The effects of the salt solution and SAEW on the germination of foxtail millet and the GABA, crude protein, and amino acid composition of the germinated millet flour were analyzed. The results showed that the salt solution and SAEW treatments promoted the growth of millet sprouts, contributed to the accumulation of GABA in germinated millet flour, and optimized the protein and amino acid composition. The GABA content of germinated foxtail millet flour treated with salt solution for 60 h (336.52 mg/100 g) was 29.5 times higher than that of ungerminated millet flour. In conclusion, the highest GABA content and amino acid scores of germinated millet flour obtained by germination treatment with salt solution at 25 °C and 86% humidity for 60 h were more acceptable for human nutritional requirements.Germination of millet can improve its consumption quality, optimize its nutritional composition, and promote the accumulation of functional components such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, foxtail millet was germinated with tap water, a mixed salt solution of 7.5 mmol/L NaCl and 15 mmol/L CaCl S. italica), which is originally from China, is one of the most important agricultural crops in the semi-arid tropics and is considered to be one of the world’s highly productive major cereals [Foxtail millet . The millet was packaged in Ziploc bags and stored at 4 °C for further testing. Standard γ-aminobutyric acid was purchased from Sigma . Analytical-grade chemicals and pure water  were used in this study.2, and three kinds of SAEW—denoted as SAEW1 (with 10.92 mg/L ACC), SAEW2 (with 20.25 mg/L ACC), and SAEW3 (with 30.35 mg/L ACC). SAEW was produced using a flow-type electrolysis apparatus  with a non-membrane electrolytic cell to electrolyze sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. After preparation, the SAEW was collected in polypropylene containers and immediately used for subsequent experimental measurements. The pH and ORP of the treatment solutions were measured using a pH meter  and an ORP meter , respectively. The iodometric method was used to measure the ACC in the treatment solutions using a digital titrator . The physicochemical parameters of all treatment solutions are shown in The selection of germination conditions was performed as described in previous reports ,18. The Fifty grams of dehulled millet was rinsed three times with 1 L of the treatment solutions . The wasThe 10 g of germinated millet cultured in the different treatment solutions for 48, 60, 72, and 84 h was freeze-dried with a freeze-dryer . The freeze-dried sprouted millet was pulverized with a high-speed universal grinder  and sieved through 80 mesh.18 Plus column  at a column temperature of 40 °C. The mobile phase was sodium acetate  in phase A and acetonitrile in phase B; A:B = 80:20; detection wavelength: 338 nm; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 0.8 mL/min. The GABA content was calculated using a standard curve , dissolved in 1000 μL of pure water, and then filtered through a 0.45 μm aqueous filter. The GABA content of the germinated foxtail millet flour was determined using an Agilent high-performance liquid chromatograph  with a CThe protein content was assayed according to the method described by Bradford , with slThe amino acid components were analyzed according to the method of Monteiro et al., with minor modifications . We weigp < 0.05. The graphs were drawn using Origin 2022 drawing software.Each treatment was performed in triplicate, and the resulting data were calculated as the mean and the standard deviation. Duncan’s multiple range test  was used to analyze the data. Statistical significance was set at a value of p < 0.05). At the late germination (84 h), there were no significant differences in the length of millet sprouts treated with tap water, salt solution, and SAEW1. In contrast, the millet sprout lengths with the SAEW2 and SAEW3 treatments were 2.38 and 2.20 cm, respectively, which were 2.33 and 2.16 times higher than those of the tap water group. Moreover, Liu et al. reported that SAEW with an ACC of approximately 20 ppm promoted the growth of germinated brown rice sprouts [The effects of the different treatment solutions on the morphological values of the germinated millet were investigated, and the results are shown in  sprouts . These rFurthermore, the germination capacity and physiological activity of the seeds were estimated by GR and GP, where GR is the number of normally germinated seeds as a percentage of the total number of seeds , while GGABA, a non-protein amino acid with high biological activity, is one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA regulates blood pressure, heart rate, perceptions of pain and anxiety, serum lipid levels, and insulin secretion, and it has pharmacological effects such as antihypertensive activity, sedative effects, inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmitters, and prevention of diabetes ,20. As aThe initial GABA content of the ungerminated millet flour was 11.4 mg/100 g. The GABA contents in germinated foxtail millet flour under all treatment conditions showed an increasing tendency at early germination and then gradually decreased. During the germination process, proteins are hydrolyzed by proteases to produce large amounts of glutamate. Moreover, germination can activate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) to catalyze the decarboxylation of glutamate to produce GABA. Therefore, the GABA content in millet seeds showed an increasing tendency at early germination. With the continuous accumulation of GABA, the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase is stimulated to catalyze the reaction of GABA with α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and succinate semialdehyde. At this time, the rate of GABA production is much less than the rate of GABA consumption, resulting in a decrease in GABA content ,23,24.p < 0.05). GABA accumulated rapidly in response to variety of stresses, such as acidosis, anoxia, cold, heat, drought, and salt [2+ similarly increases GAD activity. The synergistic effect of NaCl and Ca2+ greatly increases GAD activity, which further promotes the decarboxylation of glutamate to produce GABA, resulting in a much higher GABA content in millet treated with salt solution than with other germination methods [After 48 h of germination with the tap water treatment, the GABA content of the millet flour reached the highest level (73.10 mg/100 g), which was 6.4 times higher than that of ungerminated millet. This result is consistent with the findings of previous studies showing that germination could increase the GABA content in grains ,25. For and salt . ACC andand salt . In addiGermination also has an effect on protein levels. The effects of different germination conditions on the protein contents in the germinated foxtail millet flour are shown in Throughout the germination process, except for the salt solution treatment for 48 h, the protein content of the germinated millet flour in all treatments was significantly less than that of the tap water treatment. It is certain that the crude protein content of germinated millet flour in each treatment group was significantly higher than that of the ungerminated millet flour. However, the protein quality of food depends on the composition and availability of amino acids . Therefop < 0.05) after germination. Germinated millet flour contained 17 amino acids, including 8 essential amino acids, and the contents of various amino acids were significantly higher compared with ungerminated millet flour (p < 0.05). In germinated millet flour, the highest glutamic acid content was found, followed by leucine, alanine, aspartic acid, proline, valine, and phenylalanine in decreasing order. For instance, the leucine content of germinated millet flour varied significantly between treatments (p < 0.05), with the highest content in the SAEW treatment, followed by the tap water treatment, the salt solution treatment, and the ungerminated millet flour. Shen et al. reported that germination improved the contents of most free amino acids in brown rice [Since the highest GABA contents in the germinated foxtail millet flour were found after 60 h of salt solution treatment, 60 h of SAEW2 treatment, and 48 h of tap water treatment, germinated millet with these three treatment conditions—as well as ungerminated millet as a control—was selected for amino acid composition analysis. Germination stimulates enzymatic activity, and the proteins in millet seeds are continuously decomposed into the amino acids and peptides required for germination ,29. As sown rice . Tyagi eown rice .p < 0.05) in the salt solution treatment than in the other treatments. These results indicate that germination can significantly enhance the nutritional value of protein in millet seeds. Although the free amino acid content was significantly higher in the SAEW treatment than in the salt solution treatment  was 29.5 times higher than that of the ungerminated millet flour and had a high-quality amino acid pattern. Therefore, the optimal conditions for processing germinated millet flour were determined to be 25 °C temperature, 86% humidity, and 60 h germination treatment with the salt solution.


