Rock wool insulation slabs are produced in special curing ovens, where molten rock wool fibres coated with binder are compressed between two slat conveyors and blown with hot air for vitrification. Often, the cross-section of the final slabs is slightly convex, which is undesirable. The degree of convexity depends on the deformation of the steel crossbars of the slat conveyors, which are subjected to combined pressure and nonlinear temperature loadings. Due to this complex loading state, it is difficult to determine the contribution of individual load to the total deformation. The main aim of the study was to determine these contributions. Temperature and stress measurements of the crossbars were performed during rock wool production. Upon collecting these measurements, a finite element (FE) model of a crossbar was established for the identification of the pressure loading acting on the crossbars, and finally for determination of their deformations. As a main result of the study, an inverse problem-based methodology for the identification of the deflection of a structure due to unknown temperature and pressure loadings was established and applied on the specific case. The deviations between the deformations of the FE crossbars and the final shape of the rock wool slabs were below 10%, which validates the novel methodology. Rock wool  is a fibrous material made from molten rock and is used especially as thermal insulation for buildings . It is mA common problem of the described rock wool production lines is that the thickness of the rock wool slabs exiting the curing oven is slightly convex along their width. The convex-shaped cross-section of the slabs appears due to the bending deformation of the slat-conveyor crossbars b. These Multiple studies on combined temperature and mechanical loading influence on the stress–strain state of steel  and otheMechanical and non-uniform temperature loadings (due to solar radiation) are also present in bridge constructions ,14 and iHowever, not many studies have been found on slat or chain conveyors specifically , nor on The main goals of the present study were to determine the contribution of unknown pressure and non-linear thermal loading to the total bending deformation of a slat-conveyor crossbar in a specific rock wool production line, and to establish a methodology for its determination. Other goals were to compare the bending deformation of the crossbars with the final convex deformation of the rock wool slabs, and thus to verify the method validity, and to present suggestions for minimization of the crossbar deformations.ρ = 130 kg/m3 and thickness d = 45 mm). One of the crossbars  crossbamaxT ≈ 200 °C), all the measuring equipment had to be adequately protected or designed for such conditions.A neighbouring crossbar (temperature crossbar) was equipped with 17 platinum sheathed thermocouples  placed inside the drilled holes in the crossbars. These sensors were denoted with MP15 up to MP31. Because of the exposure to elevated temperatures  along its lower branch.For the description of the sensor positions on the crossbars, a local coordinate system XYZ was defined c. The sthainring a. The coTo enable the measurement, three neighbouring crossbars also had to be processed. In one of them, a portable multi-function data acquisition measuring instrument  of the lower conveyor. Between the successive measurements, the conveyors were stopped, the insulated box was removed and cooled with compressed air, and the measured data were saved to a PC. In the meantime, the conveyors were restarted so the rock wool production was not interrupted for too long and the operating conditions did not change considerably. Before the next set of measurements was taken, the conveyors were stopped once again, the measuring instrument was connected with the next set of sensors and returned to its measuring position together with the cooled insulation box.The curing oven is divided into more heating zones, where the blowing directions of hot air are altered a. The bli-th sensor:j-th cumulative mass of the applied weights in kg, g the gravitational acceleration of 9.81 i-th sensor centre and the closer support of the crossbar in the local z-direction in mm, i-th sensor centre to the neutral bending axis of the crossbar in the local x-direction in mm, and y-axis in For calibration of the stress sensors, the stress crossbar was removed from the slat conveyor, simply supported at its chain supports, and loaded with a known bending moment by adding weights at its centre in 14 steps up to a total load of 255.4 kg. Meanwhile, the output voltage of the stress sensors was sampled and compared with the theoretical longitudinal (bending) stress at the individual Since the relationships between the output voltages and the calculated longitudinal stresses All the temperature sensors were placed at once into a high-precision electric oven  for their accuracy check at three different temperatures of 100 °C, 250 °C and 275 °C. Their corresponding relative standard deviations at these temperatures were ±0.054%, 0.036% and 0.043%, respectively.totL, which was determined from the velocity of the conveyor.The data from the second measurement turn of the lower conveyor were used for the analysis, when the temperatures in the curing oven were stabilized. The time axis of the results was replaced with the location of the observed crossbar along the lower conveyor expressed as a portion of The measurements began with the measurement crossbars turned down  between 77% and 89% of B its length, b width, E its Young’s modulus and F the compressive load.To identify the actual pressure loading acting on the crossbars due to the rock wool pressure, and to quantify their temperature and pressure loading deformations in the DOA, an FE model of a crossbar was established in commercially available software Ansys 18.2 Workbench . The perforated plate, welded on the top of the lamellas c, was siThe material was set to elastic isotropic steel with a Young’s modulus of The 3D geometry model of the crossbar was meshed with 52,463 FEs, mainly 20-node hexahedrons. The mesh quality characterised by the Ansys built-in tool was on average 0.90. The welded connections between the adjacent parts of the crossbar were represented by automatically established bonded surface-to-surface contacts.The FE model of the crossbar  was simpeyor see . The temThe initial pressure loading In order to use the Response surface optimization, the relations between the input and output optimization parameters had to be well approximated with response surfaces. This was carried out by solving the FE model for a set of totL the temperatures in all sensors were stable. Afterwards, a small temperature decrease at the tail chainring was present with a minimum at L = 0, due to the boundaries between the curing oven and the environment. Hereon, the temperatures increased in all sensors up to their maximum at 70–90% of totL. At the end of the curing oven, the temperatures slightly decreased due to its boundaries.In From the temperature courses, the influence of the hot air blowing direction is recognized. When the air was blown up (from the lower to the upper conveyor), the temperature gradients were higher than in the case when the air was blown down (from the upper to the lower conveyor) when the gradients were lower, or even negative. This is because in the first case, the hot air directly heated the lamellas and the temperature sensors while in the second case, the hot air had to pass through the upper conveyor and the layer of rock wool before it reached the crossbars and the sensors. In the DOA, the hot air was blown upside down, which is one of the reasons why the measured temperatures did not change much in this area; some remained constant, some slightly increased and some even slightly decreased.H . The lowest temperatures appeared in the sensor closest to the perforated plate and rose in the positive x-direction. In consideration of the z-direction. As a result, a temperature field x-direction (between x = 2–81% of H) accounted for 9.6 °C at z = +B/2 and 13.5 °C at z = −B/2. In contrast to the y-axis, causing displacements in the x-direction.In x and z direction, while in the first lamella, only three temperature sensors were mounted to measure the temperature difference along the y-direction. From the comparison of the average temperatures of the same x-z lying sensors in the first and second lamella , an average temperature difference In the second lamella, 14 temperature sensors were mounted to measure the temperature distribution in the totL, the stresses in all sensors were stable. At the tail chainring, at the transition from the lower to the upper conveyor branch (−7.0% totL ≤ L ≤ 0), the stresses in all sensors oscillated and changed their sign due to the turnaround of the crossbar. Here, stress peaks were observed due to dynamic effects.In  results . These s results . At the L = 0), the absolute stress values of all sensors increased due to the pressure of the dosed rock wool. Along the upper conveyor branch (L > 0) these stresses reached four significant peaks which coincided with the centres of the heating zones and most probably appeared due to smaller distances between the conveyors at these areas.At the beginning of the upper branch of the conveyor  needed to be doubled for proper comparison with the measured thickness difference of the final rock wool slabs. By doing so, the assumption of equal deformation of lower and upper slat-conveyor crossbars was adopted. From this comparison, a good agreement between the deformation of the FE model and the actual rock wool thickness was recognized with maximum deviations of less than 10%.Because the deviations in thickness of the final rock wool slabs result from the deformations of the upper and lower conveyor crossbars, the vertical deformation of the crossbar FE model  and due to the non-uniform temperature distribution.From y-axis or by changing the support configuration, e.g., by adding additional supports to the crossbars or by shifting the existing two supports towards the centre of the crossbars. Another solution adequate for both deformation causes is pre-curving of the crossbars; i.e., crossbars should have an initial curvature, which would flatten under perceived loadings. The first solution can just reduce the size of the slab convexity or divide the convex shape into smaller bumps (if the position of the supports is changed), while the latter solution could eventually eliminate the convexity.As the convexity of the final rock wool slabs depends mainly on the bending deformation of the lower and upper slat-conveyor crossbars during the production, the crossbar deformation needs to be minimized in order to reduce the convexity of the slabs. A common solution for minimization of the crossbar deformation due to the combined pressure and temperature loading is to increase their bending stiffness. This may be achieved by increasing the section modulus of the crossbars around their For minimization of the crossbar deformation other solutions are also theoretically possible such as the usage of materials with greater Young’s modulus or smaller thermal expansion coefficient, or by providing a more uniform temperature environment in the curing oven.A method for the determination of the contribution of unknown pressure and non-linear temperature loading to the total deformation of a slat-conveyor crossbar was introduced. The procedure of the method is summarised in the following steps.Temperature and stress were measured at multiple positions of the crossbar during the rock wool production in the curing oven.The non-linear temperature field of a crossbar was determined by interpolation/extrapolation of the average measured temperature differences between the measured positions for the relevant part of the curing oven (DOA).An FE model of the crossbar was established and loaded with the derived temperature field and with an initial constant pressure loading The actual pressure loading The FE model was loaded separately and combined with the obtained thermal field and pressure loading. Thus, bending deformation contributions due to each loading were obtained.One potential limitation of this study is that it was conducted solely on a specific slat conveyor, rather than on multiple structures. However, this limitation is mitigated by the fact that the crossbars of the examined slat conveyor exhibit a simple uniformly supported beam geometry. This makes them good representatives of similar simple beams commonly found in other engineering structures. Consequently, this reduces the necessity for validating the methodology across additional cases.Moreover, there are many sources of error that can lead to the differences between the final deformation of the rock wool slabs and the deformation of the FE model of the crossbar : uncertaA methodology for identification of the deflection of a structure due to unknown temperature and pressure loading contribution was established. This method may be used also for other similar constructions, and not only for slat conveyors in the rock wool production.Construction suggestions for the slat conveyors under combined pressure–thermal loadings, which lead to smaller crossbar deflections, were given. These suggestions may also be used in other similar constructions.In this research, the reasons for the convex-shaped rock wool slabs were investigated. It was shown that the final geometry of the rock wool slabs depends on the shape of the upper and lower slat-conveyor crossbars between which the rock wool is compressed during production. These crossbars mainly deform due to the rock wool pressure and the temperature loading in the curing oven. The main goal of the study was thus to determine the individual contribution of the thermal and pressure loading to the total deformation of the crossbars. This was conducted using a method based on extensive temperature and stress measurements of the crossbars during the rock wool production in combination with FE analyses of a crossbar. The main findings and contributions of the study are as follows:The thermal loading contributed 57% and pressure loading 43% to the total vertical deformation of the crossbars.x-direction for approximately 9.6 °C at one end of the perforated plate and to 13.5 °C at the other end.The temperature distribution in the crossbars turned out to be significantly non-uniform: the average temperature difference between the opposite ends of the perforated plate in the longitudinal z-direction accounted for approximately 30.4 °C, while the average temperature difference in the vertical The pressure components The deformation of the FE crossbar agreed well with the measured thickness difference of the rock wool slabs with differences lower than 10%, which confirms the validity of the presented method.For the reduction of the convex-shaped rock wool slabs, pre-curving of the crossbars and shifting of their supports towards the crossbar centre are suggested. A more uniform temperature environment in the curing oven is also suggested.Other findings, that refer to the specific slat conveyor, are as follows:


