The key to the photothermal-reaction mechanism is the difference in the photothermal absorption coefficients of the materials. The device in which graphene and MoS2 were vertically stacked using a laser-based photothermal reaction demonstrated its potential application as a photodetector that responds to light and its stability against cycling. The laser-based photothermal-reaction method for 2D materials will be further applied to various fields, such as transparent display electrodes, photodetectors, and solar cells, in the future.Implementing a heterostructure by vertically stacking two-dimensional semiconductors is necessary for responding to various requirements in the future of semiconductor technology. However, the chemical-vapor deposition method, which is an existing two-dimensional (2D) material-processing method, inevitably causes heat damage to surrounding materials essential for functionality because of its high synthesis temperature. Therefore, the heterojunction of a 2D material that directly synthesized MoS With the development of next-generation devices and the introduction of new functionalities, the primary objective for semiconductor technology is to increase integration density while achieving various form factors through downscaling and ultra-thinning techniques ,2,3. Pio2 with p-type WS2, eliminating the need for a transfer process. Therefore, various heterojunction structures based on 2D materials need to be implemented and validated by exploiting the universal applicability of selective-laser photothermal reactions.Methods such as metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular-beam epitaxy, and atomic layer deposition have led to significant progress in the synthesis of transition-metal dichalcogenides, which are representative 2D semiconductors, on various substrates ,11,12,132 heterojunction structure by integrating n-type MoS2 on semi-metallic graphene via a laser-assisted selective photothermal-reaction method by optimizing the photothermal and laser parameters. For the synthesis of MoS2, a thermally decomposable (NH4)2MoS4 precursor was mixed with an organic solvent, and a fiber laser n; PMMA), ammonium tetrathiomolybdate((NH4)2MoS4), CAS No. 15060-55-6), and hexamethyldisilazane((CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3, CAS No. 999-97-3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich . A photoresist  and Developer  were purchased from Merck . Dimethyl sulfoxide ((CH3)2SO, CAS No. 67-68-5) and ammonium persulfate((NH4)2S2O8, CAS No. 7727-54-0) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals .Poly(methylmethacrylate) ((C4 (125 sccm) as a carbon source and H2 (100 sccm) as a reactant gas [2 plasma process  to improve the copper foils’ wettability. Subsequently, graphene was separated by etching the Cu foil in an ammonium persulfate solution (2 g ammonium persulfate in 100 mL deionized (DI) water) for 4 h. Once all of the copper was etched away, only the PMMA/graphene film remained, which was lifted using a glass slide and rinsed twice in DI water. The PMMA/graphene layer was then transferred to a 300 nm SiO2/P+ Si substrate. Finally, to remove PMMA from the graphene, it was immersed in acetone in two steps: first for 30 min and then for an additional 90 min.Monolayer graphene was grown via CVD on 25 µm-thick copper foils  at tempetant gas . The PMM2) at 300 °C for 20 min, ensuring a clean surface [The formation of the graphene-patterned array was achieved using typical photolithography and oxygen plasma etching methods. The graphene was uniformly covered by the PR solution, spinning at 3000 rpm for 30 s, and then baked at 95 °C for 2 min. Subsequently, the sample was exposed to aligner UV light for 15 s, creating a graphene-pattern array with a size of 100 μm × 300 μm. The samples were rinsed with a developer, followed by a rinse with deionized water, and then dried using nitrogen. The exposed graphene regions, not protected by PR, were etched through a reactive ion etching process. The sample was then soaked in acetone for about 30 min to remove the PR from the graphene. As a result, a graphene-pattern array was obtained. To thoroughly remove the PMMA and PR residues that remained after the acetone treatment, the patterned graphene underwent hydrogen annealing 2MoS4 precursor with 6 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A multistep coating technique ensured uniform coverage of the precursor solution on the graphene. SiO2/Si wafers (with a 300-nm-thick SiO2 layer) underwent two spin-coating stages: an initial 10 s spin at 500 rpm, followed by a 30 s spin at 2500 rpm. Subsequently, the specimen was annealed on a hot plate at 150 °C for 3 min to evaporate any remaining solvent. A fiber laser with a 1.06 μm wavelength and 20 W output was employed to selectively anneal the precursor layer, thereby synthesizing MoS2. The parameters for optimizing MoS2 synthesis via the laser were as follows: (i) laser power (from 1 W to 20 W), (ii) scan speed (from 10 mm/s to 500 mm/s), and (iii) frequency (from 20 kHz to 200 kHz). After the selective synthesis of MoS2, the untreated parts were washed away by immersion in DMSO solvent.To create a vertically stacked MoS−3 Torr) using a probe station connected to a parameter analyzer . To confirm the optoelectronic characteristics, the devices were illuminated using a white-light halogen lamp, and the light intensities were measured using a power meter .The I–V characteristics of the device were measured under low-vacuum conditions  was defined using photolithography and reactive ion etching with O2 plasma [4)2MoS4; ATM) precursor solution was spin-coated onto the patterned graphene. Considering the contrasting nature of the graphene pattern (hydrophobic) and SiO2 surface (hydrophilic), achieving a uniform precursor coating on this nonuniform surface is challenging. The optimization strategies for these coatings are discussed in 2 pattern on the preformed graphene pattern. We chose a fiber laser among the laser sources with various wavelengths because of its low optical absorption in the surrounding materials, such as graphene, SiO2, and Si; however, it has high optical absorption only in the (NH4)2MoS2 precursor. Therefore, only the precursor layer could be selectively heated and thermally decomposed into MoS2 [2, even if MoS2 was synthesized after the precursor was thermally decomposed; therefore, the laser penetrated the MoS2 [2 heterostructure by synthesizing MoS2 without damaging graphene in the lower layer. More importantly, this direct-synthesis method can realize a vertically stacked layer structure without using a conventional transfer method, thereby fundamentally avoiding problems such as wrinkles or contamination traps at the interface. The optimized laser conditions on the SiO2/Si substrate were as follows: a laser power of 10.8 W, scan speed of 100 mm/s, and frequency of 20 kHz. Finally, the source and drain were affixed using shadow masks to analyze the electrical properties of the graphene/MoS2 heterojunction. −1 and ~2700 cm−1, respectively (marked in red). The 2D peak exhibited a sharp, single Lorentzian line shape and was considerably more intense than the G peak, which is a characteristic feature of monolayer graphene. Additionally, the D peak (~1360 cm−1), which indicates defects and imperfections within the graphene crystal, was barely discernible. The Raman spectra of MoS2 synthesized via the laser-based photothermal reaction are shown in blue. Two prominent MoS2 peaks, E2g and A1g, could be distinctly observed at 383 cm−1 and 409 cm−1, respectively. A Raman characteristic of MoS2 is the narrowing of the gap between these two peaks as it transitions from the bulk state to that of a single layer [2 layers present. The gap between these peaks was approximately 26 cm−1, confirming the few-layered nature of MoS2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis has substantiated that the synthesized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) exhibits a consistent and uniform film-like structure with a measured thickness of 10 nm. The thickness control of the MoS2 film can be achieved through the regulation of solvent concentration and the adjustment of spin-coating velocity. The critical aspect to consider is that to achieve uniform synthesis of MoS2 in film form, it is necessary to adjust the laser scanning speed in accordance with changes in the thickness of the precursor film  surface roughness of 1.15 nm [2 overlapped 2MoS4 precursor using thermal CVD, and we analyzed its Raman characteristics. A comparison between the Raman peak of the graphene/MoS2 structure synthesized by laser irradiation (marked in green) and that of the graphene/MoS2 structure created by thermal chemical vapor deposition (T-CVD) (marked in black) showed that the Raman characteristics of MoS2 were similar, whereas those for graphene exhibited a pronounced difference. When MoS2 was directly synthesized using general T-CVD, the underlying graphene sustained thermal damage, leading to an amplified D peak and diminished 2D peak. Therefore, our research demonstrates that the laser-based selective thermal-treatment method can be used to directly synthesize MoS2 layers on a graphene monolayer without causing damage. This mechanism, when paired with other 2D materials that are amenable to thermal decomposition, holds promise for the assembly of diverse heterojunction structures.D method ,37, whic2 plasma . During nto MoS2 . In addithe MoS2  without le layer . This alsor film . Specifi 1.15 nm . Interes4)2MoS4 precursor layer on graphene is essential to demonstrate a MoS2/graphene-heterojunction structure. In addition, a uniform and continuous pinhole-free thin film with a large area enabled the fabrication of a device array with a high yield. However, because graphene has a hydrophobic-surface characteristic owing to its unique atomic-crystal [2 substrate and the graphene-transferred SiO2 substrate, as shown in 2/Si substrate, the surface of the wafer was treated with an O2 plasma process  prior to spin-coating the ATM solution to improve the surface wettability. As shown in the optical-microscopy images in 42−) clusters. However, as a result of numerous mixing control experiments between solutions, when DMF + 2-aminoethanol-based solvent was used, obtaining stable coating conditions was difficult as most of the graphene layers rolled after peeling from the substrate as indicated by the arrow in n-butylamine), a similar phenomenon occurred when the solvent penetrated the substrate and graphene, resulting in delamination. As an alternative, the surface tension of the solution was controlled by adding Triton X-100 surfactant to the ATM solution. As a non-ionic surfactant, the hydrophobic group of Triton-X-100 engaged in interactions with the carbonaceous surface, leading to its adsorption onto the graphene surface. This adsorptive phenomenon enhanced the wettability of the graphene substrate, thereby facilitating a more uniform dispersion of the solvents on its surface [2 interface may allow for an even coating of the ATM precursor without peeling off the graphene ; however, after HMDS formation, both peaks shifted down to 1595 cm−1 and 2686 cm−1, respectively (marked in red). The Raman shift indicated that although the surface of graphene had hydrophobic characteristics, the entire surface was covered well with HMDS because some existing defects or oxidized species in graphene played a role in nucleating the SAM [G: 22.2 V) [Fν is the Fermi velocity previously reported as 1.1 × 106 m/s, n is the intrinsic carrier density per volt with a typical value of approximately 7.2 × 1010 cm−2 V−1, and V1 (V2) is the Dirac point of devices without (with) HMDS treatment. The calculation confirmed that the HMDS treatment shifted the Fermi-energy level of graphene by 0.11 eV closer to the vacuum level. The field-effect carrier mobility of graphene was additionally calculated from the maximum slope near the charge-neutrality point, as follows:chL and chW are the channel length and