It had better water absorption (76.7%) than WF (55.8%), a stability of 5.82 min, and a zero-gluten index. The scores obtained by BWB1 for the organoleptic test were as follows: Appearance: 4.81; color: 4.85; texture: 4.78; taste: 4.56; flavor: 4.37; and overall acceptability: 4.7. This study shows that BF improved the nutritional quality of the product, organoleptic properties, α-amylase activity, viscosity, and phytochemical profile, resulting in composite flour suitable for the production of functional bread.The aim of this paper is to improve the nutritional quality of bakery products by replacing wheat flour (WF) with different proportions  of baobab flour (BF). The composite flours and bread obtained were evaluated from nutritional, physical-chemical, phytochemical, organoleptic, and rheological points of view. The results obtained show that BF is a rich source of minerals , lipids (1.56 ± 0.02 mg/100 g), and carbohydrates (76.34 ± 0. 06 mg/100 g) as well as for the phytochemical profile. In this regard, the maximum contents for the total polyphenols content (TPC) were recorded in the case of bread with 30% BF (297.63 ± 1.75 mg GAE/100 g), a total flavonoids content (TFC) of 208.06 ± 0.002 mg QE/100 g, and 66.72 ± 0.07% for antioxidant activity (AA). Regarding the physical-chemical, rheological, and organoleptic analysis, the bread sample with 10% BF (BWB1) was the best among the samples with different proportions of BF. It presented a smooth, porous appearance (73.50 ± 0.67% porosity) and an elastic core (85 ± 0.27% elasticity) with a volume of 155.04 ± 0.95 cm Triticum vulgare) is an ancient and important flour used for bread making because of the unique baking qualities that it imparts to the dough, namely, extensibility and a viscoelastic structure, which is related to the presence of its constituent gluten protein ..30].WAI is a function of flour composition  and has an impact on the dough yield. In the case of our study, the WAI was found to be highest in composite flours (8) and lowest in WF (2). According to ,51, the MI gives information on the stability, development time, and weakening of the dough during mixing at 30 °C . GI giveVI is a function of amylase activity and starch quality. It represents the increase in viscosity during heating ,51. In oFlour and bread samples were subjected to phytochemical analyses, namely, the total polyphenol content (mg/100 g), total flavonoid content (mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (%) .−1. On the other hand, Cisse Ibrahima (2012) [−1). This difference between the results can be explained by the variation in the constitution of the baobab depending on its geographical area [The analysis of the data obtained shows that the higher the amount of BF in the different flours or bread, the higher the total polyphenol (TP) content. For both flour and bread samples, there is a significant difference between the samples with different proportions of BF and the control samples. It can also be seen that the highest TP content is found in the flour or bread samples with 30% baobab (BWF3: 296.1 ± 3.29 mg GAE/100 g and BWB3: 297.63 ± 1.75 mg GAE/100 g). This is also the finding of . Indeed,a (2012)  reportedcal area ,54.Concerning the total flavonoid content, it is more than 200 times more abundant in BF than in WF. There is thus a significant difference between the flavonoid contents of BF and WF. We have, respectively, 1.72 ± 0.08 mg/100 g and 213.13 ± 0.08 mg/100 g for BF and WF. In addition, there is a significant increase in the flavonoid value as the proportion of BF increases in the different flours as well as in the bread. Thus, from 70.53 ± 0.08 mg/100 g for BWF1, it increased to 138.97 ± 0.81 mg/100 g for BWF3, and from 44.05 ± 0.81 mg/100 g for BWB1, it reached 208.06 ± 0.002 mg/100 g for BWB 3. The partial substitution of WF with BF is thus at the origin of the abundance of flavonoids in the composite flours and bread obtained compared to the standard samples, thanks to the richness in flavonoids of the baobab .The same observations made for the total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were also made for antioxidant activity (AA). Baobab flour has a high AA (86.62 ± 0.04%) compared to WF (31.77 ± 0.43%). Thus, in the composite flours, the AA is increasingly higher with the proportion of BF in them. We have, respectively, 82.08 ± 0.04%, 82.86 ± 0.56%, and 84.86 ± 0.01% for BWF1, BWF2, and BWF3. The same pattern was repeated for the bread. We have 31.00 ± 0.09% for WB and, respectively, 58.86 ± 0.01%, 61.66 ± 0.02%, and 66.72 ± 0.07% for BWB1, BWB2, and BWB3. Similar observations were made by Barakat, H. (2021) , who poiFollowing all the data regarding the bioactive compounds, it can be highlighted that the substitution of BF by WF significantly increased the phytochemical properties of composite flours and bread. Baobab is therefore an alternative for the formulation of bread products with high antioxidant activity and high polyphenol and flavonoid contents without the use of chemical additives.To determine the acceptability of the bread, a sensory evaluation was obtained regarding the different pieces of bread . The senThe analysis of this figure shows that the control sample (WB) obtained the best scores independently of the evaluation criteria . We agree with this remark ,35. AmonAdansonia digitata L.) pulp flour for cake making and the organoleptic properties of their prepared cakes, he came to the conclusion that the addition of 5–10% BF has no drastic effect on the organoleptic characteristics of the cake, so the addition of 15% was still acceptable. However, at higher substitution levels, the organoleptic characteristics are affected. In contrast, Mounjouenpou et al. [Adansonia digitata L.) pulp flour on the sensory acceptability and nutritional composition of rice crackers, reported that the substitution with 20% BF improved the sensory and nutritional qualities of rice crackers.In Barakat’s  studies u et al. , in theiFollowing the results of the sensory analysis, it can be seen that the samples with a higher baobab content scored lower compared to the samples with 10% baobab flour, probably due to the fact that baobab flour adds a tangy and citrusy flavor to the products, which was not to the consumers’ liking.In the framework of our study, and based on our results, we can say that the incorporation of BF in bread making should not exceed 10% in order to maintain the characteristics of the bread obtained.This study highlighted the nutritional, phytochemical, physicochemical, rheological, and organoleptic properties of baobab flour in bread making. It revealed that baobab can be a source of fortification for bakery products, especially bread. The partial substitution of wheat flour for baobab flour has resulted in composite flours and bread with better nutritional compositions, particularly in minerals, than standard bread made with 100% wheat flour. It is also an alternative to reducing gluten in bread, as baobab does not contain any. This study also reveals an improvement in phytochemical parameters due to the substitution of wheat flour with baobab. Nevertheless, with a high substitution rate, although the nutritional and phytochemical values increase, we obtain bread that is less appreciated from the organoleptic point of view. This also affects the physical-chemical and rheological characteristics. Therefore, with a substitution rate not exceeding 10%, the bread obtained is not only rich in nutrients and presentable from the physical-chemical point of view but it is also well appreciated by the consumer and has no negative effects on the rheological and technological characteristics.