Propagating deformation bands are observed to accommodate the initial plasticity in an as-extruded Mg–1.5Nd alloy under tension using digital-image-correlation. The propagating bands cause an uncommon plateau in the stress–strain response of the alloy prior to restoring a common decreasing work hardening with further straining. Effects of the deformation banding and underlying plateau in the flow stress on small scale yielding are investigated during low cycle fatigue (LCF) and tension of notched specimens. Alternating formation/disappearance of deformation bands in the gauge section of as-extruded LCF specimens during testing is observed to reduce life compared to annealed specimens exhibiting no instabilities. In contrast, the bands deflect the plastic zone ahead of the notch from the principal plane orthogonal to the applied loading inducing positive effect on toughness of the alloy. Plastic deformation in the plateau takes place locally through instabilities such as in deformation bands, often termed as Lüders bands4. While such plastic instability phenomena are frequently observed in mild steels during tensile deformation6, they are less common in Mg alloys9. Traditionally, the inhomogeneous plastic flow in Mg alloys was largely associated with the avalanche of localized extension twining activity11. Twinning, as an important deformation mechanism in Mg, is dependent on the loading path relative to the grain crystal orientation15. Specifically, the deformation of highly textured Mg alloys in compression along the extrusion or rolling direction is dominated by extension twinning18. Twin cascades where twins in one grain stimulate twins in the neighboring grains across the grain boundary could also occur22. Since extension twinning causes little strain hardening in Mg alloys26, the occurrence of profuse twinning, also referred to as twin banding, could induce a plateau in the mechanical response27.Alloys in which the so-called yield point phenomenon occurs exhibit a characteristic plateau stage i.e. an almost constant flow stress upon yielding31. Like in steels, the interaction between solute atoms and/or small precipitates and dislocations in Mg can strongly influence the flow behavior and can lead to plastic instabilities detectable at the macroscopic scale28. Although first described more than 150 years ago, the studies on plastic instabilities have mostly been carried out on steels32 and other body-centered cubic (bcc)33 metals. The number of studies on this subject in Mg alloys is limited. Given the growing interest in lightweight alloys37, it is now of interest to understand the nature and consequences of the plastic instability phenomena in Mg alloys.Instead of twinning, dislocation-induced plastic instability phenomena have recently been identified in some Mg alloys, specifically those containing rare earth elements38. It remains to be determined whether any positive effects these instabilities might offer to the behavior of Mg alloys. In low-cyclic fatigue (LCF) tests, strain amplitudes are usually set below 3%41. In fracture toughness tests, the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip is used to assess the intrinsic toughness42. These two tests involve a small amount of plastic deformation and a localized plastic deformation, respectively. Since the plastic instability phenomena are likely to influence such small-scale yielding properties, this work here investigates LCF and toughness of the Mg–1.5Nd alloy exhibiting the observed phenomena28.The plastic instabilities are considered as undesirable phenomena during shaping operations because of surface irregularities they create known as stretcher-strains, Luders, or Hartman bands28. A few samples were subjected to short annealing at 375 °C for 15 min. The idea behind this annealing was to eliminate or at least minimize the effect of the shear band without compromise of yield strength. Since the annealing time was relatively short, it did not cause appreciable changes in the grain structure and texture compared to the as-extruded material. Therefore, a map of the annealed material is not provided. However, the annealing was sufficient to alter the solute clusters and metastable precipitates beyond the critical size to diminish the pinning of dislocations. Thus, the annealing step effectively eliminated the yield point phenomenon without compromising strength of the alloy. The dislocation pinning in the alloy is caused by small ~ 5 nm metastable precipitates and solute clusters as detailed in our earlier work18. The material was also annealed at 400 °C and at 485 °C for 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min and tested in tension to fracture. Results showed that the strength reduces with annealing temperature and annealing time.The alloy containing 1.5 wt.% Nd was cast conventionally, and then hot extruded at 300 ºC to bars of 12 mm diameter. While we used 99.95% purity of pure Mg to create the alloy, Table Flat specimens with gauge section dimensions of 5.0 mm (L) × 4.0 mm (W) × 2.0 mm (T) and round specimens with gauge dimensions of 25.0 mm (L) × 7.0 mm (D) were cut from the extrusion bars using electric discharge machining (EDM) and turning, respectively. All specimens subsequently underwent grinding surface treatment of all sides consistently using SiC papers up to 1200 grit. Additionally, a notch with radius of 1 mm was machined in a set of flat specimens. The tests were repeated at least two times to ensure the results show sufficient similarity in the mechanical characteristics and observed phenomena. The loading axis was parallel to the extrusion direction (ED). Flat samples were tested using a Gatan micro-stage, while round samples were tested using a servo-hydraulic MTS machine Landmark 270. DIC was used to record the displacement/strain/strain-rate data. To this end, a speckle pattern was applied over the surfaces using Rust-Oleum spray paint with black dots on white background. Images were captured using Point Grey camera with fixed focal length lens and extension spacers to vary the total focal length. PointGrey FlyCap2 software was used for image recoding and VIC-2D v.6 was used for postprocessing the data. The strain rate was 0.001/s for all tests in the present work.We begin with showing results of simple tension tests using the flat specimens coupled with a DIC system to characterize the deformation features of plastic instability phenomena. Figure 43. While both twinning and banding are shear deformations, the difference in velocities is attributed to the difference in scales of the phenomena. Twinning is a mechanism involving shear propagation though a single grain or sub-grain, while the band involves a cascade-like ‘unpinning’ of dislocations and collective propagation of shear though a polycrystalline aggregate as shown in28.As the images in Fig. yy/dt) in Fig. 28, the nucleation and propagation of the band has no interference with deformation twinning. The mechanism was primarily attributed to cascade unpinning of immobilized dislocations. Such behavior of dislocations results in nucleation and propagation of the band as shown on Figs. To illustrate the propagation of the band under tension, we present DIC strain-rate fields (dε44. The fields confirm that the non-annealed specimen deforms by a formation of a deformation band oriented ~ 45° relative to the loading direction, while the annealed specimen shows no formation of a deformation band but a regular strain localization in the middle of the gauge section due to the highest triaxiality at the center of the specimen.Figure The role of deformation banding instabilities on small scale yielding of a Mg-Nd alloy is studied by carrying out LCF tests and tension of notched specimens. First, we explore the behavior of plastic instability under cyclic loading and its influence on LCF of the alloy. Figure yy strain (Fig. yy strain (Fig. The deformation band appeared at the lower part of the gauge section and propagated toward the other end, reaching a local maximum of ~ 0.02 tensile εain Fig. c,h. The ain Fig. d. Upon tain Fig. e,i. The ain Fig. f,g, but The observed behavior results from dislocation glide in the materials that is responsible for the presence of yielding point phenomenon. On the first loading cycle, dislocations are pinned by the metastable precipitates, and their collective unpinning causes easy yielding. Regular ‘unpinned’ glide predominates from the second cycle. After unpinning during the first cycle, the dislocations likely shear over the same path again and again during the cyclic deformation so that the precipitates offer no pinning resistance to the glide of dislocations. Essentially, dislocations glide is increasingly easier with cycles because obstacles on the same path have been overcome during previous cycle.45. Therefore, the deformation behavior with plastic instabilities negatively influences the fatigue life given that a portion of the specimen experiences only tension.A series of LCF tests involving three strain amplitudes were performed on annealed and non-annealed specimens of the alloy to assess the effect of plastic instabilities on life of the alloy. Results showing the LCF life are summarized in Table yy for the as-extruded specimen. Similar to the fields under tension of unnotched specimens, the formation of tongue-shaped elasto-plastic localizations were observed right before the band propagation. Strain localization ahead of the notch is expected, but the irregular and asymmetric shape of it is not typical42. Upon reaching yielding, the first band propagates on the side of the notch opposite to the location of the localization (Fig. To evaluate the effect of plastic instability on toughness of the alloy, tensile tests involving notched specimens of as-extruded and annealed alloy were performed. The load–displacement curves along with a comparison between the fields for the as-extruded versus annealed specimens are provided in Fig. ion Fig. . A load ion Fig. d causingThe load–displacement curves of the notched specimens with and without annealing become overlapping after the initial yield portion confirming that the deformation banding phenomena affect primarily the early stage of the deformation near yielding. After the bands are fully propagated, the as-extruded alloy behaves like the annealed alloy without plastic instabilities. However, the crack nucleation in annealed alloy is observed earlier compared to the as-extruded alloy. Additionally, there is a slightly higher strain localization observed in the annealed specimen compared to the non-annealed one, which is more spread. Though these differences are not prominent, these can be signs of a positive effect of the bands on toughness. The property of toughness is traditionally considered to represent a combination of strength and ductility, the two properties that are mutually exclusive in general. The alloy used in the present study exhibiting an elongation of > 40% makes the yield point stage of about 2.5% insignificant in the whole plastic deformation. In contrast, if a much stronger but less ductile alloy is considered, a plastic instability could dominate the deformation and cause much larger effect on the properties, including substantial positive effect on toughness. In closing we indicate that even though the tests performed using notched specimens do not represent valid fracture toughness tests due to simplified sample geometry, the experiments performed here infer that equations of Continuum Fracture Mechanics would fail at describing the mechanical fields near the notch because of large asymmetry/heterogeneity driven by the instabilities.In summary, we showed several novel experimental observations of plastic instabilities in a Mg alloy and evaluated their influence on the mechanical behavior of the alloy in a small-scale yielding regime. In particular, we observed the formation and propagation of localized deformation bands under tension of standard and notched specimens and cyclic loading. Nucleation of a deformation band under tension is preceded by a formation of tongue-shaped elasto-plastic strain localization heterogeneities. Upon nucleation, deformation bands propagate through the entire width of specimens, which is followed by the band widening with further straining. Under cyclic loading, the deformation band forms in tension but then disappears during unloading and a new band forms in a different region under compression. Such inhomogeneous deformation repeats during cyclic loading and adversely affects the fatigue life of the alloy. Nevertheless, the plastic instabilities deflect the plastic zone ahead of the notch from the principal plane orthogonal to the applied loading inducing some positive effect on the toughness of the alloy.Supplementary Information.