The as-cast Al-Zn-Mg-Li-Cu alloy is composed of an α-Al phase, an Al2Cu phase, a T phase, an η phase, and an η′ phase. The constitutive relationship between flow stress, temperature, and strain rate, represented by Zener–Hollomon parameters including Arrhenius terms, was established. Microstructure observations show that the grain size and the fraction of DRX increases with increasing deformation temperature. The grain size of DRX decreases with increasing strain rates, while the fraction of DRX first increases and then decreases. A certain amount of medium-angle grain boundaries (MAGBs) was present at both lower and higher deformation temperatures, suggesting the existence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The cumulative misorientation from intragranular to grain boundary proves that the CDRX mechanism of the alloy occurs through progressive subgrain rotation. This paper provides a basis for the deformation process of a new Al-Zn-Mg-Li-Cu alloy.Lightweight structural alloys have broad application prospects in aerospace, energy, and transportation fields, and it is crucial to understand the hot deformation behavior of novel alloys for subsequent applications. The deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of a new Al-Zn-Mg-Li-Cu alloy was studied by hot compression experiments at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 420 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.01 s Through linear regression analysis of the experimental data, the material constants n = 6.0563, α = 0.00916, and lnA = 31.60, and the deformation activation energy Q = 177.3 kJ·mol−1 of the 13Zn alloy can be obtained.Finally, the constitutive equation of the peak stress of the 13Zn alloy can be obtained as:It can also be expressed as:2 is equal to 0.9847. This shows that the constitutive model of peak stress of the 13Zn alloy has good applicability.Q reflects the degree of deformation difficulty for plasticity deformation and the thermodynamic mechanism of dislocation movement [Q for the studied alloy is 177.3 kJ·mol−1 at a strain of 0.69, which is higher than that of common Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys [−1, respectively [−1. The experimental activation energy is higher than the weighted mean self-diffusion activation energy and the self-diffusion activation energy for Al. The high density of η′ precipitates increases the deformation activation energy of the alloy by hindering the proliferation and movement of dislocations during deformation [It is well known that the magnitude of the activation energy movement ,49. The u alloys ,50. The ectively . Therefo2 phase, and an Al2Cu phase. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the phase type of the hot deformed alloy did not change. According to the DSC curve in 2Cu phase do not dissolve during thermal deformation, so they are always present after deformation. The existence of the MgZn2 phase may be precipitated by room temperature aging after dissolution.−1 and ε = 0.69, a mixture of recrystallized grains represented in blue, the substructure represented in yellow, and deformed grains represented in red. It was found that the T phase (marked in black) always exists in the alloy at deformation temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 420 °C. A small amount of the bulk Al2Cu phase was not directly observed. Unlike in the as-cast structure, the T phase with a network distribution changes from a continuous distribution at grain boundaries to a discontinuous distribution after the hot deformation process. It has been reported that coarse intergranular distribution phases are easily broken by shear stress during hot compression deformation [ormation . The fraormation . Therefoε = 0.69 are shown in −1 and 10 s−1, the studied alloy contains DRX grains and deformed grains. With increasing strain rate, the DRX grain size decreased rapidly, while the DRX volume fraction showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the strain rate −1, the 13Zn alloy has sufficient time for nucleation and dynamic recrystallization growth, forming a microstructure with both coarse recrystallized grains and deformed grains. When the strain rate reaches 0.1 s−1, the grain boundaries do not have enough time to migrate, resulting in the recrystallized grains arising too late to grow sufficiently, thereby significantly refining the DRX grain size. By further increasing the strain rate to 1 s−1, the DRX is further increased, and the DRX grain size is further refined. The enhanced recrystallization is attributable to the high strain rate, which favors the formation of a large number of dislocations and structural defects in the 13Zn alloy, thereby increasing the driving force for DRX. When the strain rate is further increased to 10 s−1, the extremely short deformation time makes the migration of grain boundaries limited by time, and it is too late for the DRX to develop, resulting in uneven recrystallization.The GOS maps of the 13Zn alloy at different strain rates at a deformation temperature of 330 °C and −1. The DRX mechanism is closely related to the misorientation angle ,54. Figu−1. Note that the transformation from LAGBs to HAGBs was found at both 300 °C and 420 °C (thin light-yellow line to black line). The LAGBs formed through the DRV process promoted by dislocation arrangements continue to increase their misorientation by the continuing absorption of dislocation until new HAGBs are formed [To further analyze the DRX mechanism of the 13Zn alloy, the point-to-point orientation difference and the point-to-origin cumulative orientation difference were obtained. e formed . The proe formed . The cum78-Zn13-Mg5-Li2-Cu2 alloy was studied at temperatures ranging from 300 to 420 °C, and with the strain rate ranging from 0.01 s−1 to 10 s−1. The following conclusions can be drawn:78-Zn13-Mg5-Li2-Cu2 alloy is composed of a near-spherical α-Al phase, a bulk Al2Cu phase, a network T phase, a long needle-like η phase, and a plate-like η′ phase. The phase type of the alloy did not change after hot deformation at 300–420 °C.The as-cast microstructure of the AlThe established constitutive equation can well predict the peak stress of the alloy, and the alloy shows a high deformation activation energy, due to the high density of η′ precipitates.Due to the disappearance of the dissolution and pinning effect of the η phase at high temperature, the average increase in the DRX grain size significantly increases from 2 μm at 300 °C to 7.6 μm at 420 °C. The DRX grain size decreases with increases in the strain rates at a deformation temperature of 330 °C. The fraction of DRX increases with increasing deformation temperature, while it first increases and then decreases with increasing strain rate.With increases in the deformation temperature, the transition rate from LAGBs to HAGBs through MAGBs increases. The DRX mechanism for the alloy during hot deformation is the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) through progressive lattice rotation mechanism.In this work, the deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the Al


The obtained 3D COFs, namely TFPM-PZI and TAPM-PZI, showed impressive chemical stability. Furthermore, the positively charged frameworks with regular porosity endow 3D ionic COFs with selective capture radioactive ReO4−/TcO4− and great removal efficiency in simulated Hanford waste. This research not only broadens the category of 3D COFs but also promotes the application of COFs as efficient functional materials.The synthesis of ionic olefin linked three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) is greatly challenging given the hardness of the formation of stable carbon-carbon double bonds (–C = C–). Herein, we report a general strategy for designing porous positively charged sp 2 carbon linked COFs and demonstrate selective capture of ReO4− ions.The synthesis of ionic olefin linked threedimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) is challenging because of the difficulties in forming stable carbon-carbon double bonds. Here, the authors report a general synthesis of an ionic sp Unlike traditional polymers1, COFs can accurately organize molecular species into two- or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) networks with structural periodicity and inherent porosity5. To date, most research has concentrated on 2D architectures with eclipsed AA or staggered AB stacking patterns7, and reports of 3D COFs are greatly restricted. Generally, 2D COFs only have uniform one-dimensional channels, while 3D COFs have more complex pore structures with more void frameworks, which are more conducive to separation8, catalysis9, guest binding10, etc. Furthermore, high surface area, low density, and abundant easily available active sites are often observed in 3D COFs due to more voided frameworks, which is hardly achievable for 2D COFs11. Unlike 2D COFs, topology is a crucial parameter that determines the pore structure, properties and potential applications of 3D COFs12. However, so far, there have been only single-digit different topologies in 3D COFs  and the exploration of additional structures is still the frontier in this field14. Among all 3D COFs synthesis strategies, the most commonly used dynamic covalent bond relies on imine bond and boronate ester bond16, exhibiting relatively poor stability and weak electron delocalization, which severely hinder their practical applications17. Therefore, the identification of structures and the development of connection covalent bond are still major challenges of 3D COFs.Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent a type of porous crystalline materials linked by strong covalent bonds between light atoms19. The irreversible of C = C bond enables the framework to exhibit impressive stability under harsh conditions, and offers extended π conjugation throughout the framework for efficient electron transport, showing great potential applications in photocatalysis23. So far, the only example of 3D sp2 carbon-linked COFs involves substituted acrylonitrile [−CH = C(CN)−] based on the Knoevenagel condensation between arylacetonitriles and aromatic aldehydes24. Nevertheless, the strong electron-withdrawing substitution of nitriles attached to the olefin bond makes the bond reversible, compromising the stability and the crystallinity of COFs25. It has been reported that unsubstituted vinylidene bonds (−CH = CH−) tend to form well-defined in-plane structures, thereby improving the crystallinity and physicochemical properties of materials27. This provides a strategy for synthesizing more stable 3D sp2 carbon-linked COFs and broadening the types of 3D COFs. Moreover, almost all 3D COFs exhibit neutral backbones due to a the limitations of building blocks and complex post-modifications processes11, hence the synthesis of ion-functionalized 3D COFs is also considered as a great challenge29.The emergence of olefin-linked COFs overcomes the current limitations of dynamic covalent bond formation99Tc, technetium is a long-lived (t1/2 = 2.13 × 105 y) radioactive isotope, a rich nuclear waste component, and a source of strong radioactive pollution33. Non-radioactive ReO4− is often regarded as a surrogate for the chemical behavior of TcO4−, since they have similar thermodynamic parameters, electronic distribution, and spatial configuration33. So far, ion exchange has become one of the most promising methods for capturing ReO4−/TcO4−, due to its simple process, environmental friendliness and low cost36. Many cationic materials have been used to capture ReO4−/TcO4−38, while the slow adsorption kinetics and poor chemical stability are still inevitable problems. As well as in the case of a large amount of SO42− and NO3− in the natural waste system, the selective capture of ReO4−/TcO4− is a major scientific and technical challenge41.2 carbon-linked COFs (TAPM-PZI and TFPM-PZI) through acid-catalyzed Aldol condensation between tetra(4-formylphenyl)methane (TFPM), 