mL as the amount of NADH generated by the assay / (reaction time in minutes (118) x reaction volume in mL (0.005) [0 nm at d4\u20136. The crystal structure was derived from the RCSB Protein Data Bank and the molecular docking procedure was performed using MOE, 10.2008 software following the reported procedure [The three-dimensional X-ray structure of LDHA (PDB code: 4ZVV)  was chosrocedure ,52.3\u20136were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antitumor activities against breast MCF-7 cell lines. These compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activities in comparison with the standards, cisplatin and milaplatin. All of these derivatives were subjected to evaluation ofin vitroandin vivosuppression of p53 ubiquitination and inhibition assay for LDHA enzyme. Molecular docking study was further performed to illustrate the possible binding interactions with LDHA that might be a promising base for the further development of novel anticancer agents with excellent LDH inhibitory activity.In conclusion, a series of new tetrapeptide Schiff bases"}
+{"text": "Lemna paucicostata to remove pollutants from aquatic environment was tested in a constructed wetlands as an ecological based system for the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated waters within 120 days. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in wetlands and tissues of duckweed were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector following established methods while the experimental data were subjected to the first-order kinetic rate model to understand the remediation rate of duckweed in wetlands. L. paucicostata effected a significant  removal of hydrocarbons from wetlands reaching 97.91% after 120 days. Assessment on the transport and fate of hydrocarbons in duckweed indicated that L. paucicostata bioaccumulated less than 1% and significantly biodegraded 97.74% of hydrocarbons in wetlands at the end of the study. The experimental data reasonably fitted (r2\u2009=\u20090.938) into the first-order kinetic rate model. From the result of the study, it is reasonable to infer that L. paucicostata is an effective aquatic macrophyte for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons in moderately polluted waters.The potentials of the invasive duckweed species,  The continuous advancement in offshore exploration has increased the level of exposure of hydrocarbons into aquatic environment, particularly freshwater, creating a cascade of negative impact on organisms relying on freshwater resources4. Oil spills in water leads to extensive damage of water resources including sensitive habitats. It suffocates aquatic life and renders water unfit for communal and domestic use5. Over the years, various technological approach has been developed for the treatment of oil spill in marine and coastal waters, as well as rivers, streams, wetlands, swamps and lakes9. Chemical methods involving the application of dispersants and in situ burning have unintended consequences despite the success recorded with such application10. The unintended effects with the application of chemicals for oil spill cleanup have given opportunities to the development of biological and nature-based solutions over the past three decades for the remediation of contaminants in aquatic environment11.The expansion of the chemical industry after the dawn of the industrial age has significantly increased the levels of contaminants entering the natural and human environment. Among the many chemical industries, the petrochemical industry is a major player in the global energy landscape despite significant investment and interest in alternative energy. Today, petroleum remains a significant energy demand in modern society. In spite of all the necessary safety and precautionary approach in the petroleum industry, oil spill is an inevitable occurrence in the production, transport, processing and consumption of crude oil12. For water pollution, various macrophytes have been investigated for the uptake, bioaccumulation and degradation of a wide range of chemical pollutants in natural and man-made wetlands14. Macrophytes such as duckweeds, water lettuce and water hyacinth found exclusively on the surface of water bodies have been reported to remediate nutrients load, heavy metals and hydrocarbons in wetlands11.The usefulness of plants in the biological remediation of contaminants has been expanding over the years. Several species of plants with the potentials to remove a wide range of contaminants from the environment have been documented in the literature16. Duckweeds have a long history of application in aquaculture, livestock production, poultry, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, medicine, biofuels, toxicity testing, environmental monitoring and for the remediation of organic compounds in contaminated wetlands18. Prominent members of the group applied for remediation research are found in the Lemna genera. Lemna species have been successfully applied in wetlands for the removal of a wide range of pollutants, particularly organic nutrients and heavy metals21. Previous workers have indicated the removal of organic compounds like phenol22, chlorobenzotriazole9, benzotriazoles23 and anthracene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene24 by various Lemna species but there is paucity of literature on the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons by L. paucicostata (Hegelm.). This study aimed to assess and model the efficacy of duckweed, L. paucicostata for the phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated waters and to determine the transport and fate of the pollutants in L. paucicostata.Among the various surface floating macrophytes groups, duckweeds species have been used extensively for the phytoremediation of pollutants. Their invasive nature, wide distribution, simple structure and sporadic growth pattern and the ability to thrive in diverse habitat and tolerate a high level of contaminants in the environment are some of the unique features that make duckweeds suitable candidates for pollutants uptake and removal in surface watersL. paucicostata were collected from drains at Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria and were cultured using Zyme nutrient solution. Duckweed was acclimated for seven days before introduction into experimental setup  and transferred into each of the wetlands except the control  collected with permission from Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Company Limited was drawn using a pipette and introduced into each of the wetlands to simulate an oil spill environment in surface waters Fig.\u00a0. The repIn situ measurements and samples for laboratory analysis were collected bimonthly (every 15 days) for the duration of the study. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in crude oil and duckweed tissues were determined using gas chromatography  equipped with a split/splitless injector and a flame ionization detector (FID) following modified standard procedure by the USEPA (EPA 8015\u2009C Revision 2007). Oil samples collected from the treated and control wetlands were extracted using 25\u2009mL of n-hexane from 20\u2009mL of the sample in the wetlands. The extract was agitated for 15\u2009minutes using an ultrasonic device and allowed to settle down for 60\u2009minutes at 28\u2009\u00b0C. The filtrate from the extract (about 3\u2009\u00b5L) was transferred into vials and was injected into the injector at a temperature of 300\u2009\u00b0C using a splitless mode with a relay of about 20\u2009seconds and then analyzed using gas chromatography. The oven temperature was raised from 50 to 300\u2009\u00b0C. Inert gas such as helium was used as the carrier gas of the sample through a fused silica capillary column. The GC machine was equipped with an autosampler and flame ionization detector (FID) couple with an HP complete desktop computer system for the analysis. The chromatogram of the analysis was produced using Agilent Chemstation software version 10.Duckweed samples were collected prior to experimental setup (baseline) and at the end of the study were analyzed for the concentration of hydrocarbons in their tissues. Samples of duckweed were collected from the treated wetlands and oven-dried at 35\u2009\u00b0C and allowed to cool down and crushed with a mortar and pestle. Then 100\u2009mg of the crushed sample was taken in a separating funnel and extracted with 25\u2009mL of n-hexane. The above process was repeated to get the maximum yield of hydrocarbons from the sample. The residue from the extract was then dissolved in HPLC grade acetone and the solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. The filtrate was filtered through a 0.45 \u03bcm syringe. Then 3\u2009\u03bcL of the standard and sample solutions were injected into the injector and the chromatogram was recorded.28 as shown in Eq.\u00a0R is removal efficiency of contaminant (%), Co is the initial contaminant level (mg/L), Ct contaminant level at the end of the study (mg/L).Contaminant removal efficiency expressed in percentages was calculated2 in Eq.\u00a0BiodC is the concentration of contaminant degraded (mg/kg), IC is the initial concentration of contaminant (mg/L), FC is the final concentration of contaminant (mg/L) and TC is the concentration of contaminant in tissues of duckweed (mg/kg).The fraction of TPH bioaccumulated and biodegraded by duckweed was obtained following method described by29 in Eq. , Co is the initial concentration of parameter at time, t (mg/L), k is the first-order rate constant (day\u22121) and t is the time (day).The remediation rate of TPH was investigated using the first-order rate kinetic equation9 in Eq. .3\\docume1/2) is the time needed for a pollutant concentration to degrade to half of the original concentration as seen in Eq.\u00a0430.t1/2 is the half-life time, k is the biodegradation rate constant.Biodegradation half-life  and summarized into means, standard errors and percentages, while the level of significance (p\u2009<\u20090.05) was computed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a posthoc test where significant.L. paucicostata in contaminated wetlands shows no obvious inhibition by the concentration of crude oil applied for the study. Although the growth of the plant was slow within the first few days after introduction into the wetlands, duckweed grew to cover almost the entire surface of the setup at the end of the study. No adverse or toxic effect was reported with L. minuta for the removal of phenol ranging from 25 to 250\u2009mg/L31. Even in studies where macrophytes performance was below expectations33, the results were unconnected with the inhibition or incapacitation of the species.The growth of L. paucicostata for the increased uptake and removal of hydrocarbons from wetlands. Virtually all tissues in duckweed are metabolically active and useful for the potential removal of contaminant from wetlands17.The mean concentration of TPH in wetlands contaminated with crude oil decreased significantly  by 97.91% (from 3651.77\u2009\u00b1\u200965.36 to 76.22\u2009\u00b1\u20096.86\u2009mg/L), while for the control, it decreased by 11.46% (from 3651.77\u2009\u00b1\u200965.36 to 3233.42\u2009\u00b1\u200977.07\u2009mg/L) after 120 days of the study  while Rhizophora mangle effected the removal of 87% TPH from contaminated sediments compared to bioremediation with removal of 70% after 90 days37. Although microbes present in the rhizome were indicated to enhance removal of hydrocarbons37, in other cases, the rhizosphere effects may not enhance the removal of hydrocarbons35. A lack of microbial and rhizosphere effect was observed for the transformation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine (RDX) in hydroponic media34. Other studies yielded 72.8% removal of hydrocarbons with Vetiveria zizaniodes38, 99.9% for phenanthrene with Scirpus lacustris39, 87.18% and 76.40% for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with Acorus calamus40, 94 and 81% for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with Azolla filiculoides41 while 81% for chlorobenzotriazole with L. minor9. Furthermore, Eichornia crassipes and Phragmites effectively removed hydrocarbons from polluted media42. Species of macrophytes such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Panicum hemitomon, P. australis and Sagittaria lancifolia successfully remediated South Louisiana crude oil in a wetland setup43. Yang et al. 44 reported that Pistia stratiotes and E. crassipes were able to remove oil from the media via adsorption and absorption. In a seawater setup, Laminaria japonica removed about 90% of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated media36, while the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora and S. patens increase the biodegradation of spilt oil by transporting oxygen to their roots6. The increasing trend in the potentials of selected macrophytes to remove a significant level of organic compounds from contaminated media is vital for the development of pilot wetlands for the treatment of wastewater from industrial activities. Despite the results, studies with water lettuce, P. stratiotes and the giant duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza were unsuccessful32 while black rush performs poorly (15%) in the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated sediments33. Although macrophytes can remediate pollutants in water, several uncertainties such as plant handling, locality, contaminant behaviour, and other environmental factors could affect the remediation potentials of plants.Several studies supported the significant removal of hydrocarbons by various macrophytes including duckweeds from contaminated wetlands45. Within the interval of 15 days that the analysis was conducted, the most pronounced decreased of hydrocarbons was observed between 15 to 30 days (16.78%) of the study and the least was reported between 105 to 120 days (2.15%) respectively. It is safe to indicate that within the first 15 days of the study, the duckweed could be playing a dual role of adjusting to the presence of environmental stress emanating from the hydrocarbon contaminant in the wetland and degrading the hydrocarbon at the same time. The high or rapid uptake and removal of hydrocarbons after the first 15 days is not unusual. The exposure of aquatic plants to organic chemicals results in rapid uptake, sequestration and transformation in plants46. The significant decrease of TPH in wetlands recorded for the first time with L. paucicostata is an indication that this species of duckweed is an efficient phytoremediation agent for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated environment. However, more exhaustive studies are needed to elucidate the removal dynamics of contaminant from wetlands by L. paucicostata.Hydrocarbon removal was time-dependent as increased in the duration of the study resulted in increased hydrocarbon removal from wetlands. The removal rate of hydrocarbons from the wetlands was significantly high within the first 60 days of the study and then it gradually reduces towards the end of the study Fig.\u00a0. This den-icosahectane) based on the number of carbon atoms present in the crude oil sample47. Lab analysis of the TPH in crude oil showed hydrocarbon chains ranging from C8 to C40 present in the oil sample. This is consistent with hydrocarbons chain present in light crude oil associated with the Niger Delta oil fields2. Hydrocarbon chains were categorized into three groups  for interpretation purposes. The percentage reduction of the hydrocarbon chains in crude oil at the end of the study revealed that C30\u2013C40 (99.84%) had the highest reduction %\u00a0compared to C19\u2013C29 (95.53%) and C8\u2013C18 (76.61%) respectively  in this study Moreira et al.37 reported that Rhizophora mangle was able to degrade 82% and 70% of C23\u2013C34 and C24\u2013C40 compared to 63% and 21% of C23\u201334 and C24\u2013C40 using bioremediation in contaminated sediment. Petroleum hydrocarbons consist of a carbon chain backbone ranging from carbon 1 (methane) to carbon 120  and final concentration (76.22\u2009\u00b1\u20096.86\u2009mg/L) of hydrocarbons in wetlands showed that L. paucicostata significantly  biodegraded 97.74% (3569.06\u2009mg/L) of hydrocarbons in contaminated media , benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene and benz[a]anthracene were transformed into polar and non-polar metabolites in plants55.Secondary or tertiary metabolites from crude oil could play a role in plant biochemical processes and may be vital to the growth and development of plants, particularly invasive aquatic plant. L. paucicostata. Only 0.1% of Bisphenol A (BPA) was found in Ceratophyllum demersum despite a significant removal of BPA from local ponds in China56. The low accumulation of the contaminant found in the tissues of the C. demersum was an indication that BPA was mainly biodegraded by the species56. A similar pattern was observed for phenanthrene and pyrene with Laminaria japonica36 and anthracene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene with L. gibba24.Despite, a significant uptake and removal of hydrocarbons from the wetland, at the end of the study only 0.2% of hydrocarbon was found in tissues of 51. Uptake of organic compounds depends on the plant species, age of contaminant, and many other physical and chemical characteristics11. The application of carbon tracer for the identification of intermediate products in the transformation of organic compounds could be the focus of subsequent studies for the remediation of hydrocarbons by duckweed.Little is known about the complete transformation and mineralization of hydrocarbons in macrophytes including duckweedsk), half-life (t1/2) and the goodness of fit (r2) in the treated wetlands and the control could be best fitted into the first-order kinetic rate model. A best line of fit was drawn for the contaminant and r2 was found with a coefficient of 0.938 which indicates that the removal of hydrocarbons from wetlands followed reasonably the first-order model. TPH degradation by Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was well fitted with the first-order kinetic model within 90 days45. Khellaf and Zerdaoui57 indicated that the pseudo-first-order model appropriately followed the removal of contaminants in effluents with L. gibba. From the significant coefficient recorded with the first-order model, it is reasonable to infer that L. paucicostata is a good candidate for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons in surface waters.The experimental data were subjected to the first-order kinetic rate equation to model the remediation rate of TPH by duckweed in wetlands Table\u00a0. The resL. paucicostata which is abundant in surface waters across the nation has great potential to ecologically remediate and remove a considerable level of hydrocarbons from crude oil-contaminated waters. The plant has demonstrated its ability to accumulate and degrade hydrocarbons from wetlands. However, due to the complexity of the fate, and transformation/mineralization processes of hydrocarbons by duckweed it was not possible to fully elucidate these processes. It is therefore suggested that studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of degradation, transformation and mineralization of hydrocarbons by duckweeds.Treating hydrocarbons polluted wetlands using conventional methods attracts concerns from some sections of the society while ecological approaches are considered with limited options presently available to the petrochemical industry. This study has demonstrated that the invasive aquatic plant"}
+{"text": "El pasado 23 de diciembre de 2019 falleci\u00f3 en Girardot, Cundinamarca, el m\u00e9dico epidemi\u00f3logo \u00c1lvaro Moncayo Medina. Su amplia y destacada trayectoria en el campo de la Epidemiolog\u00eda y la Salud P\u00fablica, as\u00ed como su importante influencia en las nuevas generaciones de investigadores, ameritan estas palabras de homenaje al maestro y amigo.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) de Atlanta, Estados Unidos.El doctor Moncayo naci\u00f3 en San Juan de Pasto, Nari\u00f1o, el 14 de mayo de 1941. Se gradu\u00f3 como bachiller del Colegio San Francisco Javier de Pasto en 1959 y complet\u00f3 sus estudios universitarios en la Facultad de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogot\u00e1 en 1969. Posteriormente, en 1970, hizo su maestr\u00eda en Salud P\u00fablica y una especializaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda en la Universidad de Antioquia. En 1972 adelant\u00f3 estudios de especializaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda de Enfermedades Transmisibles en los Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) de esta entidad en Ginebra. En la OMS particip\u00f3 activamente en diferentes actividades, pero sin perder nunca de vista la importancia de las enfermedades tropicales para la salud p\u00fablica en el tr\u00f3pico. Prueba de ello es que desde all\u00ed apoy\u00f3 y colabor\u00f3 en el desarrollo de programas de control, prevenci\u00f3n y manejo de enfermedades tropicales, en especial, programas enfocados en la enfermedad de Chagas, la leishmaniasis y la enfermedad del sue\u00f1o. Gracias a estos programas se impulsaron proyectos que buscaban mejorar el diagn\u00f3stico y el control vectorial de los transmisores de estas enfermedades en diferentes pa\u00edses de Latinoam\u00e9rica y \u00c1frica. Uno de sus grandes logros fue el establecimiento de los programas de control vectorial de la enfermedad de Chagas en diferentes pa\u00edses de Suram\u00e9rica.A partir de 1976, la carrera del doctor Moncayo se desarroll\u00f3 en la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud (OMS), donde ocup\u00f3 diversos cargos como consultor en Epidemiolog\u00eda en Argentina, para luego hacer parte del ad honorem al Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda Tropical (CIMPAT) de la Universidad de los Andes. Aqu\u00ed logr\u00f3 transmitir su pasi\u00f3n por la Epidemiolog\u00eda y la Salud P\u00fablica a alumnos de pregrado y posgrado de los programas de Biolog\u00eda, Microbiolog\u00eda y Medicina, entre otras carreras. Durante su estad\u00eda en el CIMPAT merece menci\u00f3n especial su aporte a la organizaci\u00f3n y la direcci\u00f3n de los seminarios semanales del laboratorio.En el 2001, despu\u00e9s de obtener su pensi\u00f3n de la OMS, decidi\u00f3 regresar a su amada Colombia y, por su inter\u00e9s constante de transmitir las experiencias adquiridas, se vincul\u00f3 como investigador The Lancet, la International Journal of Epidemiology, los Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, el CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, la Infection Genetics and Evolution y Biom\u00e9dica, entre otras. A ello se suman los libros y m\u00e1s de once cap\u00edtulos de libros, editados en Colombia y en el exterior. Adem\u00e1s, es muy importante resaltar que, en su inter\u00e9s por divulgar sus ideas y opiniones m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de los ambientes acad\u00e9micos, public\u00f3 en diversas ocasiones en medios internacionales tan importantes como Le Monde Diplomatique.A lo largo de su carrera, el doctor Moncayo public\u00f3 sus estudios en diversas revistas cient\u00edficas como Disease Control Priorities 3 de la Fundaci\u00f3n Gates (2012), entre otros. Asimismo, fue miembro de diferentes sociedades cient\u00edficas internacionales y nacionales como la Epidemiological Association, la Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, la Societ\u00e9 Suisse de Medicine Tropicale y la Sociedad Colombiana de Parasitolog\u00eda y Medicina Tropical.Como es natural, una carrera acad\u00e9mica e investigativa tan comprometida obtuvo el reconocimiento con diversos premios, distinciones y cargos, entre ellos, el Premio Carlos Chagas otorgado por el Instituto Oswaldo Cruz de R\u00edo de Janeiro (2000); su nombramiento como Acad\u00e9mico Correspondiente Extranjero de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires (1997), como Acad\u00e9mico Honorario Extranjero de la Academia Nacional de Medicina del Brasil (2005), y como Secretario General y Vicepresidente de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia (2006 y 2014); la Condecoraci\u00f3n Samper-Mart\u00ednez otorgada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia (2007) y su designaci\u00f3n como miembro del comit\u00e9 asesor de En su vida personal, el doctor Moncayo fue un esc\u00e9ptico por naturaleza, un apasionado humanista, voraz lector, amante de la mitolog\u00eda griega, el cine y la buena cocina y due\u00f1o de una cultura que abarcaba \u00e1reas como el arte, la historia, la m\u00fasica, la ciencia y la literatura. Esta pasi\u00f3n por la cultura y el conocimiento sin fronteras la trasmiti\u00f3 de manera generosa a sus alumnos y amigos, siempre dispuesto a prestar los libros de su biblioteca personal para motivar la lectura y a participar en el intercambio de ideas a trav\u00e9s de discusiones y conversaciones acompa\u00f1adas de un buen caf\u00e9.Sin duda alguna, sus alumnos y amigos vamos a extra\u00f1ar a este ciudadano del mundo que, con su visi\u00f3n global y culta de la realidad, nos permiti\u00f3 no solo expandir nuestros conocimientos, sino tambi\u00e9n, matricularnos de manera m\u00e1s activa en la lucha por un mundo m\u00e1s justo e igualitario.Compartimos con sus hermanas, sus sobrinos y sus cu\u00f1ados, el sentimiento de p\u00e9rdida de un ser humano excepcional que contribuy\u00f3 con su trabajo al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de miles de personas y que dej\u00f3 en alto el nombre de nuestro pa\u00eds.Quienes conocimos al doctor Moncayo queremos despedirlo citando uno de sus versos preferidos de los sonetos del poeta Eduardo Carranza, que recitaba constantemente: \"Salvo mi coraz\u00f3n, todo est\u00e1 bien\"."}