Ybx3-deficient mice are protected from tissue injury, with a significant reduction in the number of infiltrating immune cells as well as in extracellular matrix deposition. RNAseq data from UUO kidneys show that Ybx3 is expressed by activated fibroblasts, which reside within the renal interstitium. Our data support a role for DbpA in orchestrating renal fibrosis and suggest that strategies targeting DbpA may be a therapeutic option to slow disease progression.DNA-binding protein A (DbpA) belongs to the Y-box family of cold shock domain proteins that exert transcriptional and translational activities in the cell via their ability to bind and regulate mRNA. To investigate the role of DbpA in kidney disease, we utilized the murine unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model, which recapitulates many features of obstructive nephropathy seen in humans. We observed that DbpA protein expression is induced within the renal interstitium following disease induction. Compared with wild-type animals, obstructed kidneys from  Renal fibrosis resulting from excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) ,2. FibroYbx1) and DNA-binding protein A  belong to the Y-box family of cold shock domain proteins that bind single-stranded nucleic acids via their evolutionarily conserved cold shock domain ,43Ybx3 eThere are several possible mechanisms by which DbpA may regulate fibrosis. First, as a member of the cold shock domain protein family, DbpA is similar to YB-1 in both structure and function. Both proteins share an evolutionarily conserved cold shock domain that binds single-stranded RNA/DNA . RecentlYBX3 transcripts within different compartments of the kidney in patient biopsies, which agrees with our previous immune histochemical findings [Ybx3, we can conclude that DbpA is not as essential for development as Ybx1 has been shown to be [Here, we report disease-specific upregulation of findings . Since gwn to be ,57. Foll


To lay a foundation for alleviating the influence of mining shaft deformation (MSD) on the guide rail (GR) and monitoring the shaft deformation state, this paper studies the deformation law and mechanism of the guide rail under the MSD. Firstly, a spring is used to simplify the interaction between the shaft lining and surrounding rock soil mass (SRSM) under MSD, and its stiffness coefficient is deduced by the elastic subgrade reaction method. Secondly, a simplified finite element model is established based on spring element, the stiffness coefficient is calculated by the derivation formula, and its effectiveness is verified. Finally, the deformation law and mechanism of GR are analyzed under different types and degrees of MSD, and the deformation characteristics are studied under the disconnection between the shaft, bunton and guide rail. The results show that the established finite element model can better simulate the interaction between the shaft lining and SRSM, and the calculation efficiency is greatly improved. The guide rail deformation (GRD) has a strong ability to characterize MSD and owns the distinctive feature corresponding to different types and degrees of MSD and the connection state. This research can provide reference and guidance for the shaft deformation monitoring and the maintenance and installation of the GR, and also lays a groundwork for studying operation characteristic of hoisting conveyance under MSD. MSD mainly includes inclination, bending, dislocation, horizontal section change, vertical compression, etc. When the vertical compression occurs, the support effect of the SRSM on the shaft is eliminated in the vertical upward direction, which is different from the force mechanism of other deformation types3. MSD not only causes the shaft lining rupture and the water and sand gushing, but also induces the GRD, aggravates the hoisting resistance and instability of the hoisting conveyance, and even leads to jamming or falling5. A typical mine hoisting system is shown in Fig. 7.Mining vertical shaft is the crucial throat engineering, and its deformation state directly determines the safety of coal mine production. Affected by factors such as occurrence of coal seam, lithology, mining method, and unreasonable protective coal pillar, the overlying strata is easily moved and deformed during mining coal seam, which in turn leads to the MSD8 used a modified Knothe method to predict the continuous displacement of the shaft caused by mining activities. Bruneau9 established a shaft numerical analysis model in Map 3D and analyzed the influence of faults and mining sequence on the stability of the main shaft. Sun5 employed the Universal Distinct Element Code Trigon method to establish a numerical model of the shaft, and studied its deformation mechanism under backfill mining. Zhao10 analyzed the influence of construction parameters on the main shaft stability in Jinchuan No. 3 Mine through a two-dimensional numerical model, mainly including shaft depth, lining thickness and construction technology of releasing displacement. Yan11 studied the influence of the backfill compression ratio on the shaft deformation through ABAQUS, and determined the optimal compression ratio for the safety and stability of the shaft. Ma12 founded through numerical simulation that the high dip angle of the ore bodies, faults and fractures is the main reason for the collapse of the vertical shaft of Jinchuan Nickel Mine. Dias13 used the finite element model established by CESAR-LCPC to analyze the influence of construction sequence and geological deposition on shaft capability, especially induced settlement. Walton14 built a three-dimensional finite difference model of circular and elliptical shaft through Universal Distinct Element Code, and studied the factors affecting the relative stability of the shaft geometry. The above research mainly analyzes the influence of geometry, construction parameters and geological conditions on the shaft stability through numerical simulation, dissects the type, law, cause and mechanism of MSD, and neglects its influence on the GRD. The GRD under the MSD not only leads to the change of the operating characteristic in the hoisting system, but also reflects the shaft deformation state to a certain extent, so the GRD law should be studied.To deeply understand the main reasons of MSD, the damage mechanism and the influence of construction parameters on its stability, a large number of numerical calculations have been carried out. Kwinta15 established a simplified elastic–plastic foundation beam model by using the p–y curve spring stiffness coefficient to simplify the interaction between the soil and junction wall, and the calculated results were consistent with the small-scale and full-scale test results. Mitelman16 used the spring to simplify the interaction between the ore pillar and body, deduced the estimation equations of its displacement and stress, and verified the accuracy of the simplified method through the finite element model established by Rocscience. Zlatanović17 exploited discrete beam-spring elements to study the interaction between soil and tunnel structure, and the comparison with the calculation results of continuous finite element model confirmed its reliability. Ramezani18 modeled the foundation soil using torsional and translational springs, calculated the sway and slip modes of the retaining wall, and its result was consistent with those calculated by ANSYS. Sun19 simulated pipe–soil interaction through COMBIN39 spring element, and its reliability was confirmed by the theoretical formula. Zhao20 used the COMBIN39 spring element to simplify the interaction between the shaft and SRSM under non-mining action, and verified the effectiveness of the simplified method by comparing it with the ANSYS calculation results. The above research shows the feasibility of the spring element to simplify the interaction between the shaft and SRSM under the MSD.The vertical shaft is a space structure buried deep underground, and the main difference from the above-ground structure is the interaction between the shaft and SRSM. To study the MSD through numerical simulation, it is necessary to establish the model of the shaft lining and SRSM, and its width should be several times the shaft diameter to reduce the influence of boundary effects, which results in excessive calculation scale, so the interaction should be simplified. The interaction between the underground structure and the SRSM is mainly simplified by the spring element. JeongAiming at the study of GRD law under MSD, it is proposed that a method to simplify the interaction between mining action shaft and SRSM by using spring elements. The calculation formula of the spring stiffness coefficient is deduced by the elastic subgrade reaction method, and a simplified calculation model is established based on the COMBIN39 spring element by ANSYS, and its stiffness coefficient is calculated according to the derivation formula and the effectiveness is verified. By analyzing the GRD laws of different types and degrees of MSD, the interaction mechanism between the shaft and GR is revealed, and the guide deformation characteristic is obtained under different disconnected states between the shaft, bunton and GR.Although GRD cannot directly reflect the shaft damage, it can reflect the shaft deformation trend and the mechanism between them to a certain extent, and the feature of the GR is the premise of studying the operating characteristic of the hoisting conveyance under the MSD, hence the study of GRD is of great significance to ensure the safe operation of the hoisting system and shaft. The study of GRD under MSD mainly focuses on the deformation law and characteristic of the GR under various types and degrees of shaft deformation. To facilitate the application of the shaft load, simplify the calculation step and improve the calculation efficiency, the spring element is used to simplify the interaction between the shaft and SRSM. The schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 22, and the force is proportional to the displacement. Its relationship is shown in Eq.  in horizontal direction at depth z, n is the index and The elastic subgrade reaction method assumes that the horizontal resistance of the SRSM to the structure is only related to the structural displacement, soil properties and buried depthn in Eq. .1\docume24. When it is soft rock or topsoil, the RC in horizontal direction varies with depth under the same lithology, which is usually determined according to Eq.  in horizontal direction.When the rock soil mass around the structure is bedrock, the stability is strong, and it is usually assumed that the RC in the horizontal direction does not change with depth, and is only determined by the lithologyd is the diameter of shaft lining, h is the vertical distance between adjacent springs, L is the total number of springs in the circumferential direction of the shaft.Under the same lithology of the bedrock, the RC in horizontal direction does not change with depth, and it is put into Eq.  to obtais from top to bottom. Taking each layer of springs as the dividing line, the shaft is divided into s segments. The sum of the scattered horizontal resistance coefficients of the shaft between the first and second springs is calculated. With its middle position as the demarcation point, the sum of the corresponding resistance coefficients on the upper and lower parts is equivalent to the upper and lower springs respectively. The equivalent stiffness coefficient is shown in Eqs. ..s from ti-th segment shaft is equivalent to the stiffness