Strong social support promotes a variety of positive health outcomes in humans and rodent models, while social isolation in rodents shortens lifespan, perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness) can increase mortality by up to 50% in humans. How social relationships lead to these drastic health effects is unclear, but may involve modulation of the peripheral immune system. The reward circuitry of the brain and social behaviors undergo a critical period of development during adolescence. We published that microglia-mediated synaptic pruning occurs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) reward region during adolescence to mediate social development in male and female rats. We hypothesized that if reward circuitry activity and social relationships directly impact the peripheral immune system, then natural developmental changes in the reward circuitry and social behaviors during adolescence should also directly impact the peripheral immune system. To test this, we inhibited microglial pruning in the NAc during adolescence, and then collected spleen tissue for mass spectrometry proteomic analysis and ELISA validation. We found that the global proteomic consequences of inhibiting microglial pruning in the NAc were similar between the sexes, but target-specific examination suggests that NAc pruning impacts Th1 cell-related immune markers in the spleen in males, but not females, and broad neurochemical systems in the spleen in females, but not males. Strong social support promotes a variety of positive health outcomes in humans and rodent models, while social isolation in rodents shortens lifespan, perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness) can increase mortality by up to 50% in humans , 2. How e spleen , 9. ThesThe reward circuitry of the brain and social behaviors undergo a critical period of development during adolescence. One neurodevelopmental mechanism that appears to be common across brain regions and developmental periods is the requirement for synaptic pruning to produce mature neural communication and circuits. In many cases, this is mediated via immune signaling: microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, express complement receptor 3 (CR3/CD11b) which binds to its ligand C3, a phagocytic ‘tag’ that associates with weak or inactive synapses designated for pruning –12. We pAdult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased to be breeding pairs (Harlan/Envigo). Litters were culled to a maximum of 12 pups between postnatal day (P)2–5, and pups were weaned into same-sex housing in pairs or triplets at P21. At least 3 litters were represented in each experimental group. Rats were housed in conventional cages on cellulose bedding with ad libitum access to food and water. Colonies were maintained on a 12:12 light:dark cycle (lights on a 07:00) in a temperature- (20–24°C) and humidity- (35–55 RH) controlled room. Cages were changed twice weekly. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Albany Medical College.Rats underwent surgical intervention at either P22  or P30  according to our previously published sex-specific NAc pruning periods . Rats wehttps://www.creative-proteomics.com/).Rats were euthanized 8 days after surgery, a time point we have published that molecular and behavioral effects of NIF treatment are evident in both sexes , and per200μg protein per sample was precipitated with cold acetone. Pellets were dissolved in 2M urea and denatured with 10mM DTT for 1hr at 56°C followed by alkylation with 50nM IAA for 1hr at room temperature in the dark. Ammonium bicarbonate was added to a final concentration of 50mM, pH 7.8, and trypsin was added to the sample for digestion for 15 hrs at 37°C. Peptides were purified with a C18 SPE column and lyophilized to near dryness. Peptides were resuspended in 20μL of 0.1% formic acid before LC-MS/MS analysis. 1μg of sample was loaded onto a nanoLC-MS/MS platform. The full scan was performed between 300–1650 m/z at a resolution of 60,000 at 200 m/z. The gain was set to 3e6. The MS/MS scan operated in Top 20 mode with 15,000 at 200 m/z resolution, 1e5 automatic gain control target, 19ms maximum injection time, 28% normalized collision energy, 1.4 Th isolation window, unassigned, 1, >6 charge state exclusion, and 30 sec dynamic exclusion. Raw MS files were aligned with the rat protein database using Maxquant (1.6.1.14). Protein modifications were carbamidomethylation (fixed), oxidation (variable), the enzyme specificity was set to trypsin, the maximum missed cleavage was set to 2, the precursor ion mass tolerance was set to 10 ppm, and the MS/MS tolerance was 0.5 Da.t-tests were performed between NIF and Vehicle groups for each sex. In the case of duplicate protein IDs, the ID corresponding to the smallest p-value was retained and the others were excluded from analysis. Protein groups that were significantly changed by NIF treatment  were assessed for global proteomic summary, including Pearson’s correlation of NIF-induced changes in all proteins between the sexes  and excluded from statistical analysis. All statistics were performed in GraphPad Prism 9.5.1.Data from Creative Proteomics were quality controlled in-house: any proteins that had more than one sample in which they were not detected (0 intensity) within the group of 3–4 total samples was excluded from analysis. In proteins with just one non-detected sampled, the average of the other 2–3 samples was used to replace the 0. he sexes . Benjamihe sexes . ProteinBecause the male and female NAc pruning period is sex-specific , we perfnot regulated in the same direction  in males and 299 DEPs in females. Sixty of these proteins were differentially expressed in both sexes, and of these only one protein was irection . A heatmirection , which wdata not shown).As discussed in t(15)=2.417, p=0.029; females: t(13)=0.157, p=0.878). NIF treatment did not statistically significantly regulate either IFNγ =1.383, p=0.187; females: t(12)=1.439, p=0.176) or TNFα =1.904, p=0.078; females: t(13)=0.298, p=0.771) in the spleen of either sex.We could not discern a pattern or testable consequence of the female-specific splenic DEPs shown in t(14)=1.195, p=0.252; females: t(12)=3.756, p=0.003); NA =1.108, p=0.285; females: t(12)=2.268, p=0.043)). There was no statistically significant change in TH expression in the spleen resulting from NAc NIF treatment =0.291, p=0.775; females: t(13)=1.715, p=0.110).Finally, we tested whether neurochemical systems more broadly important for splenic immune function are altered by NAc pruning during adolescence . AcetylcIn this set of studies, we determined how microglia-mediated synaptic pruning in the NAc during adolescence impacts the proteomic landscape in the spleen in male and female rats. We observed that globally, there were similar changes occurring in male and female spleen in response to inhibition of NAc pruning, despite NAc pruning occurring at different adolescent ages in each sex . However, the sets of DEPs regulated by pruning were unique to each sex, which led us to examine immune and splenic neurochemistry in more detail. Inhibiting NAc pruning during adolescence in males  increased expression of IL-2 in the spleen, while in females  inhibiting NAc pruning during adolescence increased ACh and NA expression in the spleen.Since the recognition of social withdrawal and anhedonia reliably accompanies sickness , the fiesingle developmental mechanism, synaptic pruning, within a single brain region, the NAc, significantly impacts the spleen. However, it is still possible that the NAc is a red herring. Inhibiting microglial pruning in the NAc not only changes the local NAc environment, it changes social behavior by increasing social play acutely during adolescence [Several studies have shown that prolonged social stress, including prolonged social stress during adolescence , resultslescence . Becauselescence , 32. Mallescence  so stop natural NAc pruning during adolescence serves to increase splenic Phf11 and IL-2 levels in males, but not females. This could be accomplished by Th1 cells (or other immune cells) increasing experiencing an increase in Phf11, which then increases IL-2 via its transcriptional upregulation. It could also be accomplished by just having a higher concentration of Th1 cells in the spleen. T cell egress from the spleen is reported [While only one splenic DEP was significantly regulated by inhibiting microglial pruning in the NAc in males after correcting for multiple comparisons, it turned out to be lead us down an informative path. Phf11 is associated with allergy atopic dermatitis in children . It is ereported , 38, so natural NAc pruning during adolescence serves to decrease these systems in the spleen in females, but not males. In the case of NA, it is possible that sympathetic neural innervation to the spleen is being refined during adolescence. TH is loosely considered to be a marker of neural innervation in the spleen [In females, inhbiting microglial pruning in the NAc during adolescence resulted in more significantly regulated splenic DEPs after multiple comparisons correction, but none of the DEPs (to my non-immunologist eyes) were clearly leading us to test other immune factors as was the case in the males. However, because of the opposing neurochemical systems at play in the spleen, ACh promoting anti-inflammation and NA promoting inflammation, we sought to test whether there were changes in these more broad systems. Inhibiting microglial pruning in the NAc increased ACh and NA levels in the spleen in females, but not males. That means that e spleen , but thee spleen , 25. Mordisease, in a very broad sense of the word.We have presented data indicating that development with the reward circuitry during adolescence has a sex-specific impact on the spleen. We have also shown that microglial pruning in the NAc is important for acute and persistent social outcomes , 39. TheSupplement 1


The prevalence of gastrointestinal strongyles was 68.6%, with reindeer in zoos having a lower prevalence than reindeer from private farms. This study presents an overview on husbandry, feeding, and endoparasite prevalence in captive reindeer in Switzerland and provides basic data for breeders and veterinarians dealing with this deer species.In Switzerland, reindeer are exclusively kept in captivity. The aim of the present work was to evaluate and summarize management and feeding practices, and to examine the prevalence of endoparasite infections in Swiss reindeer. A total of 67 animals from eight different farms and zoos were evaluated. On two visits to the farms and zoos, a standardized questionnaire was completed by the breeders and/or animal husbandry managers, the animals were weighed, and fecal samples were collected. All reindeer were fed roughage ad libitum and supplementary feed for reindeer or other browsers, with different compositions in each herd. Males over two years of age weighed from 60 kg up to 127.5 kg, whereas females had a body weight from 53.5 kg to 86.5 kg. The prevalence of gastrointestinal strongyles was 68.6% (46/67), with reindeer in zoos having a lower prevalence  than reindeer from private farms . Capillaria sp., Strongyloides sp., and Trichuris sp. were detected in lower prevalences (<24%) and were also more frequent in private farms. Intestinal protozoa, as well as fluke and tapeworms, were not detected in any herd. This study provides an overview on husbandry, feeding, and endoparasite prevalence in reindeer in Switzerland and should be of help for breeders and veterinarians dealing with this animal species.The aim of the present work was to provide an overview of management and feeding practices, and the prevalence of endoparasite infections in captive Swiss reindeer. On two visits to eight farms or zoos, a standardized questionnaire was completed. A total of 67 reindeer were weighed, and fecal samples were collected. The primary management concerns voiced by owners/managers were feeding and successful breeding. All reindeer were fed roughage  Rangifer tarandus) are deer species within the genus Rangifer [Reindeer or