+{"text": "The process relies on readily available precursors and microwave-assisted thermolysis, which is sensitive to reaction conditions; yielding Cu1.8Se at 200 \u00b0C and Cu2Se at 250 \u00b0C within 6\u20138 min reaction time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed crystalline nature of as-made particles with irregular truncated morphology, which exhibit a high phase purity as identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis. Temperature-dependent transport properties were characterized via electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal diffusivity measurements. Subsequent to spark plasma sintering, pure Cu1.8Se exhibited highly compacted and oriented grains that were similar in size in comparison to Cu2Se, which led to its high electrical and low thermal conductivity, reaching a very high power-factor (24 \u00b5W/K\u22122cm\u22121). Density-of-states (DOS) calculations confirm the observed trends in electronic properties of the material, where Cu-deficient phase exhibits metallic character. The TE figure of merit (ZT) was estimated for the materials, demonstrating an unprecedentedly high ZT at 875 K of 2.1 for Cu1.8Se sample, followed by 1.9 for Cu2Se. Synthetic and processing methods presented in this work enable large-scale production of TE materials and components for niche applications. Reduced energy consumption and environmentally friendly, abundant constituents are gaining more attention for the synthesis of energy materials. A rapid, highly scalable, and process-temperature-sensitive solution synthesis route is demonstrated for the fabrication of thermoelectric (TE) Cu ZT = (2\u03c3T)/\u03baS, where S, \u03c3, and \u03ba are the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and total thermal conductivity, respectively, and T is the absolute temperature [ZT is continuously re-written in conventional systems like Bi2Te3 [ZT around 1 has served as a standard for niche applications; however, realistically, ZT > 2 is necessary for broad implementation of TE technology [Thermoelectricity is the current flow due to a temperature difference across the material or vice versa. This concept is used to recover the waste heat generated by industrial- and smaller-scale applications and convert it directly to electricity. The reverse concept of generating thermal gradients, i.e., cold\u2013hot sides, using the thermoelectric (TE) unit are indeed useful for many applications. TE systems in general are stable and reliable, with no maintenance requirements, due to having no moving parts. However, the performance limitation and material abundance are great motivations in searching for new TE materials and improving the existing ones. The efficiency of a TE material is typically represented by the dimensionless TE figure of merit, defined as perature . The recZT = S\u03c3T/\u03ba, whechnology .ZT values have been achieved in various compounds that are free from the scarce Te or the toxic Pb, such as half-Heusler compounds, skutterudites, Mg2X , MgAgSb, BiCuSeO, SnSe, and Cu2\u2212xQ  [2\u2212xSe is a transition-metal chalcogenide which is found to be a promising material for medium-temperature-range TE applications. Cu/Se stoichiometry directly determines both phase composition and crystal structure. Cu2\u2212xSe is a typical semiconductor with a band gap in the range of 1.2\u20132.3 eV (an indirect band gap of 1.1\u20131.5 eV and a direct band gap of 2.0\u20132.3 eV) [2\u2212xSe have gained great attention recently due to their potential applications in waste-heat recovery [New, high-performance TE materials, especially with earth-abundant and low-toxicity constituents, are receiving significant attention, although they are not without their own challenges. Decent , Se, S) ,10,11,12\u20132.3 eV) ,14. The \u20132.3 eV) . The nanrecovery ,18,19,202(TeSe)3 systems, where the produced quantities per batch have been rather limited. In solution chemical synthesis, typically the free atomic or ionic species and their reaction allows the nucleation of particles. These processes are conventionally performed in anhydrous organic solvents with very high boiling points, reaching temperatures of 300\u2013400 \u00b0C. A similar chemistry can be worked out using the MW-assisted heating at much more moderate temperatures due to different and effective volume heating or to the precursor activation mechanism with MW irradiation.Recent studies show that synthesis route may dramatically influence and contribute to TE properties of nanomaterials ,26,27,282Se with a very promising ZT of 2 [1.8Se and Cu2Se phases for obtaining highly efficient nanostructured TE materials. The proposed method is rather fast, truly scalable, energy-efficient, and ideally controls the chemical route of the reaction, with a high degree of precision and reproducibility. It does not need standard Schlenk line and glovebox techniques that are used otherwise. By controlling the reaction temperature, nanosized Cu1.8Se and Cu2Se materials were synthesized at 200 and 250 \u00b0C, respectively. Detailed synthesis, processing, microstructural and transport property evaluation, and DOS calculations of the materials are presented, paving the way to high-efficiency nanostructured TE materials. Synthesis schemes that are resource-effective and have reduced energy consumption are gaining much more significance due to the environmental impact of various synthesis processes. We recently reported a high-throughput MW-assisted synthesis method that yielded Cu ZT of 2 . In the  ZT of 2 ,32,35, s2CH3)2H2O, 98%), oleic acid (C18H34O2), 1-octadecene , selenium powder , and trioctylphosphine (P(C8H17)3, TOP) were used. Methanol and hexane (C6H14) were used for washing the synthesized particles. All chemicals were used as received, without further purification.All the chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich . Copper acetate  in a 15 mm diameter die to form pellets for TE transport property measurements. SPS conditions were previously studied by our group , and we \u03c3), Seebeck coefficient (S), and thermal diffusivity (D) measurements in the range of 300\u2013875 K. The Seebeck coefficient S and the electrical conductivity \u03c3 were measured simultaneously on the pellets obtained after the SPS process, using a commercial instrument ZEM-ULVAC M8 model  which measures the S and \u03c3 based on the four-point-probe method. The total thermal conductivity (\u03batot) was calculated using the following equation: D\u00b7\u03c1\u00b7Cp, where D is the thermal diffusivity, Cp is the specific heat capacity, and \u03c1 is the bulk density . The temperature range of transport measurement was from 300 to 875 K; with all the properties known, the TE figure of merit (ZT) was estimated.TE transport properties were determined via electrical conductivity  with monochromatic Al-K\u03b1 (1486.6 eV) radiation. Details of the XPS analyses are presented in the X-Ray diffraction (XRD)  was employed to identify the crystalline phases obtained both before and after compaction. The system utilizes a Cu K-alpha source at 1.5406 \u00c5 wavelength and scanning rate of 0.13\u00b0/min. The specific heat capacity of the sintered samples was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)  was employed to analyze the morphology and particle size of the dried powders and the fracture surface of samples after compaction. Specimens were prepared on copper tape or graphene to avoid charging effects. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)  was performed on the as-made nanopowders by dispersing 20 \u00b5L NP suspension on the Cu TEM grid and drying in air. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on polished bulk pieces of CuThe calculations were performed using density functional theory as it has been implemented in the VASP code ,41. Stan2Se was modeled in an anti-fluorite crystal structure with the 2Se with these settings is 5.718 \u00c5, which is in reasonable agreement with previous calculations as well as with experimental data [The high-temperature phase of Cutal data . The devtal data .1.8Se, a 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 supercell of the primitive Cu2Se structure was used. The Cu1.8Se system was then modelled with the same structure as Cu2Se but with 10% of the Cu positions being vacant. The 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 supercell used has 54 Cu positions; in order to model 10% vacancies, five Cu atoms were removed from the lattice, thereby creating an effective vacancy concentration of 9%. We also tested a single Cu vacancy in Cu2Se for this supercell with essentially the same result as for the system with 9% vacancies. For the systems with vacancies, relaxations of the atomic positions were performed until the forces acting between the atoms were smaller than 10 meV/\u00c5. Calculations for systems with Cu vacancies also allowed for a spin-polarized solution of the electronic structure.To model Cu2. The reaction taking place during the formation of Cu2\u2212xSe compounds under MW irradiation can be represented as:In the synthetic process adopted here, Se is solubilized by complexing with TOP, forming Se(TOP), and Cu is complexed with oleic acid, forming Cu(Oleate)2Se phase is obtained. One can see this reaction directly through the color change of the dispersion from a dark green-blue to a dark black-brown, with black-brown powder precipitates after the MW heating process. The process is schematically presented in At 200 \u00b0C, the Cu-deficient non-stoichiometric phase forms, where x is 0.2; at the slightly elevated temperature of 250 \u00b0C, the stoichiometric Cu2\u2212xSe nanomaterials was investigated using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis. Room temperature XRPD patterns for as-synthesized materials are presented in 2Se or Cu1.8Se for as-made materials. Indexing is performed against the target compositions of Cu1.8Se with cubic Fm-3m space group  and Cu2Se monoclinic crystal structure with space group P (ICDD card No. 27-1131). Major diffraction peaks are marked by their respective Miller indices for the pure phases. The materials showed a high phase purity, and no secondary phases were observed in the Cu2Se and Cu1.8Se compounds.Phase purity of Cu1.8Se and Cu2Se samples. High-resolution XPS spectra of Cu 2p3/2 and Se 3d regions\u2014along with their peak fittings\u2014of Cu2Se and Cu1.8Se bulk samples are plotted in 3/2 region for Cu2Se and Cu1.8Se bulk samples was fitted with two peaks, each corresponding to two species: Cu-Se bond and CuO surface oxide in the case of Cu2Se, with about 10% surface CuO. For Cu1.8Se, the XPS Cu 2p3/2 region was fitted by two peaks, corresponding to Cu-Se bond and Cu(OH)2 surface hydroxide, with about 5% Cu(OH)2. The binding energy (BE) of the Cu-Se species for the samples was exactly the same (932.3 eV), while the Se 3d region was fitted by a peak corresponding to the Cu-Se bond . 2Se sample, where particle size of about 30 nm is observed, with a very high crystallinity. Lattice fringes in 2Se phase (matched with the ICDD card No. 27-1131).Microstructure of the samples has been investigated using SEM and TEM techniques. 1.8Se and Cu2Se after SPS consolidation process are presented in 1.8Se in 2Se, in 1.8Se, which in turn grows to larger grains upon SPS. A careful comparison of 2Se and Cu1.8Se samples. Cu1.8Se exhibits grains that are more similar in size and more oriented in comparison with Cu2Se. Even though there is no strong evidence that explains this issue, there are two possible scenarios. In the first case, this might be due to motion of Cu ions during the SPS process. It is known that Cu1.8Se has a higher thermal stability compared to Cu2Se, due to copper deficiency [1.8Se might scatter less and have less random orientation during the SPS process, thus creating more oriented and similar-sized grains in comparison to Cu2Se [As-made powders were sintered using the SPS technique, which results in densification. SEM micrographs of Cuficiency . Therefoto Cu2Se .1.8Se has smaller grains after the SPS process as compared to Cu2Se. The difference in grain size is inherited from as-made materials, where higher pressure  particles but also due to relatively good thermal stability due to copper deficiency. This will have a strong effect on electron and phonon transport, as indicated by the transport data.The second scenario is related to the surface energy of particles. Small particles have higher surface energy and thus show more resistance to combining with other particles to form larger grains under high temperature and pressure, in comparison with larger grains . As seensure see  and tempg et al. . Grains 2Se and Cu1.8Se  versus temperature curves for all the samples are presented in S showed a linear increase with temperature, which also confirms the heavily doped character of these samples. The Cu2Se sample exhibited the highest S value, followed by Cu1.8Se. Scattering mechanism, carrier density, density of states near the Fermi level, and band structure play important roles in enhancement of S [2Se is 60 \u00b5V/K and increases to about 220 \u00b5V/K, which is roughly 10% greater than values reported by Gahtori et al. [S is inverse that of \u03c3, as expected. In other words, samples with high carrier concentration show a small S value, as determined by the following equation:Bk, T, e, h, m*, n, and 1.8Se shows the lowest S value, due to its higher carrier density, while the opposite is seen for Cu2Se [Seebeck coefficient  compared to Cu2Se (ne = 28 per formula unit) shifts the Fermi level into the valence band of a Cu2Se-like electronic structure. This makes Cu2\u2212xSe systems with x > 0 metallic compared to the semi-conducting electronic structure of Cu2Se  of these materials have been estimated using the obtained values for S and \u03c3, and the results are displayed in 1.8Se, followed by Cu2Se, at 875 \u039a. Cu1.8Se reached the highest PF (24 \u00b5W/K\u22122cm\u22121 at 875 \u039a) due to its high electronic conductivity and moderate S. This value is significantly higher than earlier reports that showed 14.2 and 7.5 \u00b5W/K\u22122cm\u22121 at 973 K for nanostructured and melt-processed bulk for \u03b2-phase, respectively [2Se (14 \u00b5W/K\u22122cm\u22121 is at 875 \u039a) is slightly lower than that of earlier reports [1.8Se exceeds that of Cu2Se. The characteristic behavior of PF factor is dominated by S since it is determined by the square of S. Therefore, a small a deviation from linearity makes a big difference in the curve. This might be the reason for the observed anomalous increase in PF above 700 K, since the linearity in the S of Cu1.8Se changes slightly after this temperature, which might be due to increased scattering of charge carriers at this temperature. A high PF means a large output power for TE devices, which is an important criterion in addition to ZT.The power factors  from the total thermal conductivity. The L values for all compounds were calculated by using the following equation [r is the charge carrier scattering parameter, Bk is the Boltzmann constant, e is the electron charge, and nF(\u03be) is the Fermi integral given by:The Wiedemann\u2013Franz law can be used to calculate the lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity (equation :(3)L=[kBS and the scattering parameter r according to:Here, \u03be is the reduced Fermi energy that can be calculated from the Seebeck coefficient \u22128 V2/K2 in the temperature range of 300\u2013900 K for the analyzed samples. Temperature-dependent 1.8Se sample, which can be interpreted by a strong phonon\u2013grain boundary or phonon point defect scattering in this compound. In other words, since Cu1.8Se has small grains that are more similar in size and are more oriented, this leads to a high density of grain boundaries. These interfaces in the nanoscale scatter heat carrier phonons (\u03bb phonons \u2248 1 nm) strongly, while electrons (\u03bb electrons \u2248 10\u201350 nm) are less influenced as they have different energies while travelling in solids [1.8Se confirm this, as there is no significant drop in the We assumed the system to be highly degenerate and scattering to be dominated by acoustic phonons. Temperature-dependent Lorenz number is estimated as 2.2 to 1.6 \u00d7 10n solids . The tem1.8Se reached an unprecedentedly high ZT value of 2.1 at 875 K, while Cu2Se reached 1.9 at the same temperature.ZT values are estimated for all investigated samples and are displayed in 1.8Se and Cu2Se are compared with the values reported in the literature for the corresponding compositions, as displayed in 1.8Se and Cu2Se samples , displauctivity .1.8Se and Cu2Se. The synthesis process is very rapid and sensitive to the reaction conditions, making it possible to reach different equilibrium phases of Cu1.8Se and Cu2Se at 200 and 250 \u00b0C, respectively. The resulting materials possess very fine particles in the range of 4\u201330 nm, forming grains on the order of several hundred nm upon sintering. The observed differences between the electronic conductivity characteristics of the two samples have been confirmed by DFT calculations, where we demonstrate the metallic character of Cu-deficient phase Cu1.8Se. Due to the synthetic methodology and consolidation process used for the preservation of the nanostructures, an unprecedentedly high ZT value of 2.1 at 875 K was achieved for the nanostructured Cu1.8Se, and a high ZT of 1.9 was achieved for the nanostructured Cu2Se at the same temperature. The ZT barrier of unity in bulk thermoelectric materials has been easily and reproducibly overcome with these materials. This work demonstrates the promising benefits of the MW-assisted synthesis scheme for highly reproducible and environmentally friendly thermoelectric materials. In combination with carefully controlled SPS process, this leads to high-efficiency thermoelectric materials, thus paving the road for their high-scale production and implementation in niche applications.We have demonstrated a highly scalable colloidal synthetic route, using energy-efficient microwave-assisted thermolysis, for the synthesis of nanostructured Cu"}