coefficients of the i and i + 1 springs as shown in Eqs. ..i-th segCombining the above formula, the spring stiffness coefficients of each layer in the topsoil is finally obtained, as shown in Eq. .8\documeFinite element model analysis is an important means to study GRD laws under MSD. ANSYS is a large-scale and general finite element analysis software. It includes the SOLID65 element specially designed for concrete materials, which shows strong practicality in concrete structures. APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) can easily add spring elements to simulate the interaction between the shaft and SRSM. Therefore, ANSYS is used to establish a simplified finite element model through the spring element.Based on the geometric parameters of Zhangshuanglou auxiliary shaft, a finite element model is established for GRD analysis under MSD, as shown in Fig. x-axis, the direction perpendicular to the bunton is the y-axis, the positive direction is away from the inside of the shaft, the direction along the shaft is defined as the z-axis, the positive direction is vertical upward, and its origin is located at the center of the upper surface. The depth of the upper surface is 0 m.The shaft lining uses an integral SOLID65 element in which the rebar is dispersed and the crushing function is turned off. GR and bunton adopt BEAM188 element, its length and width of the section are 0.2 m and the thickness is 10 mm. The deformation resistance of the SRSM acts on the shaft lining through vertical and radial spring elements, which are COMBIN39 elements and are only compressed. One end of the spring element is fixed, the other end is connected to the shaft lining node, and its stiffness coefficient is obtained according to the RC in Table Due to the restriction of field production condition, as well as the randomness and uncertainty of the mining shaft deformation type and time, the field test condition is difficult to meet. The huge size of the shaft leads to a large similarity constant in the scaled model test, and it causes the small cross-sectional dimensions of the GR and bunton in the scaled model, which cannot be fabricated and installed in the scale model. Based on the above reasons, the effectiveness of the spring element to simplify the interaction between the shaft and SRSM is verified by the calculation results of the solid element.The finite element model based on the solid element of the SRSM is shown in Fig. x and y axes is selected as the research object. The same cosine displacement load in the x-direction is applied to the two models respectively, and the calculation result of the GRD is shown in Fig. x and y direction, and the deformation law is the same in the z direction, only the amplitude is different. This result indicates the accuracy of the simplified finite element model based on spring element.Owing to the symmetry of the applied load and GR layout, the deformation laws of the GR in different directions are symmetrical, so the single-sided GR in the negative direction of The model based on spring element does not need to establish a full-size SRSM, and the calculation scale is greatly reduced compared with the solid element, which greatly reduces the requirements for computer performance and greatly improves the calculation efficiency, as shown in Table The shaft experimental model is shown in Fig. In Fig. MSD not only causes GRD, but also easily leads to the disconnection between the shaft, bunton and GR. The GRD characteristics are analyzed under the normal connection between them, the disconnection of the shaft from the bunton, and the disconnection of the bunton from the GR. The instability of the hoisting conveyance is mainly caused by the horizontal deformation of the GR. It can be seen from Fig.  x-axis, and the inclination rates are 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mm/m, respectively. The GRD corresponding to the x-direction is shown in Fig. Starting from the position of − 250 m, the shaft is inclined in the positive direction of theThe lower GR has a stretching action on the upper part, but the support action of the bunton on the GR hinders the stretching, which leads to the reverse deformation of the GR with the bunton as the center, forming the fluctuation deformation in the upper part. The GR above the starting position of the inclined deformation makes the lower part tend to incline, and the constraint of the bunton on the GR restricts this deformation, resulting in the fluctuation deformation of the lower part. With the aggravation of the inclination deformation, the GRD basically increases linearly, and the amplitude and range of the fluctuation deformation increase, which has a good characterization relationship for the type and degree of the inclination deformation of the shaft.x-direction deformation of the GR under inclined deformation when the bunton is disconnected from the GR. In Fig. To make the disconnection representative between bunton, GR and shaft under inclined deformation, the disconnection positions are selected at the upper, middle and lower parts of the shaft, which are − 239, − 119, − 71 and − 11 m respectively. Figure x-axis direction, forming a two-way sawtooth. Through the above analysis, it is found that the deformation laws of GR corresponding to different disconnected position are distinct. The bottom is stepped, the middle is sawtooth, and the upper part is two-way sawtooth. As the inclination deformation increases, its deformation amplitude augments. The disconnection position near ground has the greater impact on the GRD and is easy to cause hoisting accidents.The deformation law near the disconnected position at − 119 and − 71 m is basically the same, as shown in Fig. x-direction deformation of the GR under inclination deformation is shown in Fig. When the bunton is disconnected from the shaft at different positions, the x-direction bending deformation, which is cosine type, the amplitudes are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm in turn. The GRD in the x-direction is shown in Fig. The − 140 to − 120 m segment of the shaft acts on the given of x-direction, and drives the GR to move along the negative x-direction within a certain range, and finally the inverted arch occurs. The fluctuation is mainly caused by the constraint effect of bunton on the GR. The action of gravity leads the GR to deform in the vertical direction, and the constraints limit this deformation, which makes the upper half of the GR between adjacent buntons deforms along the negative x-direction, the lower half deforms along the positive x-direction, and the joint has the smallest deformation and is the starting point of periodic fluctuation. The maximum amplitude of the above fluctuations is only 0.02 mm, the verticality and straightness meet the requirements of the GR installation specification, and it is generally straight, which further indicates the rationality of the initial connection parameters of the bunton, GR and shaft.GRD appears periodic weak fluctuation outside a certain distance from the shaft bending region, its period is 4 m, and its amplitude basically does not change with shaft bending deformation, which indicates that its influence on the GR is limited. From − 119 to − 106 m, the deformation generally exhibits an inverted arch, and its amplitude is larger than other positions of the fluctuation deformation and it increases with the aggravation of the shaft bending deformation. The bunton’s constraint on the bending deformation of the GR makes it subject to a force in the negative x-direction, and the upper GR is deformed in the opposite direction, which eventually leads to the GR occurs opposite deformation at the disconnected position between the bunton and GR.The disconnection positions are − 11, − 47, − 83, − 107, − 119, − 131, − 143, − 155, − 179, − 215 and − 251 m in sequence, and are all over the bending position and both sides of the shaft. Owing to the same of GRD law under different degrees of shaft bending deformation, it is studied that the shaft bending deformation amplitude of 1 mm on disconnection. Figure x-direction, which is mainly due to the bending effect of the lower GR in the positive x-direction and the reverse restraint effect of the upper GR in the disconnected position. When the disconnected position is located at − 143 m at the lower junction, the deformation decreases on the upper side near the disconnected position, and it increases on the lower side. The GR above this disconnected position is located in the bending deformation area of the shaft, it acts on the GR with an active force in the positive x-direction, thereby producing a pulling effect on the lower GR in the positive x-direction. The bunton at this disconnection position is located outside the bending deformation area of the shaft. When it is normal connection, it produces a negative x-direction constraint on the GR to slow down its attenuation rate of the bending deformation, the above restraint is eliminated under the disconnection state cause an increase in the attenuation rate of the GR bending deformation, which induces a diminution in the upper GRD near the disconnected position. and the bending deformation range of the GR and the deformation value below it increases.When the bunton is disconnected from the shaft under the action of the shaft bending deformation, the GRD is shown in Fig. When the disconnected position is − 131 m in the bending deformation area of the shaft, the deformation law near the disconnected position is basically the same as the normal connection, and the period and amplitude do not change significantly. When the disconnected bunton is located in the bending deformation area of the shaft, and the adjacent bunton has a strong bending deformation force on the GR at the same time, so even if a single bunton is disconnected from the GR, its force condition is basically unchanged, resulting in basically no change in its deformation law and amplitude. When the disconnected bunton is outside the bending deformation range of the shaft, the GR deformation period at the disconnected position changes, but the amplitude does not change. When the disconnected bunton is located at the junction of the shaft bending deformation, the deformation and period at the disconnected position change at the same time. The disconnection between the bunton and shaft under the bending deformation action has little influence on the deformation law of the GR, and the connection between the bunton and the GR should be focused on.x-direction from − 130 to − 90 m, the amplitude is 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm at dislocation position of − 130 m and becomes 0 mm at the − 90 m, and the attenuation rate is 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.010 and 0.0125 mm/m. The GRD under dislocation action is shown in Fig. x-direction and expands the shaft deformation range, but the resistance from the SRSM to shaft restricts the transmission range of the above effect, which induces the deformation range of the GR is much larger than the action range of the shaft dislocation deformation. There are differences in the deformation law of the GR on both sides of the maximum amplitude, the upper side shows the attenuation trend of inclination deformation, and its attenuation rate is basically the same as the shaft dislocation deformation, accompanied by fluctuation deformation. The lower side has a bending deformation trend, and the attenuation rate first increases and then decreases as it moves away the maximum amplitude, which is mainly caused by the follow-up deformation of the shaft below the dislocation interface. The GRD corresponding to the shaft dislocation is a combination of inclination and bending. With the increase of the dislocation deformation, the slope of the inclined deformation of GR, the curvature of the bending deformation and the maximum amplitude increase, which are obviously different from the deformation feature of GR under shaft bending or inclination, and there is a good mapping relationship for the shaft dislocation.For a given shaft dislocation deformation in the x-direction deformation of the GR when it is disconnected from the bunton under the action of the shaft dislocation, its position is − 11, − 47, − 83, − 107, − 119, − 131, − 143, − 155, − 179, − 215 and − 251 m, and the GR in the disconnected position generates the opposite deformation. The peak-to-peak value of the opposite deformation outside the shaft dislocation range is about 0.4 mm, and it is about 20 times fluctuation deformation, which is mainly caused by the release of the interaction between the GR and bunton under the action of gravity. When the disconnection between the bunton and GR is − 107 and − 119 m in the shaft dislocation area, the peak-to-peak value of the opposing deformation is 0.