Ambio, founded 1972. This article presents an overview of the journal’s first 50 years, with a focus on main changes in scientific content, political context, and editorial directions. A key finding is that the journal reflects an increasing pluralization of “the environment” with concepts such as global change, climate change, Earth system science, Anthropocene, resilience, and environmental governance. Another finding is that the journal has also itself influenced developments through publishing work on new concepts and ideas.Emerging after World War II “the environment” as a modern concept turned in the years around 1970 into a phase of institutionalization in science, civic society, and politics. Part of this was the foundation of journals. The majority became “environmental specialist journals”, typically based in established disciplines. Some became “environmental generalist journals”, covering broad knowledge areas and often with an ambition to be policy relevant. A significant and early member of the latter category was  Nature we learn that a journal is also like many other institutions. It has a birth, a childhood, it goes through crises, revolts and reforms, it matures. Sometimes it acquires wisdom and becomes respected, even admired. Nature started in 1869, with several failed predecessors in the UK at the intersection of science, arts, journalism, and news. At first it was a magazine. It took decades until it published serious science. It stayed commercial and it often took stands politically , continued as Scientist and Citizen (1964 to 1968) only to gain its new Environment title in 1969. Another early bird was Environment and Planning from 1969. It is worth mentioning precisely because it did not have its roots in science, but also because of how it expanded into a string of sub-specializations, named simply A , B, C, D, and E. The latter from 2018 has “Nature and Space” as its subtitle and a slant towards geo-anthropology, humanities readings of the geosciences, and the Anthropocene that suggests the continuous conceptual expansion and differentiation of “environment”.A (far from comprehensive) register of environmental journals, with or without the word in the title, encompasses 350 journals for 2019, almost all with later starting dates than 1972.Environmental History (started in 1970), Environmental Ethics (1979), Journal of Environmental Engineering (1973), Environmental Law Review (1970), Environmental Archaeology (1981). Even some of the later arrivals have operated on a similar logic: Nature Climate Change (2011), the most highly cited environmental journal only takes on a section of the environment, albeit a big one.Journal titles indicate the massive broadening of the knowledge base that has been engaged. Yet, several environmental journals in the early years were de facto sub-disciplinary, signifying that “environment” also became sub-specializations within a long list of disciplines. Early examples include Ambio is and always was different. It has had its favored topics over the years and it too has undergone major change, but it always was without formal constraints on what dimensions of “environment” should be covered. It was, as one editorial proclaimed still in the journal’s third decade, a “generalist” journal —one of the very first to apply the word in its new meaning—was characteristically organized as a set of looming dangers for the earth and humanity: population growth, soil erosion, industrial pollution, overfishing, overgrazing, deforestation, and a range of others (Vogt Silent Spring (1962), Rachel Carson’s eye-opening book that conquered the world with translations into some twenty languages,The environment crossed established borders and provided a common set of issues that were relevant for a whole range of disciplines along the entire academic spectrum. The environment represented a broad set of relationships between humans, their societies and their “surroundings” Benson  and it tSurvival —one of turvival 148—one oft Spring , Rachel Ambio was not supposed to be a journal for disciplinary specialists, rather one where specialists could meet. “The news published in AMBIO will be of high scientific standards, and will be directed not only to experts, but also to scientists in other fields and to other interested readers” , that were congenial with the advisory, non-partisan roles of science were all in line with what the Academy of Sciences was used to doing. It was a body that had since long left its once active role in doing science in-house and engaging directly in its pursuit through building research institutions and funding them. It had rather taken on a brokering and promotional role to raise the status and influence of science in modern societies with the Nobel Prize in chemistry and physics as its main annual showcase  came on the agenda in the years following the financial crisis 2008–2009. The editorial office traveled to the largest meetings and Elisabeth Kessler, editor-in-chief in the 1990s and 2000s, remembers how she and her staff brought copies with them to showcase the journal as a relevant resource for everyone who wanted to stay on top of the environment. Some 11 000 copies of issues 1 and 3 for 1992 