+{"text": "The proportion of research outputs published in open access journals or made available on other freely-accessible platforms has increased over the past two decades, driven largely by funder mandates, institutional policies, grass-roots advocacy, and changing attitudes in the research community. However, the relative effectiveness of these different interventions has remained largely unexplored. Here we present a robust, transparent and updateable method for analysing how these interventions affect the open access performance of individual institutes. We studied 1,207 institutions from across the world, and found that, in 2017, the top-performing universities published around 80\u201390% of their research open access. The analysis also showed that publisher-mediated (gold) open access was popular in Latin American and African universities, whereas the growth of open access in Europe and North America has mostly been driven by repositories. While there is substantial disagreement on the best route to achieve open access, the idea that research outputs should be freely available is broadly shared. Over the past decade, there has been a large increase in the volume of publications available open access , and thicoalition of funders set out an initiative called Plan S that requires all scholarly publications funded by public grants to be made immediately open access. This is the most ambitious, and therefore the most controversial, policy initiative to date with questions raised about the approach  of policy interventions, there is limited comparative and quantitative research about which policy interventions have been the most successful. In part this is due to a historical lack of high-quality data on open access, the heterogeneous nature of the global scholarly publishing endeavour, and the consequent lack of any baseline against which to make comparisons.We have argued  that theUnpaywall to provide estimates of open access over a range of timeframes. These data have highlighted the broad effects of funder policies  while also providing standout examples from regions that are less expected (for instance Bilkent University in Turkey).The most comprehensive work on open access at the university level currently available is that included in the CWTS Leiden Ranking . This utA concern in any university evaluation is the existing disciplinary bias in large bibliographic sources used to support rankings. For example, the coverages of Web of Science and Scopus were shown to be biased toward the sciences and the English language\u00a0. If we aAlongside coverage of data sources are issues of scope , metrics (numbers or proportions) and data completeness. Our pragmatic assessment is that any evaluation framework should be tied to explicit policy goals and be shaped to deliver that. Following from our work on open knowledge institutions  our goalIn terms of a pragmatic approach to delivering these goals we intend to:Focus on research-intensive institutions, using existing rankings as a sample set.Seek to maximise the set of objects which we can collect and track while connecting them to institutions .Focus on proportions of open access as a performance indicator rather than absolute numbers.Publicly report on the details of performance for high performing institutions (and provide strategic data on request to others).Report on the diversity of paths being taken to deliver overall access by a diverse group of universities.Develop methodology that is capable of identifying which policy interventions have made a difference to outcome measures and any \u2018signature\u2019 of those effects.With the above in mind, this study proposes a set of requirements for evaluating open access performance at the institutional level, and presents a large-scale analysis of universities by drawing and integrating data from multiple data sources. This work differs from the CWTS Leiden Rankings by extending the coverage of research outputs beyond the Web of Science. The data workflow we have developed is also transparent, reproducible, and updateable, which makes robust and longitudinal analysis more easily attainable. We emphasise that a simple numerical ranking of universities cannot be justified given there is minimal significant difference across them. Instead, we highlight how the resulting comprehensive overview of the open access landscape and the underlying trends over time can provide deep insights on effects of policy interventions.Microsoft Academic , and repository-mediated open access  due to the ease of comprehension, data quality, and ability to show potential effects of selected policies . Levels As we have noted previously , there iBriefly, it is our view that to provide a robust assessment of open access performance the following set of essential requirements must be met:The set of outputs included in each category and a traceable description of how they were collected must be transparently described. Provided here by a description of the data sources and the procedures used to collect DOIs for each institution . In thisA clearly defined, open and auditable data source on open access status. Provided here by a defined and identified Unpaywall snapshot .A clearly defined and implementable description of how open access status data is interpreted in the form of the SQL query used to establish open access status categories for each DOI . We deciProvision of derived data and analysis in auditable form. Provided here the derived data as open data , code foWe have limited our data sharing in two ways. Firstly, we do not provide the full list of DOIs obtained from each source, due to Terms of Service restrictions. Secondly, we have not identified institutions individually except for those that fall within the top 100 globally for total open access, publisher-mediated open access, or repository-mediated open access. Both derived datasets of the de-anonymised top 100 and the full dataset containing all institutions in anonymised form are made available .In The high performance of a number of Latin American and African universities, together with a number of Indonesian universities, particularly with respect to gold open access, is striking. For Latin America this is sensitive to our use of Microsoft Academic as a data source, showing the importance of an inclusive approach. The outcomes for Indonesian universities are also consistent with the latest report on country-level analysis . These sThe highest performers in terms of open access via repositories are dominated by UK universities. This is not surprising given the power of the open access mandate associated with the Research Excellence Framework to drive university behaviour. It is perhaps interesting that few US universities appear in this group . This suggests that while the National Institutes of Health mandate has been very effective at driving open access to the biomedical literature, limited inroads have been made into other disciplines in the US context, despite the White House memorandum. As was seen in the Leiden Ranking, Bilkent University from Turkey also emerges as a standout performer.The levels of total open access, publisher-mediated open access and repository-mediated open access for 1,207 universities for publications in 2017 was also grouped by country . AmongstTo examine the global picture for the 1,207 universities in our dataset and to interrogate different paths to open access, we plot the overall level of repository-mediated (\u2018green\u2019) and publisher-mediated (\u2018gold\u2019) open access for each university over time coloured by region as previously .Overall universities in Oceania  and North America (Canada and the US) lag behind comparators in Europe (on repository-mediated open access) and Latin America (on publisher-mediated open access). Asian universities are highly diverse: there are some high performers in the top 100 institutions, particularly for publisher-mediated open access, but many also lag behind . Africa If our goal is to provide data on the effectiveness of interventions then our analysis should be capable of identifying potential effects of policy change. In 2012, the UK Research Councils, following the Finch Report, provided additional funding to individual universities to support open access publishing. The amount of additional funding relates to existing research council funding. In Next, we investigated how the take up of hybrid open access publishing options in the Netherlands were influenced by deals with Springer in 2015, and Wiley in 2016 . These dFinally, in In In contrast, the Latin American institutions already have high levels of publisher-mediated open access at our earliest time point, as discussed earlier. However, our data suggests a fall in overall open access amongst Latin American universities from 2012 onwards, which we ascribe to an increased pressure to publish in \u2018international\u2019 journals that are often subscription based, and for which Latin American scholars are reluctant or unable to pay hybrid article processing charges.Our results have significant implications for the details of policy interventions. Firstly, we have demonstrated the ability to detect signals of policy interventions in the behaviour of institutions. We see potential effects and results arising from the efforts of national funders and policy makers, particularly in the UK. The combined policy change and funding provided by the UK Research Councils in 2012 is associated with an increase in the level of publisher-mediated open access, and the level of increase appears to be associated with the level of funding provided. Similarly, the requirement for outputs to be deposited in a repository for eligibility for the 2021 Research Excellence Framework is associated with substantial increase in repository-mediated open access around 2015.These findings may also have implications for deciding on the effectiveness of directly funding open access publishing. It is perhaps surprising to some readers that the overall levels of publisher-mediated open access in the UK are not higher. Specific funders, most notably the Wellcome Trust, have achieved very high levels of open access for articles from research they support through the provision of funding for open access publication. In addition, the UK Research Councils invested significant resources in supporting gold open access. However, these have not translated to high levels of publisher-mediated open access across the full diversity of outputs of UK institutions. The majority gains over the past five years have come from repository-mediated open access.In the animated version of These signals suggest that achieving 100% open access may be very difficult, and possibly expensive to achieve. There will always be areas and cases where open access is challenging. Current challenges include disciplinary areas such as the humanities where suitable business models and venues are still developing, as well as types of content, particularly books, where there is greater overlap between scholarly and general publishing. Both of these could be addressed rapidly through direct funding, but this may not be the most efficient approach. Achieving \u2018100% open access\u2019 may therefore require a tighter definition of exactly which outputs are in scope. For those areas where we see signals of saturation much lower than 100% these are likely signals of the complexity of the system, and of large categories of outputs where open access is harder to achieve, or the motivation of institutions  to achieve it is lower.In comparison to results presented by For Latin America, this result indicates how effective infrastructures such as SciELO can be at supporting the uptake of open access practices. In the case of Africa, there may be effects of funder requirements (with funders such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Wellcome Trust that have strong open access requirements playing a significant role) as well as disciplinary spread. In both cases we are likely to have a limited view of the full diversity of research outputs due to their poor capture in information systems from the North Atlantic.The continued leadership of Latin American institutions on publisher-mediated open access levels is the continuation of a trend set more than a decade ago through the provision of publishing infrastructures. Taken alongside the clear response in the Netherlands for hybrid open access in response to publish and read agreements, this suggests that increasing levels of open access publishing through article processing charges is potentially expensive compared to the costs of providing infrastructure.Another interesting natural experiment is how the strength of funder actions is associated with overall change in levels of open access. In the Netherlands and the UK in particular, but also in the US, where funder policies have moved from encouragement, to mandates, to monitoring with sanctions for non-compliance, there are substantial shifts in overall levels of open access. By contrast, in countries where policy remains effectively at the level of a recommendation, such as Australia, levels of open access lag significantly. Recent increases in reporting requirements by Australian funders might therefore be expected to lead to a detectable signal over the next 12\u201324 months.The value of analysis at the level of universities is that we gain a picture of open access performance across a diverse research ecosystem. We see differences across countries and regions, and differences between universities within countries. Overall, we see that there are multiple different paths towards improving access, and that different paths may be more or less appropriate in different contexts. Most importantly, while further research is needed to unpick the details of the differences in open access provision, we hope this work provides a framework that enables this longitudinal analysis to be taken forward and used wherever it is needed.Our analysis process includes automated approaches for collecting the outputs related to specific universities, and the analysis of those outputs. Currently the addition of new universities, and the updating of large data sources is partly manual , but we There are challenges to be addressed with respect to small universities and research organisations, and we have taken a necessarily subjective view of which institutions to include see . Our appin that year, due to embargoes and moving paywalls.We have used multiple sources of bibliographic information with the goal of gaining a more inclusive view of research outputs. Despite this, there are still limitations in the coverage of these data sources, and a likely bias towards science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) disciplines. In addition, the focus of Unpaywall on analysis of outputs with Crossref DOIs means that we are missing outputs for disciplines (humanities) and output types (books) where the use of DOIs is lower. While we have performed additional sensitivity analysis on the use of different data sources , furtherIn this article, we have drawn comparisons between publisher-mediated open access and repository-mediated open access to identify different institutional paths to open access. The overall trends are retained if we separate out outputs that are only available through repositories  and compare these to publisher-mediated open access instead. However, we recognise that at the individual university level, this can be dependent on institutional policy and whether the corresponding data can be properly captured by current systems that determines open access status.There is significant opportunity for improving the data sources on sets of outputs and how they can be grouped . Improvements to institutional identifier systems such as the Research Organisation Registry, increased completeness of metadata records, particularly that provided by publishers via Crossref on affiliation, ORCIDs and funders, and enhancing the coverage of open access status data (for instance by incorporating data from CORE and BASE), will all enhance coverage. There are also opportunities to expand the coverage by incorporating a wider range of bibliographic data sources.https://github.com/The-Academic-Observatory/observatory-platform for an example).We have sought to make our methodology and approach as reproducible and reusable as is practicable. The main challenges lie in the level of accessibility to the closed data sources  and more generally with data sources that are not available in the form of identifiable snapshots see . In addi In the interests of transparency, eLife publishes the most substantive revision requests and the accompanying author responses.eLife. Your article has been reviewed by 2 peer reviewers, and the evaluation has been overseen by two members of the eLife Features Team. The following individuals involved in review of your submission have agreed to reveal their identity: Bianca Kramer (Reviewer #1).Thank you for submitting your article \"Evaluating institutional open access performance: Methodology, challenges and assessment\" for consideration by The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.Summary:This work provides a re-usable framework for tracking the open access performance of institutions and identifies instances where funding and policy interventions have changed the level of open access happening at the institutional, country or regional level.Major comments to address:1) As Figure 2 will be difficult to see and interpret in the web and PDF versions of the article, please can you replace this figure with Supplementary Figure 6. This will also be more in line with the examples given in the paper highlighting potential uses of the framework to analyse policy effects which are based on either comparing institutional results at country or region level for the full dataset , or on comparing specific institutions based on a common or differing policy context . Furthermore, including the ranking of top 100 institutions in terms of the proportion of different types of OA as a main result could invite undue focus on comparing individual institutions in a competitive way, which seems not in line with the aims of the work.2) The paper introduces several analytical categories that it states should be used as the 'minimum reporting standard'. However, why these categories should be the 'minimum reporting standard' requires a much stronger justification. For example, the authors have included data sources with restricted access  along with the Microsoft Academic Graph, to increase recall. Additionally, there is no mention as to why research disciplines as a possible determinant of OA publication are not included as a \"minimum reporting standard\". It is also unclear who the minimum reporting standard is for - Universities? Ranking producers? Researchers?Overall, this is a pretty good paper with good data and methods, but I do not think that it is a good proposal of a \"minimum reporting standard\" and suggest this claim is dropped from the paper. The sentence \"this study proposes a minimum reporting standard for institutional open access evaluation\" should be removed from Section 1.1 and other places where this is mentioned in the paper.3) The following points should be added to the Discussion or Limitations section:- the effects and limitations of comparing only 'all green OA' (and not 'green only')to 'gold OA', as 'all green' reflects both the extent to which gold OA papers are also included in repositories, as the extent to which otherwise closed papers are made available in repositories, and this may differ for different universities, depending on institutional policies.- the limitation of longitudinal analysis done from a fixed point in time (i.e. looking back), as for earlier years, the effect of embargoes (in proportion of green OA) and moving walls (for bronze OA) will influence the results - i.e. results of the previous year are not just a reflection of proportion of OA in that year.- the effect of disciplinary differences, regarding a) the extent to which the research outputs included  can be expected to represent the total research output of an institution, depending on b) the extent to which observed levels of green OA are influenced by external policies such as those of NIH and Wellcome for biomedical research, resulting in green OA through PubMedCentral and EuropePMC, rather than through home repositories.- the potential of extension of the approach to universities beyond the initial selection (which favours research-intensive universities), and expected differences in results.4) It is stated in Section 1.1 that the authors intend to favour recall over precision. From looking at the details provided in the supplementary methods, it seems that what the authors mean here is that by using a variety of data sources they aimed to increase recall (but not at the expense of precision). If this is the case, please can the authors revise this sentence. If this is not a mistake, a justification as to why it makes more sense to focus on more data rather than better data needs to be included, especially when the next point on the list focuses on size-independent indicators, for which precision is more important than recall.5) To give the table displaying the different OA categories more context, please can you add a caption similar to the information given in the Supplementary Methodology. This should include, which OA types are reported in this paper  and an explanation as to why you chose to include these categories in the main analysis and not the other types .6) I think that shifts in trends that coincide with policy changes should be included in whatever body of evidence used to determine whether policies have been effective. That said, I think that the empirical setup simply doesn't allow to make any \"effect\" claims, and I would advise the authors to use the term sparingly and to speak perhaps of \"possible effect\" or something like that. For example, I am not convinced by the interpretation of Figure 4A: the trends could very well be a somewhat random fluctuation in the 2%-6% range, and I think it is a bit exaggerated to claim that this figure shows any kind of clear effects.7) In the accompanying sensitivity analysis, some interesting patterns are detected  is included, and lower levels of total OA and green OA for the UK when MA is included (cf. WoS and/or Scopus only). It would be good to provide some context/explanations for these observed effects, either in the white paper or in the main paper itself.8) Consider adding a paragraph on the possibilities and limitations of re-using this methodology, particularly in regards to the closed data sources (with ramifications for what data can be shared). It may also be worth including more detail on the semi-automatic steps of the methodology so that people would be able to reproduce them if they have access to the data sources. In a broader context, there might be an opportunity to discuss the potential of making the framework more widely available to interested parties to create an open infrastructure that can assess open access levels at various aggregation levels.Data/Stats to be included:1) Include an explanation of how the confidence intervals used are derived .2) Either provide anonymized or de-anonymized data for all universities in the sample, not just for a subset.3) Please can you make the examples of code in the supplementary methodology available to download. Major comments to address:1) As Figure 2 will be difficult to see and interpret in the web and PDF versions of the article, please can you replace this figure with Supplementary Figure 6. This will also be more in line with the examples given in the paper highlighting potential uses of the framework to analyse policy effects which are based on either comparing institutional results at country or region level for the full dataset , or on comparing specific institutions based on a common or differing policy context . Furthermore, including the ranking of top 100 institutions in terms of the proportion of different types of OA as a main result could invite undue focus on comparing individual institutions in a competitive way, which seems not in line with the aims of the work.As suggested in the review report, the Figure showing the top 100 is now relocated to Figure 2 \u2013 figure supplement 2. Figure 2 is replaced with the figure showing groupings by regions for 2017, with figures for 2016 and 2018 included in Figure 2 \u2013 figure supplement 1.2) The paper introduces several analytical categories that it states should be used as the 'minimum reporting standard'. However, why these categories should be the 'minimum reporting standard' requires a much stronger justification. For example, the authors have included data sources with restricted access  along with the Microsoft Academic Graph, to increase recall. Additionally, there is no mention as to why research disciplines as a possible determinant of OA publication are not included as a \"minimum reporting standard\". It is also unclear who the minimum reporting standard is for - Universities? Ranking producers? Researchers?Overall, this is a pretty good paper with good data and methods, but I do not think that it is a good proposal of a \"minimum reporting standard\" and suggest this claim is dropped from the paper. The sentence \"this study proposes a minimum reporting standard for institutional open access evaluation\" should be removed from Section 1.1 and other places where this is mentioned in the paper.We have now removed the phrase \u201cminimum reporting standard\u201d. We have also updated the discussion to include ways to which our methodology can be adapted to perform analysis for other categories, such as disciplines, individuals, countries, etc, instead of institutions.3) The following points should be added to the Discussion or Limitations section:i) the effects and limitations of comparing only 'all green OA' (and not 'green only')to 'gold OA', as 'all green' reflects both the extent to which gold OA papers are also included in repositories, as the extent to which otherwise closed papers are made available in repositories, and this may differ for different universities, depending on institutional policies.We have included an extra paragraph in the Limitations section to discuss this issue. The main message is that the general trends are not affected, but we recognise that at the individual university level this can be dependent on institutional policy and data quality.ii) the limitation of longitudinal analysis done from a fixed point in time (i.e. looking back), as for earlier years, the effect of embargoes (in proportion of green OA) and moving walls (for bronze OA) will influence the results - i.e. results of the previous year are not just a reflection of proportion of OA in that year.This is now included in the Limitations section.iii) The effect of disciplinary differences, regarding a) the