1,3,5,7-tetrakis-adamantane (TAPM) and 1,2,5-trimethylpyrazin-1-ium iodide (PZI), respectively. The synthesized COFs exhibited impressive chemical stability. In addition, the unique 3D building units with high symmetry uniformly separate positive charges, making the synthesized COF as an ideal platform for the rapid removal of nuclear waste ions (ReO4−/TcO4−). We highlight that this sp2 carbon-linked 3D COF will open a window for the design and synthesis of porous crystalline functional materials.Taking these considerations in mind, we herein report a general strategy for constructing ionic 3D sp2 carbon-linked COFs was based on the Aldol condensation promoted by quaternization27. TAPM and TFPM were designed as a tetrahedral building unit  disappeared. Meanwhile, compared with FT-IR spectra of Model A  was observed, indicating TAPM-PZI and TFPM-PZI were highly condensed25. The 13C CP-MAS NMR of COFs further proved highly efficient condensation supported by the peak observed at ca. 134.0 ppm  combined with structure simulation , (200), (220), (330), and (420) Bragg peaks of space group P−4 (No. 81), respectively; peaks at 7.41°, 10.48°, 12.88°, 14.84°, and 16.58° for TFPM-PZI were assigned to the (200), (220), (301), (400), and (420) Bragg peaks of the space group P−4 (No. 81), respectively. Moreover, full profile pattern matching (Pawley) refinements were performed for both ionic 3D COFs. The refinement results matched well with the experimental results with a negligible difference and good agreement factors . Based on the above results, the synthesized COFs were proposed to have the anticipated architectures with eightfold, fivefold interpenetrated dia net, showing microporous cavities with a diameter of about 14.5 Å for TAPM-PZI, 7.8 Å for TFPM-PZI, respectively  surface areas of TAPM-PZI and TFPM-PZI were analyzed to be 598.3 m2 g−1 and 501.6 m2 g−1, respectively  method, the pore size distribution was centered at 1.21 nm and 0.71 nm for TAPM-PZI and TFPM-PZI, respectively  of ionic sp2 carbon-linked 3D COFs showed smaller impedances and higher low-frequency slopes than those of Model A and the reported 2D sp2 carbon-linked COFs (SP2c-COF)19 , as-synthesized COFs process a broader absorption spectrum in the ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) with an absorption edge of 1200 nm  in nuclear waste. ReO0 s Fig. , which wg−1 Fig. 51. In ad90% Fig. , which m90% Fig. . Compare4− 54, and SCU-COF-1 (56.3%)55. Surprisingly, the concentration of ReO4− after column adsorption was about 10 ppb, and the removal rate of ReO4− was as high as 99.99%  appeared in the FT-IR spectrum , indicated the Re was successfully captured by TFPM-PZ-Cl , further indicating the ion exchange behavior40  increased from 401.21 to 401.71 eV after ReO4- adsorbed  and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping analysis. After ReO4− in the TFPM-PZ-Cl structure using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations  interactions , the non-bonded interaction energy between ReO4− anion and COF was reduced from 0 to −3600 kJ mol−1        between ReO4− anions and TFPM-PZ-Cl. In addition, the direct electrostatic repulsion between ReO4− anions and Cl− anions further promotes the adsorption of ReO4− anions55.We further explored the adsorption kinetics of ReOons Fig. 55. Afterure Fig. . To objeons Fig. . In the 4− by TFPM-PZ-Cl57. A typical TFPM-PZ-Cl fragment was used as the theoretical model (named Z+)  and SO42– (−13.96 kJ/mol). This can nicely explain why TFPM-PZ-Cl had such good selectivity to TcO4−/ReO4−  calculations to further understand the selective adsorption of ReOsee ref. .4−/TcO4−) was further investigated. The results indicated that TFPM-PZI has rapid adsorption kinetics and good selectivity for radionuclide nuclear waste model ions (ReO4−). Our work not only broadens the category of 3D COFs but also promotes the application of COFs as efficient functional materials.In conclusion, we have synthesized ionic vinylene-linked 3D COFs (TAPM-PZI and TFPM-PZI) through the Aldol condensation. These crystalline frameworks showed regular pores and high chemical stability. In addition, the removal effect of TFPM-PZI as an ion exchange material for radionuclides (ReO−1 NH4OH solution in aqueous methanol (50 wt%), respectively, and then washed with methanol in a Soxhlet extractor for 12 h. Finally, the material was dried and degassed at 120 °C under dynamic vacuum to 30 mTorr to yield TAPM-PZI (66.3%) and TFPM-PZI (73.4%) as a brown powder.A 10-mL tube was charged with 3,5,7-tetrakis-adamantane  or tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)methane , 1,2,5-trimethylpyrazin-1-ium iodide , 0.67 mL mesitylene, 0.67 mL 1,4-dioxane, 0.30 mL trifluoroacetic acid, and 0.037 mL acetonitrile. The mixture was degassed by three freeze–pump–thaw cycles, sealed under vacuum, and sonicated to yield a homogeneous solution. The reaction was heated in a 150 °C for 72 h. After the reaction completed, a deep brown colored powder was collected by centrifugation, washed several times with acetone, methanol and 0.1 mol L−1. In total, 10 mg of TFPM-PZI was added into 20 mL aqueous solutions of the primal concentrations of ReO4− (28 mg L−1). Under magnetic stirring, the resulting mixture was stirred for a required contact time, and then took 0.5 mL samples with using a 0.22-μm nylon membrane filter for ICP-MS detection. For the sorption kinetics experiments, the adsorption isotherms study of TFPM-PZI was performed by adding 5 mg TFPM-PZ-Cl into 10 mL aqueous solutions of the different initial concentrations of ReO4− (ca. 50–670 mg L−1), then stirred overnight to reach equilibrium. The suspension was divided with a 0.22-µm nylon membrane filter for ICP-MS analysis.The sorption kinetics experiments were performed under the conditions of pH 7 and solid–liquid ratio 0.5 g LSupplementary Information


TSV) required for the complete disappearance of the supplementary domains in the elastic range is proposed, enabling the classification of the elastic stress ranges in which the reversible and irreversible domain rotations occur. In addition, the effect of microstructure on TSV is also discussed, and the results show that the regions far away from the grain boundary need larger stresses to complete an irreversible domain rotation. Additionally, the domain width and orientation also affect the TSV. These findings regarding the domain motion mechanism and TSV can help to explain the sequence of domain rotation under stress and modify the stress assessment under dynamic loads in electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation, especially in the magnetic memory method.Magnetic domain motion has been widely studied in the fields of spintronics, nanowires, and thin films. However, there is a lack of such studies on industrial steels, especially for domain motion under the action of varying stress. Understanding domain motion under stress is helpful for the improvement of evaluation accuracy and the establishment of theoretical models of passive, nondestructive testing technology. This paper presents the influence of varying tensile stresses on the magnetic domain motion of silicon steel sheets. Magnetic domain rotation and domain wall displacement were characterized using magnetic domain images, and their motion mechanisms under elastic and plastic stresses are presented. The results show that the domain rotation under stress involves reversible and irreversible changes. The effect of material rearrangement on domain rotation and domain wall displacement after plastic deformation is discussed. Based on the motion mechanism, a threshold stress value ( Electromagnetic nondestructive testing of metallic components is generally performed based on the coupling of stress and magnetization . Liu et pH(y) on low-carbon steel plate specimens. Roskosz et al. [Compared to the above active detection techniques, the magnetic memory technique (MMM), which has significant application prospects in stress assessment, relies only on the excitation of the geomagnetic field, demonstrating the magnetization changes caused by stress. Gao et al.  performez et al.  evaluatez et al. ,18 discuz et al.  and Shi z et al. . HoweverTSV) required for the complete disappearance of the supplementary domains is proposed, and the influential factors are discussed. The article is structured as follows: After the introduction, the mechanism of domain motion and the characterization method are discussed. Subsequently, the domain motion under continuously varying stress is demonstrated, and, based on the domain motion, the TSV and the influential factors are proposed. Finally, conclusions and prospects for future work are presented.In summary, the study of the influence of continuous varying stress on magnetic domain motion is an extension of the stress-induced domain motion in thin films ,22, nanoWhen a beam of monochromatically polarized light shines on the surface of a magnetic material, the polarization plane of the reflected light has a rotated angle compared to the polarization plane of the incident light. This angle is called the magneto-optical Kerr rotation angle. A magnetic domain image can eventually be formed by converting the Kerr rotation angles into the corresponding intensity values in MOKE. The intensity of each pixel of the magnetic domain image is proportional to the magnetization intensity. However, a high degree of surface polishing is required to obtain the Kerr rotation angle. This shortcoming can be overcome with the aid of magneto-optical indicator films (MOIF), as shown in Typical magnetic domain images of silicon steel obtained by the MOKE are shown in The intensity here can be regarded as the magnetization intensity of the underlying sample or the intensity of the domain image because they are proportional to each other. Within the same magnetic domain, the direction of the intensity is approximately the same, with only a very few supplementary domains differing in orientation. The intensities of two adjacent magnetic domains show a transition at the domain walls. The difference in intensity at different locations is not significant in the unstressed state, although it exists. After applying stress, the directions of the intensities within the domains do not change, but the magnitudes increase significantly due to the domain rotation. The domain walls, which are not significantly differentiated in the unstressed state, become more pronounced after applying stress, and their positions are shifted somewhat.MV, which isI denote the average intensity value of the domain images, I value in all domain images. According to [MV parameters of a specific magnetic domain image, it is possible to know the relative rotation at this time.In summary, the magnitude and distribution of intensity can be used to characterize the domain rotation and domain wall displacement before and after tensile stress is applied. Since the domain size is too small for accurate tracking and analysis of a single domain, statistical analysis of multiple domains in a region is used to describe its motion behaviors better, and the size of the region is given as rding to , the relASM). In the Gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), the ASM is also referred to as energy and reflects the degree of uniformity of intensity distribution and texture coarseness. If there is a displacement of the magnetic domain walls, then the distribution of the domain images intensity will change, resulting in a change in the ASM value; that is,II value in all domain images. The variation in MV and ASM allows the quantitative characterization of the magnetic domain rotation and domain wall displacement under stress to study the mechanism of domain motion.The magnetic domain wall displacement can be expressed in normalized relative angular second-order moment changes  during the loading process. However, after the stress exceeded 120 MPa, MV no longer increased linearly but entered an