were handed out in Rio, Kessler reported to the editorial board the following year, and the same procedure was repeated during the “environmental week” organized by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency at the World Expo in Seville, also in 1992.Ambio to Chinese that started the same year.This was in line with an active policy of the journal to reach out and become the “go to” journal of the environment in the developing countries, an effort that extended beyond what most science journals would do to promote environmental knowledge and policy in low-income countries. In 1993, Kessler could report more external support, from the World Bank, and from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, supporting a translation of Ambio” had set up prior to its launch. The journal should “concentrate on the natural science and technology sector of environmental protection”, a phrase that was repeated in the journal’s self-presentation for many years. It was also declared that it should reach out widely, to scientists and policy circles “across disciplinary boundaries” but the implicit expectation was that the actual production of knowledge should be conducted along disciplinary lines; at least no desideratum about interdisciplinarity was explicit in the early years. Each issue was, however, multidisciplinary, in the sense that the contributors came from a broad range of fields, and many articles were single-authored, or by small groups.The social sciences were commonly held in the background, fully in line with the mission statement that the Academy’s “working group for the planning of The mission statement also signals very clearly an explicit foreign policy dimension for the journal that was unofficially national: “A country that wishes to pursue an active and progressive environmental policy is required to spread information and conduct a debate around environmental protection across boundaries”. There is no doubt that the “country” referred to here is Sweden, and in a style quite typical of Sweden’s 1970’s self-perception as a “model” country the document continues to note that there is a large international interest in Swedish research, debate, planning and legislation on the environment, and a journal in English will become a practical instrument to disseminate what Swedish and “other Nordic environmental research” could bring to the wider world.12The de-prioritizing of the human and social sciences was not so much deliberate as it was a default mode of viewing what the environment was all about, and also what most of the Academy of Sciences was all about. The humanities and the social sciences were thin in the Academy, with one class each of a total of ten. But the mission statement did not preclude engagement with the human sciences either. Already in 1972, Jack Hollander, a Berkeley physicist, discussed the role of the scientist and referred explicitly to sociology and philosophy as the legitimate professional fields where issues of responsibility and research ethics were studied. However, Hollander argued, issues of environmental responsibility had to be dealt with by the scientists themselves. To avert damage and disaster, the scientists must abandon their conventional neutralism and non-consequential attitude to the effects of their discoveries and the new technologies that they made possible .13In the beginning, instructions for authors were scant and the editorial advisory board was thin. Ambio in the first half of the 1970s is marked by the global environmental moment that it was born in. It apparently wanted to become a journal that reflected environmental policy and its concerns, but at the same time not one that made policy part of its scientific inquiry. Very few articles were based on research about policy. The science that was presented was almost invariably the main topics of the early phase of environmentalism: chemicals, toxic substances, and other pollutants—phenoxy acids, lead, dioxins that negatively affected the environment. A recurring contributor in those years was Søren Jensen, a Danish chemist, who had moved to Sweden and researched PCBs and spearheaded the quest to get PCBs banned  and India. In relative terms the Scandinavian, and particularly Swedish contributions and topics remained distinctly overrepresented but in absolute terms they now dwindled.There is a clear sense of “the environment” coming of age. Certainly not in a linearly progressive fashion; things still moved painstakingly slowly. Perhaps “the environment” was not, after all, the only game in town. The Reagan presidency in the United States dampened enthusiasm. At the same time more subjects appeared, shifting the relative proportions of topics as well. Marine mammals were devoted a special issue in 1986. Coral reefs were on the rise and a special issue of the ASEAN region was published in 1988 in cooperation with UNEP’s Ocean and Coastal Programme.Ambio readers apparently liked them; they also helped an essentially Western (if not Nordic…) journal to globalize its presence and to systematically open its pages to new scholarship that otherwise may not have become visible. It was also increasingly an economic necessity. It meant collaboration with