extent to which the research outputs included  can be expected to represent the total research output of an institution, depending on b) the extent to which observed levels of green OA are influenced by external policies such as those of NIH and Wellcome for biomedical research, resulting in green OA through PubMedCentral and EuropePMC, rather than through home repositories.Additional discussion on this matter is now included in the Limitations section.iv) The potential of extension of the approach to universities beyond the initial selection (which favours research-intensive universities), and expected differences in results.This is now mentioned in the Limitations section.4) It is stated in Section 1.1 that the authors intend to favour recall over precision. From looking at the details provided in the supplementary methods, it seems that what the authors mean here is that by using a variety of data sources they aimed to increase recall (but not at the expense of precision). If this is the case, please can the authors revise this sentence. If this is not a mistake, a justification as to why it makes more sense to focus on more data rather than better data needs to be included, especially when the next point on the list focuses on size-independent indicators, for which precision is more important than recall.This has been corrected to say \u201cincrease recall but not at the expense of precision\u201d.5) To give the table displaying the different OA categories more context, please can you add a caption similar to the information given in the Supplementary Methodology. This should include, which OA types are reported in this paper  and an explanation as to why you chose to include these categories in the main analysis and not the other types .This is now included under the Methods section, below the table of OA definitions.6) I think that shifts in trends that coincide with policy changes should be included in whatever body of evidence used to determine whether policies have been effective. That said, I think that the empirical setup simply doesn't allow to make any \"effect\" claims, and I would advise the authors to use the term sparingly and to speak perhaps of \"possible effect\" or something like that. For example, I am not convinced by the interpretation of Figure 4A: the trends could very well be a somewhat random fluctuation in the 2%-6% range, and I think it is a bit exaggerated to claim that this figure shows any kind of clear effects.We have now rephrased the wording used in response to this comment.7) In the accompanying sensitivity analysis, some interesting patterns are detected  is included, and lower levels of total OA and green OA for the UK when MA is included (cf. WoS and/or Scopus only). It would be good to provide some context/explanations for these observed effects, either in the white paper or in the main paper itself.Additional discussions have been added to the white paper on sensitivity analysis.8) Consider adding a paragraph on the possibilities and limitations of re-using this methodology, particularly in regards to the closed data sources (with ramifications for what data can be shared). It may also be worth including more detail on the semi-automatic steps of the methodology so that people would be able to reproduce them if they have access to the data sources. In a broader context, there might be an opportunity to discuss the potential of making the framework more widely available to interested parties to create an open infrastructure that can assess open access levels at various aggregation levels.A short description is now included at the end of the \u201cLimitations\u201d section to discuss limitations of reuse and further work in this direction.Data/stats to be included:1) Include an explanation of how the confidence intervals used are derived .Additional explanations are included in Supplementary file 1, under the section \u201cDescription of data workflow and selection criteria\u201d.2) Either provide anonymized or de-anonymized data for all universities in the sample, not just for a subset.We would like to keep universities anonymised except for the top 100, which highlight important messages about universities not traditionally ranked the highest leading the way for OA. As such we have included two different sets of the processed data. The first includes all universities in anonymised form, and the second with only the top 100 universities included in de-anonymised form. This is made clearer at the end of the \u201cMethods\u201d section.3) Please can you make the examples of code in the supplementary methodology available to download.These are available via Zenodo, with the link provided in the article and Supplementary file 1."}
+{"text": "In the original article, we neglected to include the funder National Natural Science Foundation of China, 81802779 to Jun Li; Henan Provincial Health Commission, SBGJ202002020 to Jun Li; and Henan Science and Technology Project, 212102310675 to Jun Li.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Conflict of Interest Statement was incomplete. The corrected statement appears below.In the original article, the \u201cThe Handling Editor AP declared a past co-authorship with the author PM and states that the process nevertheless met the standards of a fair and objective review.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for author \u201cPaolo M. Rossini.\u201d He was given affiliation 4 \u201cIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy\u201d in error, instead his correction affiliation should read 6 \u201cDepartment Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS S. Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a mistake in the legend and image for The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error.After 10 years, IE recurred and the mechanical valve was surgically replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. Ten years later, severe heart failure developed due to severe paravalvular leak (PVL) caused by an aortic annulus abscess complicated by a paravalvular pseudoaneurysm fistula (PPF).ABSTRACT, Case Summary, lines 3\u20134:A correction has been made to After nine months, IE recurred and the mechanical valve was surgically replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. Three years later, severe heart failure developed due to severe paravalvular leak (PVL) caused by an aortic annulus abscess complicated by a paravalvular pseudoaneurysm fistula (PPF).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) immune response in unvaccinated people in low environmental mycobacteria (EMb) abundance areas  was not drawn correctly. The corrected In the original article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "CAld5H2\u201d instead of \u201cCAl5H2\u201d as originally published. The correct title is \u201cBEL1-like Homeodomain Protein BLH6a is a Negative Regulator of CAld5H2 in Sinapyl Alcohol Monolignol Biosynthesis in Poplar.\u201dWhen originally published, the article title contained a typographical error. The correct gene name should be \u201cThe authors state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The correct label is Liangpei Chen1. Liangpei Chen is the only first author. The symbol \u201c\u2020\u201d  of the author bar in the article is redundant.Contributions of the first author were incorrectly labeled as Liangpei ChenThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "FAPESP, 2020/15145-8 to Orestes V. Forlenza.In the original article, we neglected to include the funder The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There is an error in the Funding statement. The grant numbers for the Funding source \u201cThe National Nature Science Foundation of China was incorrectly written as \u201cGrant Nos. 7181101155 and 52002244.\u201d The \u201cGrant No. 7181101155\u201d in the original article is actually an application number rather than a grant number. The correct number for \u201cNational Natural Science Foundation of China\u201d is \u201cGrant Nos. 71961137006 and 52002244.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, there were mistakes in The publisher apologizes for these mistakes. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "An older version of the figure was published by mistake. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Guangzhou Social Science Planning Co Construction Project in 2021\u2014Study on the Multi-Humanistic Path of the Overseas Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the Perspective of Systematic Philosophy (No: 2021GZGJ97).In the original article, a funder was neglected, School of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,\u201d it should be \u201cSchool of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in the affiliation. Instead of \u201cThe author apologizes for this error and states that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The Funding statement had an error in the reference of one project. Instead of PTDC/EMD-TLM/4644/2021, it should be PTDC/EMD-TLM/7289/2020.This work was supported by UID/BIM/50005/2019 and PTDC/EMD-TLM/7289/2020, a project funded by Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia - Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES), through Fundos do Or\u00e7amento de Estado . CSL also acknowledges FCT-MCTES fellowship PD/BD/135045/2017.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Sterols are essential components of eukaryotic membranes and play a structural role, increasing the resistance of the phospholipid bilayer to various stresses .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1 as published. Instead of \u201cSchool of Foreign Languages, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China\u201d, it should be \u201cCollege of Foreign Languages, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, we neglected to mark Changjiang Lei and Bineng Chen as the co-first authors. The co-first authorship indication has now been added to Changjiang Lei and Bineng Chen.The authors apologize for this negligence and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The correct name for the funder is \u201cResearcher Supporting Project (RSP-2020/77), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u201d The name was correct in the Funding section but incorrect in the Acknowledgments section as an additional statement was mistakenly added to the Acknowledgments section.There is an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding section. The correct grant number for Medical Research Council is \u201c(grants MR/P024661/1 and MR/S019472)\u201d.In the original article, there is an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "As well as having affiliation 4, they should also have The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. \u201cOsseous\u201d was misspelled as \u201cOsseus\u201d in the title.Title:A correction has been made to the \u201cCase Report: Two Monochorionic Twins With a Critically Different Course of Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, an incorrect version of the article was published. The article text has been copyedited to enhance language usage and comprehension.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There is an error in the Funding statement. The CIBMTR support erroneously included the grant number OT3HL147741 that is not associated with this work.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the originally published article, two affiliations for the first author Ming-Chi Yang were omitted. In addition to the \u201cDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan\u201d, the article should also have indicated that this author was affiliated with the \u201cCollege of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan\u201d and the \u201cDepartment of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cCatholic University of the North,\u201d it should be \u201cUniversidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The journal and Chief Editors retract the 29 April 2021 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the validity of the data in the article. The authors failed to provide the raw data or a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers\u2019 policies. Given the concerns, and the lack of raw data, the editors no longer have confidence in the findings presented in the article.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Genetics and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors have not responded to any correspondence regarding the retraction.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the article as originally published, the name of the eighth author was incorrectly spelled as \u201cIgnacio Sajuox\u201d. The correct spelling is \u201cIgnacio Sajoux\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "AV-sh-SP1) and the eighth image (AV-sh-SP1+inhibitor) by mistake. During the final submission of figures for this manuscript's publication, the eighth image was inadvertently replaced by the sixth image. In the history of our submitted files, the corrected version of In the original article, in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Glioblastoma multiform (GBM), also referred to as glioblastoma, is the most common malignant tumor in the brain, known for its resistance to therapeutic agents and poor prognosis  had a correlation with the migration and proliferation of glial cell lines U87MG and A172  to X-PC.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "An author name was incorrectly spelled as Basma Fathi Elsewadi in the authors list and in the financial support. The correct spelling is Basma Fathi Elsedawi.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The shared equal contribution made by authors Xiu-Ying He, and Yang Xu was not depicted in the article. These authors have contributed equally to this work.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Zengguang Wang3*and Xinyu Yang3*, it should be Zengguang Wang4*and Xinyu Yang4*.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation. Instead of The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Incorrect AcknowledgmentWe thank Dr. Colin Fuller (Colin Fuller consultancy) for his work in originally designing and running the Injury and Illness Surveillance program at the FA and Dr. Aileen Taylor for their contribution to the auditing of injury and illness within the Football Association and their assistance with the data processing,\u201d there should be no acknowledgement given.In the published article, there was an error in the acknowledgements section . Instead of \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "M. leprae 3b-HSD is a source of reductive power as published. Instead of original Supplementary Figure\u00a04 was duplicated and published as : M. leprae 3b-HSD is a source of reductive power appears below. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.In the original article, there was a mistake in All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "ETHICS STATEMENT was incorrect as follows, the first sentence should be deleted, and the sentence revised for clarity as shown below:In the original article, there was an error. The Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because USGS approved this study. Sea lamprey were captured and maintained in conditions as recommended under the according to their life stage according to the American Fisheries Society Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research (2014).Sea lamprey were captured and maintained in conditions as recommended under the American Fisheries Society Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research (2014).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There is an error in the title of the original article. The correct title is \u201cDifferent Patient Subgroup Different Maintenance, Proteasome Inhibitors or Immunomodulators Maintenance for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A 7-Year Single-Center Data in China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "S. epidermidis 48\u00a0h were mistakenly included into In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The title in the originally published article was incorrect. Instead of \u201cThe Future of Physiology: 2020 and Beyond\u201d it should be \u201cThe Future of Gastrointestinal Physiology: 2020 and Beyond.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error in the statement of the source of GLP-1R knockout mice (KO).Materials and Methods, \u201cAnimals\u201d:A correction has been made to Cre, and ROSA26EGFP mice in C57BL/6 background were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory. GLP-1R knockout mice (KO) were generated by crossing CMV-Cre mice with GLP-1Rflox/flox mice , GLP-1RThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Supplementary Table S1 as published.In the original article, there was a mistake in In the original version, \u201cTATCGATACCGTCGATCACTTGTACAGCTCATCCATG\u201d was shown as the reverse primer of AcGFP, but \u201cGCTGGCCGGCGTCGATCACTTGTACAGCTCATCCATG\u201d is correct. The corrected The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Zhen-Ning Wang was included as an author in the published article and he should be removed from the authorship. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.JD, YL, JL, JMZ, and XYL designed the study. JD and YL collated the data, carried out data analyses, and produced the initial draft of the manuscript. JL, JMZ, and XYL contributed to drafting the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript.In the original article, there was an error. The cell line sources listed in the \u201cCell Treatment\u201d section were incorrect due to a translation error.Materials and Methods, \u201cCell Treatment\u201d, paragraph 1:A correction has been made to \u201cThe GC cell lines NCI-N87, HGC-27, AGS , MKN45 (CC-Y1358), and normal gastric mucosal epithelial cell line GES-1 (CC-Y1572)  were subjected to mycoplasma test and short tandem repeat. The cells were cultured with Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle\u2019s Medium  supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum , 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 \u03bcg/mL streptomycin.\u201dIn the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the article as published originally, Elizabeth M. Winter was erroneously presented as the corresponding author instead of Ulrike Baschant.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cKing Abdullah Institute of Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u201d, it should be \u201cCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Incorrect ReferenceIn the original article, there is a mistake in the references cited in the text. From reference 105 onwards, the number does not correspond to the correct citation. The corrected references appear below.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Researcher Supporting Project (RSP-2020/77), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The name was correct in the FUNDING section but incorrect in the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section as an additional statement was mistakenly added to the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section.There is an error in the Funding statement. The correct Name for the Funder is The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Abstract section of original article, there was an error. There is a typo in the \u201cConclusion\u201d of the abstract of this paper, where \u201cMyocardial infarction detected by CMR is widespread among patients with CMO\u201d should be changed to \u201cMyocardial infarction detected by CMR is widespread among patients with CTO.\u201dIn the In the original article, there were some mistakes in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In, C4d staining results in the NS group 1d and 2d have overlapping regions indicating that they are from the same sample. After carefully checking the original data, the image 1d was misused by accident when we were preparing for manuscript submission. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original publication, an author's name was incorrectly spelled as \u2018H.-J. Choi\u2019. The correct spelling is \u2018Hye-Jeong Choi\u2019. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Therefore, the results reported in Table 2 are 8 times bigger than the actual volume. The corrected In the original article an error occurred with the ellipsoid volume formula and subsequently there were errors in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Adverse effects and safety risks in phase 3 trials as published. Three values in the row for SUSTAIN 6, s.c semaglutide 1 mg were accidentally transposed to the incorrect column. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in Title. Instead of \u201cPolices,\u201d it should be \u201cPolicies.\u201dIn the original article, there was a formatting mistake in In the original article, there was an error on Page 2, the word \u201cat\u201d was used incorrectly, and should be \u201cas,\u201d the correct text appears below.\u201cMoisio (19) pointed out that social quarantine may aggravate social inequalities and class disparities since the most vulnerable groups during the pandemic were those low- and middle-income families as these groups were severely affected by market closures and months of factory lockdowns.\u201dIn the original article, there was an error on Page 3, the word \u201ctheological\u201d was used incorrectly, and should be written as \u201ctheoretical,\u201d the correct text appears below.\u201cSince the function of social quarantine can be interpreted from different angles and approaches, our analysis should look at both the macro- and micro-levels of social actions to develop the conceptual and theoretical work to respond many complicated issues to be engaged.\u201dIn the original article, there was an error on Page 5, the word \u201cseventh\u201d was used incorrectly, and should be written as \u201ctwelve,\u201d the correct text appears below.\u201cIn Europe, Germany ranked first in terms of per capita gross domestic product. In this pandemic, its number of reported cases is twelve among the top 10 European economies see , and itsThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article the Funding statement was not included. The correct Funding statement is included below:This work received funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , no. 491466077 to PH.Materials and Methods, Data Analyses, Paragraph 3, Footnote 1. The preliminary URL was provided. The correct URL is \u201chttps://osf.io/n6xbq\u201d.In the original article there was also an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "J. Sport Health Sci. 9, 103\u2013104. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001.\u201d It should be \u201cChen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., and Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J. Sport Health Sci. 9, 103\u2013104. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001.\u201dIn the original article, the reference for Chen et al.  was incoThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding \u201cThis article received funding from Italian Ministry of Health, Rete Aging to MVL and ADS.\u201dIn the original article, we neglected to include in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "An author name was incorrectly spelled as Zepilli. The correct spelling is Zeppilli.