caribou  in Switzerland were contacted to participate in this study, and eight of them accepted the invitation; one farmer declined it due to time constraints.The participating owners or zoo veterinarians were asked to complete a questionnaire with 135 questions . The queIn addition, individual coproparasitological analyses of all reindeer in the study were carried out between 5 September 2021 and 30 September 2021. To obtain fecal samples, animals were physically restrained for less than one minute, and rectal fecal samples were taken. The same approach was undertaken for each visit in six herds. In only two zoos were fresh fecal samples collected from the ground right after defecation. Each animal was weighed on a portable scale (TRU-TEST EziWeigh 1) and body condition score (BCS), ranging from one (low) to four (high) was assessed according to Laaksonen and Nieminen (2005) . For anin = 67) were examined using a combined sedimentation/flotation technique with a saturated zinc chloride solution (specific gravity 1.45) for cestode and nematode eggs, and coccidia using at least five grams of feces, and also by a sedimentation technique for trematode eggs [n = 44) [n = 53) were additionally examined for lungworms using the Baermann–Wetzel technique [Fecal samples were refrigerated, transported to the laboratory, and examined within a week after collection and always by the same person. All fecal samples (ode eggs . If nema[n = 44) . In fiveechnique . In one echnique ,12,13.Giardia duodenalis coproantigens using a commercial ELISA , and for Cryptosporidium parvum antigens using a rapid immunochromatographic test . Aliquots for 65 of 67 fecal samples were stored at −20 °C for coproantigen detection using commercial kits. In two samples, there were not enough material left to include them in this procedure. Samples were thawed for 24 h, and then analyzed for Microsoft Excel 365 for Windows  was used to analyze data and to create the results. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated with the Sample Size Calculators by UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute . The queThis study was carried out in accordance with the Swiss animal welfare legislation and was authorized by the involved cantonal animal welfare committees . All participating reindeer keepers gave written consent for all examinations and for the publication of the results thereof. All collected data, as well as the subsequent evaluations, were processed confidentially.Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and one Eurasian wild boreal forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) herds. The average herd size was 8.15, the smallest with two animals and the biggest with nineteen. Four of the eight animal stocks were located in zoos and the rest were private keepings. The location of these herds ranged in altitude from 300 to 1300 m above sea level. The participating zoos have kept reindeer since 1935 and the private breeders since 2009 to 2018, respectively. In autumn 2021, a total of sixty-seven reindeer were distributed on eight participating herds in Switzerland, consisting of seven Eurasian tundra reindeer . Castrated animals only occurred in private keepings. All zoos had one adult intact male within their herd and one zoo had a male calf. All other intact males belonged to private herds (eight/thirteen).The age and sex distribution of the 67 Swiss reindeer is shown in Most animals (22/67) of the study population were between one and four years of age. Seven out of thirteen intact males were between one and four years old. Most of the males older than four years were castrated (seven/nine). There were nine calves (younger than one year). In autumn 2020, there were twenty-seven females and one male of fertilizing age. A third of the productive population reproduced in between autumn 2020 and autumn 2021.The main reason for keeping reindeer were educational purposes (four/eight); these were all located in zoos. Other purposes for keeping were animal rental for Christmas markets, walks, photoshoots; sponsorships; or as a pure leisure pursuit. The facility with the boreal forest reindeer also aims at breeding for the conservation of the species (EAZA Ex Situ Program). None of the animal owners lived solely on the income from keeping or breeding reindeer.All animals were kept in a permanent enclosure throughout the year. The height of the fence varied from 1.2 m up to 2.8 m. All the private keepings and one zoo had fencing of at least 2 m in height. All the herds had access to at least one stable with a concrete floor. In winter, seven of eight herds had parts of their barn floor bedded with straw or sawdust. One herd’s stable floor was lined with coffee bean shells covered with straw all year round. Four of eight herds’ enclosures comprised pasture, while the remaining four had ground with stones, gravel, or marl; three had wood chips and two a forest floor. All the herd enclosures had some hard floor with concrete at least in the barn; one herd additionally had pavement. Enclosures were cleaned once a day in six herds, twice a day in one herd, and every second day in one herd. In half of the herds (four/eight), the whole enclosure was cleaned, in three herds just the most frequented sites, and in one only the stable was cleaned. The artificial water facilities comprised fountains (four/eight), basins or buckets (two/eight), and automatic or self-drinkers (two/eight) in or near the barn, and a few farms had a stream or creek in the enclosure (three/eight). In winter, one herd was subjected to complete snow cover over the whole winter, three herds had occasional snow in winter, and four herds had snow only sporadically.The feeding management in each participating herd is shown in ad libitum in all herds, but only three herd keepers could indicate the amount fed per day, so that the consumed amount could be estimated. Roughage was primarily hay of the second cut (75%), coarse hay (25%), haylage (25%), and hay chaff (13%). The coarse hay was fed together with the haylage. Five herds had the availability of grass in at least one season of the year. The feed residues were estimated by the owners or animal keepers. The estimations vary from 10% up to 50% feed residues. Most of the owners/keepers added that it varies depending on the season. Roughage was fed Pelleted feed was offered in all the herds daily see . All herThe challenges in reindeer husbandry mentioned by reindeer owners/keepers more than once were feeding or changes in feeding (seven/eight); keeping males in rut, breeding season (four/eight); the management of calves (three/eight); and the management of endoparasites (three/eight). Management challenges that were mentioned once included handling wild animals; the enclosure being a stagnant pasture; the keeping of the animals within the enclosure and suitable ground; the ability of the animal to disguise clinical signs; the lack of knowledge about how a healthy animal presents; and the lack of veterinary knowledge.In all of the privately kept herds, the reindeer were used to being haltered and were occasionally walked. In two zoos, animals were not handled, including those from which fecal samples were collected from the ground. In five of the eight herds, hoof care was performed as needed when hooves were too long, while in three herds, hoof care was not performed except when animals presented lame.Haemonchus contortus infection, ectoparasites, intestinal obstruction, alopecia, dental problems, babesiosis, pneumonia, enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens, antler injury, emaciation, pharyngeal congestion, myiasis of the antlers, eye inflammation, and infertility. All these health problems did not necessarily result in the death of the animals.The most mentioned health problems in the questionnaire were diarrhea, lameness, and young animal problems . Other health problems mentioned were the acute death of animals, endoparasites including two cases of Most diseases causing death were confirmed by a veterinarian, but not all by a pathological examination at necropsy. The most mentioned known death causes in the questionnaire were enterotoxemia, intestinal obstruction, and euthanasia because of brachygnathia inferior or because of trauma due to forkel injury (injury by antlers).The mean body weight and range (min–max) in different sex and age groups are shown in Trichuris sp. or Strongyloides sp. infections was the same , but the prevalence of infection at the animal level was higher for Trichuris sp.  than for Strongyloides sp. . One third of the herds had animals with Capillaria sp. infections, and the prevalence at the animal level was 23.9% . Gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS) were the most frequently recorded parasites both at the animal and herd levels (>50%). The prevalence of herds with Fasciola hepatica or Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs, nor larvae of any lungworm species, were detected by the sedimentation and Baermann–Wetzel techniques, respectively, in any of the 67 fecal samples. Neither Eimeria spp. oocysts nor tapeworm eggs were detected by the sedimentation/flotation technique. All the samples tested negative by ELISA for Giardia duodenalis and by the FASTest® for Cryptosporidium parvum coproantigens.Neither The prevalence and the 95% confidence intervals of the detected endoparasite species in Swiss reindeer at both the animal and at the herd levels are shown in n = 18) did not shed parasite stages or did so in such low numbers that they could not be detected. The largest proportion of the study population had a single evidenced infection with GIS . All the mixed infections included infection with GIS besides other parasite species. Most of them had an additional infection with Capillaria sp. (9%). The second most common mixed infection was a triple infection with GIS, Capillaria sp., and Trichuris sp. (6%). This was followed by a dual infection with GIS and Trichuris sp. (4%). Only one animal had a mixed infection with GIS and Strongyloides sp. (1%). In one herd, a larval culture was performed and 92% of the third-stage larvae found were identified as Haemonchus contortus. The prevalence of parasite infections in the entire study population, including samples in which no parasite eggs were found and samples with mixed infections, is shown in Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., and Strongyloides sp. When the population was divided into two housing groups (zoos vs. private keepings), the prevalence of nematode infections was higher in privately kept animals than in zoos for all the parasites listed in Trichuris sp. eggs were detected, a McMaster was performed, revealing egg burdens of 100 (Trichuris) EpG in one animal and <50 EpG in the four remaining reindeer. In addition, a McMaster was also performed for nine of the twelve animals infected with Capillaria sp., and egg counts between 50 and 400 EpG in five of the animals and <50 EpG in the remaining ones were obtained. The results of the McMaster technique, which was performed with forty-four samples derived from eight herds, are shown in Anthelmintics were used in every herd. All the zoos used the active substance fenbendazol in pellets or in a powdered form. The private herds used active substances such as fenbendazole, moxidectin, doramectin, monepantel, or a combination of levamisole and triclabendazole. In one herd, toltrazuril was administered once a year. https://www.sbv-usp.ch/fileadmin/sbvuspch/04_Medien/Agristat_aktuell/2021/Aktuell_AGRISTAT_2021-09.pdf) (accessed on 28 March 2023). The number of reindeer herds in Switzerland is 1.45% of registered captive deer farms (nine of six hundred and eighty-nine farms) with an average herd size of 8.15 animals and a range of two to nineteen animals. Swiss reindeer herds are smaller than captive Swiss deer herds. Although reindeer have a life expectancy of up to 20 years, the current population consisted mainly of animals less than 10 years (76%), and only one animal was over 15 years old. Most of the older animals were imported from Germany or Sweden, which provided age information at the time of import. The aim of this study was to investigate the farm structure and management, feeding practices, endoparasite prevalence, and the general health situation of reindeer in Switzerland. The actual total Swiss reindeer population is small with 78 animals. Compared with other captive wild hoof stock, it corresponds to 0.6% of the fallow and red deer population  in Switzerland  . HoweverThe substrate in the enclosures varied. For captive deer, a partial hard floor is recommended for good hoof abrasion, e.g., gravel or stones in the most frequented areas. However, several breeders with this type of floor have had lameness in their reindeer herd, citing sprains or sole abscesses due to entered stone. The feeding of the reindeer varied among herds. The dietary composition changed with the vegetation period and the seasonal availability of the feed components, whereas the composition of supplementary feed at an individual herd level largely depended on ingredient availability, preferences, and the convenience of the individual owner. Reindeer are classified as intermediate mixed ruminant feeders ,17. In tIt is noticeable that the estimated remaining feed varied greatly between herds. This is likely caused by the estimation instead of the measurement of the remaining feed by the owners and keepers. However, constant access to roughage is crucial for ruminants, and all owners and keepers stated that roughage was fed ad libitum. 