width, respectively, mg is DdI/GdV, oxC is the gate oxide capacitance per area, and DV is the applied drain-source voltage. As plotted in 2/Vs and ~297.9 cm2/Vs, respectively. This represents a significant enhancement in mobility compared to bare graphene (μhole: ~86.5 cm2/Vs and μelec: ~95.4 cm2/Vs). The electrical properties of MoS2, interfaced with graphene, were also analyzed via transfer characteristics  methods, with an observed on/off ratio of 103. These moderate properties can be attributed to the fine-grained structure of the laser-synthesized MoS2. Determining the electronic band structure of the synthesized graphene/MoS2 heterostructure is necessary for analyzing its electrical characteristics and understanding its charge-transfer dynamics. The work function of each material was experimentally measured using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The work function was calculated as follows [hν is the energy of the incident UV photons (He I line = 21.21 eV), SECOE is the secondary electron-cutoff energy, and VBE is the onset of the valence band. As expected, bare graphene exhibited significant fluctuations in the analysis value, ranging from 4.3 eV to 5.2 eV depending on the measurement position, whereas HMDS-doped graphene exhibited a stable value of approximately 4.5 eV. Furthermore, MoS2 synthesized by laser treatment exhibited a uniform work function of approximately 4.2 eV, which was in good agreement with that of the few-layered MoS2 [2 heterojunction, delineated according to the positions of the respective band structures. In a thermal-equilibrium state, the band structure bends at the interface due to the difference in work functions between graphene and MoS2, creating a Schottky barrier (ΦB) and built-in potential (biV) on the semiconductor side. For an applied external bias, the Fermi level of graphene shifted downward during the application of a reverse bias owing to the decrease in negative charges moving toward the graphene, whereas the Fermi level of the n-type MoS2 shifted upward, as illustrated in 2 Fermi level relieved the band bending, leading to a decrease in the built-in potential. Conversely, when a forward bias was applied to the graphene/MoS2 Schottky junction, the Fermi level of graphene shifted upward, whereas that of the MoS2 shifted downward. This occurred because more positive charges were localized in the MoS2 and more negative charges were transported to the graphene, as depicted in 2 and graphene easily overcame the lowered built-in potential and transferred to the counter materials beyond the junction. However, in the case of a forward bias, the barrier at the junction was high; therefore, the charges were greatly restricted when moving toward each other. Therefore, owing to the aforementioned charge-transfer dynamics, the graphene/MoS2 junction, which was MoS2 directly synthesized on graphene using a laser-assisted methodology, exhibited rectification characteristics that depended on the applied forward-to-reverse bias. However, when MoS2 was grown via the thermal CVD process on the graphene, the underlying graphene experienced pronounced thermal degradation. These harsh synthesis conditions led to a substantial decline in conductivity, or in certain instances, a failure to establish a Schottky barrier, thereby inhibiting any rectifying behavior, as shown in The electrical-junction properties of the fabricated graphene/MoSiformity ,48. In aiformity  and lase the SAM . Moreoves than 2 , which i 22.2 V) ,52,53. B 22.2 V) :ΔE=ℏvFπneristics . The MoS follows : Φ = hν 2-based Schottky junction was characterized in terms of its optical responsiveness to external light by periodically turning the light on and off. To this end, the optoelectronic device employs the configuration mentioned in 2 patterns spans an area of 100 µm × 100 µm. Detailed specifications of the device dimensions are described in the 2. To clarify, the optoelectronic device we have constructed incorporates two Schottky junctions encompassing both the graphene/MoS2 junction and MoS2/metal electrode junction. We assessed the photocurrent induced in each region utilizing a focused monochromatic laser beam , testing two distinct bias voltages under forward and reverse biases. A larger photocurrent is observed in the case of forward bias. This can be considered to be due to the effect of the internal barrier depending on the direction of the applied bias as mentioned in The developed graphene/MoSrefer to . The restogating . The difτrise) and decay time (τdecay) of the charge carrier, which represent the duration of charge transfer and production of the maximum output current (ranging between 10 and 90% intensity), respectively, we extracted the following values: τrise = 10.3 s (τdecay = 8.49 s) at −0.7 V, 10.96 s (8.9 s) at −0.2 V, 4.6 s (7.26 s) at 0.2 V, and 6.41 s (7.74 s) at 0.7V [2-based junction devices using the CVD method and evaluated their characteristics. Upon analyzing the photoresponse under the same illumination conditions, it was found that the device fabricated using CVD synthesis exhibited negligible photocurrent generation. A detailed examination of the individual components revealed that the graphene had almost entirely lost its conductivity. These findings suggest that the graphene underwent significant damage during the MoS2 synthesis process (process temperature > 700 °C), which accounts for the absence of the rectifying effect as presented in 2-based Schottky diode was highly responsive to the incident pulsed light, with excellent stability and reproducibility over multiple cycles.When considering the rise time ( at 0.7V ,57. From2 on graphene by employing laser-based photothermal treatment, which enabled the direct formation of graphene/MoS2 heterostructures. Notably, this innovative technique offered a means of designing heterostructures from thermally sensitive materials by confining the heat treatment to the intended layer, effectively addressing the challenges that existing T-CVD methodologies cannot overcome. Central to our study is the understanding that the choice of the laser source is crucial. It must efficiently induce the thermal decomposition of the precursor without compromising the structural integrity of the synthesized MoS2 and graphene. This balance was achieved by harnessing the differential light-absorption rates of the ATM precursor and MoS2. Furthermore, we provided solutions for mitigating the surface irregularities introduced by graphene, thereby paving the way for achieving a uniform coating. The introduction of an HMDS buffer layer was a pivotal step that safeguarded the electrical characteristics of graphene throughout the fabrication sequence. Comprehensive evaluation of the electrical properties of the synthesized graphene/MoS2 heterostructures yielded encouraging results. Although this study did not specifically address contact resistance issues, it expects that the optimization of contact resistance between the two-dimensional semiconductor and the metal electrode could significantly enhance the operational efficiency of the photoelectric device [In this study, we introduced a facile approach for the selective synthesis of MoSc device ,61,62,63


The very serious problem of temperature and humidity regulation, especially for small and medium-sized museums, galleries, and private collections, can be mitigated by the introduction of novel materials that are easily applicable and of low cost. Within this study, archive boxes with innovative technology are proposed as “smart” boxes that can be used for storage and transportation, in combination with a nanocomposite material consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO). The synthesis and characterization of the PVA/GO structure with SEM, Raman, AFM, XRD, Optical Microscopy, and profilometry are fully discussed. It is shown that the composite material can be integrated into the archive box either as a stand-alone film or attached onto fitting carriers, for example, those made of corrugated board. By applying the PVA/GO membrane this way, even with strong daily temperature fluctuations of ΔT = ±24.1 °C, strong external humidity fluctuations can be reduced by −87% inside the box. Furthermore, these humidity regulators were examined as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) adsorbers since gas pollutants like formic acid, formaldehyde, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde are known to exist in museums and induce damages in the displayed or stored items. High rates of VOC adsorption have been measured, with the highest ones corresponding to formic acid (521% weight increase) and formaldehyde (223% weight increase). Tackling the degradation of cultural heritage requires a global effort. This is why the development of new nanomaterials and methods for the preservation of artwork is of high significance. Nano-science can serve conservation excellently because, in contrast to conventional materials like polymers applied in conservation today, engineered nanomaterials do not affect the chemical and physical properties of the artworks and have a low environmental footprint. Here, the aim of the work is the combination of paper conservation with advanced materials science and nanotechnology in order to provide solutions to temperature and humidity exposure, which are known problems encountered in small and medium-sized museums and galleries that contribute to the degradation of works of art either on display or in storage. The proposed solution entails the usage of “smart” packaging boxes filled with a composite material consisting of graphene oxide and polyvinyl alcohol. The composite material can be exploited either as a stand-alone film or as a coating applied to the corrugated board in the “smart” box. A systematic characterization of the as-obtained composite film by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Optical Microscopy and profilometry is presented here. The proposed material was tested inside a climatic chamber and found to be an efficient temperature and humidity regulator, and furthermore was found to have the ability to capture some of the most-known volatile organic compounds, like formic acid and formaldehyde, detected inside such (micro)-environments .Important paintings, historic library collections, zoological preparations, certificates written on parchment, paper documents, or contemporary art—cultural assets are as different in their natures and meanings as they are in their chemical structures. Since the vast majority of such objects are not on display in controlled environments but in storage, a strong focus is placed on the influence of the storage climate on the materials’ chemistry in order to slow down the aging processes. As a result, maintaining adequate climatic conditions in warehouses or storerooms in order to conserve such movable cultural heritage (CH) objects is an important issue. The degradation of CH artifacts can seriously increase due to exposure to unstable temperatures, relative humidity (RH), light, and environmental pollutants . As an eOne remedial action would be to install air conditioning, which is most reasonable but usually not affordable for small and medium-sized institutions. A plausible alternative to that is to create favorable conditions in each storage package through integration of active materials or modules. However, in addition to their obvious functions, these climate regulators must also meet some important requirements, some of which are that they should be non-toxic, thin/demand little space, easy to implement, easy to use, and cheap.2, silica gel, or diatomaceous earth, which lead to the drying of the surrounding atmosphere until the desiccant’s saturation [2 and SiO2 are primarily drying and will not return moisture to the environment when needed. Further, alkaline earth metal chlorides are known to release highly problematic HCl [In general, temperature control might be challenging because it requires thick insulation panels like those already applied in the building