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Xunqun Shang. The correct spelling is Xuequn Shang.An author name was incorrectly spelled as The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding Statement.In the original article, we neglected to include \u201cCo-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund \u201cA way to make Europe\u201d/\u201cInvesting in your future\u201d\u201d in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. The funding statement declares that the funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.Funding statement:A correction has been made to the The authors declare that this study received funding from Zoetis.Conflict of Interest statement:A correction has been made to the \u201cKG was employed by Athens Technology Center. KM, AW, RL'E, and T-SN are employed by Zoetis Inc.The authors declare that this study received funding from Zoetis. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design, analysis, interpretation, write up of data, data quality assurance and manuscript finalization.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There was an error during editing and exporting of single picture leading to wrongprovided. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Some contributions were incorrectly acknowledged.In the original article, there was an error. Acknowledgements:A correction has been made to Chad Wittkop and Sergei Katsev helped to collect water samples. We acknowledge the W. M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory  for providing analytical instrumentation and we thank Lucas Showman for his assistance and support. Tracey Stewart at the Roy J. Carver High Resolution Microscopy Facility at Iowa State University facilitated TEM sample preparation and imaging. \u0160i\u0161\u00f3ka D\u00fata and Alexander Hall assisted with developing the species epithets. The Minneapolis Parks and Recreation Board supplied permits to work at Brownie Lake. This manuscript was originally part of a dissertation accepted by Iowa State University and edited for publication.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a mistake in Author Contributions statement appears below.Mawda Elmhadi's contributions were not listed in the original article. The corrected YM and HW designed the research. YM and HZ conducted the research. YM and YZ analyzed the data. YM wrote the paper and had primary responsibility for the final content. ME revised the language of the current paper and carried out the experiment. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article there was an error. In supplementary material updated.In the original article there was an error. In Supplementary Figure 1B, an arrow of B2 should be from position 1840 to 1816; and in Supplementary Figure 1D, an arrow of LB should be from 3470 to 3494. Supplementary Figure 1 has been corrected and the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and Methods was stated to be 25 mM. This testosterone concentration related to the stock solution instead, which was further diluted 33 times.In the original article, there was an error. The testosterone concentration in section Materials and Methods, subsection Testosterone Supplementation Experiment, first paragraph:A correction has been made within a single line in the section Osmotic pumps were placed subcutaneously and connected thorough cannulas to supply either testosterone  or placebo  to the medial amygdala .The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, the co-first authors are three people including the corresponding author Hui Guo, but in fact the co-first authors should be Wen Yang and Zhikun Zheng. Hui Guo is the corresponding author but not the co-first author, so the symbol \u201c\u2020\u201d behind Hui Guo\u2019s name is deleted.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The updated corresponding author would be The authors apologize for this thing and state that Xiaobin Shang did a great contribution to the article and is qualified to be the corresponding author. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, information from the Data Availability statement was mistakenly omitted. The corrected Data Availability Statement is below.The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD028419.The authors apologize for the error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "We made a mistake when we dragged the original figure into the AI software. We re-examined the original experiment notes and confirmed that this omission did not affect the statistical results and conclusions. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108, 14306\u201314311.\u201dIn the original article, the reference for Maywood et al. (2011) was incorrectly written as \u201cMaywood, E. S., Chesham, J. E., Meng, Q. J., Nolan, P. M., Loudon, A. S. I., and Hastings, M. H. (2011). Tuning the period of the mammalian circadian clock: additive and independent effects of CK1 epsilon(Tau) and Fbxl3(Afh) mutations on mouse circadian behavior and molecular pacemaking. J. Neurosci. 31, 1539\u20131544.\u201d It should be \u201cMaywood, E. S., Chesham, J. E., O'Brien, J. A., and Hastings, M. H. (2011). A diversity of paracrine signals sustains molecular circadian cycling in suprachiasmatic nucleus circuits. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error in the fourth paragraph of P2, MATERIALS AND METHODS, concerning the units of the Test Beverage that the subject consumed.The authors have made the following correction:MATERIALS AND METHODSTest BeverageError1,000 mL of G-Hsp with 100 mL of mineral water.Each subject ingested 100 mL of a beverage containing Correct1,000 mg of G-Hsp with 100 mL of mineral water.Each subject ingested 100 mL of a beverage containing The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Xinrui Chen was not included as a first author in the published article. Xinrui Chen and Xizi Song now share first authorship. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.XC conceived, designed and performed the experiment, and wrote the manuscript. XS, LC, and XA supervised the experiment. XC and XS analyzed the data and are responsible for data curation. XS revised the manuscript. XS and DM were responsible for project administration. DM provided resources. All authors approved the final manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The first author was incorrectly spelled as \u201cYinejie Du.\u201d The correct spelling is \u201cYingjie Du.\u201dConclusions, \u201cSIRS should be sSIRS\u201d.In the original article, there was an error. In the first sentence of the Conclusions section, Paragraph 1:A correction has been made to \u201cOur study showed that there was no difference in the development of sSIRS between DHCA and MHCA groups of adult patients with type A aortic dissection who underwent total aortic arch replacement with the frozen elephant trunk procedure at Fuwai Hospital.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, it has been brought to the authors\u2019 attention that there was a mistake in In the original article, it has been brought to the authors\u2019 attention that there was a mistake in In the original article, it has been brought to the authors\u2019 attention that there was a mistake in The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a mistake in the Funding statement. We mistakingly included the funder \u201cTUDFO/51757-1/2019-ITM\u201d, the correct funder is \u201c2020-4.1.1/TKP2020 Biomedical Engineering\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Wei Hu was not included as an author in the published article.In the original article, we neglected to include the funders NPF and Tyler's Hope to Wei Hu.In the original article, there was an error. A donation was omitted.A correction has been made to the Conflict of Interest Statement, with the following sentence added:\u201cResearch devices for Dr. Goodman's NIH funded study were donated by Medtronic.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a mistake in In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for Isabel Ellerbrock. As well as having affiliation 3, she should also have 2. There was an error regarding the affiliation for Gergely David. As well as having affiliation 1, he should also have 2.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Wenhao Wu1,2\u2020, Lingling Lu3\u2020, Wenjia Fan2, Chun Chen4, Dazhi Jin5, Hongying Pan2*and Xi Li5*,\u201d it should be \u201cWenhao Wu1,2\u2020, Lingling Lu3\u2020, Wenjia Fan1, Chun Chen4, Dazhi Jin5, Hongying Pan1*and Xi Li5*.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation of the authors: Wenjia Fan and Hongying Pan. Instead of \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Festuca fontqueri St-Yves were misspelled as Festuca fontqueriana (St-Yves) Romo.In the original article, there was a mistake in Avena fatua, Oryza sativa, Poa alpina, Secale cereale and Triticum aestivum were wrong in Supplementary Table 1.In addition, the GenBank accession codes of ITS, trnLF and trnTL DNA sequences of The corrected The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The datasets GSE18309 and GSE9770 were incorrectly written as GSE18039 and GSE977013.In the original article, there was an error. MATERIALS AND METHODS, Data Sources, Paragraph 2:A correction has been made to To identify genes in neuron-glia communication, the following AD datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database  were used as a training set: GSE16759, GSE18309, GSE28146, GSE4757, GSE48350, GSE5281, GSE84422, and GSE9770 on the GPL570 platform. The datasets GSE33000 and GSE44772 on the GPL4372 platform served as a validation set.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Manzu Qi. The correct spelling is Manci Qi.In the published article, there was an error in the author list. An author name was incorrectly spelled as The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The columns of \u201cA498-pcDNA3.1-NC\u201d and \u201cA498-pcDNA3.1-STAM1\u201d were listed inversed. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in the histogram of The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Author Contributions. It has been updated to align with the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. A correction has been made to the Author Contributions.In the original article, there was an error in the SG designed the study. SG and BN recruited subjects, collected, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. NH-S, TN-J, JM, SB, and CR provided substantial contributions to the interpretation of the findings and critically revised the manuscript. All authors provided approval for publication of the content and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There were mistakes in the calculation of percentage in lines \u201cProportion of HbA1c <7.5%\u201d and \u201cProportion of HbA1c \u22659.0%\u201d and in column \u201cResident\u201d and \u201cMigrant\u201d. The corrected | HbA1c in childhood DM patients in east China appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cHunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China\u201d, it should be \u201cHunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "An author name was incorrectly spelled as Diana van Stijn-Bringas Dimitriades. The correct spelling is Diana van Stijn.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "We recently read the article by Song et al. entitled \u201cCurrent Evidence on Traditional Chinese Exercises for Quality of Life in Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,\u201d published in 2021 , Henan Province TCM Research Project (Grant No. 20-21ZYZD03), and Henan Youth Talent Promotion Project (Grant No. 2020HYTP060). The authors are grateful to these funding sources.The findings and conclusions of this article are only those of the authors and do not represent the views of the funding sources.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Lohsnah Jeevanandam was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.DS and CO conceived of the idea and designed the study in collaboration with KD, LJ, SH, and QF. DS and CO collected the data. KD and LJ supervised the study. All authors analyzed the behavioral data, wrote the manuscript, discussed, and commented on the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was a mistake in the order of the listed authors. The correct authors list appears below:Anil K. Singh, Mahamudul Haque, Bhanupriya Madarampalli, Yuanyuan Shi, Benjamin J. Wildman, Abdul Basit, Sadik A. Khuder, Bhagwat Prasad, Quamarul Hassan, Madhu M. Ouseph and Salahuddin Ahmed\u201d.\u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cNeurorehabilitation Center, Beijing Boai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,\u201d it should be \u201cSchool of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Neurorehabilitation Center, Beijing Boai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The correct number for the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant is 31970799.There is an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The units of the axis was indicated in \u00b5g/ml and should be corrected to ng/ml. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in were unintentionally flipped over. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, a potential conflict of interest was not declared. The corrected Conflict of Interest statement appears below.\u201cThe reviewers JA and JB declare a past co-authorship with one of the authors FD and state that the process nevertheless met the standards of a fair and objective review.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "During the publication process the components for each of the three kits tested in this study , were unclearly formatted. The corrected : Protocols tested for assessing inactivation using lysis buffers appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Dicranopteris species as published with national boundary problems. The corrected Dicranopteris species appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Meanwhile, pull-down and co-IP were both done in this period. The obtained Y2H results showed that the colony clusters on SD-T-L-H and SD-T-L-H-A plates with or without X-\u03b1-gal were absolutely caused by the physical interaction between VvHSP24 and VvNPR1, but not the self-activation of the pGBKT7 vector, because no colony appeared among the negative controls (BD-VvHSP24 + AD and BD + AD-VvNPR1) in dropout plates. The pull-down and co-IP assays confirmed the interaction between VvHSP24 and VvNPR1 The correct The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. For the sentence \u201cNMDA receptor antagonists (AM-101) have been discontinued in phase III for not meeting endpoints (van de Heyning et al., A correction has been made to section 6. Treatment Development, Subsection 6.4. Pharmacology-Based Interventions, paragraph 1. The corrected paragraph is below.A wide variety of therapeutic drugs have been used to relieve tinnitus (Elgoyhen and Langguth, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cDepartment of Psychology, University of Pristina, Pristina, Albania,\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Psychology, University of Pristina, Pristina, KosovoThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. The median PFS was incorrectly written as 8.37 months (95% CI: 6.5-10.0 months) in the abstract.A correction has been made to Abstract, Results, Paragraph 1:The median PFS was 4.77 months (95% CI: 4.10-5.44 months).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Figure B labeled as Hyperspectral imaging is the Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy figure, and the Figure C labeled as Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy is the Hyperspectral imaging figure. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Error in Figure/Table**** as published. **There was a mistake in the structure of CMP-KDN molecule, where at the anomeric position an OH group was drawn instead of COOH**. The corrected **** appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to an editorial mistake, the acknowledgment for the participation of a third reviewer is missing. The acknowledgment is the following: \u2018Selina Baeza-Loya, University of Chicago, United States, in collaboration with reviewer RE'. The publisher apologizes for this mistake.The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Sepsis is a complicated and heterogeneous clinical syndrome with the overall incidence of 48 cases per 100,000 person-years , Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19ZR1442500), and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant (20171928).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) . We use the weekly mutation spectrum of the genomes to depict each country and compare their similarities within each 2-week window from Feb 24, 2020 to Aug 16, 2021. The similarities are calculated based on both the Cosine similarity (with windows flattened into row vectors) and the Frobenius similarity .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of having affiliation(s) **2,3,4**, they should only have **2,4**.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliationThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a mistake in Emx1-Cre; Irsp53fl/fl and Viaat-Cre; Irsp53fl/fl Mice Show Distinct Changes in Synaptic Transmission and Intrinsic Excitability in mPFC Pyramidal Neurons, Second paragraph:To reflect this change a correction has also been made to the Results, Emx1-Cre; Irsp53fl/fl layer V pyramidal neurons -mediated EPSCs was not altered in  neurons . These rThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cJinkai Zheng,\u201d it should be the corresponding author name \u201cJinkai ZhengThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, the affiliations of the author Bach Xuan Tran is not correct. Instead of having affiliations \u201cInstitute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam\u201d and \u201cBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA\u201d, they should have \u201cInstitute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam\u201d and \u201cBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Research and Development Fund of Zhongshan Hospital, 2020ZSFZ19 to Chenli Feng.In the original article, we neglected to include the funder label for Zhexuan Wang, Chenli Feng and Ruyi Yang. Instead of \u201cZhexuan Wang1,2\u2020, Chenli Feng1,2\u2020, Ruyi Yang1,2\u2020\u201d, it should be \u201cZhexuan Wang1\u2020, Chenli Feng1\u2020, Ruyi Yang1\u2020\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, the Author Contributions statement was missing the phrase \u201cK-CH and YY contributed equally to this article.\u201d The corrected Author Contributions statement appears below.\u201cI-MC and Y-HH contributed to the conception and design of the study. P-CC performed the statistical analysis and data interpretation. K-CH, YY, C-JL, and F-JC contributed to drafting the article and reviewing the literature. All authors contributed to the manuscript revision and approved the submitted version.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Tornvall Per and J\u00e4rnbert Pettersson Hans. The correct spelling is Per Tornvall and Hans J\u00e4rnbert Pettersson.An author name was incorrectly spelled as The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, a funder was incorrectly omitted, the Starting Research Fund from Hangzhou Normal University (No. 2020QDL006) to Chunjie Wang.The author apologizes for this error and states that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There are two different typographical errors. The right value of the sample proportion for Male_Female_C is 0.939394, and the sample size is 33. The corrected : Difference of proportions: Male_Female appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "All the previous pandemics in the past century were caused by influenza viruses , whereasDadashi et al. did a systematic review and meta-analysis on co-infection of COVID-19 and influenza   (COVID1903007). DH is supported by the Alibaba (China) Collaborative Fund.DH was supported by the Alibaba China Collaborative Fund. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Yuan-Pin Hung. As well as having affiliations 3 and 4, they should also have \u201cDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan\u201d.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement was inadvertently absent. The statement should be:In the original article, the \u201cLB received funding from a ZonMw VIDI project (91718371). MS received funding from a ZonMw VENI project (09150161810112). LB and MS received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 847551 (ARCAID).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Incorrect AffiliationIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People' Hospital, People' Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Tijdschr voor Neuropsychol. (2005) 10:27\u201341\u201d.In the original article, reference  was incoSchizophr Res. (1995) 17:5\u201313.\u201dIt should be \u201cCorcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating \u201ctheory of mind\u201d in people with schizophrenia. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Additional Affiliation(s)**Shaofu Qiu**. As well as having affiliation **2**, they should also have **School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China **. We apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for Addition of Authors**Xiong Liu, Hongjuan Qi, Derong Dong, Yong Wang** was not included as authors in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.YZ wrote the main manuscript and participated in all experiments. SQ, HY, and YX designed the study and reviewed the manuscript. HQ, DD, XLiu, and YW conducted epidemiological investigation on this outbreak. HL (9th author), CY, HL (11th author), XD, QW, HW, MY participated in data collection. ST, ML, XLi, and YH participated in experiments. ZZ, KL, KZ, LW, and HS contributed to the bioinformatics data analysis. SQ, HY, and YX gave final approval of the version to be submitted. All authors made substantial contributions to preparation and submission of manuscript.We apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Author Maryam Nourollahi-darabad was accidently place as second author in the published article rather the first author. The updated author list appears below:* and Niloofar ChinisazMaryam Nourollahi-darabad, Davood AfshariThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Ethics Statement as published. A correction has been made to Materials and Methods subsection Ethics Statement and to the Ethics Statement:In the original article, there was an error in the \u201cThe study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Hospital [No. 2018 (9K)] and all patients signed the written informed consent.