0.75 [The amount and composition of supplementary feed differed between the different Swiss herds. Zoos fed a greater amount of fresh ingredients , such as vegetables or fruit, than private farms . This is probably due to the better availability of vegetables and other perishable foods in zoos that are simultaneously required for other species. Furthermore, the amount of supplementary feed was higher for reindeer in zoos than in private husbandries. In general, there is a risk of over conditioning reindeer in captivity due to inadequate feeding. Reindeer’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) in winter was assumed to be 293 kJ/kg0.75 . EspeciaFeeding was considered the most challenging aspect for owners, keepers, and zoo veterinarians when it came to dietary composition, amount, and frequency. This is illustrated through the varied feeding management approaches between farms. Reindeer must be considered a species whose dietary habits and nutritional needs may not be met through the offered feed sources available in Switzerland. Each farm or zoo chooses a different, individual approach that is based on their own empirical experience. It is important to assess the nutrients and minerals in captive reindeer and compare them with data available for samples collected from wild reindeer; this will help establish feeding recommendations for captive reindeer. Keeping a stag was considered difficult, especially during the rut, by at least 50% of the survey respondents. However, all herds had at least one stag or used to have one, because of breeding purposes. In 2020, of the herds that had a stag for breeding (six/eight), only three herds had live offspring, with a total of nine calves. The management of newborns and calves was also considered challenging, especially for zoos who reported that it is difficult to produce healthy offspring. When offspring is born, it is difficult to keep them alive, because they are sometimes born weak or underweight.Of all the reported deaths, 23/41 were calves younger than six months of age. This suggests difficulties in producing live offspring and having them thrive through the first year of life. In 2020, 40% of the population were females old enough to breed and had a sexually mature stag in their herd, resulting in a total of 27 females able to reproduce. However, only nine calves were alive in autumn 2021 suggesting that one third of females were not able to reproduce successfully. Pregnancy rates in wild populations normally exceed 60% and in adult domestic flocks it may approach 100% . Even thBody weights varied by sex and age . In anotThe body weights of older females ranged from 30.5 kg to 86.5 kg, with females weighing less than 60 kg in all age groups. The optimal criteria for reproduction and calf production cannot be met if the live weight of the females does not exceed 60 kg ,24. It in = 67) was 73% or 49/67 . In addition, coprocultures and the differentiation of third-stage larvae were performed on one farm during this study, confirming a heavy burden of H. contortus in all animal age groups. The findings from this farm were also confirmed by the Swiss Consulting and Health Service for Small Ruminants  (unpublished data). The clinical signs of haemonchosis in the farm were diarrhea, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, and submandibular edema in a late stage. In this same herd, the highest EpG numbers were found. The animal, which was hardest hit by clinical signs had a count of 7100 EpG in our fecal analyses on samples taken one week before the clinical signs were strongest. The herd was treated with levamisol and triclabendazol and the animal fully recovered. A McMaster performed two weeks after deworming showed an almost 100% efficacy of the anthelminthic treatment. Compared with protozoa, more gastrointestinal nematodes were found in the Swiss reindeer population. The highest prevalence of 68.9% (CI 95%: 56.2–79.4) was identified for GIS. This prevalence is very similar to the prevalence of 75.6% reported in 2019 for reindeer calves in Fennoscandia [ontortus . HaemoncCapillaria sp. In this study, the prevalence of Capillaria sp. was 23.9% (CI 95% 14.3–35.9), which was lower than in other studies that found a prevalence of 60% in semi-domesticated reindeer calves, while the frequency was much lower in their adult counterparts [Capillaria spp. appear to be a predominant parasite in reindeer zoo enclosures [Capillaria sp. infections was a zoo. Two of these herds, including the zoo, had calves in 2021. Although these parasites shed eggs all year-round, they appear to be most prevalent during the cold winter months [Capillaria sp. has also not been associated with specific clinical signs in ruminants [Another parasite of ruminants that occurs in the small intestine is terparts . In addiclosures . It is iuminants , yet it uminants . Trichuris spp. can lead to acute or chronic inflammation in the caecum [Trichuris spp. are not commonly observed in reindeer in Europe [Trichuris spp. have been reported from Russian reindeer herds [Trichuris sp. in reindeer calves was only 0.6%, the prevalence in Switzerland seems to be high [Trichuris spp. may be a component of the Wasting Syndrome Complex, a condition involving chronic diarrhea and the loss of body weight and condition [Trichuris sp. infection had a co-infection with GIS or GIS and Capillaria sp. Furthermore, the only two herds where animals shed Trichuris sp. eggs were herds that had calves. Five out of the seven Trichuris infections were recorded in calves younger than one year old. The other two animals were one-and-half and eleven-and-a-half years old. It is evident that these two animals with 13,200 EpG and 10,750 EpG excreted the most GIS eggs per gram of feces of the entire study population infect their hosts. Reindeer without pastures may spend less time feeding from the ground, where they also defecate, and therefore have less chance of (re-)infecting themselves. Another argument could be that more areas, sometimes even the entire enclosure, are cleaned more frequently in zoos than in private keepings resulting in a reduced parasite burden. The difference in prevalence of parasite infection in zoos and in private farms is shown in This study is the first to evaluate captive reindeer husbandry, feeding, and management practices in Switzerland. The findings that GIS are more common in some herds will help reindeer keepers and veterinarians to better plan diagnostic and preventative strategies, especially concerning management practices. However, it would be of value to further investigate this subject over a longer period of time to see how parasite burden changes throughout the year and to focus on management factors to determine which are crucial.


Magnetic domain-wall devices such as racetrack memory and domain-wall shift registers facilitate massive data storage as hard disk drives with low power portability as flash memory devices. The key issue to be addressed is how perfectly the domain-wall motion can be controlled without deformation, as it can replace the mechanical motion of hard disk drives. However, such domain-wall motion in real media is subject to the stochasticity of thermal agitation with quenched disorders, resulting in severe deformations with pinning and tilting. To sort out the problem, we propose and demonstrate a new concept of domain-wall control with a position error-free scheme. The primary idea involves spatial modulation of the spin-orbit torque along nanotrack devices, where the boundary of modulation possesses broken inversion symmetry. In this work, by showing the unidirectional motion of domain wall with position-error free manner, we provide an important missing piece in magnetic domain-wall device development. For magnetic domain-wall devices, key issue to be addressed is nonstochastic displacement of magnetic domain wall. Here, authors report domain-wall control with a position error-free scheme via spin-orbit torque modulation along nanotrack devices. Then, with the movement of such magnetic domains along the tracks, stored data bits can be accessed sequentially at the read-and-write junctions. This data access scheme is basically the same as that of hard disk drives7, which store data bits in a sequence of magnetic domains along azimuthal tracks on circular disks. With the rotation of these circular disks, stored data bits can be accessed by read-and-write heads. Instead of such mechanical rotation in hard disk drives, magnetic domain-wall devices utilize current-induced magnetic domain-wall motion16 on mechanically fixed tracks. Thus, magnetic domain-wall devices offer better stability and lower power consumption than hard disk drives while maintaining massive data storage capabilities. Therefore, extensive efforts have been devoted toward the development of better-performing magnetic domain-wall devices with fast operation speeds12 and low power consumption13.In magnetic domain-wall devices17 and stochastic pinning at quenched disorders in real media22. The current-induced Oersted field is known to tilt domain walls15. Fairly recently, researchers have discovered that the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction25 also exerts large tilting torques on domain walls in chiral magnetic materials17. Here, the tilting directions are opposite between up–down and down–up domain walls. Thus, such tilting causes collision and collapse between adjacent up–down and down–up domain walls. Synthetic antiferromagnetic layers26 have been adopted to avoid tilting by compensating for the tilting torques between antiferromagnetically aligned magnetic layers. However, even with such synthetic antiferromagnetic layers, tilting and deformation are induced by the stochastic pinning and depinning processes with quenched disorders22, and such quenched disorders are inevitably generated during the deposition of real media.Controlling domain-wall motion as perfectly as mechanical motion is the most critical issue in magnetic domain-wall devices. However, unfortunately, domain-wall motion exhibits current-induced tilting30, additional layered structures31, and local modification of magnetic properties33. However, such artificial structures create an additional pinning potential that pins the domain walls inside. A stronger pinning potential is desirable for more precise position control of domain walls. However, a stronger pinning potential also requires a higher electric current to depin from the potential. Thus, a dilemma exists in determining the pinning potential strength to achieve precise position control and low power consumption. As optimizing