sector. The implementation of such panels into enclosures would lead to an occupation of too much space inside the packages, thus expanding their dimensions and multiplying the required storage space. However, fluctuations in RH, which are also caused by changes in temperature, are easier to control, which demands fewer active materials. Known compositions for that purpose include CaClturation . Howeveratic HCl .3 [Graphene oxide (GO), a graphene derivative, is an abundantly available, low-cost carbon compound which is composed of a cluster of reactive oxygen functional groups . GO can 3 . On the 3 . PVA als3 .There are several reports in the literature on composite materials combining the properties of GO and PVA, especially for monitoring relative humidity and environmental pollutants. It has been reported that graphene flakes can change their crystal structure and be rotated when are efficiently impregnated in polymers , and, alThis paper presents a solution to the aforementioned problem via implementation of PVA and GO modules into archive enclosures as a promising application.2SO4, 96%) and 10 g of natural graphite flakes were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C when 5 g of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and 5 g of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) were added. After stirring for 1 h at this temperature, the reaction mixture was left for 5 h at room temperature. At the end of this process, a dark blue solution was obtained. The reaction was terminated by carefully adding deionized water (DW), followed by vacuum filtration and washing with DW until the pH reached the pH of the DW. The pre-oxidized graphite was dried overnight under ambient conditions. This material was then subjected to oxidation via the modified Hummers method where the powder was added to 220 mL of H2SO4 (96%) under continuous stirring. Slowly, 26.7 g of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was added to the mixture, keeping the reaction temperature below 20 °C. Thereafter, the mixture was heated at 40°C for 2 h, followed by the careful addition of 450 mL of DW. After 15 min, the reaction was terminated by adding 1.35 L of DW and 22 mL of hydrogen peroxide . The bright yellow mixture was filtered and washed with a 10% w/w HCl solution in water to remove most of the metal ions. The solid product of this process was redispersed in DW and subjected to dialysis until the pH became the same as the pH of the DW. Finally, a mixture of single and few layers of GO was collected [−1 corresponds to the vibrations along the C=O bonds of the epoxy groups, while the peak at ~1625 cm−1 corresponds to the asymmetric vibrations of the C=C bonds of the graphene lattice. The bending of the O–H bonds of the hydroxyl groups of the oxidized lattice appears at ~1380 cm−1 and the vibrations along the C–O bonds appear at ~1080 cm−1 [Graphene Oxide (GO) was synthesized from natural graphite flakes  via a two-step oxidation process, based on a modified Hummer’s method ,25. Thisollected ,25 afterollected ,24,25. O080 cm−1 . The XPS080 cm−1 . The relw/w in deionized water) and GO . Initially, to dissolve the PVA in water, the solution was stirred in an oil bath at 90 °C for 4–5 h until a homogeneous polymeric matrix was formed  films, which were examined as relative humidity regulators, were synthesized from a mixture of aqueous solutions of PVA  evaluated from the spectra of the bare substrates.SEM photos were taken using a LEO SUPRA 35 VP, while Raman spectra of the specimens were recorded using an InVia Reflex  MicroRaman equipment using a 514 nm laser excitation. In all experiments, spectra were recorded at several points on each specimen using a Renishaw InVia Raman Spectrometer with a 1200 groove/mm−1 nominal spring constant of the cantilever. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed with the assistance of a Bruker D8 Advance model diffractometer, while for Optical Microscopy, the inspection of the specimen was performed by using a ΝΙΚOΝ Eclipse L150 optical microscope. The roughness of the different substrates used in this study was measured with a profilometer (Bruker DektakXT 2D). The duration of the scan varies from 10 to 150 s and its length from 100 to 1000 μm while the force exerted by the stylus on the substrate is adjusted depending on how soft the sample is. Therefore, the lowest tip forces were applied on the examined substrates, which were fixed to the instrument base by using a minimum quantity of adhesive tape applied at the edge of the specimen. Each material was examined three times to derive an average roughness value. Surface roughness is expressed in terms of Rq (nm), that is the root mean square deviation of the roughness profile [Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images were collected in peak-force tapping mode , by using ScanAsyst-Air probes  with a 0.4 N m profile ,31:(1)Rq−9 mbar. An unmonochromatized MgK line at 1253.6 eV and an analyzer pass energy of 36 eV, giving a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.9 eV for the Au 4f7/2 peak, were used in all XPS measurements. The XPS core level spectra were analyzed using a fitting routine, which can decompose each spectrum into individual mixed Gaussian–Lorentzian peaks after a Shirley background subtraction. The sample was mounted onto a Si substrate with dimensions of 1.5 × 1.5 cm2. Finally, the capacitance and impedance of the sensors were recorded by a computer-controlled LCR . Finally, an instrument for measuring the attenuated total reflectance  was used for collecting the analogous spectrum for GO.The XPS measurements were carried out in an ultra-high vacuum system (UHV), which consists of a fast entry specimen assembly, a sample preparation, and an analysis chamber equipped with a dual anode (Al/Mg) X-ray gun and an LH10 electron analyzer. The base pressure in both chambers was 1 × 102O), acetic acid (99 wt.% in H2O), formic acid (85 wt.% in H2O), or acetaldehyde (99.5 wt.% in H2O), was used as the pollutant source each time. For the humidity adsorption tests and creating particular relative humidity conditions, a saturated aqueous solution of specific salt (sodium chloride: 75%RH) and distilled water (100%RH) were used and placed in sealed containers at a stable temperature [The gas adsorption tests were conducted in static conditions in a closed glass desiccator with an excess of pollutant, using a saturated vapor stream at room temperature, as described elsewhere ,14. A toperature . All samOnce the composites reached the saturation point in the volatile gas adsorption, which corresponds to the maximum weight change, the weight of the specimens stabilized. In order to establish a baseline for the specimens’ saturation, after two consequent gravimetric measurements similar to the maximum observed value, the films were considered saturated.3 was purchased from Donau Carbon, while spherical silica gel with a particle size of 40–75 μm was purchased from Merck. These materials were dried and placed inside the desiccators with the same VOC sources. The masses of the absorbents were measured periodically until they reached saturation, and their maximum calculated adsorption capacities are presented in Some of the most common commercial absorbent materials, activated carbon and silica gel, were used for a benchmark study. Activated carbon with an apparent density of 498 kg/mThe specimens for the needs of the current study were prepared following the experimental route that has been already described. In −1 assigned to the D band and G band were observed. The D band indicates the disorder in the structure of GO while the G band is related to the ordered sp2-bonded carbon [−1, respectively. The neat PVA has no characteristic Raman peak for the range of 1000–2000 cm−1, as was already reported [From d carbon . It can reported ,38. Finareported , and a rreported .PVA/GO plate”) or deposited onto a carrier (“PVA/GO board”)—were examined with regard to their suitability for integration in archive boxes. Afterwards, their mode of humidity regulation was studied in an artificial environment that represents very drastic but realistic conditions at the same time.In this section, the above-described PVA/GO films—either as stand-alone films  can be individually plate-shaped and attached to the inside walls of the box. When applied in this way, a protection between the absorbent and object must be installed to prevent direct contact. For that reason, a protective cover is introduced with enough vent openings for air circulation. The so-created compartments between the protective cover and box wall give tight and stable supports for a plate-shaped regulator module. ions see .The lid has only a slightly larger basal plane than the base, resulting in a very tight closure. In the bottom and lid, planar inlays made of thicker corrugated board prevent the inwardly folded flaps from opening, which gives stability without using notches for fastening. This shall prevent an additional convective flow of volatiles into the box to avoid the intrusion of pollutants and a too-early absorbent deactivation. As Obj = 2450 g and an overall volume of VObj = 21 cm × 14.9 cm × 10.4 cm = 3254.2 cm3. Afterwards, the boxes were closed and subjected to artificial cyclical (daily) T and RH changes in a climate chamber. The exterior (climate chamber) and interior (inside the boxes) values for T and RH were monitored. It should be noted that the applied values for temperature and relative humidity are in a range that represents very harsh conditions which are not usually found in museums and archives. However, these external conditions led to the most evaluable results, as the differences in interior relative humidity between the boxes became clearer this way.At first, an empty and paper-filled P2 box and a paper-filled P2C box were stored inside the climate chamber, leading to a T/RH profile as presented in RH inside the boxes from T, which is evidence for an absorption of thermal energy by the paper. This reduced ΔT of 23.3 °C is causal for the remaining ±9.6 %RH inside P2C, since the coating on the corrugated board shields the box’s interior volume from inflowing RH by blocking the diffusion-open surfaces. This is the minimum condition that must be met for regulators to function inside archive boxes, as the following experiment describes.As it becomes clear at the differences in RH span values ΔP2 boxes, little effect could be seen on the RH scale when compared to the case “without regulator” (P2 + CB), see When humidity regulators were added to the paper-filled, uncoated P2C boxes . By applying one PVA/GO board, this value decreased to ±8.3 %RH. However, the current strongest additional fluctuation reduction was measured by applying the PVA/GO membrane as a coating on corrugated board and as a pure plate at the same time (ΔRH = ±6.4 %RH). This means that in this paper-filled active archive box, even with strong daily temperature fluctuations of ΔT = ±24.1 °C, strong external humidity fluctuations can be reduced by −87%. By applying the regulators PVA/GO board + plate, a further reduction of −33% in RH span was recorded when compared to the (inactive) reference CB without the used film swelling as a consequence of the humidity exposure. Additionally, neither film nor film-coated carriers showed any irregularities in structure uniformity or adhesion. This was determined after carrying out several experiments presented in the current study and after storage in a warehouse for one year. Additionally, the films seem quite resistant towards scratching, even though there are some signs of use. With a total 18.47 g of active material, a very small amount of material is necessary to achieve a noticeable effect under very harsh environmental conditions.In general, the insertion of regulator modules led to a further decrease of RH fluctuation Δ2O), acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (CH2O2), and acetaldehyde (C2H4O), which are the most common pollutants in facilities with artworks, as