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively, and its value increases less compared to outside of the shaft dislocation deformation region. Moreover, the peak-to-peak value at the junction of the shaft bending deformation is basically the same as that outside the shaft dislocation area. When the bunton is disconnected from the shaft at different positions, the GRD is shown in Fig. Figure x-direction so that its cross-section is approximately elliptical, the short axis is the x-axis and the long axis is the y-axis, and the amplitude occurs at the intersection of the outer wall of the shaft and x-axis. It attenuates uniformly on both sides along the y-axis and becomes 0 mm at the intersection of the shaft and y-axis, and the attenuation curve is cosine. Figure x-direction, and the GRD in the affected aera is less affected by the horizontal section change of shaft and bunton in affected area has a strong constraining effect on the guide deformation in the positive x-direction, and the GR in action area exists a strong stretching effect on GR in this position, which induces the local arching phenomenon.The shaft of the − 130 to − 110 m segment imposes a given displacement in the The amplitudes of the GRD are 0.33, 0.70, 1.04, 1.38, and 1.73 mm corresponding to each horizontal section change, and it is a large attenuation relative to the shaft deformation. The fluctuation deformation amplitude from − 107.4 to − 73.1 m augments with the aggravation of the horizontal section change, its amplitude is no obvious change rule from − 73.1 to − 46.9 m, and the amplitude of − 46.9 to 0 m decreases. The above phenomenon is mainly caused by the strong constraint effect of bunton of the transition zone on the GR, and the strong stretching effect of the lower GR on the upper part. The deformation law of the GR is basically the same under the different amplitude of horizontal section change of the shaft, but there are obvious differences in the amplitude, which exists a good corresponding relationship between the horizontal section change of the shaft and the deformation law of the GR.When the bunton is disconnected from GR, its position is − 11, − 47, − 83, − 107, − 119, − 131, − 143, − 179, − 215 and − 251 m, respectively, and the GRD is shown in Fig. x-direction, but the bunton at the disconnection position lacks the above effect, which eventually leads to local inverted arch near the position. The deformation principle of the GR at the disconnection position of the transition zone is the same as the above, except that one side of the bunton is located in the action zone, and the other side is located in the transition zone. However, the effect in transition zone is relatively weak, resulting in a relative lower peak-to-peak value. When the bunton is disconnected from the GR or shaft, the horizontal section change has a great influence on the GRD, so attention should be paid to the connection state.Figure The finite element calculation model based on the spring element can better simulate the interaction between the shaft and SRSM. Compared with the solid element model, the calculation steps are simple, and the calculation scale is greatly reduced, which greatly improves the efficiency of simulation analysis.There are obvious differences in the deformation law of the GR under different types of MSD, it is highly correlated with the shaft deformation trend, and has a strong ability to characterize the shaft deformation. Under the same MSD type, the GRD increases significantly with the aggravation of the shaft deformation, the GRD range is expanded in contrast with the shaft deformation, and the amplitude is attenuated to a certain extent. The deformation range under the dislocation action has the strongest expansion ability, and the amplitude has the fastest decay rate under the horizontal section change.When the bunton is disconnected from the GR under the MSD, the GRD at the disconnected position is basically two-way sawtooth, and its peak-to-peak value is different due to the disconnection position and the MSD type. When the bunton is disconnected from the shaft, the period of the GRD is doubled at the disconnected position, it basically has no influence on the amplitude except for the horizontal section change. Compared with the disconnection of the bunton and GR, it has less impact, and attention should be paid to the connection state between the bunton and GR.The paper only studies the deformation law of the GR under the single MSD type. With the continuous deepening of the shaft and the increasingly complex geological conditions, the deformation law of the GR under the composite MSD type should be further studied.In order to study the GRD law under the MSD, the calculation formula of the spring stiffness coefficient that simplifies the interaction between the shaft and the SRSM is deduced, and the finite element calculation model based on the spring element is established for the analysis of the deformation law of the GR under MSD, and the following conclusions are obtained:


The Rhodanese-fold is a ubiquitous structural domain present in various protein subfamilies associated with different physiological functions or pathophysiological conditions in humans. Proteins harboring a Rhodanese domain are diverse in terms of domain architecture, with some representatives exhibiting one or several Rhodanese domains, fused or not to other structural domains. The most famous Rhodanese domains are catalytically active, thanks to an active-site loop containing an essential cysteine residue which allows for catalyzing sulfur transfer reactions involved in sulfur trafficking, hydrogen sulfide metabolism, biosynthesis of molybdenum cofactor, thio-modification of tRNAs or protein urmylation. In addition, they also catalyse phosphatase reactions linked to cell cycle regulation, and recent advances proposed a new role into tRNA hydroxylation, illustrating the catalytic versatility of Rhodanese domain. To date, no exhaustive analysis of Rhodanese containing protein equipment from humans is available. In this review, we focus on structural and biochemical properties of human-active Rhodanese-containing proteins, in order to provide a picture of their established or putative key roles in many essential biological functions. H2S is described as an ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecule with a broad spectrum of targets, including nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p53 and mTOR, the target of rapamycin ..2].https://www.rcsb.org accessed on 5 September 2022) allows a direct inspection of Rhd-domain conserved structural signatures. As an example, an in silico large scale identification and analysis of Rossmann-like structural domains revealed that the Rhd fold belongs to this vast family. Its structure is composed of a three-layered α/β sandwich (a characteristic of Rossmann-like protein) in which, the central parallel β sheet is surrounded by 4 to 5 α-helices (4/5(R/T) loop motif  for thiosulfate, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (3MSTs or MPSTs) for 3-mercaptopyruvate . The twoBecause of their highly divergent nature, sequence identity search programs cannot be used to exhaustively identify Rhd domains from sequence databases. A keyword-based search of the human Rhd domains present in the UniProt library  identifiin cellulo, except for TSTD2  and three catalyze phosphatase reactions (CDC25A/B/C), whereas no typical Rhd-dependent activity is proposed for the last one (TSTD2). In terms of domain organization, TSTD1 belongs to class one, MPST and TST to class two, and CDCD25A/B/C, MOCS3 and TSTD2 to class three c. These or TSTD2 .KAT gene located on chromosome 1 (1q23.3), which is 1.6 kilobases long and consists of 4 exons and 3 introns . T. T36]. TTSTD1 transcripts accumulate in different tissues, such as the kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, colon, thymus, spleen, placenta, or lung . I. ITST geKM value b,c, suggciencies .Although the TST protein is targeted to mitochondria, it does not contain a N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence  28,42,4,442,47. 2S produced by sulfate-reducing microbiota . A. A54]. Apyruvate a and bot2S production  and thioredoxin . Th. Th27]. 2S production in the brain, kidney, and liver at the mitochondrial level . T. T67]. Tive site ,69. The ive site .5R motif. Although Glu474 was recently proposed for CDC25B, the residue involved in acid/base catalysis for leaving group protonation and water molecule activation remains to be identified. Moreover, arsenate reductase activity was revealed for the catalytic domain of the human CDC25B and CDC25C, as these two enzymes were shown to catalyze in vitro inorganic arsenate reduction in the presence of glutathion and glutaredoxin . MOCS3 is a protein of 461 residues (49 kDa), constituted of two structural domains  and, as expected from the structure of MoeB homologs, the human Moeb-like domain is constituted of a central height strands β-sheet, surrounded by height helices , a, aMOCS3  domains b , MOCS2, or GPHN (Gephyrin) genes . Th. ThLegion a loop .E. coli, named YceA or TrhO, was recently characterized . Th. ThE. coAt the physiological level, the cellular functions of TSTD2 protein are still unknown. TSTD2’s gene expression or protein accumulation variations were reported for human traits or diseases resistance/susceptibility, but, to date, this information is too preliminary to propose physiological implications ,91,92.The increasing number of identified and characterized human Rhd domain-containing proteins supports the notion that the Rhd structural domain has evolved, as isolated protein or in combination with other domains, to fulfill different cellular functions. Although, the fine characterization of the active Rhd domains is still elusive, especially for the last one reported, the emerging picture in this catalytic promiscuity stressed the crucial role of the active-site loop, the structural domains organization and interaction networks, depending on subcellular localization. In the future, the exhaustive characterization of human Rhd-containing proteins at the biochemical and cellular level is a decisive step to better define the functions of Rhd-containing proteins, and to reveal their key contributions in human physio- and pathophysiology.