solely for precise position control is not possible, such compromised pinning structures are inevitably accompanied by position errors. Several correction software technologies are actively being explored35 to address these inevitable position errors.Owing to the stochastic nature, domain walls randomly stop at unpredictable locations, causing position errors. Several attempts have been made to address this stochastic nature by adopting artificial notches36 is modulated spatially along nanowires. Notably, opposite signs of the spin-orbit torque generate opposite driving forces on domain walls. Therefore, applying an electric current with an appropriate polarity pushes the domain wall toward the modulation boundary from both sides. Thus, the domain wall is locked at the modulation boundary. With this, the domain wall cannot jump to the other neighboring position, as the main driving forces keep compressing the domain wall toward the modulation boundary. Moreover, the tilting angle has to be reset to the angle of the modulation boundary, despite the occurrence of tilting during domain-wall motion. Therefore, spin-orbit torque modulation enables position error-free and tilting error-free control of domain walls. Unlocking the domain wall can be accomplished by reversing the polarity of the electric current. An asymmetric geometry of the modulation boundary induces an asymmetric and thus, unidirectional unlocking of domain walls. By repeating these procedures, domain walls can keep moving in a unidirectional manner by one data bit per clock pulse of the alternating electric current, as confirmed by micromagnetic simulations. Moreover, the position error-free control of domain walls is also demonstrated experimentally. In the experiments, devices with periodic modulation of the spin-orbit torque are fabricated with a 250 nm modulation. These devices exhibit position error-free operation up to eight bits within a detecting laser spot of 2 μm in diameter.In this work, we propose a new concept of domain-wall control with a position error-free and tilting error-free scheme. In this scheme, the sign of the spin-orbit torque36. Herein, we prepared Pt/Pd/Co/Pt films by modulating the top Pt layer thickness to induce sign reversal of the spin-orbit torque while preserving the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (See Methods for details). As depicted in Fig. 38 at the top Pt and bottom Pt/Pd layers injects spin currents 41, the sign of 43. The spin-orbit torque generates the effective magnetic field The sign and magnitude of the spin-orbit torque can be controlled by adjusting the thicknesses of heavy metal layers adjacent to the ferromagnetic layerThe proposed layer-thickness adjustment can be applied to continuous magnetic wire structures using lithography. Figure By inverting the polarity of One of the peculiar geometries is presented in Fig. mentclass2pt{minimmentclass2pt{minimmentclass2pt{minimThe proposed position error-free scheme was then confirmed experimentally on two different scales: 1) microscale devices for proof-of-principles with better visualization and 2) nanoscale devices for practical device-scale scalability. These devices have the same stacking layers Pt/Pd/Co/Pt, grown by DC magnetron sputtering  of alternating current pulses were then injected, as shown in the top panel of Fig. 1. Our strategy provides an approach to solve an important missing piece in the development of magnetic domain-wall devices.Here, we propose a novel strategy for controlling the position of domain walls in a position error-free and tilting error-free scheme with spin-orbit torque modulation. The present idea is supported by micromagnetic simulations and validated through experimental investigations in two different device scales by confirming proof-of-principles from microdevices and then successfully extending them to nanotrack devices. The present position-error-free scheme can be integrated with the unidirectional domain-wall control, which is one of the major feasible schemes for magnetic racetrack memory2 substrates by dc magnetron sputtering, where 47. Figure 36 with different 49. In practical device operation, current-induced domain-wall motion can be realized without an external magnetic field, i.e., with the zero-field efficiency Pt/Pd/Co/Pt films were prepared with different 50 with the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction module51. Typical Pt/Co/Pt film values were used52: a saturation magnetization of 1400 kA/m, exchange stiffness of 31 pJ/m, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of 1.93 MJ/m3, and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction strength of 2.0 mJ/m2. The cell size was set to 1 nm × 1 nm with 0.3 nm thickness. The simulation size was 100 nm × 400 nm × 0.3 nm. The modulation geometry was given by The micromagnetic simulation used the object-oriented micromagnetic frameworkSupplementary InformationPeer Review FileDescription of Additional Supplementary FilesSupplementary Movie 1Supplementary Movie 2Supplementary Movie 3


Equiatomic CoCrNi medium-entropy alloys exhibit superior strength and ductility. In this work, a non-equiatomic CoCrNi alloy with low stacking fault energy was designed, and different fractions of V were added to control the stacking fault energy and lattice distortion. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests, and deformation microstructures were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The main deformation mechanisms of CoCrNiV alloy with low V content are dislocation slip, stacking faults, and deformation-induced HCP phase transformation, while the dominant deformation patterns of CoCrNiV alloy with high V contents are dislocation slip and stacking faults. The yield strength increases dramatically when the V content is high, and the strain-hardening behavior changes non-monotonically with increasing the V content. V addition increases the stacking fault energy (SFE) and lattice distortion. The lower strain-hardening rate of 6V alloy than that of 2V alloy is dominated by the SFE. The higher strain-hardening rate of 10V alloy than that of 6V alloy is dominated by the lattice distortion. The effects of V addition on the SFE, lattice distortion, and strain-hardening behavior are discussed. Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are of great interest to researchers because of their high compositional variability and multiple deformation mechanisms, which enable them to have excellent properties, including high strength, wear resistance, and energy storage capability ,2,3,4,5.σY) of FCC VCoNi alloy reaches 1 GPa (d = 2.0 ± 1.5 μm) through high solid-solution strengthening and grain boundary strengthening effects and that the nanoscale dislocation substructure gives the alloy excellent ductility and strain-hardening capability. Therefore, the solid-solution strengthening plays an important role in improving the yield strength of HEAs/MEAs and is associated with the following factors: the interaction energy between fluctuations in local solute concentration and dislocations [Among single-phase HEAs/MEAs, CoCrNi MEAs with single-phase FCC structure have extraordinary tensile properties and fracture toughness due to their low stacking fault energy (SFE) and high solid-solution strengthening effect ,11,12,13ocations , the chaocations  and shorocations . It was ocations .Strain-hardening behavior, tensile strength, and ductility of the alloy are significantly affected by the plastic deformation mechanism, which is generally associated with SFE . CoCrNi However, there are few studies on the effect of V addition on the deformation mechanism of non-equiatomic CoCrNi alloy. In this study, we change the V content of non-equiatomic CoCrNi alloys and comprehensively investigate the effects of SFE and solid solution of V on the deformation mechanism and mechanical behavior of the alloy in order to achieve excellent strength and strain-hardening capability. The proposed strategy provides a new solution for optimizing comprehensive mechanical properties and is expected to optimize the excellent mechanical properties of MPEAs in different systems.36Cr36Ni26V2, Co35Cr35Ni24V6, Co33Cr33Ni24V10 were denoted as 2V, 6V and 10V, respectively. These ingots were prepared by the vacuum induction melting technique, homogenized at 1473 K for 5 h, and then quenched in water. Ingots with a thickness of 7.7 mm were hot rolled to 1 mm at 1373 K. In order to obtain fully recrystallized specimens with similar grain size, the rolled 2V, 6V, and 10V sheets were annealed at 1473 K for 90 min, 60 min, and 120 min, respectively.Three types of alloys were prepared using raw materials with purity of 99.99 wt.%. Alloys Co−3 s−1 using a CMT 5105 testing machine at room temperature. A standard extensometer was used during the tensile test until fracture. The loading direction is parallel to the rolling direction (RD).Tensile specimens with a gauge length of 10 mm, width of 4 mm, and thickness of 1 mm were cut from annealed sheets by an electrical discharge machine, with the sample surface further polished to a 2000# grid. Tensile tests were carried out at an initial strain rate of 10The crystal structure of the samples was characterized using a Smartlab  X-ray diffraction (XRD) device with a scanning angle of 20°–100° at a scanning rate of 2°/min. The FCC and HCP phases were indexed according to the XRD patterns of Co(γ) and Co(ε), respectively. Microstructural characterizations were conducted by JSM-7001F field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization was conducted using JEM-2100F. The TEM samples were twin-jet electropolished using a solution mixture of 10% perchloric acid and 90% ethanol, with a direct voltage of 20 V and a temperature of 253 K.The microstructure and XRD patterns of the annealed alloys with different V contents are shown in The average grain sizes of the fully recrystallized alloys were measured by the line intercept method, including and excluding twin boundaries (TBs), respectively, and the statistical results are listed as 2V , 6V  and 10V . All three alloys have similar grain sizes, excluding the grain size effect on the deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties. Further, the presence of annealing twins is captured in the majority of the grains. The XRD patterns show that the three fully recrystallized alloys are of FCC single-phase structure. The lattice constants of the three alloys were estimated from the XRD peaks and showed as follows: 2V (a = 0.3563 nm), 6V (a = 0.3576 nm), and 10V (a = 0.3580 nm), indicating a monotonous increase with V enrichment.