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Introduction, Paragraph 1 there were incorrect citations of \u201cCollado et al., 2007\u201d and \u201cLoaiza and Demaria, 2016\u201d. It should instead be \u201cHayflick and Moorhead, 1961\u201d and \u201cHayflick, 1965\u201d. The correct paragraph appears as below.In the original article in the first sentence of in vitro, normal human fibroblasts exhausted their capacity to divide and entered a state of irreversible growth arrest, whereas cancer cells did not enter this growth arrest state (Hayflick and Moorhead, \u201cThe cellular senescence was first described by Hayflick and colleagues in which they observed that after serial cultivation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The second error is \u201cQinyu Zhao2, 9*\u201d should have affiliation 2 removed \u201cDepartment of Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,\u201d and change it to \u201c Qinyu Zhao10*\u201d.In the published article, there were two errors in the affiliations. The first error is that \u201cHaiye JiangThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The term k has also been defined.In the original article, there was an error. One of the inherent mathematical assumptions for Equation 3 as published, should be explicitly added to the mathematical formulation. The published terms \u201cVA correction has been made to Equation 3.where,RodSat = 6.50 W m\u22122The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the title of the original article, there was an error. We used the phrase \u201cEU non-regulated\u201d for cattle diseases that are in fact listed in the New Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429) that went into force in 2021. The corrected title appears below.TitleOverview of Control Programs for Twenty-Four Infectious Cattle Diseases in ItalyThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "For reliability, the experiment (transwell migration assay) was performed again, and the description of the experimental method was revised. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.5 cells in 100\u2009\u03bcl serum-free medium) were added to the collagen pre-coated transwell insert , and the culture well was filled with 600\u2009\u03bcl of the complete medium containing 10% FBS. After 18\u2009h, cells were fixed with 70% ethanol for 10\u00a0min and stained with crystal violet solution. Then, non-migrated cells in the upper side of transwell insert were removed using a cotton swab. Three random fields of each insert were counted and photographed under a light microscope .Serum-starved B16F10 cells (1 \u00d7 10The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Sixty years have passed since Rachel Carson published her seminal book \u201cSilent Spring\u201d Carson, . Her worTrichoderma reesei was first identified as a great cellulase producer over 75 years ago  source of multi-enzyme cocktails. We need cooperation across disciplines to make this strategy a successful approach.What is in a name can create momentum around scientific findings and help spread concepts  and Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Ting Zhang, author Xiaojian Wang is also a corresponding author.The corresponding authors were incorrectly listed in the published work. In addition to The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "As well as having affiliation 1, Dongfeng Chen should also have 2. As well as having affiliation 2, Meiling Zhu should also have 1.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliationThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Figure 4 were incorrectly uploaded. The correct supplementary data files have been uploaded.During the production process, the supplementary data files which include the raw data and The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The IRB Number of our article,\u00a0\u201cIRB No: 202100961B0\u201d,\u00a0was\u00a0typed mistakenly as\u00a0\u201cIRB No: 20210096B0\u201d.In the original article, there was an error. Materials and Methods, Patients and the Ethics Statement\u201d.A correction has been made to the last sentence of the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The correct corresponding author is Jian Pu and the correct email address is In the published article, there was an error in the institutional name for affiliations 1 and 3 which also affected the section Materials and Methods and the Ethics Statement. Instead of \u201cThe Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities,\u201d it should be \u201cThe Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities.\u201dThere was an error in affiliation 4. Instead of \u201cGraduate College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities,\u201d it should be \u201cGraduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "JC2021CL011 is 2021-JKCS-021.There is an error in the Funding statement. The correct number for Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.There is an error in the Funding statement. The correct Name for the Funder is The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error in the number of participants.Methods, Samples and Procedures, paragraph two.A correction has been made to The original text \u201cData from 11,095 participants who had received the clinic vignette could not be entered in the current analyses, as rating approval of coercion for the fictitious character was differently operationalized in their questionnaire\u201d has been changed to \u201cData from 1,095 participants who had received the clinic vignette could not be entered in the current analyses, as rating approval of coercion was differently operationalized in their questionnaire.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Incorrect Author NameRohana Dassanayake. The correct spelling is Rohana P. Dassanayake.An author name was incorrectly spelled as The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Discussion, paragraph 9. Several Chinese words were typed in bymistake and should have been deleted. The sentence should be: \u201cWhen the humidity is low, the adult chiggers stop their spawning\u201dIn the original article, there was an error. A correction has been made to The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a publisher error, the below junior reviewer was not included.\u201cPaolo Cardone, University of Li\u00e8ge, Belgium in collaboration with reviewer OG\u201dThe publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original published version of this article, a note indicating that Yosuke Toda and Toshiaki Tameshige both contributed equally to this work and are share first authorship was omitted.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, affiliation 29 was incorrectly written as: 29 \u201cCentral Teaching Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.\u201d The correction affiliation is: 29 \u201cCentral Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.\u201dIn the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Their choice was motivated by analyzing the contribution of the three principles of the original model by testing each principle as a binary coded variable in regression to predict consonance ratings together with roughness, familiarity, and spectral envelope predictors  role of harmonicity in consonance preferences is in fact knowledge of the Western tonal framework and is hence a misnomer for a cultural (top-down) effect. We agree with the conclusion drawn by McDermott et al.  accordinIL, TE, and JA conceived the article. IL wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This research was carried out with a grant from the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation awarded to IL.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. Instead of \u201cHealth Institute carlos III\u201d, the correct name for the funder is \u201cInstituto de Salud Carlos III \u201d.There is an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, the name of one of the authors was incorrectly spelled in the reference for Soares and Hallal, 2015. Instead of \u201cSousa and Hallal, 2015\u201d it should be \u201cSoares and Hallal, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Study Design and Subjects. The correct ethics name and number is \u201cEthics Committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (YX2021-085)\u201d.There is an error in the ethics name and number in the section of The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Tables\u00a01 and 2 were incorrect.In the original article as published, the titles of Table\u00a01 is \u201cBaseline characteristics according to the free testosterone quartiles\u201d, not \u201cCharacteristics of patients at baseline\u201d as published originally.The correct title for Table\u00a02 is \u201cCross-sectional associations between baseline free testosterone levels and prevalence of sarcopenia in men (n=989)\u201d, not \u201cCharacteristics of patients with EGFR-TKIs resistance who received immunotherapy or chemotherapy\u201d as published originally.The correct title for The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Introduction, Paragraph 1, 3, and 4; Results, Perceptual-Cognitive Tasks and Neuroimaging Technologies, Paragraph 2; Results, Efficiency Paradox, Paragraph 2 and should read:In the original article Vickers and Williams  was not \u201cAs increasing levels of expertise are attained, there are measurable changes in neural activation\u201d , \u201cthereby allowing the measurement of neural activation as specific sport tasks are performed successfully or unsuccessfully\u201d , compared to using fMRI (11 studies) or fNIRS (one study). First, \u201cstudies can be carried out in the live \u2018\u2026Mann et al.  identifiThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. A typographical error was made for the IRB No. in the Ethics Statement.Ethics statement.\u201d The corrected statement is below.A correction has been made to \u201cThe studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board, Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB No. 1-102-05-109) Institutional Review Board, First Hospital of Jilin University (2017-465). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual (s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, we neglected to include \u201cThis work was supported by the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant no. HI13C1232) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean government, Ministry of Science, and ICT (grant no. 2018M3A9E8078807)\u201d.In the original article, there was a mistake in the legend for In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, South Korea\u201d, it should be \u201cCore Research Laboratory, Medical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, South Korea\u201d.The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, comments for the editor were erroneously published as part of the original article. The following has been removed:Introduction, paragraph 2, \u201c(editor-See article 2 Advances in the Starling principle and Extracellular Matrix-Compliance?),\u201d \u201c(editor- See article Volume Kinetics?).\u201d\u201cFluid Types, \u201cHypertonic Crystalloids,\u201d paragraph 2, \u201c\u201d and paragraph 3, \u201c(editor- see article 12 on TBI?).\u201dColloid Solutions, \u201cSynthetic Colloids,\u201d paragraph 2, \u201c\u201d and paragraph 4, \u201c.\u201dFluid Choice, \u201cSodium Concentration,\u201d paragraph 1, \u201c(editor- see article 12 TBI?).\u201dThe publishers apologize for this mistake. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "NRF-2019R1A2C1084033. The corrected Funding statement is shown below.In the original article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The correct number for the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning is NRF-2019R1A2C1084033 to JJ).This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (grant number The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Introduction section, paragraph 3, page 2. References Calzone et al. (In the original article, there were missing citations in the e et al.  and Stace et al.  have nowFor women, sex hormones interact with the mechanisms governing body fluid balance and circulating levels of fluid regulatory hormones are altered by changes in estrogen and progesterone concentration (Stachenfeld et al., The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The decision tree boxes \u201cAfrican American OR ACE inh intolerant\u201d and \u201cNot African American AND ACE inh tolerant\u201d were reversed, and the abbreviation \u201cACE inh\u201d instead of \u201cACEi\u201d was used. The corrected  appears below.In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China,\u201d it should be \u201cHenan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201c1Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV- IRCCS, Padua, Italy\u201d, it should be \u201c1Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology - IOV IRCCS, Padua, Italy\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in Antonella Vecchiato. Instead of affiliation 11, she should have affiliation 1.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Methods, \u201cParticipants and Procedure,\u201d paragraph 3 and should read:In the published article, a citation for Newman et al. (2020a) was missing. The citation has now been inserted in \u201cSome of the results we report here are secondary analyses from published data that was used for different purposes than the present paper .\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Lactiplantibacillus L-137.\u201d The correct name is \u201cLactiplantibacillus plantarum L-137.\u201d The correct legend and footnote appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the legend and footnote for 2 in the HK L-137 group at 4 weeks was incorrectly listed as \u201c\u22122.91 \u00b11.33.\u201d The correct value is \u201c\u22120.91 \u00b11.33.\u201d The corrected In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to some error in the published paper, the author order needs to be corrected.The correct sequence of authors is: Desh Deepak Singh, Amna Parveen and Dharmendra Kumar Yadav. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The number of new cases of cancer in Europe was estimated at more than 1.6 million for people of working age (20\u201364 years) in 2020  and ES models  to adapt to emotionally complex or stressful situations , the Ministry of Health and the Institute for Health and Medical Research (Inserm); contract INCa-DGOS-Inserm_12558.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "ApoE\u03b54\u201d, it has been corrected with: \u201cAPOE\u03b54.\u201dIn the original article there was an error in the keyword: \u201cIn the original article, there was an error in the Funding statement as published. The grant number was given as \u201c2018YFC1315300\u201d but should be \u201c2018YFC1315200.\u201d The corrected Funding statement is included below.\u201cThis study was supported by a grant from the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1315200).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Using Interpersonal Dimensions of Personality and Personality Pathology to Examine Momentary and Idiographic Patterns of Alliance Rupture\u201d ; and (2) the concurrent associations among interpersonal variables and among rupture variables at time t + 1. The original figures of t instead of variables at time t+1. The correct versions of the This is the corrigendum to the original article \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201c**Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China**\u201d, it should be \u201c**Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China**\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cKey Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China\u201d, it should be \u201cJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The corrected Author contributions statement appears below.EP, T-TP, LV, QR, HP and SK performed the experiments. EP and QR analyzed the data. PVdS, EP and GO conceived the study. EP and PVdS wrote the first drafts of the manuscript. EP, T-TP, LV, HP, SK, GO and PVdS critically read and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article, read the article and approved the final version.Furthermore, one picture of the lungs in The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Incorrect AffiliationNumber 5. Instead of \u201cLaboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, GA, United States,\u201d it should be \u201cLaboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There is an error in the Funding statement. Instead of \u201can MSCA-IF fellowship to BC\u201d the statement should read \u201cthis project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894933.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. Several fundings were not included. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the \u201cThis work was supported by U.K. Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grants BBS/E/I/00001825, BBS/E/I/00007030, BBS/E/I/00007031, BB/S01506X/1, BBS/E/I/00002529, BBS/E/I/00007039, BBS/E/I/00007032, BB/N002598/1 and BB/V019031/1. The authors would also like to acknowledge the Pirbright Flow Cytometry facility and support through the Core capability grant (BBS/E/I/00007039).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, a second affiliation was omitted for author Ive De Smet. The correct affiliation details for Ive De Smet appear as follows:4 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium5 VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, BelgiumIn the published article, there was an error in the article title: \u201cSmall secreted peptides encoded on the wheat (triticum aestivum L.) genome and their potential roles in stress responses\u201d. The correct title appears as follows:Small secreted peptides encoded on the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome and their potential roles in stress responsesThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in Anatomy and Human Movement, Structure and Function with PAGEBURST Access, 6: Anatomy and Human Movement. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences] will not be used anymore as the figure in the original article was adapted from this paper. It should be removed.In the published article, the reference for Palastanga and Soames (2011) [Palastanga, N., and Soames, R. (2011). The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "We read with interest the last issue of your Journal in which the following article has been published by Xin-Da Xu et al.: \u201cUneven Effects of Sleep Apnea on Semicircular Canals and Otolithic Organs\u201d . In theiAM, AV, and MA wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement appears below.In the published article, the funding information was not provided. The corrected This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the project \u201cPI20/00988\u201d and co-funded by the European Union.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The original article incorrectly did not include an Acknowledgments statement. The Acknowledgments Statement appears below.We thank members of the Sabo lab, Mark Wacker and Mallary Greenlee-Wacker for helpful discussions. We thank Kellie Gallo for assistance with image analysis and for comments on the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Andr\u00e9e-Anne Berthiaume and Stephanie K. Bonney were not included as authors in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.CN collected data, performed analyses, and wrote the manuscript with feedback from AS. A-AB and SB substantially contributed to the development of the technique and facilitated data collection. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. We failed to express our gratitude to Mohamed Abdullah and Tarek Abu Fakhr who greatly contributed to the initial report which led to the Welleye paper.A correction has been made to Funding Section.The first incarnation of the Welleye was developed by all three authors as part of a wellbeing policy document for the United Arab Emirates' National Program for Happiness and Wellbeing. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the team who were involved in the policy document, in particular Mohamed Abdullah and Tarek Abu Fakhr. During further development, KL was supported by Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship from the European Commission  and LK was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre (ARC) West Midlands, grant number NIHR200165. The University of Birmingham supported the open access publication of the work.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Supplementary Files because of the size constraints for the journal publication.\u201dIn the original article, there was an error. \u201cWe have provided all developed 22 impacting disease pathways in pdf format as the Results, in the last paragraph:A correction has been made to \u201cThe pathways framework is a holistic approach, which institutions can use to collect their own pain points for their relevant stakeholders and come up with their customized solutions.\u201dSupplementary Files that they should be removed as precautionary measure for avoiding misunderstanding about the data presented, which need to be regularly updated. Therefore, for important reasons and on urgent basis, we request that the Supplementary Files should be removed. The removal of the Supplementary Files does not change the subject matter of the proposed framework.We received some important feedback regarding the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The funding statement did not use the text that is on the project agreement with the funder. The funding statement was displayed as: \u201cThe research project was funded by two grants: (1) The 2019 Early Career Fellowship Program of the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and (2) The International Development Research Center (IDRC) with IDRC Grant Number: 109187-002 through the 2020 IndabaX-AI4D Innovation Grant.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement appears below.The correct This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from UNESCO and the International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of UNESCO, IDRC, or its Board of Governors.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, the Funding statement was not sufficiently detailed. This project was peer-reviewed in the context of the 2017 R&D projects Grant call of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia), having successfully been granted funding (Grant No. PTDC/PSI-ESP/28602/2017).The correct Funding statement appears below.This project  was funded by the Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) of the European Union, through the Programa Operacional Regional do Centro (CENTRO 2020) of Portugal-2020 and by the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Caenorhabditis elegans, Serratia marcescens were misspelled as \u201cCeanorhabditis elegans\u201d and \u201cSerratia macrescens\u201d.In the original article, there was an error. In the keywords both The Keywords:A correction has been made to Caenorhabditis elegans, Serratia marcescens, antagonistic coevolutionKeywords: coevolution, experimental evolution, host defense, Error in Figure/TableThe figures were of low pixel quality and were difficult to read. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Equation (2) is incorrect.In the published article, there was an error. Data Analysis, Statistical Framework, Paragraph Two. This sentence previously stated: Therefore, the ERSP analyses and the results reported here are based on the log-transformed ERSP in Equation (2) and its time-averaged quantity in Equation (3), both expressed in decibels (dBs):r denotes the cardinality of the set R of steady- or post-contraction time points.A correction has been made to The corrected sentence appears below: Therefore, the ERSP analyses and the results reported here are based on the log-transformed ERSP in Equation (2) and its time-averaged quantity in Equation (3), both expressed in decibels (dBs):r is the cardinality of the set R of steady- or post-contraction time points.\u2298 denotes Hadamard division, and The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the Acknowledgements. Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital was incorrectly acknowledged. The correct statement appears below.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.This study was also supported by Soonchunhyang University.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Acta Ecologica Sinica. 