Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the mechanical properties of starch-based films. The process parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) were optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The mechanical properties of the resulting hydrolyzed corn starch films  were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum DH for hydrolyzed corn starch films to achieve improved mechanical properties of the film-forming solutions was achieved at a corn starch to water ratio of 1:2.8, an enzyme to substrate ratio of 357 U/g, and an incubation temperature of 48 °C. Under the optimized conditions, the hydrolyzed corn starch film had a higher water absorption index of 2.32 ± 0.112% compared to the native corn starch film (control) of 0.81 ± 0.352%. The hydrolyzed corn starch films were more transparent than the control sample, with a light transmission of 78.5 ± 0.121% per mm. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the enzymatically hydrolyzed corn starch films had a more compact and solid structure in terms of molecular bonds, and the contact angle was also higher, at 79.21 ± 0.171° for this sample. The control sample had a higher melting point than the hydrolyzed corn starch film, as indicated by the significant difference in the temperature of the first endothermic event between the two films. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of the hydrolyzed corn starch film showed intermediate surface roughness. A comparison of the data from the two samples showed that the hydrolyzed corn starch film had better mechanical properties than the control sample, with a greater change in the storage modulus over a wider temperature range and higher values for the loss modulus and tan delta, indicating that the hydrolyzed corn starch film had better energy dissipation properties, as shown by thermal analysis. The improved mechanical properties of the resulting film of hydrolyzed corn starch were attributed to the enzymatic hydrolysis process, which breaks the starch molecules into smaller units, resulting in increased chain flexibility, improved film-forming ability, and stronger intermolecular bonds.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase from  Synthetic plastics have dominated every aspect of human activity, especially in the packaging sector, and despite their many benefits they have long been a major environmental concern. The increasing use of these plastics has led to severe energy crises due to their non-biodegradability and dependence on a non-renewable petroleum resource, as well as pollution from their disposal, which has damaged the environment, water sources, sewage systems, rivers, and streams . StarchyFilms of hydrolyzed corn starch can be prepared by casting the hydrolyzed starch solution into thin films, which are then dried to remove excess water. The films can be further modified by adding plasticizers, crosslinking agents, or other additives to improve their mechanical properties, barrier properties, and biodegradability . The useThe enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch is an important process for the production of biodegradable packaging films. The enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch breaks down the long chains of glucose molecules into smaller, water-soluble molecules, which are then more easily combined with glycerol to form a biodegradable film. The enzymatic hydrolysis process not only makes the corn starch more soluble and easier to process, but also improves the biodegradability of the resulting films. This is because the smaller glucose molecules are more accessible to soil microorganisms, which can degrade the film much more quickly once it is disposed of in nature . The optOptimizing the ratio of corn starch to water, enzyme concentration to the substrate, and incubation temperature is important for the efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch and the production of high-quality biodegradable packaging films. To develop a model for the mechanical properties of hydrolyzed starch-based films as a function of composition after hydrolysis or as a function of DH, an optimization process can be carried out using BBD and the RSM. Previous studies have mostly focused on the development of hydrolyzed starch-based films, but none have specifically focused on creating a model for the mechanical properties of films based on the enzymatic hydrolysis parameters of starch. To achieve the ideal DH and mechanical properties for films made from hydrolyzed corn starch, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis must be monitored and optimized by variations in the addition of the ratio of corn starch to water, the enzyme, and the different temperatures of hydrolysis activity. This is important because improved mechanical properties are needed to evaluate the strength of bioplastics to external loads, with tensile strength being the greatest force bioplastics can withstand, which is influenced by the addition of plastic material . The BBDThis study aimed to investigate the influence of DH on the mechanical properties of starch-based films by optimizing enzymatic hydrolysis. The BBD and RSM were used to develop models and investigate the individual and interactive effects of the process parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis and DH on the mechanical properties  of hydrolyzed corn starch films.Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, with an enzyme activity of >250 U/g . All materials were food-grade ingredients.SCM Colin Daily Romania supplied the corn starch, while SC Chimreactiv SRL provided the glacial acetic acid and glycerol. Sigma-Aldrich supplied the α-amylase Bacillus amyloliquefaciens [To avoid possible traces of the acids used for starch hydrolysis, it was decided to perform starch hydrolysis with enzymes. The starch used was from corn, with a prior selection among all sources available on the Romanian market based on the analysis of different properties. Based on the method described by Kong et al. with some minor modifications, enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch was performed with a-amylase from efaciens . Corn stThe resulting solution was centrifuged at least 4 times for 15 min at 9000 rpm. A sample was taken from the first supernatant, and the reducing sugars were determined to calculate the DH, and the remaining supernatant was removed. To the precipitate, 100 mL of distilled water was added and washed several times until a pH of 6–7 was reached. Finally, the precipitate was recovered and dried at 40 °C (hydrolyzed corn starch).1) for the hydrolyzed corn starch and tensile strain at break (Y2), tensile stress at break (Y3) and Young’s modulus (Y4) for the hydrolyzed corn starch films.The formulation  and incubation temperature of 40–50 °C to give the optimal DH for hydrolyzed corn starch to obtain improved mechanical properties of its film-forming solutions were determined using RSM techniques. RSM was applied to investigate the effects of the independent variables (corn-starch-to-distilled-water ratio (A), enzyme-to-substrate ratio (B), and incubation temperature (C)) on the responses: DH (Y1), tensile strain at break (Y2), tensile stress at break (Y3) and Young’s modulus (Y4). All independent variables, including corn-starch-to-water ratio, enzyme-to-substrate ratio, and incubation temperature, were performed at three levels in terms of BBD , a0 is a constant, and the coefficients in Equation (1) are linear , quadratic , and interaction  coefficients, respectively.RSM with BBD of three independent variables and their combinations was used in this experiment to determine the formulation for the optimal hydrolyzed corn starch and hydrolyzed corn starch films in terms of DH (Ys of BBD  for each1), tensile strain at break (Y2), tensile stress at break (Y3) and Young’s modulus (Y4) for the hydrolyzed corn starch films. The actual values and coded factor values of the three independent variables for optimizing the formulation of hydrolyzed corn starch films using RSM are shown in RSM with three coded levels  was employed to examine the effects of corn-starch-to-distilled-water ratio (A: 1:2–1:4 g/mL), enzyme-to-substrate ratio (B: 250–500 U/g), and temperature (C: 40–50 °C) on the DH  .The RSM with BBD with 3 coded levels, 3 independent variables, and 15 experimental runs with three midpoints  was usedThe indicator of starch hydrolysis is the DH value, calculated according to Equation (2) :(2)DH . To perform the analysis, 10 × 10 mmllimeter .−1 with 32 scans per sample, a resolution of 4 cm−1, and a velocity of 0.32 cm/s.To investigate the changes in molecular structure due to hydrolysis, FTIR spectra of corn starch films and hydrolyzed corn starch films were recorded using a Bruker Tensor 27  spectrometer with a ZnSe ATR accessory. The analyzed samples were coated directly onto the ATR ZnSe crystal, which was cleaned with ethanol to remove residues before each measurement. Spectra were recorded in the wavelength range 650–4000 cmThe CAM 200 contact angle tensiometer  was used to measure static contact angles at room temperature. The instrument was equipped with a high-resolution camera (Basler A602f) and an auto-dispenser. To measure contact angles, 5 liquid drops with a drop volume of 6 µL were placed on different areas of the film surface. The resulting contact angles were calculated from all photos of the water droplet .DSC analyses were performed using the TA Q2000 instrument  with hermetically sealed aluminum trays while samples were under a helium flow of 25 mL/min. The thermal behavior of the samples was monitored by cooling them from room temperature to −75 °C, followed by heating them to 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min. An amount of 16–17 mg was used for each sample, and all tests were repeated at least three times .AFM characterization  with a Pro m NT-MDT system in noncontact mode was used to study morphology and measure surface roughness (NC-AFM). Random zones were scanned with the AFM. Nova software was used to process the 2D AFM images. The following statistical characteristics associated with the surface roughness of the sample were estimated according to ASME B46.1 : mean roughness ; squared roughness (Sq: square root of the height deviations obtained from the mean data plane). To obtain these parameters, three repetitions were considered .−1 in DMA multiple Frequency strain with film tension clamp. Duplicate samples (12.75 × 6.3 × 0.3 mm3) were scanned over a temperature range from −80 °C to 120 °C at a frequency of 1 Hz and 15 µm amplitude [The dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out using a DMA Q800 instrument , assisted by a liquid nitrogen pump with a heating rate of 3 °C/minmplitude .® software  in a stepwise procedure. A model term was considered significant if its p value was less than 0.05. Data were analyzed using Minitab 20 statistics software , and the Tukey comparison test was used to detect significant differences (p > 0.05). Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least three measurements (n = 3).To examine the relationship between a response and two independent variables, three-dimensional surface plots were created using Design-ExpertThe values for experimental, predicted, and residual for each response of the hydrolyzed corn starch and hydrolyzed corn starch films are listed in 2) and the adjusted coefficient of multiple characterizations (adjusted R2) of DH, the tensile strain at break, the tensile stress at break, and Young’s modulus, which indicate whether a regression model is appropriate. ANOVA was used to determine the significance of the coefficient of the quadratic polynomial equations. A large F value and a small p value indicate a significant effect of each term [The experimental  and anticipated values of the responses showed remarkable agreement. The output of the statistical results confirmed the significance of the proposed model . The coeach term .p ≤ 0.01). Thereafter, the quadratic effect of the corn-starch-to-water ratio and the interaction effect between the enzyme-to-substrate ratio and the incubation temperature had a significant effect on DH (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, the DH was not influenced by the interaction effect between the corn-starch-to-water ratio and the incubation temperature, nor by the two linear effects and the two quadratic effects of enzyme-to-substrate ratio and incubation temperature. Therefore, the final models included only the significant terms. The model was considered to have a good fit because the test for lack of fit (p > 0.05) was not significant, indicating the high efficiency of the quadratic model in fitting the data under experimental conditions. In addition, high R2 values indicated a good fit of the model, whereas the fitted R2 values indicated a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values for DH . Conversely, the linear effect of the enzyme-to-substrate ratio and the interaction effects of all independent variables were found to have no effect on the tensile strain at break, and were therefore excluded from the final models. The model was considered to fit the data well because the test for lack of fit (p > 0.05) was not significant for the tensile strain at break . The quadratic effect of the enzyme-to-substrate ratio also affected the tensile stress at break (p ≤ 0.05). However, the linear effect of the corn-starch-to-water ratio, the residual interaction effects of the three independent variables, the quadratic effect of the corn-starch-to-water ratio, and the quadratic effect of the incubation temperature showed an insignificant effect (p > 0.05) and were therefore excluded from the final models. The model was considered to have a good fit because the test for lack of fit (p > 0.05) for the tensile stress at break indicated a good fit . In addition, the linear effect of the corn-starch-to-water ratio, the linear effect of the enzyme-to-substrate ratio, and the interaction effect between the corn-starch-to-water ratio and the incubation temperature affected the Young’s modulus (p ≤ 0.05). The test for lack of fit (p > 0.05) for the Young’s modulus was not significant, indicating that the model was a good fit . The desirability function was then used in conjunction with Design-ExpertThe optimized conditions for hydrolyzed corn starch film were a 1:2.8 corn-starch-to-water ratio, a 357 U/g enzyme-to-substrate ratio, and a 48 °C incubation temperature.Optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were used to test the suitability of the model for predicting optimal mechanical properties. Experiments under ideal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were used to validate the optimum DH of hydrolyzed corn starch to obtain the improved mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of hydrolyzed corn starch were determined under ideal DH conditions when it was produced in the form of a packaging film. In contrast, the experimental results were obtained under optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. The optimal predicted values of mechanical properties and the optimal experimental values were in good agreement .The water solubility index of starch is a measure of its ability to dissolve in water and is influenced by factors such as the structure of the starch granules, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, and the degree of branching. Native corn starch has a compact and ordered granular structure that limits the amount of water that can enter the grains and interact with the starch molecules . The hydAs a result, hydrolyzed corn starch film  were in the range of those observed in a study of corn-starch-based films plasticized with different glycerin ratios. The hydrolyzed corn starch film exhibited Sq values between 60 and 90 nm, indicating an intermediate surface roughness. This result was consistent with a previous study by Wang B et al. , in whicComparing the data of the two samples, we found that both had a similar composition (corn starch film with glycerol as plasticizer) but slightly different DMA results. The initial, mean, and final temperatures for the hydrolyzed corn starch film sample were all slightly lower than those for the native corn starch film sample . This indicated that the storage modulus of the hydrolyzed corn starch film sample changed over a wider temperature range than that of the native corn starch film sample. The temperature at which the loss modulus was highest was also slightly lower for the native corn starch film sample (−50.61 °C vs. −61.58 °C), although the actual value of the loss modulus was also lower for the native corn starch film sample (164.9 MPa vs. 304.6 MPa). This suggests that the native corn starch film sample was less capable of dissipating energy and deforming under load than the hydrolyzed corn starch film. The temperature at which the Tan Delta was highest was also slightly lower for the native corn starch film (−43.35 °C vs. −51.09 °C), although the actual value of the Tan Delta was also lower for the hydrolyzed corn starch film (0.08889 vs. 0.1372). This indicates that the native corn starch film sample had lower energy dissipation properties than the hydrolyzed corn starch film. The hydrolyzed corn starch film appeared to have better mechanical properties than the native corn starch film sample, with a greater change in storage modulus over a wider temperature range and higher values for loss modulus and Tan Delta. Additionally, the storage modulus of the native corn starch film was higher than that of the hydrolyzed corn starch film in the temperature range of interest, indicating that the native corn starch film had a stiffer structure. The damping factor of both films decreased with increasing temperature, indicating that the ability of the films to dissipate energy decreases with increasing temperature.The difference in storage modulus between the two films can be attributed to differences in the molecular weight and crystalline structure of the starch in the films. The hydrolysis process can split the starch molecules into smaller fragments, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight and an amorphous structure. This can result in a lower storage modulus and higher flexibility of the hydrolyzed corn starch film compared to the native corn starch film.In conclusion, BBD and RSM were used in the study to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process for corn starch films. The results of the study showed that the ratio of corn starch to water, the ratio of enzyme to substrate, and the incubation temperature significantly affected the mechanical properties of the hydrolyzed corn starch films. The optimum conditions were found to be a corn-starch-to-water ratio of 1:2.8, an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 357 U/g, and an incubation temperature of 48 °C. The resulting hydrolyzed corn starch films exhibited improved mechanical properties, including greater elasticity, strength, and stiffness, as well as higher values for water absorption index, transparency, and contact angle. The hydrolyzed corn starch films exhibited better energy dissipation properties than native corn starch films, making them suitable for applications requiring shock absorption or impact resistance. These results were confirmed by various analyzes, including FTIR, DSC, DMA, and AFM. The results demonstrated the potential of enzymatic hydrolysis to improve the mechanical properties and energy dissipation of corn starch films, expanding their potential applications in various industries.


In this report and previous articles written by our team, we explained in detail the clinical aspects, surgical details and also ethical issues regarding the first successful uterus transplantation.4 Moreover, besides reporting the outcome of the first successful uterus transplant, we presented an exit strategy, which was one of the main subjects of the article.2 In our opinion, the technique presented in our case could be an option for recipients with previous miscarriages before performing hysterectomy. Regarding the historical aspects of the procedure, the attempt by Fageeh et al5 should be cited as the first uterus transplant. Although not successful, this case was scientifically published and led a step through the realistic struggle for the following cases. The case performed in 1936 in Germany ended with tragic death of the recipient because of infection caused by rejection of the uterus. As a catastrophic case, this operation had never been published.We read with great interest the editorial written by Testa et al.7 We greatly appreciate the scientific work of the Swedish team including studies in animal models but one should not deny the catalyzer effect of the first successful uterus transplant, which promoted the uterus transplant from merely animal models into clinical practice. It took more than 12 years from the beginning of the studies in animal models to the birth of first baby, and in our opinion, our success accelerated the studies of uterus transplantation, which, before our attempt, was only a concept on animal models.The preparatory phase of uterus transplant is essential and requires a significant experience including not only animal studies but also complicated transplant surgeries, cadaveric dissections, and detailed knowledge of immunosuppressive agents. Our team involved in composite tissue transplants for more than 2 decades including extremity and face transplants, which all led us to perform the first uterus transplant with success both technically and functionally. Our team also pioneered high variety of composite tissue transplants and also one of the few centers in the world performing research and active surgery including not only uterus but also numerous composite tissue transplants .After the announcement of the first successful uterus transplant in Turkey in international media, the Swedish team contacted us and requested a visit to our clinic. Ten days after the transplant surgery, we were glad to welcome Swedish team in our clinic in Akdeniz University and they expressed their appreciation about passing one of the milestones of uterus transplant surgery. They noted carefully each and