well as water vapor (relative humidity). These gaseous pollutants are emitted by paints, adhesives, furniture, building materials, etc. and have been proved to be significantly harmful after extended and continuous exposure to both humans and artworks [The fabricated composite films were tested for sorption of formaldehyde . Furthermore, both these molecules can form hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking with the conjugated π-network of GO. Therefore, the selectivity of formic acid over acetic acid by the examined films can be attributed to the electron geometry, since the formic acid has a planar configuration  resulting in lower adsorption resistance compared to acetic acid . It is known that the binding energy during the adsorption is primarily determined by the atom which is closer to the adsorbing site, so the smaller the distance between them, the higher the attraction. As for formaldehyde, it has the ability to form hydrogen bonds and contains a π bond, which contribute to its interaction with GO, yet because of its planar configuration, it exhibits lower polarity than the previously mentioned molecules. It is worth mentioning that the as-prepared GO/PVA film demonstrates higher adsorption for 75% and 100% RH formic acid and formaldehyde when compared to the commercial absorbers, while activated carbon and silica gel are superior for the cases of acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Regarding the comparison of the GO/PVA film to other pure GO or pure PLA films for VOC adsorption, it is denoted that for the first category, the synthesized material has comparative [It is important to note here that when developing absorbents for polar pollutants, in this work, all the examined gases and water are polar molecules, especially if selectivity for certain absorbates is needed. In effect, surface functionality becomes more important than pore volume or pore structure. GO interacts with polar VOCs while graphene prefers hydrophobic VOCs. Hence, the proper balance between hydrophobicity, surface area, and functionality should be considered in order to design an efficient adsorbent for VOCs. Except for the polarity of the examined VOCs, the presence of π bonds and hydrogen bonds in their structure, as well as their electron geometry, play a significant role in selective adsorption . It is eparative  or even parative , even thparative , pure PLIt is also worth mentioning that the GO/PVA films can return to their initial dried state after reaching the maximum adsorbed material capacity. It has been observed that after placing the films inside a fume hood for 24 h with moderate ventilation, the weight of the samples reverts to the original value prior to exposure to VOCs and the relative humidity. This observation paves the way for the examination of the reusability of these materials in future.These results show the multi-functional characteristics of these composite materials, paving the way for their immediate exploitation in cultural heritage protection.In conclusion, a “smart” storage enclosure was presented and proved to function as a self-humidity-regulating archive box when equipped with graphene oxide (GO)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films. The easy-to-apply and low-cost nanocomposite membrane makes the shown application very attractive for small and medium-sized museums, libraries, or archives. GO is well-dispersed in the PVA matrix and the resultant composite material can reduce the external humidity fluctuations by −87%, even with strong daily temperature fluctuations of ΔT = ±24.1 °C. Additionally, the composite was also found to be a good adsorber of VOCs with especially high rates for formic acid and formaldehyde, the latter being a major concern regarding CH degradation ,44. Apar


With the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in various domains, including healthcare, there is growing acceptance and interest in consulting AI models to provide medical information and advice. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT’s responses to practice quiz questions designed for otolaryngology board certification and decipher potential performance disparities across different otolaryngology subspecialties.A dataset covering 15 otolaryngology subspecialties was collected from an online learning platform funded by the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, designed for board certification examination preparation. These questions were entered into ChatGPT, with its responses being analyzed for accuracy and variance in performance.n = 1475) were answered correctly by ChatGPT. An in-depth analysis of question style revealed that single-choice questions were associated with a significantly higher rate (p < 0.001) of correct responses  compared to multiple-choice questions . Stratified by question categories, ChatGPT yielded the highest rate of correct responses  in the field of allergology, whereas 7 out of 10 questions  on legal otolaryngology aspects were answered incorrectly.The dataset included 2576 questions (479 multiple-choice and 2097 single-choice), of which 57% (The study reveals ChatGPT’s potential as a supplementary tool for otolaryngology board certification preparation. However, its propensity for errors in certain otolaryngology areas calls for further refinement. Future research should address these limitations to improve ChatGPT’s educational use. An approach, with expert collaboration, is recommended for the reliable and accurate integration of such AI models. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the technology that aims to develop algorithms and computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence . TherefoRecently, ChatGPT, an interactive chatbot, has emerged as a revolutionary language-based AI model. Powered by the state-of-the-art GPT-4 language model and advanced deep learning techniques, ChatGPT is able to generate human-like responses across a broad spectrum of topics, covering both medical and non-medical domains.As the popularity of ChatGPT continues to grow, an increasing number of users turn to this AI model for medical advice. Albeit previous studies have reported on ChatGPT’s ability to provide medical information –11, annoThis study aims to evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT’s responses to practice questions for the German otolaryngology board certification and delineate differences in performance across distinct subspecialties within this medical discipline. Our findings may contribute to the broader puzzle of understanding and utilizing AI and ChatGPT to advance medical education and improve clinical decision-making.https://hno.keelearning.de/), which offers quiz-style questions to prepare for the German otolaryngology board certification. The platform is funded by the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and encompasses a comprehensive range of 15 distinct otolaryngology subspecialties. These subspecialties include allergology, audiology, ENT tumors, face and neck, inner ear and skull base, larynx, middle ear, oral cavity and pharynx, nose and sinuses, phoniatrics, salivary glands, sleep medicine, vestibular system, and legal aspects. To ensure the validity of the study, any image-based questions were excluded from the analysis. A total of 2576 questions were included and categorized by question style into multiple-choice (479 questions) and single-choice (2097 questions). Prior to the start of the study, official permission to use the questions for research purposes was obtained from the copyright holder.We used the question database of an online learning platform (https://chat.openai.com). It is important to note that the questions were entered into the AI system only once during the testing process. To account for variations in question formats, two distinct prompts were employed when asking ChatGPT to respond to quiz-style questions with four options.The testing of the AI model was conducted by C.C.H. and M.A. between May 5th and May 7th, 2023, by manually inputting the questions into the most recent version of ChatGPT (May 3rd version) on the respective website ((A) “Please answer the following question. Note that only one option is correct:For single-choice style questions, the following prompt was used:Option AOption BOption COption D”Single-choice question(B) “Please answer the following question. Note that several options may be correct:For questions in the multiple-choice format, we included the following prompt:Option AOption BOption COption D”Multiple-choice questionSubsequently, the responses generated by ChatGPT were evaluated to determine their accuracy, i.e., whether they matched the answers provided by the online study platform. For multiple-choice style questions, a response was considered correct only if all four options were accurately identified as either correct or false Figs.  and 2. Tp value of ≤ 0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance.Differences between question style and categories were determined using Pearson’s chi-square test. The statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS Statistics 25  and a two-tailed Of the 2576 questions submitted to ChatGPT, 1475 questions (57%) were answered correctly, and 1101 questions (43%) were answered incorrectly, regardless of question style or category.p < 0.001) was noted between both question styles.ChatGPT answered a total of 2097 single-choice style questions, of which 1313 questions (63%) were answered correctly, and 784 questions (37%) were answered incorrectly. By contrast, out of the 479 multiple-choice style questions, ChatGPT answered 162 questions (34%) correctly and 317 questions (66%) falsely. A statistically significant difference , face and neck , ENT tumors , sleep medicine , vestibular system , salivary glands , phoniatrics , larynx , inner ear and skull base , audiology , nose and sinuses , middle ear , oral cavity and pharynx , and legal aspects , with a p value of < 0.001 indicating statistically significant differences between the categories (Figs. When investigating question categories for the different otolaryngology subspecialties, the correct versus incorrect response rates, listed in descending order, were as follows: allergology (Language-based AI models, such as ChatGPT, are of increasing popularity due to their ability to maintain context and engage in coherent conversations. ChatGPT has been trained using deep learning techniques and a large amount of text data from online sources up until September 2021. Notably, its performance continues to improve through ongoing user interaction and reinforcement learning. In this study, we demonstrated the applicability of ChatGPT in the field of otolaryngology by evaluating its performance in answering quiz-style questions specifically designed for the German otolaryngology board certification examination.Prior to the public release of ChatGPT, several studies analyzed the potential of AI models in answering medical licensing exam questions. For example, Jin et al. noted an accuracy rate of only 37% when evaluating a dataset comprising 12,723 questions from Chinese medical licensing exams .Reaching beyond the boundaries of one-dimensional question-answering tasks, ChatGPT pushed the traditional boundaries of one-dimensional question-answering tasks and, therefore, represents a significant leap forward in web-based remote knowledge access with broad practicality for both medical laymen and experts. Gilson et al. demonstrated that ChatGPT performs comparably or even surpasses previous models when confronted with questions of similar difficulty and content . These fA major strength of our study lies in the extensive dataset of 2576 quiz questions, including both single-choice and multiple-choice formats, across 15 distinct otolaryngology subspecialties. These questions, initially designed for the German board certification examination, are characterized by a higher level of difficulty compared to typical otolaryngology questions in medical