oscillatory steady state. In contrast, the ASM was linearly related to the increasing stress applied throughout the loading process. The magnetic domain images also show this variation in magnetic domain rotation and domain wall displacement in the elastic range. As shown in The variations in the characterization parameters MV showed two trends during the stress unloading process. During the applied stress being unloaded from 270 MPa to 100 MPa, MV showed a linearly decreasing trend. After the stress dropped below 100 MPa, the MV fell with a more significant linear trend until the applied stress reached zero. It is noteworthy that the MV did not return to the zero value at this time, and there was still a non-negligible change compared with the initial state. On the other hand, the ASM maintained a hysteresis variation throughout the unloading process with a slightly larger value than the loading process. Eventually, the ASM was almost the same as the initial state after the stress was removed.In addition, the MV was affected by the rotation of both the supplementary and striped domains. When the stress reached a specific value, the supplementary domains disappear entirely and completed the merging process with the striped domain. However, the domain wall energy between adjacent striped domains was large, and the elastic stress only caused a tiny reversible domain wall displacement, as well as a small fraction of the magnetization vector inside the striped domain to rotate. At this time, the MV was only affected by the rotation of the striped domain. Therefore, when the stress reached a specific value, significant domain rotation no longer occurred even if the elastic stress continued to increase. Although there were also domain walls between the supplementary domains and the striped domains, their thicknesses and domain wall energies were much smaller than those of the domain walls between the striped domains. Therefore, the reorganization process of the supplementary domains and the striped domains had almost no effect on the overall domain wall displacement. Therefore, the influence on the ASM parameters was mainly on the domain walls between the striped domains.The characterization parameters were related to the magnetic domain motion. The wall energy of the supplementary domain inside the striped domain was relatively small. Under stress, the domain wall between the supplementary domain and the striped domain moved significantly, causing the area of the supplementary domain to decrease and the magnetization vector of the supplementary domain to rotate in the direction of the striped domain. After the elastic stress was removed, the domain walls of the striped domain returned to their initial positions, and the magnetization vector within the striped domain also returned to its initial angle. However, the merging with the supplementary domains meant that the striped domains could not wholly rotate to their initial states.MV and ASM throughout the process and their corresponding magnetic domain images are shown in Next, the magnetic domain motion was extended to the continuously varying plastic range stress. The 1% strain loading and unloading process was performed on the sample that had just unloaded the 270 MPa stress. The variation in the characterization parameters MV was similar to the initial value, while the ASM became negative. At this point, the magnetic domain image  and is shown in TSV divides the domain rotation of the material into reversible and irreversible phases. As can be seen in TSV, the magnitude of the residual magnetic field no longer rises [The stress required for the complete disappearance of the supplementary domains is called the ‘threshold stress value’ , to ensure the minimization of magnetostatic energy, the presence of more magnetic domains is required for a region of fixed size, which leads to a decrease in the domain width. It is assumed that the striped domains have the same domain width The magnetic domains of the five samples in the red ellipse are listed in Assume that in the same region, there are also striped magnetic domains with domain width Thus, the difference TSV is theoretically linearly related to the domain width for domains with the same distance L to grain boundaries and domain orientation. The difference in magnetostatic energy in magnetic domains of different widths is proportional to the domain width, with other influencing factors being the same. A decrease in magnetostatic energy leads to an increase in magnetic exchange energy so that the magnetic exchange energy increases linearly with the decrease in the domain width. Since the magnetic exchange energy is isotropic, the magnetization vector inside the domain is already rotated in the direction of the easy magnetization axis in the state of the degenerate magnetic field. Therefore, the smaller width of the domain has a smaller area of additional domains; as a result, lower energy and lower stress are required to complete the rotation of the magnetization vector in the 180° direction. Moreover, since the change in magnetic exchange energy is proportional to the change in domain width, the TSV is also shown in L to the grain boundary. According to Equation (7), the angles between the stress and the domain orientation were also taken into consideration, and are presented in the form of an error bar plotted in the figure. It can be seen that with the same distance to the grain boundary, the magnetic domain width was approximately linearly correlated with the TSV, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between those two parameters was 0.99. Considering the domain orientation, the TSV of samples with a similar distance L to the grain boundary was still mainly influenced by the domain width. At the same time, the influence of the magnetic domain orientation was relatively tiny.The relationship between domain width and TSV for different identical parts, it can be seen that the grain boundary is the most significant influential factor in the TSV. For regions with the same distance to the grain boundary, the domain width and orientation also affect the TSV.According to the presented results of the In this paper, the influence of continuously varying tensile stress on domain motion was investigated by means of real-time magnetic domain images acquired using a hybrid MOKE and MOIF system. The TSV required for a magnetic domain to complete irreversible rotation is proposed, and the influential factors were summarized by exploring different samples. Our results led us to the following conclusions:(1) Real-time tracking of magnetic domain motion shows the continuation of the magnetic domain wall displacement during the elastic stress loading process, together with the irreversible domain rotation of the supplementary domain, will be complete after specific elastic stress, after which only the reversible domain rotation will exist in the striped domain. After the stress is removed, due to the fusion of supplementary and striped domains, the overall magnetic domain cannot rotate to its initial state, while the domain walls’ displacement is reversible. For domain motion in the plastic range, the presence of distortion energy leads to less intense domain motion behavior during stress loading than in the elastic range. Moreover, the domain pattern changes from striped domains to transverse domains after the applied strain is removed. The domain motion mechanism matches the magneto-mechanical constitutive relation model.TSV is related to the spatial factors of the microstructures. Specifically, in regions with large distances from the grain boundaries, broad magnetic domains require larger TSVs to complete irreversible domain rotation.(2) The threshold stress value is proposed to characterize the stress required to complete the irreversible rotation of the supplementary domain in the elastic range. By studying different samples, it was shown that the TSV, together with the influential factors, explains the sequential problem and the irreversible changes in magnetic domain rotation under stress. In particular, the combination of domain motion and macroscopic magnetic parameters can determine the stress range and discriminate the microstructure, which can help with stress assessment in different measured regions using micromagnetic methods, e.g., Magnetic memory method (MMM), magnetic barkhausen noise (MBN). In addition, the quantitative assessment of the influential factors of TSV, linking to other magnetic features at micro and marco scale, and its dynamic behaviors [This paper complements previous studies of the mechanism of magnetic domain motion caused by continuously varying tensile stress under only the excitation of geomagnetic fields, which are easily ignored in electromagnetic nondestructive testing techniques. The domain motion mechanism validates the magneto-mechanical constitutive relation from a microscopic perspective. Moreover, the proposed ehaviors ,8 will b


China achieved comprehensive poverty eradication under the current standards in 2020, but eliminating absolute poverty does not mean the end of poverty alleviation and reduction; relative poverty will exist for a long time and has become the subject of poverty study. In this paper, the social poverty line (SPL) index is utilized to establish the relative poverty standard, and CHFS2017 is used to compare the regional distribution of relative poverty in China. The results show that the relative poverty in rural areas is more serious than that in urban areas. The rural relative poverty rate in five provinces and cities including Beijing is over 60%, and the rural relative poverty rate in Qinghai is low. The urban relative poverty rate in many provinces and cities of the central and western regions is below 40%, and the relatively high relative poverty rate in the eastern region has drawn attention to the issue of the income distribution. Moreover, a logit model for binary is employed for the influencing factor analysis of the relative poverty of urban and rural residents. The results show that the education year has a negative effect on the relative poverty of urban and rural residents. Happiness has a positive effect on urban residents, government financial expenditure and financial support for agriculture have different effects on rural residents and urban residents. Therefore, we put forward aiming at relative poverty in the rural areas of the central and western regions to reduce financial pressure and increase the benefits of poverty reduction. Since the reform and opening up, the anti-poverty struggle in rural China has won a huge victory with economic development. In 2020, China achieved comprehensive poverty eradication under the current standards, but eliminating absolute poverty does not mean the end of poverty alleviation and reduction, and relative poverty will exist for a long time  . This deThe setting of the poverty line is the starting point for studying poverty Sen, 1999) , because99 , becaIn order to better manage relative poverty, we must first identify the relative poor population. In this paper, the social poverty line (SPL) adopted by the World Bank is used to measure the relative poverty of urban and rural residents in China. Firstly, the SPL index proposed by Jolliffe and Prydz et al. is used to formulate the relative poverty line of urban and rural areas in each region. Then, the regional distribution of relative poverty in China is analyzed by using the survey data of large samples in China. Finally, the influencing factors of relative poverty are analyzed. Compared with the existing literature, the main contributions of this paper are as follows: first, due to China’s vast territory, the regional economic development varies greatly, and the duality of urban and rural development is significant . TherefoThe remaining parts of this paper are arranged as follows: we review the changes in China’s poverty standard and put forward the social