41, 1846\u20131856.\u201d was not cited.In the published article the reference \u201cCao, S., Pan, F., Lin, G. G., Zhang, Y. L., Zhou, C. F., and Liu, B. (2021). Changes of soil bacterial structure and soil enzyme activity in Chinese fir forest of different ages. Materials and Methods, \u201cSoil Sampling and Preparation,\u201d first paragraph and should read: \u201cIn 2018, three replicate stands were selected in Chinese fir plantations of five different ages  for the study . The richness and diversity of soil bacteria increased with Chinese fir stand development (Supplementary Table 3) (Cao et al., The citation has also been inserted in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and Methods, \u201cCell Culture and Materials\u201d, paragraph 1:In the published article, there was an error about the source of berberine. A correction has been made to the section of \u201cGrape seed-OPCs  and berberine  were dissolved in DMSO\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "DeepCarc Is Employed to Screen DrugBank and Tox21 Compounds,\u201d Paragraphs 1 and 2. The corrected section appears below:In the published article, there was an error where the compounds were mismatched with the compound's prediction. A correction has been made to the Section \u201cSupplementary Table 4.\u201cThe DeepCarc was used as a screening tool for identifying the carcinogenicity potential of the compounds from DrugBank . The preSupplementary Table 5).\u201dThe DeepCarc further screened the carcinogenicity potential of the compounds from the Tox21 . SimilarIn the published article, there was also an error in Supplementary Tables 4, 5 where the compounds were mismatched with the prediction. These files have now been updated in the original article.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.The views presented in this article do not necessarily reflect current or future opinions or policies of the US Food and Drug Administration. Any mention of commercial products is for clarification and not intended as an endorsement.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, the author names were incorrectly written as Na Z, Kevin F, Yoshiki M, Corentin S, Malgorzata K, Robert N and Vitalie F. The correct author names are Zhou N, Forton K, Motoji Y, Schoubeau C, Klass M, Naeije R and Faoro V.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Circadian clocks are present in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to humans, and regulate the organism's basic physiological functions, including sleep, metabolism, and immune activity   that use the photopigment melanopsin to detect light and transmit this information through their afferents to the central cellular clock in SCN  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) No. 20H04565 and the Kobayashi foundation] and to AH [The Physiological Society (Research Grant)].The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Clinical Characteristics of Hydrocephalus Following the Treatment of Pyogenic Ventriculitis Caused by Multi/Extensive Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Acinetobacter Baumannii, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae by Pandey S, Yao PW, Qian Z, Ji T, Wang K, and Gao L. (2022). Front. Surg. 9:854627. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.854627An Erratum on Due to a production error in the published article, a sentence in the Introduction section has been edited incorrectly. The sentence reading \u201cThese patients refer \u201d has been corrected to: \u201cHowever, despite the cure, these patients showed poor outcomes due to complicated hydrocephalus.\u201dThis error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The publisher apologizes for this mistake.The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Thanks to Braithwaite's discovery of trout nociceptors, and concerns that current practices could compromise welfare in countless fish, this issue's importance is beyond dispute\u201d accidentally implied this discovery was her achievement only, when of course it involved others too. To better sum up Dr. Braithwaite's impact, we have now replaced \u201cdiscovery of trout nociceptors\u201d with \u201cresearch leadership\u201d in the second line of the abstract. This does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.In the original article, there was a miswording. This special edition focuses on the legacy of Dr. Victoria Braithwaite, but the wording of the second sentence in our abstract \u201cAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "This paper builds on the article by Saladino et al. , contribThe registered increase in emotional problems derived from COVID-19 has been more evident in people who already had a mental problem (with or without a diagnosis) CDC, . The mosGiven the mental health demands during the COVID-19 pandemic, telepsychology was a necessary element to provide services to the population .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The corrected In the published article, there were two errors in Results, Changes in the DEGs and DAMs in the isoflavone synthesis pathway. This sentence previously stated: \u201cAmong them, the log2FoldChange reached 2.37 and 2.27 for gene-IFS2 and novel 0.550 encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase, respectively\u201d. The corrected sentence appears below:In the published article, the name of a gene was misspelled in the IFS2 and novel-550 encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase, respectively\u201d.\u201cAmong them, the log2FoldChange reached 2.37 and 2.27 for gene-The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The correct number for BEST is \u201cBEST ANR-15-ARM2-0007\u201d.In the original article, there was an error in the Here is the correct funding text:\u201cThis work was supported by ARIMNET 2 project entitled \u201cExploring genotypic diversity to optimize barley grain and straw quality under marginal/stressful growth conditions,\u201d BEST ANR-15-ARM2-0007. IJPB benefits from the support of the LABEX Saclay Plant Sciences-SPS (ANR-10-LABX-0040-SPS).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instead of \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error. We incorrectly stated that the piezoelectric actuators were 30cm in diameter when they were 3cm in diameter.Introduction, Paragraph four. This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to \u201cMechanical Affective Touch Therapy prototype devices use MP3 signal generators wired to a set of digital amplifiers and 30 cm round ceramic piezoelectric actuators which translate the signal to gentle vibrations on the areas of application behind the patient's ears.\u201dThe corrected sentence appears below:\u201cMATT prototype devices use MP3 signal generators wired to a set of digital amplifiers and 3 cm round ceramic piezoelectric actuators which translate the signal to gentle vibrations on the areas of application behind the patient's ears.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, Affiliations 2 and 3 were switched. Affiliation 2 should be \u201cAffiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China,\u201d whereas Affiliation 3 should be \u201cState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The order of first and last names has been changed. The incorrect order was \u201cPaysal Justine, Merlin Etienne, Terral Daniel, Chalard Aur\u00e9lie, Rochette Emmanuelle, Obert Philippe and Nottin St\u00e9phane.\u201dThe correct order is \u201cJustine Paysal, Etienne Merlin, Daniel Terral, Aur\u00e9lie Chalard, Emmanuelle Rochette, Philippe Obert and St\u00e9phane Nottin.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, we neglected to include the following funding information:\u201cThis work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839234 (DOC-Stim).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error. The wording was misleading to the results of the cited article, Clements-Cortes et al. . A correThe 40-Hz sound vibration stimulation improved cognition in mild, moderate, and severe AD participants in Clements-Cortes et al. . The resThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. \u201cGrant No. 8216070075\u201d was incorrect, and has been changed to \u201cGrant No. 82160327.\u201dIn the original article, there was an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The discovery of a brain network that is systematically deactivated during task execution while staying active when participants have no task to perform has instigated a new area of studies  awarded to MK.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "German Sites Development Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Harvard T.H., Chan School of Public Health, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany he should have the following affiliation: 5: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for \u201cTimo Siepmann.\u201d Instead of having affiliation 2: In the published article, an author name was incorrectly written as \u201cManfred Johannes Stang.\u201d The correct spelling is \u201cManfred Johannes Stangl.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The Funding statement for the Italian Ministry of Health was reported related to year \u201c2002\u201d as follows:In the published article, there was an error in the \u201cThis work was supported by funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2002 Deliberation no. 219/2022, and Alleanza Contro il Cancro Association within the RADECISION project.\u201dThe correct Funding statement appears below.\u201cThis work was supported by funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2022 Deliberation no. 219/2022, and Alleanza Contro il Cancro Association within the RADECISION project.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, the article was published in the wrong journal. It is now published in the correct journal, Frontiers in Psychology. The publisher apologizes for this mistake.The original version of this article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an unclear sentence.Clinical implications of mycoplasmas, Human infection, Paragraph Number 4. This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to \u201cWhile in other countries \u201dThe corrected sentence appears below:\u201cWhile in other countries and regions \u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The Funding statement for the article was displayed as \u201cThe University of Barcelona provided the Open Access funding (UB-AE-2022).\u201d The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the This research has received funding from the UB-AE-AS017654 call, and the support of the UB funding for Open access publishing.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Individuals were found to be at clinical high risk (CHR) of conversion from prodromal syndrome to psychosis  such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) not only modulates cortical excitability and temporarily increases brain plasticity for the targeted cortex but also elicits effects on attention , the Ningbo Health Branding Subject Fund (PPXK2018-08), the Lishui Public Welfare Project (2021SJZC046), and the Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project (2019RC269).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Discussion, Paragraph Number 2as published. The following citations were missing , and the output of the algorithm (is it just the clusters or is feature selection included). Sparse K-means clustering was selected because it fit all of those considerations. We know from previous studies of the molecular development of the human brain that there can be subtle differences between age groups , the structure of the dataset (The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Following the publication of the original article, the authors found a few unintentional errors in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and methods, section \u201cPhenotypic characterization,\u201d paragraph one. The paragraph should be corrected as follows:In the published article Figures 4A\u2013C were not cited in the article. The citations have now been inserted in T and NYNU 161120T using standard methods . Cells were ovoid to elongate, proliferated by multilateral budding , and formed pseudohyphae but not hyphae . They were fermentative and could not assimilate nitrate as a nitrogen source. Their growth in vitamin-free medium was inconsistent with previous descriptions of the Clavispora clade .\u201d\u201cResults, section \u201cTaxonomy,\u201d paragraph 10. The sentence should be corrected as follows:A correction has been made to Type. China, Henan Province, Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve, rotting wood, 2 August, 2016, NYNU 161120 .\u201d\u201cThe authors apologize for these errors and state that these do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error. The genera of two common human coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63) were inverted by mistake in two sentences.Coronaviruses section, first paragraph, pages 8\u20139. This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to \u201cHCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, which belong to the alpha-coronavirus genus, are the causative agents of common cold  and HCoV-OC43 (beta-coronavirus) are the causative agents of common cold (Kahn and McIntosh, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, the initials for an author in the article citation were incorrectly spelt as \u201cJuan RS\u201d. The correct spelling is \u201cSan Juan R\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Principals are accustomed to resolving minor crises, confrontations, daily annoyances, and frustrations involving kids, parents, and their own staff. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 epidemic is unique, and the majority of school principals lack experience managing a lengthy and complicated situation  generate such favorable assessments of change. Transformational leadership is noted as an effective type of leadership that appreciate navigating organizational transformation  approach to leadership assures the commitment produced by charismatic leadership behavior, adhered to and maintained .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, corresponding author \u201cXian-Liang Zhou\u201d was assigned the affiliation of \u201cDepartment of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.\u201d The affiliation of author \u201cXian-Liang Zhou\u201d should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Instruments\u201d of the original article, a reference was incorrectly written as \u201cZuo and Chang (2008).\u201d Instead, it should be \u201cYi et al. (Instruments,\u201d Paragraph 1. The corrected paragraph is shown below.In the original article, there was an error. In section \u201ci et al. .\u201d A corrThe self-report questionnaire consists of two sections and takes approximately 10 min to complete. The first section collected data on sociodemographics including gender, age, marital status, profession, years working in the medical field, and years of education. The second section measured depression, anxiety, and stress as assessed by the DASS-21 translated by Yi et al. . This 21The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Case Presentation section, paragraph six. We did not provide the transcript for the deletion of MECP2, our selected transcript was MECP2 (NM_004992.4), and we have identified that the variation in our article was novel by searching in ClinVar, GnomAD, and the RettBase. A correction has been made from \u201cIn summary, we found a heterozygous deletion in c.441_1153del713 of MECP2 in the proband.\u201d to \u201cIn summary, we found a novel heterozygous deletion in c.441_1153del713 of MECP2 (NM_004992.4) in the proband.\u201dThere was an omission in the text of the original article, in In the original article, there was a mistake in The authors apologize for these errors and state that these do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The general framework of landscape genomics for tree conservation as published. We missed the proper citations about plots of FST outlier test, cluster and RONA which were depicted in In the original article, there was a mistake in the legend for In the original article, there was a mistake in Rheum palmatum complex in the Eastern Asiatic Region. Mol. Ecol. 29, 1791-1805. doi: 10.1111/mec.15448 was not cited in the article. The citation has now been inserted in the legend of In the original article Feng, L., Ruhsam, M., Wang, Y. H., Li, Z. H., and Wang, X. M. (2020). Using demographic model selection to untangle allopatric divergence and diversification mechanisms in the FST outlier test and RONA are modified from Du et al. (The general framework of landscape genomics for tree conservation. The plots of cluster, u et al.  and Fengu et al. , respectThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The Funding statement that was published was missing a second source. The correct Funding statement appears below:In the published article, there was an error in the \u201cThe authors received funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Career Development Award (C210112056) and Singapore National Medical Research Council (OFYIRG19may-0007).\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Supplementary Table S1. The definition of R_upper and R_lower were incorrectly described. The corrected table can be found in the Supplementary Material in the original article.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Neurology. (2020) 94:e564\u201374. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008909\u201d. It should be \u201cPuledda F, Villar-Mart\u00ednez MD, Goadsby PJ. Case report: transformation of visual snow syndrome from episodic to chronic associated with acute cerebellar infarct. Front Neurol. (2022) 13:811490. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811490\u201d.In the published article, the reference for Reference 20 was incorrectly written as \u201cPuledda F, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow syndrome: a clinical and phenotypical description of 1,100 cases. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.Front Neurol. (2022) 13:811490. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811490Puledda F, Villar-Mart\u00ednez MD, Goadsby PJ. Case report: transformation of visual snow syndrome from episodic to chronic associated with acute cerebellar infarct. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Figure\u00a01 as Figure\u00a01 describes us CD163 in urine and SLEDAI-2K in SLE patients while the In the published article, there was an error in In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. Funding from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Program (CMRPG3J0031) was omitted. The correct Funding statement appears below.This study received funding from Key Development Project of Department of Science and Technology (2015C03Bd051) and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Program (CMRPG3J0031).The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The correct values of margin status are 245 (98.8%) in the CNSM group and 33 (97.1%) in the RNSM group (p = 0.423). The corrected In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Capital's Funds for Research and Application of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology (No. Z191100006619121), National Center for Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Diseases (No. NCRC2020015), and Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (No. 2018-2-4031).There is an error in the Funding statement. The correct order for funding information is: The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error. The ratio of gases composition in MAP packaging was reported inverted.Materials and methods, Origin of the samples and sampling, 2 This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to 2:O2 - 70%:30%); \u2026\u201d\u201cThe cuts were packaged using three types of packaging and conditions: under modified atmosphere or MAP (COThe corrected sentence appears below:2:O2-30%:70%);\u2026\u201d\u201cThe cuts were packaged using three types of packaging and conditions: under modified atmosphere or MAP (COThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "While the vertebrate brain looks symmetrical at first sight, closer inspection reveals asymmetries on the functional and structural level  exhibit a much larger genetic component in their etiology expressed by their high rates of heritability. In the case of schizophrenia, heritability is estimated to lie between 73 and 78% . Moreover, the usefulness of the data and the general idea behind the model does not end with asymmetries but could be extended to other biomarkers as well.GB conceptualized the article. GB and JP wrote the article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.JP was supported by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (LPDS 2021-05).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, Changjiang Lei was designated as one of the authors. Changjiang Lei has now been removed from the author list. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.PS and JW designed and conducted the experiments. HT, LL, HG, and XW analyzed the data. JW wrote the manuscript and PS revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The correct number for the male participants is 8  and for the female it is 10 , p = 0.09. The corrected In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. The \u201cEuro Bioimaging Project Roadmap/ESFRI from European Commission\u201d funding was accidentally omitted. The corrected Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the This study was funded by Gruppo Famiglie Dravet Onlus, Progetto di Ricerca 2017 to GL, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program EU-Glia PhD under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 722053 to GC, and Euro Bioimaging Project Roadmap/ESFRI from European Commission.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Wu et al.  was not cited in the article. The citation has now been inserted in Methods, Encoding and Decoding Schemes, Paragraph 1 and should read:In the original article Spiking neural networks need effective encoding methods to process the input stimulus and decoding methods to represent the output stimulus to handle various stimulus patterns. Population coding is \u201ca method to represent stimuli by using the joint activities of a number of neurons. Experimental studies have revealed that this coding paradigm is widely used in the sensor and motor areas of the brain\u201d .The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Figure 1 as published. Credits are missing for the picture in (A). The corrected legend appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the legend for T. cystophora. (A) Adult medusa of T. cystophora high lighting the paired gonads (Go) and tentacles (Te). (B) Close up of a rhopalium showing the four eye types: upper and lower lens eye , slit eyes (SE), and pit eyes (PE). Cr, crystal; L, lens. (C) Schematic drawing of a cross section midways in the slit eye [broken line in (B)]. Note the asymmetric groove formed by the pigmented cells housing the outer segments of the ciliary photoreceptors. CR, ciliary rootlet; Nu, nucleus; OS, outer segments; PG, pigment granules. (A) Modified from Bielecki et al. ((C) is modified from Garm et al.  is m et al. .