licensure examinations.Despite the complex nature of the questions, ChatGPT was able to answer more than half of all questions correctly. Of note, specifically in single-choice questions, ChatGPT was most successful, with over 60% rate of correct answers. In contrast, multiple-choice questions appeared to be a greater hurdle for ChatGPT: only one third of this question type could be answered correctly. This finding of a significant difference in performance between question formats is consistent with results reported by Huh, who highlighted ChatGPT’s inherent difficulty in accurately answering multiple-choice questions . These oIn addition, our analysis included an examination of ChatGPT’s performance across diverse otolaryngology subspecialties, revealing marked variations in the rates of correct responses. For instance, ChatGPT yielded the highest rate of correct answers in the field of allergology, whereas less than 3 in 10 questions regarding legal aspects were answered correctly by ChatGPT. These significant disparities in performance across subspecialties could be attributed to the varying availability and quality of training data for each category. It is important to consider that the question category “legal aspects”, which referred to German medical law, presented a challenge for ChatGPT due to its reliance on a potentially more limited literature database. In contrast, otolaryngology subspecialties with greater rates of correct ChatGPT responses may have benefited from more extensive data sources and a broader pool of retrievable information. Moreover, categories associated with high correct/false response ratios, such as allergology, are likely to be topics for which ChatGPT users frequently seek medical advice. This underscores the potential for continuous improvement through regular user interaction, thereby broadening the model’s armamentarium while sharpening its accuracy.In a recent study investigating the response accuracy of otolaryngology residents utilizing the same database but incorporating image-based questions, the results revealed a 65% correct answer rate . SimilarAs an educational resource, the performance of ChatGPT indicated potential efficacy in offering educational assistance in specific subspecialties and question formats. Nevertheless, the study also underscored aspects that need improvement. Notably, ChatGPT delivered a considerable number of incorrect responses within specific otolaryngology subdomains, rendering it unreliable as the sole resource for residents preparing for otolaryngology board examination.In addition to the complexity of its usage, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of AI tools like ChatGPT to cheat or gain unfair advantages during medical examination tests. It is important to clarify that our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT as a tool for test preparation, not to encourage its use during the actual examination process.Our results revealed that, given its limitations and inconsistent performance across different subspecialties and question formats, ChatGPT does not currently provide a significant unfair advantage to test-takers. This conclusion, however, might not remain static as AI models like ChatGPT continue to evolve. The progression of these models, driven by improved training data and increasingly sophisticated algorithms, heralds the arrival of more accurate language models capable of generating contextually relevant responses. This development, in turn, presents fresh ethical dilemmas regarding their application in educational settings.Despite these challenges, the key takeaway is the importance of integrating ChatGPT into a wider learning strategy. This approach should supplement AI-based learning with traditional educational methods such as textbooks, lectures, and one-on-one sessions with subject matter experts. This combination ultimately ensures a well-rounded learning experience, while also mitigating potential reliability and ethical issues associated with the sole use of AI tools for educational purposes.When interpreting the results and drawing conclusions, the study’s inherent limitations must be considered. The use of a single online learning platform that incorporates a mononational question database exclusively focused on a specific subfield of medicine limits the generalizability and transferability of our results to other medical disciplines. In addition, the absence of implementing the session clearing process before each question in our study has the potential to significantly impact the accuracy of the responses provided by ChatGPT, as this process aims to remove biases or influences from prior questions. Future investigations are needed to explore potential improvements in the rates of correctly answered questions by employing a well-defined question database within a longitudinal study design. Such an approach would offer valuable insights into ChatGPT’s capacity to learn and improve over time through continuous user interaction.The study’s findings underscore the potential of AI language models like ChatGPT as a supplemental educational tool for otolaryngology knowledge mining and board certification preparation. However, the study also identified areas for improvement, as ChatGPT provided false answers to a substantial proportion of questions in specific otolaryngology subdomains. This highlights the need for further refinement and validation of the model. Future research should focus on addressing the limitations identified in our study to improve the efficacy of ChatGPT as an educational tool in broader educational contexts. The integration of AI language models should be approached with caution and in close cooperation with human experts to ensure their reliability and accuracy.


Series samples of Bi-2223 were added with different weight percentages  of graphene nanoparticles. The samples’ phase formations and crystal structures were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the superconducting critical temperatures, Tc, were investigated using alternating current susceptibility (ACS). The XRD showed that a high-Tc phase, Bi-2223, and a small low-Tc phase, Bi-2212, dominated the samples. The volume fraction of the Bi-2223 phase increased for the sample with x = 0.3 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% of graphene and slightly reduced at x = 1.0 wt.%. The ACS showed that the onset critical temperature, Tc-onset, phase lock-in temperature, Tcj, and coupling peak temperature, TP, decreased when graphene was added to the samples. The susceptibility–temperature (χ′-T) and (χ″-T) curves of each sample, where χ′ and χ″ are the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility, respectively, were obtained. The critical temperature of the pure sample was also measured.The effects of graphene addition on the phase formation and superconducting properties of (Bi The current fabrication technique has succeeded in producing Bi-2223 wires with Jc as high as 7.4 × 104 A/cm2 at 77.3 K and a self-magnetic field [6 A/cm2 at 70 K [Jc had reached 2.5 × 105 A/cm2 [Ic, must be improved to enhance the Jc. One approach that has been broadly accepted is the addition or substitution of various elements into the BSCCO system. Numerous studies have shown that nanoparticles can be easily integrated and spread widely among the grains in the BSCCO system because of their small size. Promising outcomes on the properties of the Bi-2223 system, such as high cT phase formation, improved intergrain connectivity, flux pinning ability, and critical current density, Jc, were achieved when nanosized dopants were integrated [BSCCO is a class of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) that has been widely investigated and applied in engineering, medical equipment, mining, and transport systems. In 2004, high-performance and long-length Bi-2223 HTS wires were successfully commercialized and well-received in the market ,7,8,9,10ic field  for Bi-2 at 70 K . Magneto05 A/cm2 . To extetegrated ,18,19,202 [Jc), and reducing the average grain diameter.Graphene, a two-dimensional crystalline carbon material, has been used in many applications, especially electronics, due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties ,22. Grap2 ,35,36, a2 . However2 . UndoubtJc) of Bi-2223 superconductors in future studies. In this paper, we report on the effect of the critical temperature, Tc; the critical current density, Jc; and the structural and morphological properties of bulk Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy when graphene nanoparticles are integrated into the superconductors using the co-precipitation method.Recent studies have found that single-phase Bi-2223 superconductors are usually challenging to synthesize because of the complexity of the reaction during phase formation. The co-precipitation method, a wet chemical technique, can often be considered a viable solution for addressing this issue. This is because powders generated through this method possess a reduced grain size, increased purity, and greater homogeneity than those produced using the solid-state method ,44,45,461.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy was carried out via the co-precipitation method using bismuth(III) acetate (CH3COO)3Bi (99%), lead(II) acetate (CH3COO)2Pb·3H2O (99%), strontium acetate (CH3COO)2Sr·0.5H2O (98%), calcium acetate (CH3COO)2Ca·XH2O (97%), and copper(II) acetate (CH3COO)2Cu·H2O (98–102%). All chemicals were purchased from Alfa Aesar and used without further purification. The powders were weighed and mixed in a 2:2:2:3 stoichiometric ratio and were dissolved in 500 mL acetate acid and labeled as solution A. Adding lead, Pb, into the BSCCO composition is able to effectively increase the volume fraction of the Bi-2223 phase [2H2O4·2H2O (99.5–102.5%) in a solution of distilled water:propane-2-ol (1:1.5) to obtain a concentration of 0.5 M. Solution A was stirred at 400 rpm at a temperature of 80 °C, while solution B was stirred at 400 rpm without heating. They were then soaked in an ice bath to achieve a temperature range of 0 °C to 2 °C. Solutions A and B were mixed until a uniform milky blue suspension was obtained. The blue suspension slurry was filtered, dried on a hot plate at 80 °C for 12 h, and ground into powder. The powder was initially calcined in an alumina boat at 730 °C for 12 h to obtain a good texture.The preparation of Bi23 phase . SolutioJc of the samples was determined using a four-point probe (4PP) with a 12 K closed-cycle He Cryostat system.The calcined powders were ground and subjected to another calcination process at 850 °C for 24 h. The initial powder underwent a regrinding process and was combined with graphene sheets obtained from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials, Inc. in Houston, TX, USA, with an average diameter ranging from 0.5 to 3 µm and a thickness between 0.55 to 1.2 nm. Different weight percentages of graphene sheets were added: 0.0 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.%. Subsequently, the mixture was pressed into pellets weighing 1.0 g each using hydraulic press under 5 tons of pressure. The pellets were sintered in a tube furnace at 850 °C for 48 h at a heating rate of 2 °C/min and cooling rate of 1 °C/min. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples were recorded using an X-ray diffraction diffractometer  with CuKα radiation. The thermal material’s stability was monitored using a thermogravimetric analyzer , and the measurement of AC magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature was obtained using an AC Susceptometer (CryoBIND). The morphology and elemental analysis were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy . The 2(C2O4)3, Pb(C2O4), Sr(C2O4), Ca(C2O4), and Cu(C2O4) contribute to the formation of dehydrated oxalate. The second phase occured between 200.10 °C and 508.82 °C, resulting in a weight loss of 33.54%. This weight reduction is primarily caused by the decomposition of Bi2(C2O4)3 into Bi2O3, Pb(C2O4) into PbO, Sr(C2O4) into SrCO3, Ca(C2O4) into CaCO3, and Cu(C2O4) into CuO. Previous studies have also reported similar findings regarding the thermal decomposition of individual oxalates of Bi, Sr, Ca, and Cu. However, for rare earth acetate, the decomposition typically occurs within the temperature range of approximately 200 to 300 °C [3 to CaO and SrCO3 to SrO. These results are consistent with that of similar investigations [Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves versus temperature for pure Bi-2223 samples were obtained immediately after the co-precipitation process had been performed and before the sintering process was carried out. The TGA curve of Bi-2223 displayed in o 300 °C . The thiigations . Figure igations ,50. At tigations .