poverty standard SPL in In 1986, in accordance with the World Bank Law on Basic Needs, the state set China’s first rural poverty standard based on the income and expenditure survey data of 67,000 rural households across the country, which includes two parts: food consumption expenditure to maintain basic life and non-food consumption expenditure   [Z*, α + kM) poverty measurement method, where Z* is the floor, the minimum poverty level, and the absolute poverty line; α is a fixed intercept, and kM explains the relativist part of the upward tilt in the level of economic development. SPL = Max ; the implication is that the poverty line is determined by the greater value between the absolute poverty line Z* and the relative poverty line α + kM, but the relative poverty line is not extremely low because the average income of the country is very low but has a minimum threshold α. Atkinson-Bourguignon and Ravallion-Chen suggested that Z* is an international poverty line of USD 1 per day (1985 PPP) or USD 1.25 per day (2005 PPP), α = 0.6 and k = 0.33; M is per capita consumption expenditure in the national economy. Based on the existing works such as Sun et al., (2018) [Most low- and middle-income countries define poverty as the inability to meet basic needs. Absolute poverty lines reflect a fixed level of material welfare, while relative poverty is a concept that increases with a country’s economic development. Townsend (1979)  believed, (2018) , Decerf , (2018) , Chen an, (2018) , and Gar, (2018) , this paChina is a vast country with great regional differences. It is difficult to measure relative poverty in China comprehensively by using a ruler across the country. The long-term existence of the urban-rural dual economic structure has also brought two serious consequences to the adoption of the unified relative poverty line: ignoring the relative poverty in urban areas and the large rural relative poverty population has brought great financial pressure  . This paThe SPL index used in this paper starts with an intercept of USD 1 per day  and a gradient of 50% of median consumption or income, at the same time, considering the international poverty standard of USD 1.90 a day, USD 1.90 is taken as a fixed element, and 50% of the mean consumption (or income) is taken as the relative poverty element. This proportion method can not only meet the consistent relative poverty standards of countries at different levels but is also consistent with the United Nations sustainable development goals SDG10.2.1. According to Equation (1), the relative poverty line of Chinese residents in 2019 can be calculated as CNY 13,634.94. The urban relative poverty line is CNY 16,887.19, and the rural relative poverty line is CNY 9519.35. There is a large gap between urban and rural relative poverty lines. The urban relative poverty line is about 1.77 times higher than the rural poverty line, which is much higher than China’s current absolute poverty line.This paper is based on the data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and the China Household Finance Survey in 2017 (CHFS2017). CHFS2017 is the fourth round of the survey conducted by the Survey and Research Center for China Household Finance, covering 29 provinces , 355 districts and counties, and 1428 village (neighborhood) committees. The number of sample households is 40,011, and the data is representative of national, provincial and sub-provincial cities. The demographic characteristics of the CHFS data are highly consistent with those published by China’s National Bureau of Statistics; in terms of the family size, age structure and sex ratio of the population, it is relatively consistent with the data of the National Statistical Office. In terms of total resident income, CHFS is quite consistent with the total resident income, total urban and rural resident income and per capita income released by China’s National Bureau of Statistics. It shows that the CHFS sample is fully representative of the whole country.In the China Household Finance Survey data (CHFS2017), the data focused on consumption or income as the statistics of 2016. CHFS2017 can be used to calculate the relative poverty lines of rural and urban areas in various provinces and cities, and then calculate the relative poverty population. In 2016, the relative poverty standard of China’s overall residents is CNY 11,237.99, that of urban residents is CNY 14,221.94, and that of rural residents is CNY 7747.38, far higher than the absolute poverty standard of CNY 2300; they are 65.68%, 61.62% and 76.48% of the corresponding per capita consumption, respectively. This is not far from the international standard of the relative poverty of 60 percent of median income or consumption. According to the data of the China Household Finance Survey, the per capita consumption of Chinese residents is CNY 21,528, the per capita consumption of Chinese rural residents is CNY 11,476, and the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents is CNY 26,220. According to China’s National Bureau of Statistics, per capita consumption in China is CNY 17,111, CNY 23,079 in urban areas and CNY 10,130 in rural areas. CHFS2017 is uniformly higher than the consumption level calculated by China’s National Bureau of Statistics see .Under the SPL standard based on the per-capita consumption of each province and city, the total number of relatively poor people in China is 19,119, 3620 more than 15,499 under the SPL standard based on national per capita consumption. This again demonstrates the high accuracy of subregional calculations of relative poverty. Relative poverty identification I’s relative poverty identification is more accurate; relative poverty identification I is to calculate the relative poverty standards based on the average per capita consumption level of each province and then identify the relative poverty population, and it can identify more relatively poor people. Similarly, the situations of urban and rural areas are the same. The number of urban relative poverty population under relative poverty identification I is 12,630. This is 3021 more than the number of relative poverty population under relative poverty identification II, which is 9609. Relative poverty identification II is to calculate the relative poverty standard based on the national average per capita consumption level and then identify the relative poverty population. The number of rural relative poverty population under relative poverty identification I and II is 6489 and 5890, respectively. According to the relative poverty identification criteria I and II, there are 14,863 relatively poor people, and the number of urban and rural relatively poor people is 9289 and 5565, respectively see .By comparing the relative poverty rate between urban and rural areas, it can be found that the rural relative poverty rate is higher than the urban relative poverty rate in most provinces and cities of China See . Except y is the variable capturing whether the resident is in relative poverty , and X represents the set of all explanatory variables. For any real number z, G is a function strictly between 0 and 1: G(z) = Through the above analysis, we can clearly see the distribution of relative poverty in urban and rural areas of China. But why are there regional differences in relative poverty? What is the cause of this distribution? This section analyzes the influencing factors of the relative poverty of urban and rural residents in China and answers the above questions. To do this, we consider a logit model for binary responses:The explanatory variables are the variable capturing whether the resident lives in relative poverty, the variable capturing whether the rural resident lives in relative poverty, and the variable capturing whether the urban resident lives in relative poverty. Firstly, it is necessary to control individual characteristic variables, such as age, gender, years of education, marital status, health status, and happiness, which can all have a certain impact on poverty. To confirm that the answers of the respondents were acceptable and robust, only samples for residents aged 16 to 100 were included  ,43. In uIn this paper, the social poverty line (SPL) is selected to establish the relative poverty standard of all provinces and cities in China, and the large sample data of the China Household Finance Survey is used to identify the urban and rural relative poverty population of all provinces and cities in China firstly. Then the influencing factors of urban and rural relative poverty in each province are analyzed. Finally, the relative poverty population is identified by the SPL standard under the national per capita consumption level, and the robustness test is carried out. The results show that relative poverty in rural areas is more serious than in urban areas. The rural relative poverty rate in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan provinces is above 60%. The rural relative poverty rate in other provinces and cities is between 40% and 60%, except Qinghai province, where the rural relative poverty rate is below 40%. Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Fujian and Jilin have more urban relative poverty rates below 40 percent. Chongqing, Shandong and Jiangsu have urban relative poverty rates above 60 percent, while the rest of the provinces and cities have urban relative poverty rates between 40 and 60 percent. The urban-rural dual structure can explain the difference between urban and rural relative poverty, and the income distribution gap can explain the high relative poverty degree of some provinces and cities  . ImproviThe corresponding policy implications are as follows. Relative poverty is also a matter of concern. However, the way to reduce relative poverty is different from the way to eliminate absolute poverty. Relative poverty is no longer simply income poverty but entails multidimensional poverty including food, clothing, housing, education, recreation, health, society communication and capability. Therefore, we should pay attention to multiplex development, not only income, but also employment opportunities, personal ability and quality, development opportunities and so on. The surrounding environment and hardware are the foundation for personal development. The government needs to address this. Education is an important and less risky way to reduce poverty and achieve development; therefore, it is important to encourage the relatively poor through education. Health, employment, and so on should be paid attention to because relative poverty is multicomponent. The government should give more support to the young because young people have less wealth accumulation and require more spending.The rural areas in China are not only the gathering place of absolute poverty but also the problem of relative poverty. The relatively serious rural poverty areas are mainly economically developed areas and large agricultural provinces, which provide more sources of income increase. Most of the provinces that have just emerged from absolute poverty are ones with low rural relative poverty rates. It means that with the development of the economy and the comprehensive elimination of absolute poverty, the problem of relative poverty is becoming more and more prominent. Because the properties and causes are different between absolute poverty and relative poverty, the approach to eliminating relative poverty is also different from absolute poverty. It is the prerequisite for reducing relative poverty to know the extent of relative poverty. Moreover, we should know more influencing factors of relative poverty. In our paper, we just discussed the influencing factors on the whole, but the exact mechanism is not well understood; therefore, one of our future works is to study this specific problem. With economic development, the degree and characteristics of relative poverty will change; hence, we should put forward updating measures of relative poverty.


Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common form of thoracic venous abnormality. Catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) can be complicated by the existence of PLSVC, which could act as an important arrhythmogenic mechanism in AF.I2 = 0.0%) . Different ablation strategies for PLSVC were summarized and discussed in the systematic review.We reported a case series of patients with PLSVC who underwent CA for AF at our center between 2018 and 2021. A systematic search was also performed on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for research reporting CA for AF in patients with PLSVC. Sixteen patients with PLSVC were identified at our center. Ablation targeting PLSVC was performed in 5 patients in the index procedures and in four patients receiving redo procedures. One patient experienced acute procedure failure. After a median follow-up period of 15 months, only 6 (37.5%) patients remained free from AF/atrial tachycardia (AT) after a single procedure. In the systematic review, 11 studies with 167 patients were identified. Based on the included studies, the estimated prevalence of PLSVC in patients undergoing CA for AF was 0.7%. Ablation targeting PLSVC was performed in 121 (74.7%) patients. Major complications in patients with PLSVC receiving AF ablation procedure included four cases of cardiac tamponades (2%), three cases of cardiac effusion (1.5%), one case of ischemic stroke, and three cases of phrenic nerve injury (1.5%) (one left phrenic nerve and two right phrenic nerve). Pooled analysis revealed that after a median follow-up period of 15.6 months (IQR 12.0–74.0 months), the long-term AF/AT-free rate was 70.6% (95% CI 62.8–78.4%, In patients with PLSVC, recurrence of atrial arrhythmia after CA for AF is relatively common. Ablation aiming for PLSVC isolation is necessitated in most patients. The overall risk of procedural complications was within an acceptable range. Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common type of thoracic vein abnormality, with an estimated prevalence of 0.3–0.5% in the general population  and 4–8%per se, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Previous investigations demonstrated that PLSVC plays an important role in both the initiation and maintenance of AF, and targeted ablation within PLSVC has been reported in several cases  strategy for AF in patients with PLSVC has not been established. We reviewed all patients with PLSVC who received CA for AF at our center. To get an overview of the current practice and evaluated the impact of PLSVC on CA for AF, we also performed a systematic review of the relevant literature.All patients who underwent CA for AF at our center between September 2018 and April 2022 were screened for patients with PLSVC. General principles of perioperative management and ablation protocol at our center have previously been described in detail , 8. ThreA standard irrigated-tip ablation catheter  was used in all radiofrequency ablation procedures. PVI was performed with a power of 40–50 W, and linear ablation with 35–40 W. Ablation within PLSVC was performed with a power set at 25–35 W and a saline irrigation rate of 17–30 mL/min, targeting an ablation index of 350–400 at the operator’s discretion. All ablation was conducted in a point-by-point fashion under the power-controlled mode, with a contact force between 10 and 20 g, and an inter-tag distance of ≤6 mm. The endpoint of the ablation procedure was PVI, as well as complete linear block and PLSVC isolation if such interventions were conducted.All patients were follow-up at 1, 3, 6 months, and every 6 months thereafter. Twelve lead surface ECGs, as well as a 24-h Holter, were requisite for every follow-up visit. This study adheres to the guiding principles of the Helsinki Declaration and is approved by the ethnic institute of Beijing Anzhen Hospital.t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, while categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 software.Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with an interquartile range for continuous variables, and as number (frequency) for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared using the Student’s A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science databases was performed on 2 July 2022 for publications from the year 2,000 onward, utilizing combinations of the relevant medical subject heading (MeSH) terms, keywords, and word variants for ‘left superior vena cava,’ ‘atrial fibrillation,’ and ‘catheter ablation.’ Studies with the following characteristics were considered eligible: (1) reported CA procedures in human participants who have a confirmed diagnosis of PLSVC and AF; (2) provided a minimum information on patients’ demographics and safety or efficacy data of ablation procedure. Two reviewers (MG and YB) independently screened the identified records for eligibility. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by consultation with a third senior electro-physiologist (SL). An assessment of the risk of bias and methodological quality on the study level was also conducted independently by these two reviewers, with the usage of a modified form of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale .p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity was quantified using the inconsistency index (I2). If I2 < 25%, 25–75%, and >75%, the heterogeneity was considered as low, moderate, and high, respectively. Funnel graph and Egger’s tests were performed to examine the risk of publication bias.Two investigators (MG and YB) independently conducted data collection. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata . Data were pooled using random-effects, according to the Mantel–Haenszel model. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was used. A two-sided From September 2018 to April 2022, 16 patients with PLSVC among 8421 patients who underwent CA for AF at our center were identified . One patient has a history of uncorrected atrial septum defect (patient #9) and one has a history of aortic valve replacement (patient #16). Two patients (#6 and #13) received PVI at other institutions and suffered from AF recurrence 3 and 8 months after the index ablation, respectively. In five patients, preprocedural transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) failed to discover the existence of PLSVC, which was only detected by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).p = 0.901; LA diameter [mm]: 42 ± 9 vs. 38 ± 7mm, p = 0.299; LVEF [%]: 61 ± 5 vs. 58 ± 17, p = 0.040). In two patients with PAF, ablation targeting PLSVC resulted in acute termination of AF. As ablation within PLSVC was conducted in only nine patients, analysis of the correlation between ablation parameter setting and rate of successful isolation of PLSVC was not viable in our case series.During the procedure, triggering activities originating from PLSVC were documented in 5 (31%) patients in the index procedure and necessitated ablation in PLSVC. A representative case of PLSVC isolation is presented in One patient with a history of PsAF for more than 10 years failed to restore SR despite of repeated electro cardioversion. Complete linear block was achieved in all LA rooflines and CTI lines. However, MI block failed in three patients after extensive ablation at the endocardial aspect and inside CS. Notably, ablation time at the MI region  was relatively long in patients with PLSVC (19 ± 5 min) , only 6 (37.5%) patients remained AF/AT-free after a single ablation procedure, while 9/15 patients (excluding the one with acute failure) experienced recurrence, with a median ablation-to-recurrence time of 15 months . Seven patients recurred as AF while two patients developed organized atrial tachyarrhythmia. A flow diagram summarizing the procedural and follow-up outcome was provided in Of 445 records retrieved by the searching strategy, 11 retrospective case series were eligible for the final analysis , 11–18, I2 = 87.6%, A total of 167 AF patients with PLSVC  were reported in the included studies. Noticeably, the average age of this population was much younger than the average age of AF diagnosis (75.8 ± 12.7 years) in the general population . The pooI2 = 39.2%) , could initiate a sustained AF, the PLSVC would be regarded as a trigger; while, if the shortest AF cycle was recorded in PLSVC during AF onset, then the PLSVC would be deemed as a driver, or perpetuator, of AF . Pooled = 39.2%) .The summarization of details of ablation procedures were displayed in Ablation strategies varied among different studies . To inteIn the 162 patients undergoing CA, a total of 121 74.7%) patients receiving ablation in PLSVC, with 55 patients reported to achieve PLSVC isolation .7% patie, 16, 18.A total of 15 complications (7.5%) were reported in six studies –15, 18. The mean follow-up (FU) duration of seven studies reporting with mean and standard deviations was 23.4 months 95% CI: 15.2–31.7). Three case series reported outcomes after a fixed FU period . AdditiThe PLSVC courses between the LA appendage (LAA) and the left superior pulmonary vein before draining into the right atrium via an enlarged CS. Occasionally, drainage into LA can also occur. In most cases, bilateral SVCs coexist with or without an anastomosis through an innominate vein, while in some rarer cases, PLSVC presents with a concomitant absence of the RSVC .Based on current evidence, PLSVC can participate in the genesis and maintenance of AF through three distinct electrophysiological properties:(1) Triggering activity: tissue with pacemaker activities exists bilaterally near the sinus horns and common cardinal veins during the embryological period, which can be preserved in the undegenerated PLSVC , renderi(2) Perpetuator of AF: the complex muscular structure in PLSVC endues it with the potential to be a perpetuator during AF persistency. In some studies, ablation targeting sites with high-frequency signals or CFAE within PLSVC was performed , 24.