This paper examines, conceptually, the relationship between stress-inducing architectural features and allostatic overload by drawing on literature from neuroimmunology and neuroarchitecture. The studies reviewed from the field of neuroimmunology indicate that chronic or repeated exposure to stress-inducing events may overwhelm the body’s regulatory system, resulting in a process termed allostatic overload. While there is evidence from the field of neuroarchitecture that short-term exposure to particular architectural features produce acute stress responses, there is yet to be a study on the relationship between stress-inducing architectural features and allostatic load. This paper considers how to design such a study by reviewing the two primary methods used to measure allostatic overload: biomarkers and clinimetrics. Of particular interest is the observation that the clinical biomarkers used to measure stress in neuroarchitectural studies differ substantially from those used to measure allostatic load. Therefore, the paper concludes that while the observed stress responses to particular architectural forms may indicate allostatic activity, further research is needed to determine whether these stress responses are leading to allostatic overload. Consequently, a discrete longitudinal public health study is advised, one which engages the clinical biomarkers indicative of allostatic activity and incorporates contextual data using a clinimetric approach. Over the last ten years, a number of studies have considered the impact of architecture on human health and wellness. Most of this research has examined the effects of direct, overt, and easily quantifiable factors, such as light exposure ,2, noiseThe relationship between human health and chronic exposure to these architectural forms is yet to be fully understood. However, studies on social and environmental stress responses indicate that when a stress-inducing event is continuous or repetitive, the body’s regulatory system can become overwhelmed, and the physiological responses, which are initially protective, become damaging over time; this state is termed allostatic overloading ,21,22,23This paper constitutes an interdisciplinary desk review of literature from neuroimmunology and neuroarchitecture. The paper has two primary aims (i) to understand, conceptually, the relationship between stress-inducing architectural features and allostatic loads , and ii. The papAn important finding from this review is that while there is evidence that certain architectural features cause acute stress responses, the clinical biomarkers used in those studies differ to those used to measure allostatic load. Therefore, while the observed stress responses may suggest allostatic activity, it is not conclusive that those stress responses are resulting in allostatic overload without further empirical inquiry utilising the methods for studying allostatic load examined in Recent studies have evidenced that exposure to certain architectural forms, such as room proportions ,15, wallSimilarly, research suggests that biomorphic design, or designs which “imitate the contours and motifs of organisms” or organic matter  (p. 16),Allostasis refers to the neural and neuroendocrine  processes by which the body regulates stress . For exaPut simply, allostatic processes are physiological responses to stress-inducing events which are designed to return the body to a state of equilibrium  by providing the necessary physiological responses to allow the individual to navigate the stressful situation. Therefore, allostatic processes have an important function in regulating the body over time and mitigating the damaging impacts of stressors. A stressor, in this context, is defined as a “threat, real or implied, to the psychological or physiological integrity of an individual”  (p. 108)The research on allostasis establishes that when the body can quickly downregulate, as it is designed to do, these allostatic processes serve a protective function and are beneficial. However, if the stressor is chronic, then allostatic processes can overwhelm the body’s regulatory system and inhibit the allostatic process from returning the body to its stable state, thus resulting in allostatic overload. Only when there is prolonged exposure to a stressor does the cumulative effect begin to compromise the immune system, contributing to chronic systemic inflammation which, in turn, can increase one’s risk of developing certain diseases. However, it is unclear from the research presented to date precisely what the effect of prolonged or repeated exposure to stress-inducing architectural forms has on human health or whether such exposure results in allostatic overload.In the short term, the allostatic response triggered by exposure to stress-inducing architectural forms appears to be either benign or within tolerable limits ,13,14,15Of particular concern is that exposure to the built environment is increasing at an exponential rate. By 2050, it is projected that two-thirds of the global population will live in cities . On averIn sum, viewing stress-inducing architectural forms through an allostatic-overloading framework suggests that chronic exposure to stress-inducing architectural forms may contribute to allostatic overloading, and subsequently, to the development of systemic inflammation. This process of architecturally mediated allostatic overloading may be exacerbated by the repetitive nature of architectural exposure, increasing urbanisation rates, and increased time spent indoors. While it is notably difficult to measure allostatic load, considerable progress has been made in measurement techniques. A body of research has emerged that examines the impact of aspects of the urban environment on allostatic load. Research on environmental stressors has established that factors such as lead exposure ,56, percAdditionally, spatial epidemiologists have measured the relationship between allostatic load and neighbourhood characteristics . These sThe physiological conditions associated with allostatic overloading have a complex aetiology. Studies measuring allostatic overload typically use a combined index comprised of indicators of cumulative stress on multiple organs and tissues. This section examines two primary methods of measuring allostatic load biomarkers and clinimetrics. In brief, biomarkers  are objeThe first method used to measure allostatic load engages a set of biological markers that are associated with chronic stress and measures those markers at multiple points in time to track changes in allostatic load. Biomarkers indicative of allostatic load have traditionally been divided into primary mediators and secondary mediators . HoweverPrimary mediators are defined as indicators of biochemical alterations within the neuroendocrine system that occur during the initiation of the stress response . These mThe secondary mediators pertain to the remodelling of receptor sites in the cardiovascular, immune, and metabolic systems that results from prolonged activation of the stress response . These mAdditional markers most frequently used in the research were the immune system biomarkers C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen . SeveralWhile single biomarkers are occasionally utilised to indicate alterations in allostatic activity within certain physiological systems , composite biomarker measures that encompass combined assessments of multiple biomarkers are frequently employed . One comThe most commonly employed approach for calculating allostatic load utilises the extreme quantiles, such as the 10th and 90th percentile, of each biomarker to establish the acceptable range . HoweverIncreasingly, there is a trend to develop algorithmic tools as a means of creating more refined and sophisticated statistical analysis techniques for computing allostatic load. The process of developing an allostatic load algorithm encompasses various considerations, such as the quantification of allostatic activity and the determination of the weightage for specific biological systems . HoweverWhile biomarkers provide objective measurements of neurophysiological function, Guidi et al., 2022  (p. 12) 2 levels and the neuroendocrine biomarkers, while illumination was found to be associated with the metabolic biomarkers. Furthermore, the study revealed that the neuroendocrine and metabolic systems were associated with the risks of sick building syndromes. The study concluded that indoor environmental quality significantly influences allostatic load and that, in turn, allostatic load can be a predictor for reporting sick building syndrome.For example, Jung et al. (2014)  conducteClinimetrics can also encompass outcome-based evaluations which track health outcomes associated with allostatic overload over time . If a spMoreover, latent profile analysis (LPA) is a statistical approach that can potentially complement conventional methods of measuring allostatic load in clinimetric research . LPA is Measuring allostatic load is a complex process that involves assessing the impact of chronic stress on multiple physiological systems. While both biomarker-based and clinimetric assessments have been used to measure allostatic load, they have several limitations. One of the primary challenges associated with measuring allostatic load is the cross-sectional nature of most studies conducted to date . IncreasThe second limitation of measuring allostatic load is the lack of consensus on standardised measurement methods . This vaThe third difficulty of measuring allostatic load is the limited scope of biomarkers . AlthougFourth, the variability in responses to stress across populations may present a challenge in comparing allostatic load across individuals using biomarker-based or clinimetric assessments . For exaFifth, allostatic load is influenced by external factors, such as age, biological sex assigned at birth, and socioeconomic deprivation . These fIt is particularly interesting to note that neuroarchitecture studies that measure stress responses to architectural features do not employ the biomarkers associated with allostatic overload. As highlighted above, recent studies in the field of neuroarchitecture have considered the impact of certain architectural forms on human health . EmerginOn the other hand, from Additionally, other common measurement techniques used to measure stress responses to architectural forms such as EEG, photoplethysmography, galvanic skin response, eye tracking and pupil dilation, and fMRI are not identified as common measurements of allostatic load. Conversely, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, biomarkers frequently used to measure allostatic load  have not been used to measure stress-responses to architectural features.While the measured stress responses to particular stress-inducing architectural forms ,13,14,15Given the divergence in the biomarkers used to measure the impact of architectural forms on stress as compared to those used in the research on allostatic load, further empirical research is required. A future empirical study on the relationship between architectural form and allostatic load could begin by systematically identifying the architectural features which have been found to upregulate stress responses. To date, these features include: room proportions ,15, wallThese biomarkers may be used to construct a composite biomarker index or could be integrated with a clinimetric approach. This data would need to be evaluated in conjunction with data concerning confounding variables which are known to contribute to the development of increased allostatic load, including prolonged low socioeconomic status ,98; workThis paper examined, conceptually, the relationship between stress-inducing architectural features and allostatic overload by drawing on literature from neuroimmunology and neuroarchitecture. The studies reviewed from the field of neuroimmunology strongly suggest that chronic or repeated exposure to stress may produce a cascade of allostatic events which result in allostatic overload. While there is evidence from the field of neuroarchitecture that short-term exposure to particular architectural features produces acute stress responses, there is yet to be a study on the relationship between stress-inducing architectural features and allostatic load.The paper went on to consider how such a study may be designed. Of particular interest was the observation that the clinical biomarkers used to measure stress in neuroarchitectural studies differ substantially from those used to measure allostatic load. Therefore, while the observed stress responses to particular architectural forms may indicate allostatic activity, further research is needed to determine whether these stress responses are leading to allostatic overload. Consequently, a discrete longitudinal public health study is advised, one which engages the clinical biomarkers of allostatic load. This study could also incorporate subjective data using a clinimetric approach.The architectural features of interests were identified as: room proportions ,15, wall