θ when the amount of graphene nanoparticles increased in the sample. However, some minor peaks belonging to Bi-2212 (ICSD: 98-003-0405) were also observed in all XRD patterns at 2θ ≈ 31.16°, 35.45°, 41.24°, and 47.46°, which indicate the presence of a secondary phase. Unfortunately, no graphene-related peak appears in the XRD results due to the small amount of graphene added. Previous studies have found that the main graphene peak appears around 2θ equal to 9.86° [I is the peak intensity of the phases. a = b = 3.826 Å and c = 37.104 Å. All the graphene-added samples given in Jc [L is the crystallite size, K equal to 0.9 is a dimensionless shape factor, sizeB is the line broadening at half the maximum intensity (FWHM), λ equal to 1.5406 Å is the X-ray wavelength for Cu Kα radiation, and θ is the Bragg angle. εC is the lattice strain. By plotting hklβ cosθ against 4sinθ, the intercept (Kλ/L) of the plot represents the crystallite size and the gradient represents the lattice strain (εC) of the samples [The patterns of XRD for Bi-2223 samples integrated with the graphene nanoparticles of 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.% are shown in to 9.86° , 10° [27to 9.86° , 12.85° to 9.86° , 26.5°, to 9.86° . The numto 9.86° ,53:(1)Bien in Jc ,55. The en in Jc :(3)L=KλBTc-onset, can be attributed to the transition occurring within individual grains (intra-grain). On the other hand, the second decrease observed at the phase-locking temperature, Tcj, results from the superconducting coupling between the grains (inter-grain) [Tc-onset) and the critical temperature (Tcj), the superconducting grains are disconnected, making the system resistive. However, below Tcj, the grains become connected and are phase-locked, resulting in zero phase difference across the intragranular junctions. There is a definite transition for Tc-onset (χ′) to the lower temperature with increasing graphene addition. The decrease in Tc-onset can be attributed to the reduction in hole concentration resulting from oxygen deficiency in the CuO chain [Tcj. Prior work has indicated that the Bi-2212 low-Tc phase can affect the phase-locking, Tcj [r-grain) . In the uO chain . The fining, Tcj .Tp, corresponding to intergrain coupling. Notably, no secondary peak was observed near the critical temperature, Tc, indicating the absence of an intra-granular peak in any of the samples. This could indicate an excellent quality for the ceramic superconductor in all the samples where the coupling phase occurs immediately after the occurrence of superconducting inside the grain [Tp to lower temperatures with the introduction of graphene nanoparticles indicates the weakening of the grains and subsequently reducing the pinning force, while the Tp/Tc-onset ratio indicates a weak coupling between the grains. The value of Josephson’s current, Io, was calculated by using the Ambegaokar–Baratoff theory [The peak observed in the imaginary part χ″ represents the measure of dissipation in the samples. The imaginary part of the AC susceptibility (ACS) in all the samples exhibited a single peak at the coupling peak temperature, he grain . There cf theory ,61:(5)IOIo decreases with the increasing amount of graphene nanoparticles in the samples. This may be attributed to an increased presence of unreacted graphene nanoparticles at the boundaries between grains. As a consequence, the tunneling of Josephson’s current across the grains is decreased. In addition, the decreasing Io also implies that excess graphene nanoparticles may degrade the grain connectivity.V versus current, I, shown in Ic, of the samples measured at 40 K in a zero magnetic field. The transport critical current density, Jc, was calculated using the equation Jc = Ic/A [A is the cross-sectional area of the bar-shaped samples. The critical current density increase is observed for samples with 0.3 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% addition of graphene but not for the 0.5 wt.%, as shown in Jc is attributable to improvements in the connectivity of intergrain.The graph of voltage, c = Ic/A , where Aab-plane compared to other samples. The existence of graphene in Bi-2223 showed the different parts of the structure and distributed uniformly on the grain boundaries in great amounts. According to the analysis depicted in Tc). ab-plane. This observation coincides with the results from four-point probe measurements that the 1.0 wt.% also has the highest critical current density, Jc, as presented in ab-plane is blocked. This occurs due to the large surface area of basal-plane-faced GBs, which are formed by high aspect ratio grains. This configuration allows for a strong linkage of c-axis supercurrents. In contrast, the RS model proposes a different mechanism. It suggests that the ab-plane supercurrent path is primarily established through low-angle, strongly coupled, and obliquely intersecting GBs called small-angle, c-axis tilt (SCTILT) GBs. These GBs contribute to improving the texture of the samples. The presence of these well-defined supercurrent paths in both models improves the transport current occupancy of the Bi-2223 tape’s cross-section. As a result, the need to rely on intrinsically lower critical current density (Jc) c-axis paths between dominant ab-plane paths is reduced. Ultimately, this improved connectivity and transport current occupancy enhance the Jc of the Bi-2223 tapes [23 tapes ,68.Data presented in The information provided suggests that the elements of carbon were detected in all samples with a percentage range of 7.57% to 10.54%. The presence of graphene (C) in Bi-2223 was confirmed through elemental mapping using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) as shown in 1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy superconducting samples with the addition of graphene nanoparticles at weight percentages of 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.% were successfully synthesized using the co-precipitation method. A variation in Tc and Jc values was observed due to the addition of graphene content in Bi-2223. Elemental analysis via EDX showed that stoichiometry ratio of Bi-2223 superconducting compounds were obtained. The XRD patterns exhibited the primary phase indexed to Bi-2223, corresponding to a tetragonal structure, and a second phase which belonged to Bi-2212. ACS measurements established that the onset critical temperature, Tc-onset; coupling peak temperature, Tp; and intergranular critical current density, Tcj, decreased with the increase in graphene nanoparticle addition. The decrease in the Josephson current, Io, with the increased addition of graphene was due to the degradation of samples’ grain connection due to the amount of unreacted graphene at the grain boundary increase in the samples. The sample with 1.0 wt.% of graphene produced the highest Jc of all the samples. SEM results proved that the microstructure for samples with 1.0 wt.% was the best aligned and the grain showed a much better formation of Bi-2223 superconductors. Based on these results, adding graphene nanoparticles to Bi-2223 samples could be able to improve the pinning center and hence enhanced the critical current density, Jc.Bi


Journal of the American Board of Dermatology. A qualitative analysis of the questions was conducted by two board-certified dermatologists, assessing accuracy, complexity, and clarity. Out of 40 questions generated, only 16 (40%) were deemed accurate and appropriate for ABD-AE study preparation. The remaining questions exhibited limitations, including low complexity, lack of clarity, and inaccuracies. The findings highlight the challenges faced by ChatGPT in understanding the domain-specific knowledge required in dermatology. Moreover, the model's inability to comprehend the context and generate high-quality distractor options, as well as the absence of image generation capabilities, further hinders its usefulness. The study emphasizes that while ChatGPT may aid in generating simple questions, it cannot replace the expertise of dermatologists and medical educators in developing high-quality, board-style questions that effectively evaluate candidates' knowledge and reasoning abilities.This article investigates the limitations of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), a language model developed by OpenAI, as a study tool in dermatology. The study utilized ChatPDF, an application that integrates PDF files with ChatGPT, to generate American Board of Dermatology Applied Exam (ABD-AE)-style questions from continuing medical education articles from the  Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is a language model developed by OpenAI  that has shown promise in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including medical education and multiple-choice question generation ,2. WithiJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD) are considered high-yield review material for the ABD-AE. CME articles from the JAAD  were imported into ChatPDF [ChatPDF is an application that combines the ability to upload entire PDF files into a ChatGPT 3.5 portal. The continuing medical education (CME) articles from the  ChatPDF . It was A total of 40 questions were created using ChatPDF for the eight CME articles. After an independent review of the questions, it was found that out of 40 questions, 10 (25%) were of low complexity, 9 (22.5%) were vague or unclear, and 5 12.5%) were inaccurate  Pulmonary function tests and high-resolution chest computed tomography B) Skin biopsy and blood tests C) Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram D) Urinalysis and liver function tests; Answer: A." Furthermore, 12.5% of generated questions were incorrect or inaccurate, raising concerns about the reliability of artificial intelligence-generated questions. This study identified the limited domain-specific knowledge of ChatGPT as a major limitation as dermatology requires a deep understanding of skin anatomy, physiology, and pathology, which ChatGPT lacks. ChatGPT's inability to understand the context and generate high-quality distractor options, as well as its incapacity to generate images, further limits its usefulness. To address these limitations, future research should focus on developing domain-specific language models that possess deep knowledge of dermatology. By improving the model's understanding of skin-related concepts and its ability to generate contextually appropriate questions and distractors, it may become a more reliable and valuable tool for medical education and exam preparation in dermatology.Our study demonstrates that while ChatGPT shows promise as an educational tool in dermatology, its limitations must be acknowledged. Generating ABD-AE-style questions with sufficient accuracy, complexity, and clarity remains a challenge for ChatGPT. The model's inability to understand context and lack of domain-specific knowledge contribute to the generation of suboptimal questions. Future research efforts addressing these shortcomings might increase its utility in question generation for the ABD-AE. In conclusion, while ChatGPT may help generate simple questions, it cannot replace the expertise of dermatologists and medical educators in developing high-quality, board-style questions that accurately test a candidate's knowledge and reasoning abilities.