every detail of the surgery, and we were more than welcome to share all our surgical and immunologic experiences Fig. . We were1 were fulfilled and clearly shared with all parties. None of the concepts suggested by Testa et al1 were violated including therapeutic misconception, autonomy, informed consent, and nonmaleficence. Indeed, in the course of the follow-up, hysterectomy was presented as a viable option and strongly suggested in order not to expose recipient to nephrotoxic effects of immunosuppression but instead, she opted to continue which should be respected in order not to violate autonomy of the recipient.2 The authors claimed us to take advantage of the recipient’s desire to have a baby and to be responsible for therapeutic misconception and also asked us how we properly informed our recipient regarding a procedure that has only been attempted twice before in history, without any success. Depending on these claims, one could also ask the logic, rationale and ethical issues behind the decision to continue after the first 3 failed attempts of Dallas team and also inclusion of 10 recipients instead of one in the trial performed by Swedish team.8 According to Testa et al,1 these could all be examples of violation of nonmaleficence, but actually they are not. Our brave struggle contributed to the development of successful uterus transplants and opened a new era in reproductive medicine.Regarding ethical issues, every and each step of the procedures performed was discussed in detail both with the recipient and also with the professional teams including ethical committee, institutional review board, and Turkish Ministry of Health. All fundamentals of clinical ethics, as suggested by Testa et al,11 Of course, all these depend on the motivation and general health condition of the patient. Similarly, one of the recipients in the first trial of Swedish group experienced 6 miscarriages, we do not know the details of the IVF procedures nor the number of ET attempts.13 Moreover, there are also other recipients in Czech group with repeated miscarriages.14 The maximum number of ET that could be performed in case of recurrent IVF failures is obscure.Regarding the number of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles and embryo transfer attempts, scientifically, there is no upper limit of IVF cycles and embryo Transfer (ET) before ceasing these attempts.13 As in these 2 cases of Swedish team, the long period of keeping the graft should be evaluated in this context.Regarding relatively long period of keeping the graft, the doses of the immunosuppressive drugs used in uterus transplant patients are quite lower than the doses used in other composite tissue transplants. Kidney functions of the recipient were strictly controlled all through the prepregnancy period and in antenatal follow-up as well. It has been more than 11 years since the uterus transplantation of our case but the kidney function (including kidney function test and glomerular filtration rate) were all within normal limits, including the last control. This was the first successful case of uterus transplant without any preceding index case. There are some gray zones that all should be evaluated on patient basis such as inclusion of a recipient with a history of cancer  or permission of second birth jeopardizing the recipient and bringing extra load on kidney functions. Moreover, in the first trial of Swedish team there were 2 women who were followed for 81 and 77 months, respectively, before undergoing hysterectomy. The first case experienced multiple miscarriages without a live birth.Finally, any health profession, somehow associated with transplant medicine should respect the heroic struggle and honorable memory of Professor Thomas E. Starzl, who did not only open the door to hepatic transplants but also saved lives of thousands of people all around the world and also created a new field of medicine as immunology. We are very glad to be cited in the same context together with Professor Starzl.1 for their nice editorial on our case and hope that all these scientific discussion contribute to the improvement of uterus transplant concept that was just a dream a decade ago.In conclusion, uterus transplant is ever growing field of medicine with a high media and public interest. In our opinion, every negative and positive aspects and experiences about this issue should be discussed scientifically without any prejudice and scientific bias for the sake of the women desiring to have their genetic babies. We would like to thank once again Testa et al


To investigate the potential therapeutic value of CXCL1 in HCC with an inflammatory background, an antibody blocking CXCL1 was used alone or combined with the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (DOX), with the goal of reshaping the TME. It has been shown that blocking CXCL1-CXCR2 inhibits tumour progression and reduces macrophage recruitment in the TME. The combination regimen has been shown to synergistically reduce the number of pro-tumour macrophages in the TME and suppress tumour progression. This provides insight into therapeutic strategies for treating HCC patients with high CXCL1 expression.Inflammation is a core mechanism for oncogenesis. Chemokines act as important mediators of chronic inflammation and the tumour inflammatory response. However, there is limited information on chemokines in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a disease for which almost all cases are derived from chronic liver inflammation. Here, we explored the protumor effects of CXCL1, a commonly elevated inflammatory chemokine in cirrhosis, in HCC. The protumor role was confirmed in clinical samples from HCC patients. CXCL1 enhanced tumorigenesis in the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment directly by acting on tumour cells and indirectly through promoting the recruitment of macrophages. The increase in the number of macrophages in the tumour microenvironment (TME) promoted tumour cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and significantly increased CXCL1 levels in the TME partly through NF-κB/IL-1 HCC is one of the most lethal malignant tumours . Althougβ through the G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR2 [CXCL1, a chemokine that acts as an important proinflammatory mediator by driving the migration of a variety of immune cells in cirrhosis has been fully explored and found to specifically bind to CXCR2 . Previouor CXCR2 . Kupfferor CXCR2 , 11. Higor CXCR2 , 13. Theor CXCR2 . MoreoveIn this study, we explored the clinical value of CXCL1 in HCC and investigated the ability of anti-CXCR2 antibody alone or combined with doxorubicin (DOX) to produce synergistic antitumour effects in HCC.CXCL1 expression levels in tumour samples from HCC patients were analysed through the GEPIA database. Patients with high CXCL1 expression had a poor prognosis Fig. . To furtIn MTT assays, compared to that in the control group, the proliferation of HCC cells was promoted when different concentrations of CXCL1 recombinant protein were added, and the proportion of proliferating cell was positively correlated with the concentration of CXCL1 Fig. . Next, wHuman monocytes (THP-1) cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages by PMA and cocultured with HCC cells, as previously described in the methods Fig. . We obseTo verify the effect of different treatments on tumour progression, an animal model was established by injecting mice with HCC cells or HCC cells stimulated by CXCL1 protein. Then, we treated mice with anti-CXCR2 antibody Fig. . The anaAnalysis of tumour volumes revealed that DOX enhanced the inhibitory effect of anti-CXCR2 antibody on tumour growth Fig. . AccordiIn the coculture system, we collected TAMs to detect their phenotype by PCR. The data revealed that the expression of CD163 and CD206 was decreased after treatment with DOX or anti-CXCR2 antibody, and combined treatment with DOX and anti-CXCR2 antibody strongly inhibited the phenotype Fig. . In miceIn our study, CXCL1 induced macrophages to differentiate into M2-like macrophages to promote the proliferation, and EMT of HCC cells; otherwise, blocking the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis with anti-CXCR2 antibody inhibited this effect by decreasing CXCL1 expression. Combined treatment with DOX and anti-CXCR2 antibody inhibited proliferation. To determine whether the treatment can influence CXCL1 expression, CXCL1 in TAMs and in CM was detected with PCR and ELISA assays. DOX combined with anti-CXCR2 antibody further decreased the secretion of CXCL1 Fig. .Fig. 5Thβ, and CXCL1 levels were significantly different between groups. ELISA of the coculture system showed that the expression of IL-1β was increased in TAMs and CM but also in Huh7 cells upon treatment. The expression of IL-1β was decreased to varying degrees with different treatments and was positively correlated with the expression of CXCL1  Fig. . NF-κB, CL1 Fig. . FinallyCL1 Fig. . We obseCL1 Fig. . In addiody Fig. . TherefoIn HCC patients, chronic hepatitis background is common and leads to the malignant progression of liver cancer and limits the effects of systemic treatment , 14. ActPrevious studies have shown that CXCL1 is a proinflammatory cytokine in various viral and nonviral hepatitis types and is positively correlated with chronic hepatocyte injury and the progression of cirrhosis , 16. Theβ. In the HCC TME, abundant IL-1 is released by HCC and predominantly by TAMs [β [β and CXCL1 were upregulated in coculture medium and macrophages, which coincides with the results of a previous study. The activation of IL-1β and phosphorylation of NF-κB, key aspects of CXCL1 activation, were confirmed in HCC cells and tissues. Administering targeted therapy agents based on molecular pathological characteristics provides promising efficacy in malignant tumour treatment, but the TME is the main challenge in overcoming drug resistance [β in the TME. Tumour growth and EMT protein expression were significantly suppressed in the combined therapy group. According to tumour IHC staining, the proportion of CD68-positive cells was markedly decreased upon combination treatment. This showed that the combination strategy was effective in reducing peripheral macrophage recruitment into the TME and suppressing the pro-tumour phenotype induced by reducing CXCL1 expression [β activation [Second, CXCL1 in the TME promotes HCC progression. An increase in the proportion of CD206 cells (M2 type) in tumours had a negative effect on survival in HCC patients . Here, w by TAMs , 22. Hyp TAMs [β . Both ILsistance . Local tpression . The syntivation  and NF-κtivation .In this study, CXCL1, a common chemokine correlated with liver inflammation and cirrhosis, was explored for its protumor function related to macrophages in HCC. CXCL1 recruits macrophages into the TME, where they are remodelled into tumour-associated macrophages and further increase the inflammation level and CXCL1 expression. The high inflammation level in the TME promotes tumour progression, partly through the CXCL1 signalling pathway. Targeting the specific receptor CXCR2 is a valid treatment for HCC. Combination of DOX with CXCR2 blockade could be a promising strategy to overcome TME barriers and enhance the efficacy of these individual drugs.We purchased all the general reagents from Beyotime Biotechnology . A BCA kit, penicillin/streptomycin, MTT reagent, 4% paraformaldehyde, crystal violet and so on were used. We purchased the SYBR green real-time PCR assay kit from EnzyArtisan . RPMI1640, DMEM, 0.25% pancreatic enzymes, and FBS were purchased from Gibco, USA. Murine recombinant CXCL1 (C600168) and human recombinant CXCL1 (C600064) were obtained from Sangon . Doxorubicin (E2516), SB225002  and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (S7791) are products of Selleck. An epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) antibody kit (9782), and NF-кB p65 (8242) and phospho-NF-кB p65 (Ser536)  primary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology . Anti-IL1 beta (AF5103), anti-GAPDH (T0004), and anti-CXCL1 (AF5403) antibodies were purchased from Affbiotech. Antibodies against CD68 (ab303565), CD206 (ab64693), and F4/80 (ab300421) were obtained from Abcam. The secondary antibody was purchased from ZSBIO Company .Human hepatoma cell lines (Huh7), mouse hepatoma cell lines (Hepa1–6), mouse macrophages Raw264.7) and human monocytes (THP-1) were obtained from the cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences . Stable CXCL1 downregulated hepatoma cells (Huh7) were obtained as previously described . All cel4.7 and hMale C57BL/6 J mice  were obtained from Gempharmatech, Co, Ltd. The mice were maintained under specific pathogen free conditions and had free access to sterilized food and autoclaved water. All mice were randomly assigned to different group, with 5 mice in each group. These experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee.5 cells) using a 21gauge needle in the inferior margin of the left lobe of the liver. Anti-CXCR2 was used once every two days, while DOX was used once every three days ; these drugs were injected separately or in combination 2 days after cell inoculation. The control group was treated with saline. Mice were observed every day, after two weeks, and their livers were excised. A portion of the tumour tissue was fixed in 4% formalin for subsequent histologic examination, and the remaining tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C.Mice were injected with 0.1 ml of Hepa1–6 cell suspension (2.5 × 10http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html) [The correlation between CXCL1 expression and HCC patient survival in HCC patients was analysed by GEPIA (ex.html) . The outFifty-one patients with liver cancer who underwent hepatectomy at The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University (between 2010 and 2016) without antitumour treatment prior to surgery were enrolled. We collected their tumour tissues and paired adjacent tissues. Most of these patients have a history of hepatitis and cirrhosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathology. The participants involved in the study signed the informed consent. The research protocol was approved by The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University Institutional Review Committee. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of HCC samples from these patients were prepared . Fifty-one pairs of tissue were carried in TMA blocks and the sections were 4 µm .The mouse primary tumour tissues were harvested, and 3 µm-thick fresh frozen sections were prepared. For TMAs and frozen mouse sections, staining was performed as previously described , 28. Preβ, and EMT-associated markers humans or mice. The primers used for this study are shown in Supplemental Table −∆∆CT was used to analyse the data, and the expression level of the target gene was normalized to the expression level of the reference gene GAPDH.Total RNA was extracted from cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the levels of CXCL1, CD68, CD206, CD163, CD14, IL-1β, NF-κB, pNF-κB, and GAPDH antibodies. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies specific for rabbit or mouse IgG were used for bind primary antibodies for protein band detection.Whole-cell protein was prepared with RIPA lysis buffer containing proteinase inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor. Western blotting was performed according to the previous description. Protein lysates were obtained from tissues and cells. Western blotting was carried out according to a previous description . The memHCC cells were inoculated into 96-well plates with 2500 cells in each well. After treatment, 6 wells were used for each group, and 10 ul of 5 mg/ml MTT solution was added. After incubation at 37 °C for 4 h, 150 μl of isopropyl alcohol was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 min, and the absorbance (OD) value was measured at 570 nm to 630 nm by a microplate reader. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of different drugs was calculated according to cell viability.The migration experiment was carried out directly in a chamber (8 μm), and the invasion experiment was carried out in a chamber coated with Matrigel . The cells used to evaluate migration and invasion were inoculated into the upper chamber of the chamber and cultured with serum-free medium. Medium containing 30% serum was added to the lower chamber. The cells passing through the chamber were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and then stained with 0.1% crystal violet. The experimental results were observed and quantified under an Olympus inverted microscope.The Human GROα/CXCL1(Growth Regulated Oncogene Alpha) ELISA Kit  and human IL-1 ELISA Kit  were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions to detect the concentration of cell-free supernatants. We called the cell-free supernatants conditioned culture medium (CM). The cells were collected from the following groups: Huh7 cells were cultured separately, macrophages were cultured separately, and Huh7 cells were cocultured with macrophages and then subjected to different treatments. Measurement was performed by setting the absorbance wavelength to 450 nm.https://github.com/BGI-flexlab/SOAPnuke). According to the results of differential gene detection, hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out by using the r-package pheatmap to combine the differential genes. GO terms and KEGG pathways with corrected p-values < 0.05 were considered significantly enriched.Total RNA was isolated from Huh7 cells and macrophages from different groups. After that, the RNA was quantified and prepared for RNA-seq. RNA-seq datasets were processed using construction of the DNBSEQ eukaryotic chain-specific transcriptome library, as implemented through the Project  were used for completing statistical analysis. Differences between two groups were assessed with the two-tailed Student’s unpaired supplementary files


New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)  in Croatia 40 years ago (In this issue of the ears ago . This prThe phenomenon of the Zagreb BMT program’s success was not a random occurrence or a result of the local political will. It would have been impossible without the strong scientific tradition of the Zagreb Immunology School centered around the Ruđer Bošković Institute and other research institutions -5. The pToday, more than 80 000 HSCTs are performed per year by more than 1600 teams in 86 countries. Almost two million HSCTs have been performed worldwide since its inception . All thiNEJM editorial (The Zagreb team was at the helm of that effort in February 1983, when transplants in Croatia started. Where this timing fits in the general trajectory of the history of the science of HSCT is best illustrated in a 2007 ditorial .However, the picture of this success would be incomplete without emphasizing the international recognition of this program, which started through the collaboration with the European School of Oncology in 1987 and the first international conference on the treatment of acute leukemia held in Dubrovnik. The second milestone was the training and education of the early-career Croatian hematologists in the best international medical centers including Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda. These efforts led to the establishment of the leading international Chronic GVHD multidisciplinary program in Zagreb in 2013 .When it comes to HSCT, in 2023 the “Third World” and the “First World” have clearly become “one world.” The time has come for the next generation to turn the page and assume leadership for the next 40 years. We hope that leukemia and other lethal bone marrow diseases will be eliminated by then. Today, our gratitude and the gratitude of many patients and their families goes to our dedicated colleagues in Zagreb who pioneered the transplant program four decades ago.


It is unclear which crown materials are optimum to disperse the generated stresses around dental implants. The objective of this study is to assess stress distribution and fracture resistance of green reprocessed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in comparison to un-reprocessed PEEK and zirconia single implant crown restorations.Twenty crowns (n = 20) were obtained, five from zirconia and fifteen from pressed PEEK that were subdivided into 3 groups of five specimens each (n = 5) according to weight% of reprocessed material used. A 100% new PEEK was used for the first group, 50% new and 50% reprocessed PEEK were used for the second group, and a 100% reprocessed PEEK was used for the third group. Epoxy resin model with dental implant in the second mandibular premolar was constructed with strain gauges located mesially and distally to the implant to record strain while a load of 100 N was applied with 0.5 mm/min then specimens of all groups were vertically loaded till failure in a universal testing machine at cross head speed 1 mm/min. Data was statistically analyzed by using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Post-hoc test when ANOVA test is significant.p = 0.174) was noticed. However, a significant difference between fracture resistance values was noticed where the zirconia group recorded a significantly higher value (p < 0.001).No significant difference between strain values of tested groups (Implant restorative materials with different moduli of elasticity have similar effects regarding stresses distributed through dental implant and their surrounding bone. Reprocessed PEEK implant restorations transmit similar stresses to dental implant and surrounding bone as non-reprocessed PEEK and zirconia restorations. Zirconia failed at higher load values than all tested PEEK restorations but all can be safely used in the posterior area as crown restorations for single implants.Applying “green dentistry” principles may extend to include reprocessing of pressed PEEK restorative materials without affecting the material’s shock absorption properties. Dental implants have a high success rate for rehabilitation in patients with partial or complete dental loss with aesthetically pleasing and functional restorations . One of Due to their high aesthetics and outstanding biocompatibility, ceramic materials like zirconia (Zr) and glass ceramic have been employed extensively. However, these rigid materials may transmit excessive stresses to the implant-prosthesis complex, leading to biological as well as technical difficulties . RecentlPEEK restorations are made using either pressing technology or computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM). The sprues and the residual button material should be cut after pressing and thrown away. For new pressings, fresh material ingots ought to be employed. However, this will result in a substantial amount of material being wasted .As environmental responsibility grows more obvious, society prioritizes protecting the environment, and numerous organizations are promoting eco-friendly behavior. “Green dentistry,“ a high-tech approach, strives to decrease the impact of dental offices on the environment while also including a service delivery paradigm for dentistry that supports and sustains wellness .Reusing waste is a green dentistry concept that promotes giving an item new life in order to prolong its usefulness and keep it from becoming waste. Reusing products relieves the strain on natural resources and lowers the energy required to create new ones . RecycliIt is unclear which crown materials are optimum to disperse the generated stresses and thereby assure a higher lifespan. The present study aimed to assess the stress distribution on implant supporting structures and fracture resistance of PEEK conditions  and zirconia as single implant crown restorative material. The null hypothesis was that neither stress distribution nor fracture resistance would be affected by the material of single implant crown restorations or by increasing the percentage of reprocessed PEEK.In this study, the stress distribution and fracture resistance of PEEK and zirconia single implant crown dental restorations were tested. A power analysis was determined based on the results of a previous study . By adopTwenty crowns (n = 20) were fabricated, five from zirconia  and fifteen from pressed PEEK  that were subdivided according to the weight% of new and reprocessed PEEK material used into three groups of five specimens each (n = 5). The first group consisted entirely of new PEEK, the second group of partially reprocessed PEEK composed of a 50/50 ratio of new and reprocessed PEEK, and the third group of totally reprocessed PEEK.°, 1 mm chamfer finish line, and was fixed in a stainless-steel holder with a screw  used for educational purposes which accurately replicates the anatomical details of the teeth and surrounding structures was used. The mandibular posterior teeth in one quadrant were removed to create an edentulous span for the implant and the strain gauges, and the socket was sealed with wax. One tapered screw vent implant  3.5 × 13 mm with an impression coping was attached to the socket in the position of the lower second premolar by sticky wax. After complete hardening of the wax, alignment, angulations as well as stability of the implant were checked. After impression taking, the implant was released from the model then relocated to its corresponding position in the impression.Self-cured epoxy resin model  was poured in the impression to replicate the alveolar bone for the implant insertion and surrounding dental structures. The implant with the scan body attached and stainless-steel die after spraying with Cerec Optispray  were scanned separately. The STL files of both scans were imported to CAD design software . The implant abutment was designed following the same dimensions of the die. The STL file of designed abutment was saved and sent to mill a custom-made titanium implant abutment with internal hex from Ti–6Al–4 V alloy discs  which was later screwed to the implant in the resin model.Cerec inLab  was employed to fabricate the zirconia restorations. It consisted of a Personal Computer for Cerec inLab 3D software (version 4.2), inEos Desktop Blue scanner, and MC XL milling unit. The stainless-steel die was scanned with InEos X5 Desktop scanner after spraying with Cerec Optispray to obtain the best scanning accuracy. Cerec software was used to form a virtual 3D model that was used to design a full anatomical crown with axial dimensions of 1.5 mm, and occlusal thickness of 2 mm. Monolithic crowns were milled by Cerec inLab MC XL milling unit from inCoris TZI A1blocks .After milling, zirconia restorations were separated and steamed off to prevent any milling residues from remaining in the fissures. Sintering was performed following the manufacturer’s recommendation using a special furnace  by using the preset program of inCoris ZI. The heating rate and duration time is demonstrated in Table .The sintered zirconia crowns were then examined for deformation and debris before being cleaned with steam. Each zirconia crown was seated on the stainless-steel die and checked for passive fit before cleaning for 10 min in an ultrasonic cleaner . Finally, the zirconia crowns were polished using CEREC advanced polishing kit  following the manufacturer’s recommendations using polishing cups, discs and points of varying grit sizes, starting with the green rubber polishing tips followed by blue rubber polishing tips and finally, red rubber tips used to give a “wet” look. The duration of polishing is 30 s per polishing level using a rotary speed of 10.000 rpm without water or spray cooling. After completion of polishing, the zirconia crowns were rinsed and dried.Based on the same design used for zirconia crowns, 10 resin patterns were milled out of polymethyl methacrylate blocks  by the same milling unit to be pressed later into PEEK restorations.The milled resin patterns were transformed into PEEK by lost wax and heat pressing procedures. Phosphate-bonded investment material  was used to invest the sprued resin patterns following the manufacturer’s instructions. After complete setting, the muffle and the disposable extrusion punch were placed in the preheated furnace for 60 min/630–850 °C. Subsequently, the temperature was slowly lowered (max 8 °C/minute) to the necessary 400 °C melting temperature of the BioHPP for2press material and kept for 60 min. The muffle was then filled according to PEEK conditions, 100% brand-new PEEK made up the first group. A new and reprocessed PEEK mix of 50% each was used for the partially reprocessed PEEK second group. 100% reprocessed PEEK was used for the third group depending on the wax weight of the model. After complete melting, PEEK granules were pressed into the muffle with the preheated extrusion punch using the press device . After the cooling, The muffle was removed from the device and the crowns were divested using a blasting device  utilizing 110 μm alumina particles at 3 bar pressure. Finishing and polishing of the PEEK crowns were performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions using a rubber polisher followed by high-gloss polishing paste .Strain gauges were bonded to the mesial and distal surfaces of the epoxy resin model around the implant Fig. . The twoThe measurements were carried out together with specialized software to analyze the strain that occurred.All specimens of tested groups were loaded compressively in the universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min . Each spp < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical analysis software version 4.1.3 for WindowsData was presented as mean, standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile range (IQR) values. Shapiro-Wilk’s test was used to check for normality and homogeneity of variances was checked using Levene’s test. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test where the significance level was set at p = 0.174) was noticed. However, a comparison between fracture resistance values showed a significant difference with the zirconia group recording a significantly higher value (p < 0.001).Descriptive statistics for strain and fracture resistance values as well as results of intergroup comparisons are presented in Table The stresses in implant-supported fixed dental prostheses come from functional forces that the restorative material, abutment, and implant convey to the supporting bone. Extreme stress concentrations should be reduced, and the stressors must be at physiological levels. That’s why it is necessary to assess the stresses in the materials and supporting tissues . When loGreen dentistry is a comprehensive strategy of dental care that lessens its negative effects on the environment while fostering a compassionate atmosphere for patients . By applThe present study evaluated the stress distribution on implant supporting structures and fracture resistance of PEEK conditions  and zirconia as single implant crown restorative material.As a result of the analysis, The zirconia group revealed a significantly higher fracture resistance than other PEEK groups while an insignificant difference in strain values was noticed between all tested groups so the null hypothesis stated that neither stress distribution nor fracture resistance would be affected by the material of single implant crown restorations or by increasing the percentage of reprocessed PEEK was partially accepted.Hooke’s law affirms that less force is delivered to the implant and supporting bony structures due to the reduced stiffness and higher elastic deformation of the implant restorative material that results from its lower modulus of elasticity . In the Similarly, it was found by Ausiello et al.  that undAlternatively, Eskitascioglu et al.  and BenzRegarding fracture resistance, although the zirconia group revealed significantly higher values than other PEEK groups, all recorded values were above the maximum occlusal loads in the posterior region (up to 900 N) , 38. Thi° angle rather than axial loading in our study.On the other hand, Saravi et al.  concludeRegarding PEEK reprocessing, a previous study  assessedReprocessing PEEK provides financial and environmental advantages and although our study showed favorable encouraging results for reprocessing PEEK, it can not be applied clinically before studying the effect on other principal properties of the material such as surface roughness and bond strength to veneering material and dentin. Elastic modulus, homogeneity and other basic physical properties of reprocessed PEEK were not investigated as well and shall be addressed in future research.All tested specimens in the present study were not cemented and not aged, which is considered a limitation of this study so further investigations with cyclic loading or thermocycling are required.Within this study’s limitations, these conclusions can be drawn:Implant restorative materials with different moduli of elasticity have similar effects regarding stresses distributed through dental implant and their surrounding bone.Reprocessed PEEK implant restorations transmit similar stresses to dental implant and surrounding bone as non-reprocessed PEEK and zirconia restorations.Zirconia failed at higher load values than all tested PEEK restorations but all can be safely used in the posterior area as crown restorations for single implants.


However, the switching current ratio of the Al/starch: GQDs/ITO device was further increased, and the set voltage was reduced (−0.75 V) after the introduction of the PMMA layer. The introduction of GQDs and PMMA layers can regulate the formation process of conductive filaments in the device and significantly improve the electrical performance of the memristor.By doping a dielectric layer material and improving the device’s structure, the electrical characteristics of a memristor can be effectively adjusted, and its application field can be expanded. In this study, graphene quantum dots are embedded in the dielectric layer to improve the performance of a starch-based memristor, and the PMMA layer is introduced into the upper and lower interfaces of the dielectric layer. The experimental results show that the switching current ratio of the Al/starch: GQDs/ITO device was 10 Traditional computers are based on the Von Neumann architecture, which means that data need to be stored in memory before being transferred to the central processor for processing. However, the shrinking transistor size over the past decades has reached its physical limit, and device optimization alone cannot effectively improve the performance of the central processor. In addition, the frequent data transfers between the processor and the memory also cause huge energy consumption. Therefore, how to solve the Von Neumann bottleneck and improve the data processing capability of computers has become a key issue in the field of information science . Current0.5Hf0.5O2 (ZHO) films. Compared with the devices without GOQDs, the devices with GOQDs layers have lower threshold voltages, more uniform setups and reset voltage distributions, faster switching speeds, and lower power consumption [5), low operating voltage (1.6 V), and good stability and flexibility [Up to now, a variety of materials, including organic materials and metal oxides, have been found to possess memory properties. Elemental doping of the dielectric layer and oxide/metal interface modulation are the two main ways to control the formation/breakdown of conductive filaments . For thesumption . The flexibility . Valov fxibility . Hong prxibility . Ke invexibility . Sarkar xibility . Althougxibility , and the7), and the switching behavior of the devices mainly originated from the formation and breakage of the conductive filaments in the AP film [As science and technology continue to develop and environmental issues intensify, researchers are increasingly focusing on solutions that are non-polluting, sustainable, and have high storage densities as well as fast read/write speeds. It is widely recognized that natural biomaterials are receiving more and more attention in the manufacturing of electronic devices because of their unique properties ,28,29. B AP film . Ghosh s AP film . Qi used AP film . AlthougStarch is a natural, edible, absorbable, and environmentally friendly biomaterial. In this paper, Al/starch/ITO devices are prepared based on starch in a simple way, and the effects of dielectric layer doping and interfacial doping on the performance of the devices are investigated separately. The test results show that the switching current ratio of the devices with GQDs doped in the dielectric layer was increased compared to the devices with undoped GQDs. Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO devices prepared by embedding a PMMA layer between the dielectric layer and the upper and lower electrode surfaces have better stability and durability with a reduced voltage setting. The conductive mechanism of the device is then explained, describing the effects of the formation of conductive filaments in devices with this structure. This research provides a pathway for developing new microelectronic devices to solve the von Neumann bottleneck and enhance computer data processing.3H8O3) is a colorless, odorless, sweet, viscous liquid used as a plasticizer in this article. For the experiment, 20 grams of starch was dissolved in 10 mL glycerin solution and stirred at a constant ambient temperature for one hour. After the starch solution was filtered through a filter, it was dripped onto the cleaned ITO-glass and ITO-PET substrates and rotated in a homogenizing machine at 500 rpm for 5 s, and then at 2000 rpm for 20 s. The ITO glass, which had been coated with starch film, was placed in a drying oven and dried at 80 °C for 20 min. A total of 25 (5 rows and 5 columns) circular Al electrodes were vaporized on the dielectric layer using a vacuum vapor deposition technique under the mask plate, and each Al electrode had a diameter of about 1 mm and an area of about 0.785 mm2. Then, the devices were annealed at 105 °C for 10 min to complete the preparation of the Al/starch/ITO devices. Al/starch: GQDs/ITO devices were prepared by adding 30 wt% GQD solution (1 mg/mL) into the starch solution and using the starch and GQD composite material as the medium layer. PMMA powder was dissolved in anisole to prepare a PMMA solution with a concentration of 70 mg/mL. The PMMA solution was coated on the clean substrate at a speed of 1000 rpm, and after 20 s, the PMMA layer was obtained by vacuum drying at 80 ℃ for one hour. The composite solution of starch and GQDs was dripped onto the substrate and rotated at 500 rpm for 5 s, then at 2000 rpm for 20 s. The substrate was placed in a drying oven and dried at 80 °C for 20 min. Then, in the same process of preparation of the PMMA layer and vacuum evaporation Al electrodes, the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO preparation was completed.Starch is an inexpensive, abundant, degradable, and biocompatible polymer that is used as a solid polymer electrolyte in electrochemical systems. Starch has a granular structure, including amylose and amylopectin, which are composed of amylose polymer and branched polysaccharide, respectively. Potato starch, in particular, contains both tightly bound and loosely bound water molecules. Due to the presence of loosely bound water molecules in the microcrystalline network, it has reasonable ionic conductivity. In this paper, potato starch was used as a medium layer to prepare an Al/starch/ITO memristor. Glycerine  . The infrared spectra of the starch films were measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Fisher 1410) . The cross sections of the device were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S-3400 N) , and the electrical characteristics of the prepared device were tested using a semiconductor parameter tester (Keithley 4200) .−1 corresponds to the skeletal mode vibration of the starch [−1 corresponds to the asymmetric ring mode of starch; 1160 cm−1 corresponds to the C-O stretching vibration and C-C stretching vibration; 1372 cm−1 and 1644 cm−1 correspond to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of carboxylate (-COO-Na); and 2926 cm−1 corresponds to the antisymmetric stretching vibration of CH2. At 3412 cm−1, there is a hydroxyl vibration peak that forms hydrogen bonds.The cross-sectional area of the starch film was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). e starch ,41; 988 g = hc/λ, where Eg is the bandgap width, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of photons, and λ is the absorption wavelength. The tangent method showed that the absorption peak edge of the starch film was located at the wavelength of 440.25 nm, and the forbidden bandwidth of the starch was calculated to be 2.82 eV. The absorption peak edge of the starch: GQDs film was located at the wavelength of 436.29 nm, and the forbidden bandwidth of the starch: GQDs was calculated to be 2.84 eV for the same reason.UV-visible absorption spectra of the starch films and starch: The GQDs composite films used in this paper were analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, as shown in 3, that of Al/starch: GQDs/ITO/Glass device was 7.99 × 104, and that of Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/Glass devices had a maximum ON/OFF current ratio of 2.42 × 105. We used the same ITO-glass substrate as the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/glass device, prepared the PMMA layer and the Al electrode using the same process as before, fabricated the Al/PMMA/ITO device, and measured the electrical properties. The structures of the Al/starch/ITO/glass, Al/starch: GQDs/ITO/glass, and Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/glass devices designed in this article are shown in set of Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/Glass devices was −0.62 V with a standard deviation of 0.13, and the average value of Vreset was 3.13 V with a standard deviation of 0.42. The experimental results show that the device had good stability and was able to switch between HRS and LRS stably.The cross-section of the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/glass device was observed using a scanning electron microscope. In set was −0.65 V with a standard deviation of 0.14, and the average value of Vreset was 3.11 V with a standard deviation of 0.44.The experimental results show that the Al/PMMA/Starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/Glass device has good reproducibility from device to device.CC = 10 mA was set in the negative voltage region and ICC = 100 mA was set in the positive voltage region, and the voltage scanning direction was 0 V→−5 V→0 V→5 V→0 V. In the negative voltage region, the device current suddenly increased when the voltage increased to −1.40 V, and the device switched from the HRS to the LRS. In the positive voltage region, when the voltage increased to 3.00 V, the current of the device suddenly decreased and the device reverted to HRS. The device was able to switch between high and low resistive states under a continuous voltage sweep. In order to investigate the flexible performance of the Al/PMMA/Starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/PET devices, the electrical characteristics of the devices were tested when they were in the bending state. When the flexible Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/PET devices (substrate size: 20 mm × 20 mm) were gradually bent from the flat state to a diameter of 16 mm, the devices were still able to operate normally. When bent to a diameter of less than 16 mm, the electrical characteristics of the flexible device were affected. The I–V characteristic curves of the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/PET devices were tested under bending, as shown in 4 s.The electrical characteristics of the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/PET memristors are shown in SET, the oxygen vacancy conductive path was formed and the device switched from HRS to LRS. When a positive voltage was applied to the Al electrode, the electrons captured by the GQDs were released and combined with the oxygen vacancies, the conductive filaments were fractured in the local area, and the resistive state changed from LRS to HRS. The PMMA layer had a large bandgap width, which impeded electron movement. Thus, the electrons injected into the starch: GODs layer continued to accumulate and formed a localized electric field, which reduced the randomness of the formation of the conductive filaments, improved the stability, and caused the device’s high-resistance state resistance and the ON/OFF current ratio to increase.The conductive mechanism of the Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO device is shown in 4 compared to the Al/starch/ITO device, while the Al/PMMA/Starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/Glass memristor, which had a much smaller reset voltage (−0.75 V), had a ON/OFF current of more than 105. A single memory cell can be repetitively switched more than 120 times. The Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO/PET flexible device was successful in terms of the bipolar switching storage method even after bending 10,000 times.In this paper, Al/starch/ITO, Al/starch: GQDs/ITO, and Al/PMMA/starch: GQDs/PMMA/ITO memristors were prepared using starch as the main material of the memristors’ dielectric layers. The experimental results show that the maximum ON/OFF current of the Al/starch: GQDs/ITO/Glass device was improved to 7.99 × 10


Over the past three decades, chemical and biological water contamination has become a major concern, particularly in the industrialized world. Heavy metals, aromatic compounds, and dyes are among the harmful substances that contribute to water pollution, which jeopardies the human health. For this reason, it is of the utmost importance to locate methods for the cleanup of wastewater that are not genuinely effective. Owing to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, starch is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that scientists are looking into as a possible environmentally friendly material for sustainable water remediation. Starch could exhibit significant adsorption capabilities towards pollutants with the substitution of amide, amino, carboxyl, and other functional groups for hydroxyl groups. Starch derivatives may effectively remove contaminants such as oil, organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceutical pollutants by employing adsorption techniques at a rate greater than 90%. The maximal adsorption capacities of starch-based adsorbents for oil and organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metal ions, dyes, and pharmaceuticals are 13,000, 66, 2000, 25,000, and 782 mg/g, respectively. Although starch-based adsorbents have demonstrated a promising future for environmental wastewater treatment, additional research is required to optimize the technique before the starch-based adsorbent can be used in large-scale in situ wastewater treatment. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)  are a seStudies show that more than a billion people around the world do not have access to clean water, and it is thought that water pollution is the cause of about 2.2 million deaths in developing countries ,8. TheseIn the past, certain industry factories did not prioritize wastewater treatment due to the high cost of setting up and operating treatment plants, as well as the lack of strict legislative enforcement regarding effluent discharge. However, there has been a shift in some countries towards a more serious approach, with stricter legislation governing industrial effluent. For instance, China implemented the Water Pollution Control Plan in 2015, which requires businesses and industries to establish wastewater treatment facilities for pollutant removal and water reuse ,17. SimiDuring the past three decades, several physicochemical, biological, and advanced technologies have been used for wastewater treatment such as flotation, precipitation, oxidation, biodegradation, advanced oxidation process, and others ,21. ReseStarch is a carbohydrate and a natural component of most plants, is commercially derived from grains and serves as an important raw material in various industries such as medicine, food, chemicals, etc. Starch has been extensively studied for its potential in wastewater treatment ,27, it iThe utilization of starch-based materials for environmentally friendly water treatment is an increasingly explored area of research. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current advancements in starch-based materials, including their extraction from biomass, their suitability as adsorbents, and their potential applications in wastewater treatment. The review will delve into the properties of these materials and emphasize their distinctive advantages in the realm of wastewater treatment. The central focus of this review is on sustainable water treatment, shedding light on how starch-based materials can be utilized after modification to address the most pressing environmental challenges, and how their implementation in wastewater treatment can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, this review will provide valuable insights into the adsorption capabilities of starch-based materials and their most promising uses in removing various pollutants such as oil, organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceutical pollutants, and more. By exploring the potential of starch-based materials in treating various types of pollutants, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of their efficacy and potential impact in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the field of water treatment, providing a comprehensive analysis of the current state of starch-based materials and their potential in sustainable wastewater treatment practices.Adsorption is a robust process in which adsorbate  adhere to the surface of the adsorbent , reducinAdsorbents are the materials that can perform adsorption itself. These materials come in the form of porous solids with a large surface area . AdsorbeThere are five different categories that can distinguish one adsorbent from another. These categories are natural materials, manufactured materials, modified natural materials, agricultural solid wastes and industrial by-products, and bio-sorbents. These then can be divided again into two different, much more simplified groups. Conventional adsorbents and non-conventional adsorbents. Conventional adsorbents include activated carbons, such as wood, peat, coals, coconut shells; inorganic materials, such as silica gel, natural zeolites, activated alumina, and molecular sieves, which are synthetic zeolites; and ion-exchange resins, such as polymeric organic resin, non-porous resins, and porous cross-linked polymers. As for non-conventional adsorbents, these include activated carbons from solid wastes; bio-sorbents, such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, and biomass; industrial by-products; agricultural wastes; natural materials such as clays, siliceous materials, and inorganic materials; and some miscellaneous adsorbents such as cotton waste, hydrogels, etc. ,43. FiguSeveral ways of utilizing non-conventional adsorbents have been investigated in order to develop greener, cheaper, and highly effective adsorbents to adsorb pollutants . There hStarch, the most abundant available biopolymer in the biosphere, is a homopolysaccharide with linear and branched units derived from a variety of sources, including tuber waste ,54,55,56Starch is composed of numerous hydroxyl groups that are easily modified by the incorporation of functional groups, such as primary amine, carboxylic or sulfonic acid to produce starch-based grafts, hydrogels and beads, polymer nanocomposites, aerogels, nanofibers, and so on, to improve its adsorption capacity for wastewater treatment ,58. Owin2O3 has been shown to adsorb up to 2000 mg/g of lead ions from polluted water at 150–450 mg/L lead ions concentration [Conventional adsorbents, such as activated carbon, are considered good adsorbents due to their large surface area and excellent adsorption property , but stantration , whereasntration . Table 1Aside from adsorption capacity, desorption efficiency is critical for reusing utilized starch-based adsorbents. According to Gunawardene et al. , modifieIn terms of durability and longevity, conventional adsorbents and properly maintained starch-based adsorbents can degrade/decompose in a few months to a few years. However, the degradation rate of starch-based materials is accelerated at high temperatures and high humidity levels, reducing their performance . ExtremeStarch-based adsorbents can be used in the adsorption stage of water treatment. Various adsorbents will be applied at this stage to remove pollutants from the wastewater via adsorption mechanism. Starch-based adsorbents derived from cornstarch ,85,86,87The optimum conditions for ex situ water remediation using starch-based adsorbents will vary depending on the type of pollutant, structure  of the starch-based adsorbent, adsorbent dose, pollutant concentration, pH of the treating bath, treatment duration, and agitation speed . Starch-In this case, the adsorbent of interest is starch, one of the non-conventional “green” adsorbents that are highly effective at removing a wide variety of pollutants from wastewater. They have higher adsorption capacities and longer lifetimes than conventional adsorbents. Additionally, they are highly advantageous compared to the conventional adsorbents due to their physiochemical nature, abundance, and relatively inexpensive pricing, showing their effectiveness in pollutant adsorption in water treatment processes ,99. FurtStarches with basic chemical formula, potatoes ,101. Stapotatoes ,103. Onepotatoes . The sizpotatoes ,106. Biopotatoes  as shownAmylopectin and amylose are parts of starch that are layered and packed in semi-crystalline and amorphous layers in concentric growth rings . AmyloseAmylose has an interesting solution property: it can form complexes with iodine and some organic reagents . The amyAmylopectin is the other structural form of starch. Depending on the botanical origin, the amylose percentage of starch granules varies, although conventional cereal starches typically include between 20 and 30 percent amylose . The abiThe weakly bonded linkages between bonding molecules make amylopectin a water-soluble component. Amylopectin is responsible for the crystalline properties of starch. Since amylose is a minor component of starch, amylopectin is the counterpart of amylose. Amylopectin is the major component of starch by weight and one of the largest molecules found in nature .Current environmental degradation on a global scale presents a serious problem for contemporary society. Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural methods, and human activities are all contributing to significant increases in pollution levels in the environment. These contaminants have the potential to have devastating effects on human health, animal health, and ecosystem health. Negative health effects may occur after these substances are ingested, absorbed, or inhaled ,119. AddWhile starch can be used as one method of sustainable water treatment, native starch has low solubility in organic solvents and low adsorption ability ,120. The2@MSC, mesoporous activated carbon from starch (ACS), MNPs@Starch-g-poly(vinyl sulfate) nanocomposite, silica-sand/anionized-starch composite (CMS-SS), and Starch-Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (S-Mg/Al LDH).Various modified starches, like cationic starches, carboxymethyl starches, starch phosphate, starch xanthate, starch sulphate, starch carbamate, carboxyl methyl starch and so on, are cheap and have been used as efficient adsorbents for remediation over the past 10–15 years ,122. The3, the cavity volume of β-CD is approximately 26.2 nm3, and the cavity volume of γ-CD is approximately 25.6 nm3. These cavity volumes control the size and shape of the cavity within each cyclodextrin molecule, which influences their ability to encapsulate pollutants of varied sizes and shapes [Additionally, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), a naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharide consisting of seven glucose units, has emerged as a highly promising adsorbent for the removal of organic micropollutants from contaminated water . β-CD isd shapes . These fThere is a significant amount of concern about different contaminants inside the contaminating water, including traditional pollutants like heavy metals and organics, as well as developing micropollutants, personal care products, and substances that interfere with hormones. For purging toxins from wastewater, several researchers are investigating more sustainable materials and methods. The industries that produce chemical extraction, petrochemistry, textiles, and food all produce large amounts of oily wastewater, and this wastewater’s excessive discharge has significantly endangered both human health and the environment. These problems can be successfully overcome with starch-based adsorbents for oil and organic solvent removal. 2@MSC, that may be utilized to clean up oil spills , and the structural support provided by pore walls. Pore-rich starch or Fe3O4 is being mixed with micro-/nanoparticles (SPF@SC), developed in another study by Wang et al. [By incorporating nanoparticles into starch cryogel, Wang et al.  created l spills . HMS-SiOg et al. , which wThere are also variety of other methods to remove oil from the wastewater, for example, gravity sedimentation, and oil absorption by biomaterials. In contrast to emulsions stabilized by surfactants, immiscible oil or water mixtures are what these approaches are meant to separate. Membrane separation, which in this context is an advantage of the sieve effect, is widely recognized as being an effective method of handling emulsified oil or water mixtures. However, its extensive use is constrained by the unavoidable fouling caused by oil droplets or absorbed surfactants. Using pH-responsive SNPs as the coating material, starch, which is also referred to as a biological macromolecule, is employed as biodegradable super hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity filter paper in a low-cost, easy, and eco-friendly manner. The SNPs were only coated and adhered to the filter paper’s surface. The improved filter paper has switchable super hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity wetting behavior due to its hierarchical structure. The filter paper worked well as designed when used to filter out oil from water and oil in water emulsions at the same time. Additionally, the filter paper displayed a unique pH-sensitive quality as well as exceptional stability and recyclable qualities. Above all, the filter paper covered with starch-based nanospheres offers a creative way to separate challenging oil-in-water emulsions . Figure Given the possible risk to human health, pesticide poisoning of water has drawn a lot of attention. Many academics have recently shown interest in the removal of pesticides from water. Pesticides can be removed via a variety of techniques, including as adsorption, oxidation, enzymatic biodegradation, and photocatalytic degradation. Starch-derived mesoporous activated carbon adsorption is recognized as a highly effective method due to its low starting cost, ease of operation, flexibility, simplicity of design, and insensitivity to harmful pollutants. It is also one of the few methods capable of removing pollutants while remaining unaffected by them. Additionally, it is one of the few methods that can clear contaminants without being harmed by them, making it an extremely helpful tool . Aside fIndustrial wastewater and groundwater often contain various inorganic components, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and others . ModifieFurthermore, starch can be used for the removal of heavy metal ions by grafting it with various vinyl monomers, including acrylic acid (AA), acrylic amide (AM), acrylonitrile, alkylmethacrylates, methylacrylonitrile, vinyl ketones, and 2-(dimethylamino) ethylacrylate. These polymers, despite their loosely crosslinked network structure and hydrophilic side groups, exhibit remarkable water absorption and retention capabilities . In a stHeavy metal ions were effectively eliminated by hydrogels with charged surfaces, one example being Chen et al. ’s LaponiAn alternative example is the utilization of a crosslinked carboxymethyl sago starch/citric acid (CMSS/CA) hydrogel for the adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The CMSS/CA hydrogel exhibited optimal adsorption capacities of 64.48 mg/g for Pb(II), 36.56 mg/g for Cu(II), 16.21 mg/g for Ni(II), and 18.45 mg/g for Zn(II) . ChitosaThe manufacturing processes of industries, like the leather, paper, and textile industries, release extremely dangerous and carcinogenic chemicals into wastewater. The release of waste dyes from textile finishing poses a significant threat to both natural water resources and human well-being. . PolymerStarch is a key component in enhancing the quality of the overall nanocomposite due to its amylose chains, which have a strong affinity for anionic dye molecules. A highly recommended alternative method for removing anionic-charged dyes involves using a mixture of starch, chitosan, and glutaraldehyde in specific proportions. This mixture works by utilizing the attractive properties of starch and chitosan to effectively remove the dyes . The comAs for cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), MNPs@Starch-g-poly(vinyl sulfate) nanocomposite can effectively remove such dyes. This nanocomposite showed excellent adsorption of MB with a capacity of 621 mg/g and could remove as much as 90% . AdditioAnother way of removing cationic dyes such as MB and crystal violet (CV) is by utilizing silica–sand/anionized-starch composite (CMS-SS). With effects such as pH, CMS-SS can produce a high yield of adsorption capacity towards MB and CV, as illustrated in CMS-SS is very recyclable and easy to recover. Due to its combination with silica–sand (SS), it is very easy to separate it from aqueous solutions. After being recovered from the first adsorption cycle of removing MB and CV, CMS-SS can still be utilized in adsorbing acid green 25 (AG25) anionic dyes . This is10, STAH20, STAH30, STAH40, and STAH50. Based on 20 shows the best adsorption capacity of 2967.66 mg/g. STAH adsorbent can be reused more than three times [Starch-based high-performance adsorptive hydrogel (STAH) is another type of adsorbent suited for the removal of MB. Synthesized by grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto starch, the process continues to crosslink with N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA). STAH comes with different isomers. These isomers are STAHee times . More stThe discharge of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals into ecosystems is acknowledged as a serious environmental issue, resulting in persistent and immediate impacts on the environment . Starch-To remove tetracycline, carboxymethyl-starch-grafted magnetic bentonite , starch-2/g, a mesoporous structure with a pore size of 2.90 nm, and a highly crystalline structure. Within this system, three types of bonding are expected to occur. Firstly, there is H-bonding between carboxylic and OH groups, leading to physisorption. Secondly, covalent bond formation between carboxylic and OH groups facilitate ester formation, resulting in chemisorption. Lastly, coordinate bond formation occurs between the oxygen donor atoms in fluvastatin and the Zinc(II) ion in the magnetic MOF–starch hydrogel, leading to chemisorption [Other pharmaceutical pollutants, such as fluvastatin , dox 9090, and bsorption .3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-pot co-precipitation method for the removal of dox [3O4 magnetic nanoparticle-crosslinked gelatin–starch microspheres were prepared using a modified emulsion cross-linking method with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent for bovine serum album removal [3O4, thus increasing the efficiency of adsorption [3O4 follows a multistep mechanism [3O4 and dox molecules [3O4 through boundary layer diffusion. Subsequently, they continue to diffuse into the adsorptive sites within the pores of CMCS-2@Fe3O4 until the adsorption capacity reaches equilibrium [On the contrary, carboxymethyl cassava starch (CMCS)-functionalized Fel of dox , whereas removal . The fun removal . Betweensorption . The intractions . The adsechanism , primariolecules , potentiolecules . Initialilibrium .3O4 and β-cyclodextrin nanosponge (β−CD−M) have been proven to be effective in removing ibuprofen from water and sewage. The maximum adsorption capabilities of these adsorbents are 48.29 and 86.21 mg/g, respectively [−1, respectively [Adsorbents made from rape straw biomass fiber/β-CD/Feectively ,129. IbuThe most important challenges to using starch-based polymer materials as advanced adsorbents for sustainable water treatment is the production of sludge volume and its impact on the efficiency of water treatment. Starch-based materials, while suitable for sustainable water treatment, tend to produce lower sludge volume, which will slow the process of water treatment compared to chemical-based water treatment. Additionally, the high-cost implementation of starch-based materials is another challenge, as they require several modification processes before they can be used as adsorbents. Moreover, the application of starch-based materials on a large scale for water treatment poses a challenge, as they are currently only feasible for small-scale implementation. These challenges affect the overall effectiveness of starch-based materials for water treatment and limit the scale at which they can be used sustainably.Starch is an organic and biocompatible material suitable for both ex situ and in situ water treatment as it is non-toxic and not harmful to living organisms. Second, starch-based adsorbents are abundant, biodegradable, and renewable. Starch-based adsorbents can be regenerated and reused until the end of their lifetime. These adsorbents are safely decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms or disposed of through incineration and landfilling. Prior to disposal, non-biodegradable pollutants can be removed using desorption. Desorption requires the use of chemical reagents, which raises the cost; however, the use of starch-based adsorbents reduces pollution and solves waste disposal issues. Therefore, starch-based adsorbents hold significant potential to be used as eco-friendly materials for sustainable water treatment.The effective use of starch for wastewater treatment comes from its vast availability and sustainability as a natural polysaccharide. In wastewater treatment applications, modified starch products have showed promise in the removal of a range of contaminants, including oil, organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metal ions, dyes, and pharmaceutical pollutants. An example of innovative use of starch-based materials is the development of raspberry-like starch-based polymer microspheres. These microspheres are created through Pickering polymerization and grafting of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) onto amino-functionalized composite particles. These microspheres not only have the capability to separate oil and water, but they also exhibit simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and Indigo carmine. The efficiency of oil and water separation is influenced by the dosage of PEI. The resulting composite particles possess unique characteristics, such as rough structures, distinctive surface wettability, and positive charge. This combination enables them to simultaneously separate water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions within a specific dosage range of PEI. Moreover, the amino-functionalized composite particles carry a positive charge, which enhances their ability to effectively absorb anionic water-soluble pollutants. The removal rate of these pollutants during the oil/water separation process can reach nearly 90%.−1 for Pb(II) and 1.258 mmol g−1 for Cd(II), while exhibiting a heterogeneous adsorption capacity of 0.177 mmol g−1 for bisphenol-S, 0.142 mmol g−1 for ciprofloxacin, 0.203 mmol g−1 for procaine, and 0.149 mmol g−1 for imipramine, respectively. Further research is necessary to enhance the adsorption properties of starch- and starch-derivative-based adsorbents, optimize their adsorption capacity, and investigate methods for regeneration and reuse while minimising the reduction in adsorption capacity. Additionally, the potential applications of starch-based adsorbents can be expanded beyond wastewater treatment. Industries such as food and packaging, pharmaceuticals, and others could benefit from the utilization of starch-based adsorbents. Further exploration and discovery in this area are warranted to uncover new possibilities and opportunities. While there are promising applications for starch-based adsorbents in environmental wastewater treatment, there is still considerable potential for future advancements in the development of intelligent adsorbents based on starch derivatives. The utilization of a trifunctional chitosan-EDTA-β-cyclodextrin adsorbent allows for the simultaneous removal of metals and organic micropollutants. This adsorbent demonstrated a monolayer adsorption capacity of 0.803 mmol g