(3) Connections with LA and CS: as revealed by histological studies, extensive muscular connections exist between LA and PLSVC , thus, eBased on current evidence, PLSVC acted as an initiator or perpetrator of AF in more than half cases and was a common cause of arrhythmia recurrence. Therefore, achieving PLSVC isolation could be considered routine practice in highly experienced centers with adequate safety guarantees. At least, PLSVC isolation should be performed if it is found to be arrhythmogenic.Several phenomena can be observed after the achievement of PLSVC isolation: (1) alteration in the activation sequence of PLSVC during LA pacing, which corroborates a disconnection between LA and PLSVC , 29; (2)Although in the study by Wissner et al.  the inciIn addition, to achieve isolation of PLSVC, ablation targeting the CS-PLSVC connection is indicated. According to histologic examinations by Kim et al. , musculaEliminating the multiple connections between PLSVC and LA as well as CS in a point-by-point fashion by RF ablation may be time-consuming and tends to result in incomplete isolation. To this end, a ‘one-shot’ ablation tool might be a better solution to this challenging issue. Cryoballoon ablation has been reported in several studies , 35, 36.Several limitations in the present systematic review need to be acknowledged. In the case series, the proportion of PLSVC showing spontaneous triggering activities in our case series was lower than previously reported, which may account for the higher recurrence rate in our center. In fact, the missed triggers in PLSVC may play a critical role in the development of AF in this specific population, as reflected by the necessity of PLSVC ablation in all four redo cases. Drug challenges using isoproterenol or adenosine may be more effective to reach the threshold of arrhythmia inducibility for triggers or automatic mechanism than burst atrial pacing . In addiIn addition, the quality of the systematic review is limited by the nature of small case series of included studies. Great heterogeneity existed among available studies, including ablation techniques and tools, mapping systems, ablation strategies, parameter settings as well as variable follow-up and outcome measurements, and the scale of the included case series are rather small. With these limitations, the reliability and robustness of the pooled analysis might be hampered.Although the prevalence of PLSVC is low in AF patients, it is common to play an arrhythmogenic role in the initiation or maintenance of AF. CA of AF in patients with PLSVC usually involves intervention targeting LA-PLSVC and CS-PLSVC connections, as well as focal with high-frequency signals. Overall, CA can result in an acceptable rate of atrial arrhythmia freedom with relatively low risk of complications. However, current evidences are derived from small non-controlled cohort studies. Future well-designed randomized controlled trials or large-scale registries are still needed to explore the optimal interventional strategy for AF in patients with PLSVC.Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethnic Institute of Beijing Anzhen Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.SL, CM, and JD: contributing to the conception and design. MG and YB: drafting the manuscript. LH, JZ, CL, NL, XL, SZ, XG, WW, and XZ: data collection, analysis, and interpretation. DL, CS, and RT: revising the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


The LSTM model achieved high precision for frozen soil deformation prediction at the point scale, with a root mean square error of 4.457 mm and mean absolute error of 3.421 mm. The results demonstrated that deformation monitoring and prediction using MT-InSAR technology integrated with the LSTM model can be used to accurately identify types of permafrost over a large region and quantitatively evaluate its degradation trends.Permafrost degradation can significantly affect vegetation, infrastructure, and sustainable development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The permafrost on the QTP faces a risk of widespread degradation due to climate change and ecosystem disturbances; thus, monitoring its changes is critical. In this study, we conducted a permafrost surface deformation prediction over the Tuotuo River tributary watershed in the southwestern part of the QTP using the Long Short-Term Memory model (LSTM). The LSTM model was applied to the deformation information derived from a time series of Multi-Temporal Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR). First, we designed a quadtree segmentation-based Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) to monitor the seasonal permafrost deformation from March 2017 to April 2022. Then, the types of frozen soil were classified using the spatio-temporal deformation information and the temperature at the top of the permafrost. Finally, the time-series deformation trends of different types of permafrost were predicted using the LSTM model. The results showed that the deformation rates in the Tuotuo River Basin ranged between −80 to 60 mm/yr. Permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and potentially degraded permafrost covered 7572.23, 900.87, and 921.70 km The a–0.27 °C ,6. Perma–0.27 °C . Thus, mThe Tuotuo River is the source of the Yangtze River, starting from the Jianggudiru Glacier in the south and ending at the foot of Nangi Balong Hill in the east to meet the Dang Qu ,10. PermSynthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) is an efficient approach for investigating large-scale displacement of the permafrost. Multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) techniques, such as persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) , and theTropospheric atmospheric delays due to complex topography, the complexity of the freeze-thaw deformation process, and decorrelation due to seasonal ground snow and vegetation dynamics influence the application of MT-InSAR to permafrost deformation estimations. Several empirical phase-based methods have been proposed to reduce topography-correlated tropospheric-phase delays ,27,28,29Permafrost distribution over the QTP was first mapped to evaluate changes in the thermal state using multi-source datasets based on mathematical and physical models ,33,34 anDeformation prediction is essential for monitoring the seasonal permafrost freeze-thaw cycles and its degradation trends. On the other hand, the Sentinel-1 satellite also provides a rich dataset for a time-series displacement prediction task using InSAR. In the past decade, the rapid development of deep learning in remote sensing image processing and analysis has shown promising application potential. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) were used to detect the slow deformation of volcanoes and predict short-term InSAR deformation maps ,40,41. NThis paper used Small BAseline Subset technology to investigate and analyze the seasonal permafrost deformation process and then used InSAR time-series data to classify the permafrost in the Tuotuo River Basin. Finally, the LSTM model was used to predict the deformation of some points in permafrost areas. The results of permafrost classification provide a scientific basis for permafrost distribution mapping in areas with complex topography. Moreover, the deformation prediction results can quantitatively evaluate the degradation trends of permafrost.2 , covering an area of approximately 8490 km2 . The aveThe interferometric wide (IW) swath mode Sentinel-1A ascending data from 14 March 2017 and 6 May 2022, composed of 3 frames covering all of the Tuotuo River Basin, were downloaded from the Alaska Satellite Facility Vertex website . The detThe 1 arc-second resolution SRTM DEM with 30 m ground resolution was used to perform SAR image co-registration, geocoding, and spatial analysis of the deformation results . In thisThis paper introduced an LSTM model to predict the surface deformation of different permafrost types in the Tuotuo River Basin. The LSTM model was constructed based on the newly designed quadtree segmentation-based SBAS-derived historical displacement. The four main steps of the process are shown in We first used the ISCE framework to process Sentinel-1A ascending acquisitions into co-registered interferograms and then filtered and unwrapped these interferograms . To incrA quadtree segmentation-based empirical phase method was designed to reduce the influence of topographic phase noise and correct tropospheric delays in the unwrapped interferograms ,57. The P is the annual period (365 days). TDD  , based oThen, the type of permafrost in the study area was further estimated according to the TTOP values using the following equation:Finally, the permafrost distribution map was obtained based on the InSAR deformation information and the TTOP model.The potential permafrost degradation areas in the Tuotuo River Basin were extracted based on the InSAR deformation information and the permafrost distribution map. LSTM not only solves the long-term dependence problem in Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) , but alsThe first stage of LSTM determines the forget or remember information in the cell state. This stage is realized by the forget gate. It checks the output at the last moment and the current input, and then determines which information to keep or delete through the sigmoid layer. The equation is as follows:The second stage of LSTM determines which new data will be stored in the cell state. The input gate In the third stage of LSTM, h at the current moment is obtained as:The final stage of LSTM determines which information to output. First, the output gate determines which parts of the cell state to output, and then the value of the cell state between −1 and 1 is normalized through the tanh function, and the result is multiplied by the output of the sigmoid gate. The output value In summary, a single LSTM neuron can extract features from historical data by the interaction among the forget gate, input gate, output gate, and activation function.The InSAR monitoring results can be expressed as First, the historical deformations of the measurement points were obtained for different classified permafrost regions, and the LSTM prediction model of ground deformation of the measurement points in the study area was established using the TensorFlow deep learning framework. The InSAR dataset was subdivided to implement the training and testing processes using the LSTM prediction model, with 70% of the time-series deformation data used for training, 20% for testing, and 10% for validation. Second, the min-max normalization method was used to normalize the time-series InSAR deformation data of these deformation measurement points. Then, the network initialization step of the LSTM model was carried out by setting the initialization weight and bias vector, using the Dropout layer to suppress overfitting in the process of network training. In our study, the initial learning rate was 0.0001 and the maximum training time was 2000. The optimizer adopted the Adam (Adaptive Moment Estimation) method. The algorithm calculated the adaptive learning rate under different parameters. The grid search algorithm was used to select the hyperparameters in the prediction model. To evaluate the prediction accuracy of the constructed LSTM neural network model, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the prediction model.Based on the designed segmentation-based SBAS method, the LOS deformation velocities of regional permafrost in the study area were obtained from the Sentinel-1A ascending geometries . The LOS2 and the area of permafrost was 7572.23 km2.2.Due to the degradation of some permafrost into seasonally frozen ground in recent years, the permafrost area has been reduced. In addition, there may be some errors in time-series deformation calculations, such as unwrapping errors, terrain errors, and the influence of soil water content, precipitation, and glacier activity in some areas, which lead to inaccurate time-series deformation calculations in MT-InSAR, resulting in inaccurate classification results . A markeThe potential degradation areas of permafrost were extracted based on the InSAR information and permafrost distribution map . The timAs shown in The LSTM model was used to predict and analyze the time-series deformation of these points. We used 108 historical InSAR time-series