existing programs and institutions that stabilized the journal both in terms of input of material and, not least, in editorial capacity with guest editors doing part of the mundane work of soliciting articles and preparing them for publication. Much work was organized in collaboration with subject editors and ad hoc institutional collaborators. They became increasingly popular among the editors as well. List of upcoming special issues was a standing topic on editorial board meetings, along with the financial situation and statistics on sales and circulation. In the 1980s, more than one of four issues was a special issue . In the 1990s, that number had risen to more than one in three.The thematic collections provided in depth coverage and Ambio typically did not count for PhD compilations. To move out of that squeeze, weak finances and lack of scientific prestige, the strategy was to use established networks to expand the pool of contributors and bring in new blood .A comparatively small share of the articles seems to have emanated from pure basic research, submitted in the regular single article bottom-up fashion. The reasons were also financial. The Academy guaranteed some core funding but in order to fill six issues per year it was in practice necessary to find external partners. Another factor was the constant pressure to find more and new authors. The policy and magazine aspect of the journal, still distinct as the 1990s began, made it less attractive to young and aspiring scientists—contributors were rather more senior and established—and articles published in Ambio office. In 1978 Jeannie Peterson, another Ambio insider with a US journalism degree and some environmental studies in Stockholm started a five year term. After her came Don Hinrichsen, a US-born environmental journalist and science writer. He too studied environmental science (marine ecology) at Stockholm University when he was hired to the post. Like his predecessors after Dyring he had a weak position in the Academy and did not adopt any decisive new line for the journal but he did establish stronger ties with the World Resources Institute in Washington DC where he went for his next job; the WRI had by then already become a standing presence in Ambio. Richard J. Litell, another American, also with WRI links, made a short presence as editor-in-chief during 1985.There was also a relatively rapid change of editorial leadership in the first two decades of the journal. Eric Dyring left in 1974, later to become science writer for the Dagens Nyheter, Sweden’s largest daily. He was replaced by Ulla Magnusson, an intern from the Ambio had been published by Universitetsforlaget, an Oslo-based university press with a modest profile. This was perhaps too modest, and also too provincial to serve the journal’s global ambitions. In 1979, the Academy dropped the collaboration and instead signed a contract with the then comprehensive Pergamon Press, already used by other journals in the Academy and a major distributor for the United Nations.14Next in line was Arno Rosemarin, a Canadian environmental biologist. He set out in 1986 with an expansive agenda, moving from six to eight issues per year. It brought energy and new readers but it also accelerated the need for external partnerships, and the finances were not strong enough to sustain his ambitions. During the 1970s, The European, Rosemarin’s skepticism grew. A couple of years later Maxwell’s economic demise became ever more apparent, followed by his sudden death during a sailing trip in the Caribbean in 1992. By then the journal had already switched to Allen Press in the United States that provided Ambio with a more stable publishing platform.Owned by the legendary but erratic and unpredictable Robert Maxwell from his Oxford mansion, Pergamon, despite its strong brand, offered frugal conditions and little support. Editors in the Pergamon group were under strong pressure to deliver financial results and Rosemarin (pers. comm.) recalls bizarre scenes at his annual Oxford visits. As the Pergamon empire started to crumble in the aftermath of the European revolutions in 1989 and Maxwell’s experimentation with Ambio’s expectation. Paid subscriptions had started at 2000 (1974), reached 3200 by 1976, a number that did not change significantly during the following 15 years; the single best year was 1983 with 3600 subscriptions. In the 1990s, circulation would grow, but not so much through paid subscriptions but from special issues, Sida-funded distribution support, and the 2500 copies in Chinese , human ecology , the global science program IGBP (1987) and the circulation of scientists, workshops, and projects that in one way or the other were relevant for This distinctly site-specific context of an otherwise fully global journal is one of the strongest features of its development until well after the turn of the century 2000 and still today (Carl Folke pers. comm.). In addition to collaborations with Baltic Sea research groups in Stockholm that had started already in the 1970s, links with neighboring Stockholm University strengthened across more disciplines. As late as in 2006, the formation of the Stockholm Resilience Centre added yet another eager partner. The SRC had strong links to the Beijer Institute, the Stockholm Environment Institute that had been founded by the Swedish government in 1989, and the Academy itself.This may seem as an inbuilt tension, but since the institutions worked on global issues and were well connected to international networks it was rather a synergetic situation that emerged. A global interest had been there from the early years. The trend had become more visible in the early 1980s with an influx of associate editors with an international background. Jeannie Peterson became editor-in-chief, and as such edited a special issue on “nuclear winter” (1982). Lani Sinclair, Tensie Whelan, Melissa Holloway, recruited under the string of American editors pursued editorial work, solicited articles, planned special issues, and organized the breadth of the international reports for each issue. They also contributed, as staff writers, their own pieces, often in formats that added to the accessibility of the journal and assumed a “global” reader. The relative shrinking of Scandinavian topics came naturally with the changing demography of the journal. A sense of globality took command, as the era of globalization took off.Ambio had carried from the outset, reinforced by the fact that the editorial board was largely populated by representative of Swedish public agencies for research, environmental protection, and public health well into the 1980s, wore off gradually.These changes were seen under Peterson, Hinrichsen and Litell but were continued under Rosemarin and Kessler. It changed the flavor of the journal. Its global mission, always declared, became more borne out in words. It also meant that the semi-official Swedish tonality that Another feature became ever more significant, namely that the institutions of the Academy formed an inner circle of collaboration. Since the journal was not the baby of any particular one of its ten classes, the independent scientific institutions that dwelled in its premises turned out to be useful partners. These in turn found a household publication outlet with a global reach highly convenient and could find the money needed to pursue the task. They also had the scientists that could provide the content, still a badly needed asset to fill a journal whose impact did not yet bring any large number of spontaneous submissions. At one point under Rosemarin's editorship the journal decided to expand to eight issues per year. Publication later reverted to six, until two extra issues were added again in the 1990s. Predictably, special issues soon started to appear on the polar regions (1989), on ecological economics, on Global Change (the mission of the IGBP office). Other initiatives came through the Academy’s environment committee, an institutional outcome of the major remake of the conservation/environment profile dating back to the early 1970s. Kessler served on it and its experienced chairman was meteorologist Henning Rodhe, drawn from the same department at Stockholm University that had seen Rossby and Bert Bolin move atmospheric and climate issues to the very top of the agenda. She found him a good and reliable partner. Another one was the young and rising Carl Folke who energized the Beijer Institute as it turned more decisively to ecological economics in the 1990s .Ambio over the years, with no less than 43 publications to his name   The briefs were signed by Thomas Rosswall, a Swedish microbiologist, who had been hired by ICSU to set up the offices of this new program. Their offices were in the Academy of Sciences main building in Stockholm, and literally one set of stairs away from the offices of Ambio.The game changer was another one and with profound significance for Ambio  and later Will Steffen (1998 to 2004) took over as Executive directors. Yet, in all this there was a clear sense of environmental purpose and engagement. IGBP science was meant to be of use, and the most useful contribution seemed to lay not in the details of management that had been the preoccupation of marine and terrestrial environmental approaches in previous years, but something that would more profoundly rethink the parameters of the human–earth relationship, including to its biological and ecological systems.Ambio when Norman Myers, the prolific Oxford-based environmental advisor and popularizer, in one of his many contributions to Ambio over the years wrote a comprehensive introduction to the concept of environmental governance. The title already brought the message, “Environmental Challenges: More government or better governance?” (Myers 1988). Myers in his characteristically pedagogic and journalistic fashion dressed up this new concept in four pages underpinned by 37 footnotes, almost entirely with references from the mid- to late-1980s. He sketched the expanding roles of the free market, private enterprise, thousands of NGOs, both old established ones and new ones popping up in the Global South, labor movements, and trade unions. Governments would, indeed should, keep at the back. Civic society, firms, large and small, and flexible parts of the public sector would all move more effectively if left to themselves. They could buy threatened rainforests, alleviate debt by allowing poor countries to pay their loans back with land turned natural reserves.Incidentally, at about the same time, another set of ideas came up that would in an equal fashion contribute to the profound change that ‘the environment’, both as a concept and as a policy area underwent during this period. Not much had been said about this in Ambio, although they came back there as well. But they grew in significance and they formed the environmental branch of the neoliberal mind frame that was replacing state centralism in most areas of governance and hegemonic social and political thought from the mid-1980s until the financial crisis of 2008–09, after which the tides have changed yet again .In retrospect, Folke considers the two special issues essential for the formation of the thinking around social-ecological systems (pers. comm.), and he would remain a frequent contributor to the journal and especially to special issues and reports from large international research programs, on coral reefs, oceans, ecosystem management and several other issues. He co-hosted with Johan Rockström the Nobel Laureate Symposium on global sustainability in 2011 , but chiefly because diversity and depth have both increased to the extent that for most readers the entire content of an issue would at the same time seem both incomprehensible and uninteresting. Ambio is perhaps rather an environmental commons where a multitude of communities and individuals could find something for themselves and do it frequently enough to keep staying interested. It has remained a generalist—by giving more to each specialist community.How has AmbioAmbio that are tangible in many fields. In that regard, the journal reflects changes going on in scholarship and indeed in the world itself. Ambio moves with the science and with where “the environment” goes.This combination of intra-scientific professionalization and increased diversity has drawn new readers from ever wider fields, and the interest to contribute has grown rapidly with new topics coming in and impact factors going up. Just as an example, a major issue that turned up forcefully in recent years is gender and environment that was devoted a massive “supplement” volume in 2016 Ambio. It had Ambio during the Springer Nature co-publication agreement (since 2010) has carved out new directions in the ever growing terrain of environmental science, scholarship and policy. The policy presence is still there and authors are required to provide recommendations in “all articles” which remains an Ambio feature, although it is not an easy task to track down their long-term significance. The presence of policy relevant materials may not have shrunk in absolute terms, but considering that the journal in the beginning of the 2020s is at least ten times bigger than it was in 1972 if measured by pages, and probably even more if one counted words, its share is reduced compared to the early years. The environmental policy journalism as a separate feature is all but gone, although some of it remains in Perspective articles.The demography of contributors is also changing. They are younger, more widely spread geographically, and represent more fields. In this vein, through practice rather than by principle or program Ambio has both, but since a long time now it is clearly the multidisciplinary approaches that have had the upper hand. This change in the direction of a more standardized and stringent science journal is manifested in much of the editorial detail as well. All kinds of articles are now peer-reviewed  and review is double-blind (since 2012). Calls for special issues are open with deadlines twice a year. This has broadened the scope and made closeness to the journal, either institutional or geographical, less of a privilege. The Advisory Board has been considerably widened and now comprises twenty members, covering more fields and for the first time reaching significantly into the humanities and social sciences.The growth has instead taken place in the scientific content and in particular in the presence of multidisciplinary approaches. Author groups are larger, representing more specialties, as the complexity of the problems under study is both rising and becoming more acknowledged. The instructions to authors make it clear that the journal “prioritises multi- or interdisciplinary submissions”. However, it also “welcomes intradisciplinary research”. So, The broadening coverage is also linked to the higher number of articles published which in turn has led to a massive increase of submissions (trebling in the 2010s to more than 600 per year) and to more articles published in monthly issues and with an annual output of 2000 pages or more. Although Allen Press was a relief after the Pergamon regime, the shift to Springer Nature in the last decade has meant a much higher visibility in the scientific community across a wide range of disciplines. The Scandinavian preference that was explicit in the first decades of the journal has increasingly been replaced by a global view although some regional focus areas have been kept .Ambio has reflected the evolutionary broadening of “the environment”. It arrived at a formative moment, when what had been a phase of “conceptualization” of the word