Θ = dσ/dε). According to the Considére criterion, necking is predicted to occur when Θ = σ while the ductility of the alloy is largely related to its strain-hardening behavior [behavior . Figure behavior . However36Cr41Ni23-based alloy [The accumulation of defects during deformation will lead to strain hardening of the alloys, such as dislocations, twins, and stacking faults (SFs) . To reveed alloy . HoweverSince the substructure and phase transformation phenomena are closely related to different mechanical behaviors, TEM characterization after deformation was performed. In the TEM images of the deformation microstructures of the three alloys, the HCP phase and SFs all appear as lamella, which cannot be simply distinguished by TEM morphology. In contrast, the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern is used to identify the deformation pattern. The SAED patterns of SFs and HCP phases are different. SF is a kind of planar defect. Under electron diffraction, the diffraction point of the faulted plane can be elongated along a specified direction in the reciprocal lattice, forming the streak pattern. High-density dislocations and SFs were observed within the grains of both alloys, but deformation twinning and phase transformation were rarely detected. The reason for the deformation microstructure can be attributed to the severe lattice distortion of 6V and 10V alloys. For 6V and 10V alloys, according to the classical dislocation theory, severe lattice distortion causes atoms to deviate from equilibrium positions, which affects dislocation nucleation and motion ,23; thatIn contrast to the plastic deformation mechanism of 6V and 10V alloys, which is dominated by dislocations and SFs, the phase transformation is activated during the tensile test of 2V alloy, and its deformation microstructure is shown in ormation . It can M = 3.06 is the Taylor factor, G is the shear modulus, v is the Poisson’s ratio, w is the dislocation width, and b is the magnitude of the Burgers vector. The lattice friction stress strongly depends on the dislocation width and Burgers vector. The addition of V to CoCrNi alloys causes fluctuations in the atomic spacing, resulting in locally fluctuating Peierls’ potential for dislocation glide, increasing friction stresses [0.5Cr0.5CoNi alloy and referenced the calculated and experimental results of the SFE of CrCoNi and VCoNi alloys. They found that V addition to CoCrNi alloy could induce an increase in the SFE with the V content.In random alloys, the disordered arrangement of solutes raises the interaction energy between dislocations and local solute concentration fluctuations. Dislocations are pinned in regions of favorable fluctuations, which are associated with high potential barriers to dislocation motion that can be overcome by applying high stresses and/or high temperatures. Yin et al.  found thstresses . Dependistresses . When thstresses  calculatIt is apparent that the strength and strain-hardening capability of the alloys changes considerably with V addition, as shown in The strain-hardening rate of 2V alloys decreases rapidly at the beginning of deformation due to recovery. Subsequently, the strain-hardening rate levels off and then decreases slowly. This strain-hardening behavior can be related to the low SFE of the 2V alloy. Full dislocations are prone to dissociate into Shockley partial dislocations on {111} slip planes, forming SFs during the plastic deformation process . These SThe SFE of the alloy increases with V addition. In this case, the HCP phase is not detected in the 6V and 10V alloys after tensile fracture. Meanwhile, the dislocation slip is affected, so the strain-hardening behavior can be affected by the V content. The strain-hardening rate of the 6V alloy is lower than that of the 2V alloy when the strain is smaller than 0.15, which can be a result of raised SFE. Note that the strain-hardening rate of the 6V alloy starts to increase when the strain is higher than 0.05. This phenomenon is usually considered to be caused by the TWIP effect. However, only dislocations and SFs are generated during plastic deformation, and there is no activation of deformation twinning. The increased strain-hardening rate can be attributed to the interaction between SFs and dislocations since SFs prevent the dislocations from gliding on the slip plane ,33. In oAbove all, the addition of V into the CoCrNi alloy influences the SFE and lattice distortion of the alloy. As the V content increases, on the one hand, the SFE of the alloy increases, making it difficult to activate SFs and phase transformations; on the other hand, the lattice distortion becomes severe, which retards the dislocation slip. In general, the SFE of 2V alloy is low, and its deformation mechanisms are mainly dislocations, SFs, and phase transformation; the SFE of 6V and 10V alloys increase, and their deformation mechanisms are mainly dislocations and SFs. The opposite change of strain-hardening curves in Singe-phase FCC CoCrNiV alloys with different V additions were obtained after solid solution treatment.The plastic deformation of 2V alloy is dominated by dislocation slip, SFs, and HCP martensitic transformation. With increasing the V content, the SFE of CoCrNiV alloy increases, and dislocation slip and SFs prevail in 6V and 10V alloys.The strain-hardening behavior changes non-monotonically with increasing the V content. The lower strain-hardening rate of 6V alloy than that of 2V alloy is dominated by the SFE. The higher strain-hardening rate of 10V alloy than that of 6V alloy is dominated by the lattice distortion.Different V alloyed  non-equiatomic CoCrNi alloys were selected to investigate the tensile properties and plastic deformation mechanisms. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:


Chromatic variation was examined for its association with flour composition and quality. Carob samples from variable altitudes and genetic backgrounds were milled and assessed for colorimetric parameter L* (lightness) and analyzed for phenols, tannins, antioxidant capacity, soluble carbohydrates (HPLC-RID), organic acids and protein (IC-CD), and volatile organic compounds . Higher altitudes and grafted genotypes yielded lighter-colored flours of higher antioxidant potential, phenols, tannins, sucrose, and malic acid concentrations. VOCs were mainly acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Acids were the most abundant and correlated negatively with L*, though correlation for many individual acids was non-significant, including 2-methyl-propanoic acid, widely considered the carob signature aroma (cheesy acidic buttery). The compositional and quality indexing potential of L* is more robust for grafted than non-grafted material, owing putatively to a narrower genetic basis. Antioxidant capacity and concentrations of phenolics, tannins and sucrose correlated positively with L*, indicating increased levels in carob flours sourced from grafted trees at higher altitudes. These flours also have a lower content of reducing sugars, the implication of which in the darkening of carob flour warrants further investigation. Overall, L* constitutes a reliable index for ranking carob flours for key compositional attributes and may be further reinforced by multiple-year data. Ceratonia siliqua L.), formerly confined to the Mediterranean basin, stems in part from the superior resilience of this leguminous species to harsh edaphoclimatic conditions and limited input requirements relative to other fruit tree crops [Renewed global interest in the cultivation of the carob tree , and seasonal variation expressed in alternate bearing cycles . For insRoasting of the carob kibbles is a common practice aiming at reducing residual moisture and obtaining a uniformly powdered product . It is uThe retention of traits reflecting the quality of the raw material further enables the potential assessment of quality across different grades of raw carob pulp and carob flour. Instrumental non-destructive quantification of key quality traits is the key to the standardization and monitoring of quality along the supply chain of carob raw material and carob flour, . DevelopCarob fruits were harvested at commercial maturity stage RS5 , from 68The color of the carob flour was determined using a Minolta CR-410 Chroma Meter  equipped with a diffusion illumination 0° viewing angle geometry and the color space XYZ, Yxy, L*a*b*, Hunter, L*C*h, Munsel as the default . The col2O:acetate (50:49.5:0.5) for 24 h at 4 °C in the dark and quantified based on the modification of Singleton et al. [2 > 0.99) with gallic acid (50−500 mg L−1) as an external standard and the results were denoted as g kg−1 flour dw in gallic acid equivalents. The carob flour total phenolic content (TPC) was extracted in methanol:Hn et al. , describn et al. . Quantif2O:HCl (50:40:10) at 4 °C for 24 h in the dark. Quantification was performed at 500 nm against calibration with catechin external standards (0.025–0.5% w/v in methanol), and the results were expressed in mg catechin equivalents (CE) per g dw.Carob flour content in condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) was determined according to a modification of the vanillin methods of Sun et al.  and Sepp−1 dw. Methanolic extracts were also assayed in vitro for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), based on the method of Benzie and Strain [−1 dw.The ascorbate equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) of carob flour methanolic extracts was assayed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity in vitro assay . Quantifd Strain . Externa−1. The injection volume was 20 μL, and calibration curves for fructose, glucose, and sucrose external standards (0.2–2.0 g 100−1 mL) were established with coefficients of determination R2 > 0.999. Results were expressed as g 100 g−1 dw.Water-soluble sugars were analyzed on aqueous extracts of carob flour following clarification using the Carrez Clarification Kit , as previously described . Fructos−1 dw.Analysis of organic acids in carob flour was performed as described by Rouphael et al.  on a DioThe nitrogen content of carob flour was determined by the Kjeldahl method and the total protein content of carob flour was estimated using a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25 .Isolation of the carob flour headspace volatile fraction was facilitated using a 2 cm Supelco  fiber coated with 50/30 μm Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS). About four grams of carob flour from each sample was weighed directly into 20 mL clear glass vials , which were immediately crimp-sealed with 20 mm caps and incubated for 24 h at 25 °C. Before adsorption, the emission of VOCs was enhanced by raising the incubation temperature to 50 °C for 30 min . Subsequ−1 was used as a carrier. The mass spectrometer was operated within the spectra range of 35 to 350 m/z in the electron ionization mode (EI) at 70 eV. The MS source, transfer line, and quadrupole temperatures were 230 °C, 250 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. All biological replicates were extracted and analyzed in parallel under identical conditions. For the identification of VOCs, recorded mass spectra were matched with those stored in the NIST17 library of the GC-MS data system. Verification was further conducted by comparison of retention indices with external analytical standards, including the volatile free acid mixture , butyric acid , isobutyric acid, , valeric acid , and acetic acid . The percentage quantitation was based on peak area normalization without using correction factors.Analysis of VOCs was executed on an Agilent 7890A GC system, connected to a 5977B GC/MSD mass selective detector . A Supelco SPB-624 capillary column of 60 m × 0.25 mm with 1.40 μm film thickness (fused silica) facilitated the separation of compounds. Desorption of adsorbed compounds was thermally facilitated at 280 °C by exposing the SPME fiber for 1 min into the GC inlet operated in a 1:10 split mode. The methodology of Krokou et al.  was follMeans, maximum, minimum values, and standard errors of compositional and functional traits are presented. A t-test was employed to investigate significant differences between grafted and non-grafted trees and between years. Pearson correlations were estimated to investigate the relations between years for each trait. The relations between flour lightness (L*) with traits were investigated employing Pearson correlations. Regression analysis was performed when correlations were high to obtain a prediction model based on flour lightness. The equality of the slopes and of the intercepts was tested according to . StepwisMeans and standard errors of the relative abundance of VOCs were calculated. Pearson correlations were estimated to investigate the relationship between flour lightness (L*) with VOCs. The t-test was applied to investigate the significance of differences in VOCs between grafted and non-grafted trees. The correlation analysis was performed on pooled data derived from grafted and non-grafted trees because the differences between the two groups were non-significant for most of the volatile compounds identified and quantitated. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package .Carob flour colorimetry was assessed in terms of CIELAB color parameter L*-lightness . The annThe appraisal of antioxidant capacity for carob flour methanolic extracts indicated that both the radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and the ferric reduction antioxidant potential (FRAP) in vitro assays yielded higher mean values for the non-grafted material in both years of the study . HoweverThe content of carob flour in total phenolic compounds demonstrated a similar pattern to that observed for the in vitro antioxidant capacity assays . The meaw/w) and non-grafted material (4.85% w/w).The total sugar content of carob flour differed significantly between sampling years . Carob fr = 0.838–0.836; p > 0.01). A significant positive correlation was also observed between L* and total phenolics and tannins contents, which denoted that carob flours of lighter color tend to have higher antioxidant content and capacity. A positive correlation with L* was also observed for sucrose and malic acid contents, whereas the concentration of reducing sugars and their ratio to sucrose yielded significant negative correlations. The total sugars concentration of carob flour demonstrated low correlation coefficients within the distinctive populations of grafted and non-grafted samples. However, the correlation was significant in both years of the study when examined for the entire sample population. This likely reflects the impact on the correlation with L* of the lower sugar content and darker flours obtained from the non-grafted samples. Apart from the above compositional variables, the lightness-L* of carob flour was also found to correlate significantly with the elevation  of the trees sampled for both grafted and non-grafted material  with the compositional attributes of carob flour was similar for grafted and non-grafted material . The in material . This ismaterial . These fThe oxidation of polyphenols by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) is most probably implicated in the darker flour (lower L*) milled from carobs of certain geographical and altitudinal sources. It is widely known that the activity of these ubiquitous enzymes reduces the quality of horticultural products and results in the loss of color, flavor, and the production of orthoquinones that form dark-colored melanin pigments that polymerize non-enzymatically . Stress The above findings are reinforced by the PCA analysis performed on all carob flour compositional and qualitative traits for the entire sampled population, including genotype and sampling area with corresponding altitudinal range, for two consecutive years . The firIn both years, trees grown in the areas of Anogira, Mountainous Polis, Limassol, Larnaca, and Tillyria were plotted on the positive side of PC1, whereas trees grown in the north and south zones, Neo Chorio, and Mountainous Pafos were plotted on the negative side. In general, trees plotted on the positive side of PC1 originated from areas of high altitude and long distances from the sea, with the exception of Tillyria . Finally, PC2 discriminated between grafted from non-grafted trees.p < 0.01) was isovaleric acid responsible for the fruity sweet apple pineapple aroma, denoting an increased relative abundance of this aroma quality in darker carob flours. Overall, it might be concluded that the relative abundance of organic acids responsible for less pleasant aromas is higher in darker carob flours.A total of 44 different volatile constituents were detected in carob flour obtained from grafted and non-grafted material, which amounted to 97–99% of the total volatile composition . The VOCp < 0.01), denoting increasing abundance in lighter-colored flours. The methyl esters of butanoic, acetic, and pentanoic acids, which generally contributed to ethereal sweet fruity aromas, presented significant positive correlations with L*, denoting increasing relative abundance in lighter-colored flours. By contrast, some of the less abundant esters, such as octanoic acid methyl ester, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylbutyl ester, and the 2-methylpropyl esters of hexanoic and butanoic acids correlated negatively with L*. Alcohols were generally more abundant in darker flours (negative correlation with L*); however, only 2-methyl-1-propanol  correlated significantly with L* . Of ketones, only 2-pentanone  correlated significantly with L* . Aldehydes were also generally more abundant in darker flours (negative correlation with L*); however, only benzaldehyde demonstrated a significant correlation with L*. According to a previous study, aldehydes and ketones were also found in higher abundance in roasted (darker-colored) carob flour compared with unroasted flour [The methyl and ethyl esters of the dominant isobutyric acid, responsible, respectively, for fruity green apple grape peach aroma and sweet fruity ethereal rummy aroma , registeed flour .Overall, it might be concluded from the analysis of VOCs composition in unroasted carob flour that grafted and non-grafted carobs demonstrated very similar aroma profiles. It is also evident that lighter-colored flours (higher L*) demonstrate a VOCs composition lower in acids, aldehydes, and alcohols but richer in esters and, to a lesser extent, ketones. It might therefore be inferred that the more pleasant aromas  produced mainly by esters and ketones are more abundant in lighter-colored carob flours, whereas darker flours tend to be richer in acids responsible for less pleasant and more intense aromas.Stepwise regression analysis indicated that in 2018 the total phenolics and glucose concentrations accounted for 73.4% and 7.6% of the variability in the flour chromatic variable L* for the grafted material . PC2 discriminated between grafted from non-grafted trees.Chromatic lightness (L*) was higher and more stable across seasons in carob flour milled from grafted than from genetically variant non-grafted source material. Grafted material yielded carob flour of higher L* and total sugars concentrations, whereas non-grafted material had a higher antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds across seasons, while tannins concentrations were similar for both types of the source material. Flours milled from grafted and non-grafted carobs shared similar volatile compositions. Nonetheless, lighter-colored (higher L*) flours were lower in acids, aldehydes, and alcohols responsible for less pleasant aromas but richer in esters and ketones that impart pleasant, sweet ethereal fruity aromas. Overall, the correlations of carob flour L* with compositional attributes were similar in pattern for grafted and non-grafted material, but the prognostication potential of L* was more robust for grafted material owing putatively to its narrower genetic basis. The antioxidant capacity, the total phenolic, tannins, and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with L*, which denoted increased levels in lighter carob flours. Such flours were milled from pods collected at higher altitudes. These flours also tended to have a lower relative content of reducing sugars fructose and glucose, the possible role of which in the darkening of carob pulp and flour warrants further investigation. Although a strong linear regression generally defines the correlation of L* with key carob flour compositional variables, the exact prognostication of these variables based on L* may vary from year to year. It may be therefore inferred that carob flour L* is a particularly reliable index for ranking same-year carob flours for key compositional attributes that may be further improved in resilience by drawing on multiple-year data.


Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare abnormality of the thoracic vein that is often detected incidentally during central venous catheter insertion. We present the case of an 85-year-old female with PLSVC that was accidentally detected during central venous port placement. The left subclavian vein was punctured using the supraclavicular approach. Intraoperative fluoroscopy showed that the guidewire had descended through the left chest, suggesting PLSVC. Intraoperative computed tomography and venography confirmed that the PLSVC drained into the coronary sinus. In this case, the PLSVC and right superior vena cava (RSVC) coexisted, with no bridging veins. The diameter of the PLSVC was extremely small compared to that of the RSVC; therefore, catheter placement in the PLSVC was avoided considering the risk of venous thromboembolism, and a catheter was placed in the RSVC. When clinicians encounter cases where the PLSVC and RSVC coexist during central venous catheter insertion, the diameter of the PLSVC should be considered when deciding whether to place the catheter in the PLSVC. If the diameter of the PLSVC is narrow, it may be safer to avoid catheter placement in the PLSVC and instead place the catheter in the RSVC, considering the risk of venous thromboembolism after catheterization. Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare anomaly of the thoracic vein, with a prevalence of 0.3-0.5% in the general population and 2-10% in patients with congenital heart disease [In most cases, the PLSVC connects to the coronary sinus (CS) and drains into the right atrium, whereas, in approximately 8-10% of cases, it drains into the left atrium or pulmonary veins, which may involve a right-to-left shunt . It contPLSVC is often asymptomatic and detected incidentally during central venous (CV) catheter or pacemaker placement. Cases of CV catheter placement in PLSVC have been reported ; howeverAn 85-year-old female with dysphagia resulting from the after-effects of cerebral infarction received nasogastric tube feeding; however, gastroesophageal reflux and recurrent aspiration pneumonia made it difficult to continue nasogastric tube feeding. The patient was referred to our hospital for a CV port placement for parenteral nutrition. The patient had no history of congenital heart disease. The left subclavian vein was punctured using a supraclavicular approach under ultrasonographic guidance. Intraoperative fluoroscopy showed that the guidewire had advanced caudally along the left margin of the descending aorta, suggesting PLSVC Figure .Intraoperative computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of PLSVC Figure -2D.The diameter of the PLSVC measured on CT was small, with a minimum diameter of 3.4 mm. A thicker RSVC was observed on CT, and no communication branch between the PLSVC and RSVC was identified. Venography revealed that the PLSVC had drained into the dilated CS (Figure The outer diameter of the CV port catheter that we planned to place was 2.5 mm, and the ratio of the catheter diameter to the PLSVC diameter was 74%. Therefore, the patient's PLSVC was considered unsuitable for catheter placement due to its narrow size, which posed a risk of catheter-related venous thromboembolism. We decided to avoid placing the catheter in the PLSVC and instead chose to place it in the RSVC. Finally, a catheter was placed in the RSVC through the right internal jugular vein puncture (Figure The patient was discharged from our hospital on postoperative day 11 without complications.In this report, we describe a case of PLSVC incidentally detected during CV port placement. Owing to the thinness of the PLSVC, catheter placement into the PLSVC was avoided, and a catheter was ultimately placed into the RSVC.Variations of the superior vena cava are categorized into four types based on the CV catheter position on chest radiograph: type I represents normal anatomy; type II indicates only PLSVC; type IIIa signifies both the RSVC and PLSVC with connection; and type IIIb denotes the RSVC and PLSVC without connection , 7. Our Over the past 20 years, a total of 21 CV port catheter placements in the PLSVC have been reported -12; for When considering long-term CV catheter placement, it is important to consider the ratio of the catheter diameter to vein diameter as the catheter can impede blood flow, thereby contributing to thrombosis . The obsPLSVC is a rare anomaly of the thoracic vein that clinicians often encounter incidentally during the insertion of a CV catheter. The feasibility of placing a CV catheter in the PLSVC should be determined by considering the diameter of the catheter and PLSVC. If the PLSVC is too narrow and a thicker RSVC is present, catheter placement in the PLSVC should be avoided due to the risk of venous thromboembolism; placement in the RSVC should instead be considered.