deformations as the training dataset, 46 time-series deformations as the test dataset, and 15 time-series deformations as the validation dataset . To ensuThe prediction results indicated that the temporal deformations of points A, D, and E showed a periodic freeze-thaw process and the predicted results showed a trend of summer melting, which is in line with the law of permafrost deformation, indirectly confirming the accuracy of the prediction results. The maximum cumulative settlement in summer 2022 was expected to be −15.68, −28.18, and −31.96 mm, respectively. The challenges of MT-InSAR applications in permafrost areas include temporal decorrelation due to surface dynamics, atmospheric phase screen errors, and seasonal deformation. In this study, the influence of temporal decorrelation was reduced by introducing a coherence weight into the SBAS deformation inversion. The topography-correlated atmospheric phase noise was reduced by quadtree segmentation. Permafrost undergoes seasonal freezing and thawing, which cannot be correctly described by the linear deformation model in the MT-InSAR method. The Stefan model or sinusoidal approximation models are commonly used to describe the seasonal variation processes of permafrost. The applicability of those models has been well demonstrated at the local scale . HoweverThe classification of frozen soils in this paper relied on an unsupervised approach based on the deformation properties of different frozen soil types. In this approach, the classification was based on the time-series deformation of each measurement point and did not need external data as input. There was also no need to build physical and empirical models of frozen soil, which reduced the computational burden. Additionally, the TTOP model was used to accurately correct unclassified permafrost and seasonally frozen areas with the same deformation law, improving the classification accuracy compared to Wang’s results . In the In this study, we designed a parallel quadtree segmentation-based MT-InSAR method to conduct permafrost deformation monitoring in the Tuotuo River Basin. We classified the permafrost using MT-InSAR-monitored deformation and the TTOP model to predict the degradation trends of different types of permafrost. The deformation characteristics of permafrost were successfully predicted and analyzed based on the LSTM model, and the main conclusions are as follows:(1)This work demonstrated the applicability of the quadtree segmentation-based MT-InSAR method in monitoring permafrost deformation. It provides an effective strategy for reducing the influence of topography-correlated atmospheric delay by using the empirical phase-based method in the segmented subset. The SBAS method is an effective option for monitoring permafrost deformation without using the permafrost seasonal deformation model. The deformation results showed that the LOS deformation velocity ranged from −80 to 60 mm/yr and was generally smaller than 20 mm in most areas.(2)2 and the area of permafrost was 7572.23 km2. Additionally, we found that potentially degraded permafrost covered an area of 921.70 km2.Based on the InSAR time-series deformation results and the TTOP model, permafrost in the Tuotuo River Basin was classified as permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and potentially degraded permafrost. The area of seasonally frozen ground obtained by the proposed method was 900.87 km(3)The LSTM model successfully predicted the time-series deformation information of different classified permafrost types, showing a trend of interannual deformation subsidence in potentially degraded permafrost areas. The LSTM model can be used to effectively predict InSAR deformation information in complex permafrost areas.In the future, we will collect additional Sentinel-1 data for permafrost deformation monitoring and prediction tasks, as well as obtain ground measurements to quantitatively assess permafrost degradation trends.


The paper presents the results of research on a composite mixture intended for use in road construction. The purpose of developing the mixture is to be able to use large amounts of industrial waste to produce building material. The waste used are coal slate from the mining industry, shredded rubber waste from used passenger car tires and fly ash from power plants. The mixture (SRFC) consists of unburnt coal-mining slate (S), shredded rubber waste (R), fly ash (F) and cement(C). A test under cyclic loading conditions was carried out on samples prepared from the SRFC mixture, in which the global deformations and local strains caused on the samples were measured. A measurement system using digital image correlation was used for the research. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the content of shredded rubber waste significantly influences the deformability of the tested mixtures and allows for the extension of the scope of elastic deformation in which the tested samples work. Energy recyclingProduct recyclingRaw material recyclingMaterial recyclingManagement of rubber waste is becoming a growing problem worldwide. Year by year, this waste is increasing as a result of the development of the automotive industry. It is estimated that the annual production of automobile tires reaches about 1.4 billion units and a comparable amount becomes waste . This waConstruction of road embankmentsImproving slope stabilityRetaining wall constructionConstruction of drainage and cut-off layersConstruction of membranes and drainage layersConstruction of road culvertsProduct recycling and material recycling are most commonly used in the construction industry. For the former, car tires are used for ,14,15,16For the modification of bituminous binders and mineral-asphalt mixturesAs an additive to reinforce the subsoilConcrete additiveMaterial recycling is mostly based on mechanical or cryogenic  shreddinShredded Rubber Waste SRW is used as an additive to concrete, it results in a reduction in bulk density, compressive strength, water absorption, and an increase in frost resistance, deformability and fatigue life. Additionally, in their work, the authors noted the effect of SRW in moving away from the brittle fracture mechanics characteristic of concrete towards a less violent form of failure .maxεY—vertical strain at maximum forcing [%].minεY—vertical strain at minimum assumed force [%].G0—0.527 mm; 0.322 mmG5—0.638 mm; 0.428 mmG10—0.708 mm; 0.481 mmG15—0.736 mm; 0.529 mmThe graphs presented  confirm The magnification of the elastic operation range is similar for the first and last test cycle. It can also be seen that, in the case of G0 control specimens, there is a sharp reduction in the magnitude of elastic deformation in the first load cycles, whereas for G5, G10 and G15 specimens this reduction is more gentle. Specimens G5 and G10 also exhibit the smallest reduction in elastic deformation range between the first and last loading cycles. In the case of specimens G0 and G15, the values are similar.From As can be seen in It is also important to note the effect of SRW content on the strain distribution on the specimen surface. In the case of G0 control specimens, we are dealing with large areas of strain between 0 and 0.25%, interspersed with high strain  scratches. As the SRW content increases, we can observe a gradual decrease in areas with very low strains, which are replaced by fields with strains up to 0.5%. This phenomenon is perfectly visible in The research results presented in the paper indicate the influence of SRW content on the distribution of deformations in the sample caused by the applied load. This resulted in an increase in the range of elastic strains along with an increase in SRW content in the sample, despite the presence of rigid hydraulic bonds in them. Increasing the elasticity of the composite should allow for the improvement of its fatigue life, which is the most important aspect of road pavement due to the load characteristics that occur on it. Calculations of the values of standard deviations of the population of vertical strains measurements indicate an improvement in the uniformity of deformation of the mixture with an increase in the content of SRW. This, in turn, allows us to state that, in the case of using SRW additives, local phenomena occurring in the structure of the material for the benefit of its global work decreases. It is particularly important when using unburnt coal-mining slate as aggregate constituting the skeleton of the mixture, because its load-bearing properties are very dependent on the place of its collection and the time remaining in the heap due to erosive processes taking place at that time. Such behaviour of the composite caused by SRW additives may allow for easier and more convenient use of mining waste in the construction of the road pavement. The effect of the use of SRW additives on the improvement of the homogeneity of composite deformation under an applied load is also noticeable when observing the deformation maps of samples. It is visible there that as SRW content increases, less scratches with high vertical deformation values appear in favour of more extensive fields with lower deformation values. Additionally, it can be noticed that along with the discussed homogenization of the deformation distribution, the samples with the highest SRW content do not show significant damage to their surface despite the occurrence of plastic deformations in them and despite the very high deformation threshold that was set in the test. This deformation threshold significantly exceeds the deformation values that can be noted in the layers of the pavement structure. This again indicates that this type of composite can better withstand fatigue conditions. The material with the presented characteristics, combined with the influence of SRW content on the reduction of the mass water absorption value and the water capillary rise, presented in the earlier works of the authors ,56, may Enlargement of the deformation range in which the specimen works elasticallyDecreasing tendency to reduce the elastic deformation range with each successive load cycleAlignment of the distribution of strains on the specimen surfaceChange in the strain form of the specimenThe differences in the values of strains measured with virtual strain gauges and global deformations are due to the change in the form of strain of the specimen caused by the application of SRW additives. In the case of G0 control specimens, we are dealing with the form of deformability similar to that presented in Based on the above results, it can be concluded that SRW additives cause:A buffer zone located where the load is in contact with the specimen and where the specimen is supported. This zone will absorb a significant portion of the strainCore zones where the inner part of the specimen will be subject to slight strain.As a result of this profile, the specimen is less sensitive to the effects of local phenomena resulting from, e.g., the arrangement of aggregate grains in the mixture, and shows a higher deformability under applied load. Additionally, specimens containing SRW additives under less-than-destructive loading will be characterized by the occurrence of two zones: