A very flexible structure with a tunable stiffness controlled by an external magnetic stimulus is presented. The proposed structure is fabricated using two magnetic-responsive materials, namely a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) as a skin layer and a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) as a core to fill the void channels of the skin layer. After briefly describing the field-dependent material characteristics of the MRE and MRF, the fabrication procedures of the structure are provided in detail. The MRE skin layer is produced using a precise mold with rectangular void channels to hold the MRF. Two samples are produced, namely with and without MRF, to evaluate the stiffness change attributed to the MRF. A magnetic field is generated using two permanent magnets attached to a specialized jig in a universal tensile machine. The force-displacement relationship of the two samples are measured as a function of magnetic flux density. Stiffness change is analyzed at two different regions, namely a small and large deformation region. The sample with MRF exhibits much higher stiffness increases in the small deformation region than the sample without MRF. Furthermore, the stiffness of the sample with MRF also increases in the large deformation region, while the stiffness of the sample without MRF remains constant. The inherent and advantageous characteristics of the proposed structure are demonstrated through two conceptual applications, namely a haptic rollable keyboard and a smart braille watch. Smart fluids, including electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and magnetorheological fluids (MRFs), can be effectively applied in a number of scenarios, including as an automotive damper and for vibration control in flexible structures. ERF consists of a carrier liquid with fine nonconducting particles, and its apparent viscosity depends heavily on an electric field applied to the fluid domain. Thus, ERF is often utilized as a core layer in sandwich structures  to improve damping properties or to modify the modal characteristics of a structure ,2,3. HowSome applications, for example bio-health patches and wearable haptic gloves, require a soft outer skin layer. A magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is a skin  comprising of rubber embedded in magnetic-responsive iron particles. The rubber component contributes sufficient softness to allow for the manufacturing of a wide range of shapes and curvatures. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of MRE-based structures ,8. UnlikThe main technical contribution of this work is to fabricate a new soft structure whose stiffness can be tuned by external magnetic field. The field-dependent stiffness of the structure was evaluated experimentally. The structure consisted of two magnetic-responsive materials, namely MRE as a skin layer and MRF as a core to fill void channels in the skin layer. The MRE skin layer contained 30 wt.% of carbonyl iron particles (CIP) and was produced via a multiple step process, including molding and curing. The mold was made from machine structure carbon steel (S55C) and had excellent wear resistance. The mold had rectangular void channels into which MRF was injected, followed by bonding between the upper and lower skin layers. Two samples with identical geometry and dimensions were produced with and without injecting MRF into the channels. Magnetic analysis with permanent magnets was conducted to ensure that the magnetic field was well-distributed. The samples were fixed to a specialized jig in a universal tensile machine and the tensile force was detected by the load cell at the top, while the tensile length was determined using an embedded encoder attached to the motor. After several trial tests considering data collection, noise and breaking possibility of the samples, the tensile speed was fixed at 500 mm/min. The force-displacement curves of two samples were used to establish the stiffness change as a function of the magnetic flux density. The sample without MRF exhibited an increase in stiffness of 72.8% in a small deformation region when a 0.3 T magnetic field was applied, while the sample filled with MRF exhibited a 156.6% increase under the same conditions. The stiffness of the sample with MRF increased across a large deformation region, while the stiffness of the sample without MRF did not vary with the application of a magnetic field. Unlike the conventional smart structures shown in An MRE is a composite material that reacts to a magnetic field. It has an elastic solid state in the absence of the magnetic field, as opposed to MRF which is fluid. However, MRE has been used in similar application fields to MRF, including the use as a vibration isolator. The magnetically sensitive particles in MRE were bound within a silicone rubber matrix and an additive as shown in MRF is a typical controllable intelligent fluid and is usually composed of a silicon oil-based fluid and ferrous particles that interact with a magnetic field. If an MRF is acted upon by the magnetic field, its yield stress can quickly change as the particles align to form chain-like structures. The main particles in MRFs are micro-sized. An MRF is generally treated as Bingham fluid, which is a type of non-Newtonian fluid ,19. CommTwo samples were produced to demonstrate the effects of the MRF on the stiffness change in the soft structure. The configurations and geometric dimensions of the samples are given in The production process was divided into four parts as shown in The change in stiffness of the soft structure as a function of the magnetic field intensity was investigated using the experimental apparatus and set-up shown in refer to e.The stiffness of the magnetic-responsive soft structures was compared to the mechanical properties of MRE structures in previous studies. The stiffness was defined as the slope of the force-displacement curve, but elastomers generally do not exhibit linear elastic deformation. Borin et al.  performeThe sample with MRF behaved completely differently as shown in d, db and n denote the distance, bifurcation within large and small deformation and the order of polynomial expression, respectively. F(d) was fitted to order 3 and 1 for the samples with and without MRF, respectively. The order of the samples was chosen based on the tensile force-displacement curves given in Unlike the small deformation region, stiffness did not increase linearly with displacement in the large deformation region and was instead characterized by an instantaneous slope based on the relationship between the tensile force and the displacement. Due to its nonlinearity, the tensile force-displacement curve was represented by a polynomial curve fitted as follows:The new soft structure produced using two magnetic-responsive materials, namely MRE and MRF, with a stiffness tuned by external stimuli has been validated experimentally. Two conceptual applications utilizing the proposed soft structure were presented in this section in order to attract further interest in the present work for a wide range of applications. The first conceptual application is a rollable keyboard with a haptic function. There are two major issues associated with current keyboards, namely hardboards, which prevent portability, and the constant pressure of each key, which causes typos due to the lack of distinguishable pressure on each key. Both problems can be resolved by using the keyboard shown in The second conceptual example shown in A new soft structure with a stiffness tuned by external magnetic stimuli was produced, and the stiffness tuning capability of the structure was experimentally validated. The soft structure used two magnetic-responsive materials, namely an MRE as a skin layer and an MRF as a core. The MRE skin layer contained 30 wt.% carbonyl iron particles (CIP) and was manufactured through a multi-step process, including molding and curing. The rectangular mold with void channels to hold MRF was made from machine structure carbon steel (S55C). After bonding the upper and lower skin layers, two samples were produced, namely one with MRF-filled channels and one without (empty channels). Finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the magnetic field distribution with permanent magnets and the samples were fixed to the specialized jig in a universal tensile machine. The force-displacement curves of the samples with and without MRF were measured at a fixed tensile speed of 500 mm/min. The stiffness of the sample without MRF increased by 72.8% in the small deformation region when a 0.3 T magnetic field was applied, while the stiffness of the sample with MRF increased by 156.6%. The stiffness change in the large deformation region was also evaluated through curve fitting. The stiffness of the sample without MRF did not change in a magnetic field, while the stiffness of the sample with MRF increased by 330.9% in a 0.3 T magnetic field. The soft structure exhibited a stiffness change across a wide deformation range. The soft structure was proposed for use in two conceptual applications, namely a rollable portable keyboard and a smart wearable braille watch. These applications clearly demonstrate the great potential of this soft structure and should attract more interest in further applications of various fields including bioengineering.However, in order to realize commercial products utilizing the proposed soft structures, several works need to be explored in depth. Firstly, analytical equation of motion and the finite element analysis of the proposed soft structure should be carried out to optimally fabricate any shape of the soft structure. It is remarked here that the finite element analysis of composite tubes characterized by different Young moduli has been investigated in . Secondl


TM , starch and fire retardant (boric acid/borax). These panels are also intended to address the environmental concerns of commercial gypsum boards. The manufacturing of the panels is via a wet-based process; hence no initial drying was required to remove the water from the CNF. It was found that the dosage of CNF (and/or FiberLeanTM) binder and the addition of starch had the largest impact upon the quality of the final product. The addition of starch was found more favorable in the presence of FiberLeanTM. The fire retardancy was induced by adding boric acid/borax (1:1). The burning test revealed that the panels treated with the fire retardant exhibited excellent burning properties comparable to that of gypsum board (inherently fire resistant). Interestingly, the addition of the boric acid/borax also appeared to increase the retention of starch in the system, leading to favorable mechanical properties.This study explored the development and characterization of laminated wallboard panels using renewable materials for building applications. The panels are based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as a binder and wood particles. Other additives included FiberLean Currently, the manufacturing of wood-based panels is heavily relying on petroleum-based adhesives . These aOf the different types of renewable adhesives, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) have been found promising for their adhesion capability  and poteThe high surface area, induced by the nanoscale size, allows a high degree of adhesion , due to ® Technologies, UK add minerals  to cellulose pulp during the grinding. This step helps reduce the grinding energy, and hence reduces the cost of the product. For example, a study by Shivyari et al. (2016)  examined3 for total dust set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) [One of the building products that could be addressed, due to environmental and mechanical concerns, is gypsum board. Gypsum board, also known as drywall, is one of the most widely used components in building systems. This product consists of a core of gypsum between paper surfacing. These boards are passively fire retardant , and aren (OSHA) . Second,n (OSHA) , which an (OSHA) ,23. ThisTM mix, and FiberLeanTM) were tested. Different binder fractions and target densities were also tested.This paper addresses the problems linked to the gypsum board by developing and characterizing laminated wallboard panels based on CNF as a binder. In this study, three types of binders  using various types of CNF-based binders and loadings were evaluated for their mechanical properties, thickness swelling and water absorption in the presence and absence of starch. Following this, the effect of boric acid/borax on fire retardancy and mechanical properties was evaluated. The interaction between the various components and their influence on the bonding was also assessed.TM  was kindly supplied by FiberLean® Technologies . Finely divided southern pine particles were obtained from Georgia Pacific . Hydroxyethylated corn starch (Ethylex® 2025) was purchased from Tate and Lyle . Boric acid, sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Borax), and potassium iodide were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Inc . Paper laminae from recycled, old corrugated containers (OCC) of 200 g per square meter (gsm) were also provided by the Process Development Center of the University of Maine .Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) of 3 wt.% solid content was produced from mechanically refined wood pulp at the University of Maine’s Process Development Center (PDC). FiberLean3) and the volume of the panel. Three binder levels were tested: 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt%. The binder itself was formulated as follows: pure CNF, CNF:FiberLeanTM 50:50, and pure FiberLeanTM. Starch and boric acid/borax (1:1) were added at 7.6 wt.% and 5 wt.%, respectively, of the total dry mass of the panel (wood particles plus binder).TM  were used in their wet form. The wood particles and the binder (and the additives) were mixed using a stand mixer for 3 min at low to medium speed, until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. The mixture was then placed into a metal frame (12.6 × 12.6 cm) with a wire mesh at the bottom to prepare for the subsequent contact dewatering. Contact dewatering is a term coined at the University of Maine, which describes the process by which water is removed from CNF without employing heat. The process entails the removal of water from CNF when mixed with wood particles upon cold pressing. It is worth noting that CNF was not drained with water during this process, even despite the relatively larger opening size of the wire mesh (40 mesh) relative to CNF, and this was discussed in detail by Amini et al. (2019) [No initial drying was performed on any of the components. In other words, CNF and FiberLean. (2019) .® manual hydraulic pump  was used to press the mat at a pressure of 3.7 MPa to remove the water. After dewatering, the wet-basis moisture content was reduced from approximately 80% to 40%. Prior to hot-pressing, two laminae of paper were added onto the top and bottom surface of the mat, and were bonded by a layer of 2 wt.%-solid CNF (0.22 g dry mass CNF per one surface) applied by a glass rod. This paper laminate had a thickness of 0.29 mm, and with a tensile strength and tensile modulus of 41.8 MPa and 2.20 GPa (machine direction), respectively. The assembly was hot-pressed using a Carver press machine  at 180 °C and 1.15 MPa for 15 min to densify and consolidate the laminated panel. The panels were cooled down and conditioned for at least 48 h to prepare for the subsequent testing.A DakePrior to adding starch to the formulation, it must be cooked and ‘solubilized’. To cook the starch, a 24 wt.% starch slurry was ramped on a hot-plate to a temperature of 88–96 °C. The starch was cooked for 30 min at this temperature, while maintaining sufficient and constant agitation throughout the cooking process. Once the cooking was completed, the solubilized starch was cooled to room temperature and the agitation was halted.TM and the panels at the microscale. To assess the particles of CNF and FiberLeanTM, freeze-dried samples (~3 wt.% solid content) were analyzed using a Hitachi TM3000 tabletop electron microscope . This microscope does not require sample coating with a conductive layer of metal prior to imaging. The images were taken at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV and a working distance of 2–3 mm. To examine the panels at the microlevel, a Zeiss NVision 40 microscope  was used. This microscope was used to examine the changes occurring in the calcium carbonate particles in the presence and absence of starch in the panels. To this end, a small piece of the panel was placed on a sample holder and coated with gold/palladium (15-nm thick) to enable the imaging of samples. All of the images were taken at a working distance of 4 mm and an accelerating voltage of 4 kV.Two types of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used to examine the various morphologies of CNF, FiberLeanTM) in their slurry form. AFM imaging was conducted using an ezAFM from NanoMagnetics Instruments, Oxford, UK. A drop of diluted suspension (approximately 0.1 wt.% solid) was placed onto the sample holder and air-dried at room temperature. The imaging was done in dynamic mode  at a scan range of 20 × 20 μm and a scan speed of 2 µm/s.The atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to further examine the morphology of the binder material (CNF and FiberLeanTM. Diluted suspension (0.5 wt%) was circulated in the cell of Malvern Hydro 2000s  and the laser hits the particles in the suspension. The scattered light angle and intensity were measured and then transformed into particle size data through an algorithm. The reported particle size represented the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the particle [A laser diffraction technique was used to determine the relative particle size of CNF and FiberLeanparticle .The zeta potential (ζ) was evaluated by a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS Zen 3600 instrument . An initial suspension of 0.5 wt.% was injected into the cell and equilibrated for 120 s. The zeta potential values were obtained from the conversion of the electrophoretic mobility measurements using the Smoluchowsky formula ,27.3 was used as a reference sample.The mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated by the three-point flexural test modified from ASTM C473 . The tesPrior to testing, the specimens (110 × 30 × 9.5 mm) were conditioned at a relative humidity of 53% ± 2% and temperature of 23 ± 2 °C for 48 h. Each specimen was supported centrally on the fixed parallel supports (8-cm apart), and a load was applied midway between the supports until failure at a loading rate of 5 mm/min.® DT-20M10 hot-melt adhesive . The bond strength between the loading blocks and the hot-melt adhesive should be more than the cohesive strength of the material perpendicular to the plane. The test was conducted at a displacement rate of 20.3 mm/min. The internal bond was calculated according to Equation (1).The internal bond (tension perpendicular to the surface) was measured by an Instron 5882 testing machine  according to ASTM D1037 . This teThickness swelling and water absorption were measured according to ASTM D1037 . Prior tThickness swelling and water absorption were reported according to Equations (2) and (3).Burning and flammability characteristics of the specimens were tested according to ASTM D635 . This tev/v iodine-potassium iodide (I2–KI) solution was added to 8 mL of filtrate (from dewatering). Once the I2–KI was added, a blue-colored complex from the starch/I2–KI was formed immediately. The absorbance of the color intensity at 620 nm was determined using the UV spectrophotometer [To determine the relative amount of drained starch during contact dewatering in the presence of fire retardant, a Beckman DU7500 UV  spectrophotometer was used. The filtrate from the contact dewatering was kept from the panels prepared with formulations containing starch and boric acid/borax. The filtrate of a control sample (not containing boric acid/borax) was also tested. One mL of 12% otometer .Significant differences between the independent variables were determined by performing a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level. The two-way ANOVA was followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) as a post hoc test. The two tests were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 25.TM), SEM and AFM were used. The SEM images . The surface charge of pure calcium carbonate particles is −14.5 mV [TM as opposed to CNF is due to the reduction in the exposed area of CNF.In order to examine the morphology of the binders . These two values are considerably larger than the fibrils’ diameter shown in The indirect measurement of particle size revealed that the median volume distribution (D50) of FiberLean3). The figure also shows the differences between the three binder compositions . There was a significant difference between the 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% binder for all the flexural properties. The specific strength results have doubled from an average of 8 MPa·g−1·cm3 for panels prepared with 10 wt.% binder to 17 MPa·g−1·cm3 for the 20 wt.%-binder panels. The two-way ANOVA also revealed that there was no significant difference between the three types of binders at a 95% confidence level. Commercial gypsum board, used as a reference, exhibited a specific strength of 9.4 MPa·g−1·cm3. The statistical test showed that not all the means of the tested binders were the same for the specific modulus. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the specific modulus for panels prepared with the CNF-FiberLeanTM binder was significantly higher than the other two binders. Similar to specific strength, there was a significant difference in the specific modulus results between the 10 wt.% and the 20 wt.% binder. In the strain at break figure, no significant difference was observed among the three types of binders. However, a higher level of the binder (20 wt.%) has almost doubled the strain at break of the panels (1.7% vs. 3.1%). The stress vs. strain figure shows that the panel bonded with a 20 wt.% binder failed at once (panel core and paper laminae). Interestingly, the panels prepared with the 10 wt.% binder showed a different behavior. The core of the panel failed first (strain at break ~1.7%) followed by the failure of the paper laminae at a strain at break of approximately 10%. The adhesion properties of cellulose nanofibrils have been examined in light of several theories . We beli−1·cm3. It is believed that the paper surfaces absorbed a large amount of energy during the flexural test, leading to an increase in the load-carrying capacity [This first set of mechanical experimentation also highlighted the usefulness of paper lamination on the top and bottom surfaces of the core panel. In a previous study, Amini et al. (2017)  found thcapacity , as oppoThe CNF interphase layer was critical for maintaining a desirable adhesion between the paper and the core. The failure when peeling the paper laminate in the z-direction occurred within the paper thickness . This in® 2025) to the binder formulation. It was also hypothesized that the addition of starch would have a positive effect on the flexural properties of the panels upon the addition of boric acid/borax, as will be discussed in the forthcoming sections. As a general trend, adding starch (7.6 wt.% of the binder formulation) significantly improved the specific strength and specific modulus of the panels produced with CNF and CNF-FiberLeanTM 50:50. The addition of starch and the binder composition did not seem to significantly affect the strain at break of the panels. The most striking result to emerge from the data is that the addition of starch considerably favored the presence of FiberLeanTM. In other words, the presence of calcium carbonate appeared to act synergistically with the starch, and resulted in even further improvement in the specific strength. When starch was added to the FiberLeanTM-containing formulation, it resulted in a 66% increase in the specific strength, compared to 44% when the binder was only CNF (TM) were coated by starch . The two-way ANOVA test showed that the addition of starch significantly improved the specific strength and modulus of the panel, while no significant difference was observed between the binder types. However, both starch and binder type did not have any significant effect on the strain at break. Without starch, the average specific strength of the panels was 12 MPa·g−1·cm3, whereas the average specific strength of the panels with starch was approximately 16 MPa·g−1·cm3. The average specific moduli in the absence and presence of starch were 1.2 GPa·g−1·cm3 and 1.5 GPa·g−1·cm3, respectively. It appears that the addition of starch is necessary in order for the low-density panels to perform better than gypsum board.The results support our hypothesis that starch is important in enhancing the strength and also the modulus of low-density panels (~0.5 g/cm3 significantly reduced the thickness swelling by approximately 40% (from 52% to 32%). The reduced thickness swelling in low-density panels is attributed to the reduction in the material per unit volume . The addition of starch to either high- and low-density panels did not significantly affect the thickness swelling. This could suggest that starch does not occupy a large volume of the pores, and it only fills the small gaps between wood particles and CNF, hence not affecting the thickness swelling. As for the water absorption, an expected opposite trend was observed between the high- and low-density panels. 3 in the absence of starch. Adding starch resulted in an increase in water absorption from 125% to 146%. Statistically, the addition of starch did not seem to affect the water absorption similar to thickness swelling. After soaking for 24 h, the pieces remained intact, and no disintegration of the specimens was observed , we believe that the panels will compete with gypsum board when tested at high humidity (less harsh conditions). It is worth pointing out that the panels tested for thickness swelling and water absorption did not have boric acid/borax (fire retardant) in their composition. If there was boric acid/borax, some amount could be assumed to be washed away, but this is unlikely to affect the fire retardancy. This assumption is based on the evidence that despite the wash-away of the fire retardants that occurs during contact dewatering, the produced fire-retardant panels still exhibited a fire-retardancy comparable to that of gypsum board, as will be discussed in detail in the next section.The panels were tested for their burning and flammability properties according to ASTM D635 . After 3As seen in We believe that a portion of the fire-retardant mixture was drained during the contact dewatering due to its polar nature. We also believe that a portion of the borax dissociated and covalently crosslinked  the starTurning now to the mechanical properties of the panels treated with a fire retardant, it was found that the addition of 5 wt.% boric acid/borax mixture did not significantly affect the flexural properties . To date2–KI) solution was added to the filtrate (water drained from dewatering), it formed a blue-colored starch/I2–KI complex. As previously mentioned, boric acid/borax did not decrease the flexural strength despite its previously found effect in reducing this mechanical attribute. In our system, the addition of boric acid/borax is expected to covalently crosslink  the starThe color intensity of this complex was measured by a UV-vis spectrophotometry, which gave a relative indication of the amount of starch in the filtrate. At 620 nm wavelength , the abs2B4O7) in water  was effective in imparting fire-resistant properties to the panels similar to commercial gypsum board. Also, the addition of the fire retardant did not affect the flexural properties negatively, as previously reported in the literature. It was found that the boric acid/borax mixture also increased the retained starch in the system confirmed by the relative assessment of starch in the filtrate. It is presumed that this increase in the retention is a result of the crosslinking of starch by boric acid/borax mixture. We believe that this research will pave the way for further advancement in green building applications and for the commercialization of the use of cellulose nanofibrils in binders application.Wallboard laminated panels were successfully with high strength and fire retardancy. At high and low density, the addition of starch was imperative in improving the flexural properties of the panels, especially in the presence of FiberLean


Essentially, overlapping data featured in 6 of the 12 panels in Figs. 3A-F and 4A-F appeared to have been derived from no more than two original images. Therefore, several data panels purportedly relating to different experiments were apparently drawn from the same original sources.Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine has upheld the claims made by the interested reader, and a decision has been taken that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. All the authors agree to this retraction; furthermore, the authors regret any inconvenience caused to the readership of the Journal.After having investigated this matter, the Editor of


The gendered implications of COVID-19, in particular in terms of gender-based violence and the gendered division of care work, have secured some prominence, and ignited discussion about prospects for a ‘feminist recovery’. In international law terms, feminist calls for a response to the pandemic have privileged the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), conditioned—I argue—by two decades of the pursuit of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda through the UNSC. The deficiencies of the UNSC response, as characterised by the Resolution 2532 adopted to address the pandemic, manifest yet again the identified deficiencies of the WPS agenda at the UNSC, namely fragmentation, securitisation, efficacy and legitimacy. What Resolution 2532 does bring, however, is new clarity about the underlying reasons for the repeated and enduring nature of these deficiencies at the UNSC. Specifically, the COVID-19 ‘crisis’ is powerful in exposing the deficiencies of the crisis framework in which the UNSC operates. My reflections draw on insights from Hilary Charlesworth’s seminal contribution ‘International Law: A Discipline of Crisis’ to argue that, instead of conceding the ‘crisis’ framework to the pandemic by prioritising the UNSC, a ‘feminist recovery’ must instead follow Charlesworth’s exhortation to refocus on an international law of the everyday. In this brief reflection, I want to suggest that the dynamics around COVID-19, specifically the delay and inaction of the United Nations Security Council (hereafter ‘Security Council’) in responding to the pandemic, may have longer term implications for feminist engagement with international law. Thus, the way that much feminist engagement tends to privilege the Security Council within global governance may be coming to an end Otto .The gendered implications of COVID-19, most notably in terms of increased exposure to gender-based violence —in contrast to the resolution on COVID-19 of the UN General AssemblyWe now have a resolution: Resolution 2532 was adopted on 1 July 2020 by the Security Council to respond to the pandemic.Even assessing the resolution on the narrowest possible feminist terms, namely reference to women and the WPS agenda, the results are doubtful. Whilst Resolution 2532 does—in its final operative paragraph—reference women,These problems with the Security Council as manifested through Resolution 2532 –fragmentation, securitisation, efficacy and legitimacy—are familiar problems in feminist engagement with the Security Council. In fact, as noted above, these problems reflect how much feminist analysis characterises the WPS resolutions (see generally, Davies and True To reprise Charlesworth’s , 382 keyNext, Charlesworth , 384 talFurther, in terms of ‘the ethical cost of crisis,’ the focus on crisis narrows the agenda of international law, according to Charlesworth , 386. ThThis plan will use a mix of political and economic policy-making recommendations to advocate for a feminist recovery to COVID-19 with the aim of not only avoiding deepening gender inequalities through recovery planning, but also tackling the gendered inequalities that already exist in our society.22This framing is in stark contrast to the dominant approach of international law, particularly as imagined by the Security Council. As the Feminist Recovery Plan makes clear, individuals and families—and yes, many women—were in ‘crisis’ long before this pandemic hit. Moreover, the focus on pre-existing precarity has revealed the interconnections of economic insecurity and political and social insecurity more broadly. Thus, the pandemic does present a unique juncture in one essential respect: there is a growing awareness that nothing—the economy, education, health—works without suitable provision of care. If we are to follow Charlesworth’s exhortation to resist the allure of ‘crises’ and to refocus instead on an international law of the everyday, then there can surely be nothing more quotidian, yet essential, than care. The revaluation of care is a longstanding feminist project, in law and elsewhere, but without to date sustained and dedicated engagement by feminist international lawyers. If, as I propose, COVID-19 and its crisis framing has exposed the impoverishment of the Security Council as an agent for women’s rights and gender equality, and may yet inform a re-direction in feminist advocacy in the longer-term, then the refocusing and revaluing of care may yet provide the essential link between international law and the everyday.As we are learning, the crisis characterisation is, in fact, antithetical to a feminist recovery. And here, instead of looking to international actors, I look locally to Belfast where women’s organisations and feminist actors have developed a truly extraordinary ‘Feminist Recovery Plan’ for the pandemic.


Dear Editor,Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research is a very influential journal, and as such, we feel obligated to point out this issue in order to ensure that readers are aware of the importance of entering the medullary canal at the appropriate point when conducting an SP approach and to ensure that the images accompanying the article represent a truly safe technique.We read with interest the study by Lu et al . which c


The effects of ball milling treatment on both the structure and properties of guar gum (GG), tara gum (TG), and methylcellulose (MC) were analyzed prior to assessing their potential interactions with starch components when they are used alone or in blends in a corn starch–rice flour system. X-ray diffraction profiles showed that the ball milling caused a reduction in the crystallin domain and, in turn, a diminished viscosity of the GG aqueous solutions. Despite an increase in its viscosity properties, effects on TG were minimal, while the milled MC exhibited reduced crystallinity, but similar viscosity. When both milled and un-milled hydrocolloids were individually added to the starch–flour system, the pasting properties of the resulting mixtures seemed to be affected by the type of hydrocolloid added rather than the structural changes induced by the treatment. All hydrocolloids increased the peak viscosity of the binary blends , but only milled and un-milled MC showed values of setback and final viscosity similar to those of the individual starch. Ball milling seemed to be more effective when two combined hydrocolloids (milled GG and MC) were simultaneously used. No significant differences were observed in the viscoelastic properties of the blends, except for un-milled GG/starch, milled TG/starch, and milled MC/milled TG/starch gels. The authors of [The use of starch and its ability to gelatinize make it a necessary ingredient in food systems . Starch charides . The autthors of , when inthors of  with twothors of ,14,15. Cthors of  investigthors of  proved tIt has been recognized that the blending of hydrocolloids and cereal starches of various origin, apart from the main above-mentioned standard applications, also plays a critical role in improving both the structure and texture of yeast-leavened baked products for celiac patients. In such products, in which starch is the main component, two of the most used ingredients, due to their wide availability, low price, and desirable rheological properties, are corn and rice (both flour and starch) . In thisStarting from these points, the objectives of this study were to explore the interactions of three different hydrocolloids, namely, guar gum, tara gum, and methylcellulose, with starch components when they are used alone or in blends in a corn starch–rice flour system and to analyze the effect of the ball milling treatment on the structure and viscosity of these different hydrocolloids. With this aim, X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential changes in the conformational structure induced by the ball milling treatment, while the gelling capacity test was conducted to determine potential changes in the viscosity of hydrocolloid aqueous solutions. Viscometric and small deformation rheological measurements were conducted in binary and ternary starch–hydrocolloid mixtures and were compared with the basic starch–flour system (used as a reference sample) to study the potential changes in hydrocolloid functionality in such a complex system.Rice flour, corn starch, and guar gum (GG) were provided by Chimab ; tara gum (TG), under its commercial name AGLUMIX 01, was obtained from Silvateam Food Ingredients ; methylcellulose (MC) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich.Ball milling was performed using a Mixer/Mill 8000  with a zirconia jar and two zirconia balls (2 g each); 15 g of hydrocolloids was introduced in the vial and milled for 1 h at 875 rpm under air.The X-ray diffraction patterns of both milled and un-milled hydrocolloids were collected using a SmartLab X-ray powder diffractometer  aligned according to Bragg–Brentano geometry with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å) and a graphite monochromator in the diffracted beam. Since the polymers showed broad haloes typical of an amorphous condition, the reciprocal space investigation was deliberately restricted in the angular range from 5° to 60° in 2θ, which allows us to determine the main shape features of patterns.−1 range by averaging 64 scans with 4 cm−1 resolution. The background was evaluated by measuring the signals of dried air.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on the examined hydrocolloids, both before and after milling, using an infrared Vertex 70 interferometer . All samples were ground with ultra-dry KBr (potassium bromide), at a ratio of 1:100, and then pressed into the shape of pellets by applying a uniaxial pressure using a hydraulic press. The spectra were recorded on the hydrogels after drying at 80 °C for 24 h, in transmission mode, in the 400–4000 cmThe gelling properties of both milled and un-milled hydrocolloids were determined by a Rapid Visco Analyzer  using the official method RVA 41.02. Before staring the test, both guar and tara gums (0.28 g) were thoroughly dispersed in 28 mL of distilled water at room temperature, while the methylcellulose aqueous solution was prepared by dispersing the powder in hot water (80 °C) until complete solubilization was reached. The cooling profile used to describe the gelling/thickening behavior of the obtained hydrocolloid aqueous solutions was as follows: samples were held at 80 °C for 5 min, gradually cooled to 20 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min, and finally kept at 20 °C for 5 min. All experiments were performed in duplicate.To verify changes in the hydrocolloid functionality induced by the ball milling treatment, both milled and un-milled hydrocolloids were added to a starch-based system composed of corn starch and rice flour (50:50). To this end, twelve different hydrocolloid–starch combinations, which included six binaries and six ternary mixtures, were obtained . FirstlyTo maintain a constant concentration of starch in both reference and experimental samples, thus allowing comparison among them, the starch–hydrocolloid composites were obtained by addition. The blending of a single hydrocolloid and starch–flour was prepared by firstly suspending the hydrocolloid powder (0.25 g) in 25 mL of distilled water at room temperature and under magnetic stirring, before adding 3.5 g of corn starch–rice flour (50:50). The ternary mixtures were prepared in the same way but, in this case, both hydrocolloids (0.125 g + 0.125 g) were simultaneously suspended in the distilled water before adding the starch powder . On the Viscosity profiles of the starch–flour system alone and the starch/flour-hydrocolloid aqueous solutions were determined by a Rapid Visco Analyzer  according to the International Association of Cereal Science and Technology (ICC) Standard method 162. Before starting the test, the slurries were heated at 50°C and stirred for 5 min at a rotation speed of 960 rpm to achieve complete homogenization. Then, the slurries were held at 50 °C for 1 min, gradually heated to 95 °C, held at this temperature for 2 min 30 s, and finally cooled to 50 °C and held at this temperature for 2 min. The pasting temperature (°C), peak time , peak viscosity (maximum hot paste viscosity), breakdown (peak viscosity minus holding strength or minimum hot paste viscosity), setback , and final viscosity (end of the test after cooling to 50 °C and holding at this temperature) were determined. All the viscosity parameters are expressed in mPa⋅s.δ) were recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz.Immediately after pasting, the obtained starch–flour and starch/flour–hydrocolloid gels were subjected to small deformation rheological measurements using an MCR 92 rotational rheometer  equipped with a Peltier-temperature-controlled system, as previously suggested by . The tesp < 0.05). Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica v10.0 software .The experimental data obtained from viscometric and rheological measurements were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD) test was applied to determine the difference between each pair of means with 95% confidence  and milled GG (M-GG) powders are presented in XDR patterns for MC samples are shown in The gelling behavior of the investigated hydrocolloids, both before and after milling, were then analyzed as a function of the time to determine potential changes in the viscosity properties of the hydrocolloid aqueous solutions.The difference in viscosity due to the ball milling treatment is clearly visible in Methylcellulose appeared to have an intermediate behavior between the two effects, as if they were subjected to compensation. In fact, there was no substantial difference between the UN-MC and the M-MC. The RVA analysis graph C showed The viscometric properties of a corn starch-rice flour system in the absence and presence of milled and un-milled hydrocolloids are reported in Among the tested samples, the starch–flour system alone exhibited lower values of peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and final viscosity than those observed when the single hydrocolloids were added to the starch paste. Only the MC, irrespective of whether it had been treated or not, showed values of setback and final viscosity during the gelling/cooling stage similar to those of the individual starch . A possiAs in the case of the GG, the TG, irrespective of whether it had been treated or not, also increased the peak viscosity, but the extent of this increase was significantly lower than that observed for GG . FurtherWhen hot pastes are cooled to 50 °C, a transition from a viscous liquid to a gel, the so-called setback, takes place, leading to an increase in the viscosity of the system primarily due to the re-association of amylose molecules . During Unlike the galactomannans, the addition of the cellulose derivative MC, irrespective of whether it had been treated or not, affected the pasting properties of the starch–flour system only during the heating stage . In factHowever, considering that the MC has the unique property needed to forming gels at temperatures above 60 °C , this eaIn summary, it can be said that both a cellulose derivative and galactomannans modified the gelatinization and retrogradation behavior of the corn starch–rice flour system in ways that vary depending on their different molecular structure and functionality. On the contrary, the conformational changes induced by mechanochemical treatment have not proven to be effective in changing the behavior of the tested hydrocolloids, except in the case of guar gum.Considering that, in many food systems, the inclusion of a single hydrocolloid might be not sufficient to develop final products with specific attributes in terms of structure, viscosity, stability, and functionality, the effects of combinations of two hydrocolloids on the viscometric properties of a corn starch–rice flour system were also analyzed. It is common agreement that the blending of two hydrocolloids with different functionality in food systems, such as gelling and thickening agents, can have synergistic effects, conferring enhanced viscosity and improved or induced gelation ,33. In tAs reported in Analyzing the results more in depth, it can be observed that the highest peak viscosity and breakdown were obtained in those blends in which the milled guar gum was combined with both the M- and UN-MC . These rAs in the case of the M-GG, the TG used in combination with both the M- and UN-MC also increased peak viscosity and breakdown of the starch–flour system, but the effect was less pronounced when the two hydrocolloids were combined in their native form B. DuringThe viscoelastic parameters of the corn starch/rice flour system in the absence and presence of milled and un-milled hydrocolloids were measured at 50 °C immediately after pasting.In all the tested samples, the storage modulus (G′), the elastic component of the material, was higher than the loss modulus (G″), the viscous part of the material, indicating that all the starch pastes had a solid, elastic-like behavior typical of a biopolymer gel . Howeverδ values of all the hydrocolloid-starch pastes with respect to the individual starch, the highest values of the ratio G″/G′ shown by both the M-TG starch mixtures seemed to further confirm the results described above.Moreover, analyzing the results more in depth, it can be observed that the addition of the M-TG into the starch–flour system led to an increase in G″ values more pronounced than that observed in G’, indicating that this galactomannan was more effective in increasing the viscous properties of the system rather than the elastic properties . A possiOn the basis of the data obtained by XRD experiments and gelling tests, it could be said that the ball milling treatment affected the structure of the tested hydrocolloids and, in turn, the viscosity of their aqueous solutions in different ways. On the one hand, in the case of the GG, the reduction of the crystalline domains and the consequent increase in the fluidity of the system induced by the mechanochemical treatment seemed to be the main causes of the decrease in viscosity observed when the M-GG aqueous solutions were compared with those prepared with the UN-GG; on the other hand, in the case of the TG, the larger exposure of the hydroxyl groups seemed to justify the increase in viscosity observed in the M-TG aqueous solutions when compared to those prepared with the UN-TG, even if it was not possible to confirm this effect with XRD and IR analysis. On the contrary, the MC seemed to have an intermediate behavior between the two effects, leading to aqueous solutions with the same viscosity.When each hydrocolloid was individually combined with a starch–flour system, these same trends were observed in the viscometric profiles of the starch–hydrocolloid systems, with the exception of starch-TG blends in which no differences between blends containing the M- and the UN-forms were observed. However, considering that the conformational changes induced by the mechanochemical treatment seemed to be effective only in the case of the GG, it could be assumed that the different pasting properties observed in the binary starch–hydrocolloid mixtures in comparison to the starch alone might be due to the type of hydrocolloid added rather than to structural changes induced by the treatment. On the contrary, the ball milling treatment seemed to be more effective when two combined hydrocolloids, especially when they were both in the milled form, were simultaneously added to the starch–flour system. On the contrary, the dynamic moduli of the cornstarch–rice flour gels were significantly affected by the addition of the hydrocolloids only in the case of the UM-GG/starch, M-TG/starch, and M-MC/M-TG/starch blends, indicating that the ball milling treatment was involved in promoting phase separation between starch and M-TG molecules in the dispersed phase to a greater extent in comparison to the guar systems.This study represents a preliminary attempt to understand how the effects induced by the ball milling treatment on different types of hydrocolloids may change their functionality not only when they are used alone, but also when they are included in a complex system, such as a starch–flour system. Further experiments are needed to analyze more in depth which intra- and inter-molecular interactions, occurring between starch and treated hydrocolloids and within the same hydrocolloid molecules, may be involved in changing the paste and gel behavior of starch–hydrocolloid systems.


This study aims to assess the efficacy of transconjunctival approach (TCA) for the treatment of orbital fractures (OF) comprehensively and systematically.In this study, we plan to search electronic databases of Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and for relevant randomized controlled trials. All these databases will be searched from inception to the March 1, 2020 without limitations of language and publication status. Two independent authors will carry out study selection, data collection, and study quality assessment. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion with another author if necessary. The study quality will be assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Statistical analysis will be conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.This study will be the first 1 to exert direct evidence to evaluate the efficacy of TCA for the treatment of OF.The findings of this study will provide an exhaustive view of TCA for the treatment of OF.INPLASY202040154. Repair and reconstruction of OF should be undertaken to restore premorbid orbital contours with the greatest possible precision.–10 Surgery schedules are recommended for the treatment of OF, such as transconjunctival approach (TCA).–19 To determine if it is the perfect way to treat such disorder, it is important to conduct a systematic review to assess the efficacy and safety of TCA for the treatment of OF. Therefore, this study is carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCA for the treatment of OF.Orbital fractures (OF) are among the most common facial fractures among both young and adult population, but more common in adults.22.1We registered this study in the INPLASY202040154. We have prepared this study according to the statement of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols.2.22.2.1We will include randomized controlled trials that focus on assessing the efficacy of TCA for the treatment of OF. However, we will exclude any other studies, such as animal studies, non-clinical trials, non-controlled trials, and non- randomized controlled trials.2.2.2In the experimental group, all patients received TCA for treating patients with OF.In the control group, all patients received any interventions for the treatment of eligible patients, except TCA.2.2.3We will include participants who were diagnosed as OF regardless their country, race, sex, and economic sources.2.2.4Outcome measures are eyeball protrusion, eye movement, diplopia, sensory disturbance in the inferior orbital innervation area, orbital volume, defect area, fat loss, muscle hernia, and complications.2.32.3.1We will search the following databases from inception to the March 1, 2020 without limitations of language and publication status: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will present the search strategy sample of Cochrane Library in Table 2.3.2In addition, we will identify grey literatures to avoid missing any potential studies, such as dissertations, ongoing trials from clinical trials registries, conference abstracts, and reference lists of associated reviews.2.4We will export all searched records to the EndNote 7.0, and duplicate records will be removed. Then, we will retrieve the titles and abstracts of all citations and will remove any irrelevant ones. After that, full text papers will be reviewed against all inclusion and exclusion criteria by 2 authors independently. If necessary, any discrepancies between 2 authors will be consulted another author to make a final decision. We will show the results of all study selection in a flowchart.2.5We will extract all essential data from included studies following full text screening using data extraction sheet. Two authors will collect data independently, and any different opinions between 2 authors will be solved by a third author through discussion to reach a consensus decision. The extracted information includes study characteristics , patient characteristics , details of intervention and control, primary and secondary outcomes, safety, and follow-up details.2.6Two authors will evaluate the methodological study quality using Cochrane risk of bias tool. It includes aspects of selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias, and other bias. Each aspect is further divided into as a low, unclear or high risk of bias. Any unresolved disagreements between 2 authors will be solved through discussion with another senior author.2.7I2 statistic. Acceptable heterogeneity is considered if I2 ≤50% and a fixed-effect model will be applied. Otherwise, obvious heterogeneity is regarded if I2 >50%, and a random-effect model will be utilized. If sufficient clinical and statistical data is collected on the same interventions, comparators, and outcomes, we will conduct meta-analysis when there is homogeneity among included studies. On the other hand, we will perform subgroup analysis or meta-regression to explore the possible reasons for the obvious heterogeneity. In addition, we will undertake a narrative description to synthesize data.We will perform statistical analysis using RevMan 5.3 software. All dichotomous data will be expressed as risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals. All continuous data will be calculated as mean difference or standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. The degree of statistical heterogeneity will be identified using 2.8We will carry out subgroup analysis or meta-regression based on the different interventions, controls and outcome measurements.2.9To test the robustness of the results data, we will perform sensitivity analysis by excluding studies with high risk of bias.2.10–22When there are sufficient studies available, we will check the reporting bias using funnel plot and Egger regression test.2.11No ethical approval is needed, because this study will not occupy individual patient data. We are expected to publish this study through a peer-reviewed journal.3This study will synthesize the available direct evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation used in the management of TCA in clinical practice. To our best knowledge, this is the first study considering treatment of TCA for the treatment of patients with OF. The results of this study have the potential influence on the management of TCA for patients with OF. The findings of this study will provide helpful evidence for the patients, clinician, as well as reference for the health-related policy maker.Conceptualization: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang, Ping-ping Zhou.Data curation: Dong-lan Wang.Formal analysis: Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang, Ping-ping Zhou.Funding acquisition: Ping-ping Zhou.Investigation: Ping-ping Zhou.Methodology: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang.Project administration: Ping-ping Zhou.Resources: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang.Software: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang.Supervision: Ping-ping Zhou.Validation: Yan-Xiu Qi, Dong-lan Wang, Ping-ping Zhou.Visualization: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang, Ping-ping Zhou.Writing – original draft: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Dong-lan Wang, Ping-ping Zhou.Writing – review & editing: Yan-Xiu Qi, Si-ying Li, Ping-ping Zhou.


The peer review system is the soul of the Scientific journals. This process became an institutionalized part of the scholarly process in the latter half of the twentieth century . The serIn 2020 the International Brazilian Journal of Urology received more than 900 papers and the reviewers were very important to the entire process of our Journal. As a Editor-in-Chief I would like to thanks all the reviewers and specially the Doctors: Alexandre Danilovic, MD ; Ralf Anding, MD ; John Denstedt, MD, PhD (Western University Canada); Trushar Patel, MD (University of South Florida) and Gustavo Ruschi Bechara, MD  who reviewed more than 5 articles during the year and strictly within the deadline.Thanks a lot!!!!!Luciano A. FavoritoEditor-in-ChiefInternational Brazilian Journal of Urology


The endothelial rejection line is rarely seen after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasties (DSAEKs). Here, we present a case of endothelial graft rejection with an endothelial rejection line occurring 1 year after the procedure.A 58-year-old female presented with graft rejection 1 year following a DSAEK procedure. The episode started when she tapered down her loteprednol to once a day. Slit-lamp examination showed a mildly injected conjunctiva with 1+ corneal oedema. On the posterior surface of the cornea, there was an endothelial rejection line (Khodadoust line) with keratic precipitates and multiple areas of anterior synechia.The classic endothelial rejection line should be kept in mind as a rare sign of DSAEK graft rejection. The rate of graft rejection following endothelial keratoplasties is significantly lower than that following penetrating keratoplasties (PKPs) . Hence, A 58-year-old female presented with a one-week history of blurred vision associated with photophobia and redness. The episode started when she tapered her loteprednol from twice a day to once a day. The patient underwent DSAEK regrafting 1 year before her presentation. Her first DSAEK procedure had been performed 4 years prior for a decompensated cornea secondary to an iris-fixated anterior chamber lens. Her best corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 20/200, and the intraocular pressure was 9 mmHg. Slit-lamp examination showed a mildly injected conjunctiva with 1+ corneal oedema Fig. . The diaThe rate of graft rejection after DSAEK is significantly lower than that after PKP , 8. ThisThe endothelial rejection line (Khodadoust line) is an aggregation of lymphoid cells on the corneal endothelial side and is a sign of immunologic corneal allogenic graft rejection , which hIn our patient, graft rejection with the endothelial rejection line was encountered 1 year post-DSAEK shortly after she tapered the corticosteroid drops from twice daily to once daily. Our patient was treated with an aggressive topical steroid regimen, and her visual acuity improved over a short period of time. This shows the importance of early recognition and prompt treatment for a favourable clinical outcome. It is of vital importance to instruct the patient undergoing DSAEK regarding the careful use of postoperative medications and the consequences of poor compliance. In our patient, the rejection episode could be attributed to tapering the topical steroids. In the case of an endothelial rejection line following DSAEK that was reported by Saelens et al., the patient had stopped the steroid drops 1 month after her operation . The cesAs we described, the present case shows that the endothelial rejection line is a rare but important sign of endothelial rejection following DSAEK. Furthermore, the present case raises the possibility that anterior synechia may trigger the formation of Khodadoust lines. Since this is a single case report, it is difficult to explain the underlying mechanism and risk factors associated with the endothelial rejection line following endothelial keratoplasties. Indeed, the classic endothelial rejection line should be kept in mind as a rare sign of DSAEK graft rejection.


Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) Noot. (Magnoliaceae) is an endemic and ornamental tree distributed in Hainan, China. In this study, we report and characterize the complete plastid genome sequence of M. fordiana var. hainanensis in order to provide genomic resources helpful for promoting its conservation and garden utilization. The complete plastome is 160,157 bp in length and contains the typical quadripartite structure of angiosperm, including two Inverted Repeat (IRs) regions of 26,573 bp, a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 88,255 bp and a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of 18,756 bp. The plastome contains 114 genes, consisting of 80 unique protein-coding genes, 30 unique tRNA gene and 4 unique rRNA genes. The overall A/T content in the plastome of M. fordiana var. hainanensis is 60.70%. The complete plastome sequence of M. fordiana var. hainanensis will provide a useful resource for the conservation and garden utilization of this species as well as for the phylogenetic studies of Magnoliaceae. Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) Noot. was an evergreen tree belonging to Magnoliaceae. Its height and trunk diameter could reach to 20 m and 45 cm respectively. Leaf blade is thinly leathery and leaf margin is wavy. Peduncle is glabrous. It could be used as a good ornamental plant for its showy white flowers. Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis is native to Hainan, China and distributed in 300-1, 200 m  was reported and characterized. This is the first report of a complete plastome for M. fordiana var. hainanensis.M. fordiana var. hainanensis was sampled from Diaoluo Mountain , which is a National Nature Reserve of Hainan, China. A voucher specimen  was deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (HUTB), Hainan University, Haikou, China.In this study, Magnolia tripetala (NC_024027.1) . The annotation was corrected with DOGMA  of 26,573 bp, a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 88,255 bp and a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of 18,756 bp. The plastome contains 114 genes, consisting of 80 unique protein-coding genes, 30 unique tRNA genes and 4 unique rRNA genes. The overall A/T content in the plastome of M. fordiana var. hainanensis is 60.70%, which the corresponding value of the LSC, SSC and IR region were 62.00%, 65.80% and 56.80%, respectively.The plastome of M. fordiana var. hainanensis is close to Magnolia dandyi within Magnoliaceae in this study (M. fordiana var. hainanensis will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for the phylogenetic studies of Magnoliaceae.We used RAxML (Stamatakis is study . Most no


Indian Journal of Rheumatology(www.indianjrheumatol.com).Managing a scientific Journal is a challenging task, more so for clinician scientists as they are tasked with the onerous responsibility of guiding an established means of scientific communication. We would like to share our experiences of editing for the Journalis an official publication of the Indian Rheumatology Association which represents clinicians practicing in this field. The Journalhas been in existence for over two decades with 4 quarterly issues and two supplements (one thematic supplement with guest editors and the other containing conference abstracts) every year. In brief, the main challenges faced by the Journalare: attracting good quality original articles, getting indexed in Medline, maintaining the standards of the Journalboth online and print, promoting the culture of scientific writing and publications and keeping the younger generation of rheumatologists from India interested in the editorial work for the Journal.The Journalhave several features in common: they are dynamic and creative, are willing to present the Journal and its credentials elsewhere as well as show initiative of soliciting articles for the Journal. Few of them have been involved with the Journalfor a long time either as reviewers or authors. The EiC has a tenure of three years; however, the continuity of key decisions regarding the Journalis maintained by having the immediate past editor as the emeritus editor who gives input in all EB meetings. The current core EB of the Journalhas members from all regions in India and includes rheumatologists based in academic institutes as well as in private practice. One member each is specifically responsible for pediatric rheumatology, bio-statistics and technical aspects related to submitted manuscripts.For the IJR, the responsibility of selecting the core group of editors (currently four Associate Editors and sixteen Assistant Editors) as well as National and International Editorial Board (EB) members lies with the Editor-in-Chief (EiC). Selecting the members of an EB is crucial to the future of a journal. The members of the IJR EB too, in common with many other journals, function without any extra remuneration in addition to their day job. People in the current EB of the Journalconsists of people who are seniors in this field and they bring together their years of experience in operational aspects and also acts as the overall quality control. The current international EB of the Journalhas a global representation from members who are leading experts in their respective fields.The current national EB of the 1Members of the EB contribute towards a Journal by themselves supplying quality articles  as well as guiding supplement issues of the journal. They aim to utilise their expertise in the subject as well as in the areas of ethical editing and publishing to enhance the quality of the Journal. The EB meets at regular intervals to chalk out the future of the Journal. In today’s world, with the distances of physical travel being bridged by the Internet, it is not unusual to have meetings using modalities such as video conferencing. Physical EB meetings are restricted to one per year, centered on the society’s annual national conference . These meetings are critical to setting out short-term goals and long-term agendas for the Journal. Short-term goals could revolve around a schedule for review articles for the next year or so. Long-term agendas would often include discussing the major aforementioned challenges to the Journal.Another point of discussion is how to improve turnaround times, which is often a matter of concern for authors. In general, prompt turnaround times are appreciated by authors, irrespective of the ultimate outcome of their submission. Improving the visibility and profile of the Jounalis another concern of the EB. The members of the EB may improve visibility of their journal by citing quality articles from the Journal in their own papers, so as to make readers all over the world aware that such a Journal exists and is producing work of this quality. However, they do this keeping in mind the ethical requirement to cite only highly relevant articles and avoid artificially boosting citations. Also, whenever they present at meetings, they may actively display their affiliation with the Journals as EB members so as to increase the awareness about the Journal and endorsing the quality of the same. In addition, EB members critically appraise the IJR’s website and also are a faculty for the workshops on scientific writing and publication which are conducted 2–3 times in a year.The EB on the whole is responsible for adhering to the strictest ethical aspects of editing and publishing in line with the latest recommendations from Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and other such reputed organizations such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the Council of Science Editors (CSE).Journalhas made major improvements in several areas, but has also been able to groom future generations of editors.To summarize, the EB plays a crucial role in guiding the future of a Journal such as IJR. Working as a team, not only the


The aim of this study was to prepare a self-made mathematical algorithm for the estimation of risk of stent-graft migration with the use of data on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) size and geometry of blood flow through aneurysm sac before or after stent-graft implantation. AngioCT data from 20 patients aged 50–60 years, before and after stent-graft placement in the AAA was analyzed. In order to estimate the risk of stent-graft migration for each patient we prepared an opposite spatial configuration of virtually reconstructed stent-graft with long body or short body. Thus, three groups of 3D geometries were analyzed: 20 geometries representing 3D models of aneurysm, 20 geometries representing 3D models of long body stent-grafts, and 20 geometries representing 3D models of short body stent-graft. The proposed self-made algorithm demonstrated its efficiency and usefulness in estimating wall shear stress (WSS) values. Comparison of the long or short type of stent-graft with AAA geometries allowed to analyze the implants’ spatial configuration. Our study indicated that short stent-graft, after placement in the AAA sac, generated lower drug forces compare to the long stent-graft. Each time shape factor was higher for short stent-graft compare to long stent-graft. The XX and XXI centuries are characterized by prolongation of life span and increasing number of people diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), that occurs in 5% of the society elder that 65 years of age . AAA is Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is “less” invasive and characterized by lower postoperative complications and mortality rate . HoweverThere are situations when systemic conditions make the comparison of homogeneous groups of operated patients a complicated task. Routine use of endovascular prosthesis has been advocated to reduce restenosis, stroke, and death, but its protective effect, particularly from late restenosis, is less evident and recent studies call into question this thesis. Hence, it seems promising to use CFD technique with further verification in clinical observations. However, even then the comparison of gathered results and their implementation to other patients is difficult . Thus, iThe paper is organized as follows: In Section II, medical data, a mathematical model with boundary conditions and its verification is described. Section III presents the results directed in the computer simulation, shape factor application, and relation between aneurysm and stent-graft for the risk of migration estimation. In Section IV a discussion is proposed, while section V concludes the paper.In this study we used AngioCT data  from 20 patients aged 50–60 years, before and after stent-graft placement in the AAA. Patients were supplied with Zenith stent-graft made by COOK . Contrast was included in the radiological diagnosis. As the total concentration of contrast (Visipaque) during one AngioCT analysis was constant (1.5 mL per 1 kg of body weight) in the aorta, we focused only on the distribution of brightness in whole domain for the aorta’s reconstruction . Medical2). This operation was performed for all slices for particular patient. The mean of these values was used for further calculations. While image noise was calculated as a ratio of ROI mean and standard deviation measured as well in pixels and calculated for 100 mm2 drawn in two different regions outside the patient body . Average brightness intensity to noise was equal to 24.90, while average contrast to noise ratios was equal to 4.38.Three-dimensional models of AAA before and after stent-graft placement were reconstructed similarly to previously described in our papers ,28. For p = const at the outlets from the geometry and rigid wall  ; hstent-graft—height of analyzed stent-graft, [m].Each time 3D geometries including AAA with different spatial configuration of stent-graft inside was reconstructed a. One alaneurysm—reference side surface of aneurysm, [m3]; Astent-graft—reference side surface of stent-graft, [m3].In the first step a reference cylinder diameter was calculated from aneurysm side surface and stent-graft side surface ) d. Next, 2].As mechanical properties depend on the size of object’s surface, we proposed a modification of a shape factor algorithm. In the first step we calculated wall shear stress (WSS) (Equation (3)).totWSS—total shear stress on stent-graft wall, [Pa]; Δtk = Δt for all k, [s]; n—number of time steps, [-].The total WSS value in whole cardiac cycle, representing total drag force acting on stent-graft’s wall, was calculated as time integral of the instantaneous WSS values (Equation (4)).WSS—wall shear factor, [-]; WSSstent-graft—wall shear stress acting on side surface of aneurysm supplied with stent-graft, [Pa]; WSSaneurysm—wall shear stress acting on stent-graft, n-type stent-graft , [Pa].Finally, it was possible to calculate a WSS factor that combined WSS recorded for aneurysm and stent-graft placed inside aneurysm (Equation (5)).Comparison of drag forces of two spatial configurations of the same stent-graft, long body, and short body for the same patient allowed to indicate the correct geometry, presenting the lowest risk of migration. Each time we had a patient with one spatial configuration of stent-graft (long or short body) and the missing one was created artificially. Next, CFD results were verified with the medical data, where patients with and without diagnosed stent-graft movement were applied.p < 0.05 unless otherwise noted.Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Version 5.01 . Values were presented as mean ± SEM. Correlations were evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation test or Pearson test. Data were considered as significantly different when p < 0.001), SL  and SS . Each time real geometry had lower volume compare to the reference cylinder.This section presents a numerical reconstruction of blood flow through 3D models of AAA and endovascular prosthesis. In the first step, relation between real geometry of AAA, long stent-graft (SL), short stent-graft (SS) and a reference cylinder was performed. Depending on the analyzed case shape factor was equal to 1.23 ± 0.09, 1.49 ± 0.14 and 1.76 ± 0.17 for AAA, SL and SS, respectively . Furtherp < 0.002) and SS/AAA . Increase of AAA volume indicated implementation of prosthesis with higher volume.Next, the relation between AAA and implanted prosthesis was performed. Depending on the analyzed case, relation of AAA to an implant was equal to 0.33 ± 0.15 and 0.30 ± 0.13 for SL/AAA and SS/AAA, respectively . Furtherp = 0.038) and for SL/AAA for real profile  but not for SL/AAA for sharp profile .Next, relation of WSS values between analyzed geometries were calculated. WSS value between SL and AAA for all analyzed cases for sharp profile was equal to 367.85 ± 119.46 Pa and 199.74 ± 82.73 Pa for SL and AAA, respectively a. Moreovp = 0.6544), for SS/AAA for flat profile  or for SS/AAA for real profile .WSS value between SS and AAA for all analyzed cases for sharp profile was equal to 399.94 ± 147.23 Pa and 199.74 ± 82.73 Pa for SS and AAA, respectively a. Moreovp < 0.001) (p = 0.011) (p < 0.001) (p = 0.021) (p = 0.089) (p = 0.078)  a, for fl= 0.011) b and for< 0.001) c. Additi= 0.021) a but not= 0.089) b and for= 0.078) c.Finally, shape factor including spatial configuration and WSS value of implants localized in AAA was determined. For both types of implants linear function with negative slope was obtained . Slope vOur study presents a novel approach to standardize the results of computer simulations basing on spatial configuration of different type of stent-grafts in relation to AAA. Computational model of blood hemodynamics together with US-Doppler and AngioCT data allowed investigation of blood distribution. The operation of the algorithm was positively evaluated in house (data not yet published) by radiologists from the Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging in Barlicki Hospital in Lodz, Poland. They applied the proposed mathematical tool to assess the impact of endovascular prosthesis placed in AAA on blood hemodynamic.Using the proposed algorithm, it is possible to estimate how the spatial configuration of the stent-graft may disturb blood hemodynamics, leading to an increase in WSS value, which may result in an aneurysm rupture. There is a significant impact of endovascular prosthesis construction as presented by . PintouxMoreover, WSS is not the only factor that induce endovascular prosthesis migration . FurtherAlthough our study demonstrates the novel methodology for the description of WSS estimation after stent-graft placement in the AAA it has some limitations. Small sample size could influence the obtained results. However, the patients were carefully selected to uniform the group, hence we believe the obtained results may be applicable to similar cases. Secondly, simulations accuracy depends on the resolution of CTA data. The higher the resolution the better is the three-dimensional reconstruction and the results of WSS distribution. In the next step we would like to extend this study and analyze wider group of patients. Moreover, it is essential to determine what extent changes in blood hemodynamic in the area below the implant, can affect stability of the stent-graft fixation. Therefore, preparation of precise recommendations for correct location of the stent-graft or blood hemodynamic below the implant would be an advantage of computer simulations. Furthermore, in order to verify a reliability of the CFD model, the number of analyzed patients should be increased.In summary, the proposed self-made algorithm demonstrated its efficiency and usefulness in estimating the WSS values after endovascular prosthesis placement inside abdominal aortic aneurysm. Comparison of the stent-grafts’ long and short type with AAA geometries and its reference cylinders, generated on their basis, allowed the analysis of the implants’ spatial configuration as well as the risk of movement by acting of pushing forces.Our study indicated that short stent-graft, after placement in the AAA, generated higher drag forces compare to the long stent-graft. Furthermore, it was observed that lower value of shape factor was presented for lower WSS values. Therefore, it was observed that the shape factor was characterized by higher value for short stent-grafts compare to long stent-grafts.We believe that our algorithm prepared in this study may become a useful non-invasive quantitative tool for radiologists and surgeons for the characterization of blood hemodynamic in the area of AAA before and after stent-graft placement as well as value of drag force acting on the endovascular prosthesis after placement inside AAA. However, further studies are necessary to confirm its usefulness in clinical practice.


Perigraft inflammatory reactions to prosthetic graft materials in vascular surgery have been reported; however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a perigraft inflammatory reaction to a Viabahn stent-graft used in a superficial femoral artery occlusion lesion.A 76-year-old man with right leg claudication was diagnosed with a right superficial femoral artery occlusion via contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Endovascular treatment included intravascular ultrasound for passing through the true lumen. A 25-cm Viabahn stent-graft (diameter 5 mm) was implanted. The patient developed pain and local swelling of the right thigh 5 days after endovascular treatment. Blood analysis revealed elevated inflammatory marker levels. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive soft-tissue edema and a high perivascular T2 signal around the right superficial femoral artery. Clinical symptoms resolved within 7 days after initiating steroid therapy, which was gradually decreased and halted after 3 weeks. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated substantially reduced inflammation over the following months.Perigraft inflammatory reaction to a Viabahn stent-graft implant can be immediately diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging and treated with steroids to reduce the possibility of stent-graft occlusion. Perigraft inflammatory reactions to prosthetic graft materials in vascular surgery have been reported  revealed a right SFA occlusion Fig. a. We iniIt is well known that local and systemic inflammation may occur after stent-graft implantation; however, to our knowledge, this is the first description of an inflammatory reaction to a Viabahn stent-graft.There are several possible explanations for the observed inflammation. One possibility is bacterial contamination of the stent-graft during the intervention. It is difficult to differentiate between infection and a perigraft inflammatory reaction. However, a previous study demonstrated that patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair due to abdominal aortic aneurysm often develop an inflammatory response known as post-implantation syndrome (Sartipy et al. In the present case, we evaluated the stent-graft via MRI. In a study of aortic grafts, MRI and macroscopic evaluation were compared. Macroscopic evaluation revealed a pronounced thickening of the vascular wall next to the stent-graft, and soft tissue adhesions; some cases formed a tight capsule around the Dacron-covered stent-graft due to perigraft inflammation (Schurmann et al. Regarding treatment methods, it is reported that steroid treatment before implantation of a stent-graft can reduce the inflammatory response after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, without increasing postoperative infection (Maruta et al. In conclusion, perigraft inflammatory reaction can occur in reaction to a Viabahn stent-graft implant. It can be immediately diagnosed via MRI and treated with steroids to reduce the possibility of occlusion of the stent-graft.


P < 0.05). No significant difference in stiffness was found between the non-dominant and dominant lower limbs either in amateur basketball players or in generally healthy subjects (P > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was obtained between stiffness of the AT and medial gastrocnemius (MG) in amateur basketball players . The amateur basketball players exhibit significantly higher stiffness value in Achilles and gastrocnemius. This is possibly caused by repeated training effects. The symmetric stiffness of the AT and gastrocnemius exists both in amateur basketball players and generally healthy subjects. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found in amateur basketball players.Muscle and tendon stiffness are related to sports performance, tendinopathy, and tendon degeneration. However, the effects of habitual loading on muscle and tendon mechanical properties are unclear. Using amateur basketball players as examples, we investigated the effects of mechanical loading on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon (AT) complex in non-dominant and dominant lower limbs. Then, we evaluated the correlation between gastrocnemius and AT stiffness. Forty participants  were recruited for this study. Stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex was assessed using MyotonPRO at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint in participants from amateur basketball players and the non-athletic general population. Our results showed a greater stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex in amateur basketball players than that in healthy non-athletic subjects at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint ( The gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon (AT) complex, consisting of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and AT, is the largest and strongest muscle tendon complex in the human body . The AT In addition to association with tendon pathology, stiffness has been widely used to represent modulations in the mechanical properties of tendons after training . The mecMany clinical studies have used the healthy side as a reference to quantify changes in an affected leg when examining stiffness changes in the treatment of AT rupture or Achilles tendinopathy . Furtherin vitro  investigate the effects of mechanical loading on MG, LG, and AT stiffness by comparing amateur basketball players with general non-athletic subjects; (2) examine differences of MG, LG, and AT stiffness between dominant and non-dominant sides; and (3) evaluate stiffness correlations between MG, LG, and AT in basketball players and non-athletes.Forty healthy male participants (aged 18–35 years) were recruited for the present study. They comprised 20 amateur basketball players and 20 general non-athletic subjects. The sample size was calculated based on a previous study , in whic2; (3) no history of lower limb trauma; (4) no neurological disorders; (5) no musculoskeletal system diseases; (6) no regular exercise; and (7) participants provided written informed consent and were willing to cooperate with the researchers. Additional inclusion criteria for the basketball players were a regular history of training (at least 5 years and 6 h per week). Exclusion criteria included pain in the gastrocnemius or plantar heel or AT, plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinopathy, metabolic and inflammatory diseases, a history of hormone therapy, treatment with corticosteroids, skin lesions above measuring sites, performed exercise within 48 h of testing, and inability to complete the full experiment.The inclusion criteria of the general non-athletic subjects were as follows: (1) ages varied between 18 and 35 years; (2) body mass index (BMI) ranged from 16 to 28 kg/mThe MyotonPRO  was used to quantify stiffness in this study. The device’s basic principles are as follows: after pre-compressing the tissue, mechanical impulses from the probe cause oscillations from the measurement of soft tissue. The MyotonPRO recorded the information and calculated the soft tissue’s mechanical parameters . Among tSubjects’ exercise history was recorded based on their past and present physical activities. Demographic characteristics  were also recorded. We measured the stiffness of the dominant and non-dominant legs. The dominant leg of each subject was identified by which one they used when asked to kick a ball .According to previous studies, the measurement region for AT stiffness was 4 cm above the calcaneal tuberosity, where Achilles tendinopathy is more likely to occur . The MG Participants were asked to rest for 5 min before stiffness measurement. For the examination, each subject adopted a prone position, with hip and knee joint fully extended, and the feet hanging over the edge of the examination couch. The subjects were asked to completely relax for the whole examination. Measurement regions were marked by the same experienced physical therapist. LG, MG, and AT stiffness were obtained at neutral position (ankle joint dorsiflexion 0°) and 10° dorsiflexion (10° DF) of the ankle joint . Three m∗Power program (G∗Power 3.1.9). Descriptive data and all stiffness data were represented as mean ± standard deviation. The normality of all data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Homogeneity of variances was tested using Levene’s test. BMI was calculated by the following formula: BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2). Comparisons between stiffness in the healthy subjects and the amateur basketball players were evaluated using an independent sample t test. A paired-sample t test was performed for stiffness differences on the bilateral sides of participants. Pearson correlation analysis (r) was used to analyze the correlation between AT, LG, and MG stiffness. A histogram was generated using GraphPad Prism 8.All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software . The sample size calculations were performed using the GSubjects’ demographic characteristics and duration of training are presented in As shown in P > 0.05).r = 0.726 and P = 0.001 at the neutral position, r = 0.687 and P = 0.001 at the ankle dorsiflexed position). For the basketball players, no significant correlation was apparent in stiffness results between the AT and LG, regardless of ankle position (P > 0.05). r and P values of the AT and MG and LG for different ankle joint positions in amateur basketball players and general non-athletic subjects.Further analysis of the data reveals a significant correlation between the AT and MG in amateur basketball players  could provide a value to reflect a true change as a reference for further study. In our previous study, we found an excellent intra- (ICC = 0.85–0.94) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87–0.92) for evaluating AT stiffness using the MyotonPRO, with a relatively low MDC (MDC less than 45 N/m; Our study demonstrates symmetric stiffness in the AT and gastrocnemius between the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs, and this result provides evidence for the assumptions of symmetrical tendon properties between the legs. In future studies, the stiffness of the healthy side could be measured as a reference to quantify degenerative or pathological changes of the affected leg. The results of our study were consistent with various other research findings. A study of moderately active individuals examined similar AT stiffness between non-dominant and dominant legs . AnotherIn this study, we observed a significant positive correlation between the stiffness of AT and MG in amateur basketball players. Many studies have suggested architectural and functional differences between the MG and LG . Toumi eMany studies reported that the AT’s mechanical properties were closely related to the MG in different exercise programs. We should mention limitations to the present study. First, only one muscle and tendon point was evaluated, which cannot represent stiffness variations in other parts of the complex. Although we suggested that participants be completely relaxed throughout the experiment, this is difficult to control precisely. Considering that the stiffness is related to the degree of muscle contraction, as a result, the stiffness values could have been overestimated in this study. In addition, we evaluated only variations in mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius–AT complex, but did not assess changes in its morphological properties. Finally, we investigated the mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius–AT complex only in healthy subjects. Therefore, a subsequent experiment should focus on the stiffness of Achilles tendinopathy under excessive habitual loading.The stiffness of the gastrocnemius and AT in basketball players is significantly greater than that in the general non-athletic subjects. This is possibly caused by repeated training effects. The symmetric stiffness of the AT and gastrocnemius exists both in amateur basketball players and in generally healthy subjects. The present study suggests a significant correlation between the MG stiffness and AT stiffness in amateur basketball players.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Human Subjects Ethics Committee of Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.T-TC and ZL performed all the experiments. Z-JZ designed the experiments. Z-JZ and X-QW analyzed the experimental results. T-TC and ZL wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the submission of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Brain Communications.Happy New Year and welcome to our second volume of Brain.Our first volume, launched in March 2019, was an adventure for the team and a fantastic start towards our goal to develop a journal that publishes rigorous studies in translational neuroscience. We were overwhelmed by the early success in terms of submissions to the journal with over 190 submissions within our first 9 months including over 100 transfers from our sister journal Brain Communications, I have made a flow chart of the journey of manuscripts we receive . A popular paper for online news was Stuart Washington’s article on exercise in working memory in Gulf War Illness ] and our academic publishing partner Oxford University Press. The Guarantors of Brain support travel grants, fellowships, meetings and events to enhance public understanding of neurology, which you can apply for here: brcoms.editorialoffice@oup.com.In the year to come, we hope to build up the journal to include ‘field potential’ articles as well as publishing more strong scientific papers. If you have any ideas for articles about promoting rigour in translational neuroscience or promoting career development of translational neuroscientists, please get in touch: Brain Communications such a success. Wishing all of you a healthy, happy 2020.Finally, thank you to our authors, reviewers, editorial team and readers for making our first issue of


Brachionus angularis. The mitochondrial genome sequences were 10,764 bp  and 12,238 bp  in size, respectively. The gene structure and its orientation of 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of complete mitochondrial genomes of B. angularis was identical to those shown in other marine rotifers and the freshwater rotifer Brachionus rubens, but was different from the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Of 12 PCGs, one gene (ND5) had incomplete stop codon. Furthermore, the start codon for CO1, ND4L, ND5, and CO2 was GTG, while the start codon for ND3 and other PCGs was ATA and ATG, respectively. The base composition of 12 PCGs in B. angularis mitogenome showed 20.4% for A, 47.3% for T, 17.5% for C, and 14.8% for G, respectively. The mitochondrial genome A + T base composition (67.7%) of 12 PCGs was higher than G + C (32.3%), while the complete mitochondrial genome A + T base composition (66.3%) was higher than G + C (33.7%).The two complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced from the freshwater monogonont rotifer  Brachionus angularis consists of at least four subspecies   by netting from sediments of freshwater ponds (0°42′35.7′′S and 34°49′11.3′′E) in August 2014, then transported to the Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Nagasaki University, Japan for further study  was deposited at the Ichthyological collection of the Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University (FFNU) under the accession no. FFNU-Rot-0006.The resting eggs of B. angularis from whole body genomic DNA using the nanopore platform . De novo assembly was conducted by smartdenovo (https://github.com/ruanjue/smartdenovo). For the assembled B. angularis 106 contigs , Pilon version 1.23 (https://github.com/broadinstitute/ pilon/releases) and the 300 bp HiSeq2500  data were employed for polishing processes, and obtained one complete mitochondrial DNA sequence  through manual editing process. In addition, to identify the second complete mitochondrial genome , we revisited and examined the initially assembled 134,733 contigs , generating from de novo assembly of 300 bp HiSeq2500 (Illumina) data with Newbler version 2.9 (http://www.454.com), based on the complete mitogenome of the freshwater rotifer B. rubens.We sequenced B. angularis were 10,764 bp  and 12,238 bp  in size. The gene structure and its orientation of 12 PGCs of complete mitochondrial genomes of B. angularis were identical to those shown in other marine rotifers and the freshwater rotifer B. rubens, but was different from the freshwater rotifer B. calyciflorus that had a different combination of 12 PGCs with additional cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial DNA I. Of 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), one gene (ND5) had incomplete stop codon. Furthermore, GTG was identified as the start codon for CO1, ND4L, ND5, and CO2 while ATA was the start codon for ND3, whereas the start codon for other PCGs was ATG. The base composition of 12 PCGs in B. angularis mitogenome showed 20.4% for A, 47.3% for T, 17.5% for C, and 14.8% for G, respectively. The mitochondrial genome A + T base composition (67.7%) of 12 PCGs was higher than G + C (32.3%), whereas the complete mitochondrial genome A + T base composition (66.3%) was higher than G + C (33.7%).The complete mitochondrial genomes of B. angularis in the genus Brachionus with 12 PGCs was shown in B. angularis was clustered with B. rubens and B. calyciflorus which are freshwater species, but was clearly separated from the marine species such as B. rotundiformis, B. koreanus, and B. paranguensis, possibly suggesting relationship between the differences in their natural habitat and mitogenome.The placement of


Correction to: Archives of Osteoporosis (2020) 15: 15410.1007/s11657-020-00814-4The authors were made aware of the misuse of references and erroneous work by Sato and colleagues in our paper. Therefore, the reference as well as any citation of the reference has been removed. This erratum does not affect the findings in our research paper. The authors and the journal regret the error.We wish to thank Jose Moran et al. for bringing this to our attention.