Non-uniform environmental conditioning has established substantial energy-saving and conditioning effects in residential buildings, however, few studies on the technology applied in greenhouses have been conducted. Semi-enclosed greenhouse development is hindered by energy consumption. To better apply non-uniform environmental conditioning technology in greenhouses, it is necessary to investigate the non-uniform characteristics of field environment parameters. Therefore, spatial and temporal measurements of indoor temperature and relative humidity in a Venlo-type greenhouse in Yangling, China, were conducted on June 5–11, 2022. Temperature and humidity sensors were arranged in the greenhouse at 4.5 m intervals, in the canopy, cultivation, center, and root areas. Temperature and humidity measurement points on the greenhouse walls were selected. The measurement results showed large fluctuations in the indoor temperature and relative humidity over time. The difference between indoor and outdoor average temperatures ranged from -5–10 °C and temperatures unsuitable for tomato growth were identified, although some passive conditioning methods such as ventilation and water spraying were employed, which indicates the necessity of active heating and cooling. Based on the measured data, the nonuniformity coefficients of temperature and relative humidity in different directions in the greenhouse were calculated. A larger non-uniformity in the vertical direction was found compared to that in the horizontal direction. These results suggest the possibility of non-uniform environmental conditioning. A rough estimation of the energy consumption by the two different condition modes, namely zone-specific and overall conditioning, was made. A huge energy saving of 69.6 % by the zone-specific conditioning mode was revealed compared to the overall conditioning. This implies a huge advantage in energy efficiency by non-unform environmental conditioning technologies applied in greenhouses. The study provides useful data for understanding non-uniform environments in greenhouses and the application of non-uniform environmental conditioning technologies. Some studies show that agricultural carbon emissions account for 16–17 % of the total carbon emissions in China, which is higher than the global average of 13.5 %, and is still growing at an average annual rate of 5 % [The concentration of carbon dioxide  to use cleaner and more durable energy at the energy end; (2) to lower energy requirements through more precise and rational distribution of energy at the control end; and (3) to adapt the energy supply to energy requirements in the greenhouse. Among them, the control of greenhouse environmental parameters is crucial for improving yield and energy use efficiency, and the greenhouse environmental control system directly determines the environmental parameters in the greenhouse . Many rentration ,14, lighntration  and so fntration .Different non-uniform regulation modes have been studied in residential and public buildings, especially in large-space buildings, including displacement ,20, stra22.12 supplemental gas, planting, harvesting, light supplemental, fertilization, and automatic control systems, and other environmental control equipment. No cooling equipment was installed and the temperature conditioning relied on the mist spray system. The planting area in the greenhouse was divided into two blocks and substrate-cultivated tomatoes were planted in these two blocks, as shown in The greenhouse used in this experiment was a Venlo-type multi-span glass greenhouse, as shown in In the greenhouse, each system was operated by staff and the Hoogendoor system . Each morning at approximately 08:00 h, the staff activated the shed operation, greenhouse control system, sensor system to measure greenhouse temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide, and light measurements as well as automatic control of the greenhouse, such as opening the lee window, circulation fan and fresh air unit, and greenhouse temperature control and dehumidification. Greenhouses are divided into southern and northern regions, which are divided into a number of districts, and manual operation is based on more detailed regulations for different regions of the environment. During the whole test period, the roof windows of the greenhouse, the mist spray system and the circulation fan system remained open to condition indoor air temperature as shown in 2.2The experiments were conducted from June 5–11, 2022, and data from 08:00–18:00 h in typical summer weather were selected for analysis. Considering the layout of the crops grown in the greenhouse, the sensors were arranged according to As shown in As the north and east sides of the greenhouse are neighbors to other indoor zones, and the south and west sides are adjacent to outdoor air, it is necessary to record the differences in different boundaries. A total of eight sensors arranged in two layers, one at the middle height of the cultivation area and one at 1.5 m above the canopy, were placed on the four sidewalls of the greenhouses, as shown in 2 concentration, were measured by a weather station installed outdoors, which was placed in an open area 20 m northwest of the greenhouse.In addition to temperature, humidity was also monitored. Six points were arranged in the greenhouse for wind speed and direction measurements, and each point was divided into two layers, as shown in 33.1After the operational activation of the greenhouse, the indoor environmental control system, including the spraying system, circulating fan, and skylight, was activated, so that the temperature inside the greenhouse increased and humidity decreased, reaching the maximum/minimum value at around 14:00 h. Subsequently, the outdoor temperature decreased, and humidity increased, displaying the same trend in the greenhouse. This indicates that after 14:00 h, the environment inside the greenhouse was influenced more by outdoor factors. The changes in the temperature and humidity in the middle and lower indoor layers were minimal, and there was a distinct stratification phenomenon between the upper and lower layers. The stratification may be attributed to the blocking effect of crops on light and airflow. During the data measurement, there was no obvious difference in the temperature and humidity variation under different weather conditions, which indicates that the weather has little effect on the indoor environment in the greenhouse.3.23.3X is the non-uniform coefficient, smaller X indicates better homogeneity, n is the number of measurement points, Based on the measured data, non-uniform coefficients were calculated to characterize the non-uniformity of the indoor environment in the greenhouse according to Eq. Comparing 3.4Q is the required cooling or heating energy, kJ, a negative value represents heating and a positive value represents cooling; ρ is the density of air, 1.29 kg/m3; V is the volume of the space requiring environmental conditioning; cp is the specific heat capacity of air, 1.01 kJ/(kg•K), Tactual is the measured temperature over time in different layer zones in the greenhouse, K; Tdesired is the corresponding required temperature for the growth period of the crop, In this study, tomato in the fruiting period was the cultivated crop and the desired temperature range was 24–28 °C. Hence, 28 °C was set as the desired cooling temperature and 24 °C was set as the desired heating temperature. During this period, the total energy consumption should be the sum of the heating and cooling energy consumption.With the assumption that only sensible heat is extracted from the greenhouse for simplification, the energy consumption for environmental conditioning to the temperature and humidity required by the crops can be estimated based on the measured actual temperature in the greenhouse using Eq. Based on Eq. Using Eqs. 4In this study, by exploring the stratification phenomena of environmental parameters, including temperature and relative humidity inside the greenhouse and analyzing the non-uniform variation of the greenhouse field environment, it was found that the trends of temperature and relative humidity changes in the greenhouse were contrasting, and relative humidity often decreased when the temperature rose. Compared with the high layer at a height of 4.5 m in the greenhouse, the middle and lower layers of the cultivation area displayed small and stable fluctuations in temperature and humidity, whereas the upper layer of the cultivation area displayed a similar trend of temperature and humidity changes as that of the higher layer at a height of 4.5 m. The cloudy weather conditions had little effect on the temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse but affected the greenhouse walls more significantly. The east wall of the greenhouse displayed the largest temperature and humidity variation due to the longest exposure to sunlight, and the stratification of temperature and humidity on the west wall was more distinct due to shadows created by crops, while the temperature and humidity of the other walls were consistent.2 and crop growth are two more unique and important issue in greenhouses, however, they were not investigated in our study, resulting in short measurement time and less data volume. These issues need to be further considered in our further research to increase crop production.After analysis of measured temperature and humidity, it was found that the non-uniformity in summer in the vertical direction was larger than that in the horizontal direction. This may be caused by the uneven regulation of the environmental control equipment in the greenhouse and buffer shading by the crop. Based on this phenomenon, cultivation zone-specific environmental conditioning was proposed in concept, and the energy-saving potential for the conditioning mode was estimated and compared with that of the overall environmental conditioning. It was found that the energy consumption for the measurement period could be reduced by 69.9 % compared with that of the traditional environmental conditioning mode. Thus, it can be preliminarily concluded that zone-specific environmental conditioning is a promising energy-efficient technique for application in greenhouses. Further research on technology development details of the principle of non-uniform thermal environmental formation is necessary. In addition, in contrast to indoor environmental conditioning in residential buildings, COShaanxi Key Research and Development Program, China (2022ZDLNY03-02), Shaanxi Provincial Technology Innovation Guidance Special Fund, China (2021QFY08-02), and the Scientific & Technological Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi Province, China.This research was financially supported by the Data included in article/supp. Material/referenced the in article.Xianpeng Sun: Writing – original draft, Validation, Project administration, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Jinhong He: Writing – original draft, Validation, Software, Formal analysis. Chuanzhen Li: Writing – original draft, Resources, Investigation, Data curation. Yangda Chen: Project administration, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation. Runjie Li: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Resources, Methodology. Ziteng Wang: Supervision, Resources, Methodology. Weijun Wu: Project administration, Methodology, Investigation. Yapeng Li: Supervision, Software, Conceptualization. Xuxin Guo: Visualization, Software, Resources. Xinke Wang: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