Cannabis sativa L.) seeds contain a high concentration of proteins and biologically active compounds. The protein content is even higher in case of lipid part removal in oil production. The remaining part is considered a leftover, usually being used in animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical composition of hemp seed cake flour, its nutritional quality and its impact on bread quality parameters. The properties of hemp seed cake flour were assessed in terms of protein quality, mineral composition, polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Hemp seed cake proved to be an important source of high-quality protein (31.62% d.m.) with the presence of eight essential amino acids. The biologically active potential of hemp seed cake has been demonstrated by the high content of polyphenols, especially those from the Cannabisin group. Hemp seed cake flour was incorporated in wheat flour at levels from 5 to 40% (w/w) to investigate its influence on bread quality parameters. The addition of hemp seed cake flour increased the total phenol content of bread, thus greatly enhancing the antioxidant activity. The protein content of bread was found to be enhanced from 11.11% d.m (control sample) to 18.18% d.m (for sample with 40% hemp seed cake flour). On the other hand, the addition of hemp seed cake flour led to decreased bread porosity, increased hardness and decreased resilience in the seed cake. Although, all bread samples recorded sensorial attributes ranging between “slightly like” and “like it very much”. Hemp ( Food has always been a basic necessity, but it is also often a pleasure that prompts people to buy more and more products, whether or not it is necessary ,2. In a Cannabis sativa L.) is a low-cost, unconventional feed resource with a unique phytochemical composition and various uses  [Cannabis sativa L.) hemp has been rethought and acquired new valences [w/w) to 37.50%), to which the beneficial fatty acid structure is added. Nowadays, the by-products or leftovers of hemp seeds (cakes from oil factories) are unutilized for human consumption, being used in animal feed [Hemp  ,14,15. Hy, etc.) ,17. Takivalences ,19,20,21valences ,23. Hempvalences ,25,26. Emal feed ,28,29. Hmal feed ,32,33,34Bible and it is still the most eaten product in some regions [Bread has been an important staple food product to many cultures over the centuries ,36. It i regions . On the  regions ,39,40,41 regions ,43. As a regions ,44. To s regions ,46. Thus regions ,48,49,50Cannabis sativa L.) seed cake and therefore the impact of the wheat flour substitution by hemp seed cake on the sensory, physicochemical, textural and technological characteristics of bread.Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and biological value of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cake, a by-product remaining after hemp seed cold pressing, which was offered by a local enterprise “Mira OSF” SRL; drinkable water; salt; and leaven.Bread formulations used premium-quality wheat flour, 550 type, which was purchased from the local market; hemp  mill and manually sifted through a sieve with 200 μm cells. In order to obtain the flour mixes, the hemp seed cake flour was mixed with wheat flour in different hemp/wheat flour ratios .The leaven used in bread making was a microbial consortium, which was obtained through spontaneous fermentation of a mixture of wheat flour and water (0.75:1), assured mainly by spontaneously growing yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The choice of spontaneous fermentation was justified by the proven positive effects of the native microbiota on bread quality. According to Ramos et al. 2021, the spontaneous leaven contains an optimal ratio of LAB and yeast 100:1 . In the In order to be used, a fresh leaven must be refreshed with flour and water, a process also called backslopping, which could be an obstacle to the widespread use of the dough . Thus, tProperties such as the acidity, moisture, ash and wet gluten content of the premium-quality wheat flour and bread were determined according to standardized methods provided in the international methods of the AACC   and compThe proximate analysis of hemp seed cake flour was conducted according to the standard AOAC method . MoisturThe content of constituent amino acids of hemp seed cake flour was determined according to Dudok et al. (1997) . The metAAS) was calculated for adults using the standard method according to FAO with the formula [The amino acid score ( formula :(1)AAS =The Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was calculated taking into account the amino acid content of the protein of hemp seed cake flour, mainly Leucine (Leu), Proline (Pro), Tyrosine (Tyr), Methionine (Met) and Histidine (His). Certain combinations of the mentioned amino acids can enhance or diminish the growing ability of animals. The calculations were performed according to Kowalczewski et al. (2019)  using EqThe content of the minerals Mg, K, P, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in hemp seed cake flour was determined using AOAC methods as described by James . The perFor polyphenols’ identification, the Agilent 1200 HPLC system equipped with quaternary pump, solvent degasser, autosampler and UV-Vis detector with a photodiode (DAD) coupled with a mass detector (MS) single quadrupole Agilent model 6110  was used.The separation of the compounds was carried out on a Kinetex XB C18 column, dimensions 4.6 × 150 mm, with 5 μm particles , using the mobile phases (A) water + 0.1% acetic acid and (B) acetonitrile + 0.1% acetic acid, for 30 min, at a temperature of 25 °C, with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and with the following gradient (expressed in % B): 0 min, 5% B; 0–2 min, 5% B; 2–18 min, 5–40% B; 18–20 min, 40–90% B; 20–24 min, 90% B; 24–25 min, 90–5% B; 25–30 min, 5% B.The spectral values were recorded in the 200–600 nm range for all peaks. The chromatograms  were recm/z 120–1200. Data acquisition and interpretation of results were conducted using Agilent ChemStation software, version B.02.01 SR2.For MS, the full-scan ESI positive ionization mode was used in the following working conditions: capillary voltage 3000 V, temperature 350 °C, nitrogen flow 7 L/min, collision energy 100 eV and The phenolic compounds were identified by comparing the retention time, UV-Vis absorption and mass spectra with those of the standard compounds and with the data from the specialized literature.Bread dough was prepared by mixing the wheat flour and/or hemp cake/wheat flour mixtures with tap water and leaven. The optimum content of the used leaven was determined experimentally. Smaller and higher leaven amounts (compared to 675 g leaven for 1200 g of wheat flour) resulted in bread with porosity and aspect shortcomings. When using a higher amount of leaven, the bread taste was sour.® Series 5 Quart Tilt-Head; Greenville, OH, USA) dough mixer (tilt-head stand mixer) and left for autolysis for 30 min. Then, the salt was added and the dough was kneaded for 10 min until an optimal consistency was achieved. The dough was transferred into a bowl, covered with plastic, and left to ferment at 30 °C and a relative humidity of 80% for 60 min, after which it was placed on the moistened worktable, spread out in a thin layer, folded into 4 and left for a repeated rest. The stretching and folding operation was repeated 3 times at an interval of one hour. Afterward, the obtained dough was divided into 620 g pieces, shaped, put in the fermenting mould and put in the refrigerator for cold fermentation at 4 °C for 12 h. After cold fermentation, the dough was taken out from the moulds, put on the backing sheet and at the surface of each piece, light oblique notches were made with the tip of a knife. The dough pieces were baked in a preheated oven  at +227 °C for 45 min. The baked bread was cooled at room temperature (+21 °C) for 2 h before its properties were assessed. Bread formulations are presented in The obtained mass was gently mixed for 5 min using a KitchenAid  using the Juravliov device .The volume of the bread samples was determined according to Lu et al. (2010), by the rapeseed displacement method .Water activity was determined according to Hussain et al. (2021) using the Rotronic water activity meter  .−1, according to Young (2012) [Bread crumb texture analysis was performed after cooling the bread for 8 h. Small pieces (3 × 3 × 3 cm) were cut from the middle of each bread. The texture profile measurements were taken using a TA.HDplusC texture analyser  with a 36 mm diameter cylindrical probe, 50% compression and a test speed of 1.0 mm sg (2012) .L, a and b were measured for each bread sample. To assess the impact of hemp seed cake flour addition, the colour difference ΔE and whiteness index (WI) were determined using Equations (6) and (7).The colour evaluation of bread was performed using the Konica Minolta colourimeter CR-400 . Chromatic parameters The total polyphenol content in bread samples was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method described by Makkar et al. (2003) .Analysis of the free radical scavenging ability against the DPPH• free radical was performed according to Lin and Zhou (2018) . ResultsThe consumer acceptance test was performed within the Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, with 73 consumers , aged between 18 and 62 years old. The consumers were offered a tasting sheet, in which the main quality parameters of the bread and its grading scale were indicated. In order to be evaluated, bread samples were cut into 25 mm edge cubes  study, wThe assessed quality parameters were overall appearance, colour, texture, odour, and taste. The quality of bread was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale from “dislike extremely” to “like extremely”, ranging from 0 to 9 points, respectively .A check-all-that-apply questionnaire was performed according to Biró et al. (2020). As part of the experiment, assessors were asked to identify which sensory attribute was present in the sample. A product’s attributes are usually based on its sensory characteristics, but can also include hedonic terms, emotions, and non-sensory qualities. According to the method, there was no limitation on the number of terms that could be selected by the assessors . Based oSignificant differences between the samples were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% level of significance. CATA analysis was performed using XLStat Software, version 7.5.2, for Excel. All the experiments were carried out in three replicates, and data were reported as the mean ± standard deviation (SD).The