This work expands the choice of accessible 3D COF topologies, enriching the structural versatility of COFs.Three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess higher surface areas, more abundant pore channels, and lower density compared to their two-dimensional counterparts which makes the development of 3D COFs interesting from a fundamental and practical point of view. However, the construction of highly crystalline 3D COF remains challenging. At the same time, the choice of topologies in 3D COFs is limited by the crystallization problem, the lack of availability of suitable building blocks with appropriate reactivity and symmetries, and the difficulties in crystalline structure determination. Herein, we report two highly crystalline 3D COFs with pto and mhq-z topologies designed by rationally selecting rectangular-planar and trigonal-planar building blocks with appropriate conformational strains. The pto 3D COFs show a large pore size of 46 Å with an extremely low calculated density. The mhq-z net topology is solely constructed from totally face-enclosed organic polyhedra displaying a precise uniform micropore size of 1.0 nm. The 3D COFs show a high CO The development of three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with novel topologies is of both fundamental and practical interest but the construction of highly crystalline 3D COF remains challenging. Here, the authors report highly crystalline 3D COFs with pto and mhq-z topologies by rationally selecting rectangular-planar and trigonal-planar building blocks with appropriate conformational strains. COFs have attracted significant attention for versatile applications such as gas storage, water remediation, catalysis, energy storage, and drug delivery due to their tunable chemistry, high porosity, high surface areas, and good stability9. Precise construction of organic building units can produce COFs with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) topologies10. While a rich library of planar building units and straightforward crystallization processes have been developed for 2D COFs11, examples of 3D COFs are much more limited14. This is due to the limited number of building blocks that have been discovered for producing 3D COFs, the limited set of topologies, and synthetic challenges in producing crystalline 3D organic frameworks12. 3D COFs are typically constructed from highly connected 3D geometry building units with prefixed spatial orientation, such as (4/6/8-connected) building nodes with tetrahedral/triangular prism/cubic symmetries19. However, synthesis of polyhedral organic building blocks with high valency (>5) can be challenging and laborious since this strategy heavily relies on the organic chemistry of sp2 and sp3 hybridization, which typically only produces the valency of 3 and 420. Another strategy for constructing 3D COFs is to precisely control the conformational flexibility of the linkages to realize specific topologies23. These strategies have been implemented to construct 3D COFs with nbo21, srs22 and rra23 topologies, in which tetrahedral SiO4 or BO4 was used as the predesigned rigid linkages to produce the desired nets. However, construction of 3D COFs is still challenging due to the limited number of flexible linkages. Therefore, there is an urgent need to further develop 3D COFs and extend the building block library.Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous and crystalline polymers that are assembled molecularly from organic building blocks24 and it has been used to build 3D COFs from planar molecules. For example, the combination of square-planar (4-c) and trigonal-planar (3-c) building units can produce multiple high-symmetry topologies including 2D nets like bex25, tth26, mtf27, or 3D pto, tbo, mhq-z, fjh, iab, gee, and ffc topologies  and trigonal-planar (3-c) building blocks with appropriate conformational strains when they assemble into 3D networks  when compared with other crystalline framework materials. The mhq-z net COF is solely constructed from face-enclosed organic polyhedra, producing a uniform micropore size of 1.0 nm. Some of the as-prepared COFs demonstrated high CO2 adsorption capacity at room temperature and may potentially serve as promising carbon capture adsorbents. This work represents a successful construction of 3D COFs through the rational design of planar building blocks. The unique pore shapes of the reported 3D COFs my lead to promising gas adsorption performance and further promote their applications as efficient adsorbents.From the crystallographic point of view, when the highest symmetry is preferred, the combination of planar 4-c and 3-c linkers will generate two types of vertices and one type of edgeks Figs.  and 2. W2 drying to produce RICE-3 as yellowish crystalline powders with an approximately 72% yield. Isoreticular structures of RICE-4/5/6 were synthesized using a similar procedure, but the reaction was conducted in a solvent mixture of o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB)/1-butanol (1-BuOH)/6 M AcOH (5/5/2) at 120 °C for 7 days. RICE-7 was synthesized by condensation of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (Py) and 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB) in a solvent mixture of o-DCB/1-BuOH/6 M AcOH (5/5/1) at 120 °C for 7 days. RICE-7 was separated as dark yellow powders with an isolated yield of 95%. The detailed synthesis and activation procedures and screening of reaction conditions are presented in Supplementary Information Figs. As shown in Fig. 13C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy  . The experimental PXRD pattern shows good agreement with the simulated one, yielding a good agreement and fair profile differences. RICE-4/5/6 showed similar XRD patterns as RICE-3, indicating their isoreticular pto net  , so we could calculate the linker ratio from the solution NMR measurements, which should be equal to the monomer ratio in the COF structure. The characteristic peaks of both aldehyde and amine monomers were observed in the corresponding regions on 1H NMR, and the ratio of ETTBC to TAPB was calculated to be approximately 3:4  , characteristic of microporous materials. Hysteresis can be observed at P/P0 > 0.4), indicative of mesoporous structures. The Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area of RICE-3 was calculated to be 720 m2 g−1, and pore size distributions estimated using quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) model  gave values centered around 1.0 nm, 1.4 nm, 3.2 nm, and 4.6 nm  and porosities (92.0% to 94.2%) for RICE-3/4/5/6 are lower and higher, respectively, than other crystalline framework materials, including MOFs32 and COFs  Fig. –74. All  nm Fig. , consist nm Fig. . Impress nm Fig. , larger P/P0 < 0., charactors Fig. . The cala = b = c = 46.01 Å, α = β = γ = 90°). The ratio of TFPB to Py was also calculated to be 4:3 from the digested RICE-7  at 3.84° (111), 4.28° (200), 5.09° (220), 6.44° (222), 8.98° (422), and 11.10° (442), and we were able to index at least ten peaks from the PXRD pattern Fig. . We perf43. The BET surface area of RICE-7 was estimated to be 1448 m2 g-1, and the application of the QSDFT model to estimate pore size from N2 adsorption isotherm affords narrow pore width distribution that centered at 1.0 nm  and zeolites nm Fig. . Truncat nm Fig. . Visualicage) with a diameter of 11 Å . The largest cage is a closed truncated cube (Ccage), which is constructed from six Py and eight TFPB monomers to form a large cage with a diameter of 29 Å  is also formed from six Py monomers  among the COFs reported in this study. RICE-5 and RICE-6 showcased much higher adsorption capacity than their isostructural counterparts RICE-3 and RICE-4, which might be attributed to their higher porosity as determined by the nitrogen sorption tests44. At 298 K, the adsorption capacities of all COFs RICE-3/4/5/6 decreased significantly. Interestingly, RICE-7 displayed similar CO2 adsorption performance at 273 K and 298 K (approximately 24 cm3 g−1 at 1 bar). which might be related to narrow pore channels  calculation also proves the favorable CO2 adsorption behavior of RICE-7  and trigonal-planar (3-c) units. RICE-3/4/5/6 possess a large pore size and low density compared with other framework materials. RICE-7 with mhq-z net displayed three types of totally enclosed truncated polyhedra cages without any open window to form 1D channels, and only formed one channel of 1.0 nm size with the packing of those cages by sharing faces. These 3D COFs demonstrated good CO1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB)  and 4’,4”‘,4”“‘,4”“‘“-tetrakis) (ETTBC)  were weighed and dissolved in a mixture of 1.6 mL dioxane and 0.4 mL mesitylene in a Pyrex tube directly without degassing. Afterwards, 0.2 mL 6 M acetic acid was added and the solution was sonicated for 10 min. The tube was further sealed, placed in oven and heated under 120 °C for 3 days. All of the products were separated and washed thoroughly using THF and ethanol. The wet powder samples were sealed in a tea bag and dried using the Leica EM CPD300 Critical Point Dryer.5’-(4-Aminophenyl)-2’,4’,6’-trimethyl--4,4”-diamine (ATTA)  and 4’,4”‘,4”“‘,4”“‘“-tetrakis) (ETTBC)  were weighed and dissolved in a mixture of 0.5 mL o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and 0.5 mL 1-butanol (1-BuOH) in a Pyrex tube directly without degassing. Afterwards, 0.2 mL 6 M acetic acid was added and the solution was sonicated for 10 min. The tube was further sealed, placed in oven and heated under 120 °C for 7 days. All the products were separated and washed thoroughly using THF and ethanol. The wet powder samples were sealed in a tea bag and dried using the Leica EM CPD300 Critical Point Dryer.4’,4”‘,4”“‘,4”“‘“-tetrakis) (ETTBA)  and 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB)  were weighed and dissolved in a mixture of 0.5 mL 0-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and 0.5 mL 1-butanol (1-BuOH) in a Pyrex tube directly without degassing. Afterwards, 0.2 mL 6 M acetic acid was added and the solution was sonicated for 10 min. The tube was further sealed, placed in oven and heated under 120 °C for 7 days. All the products were separated and washed thoroughly using THF and ethanol. The wet powder samples were sealed in a tea bag and dried using the Leica EM CPD300 Critical Point Dryer.o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and 0.5 mL 1-butanol (1-BuOH) in a Pyrex tube directly without degassing. Afterwards, 0.2 mL 6 M acetic acid was added and the solution was sonicated for 10 min. The tube was further sealed, placed in oven and heated under 120 °C for 7 days. All of the products were separated and washed thoroughly using THF and ethanol. The wet powder samples were sealed in a tea bag and dried using the Leica EM CPD300 Critical Point Dryer.4’,4”‘,4”“‘,4”“‘“-tetrakis) (ETTBA)  and 5’-(4-formylphenyl)-2’,4’,6’-trimethyl--4,4”-dicarbaldehyde (FTTD)  were weighed and dissolved in a mixture of 0.5 mL 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (Py)  and 1,3,5-tri(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB))  were weighed and reacted in a mixture of dimethylacetamide/mesitylene/6 M acetic acid (5:5:2) in a Pyrex tube. 4 eq. of p-toluidine was added as a modulator which was the key to ensure high crystallinity for the final sample. The tube was further sealed, placed in the oven, and heated under 120 °C for 7 days. The products were separated and washed thoroughly using THF and ethanol.Supplementary InformationPeer Review File