BackgroundCow ghee is a pure and clean animal fat derived from milk and is often recognized as clarified butter. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine as an excellent base for preparing various formulations due to its ability to penetrate deep tissue and be easily absorbed. Cow ghee possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties, making it beneficial for treating skin-associated problems. When applied externally, ointment bases are semisolid preparations for use on the skin or mucous membranes. They are classified into four categories: Hydrocarbon, Absorption, Water-removable, and Water-soluble. In this study, ointment bases were formulated and evaluated using cow ghee and selected conventional ones.Materials and MethodsOintment bases like Cetostearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, soft white paraffin, soft yellow paraffin, paraffin wax, white beeswax, and wool fat were obtained from SD fine chem manufacturer Ltd., Mumbai. Cow ghee was obtained from the Go Vigyan, Anusandhan Kendra, Nagpur. The ointment bases were prepared using pharmacopeia procedures. Cow ghee was used as a base in the preparation of ointment bases with different concentrations than conventional bases. Stability testing was performed per International Conference on Harmonization(ICH) guidelines and various physicochemical parameters like color, appearance, odor, consistency, pH, Spreadability Extrudability, loss on drying, solubility, and washability.ResultsThe ointment bases formulated using cow ghee in combination with selected conventional ointment bases were found to be stable. They exhibited desirable characteristics like non-greasy, attractive appearance, and suitability for various medications and supporting substances. The cow ghee-based ointment bases also showed good spreadability, extrudability, and solubility, indicating their effectiveness as carriers for active components.ConclusionThe study demonstrates the potential of cow ghee as a natural ointment base for the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations. The ointment bases formulated using cow ghee in combination with conventional ointment bases were stable and exhibited desirable physicochemical properties. Thus, using cow ghee as an ointment base can provide a cost-effective and easily accessible alternative for therapeutic use or as a carrier of active components. Cow gheeThe pure and clean animal fat derived from milk is treated as ghee and is often recognized as clarified butter. Cow ghee is used in long-standing Indian development itself. Cow ghee does not spoil longer because it does not include water. Cow ghee's purest form is thin, greasy, and devoid of water, lactose, and other milk particles. For the grounding of Ayurvedic medicines, cow ghee is viewed as an admirable base. Cow ghee is a perfect base for preparing ayurvedic dosage form because of its capacity to penetrate the deeper tissue, cross the cell membrane, and be easily absorbed. According to Ayurveda, ghee's efficiency and medicinal qualities improve as it ages and has a bitter flavor. Five to ten years older ghee is highly favored in several Ayurvedic formulas. Also, it describes cow ghee as an effective medium for delivering medications into the deeper layers of the body's tissue. Lipids are found in human cell membranes, and cow ghee has a highly lipophilic effect. This makes it easier for cow ghee to deliver the medicines to the desired cellular level .In Ayurveda, cow ghee is a natural ointment used in the preparations of medicines as an ointment base ,3. Cow gOintment basesWhen applied externally, the ointment is described as a semisolid preparation intended for use on the skin or mucous membranes. Ointment (semisolid) bases fall into four categories: Hydrocarbon, Absorption, Water removable, and water-soluble. No matter their specific functions, all ointment bases should possess particular qualities. These consist of A. Under distinctive use and storage circumstances, it is chemically and physically stable; B. Nonreactive and suitable for a variety of medications and supporting substances; C. Free from offensive odors; D. No irritating, nontoxic, or no sensitizing; E. Attractive, simple to use, and non-greasy; F. Until it is removed, it remains in contact with the skin ointment bases intended for therapeutic use or as a carrier of active components ,6.AimThe persistence of this work is to formulate and evaluate ointment bases using cow ghee in combination with selected conventional ointment bases.MaterialsThe ointment bases like Cetostearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, soft white paraffin, soft yellow paraffin, paraffin wax, white beeswax, and wool fat were obtained from SD fine chem manufacturer Ltd, Mumbai. Cow ghee was obtained from the Go Vigyan, Anusandhan Kendra, Nagpur. Based on certain factors, a routine or Pharmacopoeia procedure was used to recognize and authenticate cow ghee. The parameters include solubility, pH, loss on drying, ash content, refractive index, specific gravity, saponification value, acid value, iodine value, moisture content, peroxide value, microbial load, zinc content, vitamin C content, heavy metal analysis3, All of the analytical-grade solvents used for titrations to estimate levels of free fatty acids and peroxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai.Preparation of ointment baseIn this procedure, the base components were put in a melting pan at 70°C. After melting, the components were gently swirled while being kept at a temperature of 70°C for about 5 minutes, and then they were continuously cooled to a temperature of 40°C. After being mixed to a smooth consistency, ointments were kept at room temperature (25°C)6. Ointment bases were prepared using pharmacopeia procedures. Later a portion of the lipid is utilized in the procedure and is replaced with cow ghee and prepared ointment bases varying in the concentration of cow ghee.Cow ghee is used as a base in the ointment bases preparation having different concentrations with conventional bases like Cetostearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, Paraffin wax, soft white paraffin and soft yellow paraffin, white beeswax, and wool fat. Cow ghee and conventional bases are heated separately, bestowing to the declining order of melting point, and mixed.Stability of ointment baseThe organoleptic characteristics were examined, and stability testing was performed per ICH guidelines. The stability of the formulation of ointment bases was evaluated regarding variations in physical and chemical factors expected to impact it. Various physicochemical parameters were carried out, like color, appearance, odor, consistency, pH, spreadability, extrudability, loss on drying, solubility, and washability 7.Color and appearanceThe ointment base was precisely weighed at 2 gm, put into the watch glasses, and evaluated visually by the naked eye by placing it against the white background.OdourAccurately weighed 2 gm of ointment base, was taken into watch glasses, and smelled.ConsistencySmooth, and no signs of greediness were found.pHA digital pH meter was used to measure the pH of the bases for ointments. For this, 100 ml of distilled water was used to dissolve 0.5 g of ointment base, and the pH of the mixture was measured.SpreadabilityThe spreadability was assessed by sandwiching extra samples between two slides that had been crushed to a uniform thickness by applying a specific weight for a specific time. Spreadability was determined by measuring the time needed to separate the two slides, and better spreadability is the outcome of separating two slides in less time.The following formula calculated the spreadability.S=M×L/TWhere S= SpreadabilityM= Weight tide to the upper slideL= Length of glass slideT= Time taken to separate the slidesExtrudabilityThe collapsible tube container was filled with the ointment base. The weight of the ointment base needed to extrude 0.5 cm of ointment base ribbon in 10 seconds was used to calculate the extrudability.SolubilitySoluble in boiling water, ether, chloroform, miscible with alcohol.WashabilityAfter applying an ointment base to the skin, the ease of washing with water was evaluated.Non-irritancy TestA prepared ointment base was applied to a human's skin, and the outcome was monitored.HomogeneityBoth the ointment base's visual appearance and tactile uniformity were evaluated. The ointment base's appearance was esteemed according to its color, pearlescence, and roughness.After FeelA predetermined amount of ointment base was pragmatic, and the amount of residue left after the application was evaluated for emollients and slipperiness.Stability StudyThe physical stability of prepared ointment bases was tested for 45 days at various temperatures, including 2°C, 25°C, and 37°C. Within four weeks, it was discovered that the ointment bases were physically stable at three different temperatures, namely 2°C, 25°C, and 37°C.Degradation of ProductUnder expedited sceneries, the ointment bases were checked for any degradation that might have happened throughout the research period.Chemical StabilityDue to the inclusion of ghee, ointment bases were assessed for the amount of free fatty acids they emitted, and lipid peroxide values were determined per Indian norms.As we know, cow ghee has various properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, etc., so in this study, it is used as an ointment base and other ointment bases and evaluated for its compatibility with other ointment bases. We conducted research combining various ghee concentrations with other bases Table  that givThe present study aims to verify the hypothesis that cow ghee provides the better formation of ointment bases with different traditional bases. Cow ghee used in conventional medicine is reported to have a beneficial effect on wound healing. Thus, we selected Cow as an ointment base for the ointment preparation with different traditional bases .Although cow ghee is a standard Ayurvedic remedy, its potential for use has yet to be thoroughly investigated due to its lower stability. Consequently, this research was carried out to examine the use of cow ghee as an ointment base in the topical dosage form. It might be utilized as a replacement for the current topical ointment base in the forthcoming. Combining cow ghee with herbal medications or phytoconstituents as a base with traditional ointment bases might produce an effective herbal formulation. In this research, we prepared ointment bases with cow ghee having different concentrations from conventional bases, and their stability was also measured. All the required ointment bases are procured, and a routine Pharmacopoeia procedure was used to recognize and authenticate it. Cetostearyl alcohol, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, soft white paraffin, soft yellow paraffin, paraffin wax, white beeswax, and wool fat are all ointment bases selected. Based on certain factors, a routine or Pharmacopoeia procedure was used to recognize and authenticate cow ghee .The parameters include solubility, pH, loss on drying, ash content, refractive index, specific gravity, saponification value, acid value, iodine value, moisture content, and peroxide value, which was performed for cow ghee . After tPrepared all formulations of ointment bases are tested for their physical and chemical stability by studying various parameters like color, odor, consistency, pH, spreadability, washability, non-irritancy, and stability study at multiple temperatures  . This aloC, 25oC, and 37oC. The findings from ointment base formulations F5, F6, F8, and F9 were superior in texture and spreadability to the other combination of formulated ointment bases. Also, these ointment bases formulation was chemically stable, and there were no significant changes in free fatty acid level value. It is possible to prepare ointment bases containing cow ghee as a base with conventional bases; the prepared ointment bases were physically and chemically stable for at least 45 days at various temperatures like 2