quality of the used flours was evaluated in terms of moisture, ash, acidity and wet gluten content for wheat flour, whereas for hemp seed cake flour, in addition to moisture and ash content, quality was expressed in terms of total fat and protein content, amino acid composition, minerals and phenols. The values of the above-mentioned quality indicators are presented in The values of the determined parameters for the wheat flour correspond to the national legislation . It is kAccording to the obtained values for the hemp seed cake flour, it can be stated that this seed cake product may be considered a rich protein and fibre source with broad prospects for use in supplementing food products. The crude protein content of hemp seed cake flour was 31.62% d.m. Similar values were reported previously by Rajasekhar et al. (2021). Values of 32.06% and 31.22% for the protein content of hemp seed cake were also reported by Mierliță (2019) ,79. AccoIn this study, the protein quality of the local hemp seed cake flour was evaluated by assessing the amino acid composition . In ordeThe obtained data revealed the presence of eight essential amino acids , one semi-essential amino acid (arginine), nine non-essential amino acids  and one non-protein amino acid (γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)). House et al. (2010) reported the presence of the same amino acids in the hemp seed meal, but the amount of each amino acid was significantly different from our results . This faThe share of essential amino acids accounted for 37.13%, semi-essential acid arginine reached a value of 10.93% and non-essential amino acids amounted to 51.94%. It is known that the essential amino acid (E) ratio in the total amino acid content (T) is very important; hence, when they are in excess, they can be considered sources of non-essential amino acids. According to Heger (2003), the optimum ratio for well-balanced egg protein was found to be 0.4, whereas the value obtained in our study (0.37) was close to the one mentioned above . The proAs shown by the data presented in The protein quality of the hemp seed cake flour was also assessed by determining the PER, an indicator that represents a measure that evaluates the ability of a protein to support growth in animals. The values of PER are presented in In this context, a value of 2 or higher is often used as a benchmark for protein sources that are considered to be of higher quality. This means that the protein source has a good amino acid profile and can effectively support growth and development ,95,96. IHemp seed cake flour was found to be a valuable source of most of the analysed macro- and microminerals .Taking into account the obtained values, it can be concluded that the consumption of 100 g hemp seed cake flour per day can cover 85–96% of the daily requirements for Zn and Fe. Minerals Mg, P, Mn and Cu were also highlighted with a high content, covering approximately 252.39, 336.62, 438.38 and 120.12% of the PRI, respectively. The comparison of obtained values with the same data for wheat flour [Mourtzinos et al. (2018) proposed an extraction process to recover polyphenols resulting from hemp seed cake after the seed oil pressing and demonstrated that hemp solid waste is a rich source of functional constituents . This reThe estimated relative amounts of individual phenols were expressed as the individual peak area reported in contrast to the total peak area from chromatograms . The peaThese findings are completely consistent with numerous investigations that identified the specific abundance of cannabisins in hemp seeds ,76. OtheIn order to evaluate the impact of hemp seed cake flour on bread’s sensory profile, consumer tests and check-all-that-apply (CATA) analyses were performed. The results of sensory analysis are presented in the form of BoxPlots according to Jaimes (2015) . Figure The visualization of the overall appearance score a proves p ≤ 0.05). The most appreciated samples, except for the control, in terms of crumb colour were HCB5%, HCB30% and HCB40%. The consumers who preferred the colour of the HCB30% and HCB40% samples mentioned the similarity of these samples with rye bread available in commercial networks. Korus et al. (2017) mentions an increase in colour acceptability after the supplementation of bread with hemp flour [When evaluating the crumb colour attribute, there was a statistical difference in the assessment of the samples using the Friedman test (mp flour . The assr = 0.83 and 0.79 p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, taste was the most correlated characteristic for the overall acceptance of breads HCB15% , HB20%  and HCB10% . Thus, participants rated the palatability of the bread with hemp seed cake flour as acceptable and the principle of adding hemp seed cake flour appeared to be a feasible option from the sensory point of view. Taking into account all of the above-mentioned factors, it would be necessary to improve all of the sensory properties that caused the shortfalls in overall acceptance. However, all the samples achieved mean scores higher than 6.74, a value that allows us to state that such a bread, also considering its nutritional quality, can find its consumer niche in the market. The baked breads are shown in The taste scores d copied The CATA questionnaire consisted of 22 terms . The sixBased on the correspondence analysis , each saIn this analysis, the most liked hemp-enriched breads were HCB30% and HCB40%. These results were reflected in the just the right colour, tasty and pine nut-like odour attributes, as well as the moist attribute. A grey and too dark colour beside crumbly texture appear in samples HCB10%, HCB15% and HCB20%. Negative attributes such as too strong hemp odour, too strong flavour, dry and hard were more associated with HCB20%, HCB30% and HCB40% samples.In order to assess the impact of hemp seed cake flour addition on the main characteristics of bread, indicators such as baking loss, porosity, loaf volume, protein content, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were evaluated .p ≤ 0.05), ranging within the limits of 45.43 to 47.27%. Baking loss of the samples was found between 9.16% and 12.73%. The control sample (HCB0%) significantly had the lowest baking loss, while HCB40% exhibited the highest baking loss.Bread moisture content did not differ significantly . The reduction in bread volume is consistent with the findings of Mikulek et al. (2019) who also worked with hemp flour and reported that hemp flour incorporation provided loaves with a lower volume [The significant influence of hemp flour seed cake on bread volume and porosity was observed. The data  show thar volume . Similarr volume ,114,115.r volume . Besidesr volume .p ≤ 0.05) modify the breads’ acidity and water activity. On the other hand, the presence of different concentrations of hemp seed cake flour increased (p ≤ 0.05) the TPC of bread  compared to control bread .The presence of hemp seed cake flour at different levels did not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in antioxidant activity among bread samples with different concentrations of hemp seed cake flour. The highest antioxidant activity was found in breads with the addition of 40% of hemp seed cake flour: more than 2.75 times as compared to the reference wheat bread.Regarding antioxidant activity, there were significant differences (The positive effect of the incorporation of hemp seed cake flour on the crude protein content (PC) of fortified bread has been reported in numerous studies. Mikulek et al. (2019) outlined a PC of 19.29% d.m. (compared to 11.02 for the control counterpart) when fortifying the bread with partially defatted hemp flour (50% wheat flour substitution) . Rusu etThe European Union’s Regulation No. 1924/2006 concerning nutrition and health claims made on foods states the following: “a claim that a food is a source of protein, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where at least 12% of the energy value of the food is provided by protein” and “a claim that a food is high in protein, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where at least 20% of the energy value of the food is provided by protein” . AccordiL) of hemp seed cake breads were always significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower—up to 40% (for HCB40%) lower compared to control bread.Bread colour was affected by the presence of hemp seed cake flour even when the last one was used in minimal amounts (5% reported to the wheat flour mass). The hemp seed cake flour itself was dark with a brown tint; therefore, the bread samples were darker . As can ΔE) in the crust as well as in the crumb was obtained for the breads with the highest amount of hemp seed cake flour. This fact is explained by the upward trend of chromatic parameter a  simultaneously with the decreasing b . Similar results were published by Miculek et al. (2019)—they associated an increase in a tint and decrease in b with hemp seed flour’s inclusion in breads [Crumb lightness was also significantly affected by wheat flour substitution with hemp seed cake flour. Incorporation of hemp seed cake flour led to a darker crumb, showing a decrease in lightness from 16.00% (HCB5%) to 54.93% (HCB40%) with respect to the control. Maravić et al. (2022) and Mohtarami (2019) explain this by the fact that when introducing a protein source in product formulations, more amino groups are available to be involved in Maillard reactions ,122. Then breads . All enrChanges in the texture of new bread formulations were reported in several studies ,124,125.In our study, the addition of 5, 10 and 15% hemp seed cake flour, relative to the mass of wheat flour, produced a significantly softer bread texture  . FurtherA similar behaviour was noted in the case of cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness, which, as explained by Nasir et al. (2020), is due to the hardening of the wheat flour, which results in crumbling as a consequence of the loss of water caused by the retrogradation properties of wheat flour . It was r) were −0.29, −0.33 and −0.33, respectively. Likewise, no correlation was established between the texture parameters determined experimentally and the texture appreciated at the sensory level  can be labelled as high in protein based on the corresponding EU regulation.Hemp seed cake is a by-product resulting from oil extraction, and in most cases, it is used as animal feed. In spite of this, the chemical composition of this material and its low cost make it an attractive ingredient for the development of value-added food products. The analysis of the composition of hemp seed cake flour revealed high levels of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity, the main phenolic compounds belonging to Cannabisin group. Hemp seed cake flour showed considerably high contents of essential amino acids, giving the proteins a quality that can ensure a harmonious growth of the body. According to the results, the incorporation of hemp seed cake flour in bread formulation positively contributes to the total phenol content, that increased from 141.25 mg GAE/kg (control sample) to 354.85 mg GAE/kg (40% hemp seed cake bread), and anti-radical activity. General bread quality parameters such as moisture content and water activity did not vary significantly. On the other hand, bread parameters like hardness, resilience and colour attributes were significantly affected by hemp seed cake flour addition. Bread sensory analysis revealed that HCB30% and HCB40% were less liked compared with the control, HCB5%, HCB10%, HCB15% and HCB20% samples; however, the overall appreciation of HCB30% and HCB40% was high enough (between “slightly like” and “like”) to state that this bread can find its consumer niche in the market. Our findings suggest that bread samples containing hemp seed cake flour at a level of 40% (