\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Conclusion section, instead of \u201cWe also found that some parameters were better when MOS was supplemented at 0.016% than 0.08%\u201d it should be \u201cWe also found that some parameters were better when MOS was supplemented at 0.08% than 0.16%\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in the MOS concentration description. In the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In vitro of drug susceptibility results of patients infected with E. meningoseptica (N = 24)\u201d as published. We are sorry for the percentage error, which is due to format conversion in the manuscript modification. This does not influence the P-value and the conclusion of the article. In the survival group, 85.7% of 14 strains was susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and 92.9% of 14 strains was susceptible to cotrimoxazole. In the death group, 70% of 10 strains was susceptible to levofloxacin and 60% of 10 strains was susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam. The intermediate resistance of strains in the death group to levofloxacin was 10%. The resistance rates of all strains to levofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam were 20.8 and 8.3%, respectively. The resistance rate of strains in the survival group to amikacin, aztreonam, imipenem, and tobramycin was 92.9%. The resistance rate of strains in the death group to levofloxacin was 20%. The corrected In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The name previously presented as the second author is a fictional character, which is contrary to the authorship policies of Frontiers journals.This name has been removed, and we have placed it in the acknowledgments instead, written as: \u201cThe authors would like to acknowledge Camille No\u00fas, a symbol of scientific collaboration.\u201dThe publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Acknowledgements section as \u201cMs. Alexandra Mores\u201d. It should be \u201cMs. Alexandra Morse\u201d.In the published article, the name of the proofreading editor was incorrectly spelled in the Acknowledgements appears below:The full correct \u201cWe thank Ms. Alexandra Morse for proofreading this manuscript. We would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Cell Sorting Core Facility at the Hannover Medical School supported in part by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the IT department at Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The originally published article contained an error in the Funding statement. The grant number for the funding provided by the Tokyo Denki University Science Promotion Fund was incorrectly presented as \u201cQ13L-03\u201d; the correct grant number is \u201cQ21L-03\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Christine L. Schneider. The correct affiliation should read \u201cDepartment of Life Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, United States\u201d.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, there was a mismatch in Introduction section (paragraph 7) has been replaced with the following link: https://youtu.be/GKy3I-n3NRQ.Additionally, the inactive video link in the Figure 3 legend, the correction appears below:There were two typing errors in the FIGURE 3of the surgical site.Patient 8 (A) hAM application, sutured on a collagen sponge. (B) Three days post-surgery. (C) Ten days post-surgery, with the reepithelialization on more than The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Text CorrectionIn the published article, there was an omission in the Acknowledgements section. The classification as part of the doctoral thesis of O. Schleicher was not integrated into the published article.Acknowledgments. The paragraph previously stated:A correction has been made to \u201cThe continuous financial support in data collection by \u201cSonnenstrahl e.V. Dresden - F\u00f6rderkreis f\u00fcr krebskranke Kinder und Jugendliche\u201d , \u201cSchornsteinfeger helfen krebskranken Kindern e.V.\u201d , and the \u201cMadeleine-Schickedanz Kinderkrebsstiftung\u201d  is highly acknowledged.\u201dThe full corrected Acknowledgments appear below:AcknowledgmentsThe continuous financial support in data collection by \u201cSonnenstrahl e.V. Dresden - F\u00f6rderkreis f\u00fcr krebskranke Kinder und Jugendliche\u201d , \u201cSchornsteinfeger helfen krebskranken Kindern e.V.\u201d , and the \u201cMadeleine-Schickedanz Kinderkrebsstiftung\u201d  is highly acknowledged. The present work was performed by O. Schleicher in fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree \u201cDr. med.\u201d at Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Germany.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Psychrometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale in Primary Care,\u201d it should be \u201cPsychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale in Primary Care.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in the article title. Instead of \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The funders had the following involvement with the study. All the funders provided financial support for patient enrollment, data collection, database construction, and management.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, Supplementary material  were mistakenly not included in the publication. The missing materials have been published.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The Journal of Neuroscience, Wilmskoetter et al.  - SFB 936 - Project-ID 178316478-A1/Z3. KF was funded by the DFG - SFB 936 - Project-ID 178316478-A1. WB was funded by the DFG \u2013 Project-ID 434434223\u2013SFB 1461.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, the funder NIDA Intramural Research Program to Bruce T. Hope and F. Javier Rubio was mistakenly not included.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in Supplementary Figures 1\u20136 and Supplementary Tables 1\u20137. The correct Supplementary material only contains 2 Supplementary Figures, 3 Supplementary Tables, and 3 Supplementary Fasta files.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo, China]\u201d, it should be \u201c\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation(s) [1]. Instead of \u201c[The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was a sentence missing in Table 1, the original and corrected sentences are provided as below.It was changed from \u201cIf patient is in need of ongoing resuscitation with fluids, inotropes, and/or vasopressors, the panel suggests a 1\u20132 mg/kg/dose of hydrocortisone administered six times per hour.\u201d to \u201cIf patient is in need of ongoing resuscitation with fluids, inotropes, and/or vasopressors, the panel suggests a 1\u20132 mg/kg/dose of hydrocortisone administered every 6 h. It is recommended in ALF in multi-organ failure with relative adrenal insufficiency.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement.In the published article, there was an error in the FundingThe study was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (the ALF-agreement), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and the Swedish Scientific Council; by RG/17/13/33173, PG/17/3/32722; RG/17/6/32944; RG/12/18/30088 and Medical Research Council UKMR/L006855/1; and the National Heart and Lung Institute Foundation.Funding statement appears below.A studentship from the British Heart Foundation was omitted. The correct The study was financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (the ALF-agreement), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and the Swedish Scientific Council; by RG/17/13/33173, PG/17/3/32722; RG/17/6/32944; RG/12/18/30088; Medical Research Council UKMR/L006855/1; the National Heart and Lung Institute Foundation and British Heart Foundation BHF FS/16/52/32259.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In this article , the dat"}
+{"text": "In the published article, the authors found that identifiable data is included and the entire supplementary material file needs to be removed.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and Methods, subsection \u201cV Flow Ultrasound Assessment of Canine Femoral Artery.\u201d The equation for the Tur index calculation used by the ultrasound system was incorrectly displayed as:In the published article, there was an error in the Section The corrected equation appears below:The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Author Contributions\u201d section, all authors should have been assigned the same contributions.In the original article, there was an error. In the \u201cAuthor Contributions. The corrected statement is shown below.A correction has been made to MS, XH, SB, and FC have made substantial, direct, and intellectual contributions to the work and approved for publication. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Rhythmic perceptual stimulation, i.e., the presentation of periodic stimuli via sensory input pathways , thus the visual processing of each element can be assessed separately  and a D-A-CH research grant awarded to MK and SH by the DFG and FWF jointly . We are grateful for the open access funding provided by the University of Vienna.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the author list. You-Wang Lu and Yong-Jun Chen contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. The corrected author list appears below.1,2\u2020, Yong-Jun Chen 3\u2020, Nian Shi 3, Lu-Hui Yang 1, Hong-Mei Wang 1, Rong-Jing Dong 1,2,3*, Yi-Qun Kuang 4,5*, and Yu-Ye Li 1*You-Wang Lu \u2020These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorshipIn the published article, there is an error in the title. Instead of \u201cL36G is associated with cutaneous antiviral competence in psoriasis\u201d, it should be \u201cIL36G is associated with cutaneous antiviral competence in psoriasis\u201d.The authors state that these errors do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Error in Figure/Tablein situ localization of HeAre-Gypsy in Heliophila arenaria was erroneously duplicated and presented as localization of HeVar-Chromo in H. variabilis. The corrected Figure\u00a06 and its caption appear below.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and Methods section, page 4. The text read as \u201cEventually, a valid sample of 1,500 participants was analyzed collectively .\u201d The statement has been corrected as follows:In the original article, there was a statistical error in the \u201cEventually, a valid sample of 1,500 participants was analyzed collectively .\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Trial Registration. Instead of \u201cNCT03451734. Registered March 2, 2018 (retrospectively registered)\u201d it should be \u201cNCT02880462. Registered August 26, 2016.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was an error in the Conclusions section, paragraph 1: \u201cwhen using 250 g for 10 min a higher PLT concentration and lower concentration of WBC were obtained.\u201d The correct text is \u201cwhen using 265 g for 10 min a higher PLT concentration and lower concentration of WBC were obtained.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and Methods, Measures, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intentions, Behavioral Intentions. It was reported that participants were presented with 10 items of Moskalenko and McCauley's .\u201d The corrected paragraph appears below:A correction has therefore been made to If I lived in the HLA's territory, I would consider using deadly weapons against the HLA's enemies). All items in the scale loaded on a single factor, the reliability estimate of which was good (\u03b1 = 0.93).Intentions represent perceived motivations to engage in specific behaviors. To gauge participants' intentions to act in support of the HLA, we presented them with a 10-item index (e.g., The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The order and affiliation numbers remain unchangedThe correct affiliation numbers for these authors should be: \u201cLingling XiaoThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "There have been many studies describing cultural differences in thinking and reasoning. This scientific development is mostly based upon the contrasts between Westerners' analytic cognition and Easterners' holistic cognition .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In a recent editorial published in Science , ProctorOne example of this would be greater use of hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs , which bFurther application of innovative approaches like hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs could supplement the actions called for by Proctor and Geng.Conceptualization and writing\u2014original draft: JK. Writing\u2014review and editing: JK and GC. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant K01AA028199 (JK) and UL1TR003107 (GC).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement as published. The correct name for the Funder is \u201cthe European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme\u201d. The correct Funding statement is \u201cThis project has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 899163\u201d.There is an error in the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, by the coordinated project PID2020-114060RR-C33-INFLUOMA, entitled \u201cUnravelling the molecular mechanisms of avian influenza virus infection outcome in the avian host by using a multi-omics approach\u201d to authors Nat\u00e0lia Maj\u00f3 and Antonio Ramis.In the original article, we neglected to include the funder The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Measuring Voluntary Locomotor Activity, Electrical Capacitance, Paragraph 1. The spatial resolution was given in cm instead of mm and the word \u201ccurrently\u201d was missing in the sentence \u201cThis makes this system unable to study social interaction and behavior.\u201d The revised paragraph appears below:In the original article, there was an error in Figure 1), which is installed underneath the home-cage. The animal's presence changes the electromagnetic field emitted by these electrodes. Thereby, the exact position  and trajectory can be identified based on capacity variation [with temporal resolution of 4 hertz (Hz)]. The sensing board sends its raw data to an associated software and computer infrastructure, which enables the researcher to additionally analyze distance traveled, average speed, position distribution, and activity density of the animal. The activity metrics show comparable results when benchmarked against video-recording technology (Iannello, Measuring an animal's activity can be done by electrical capacitance technology. This technology comprises several electrodes embedded in an electronic sensing board (The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Author Contributions statement appears below.Vasileios Giapros was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected CK performed the literature search and drafted the manuscript. DR and MK contributed to literature search and drafting the work. VG substantially contributed to the design of the work and critically revised it. DR and ES critically revised the manuscript. ST proposed the writing of the article, supervised, and critically revised the work. All authors provide approval for publication of the content and agree to be accountable for the content of the work.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The correct 5, 6 appear below.Due to a production error, there was a mistake in There was also a production error in the captions for \u201cSimulation 3: Model-Based Representational Connectivity Analysis With Region of Interest-Specific Models Can Detect Transformation of Information Across Region of Interests,\u201d in the \u201cSimulation Results.\u201d The sentence \u201cSimulation results show that model-free RCA did not detect any connectivity between the two ROIs (Additionally, there was an error in the section two ROIs \u201d should two ROIs .\u201dThe publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding. The correct Funding statement is:A correction has been made to \u201cResearch funded by the Italian Ministry of Health.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "D., Cortellini, C., Bruno, S., and Bernardinelli, L. (2021). Mindfulness meditation training in an occupational setting: effects of a 12-weeks mindfulness-based intervention on wellbeing. Work 70, 1089\u20131099. doi: 10.3233/WOR-210510\u201d.In the original article, in the reference Fazia et al.  one of tThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Muldrew\u201d was not included as an author. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.In the published article BS, EH, and SG performed the experiments and analyzed the data. JC performed the bioinformatic analysis of depolymerase enzymes. BT, FS, KM, and CH-M arranged for the collection of clinical isolates and corresponding antibiotic sensitivity data. RR and HK contributed to the design of the study and edited the manuscript. BS designed the study and wrote the manuscript. BT and AM contributed to the design and overall major goals of the study and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Data Availability Statement was incorrectly written as \u201cThe original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.\u201d It should be \u201cThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u201dDue to a production error, the The publisher apologizes for this error and states that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, author Mintu Pal was mistakenly affiliated with - \u201cBiotechnology Division, North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India\u201d as published. The correct affiliation should be \u2013 \u201cDepartment of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bathinda, Punjab, India\u201d as above.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Funding statement. We forgot to mention funding by the \u201cDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft .\u201d The corrected funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft \u2014RA 2155/7-1.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Due to a production error, the article was mistakenly published as the article type \u201cOriginal Research\u201d instead of \u201cSystematic Review\u201d.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "A Corrigendum onA Coronal Landmark for Tibial Component Positioning With Anatomical Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Radiological and Clinical Study10.3389/fsurg.2022.847987by Gong, T., Wang, R., Gong, S., Han, L., Yi, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2022). Front. Surg. 9:847987. doi:\u00a0Incorrect Affiliation**1**. Instead of \u201c** Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China**\u201d, it should be \u201c** Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China **\u201d. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Correspondence\u201d section. The Correspondence section was given as \u201cPengwei Song 740195450@qq.com\u201d but should be \u201cJia Zhang zhangjiaaa@cqu.edu.cn; Pengwei Song 740195450@qq.com\u201d.In the published article, there was a mistake in the \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Ethics Statement section of the article was erroneously removed. The section appears below.Due to a production error, the Ethics Statement\u201cThe study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of Section for Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.\u201dThe publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The author \u201cGuangming Li\u201d was not included in the published manuscript. The correct author list should be \u201cGuangming LiIn the published article, there was also a mistake in the Author Contributions statement. The contribution of Guangming Li was missing. The revised statement appears below:GL: guidance on topic selection, article framework formulation, article writing guidance, and article revision. XW: concept proposal and original paper writing. CY: analyzed and interpreted the data and modified paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in Results, Simulation of Different Neuron Classes, Paragraph 4. The range of the bias mantissa is incorrectly stated as  when it should be . A correction has been made to the paragraph below:In the published article, there was also an error in 23, membrane time constant allows 0 to 212 bits. The membrane capacitance is integrated with bias current (Equation 18) with bias mantissa allowed a range between  and bias exponent a range between . Thus, a good range of parameters can be mapped well into Loihi and a limit to the \u201cexactness\u201d can be attributed to the low-fixed-precision nature of Loihi as most state and configuration variables are in the range of 8\u201324 bits\u201d.\u201cWe reiterate here that Loihi imposes certain bit constraints on the parameters. For instance, membrane potential threshold ranges from 0 to \u00b1 2The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the original article, there was a nonconsequential error in Results under the subheading \u201cPEMF and Doxorubicin Treatments Act Synergistically to Impair Breast Cancer Tumor Growth In Vivo\u201d, paragraph one, should read \u201cMoreover, the incidence of apoptotic cells increased by +0.55%, +10.2%, and +18% in tumors isolated from control, PEMF-exposed and DOX-treated mice, respectively (The associated corrected values that appear in the text of the The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Materials and methods, \u201cHistology,\u201d paragraph 1. The incorrect histology protocol was used and the description of the histology  was therefore incorrect. The paragraph previously stated:In the published article, there was an error in \u201cHistological examinations were performed on the mice brains as previous described (Oblak et al., The corrected paragraph appears below:\u201cHistological examinations were performed on the mice brains as previous described (Oblak et al., The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "In the published article, there was an error. \u201cVariable writing error in the algorithm 1.\u201dMaterials and methods, \u201cExperimental procedure,\u201d Algorithm 1. This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to \u201cDLPFC-DtrD1\u201dThe corrected sentence appears below:\u201cDLPFC-StrD1\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "Animal Protocol Design and Approval, the control mouse strain was incorrectly identified as C57BL/6; the actual mouse strain used was B6129SF2/J. The sentence \u201cTwo-month-old female C57BL/6 mice  were fed diets containing either 16%  or 45% fat  for 12 weeks (Table S1).\u201d should have read \u201cTwo-month-old female B6129SF2/J mice  were fed diets containing either 16%  or 45% fat  for 12 weeks (Table S1).\u201dThe original article contained an error. In the first sentence of the section on The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The published article has now been updated from a Brief Research Report to an Original Research article, to better reflect its contents.In the original article, there was also an error in an author's name as published. Instead of Jan Laczo it should be Jan Lacz\u00f3.The authors apologize for these errors and state that these do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": "The death-positive movement, the most recent manifestation of the death awareness movement, contends that modern society is suffering from a \u201cdeath taboo\u201d and that people should talk more openly about death  and under the Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call\u2014[CEECINST/00051/2018].The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
+{"text": 
\ No newline at end of file