in its new meaning during the preceding quarter century was, in the years around 1970, turning into a phase of “institutionalization” of which the founding of environmental journals was a part. It was also a period of massive growth of knowledge and continuous differentiation of what the environment could mean, both in terms of knowledge and policy work. This has continued in the era of “pluralization” that has marked the first two decades of the new century with the growth of concepts such as Earth systems, resilience, and the Anthropocene .Committee for the Conservation of Nature (Naturskyddskommittén), minutes 1965 to 1973; Academy minute books 1967 to 1973; Ambio bibliometric data  based on 3522 Ambio publications (3160 articles and 362 reviews) from 1973 to 2019 using data from Scopus, with additional analysis in Excel and Vosviewer, available since 26 April 2020, by Professor Catherine Pickering, School of Environment and Science, Environment Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 422.Carl Folke 24 September 2020; Elisabeth Kessler 11 August 2020; Arno Rosemarin 26 August 2020; Bo Söderström 30 September 2020.


Thus, an isotropic morphology of the holographic marker surface was formed and the value of diffraction efficiency of 3% was achieved, compared to 1.5% for the marker made of pure starch. Coatings without holographic markers were analyzed by tensile strength and water contact angle, and their properties are highly dependent on their composition.Edible films and coatings based on biopolymers to protect and extend the shelf life of food and medicine can be functionalized, by applying a holographic marker on the coating surface for marking products or sensing storage conditions. In this work, holographic markers were prepared on the surface of thin biopolymer coatings based on starch, gelatin, agar and also starch/gelatin and starch/agar blends by the nanoimprint method from a film-forming solution. The morphology of the surface of holographic markers using optical microscopy in reflection mode was examined, as well as the reasons for its formation using an analysis of the flow curves of film-forming solutions. It was found that the surface morphology of the marker strongly depends on the composition, consistency index of film-forming solution and miscibility of the components. It was shown that the starch/agar film-forming solution at the ratio of 70/30 wt.% has a low consistency index value of 21.38 Pa·s Currently, one of the urgent directions in the development of new packaging materials is the creation and study of non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable and edible packaging . Such paOne of the types of food markers is the edible rainbow holographic marker. Such a holographic marker is a microrelief on the surface of an edible material in the form of a diffraction grating. The period value of such grating is comparable with the wavelengths of the visible spectrum. White light is diffracted on the diffraction grating and produces a bright visual rainbow effect. An edible holographic marker gives the visual multicolor optical effects on the surface of food products without using dyes. This technology can be used for decoration of food products ,5, the md, which characterizes the groove density G, as well as on the isotropy of the grating microrelief [E is usually used [As a rule, the strength of the holographic effect of a marker depends on the period of the diffraction grating rorelief . To evallly used .maxE = 0.4%, and their lifetime strongly depended on the relative humidity of the environment [E = 3.4% and 4.5% for the sugar and sugar/tartrazine blend, respectively. The use of citrus pectin/ferric ammonium citrate photosensitive emulsion as a material for the obtaining of holograms led to a value of maxE = 7.53% [maxE = 10% [maxE = 44.7%. Holograms based on dichromate gelatin/vanillin photoemulsions [G values from 250 to 2000 grooves/mm with an increment of 250 grooves/mm, and showed the highest value maxE = 49%, for a holographic grating with a density of G = 500 grooves/mm. UV-exposed holograms from corn honey had a value of maxE = 14% [maxE = 44% was achieved [G values ranging from 0 to 3000 grooves/mm. It was shown that with increasing G values, the diffraction efficiency of holograms decreases linearly.In the literature, holographic gratings were obtained on the basis of various edible materials and products. Sucrose-based holograms obtained by UV-exposure had a low value of ironment . In anotironment , hologra = 7.53% . At the ax = 10% . In one ax = 10% , it was mulsions  were obtax = 14% . When thachieved . In anotachieved , embosseThere are various methods for applying microrelief to the surface of biomaterials. Soft lithography methods include casting a film-forming solution, hot stamping (embossing)  and variThe lifetime of edible holograms is a certain period of time, after which the hologram disappears. Considering that edible materials, for example, such as monosaccharides, are very sensitive to environmental humidity ,12,15,17α-glucose polymers, such as linear amylose and branched amylopectin, obtained from agricultural plants. The main advantages of this material are their high solubility in water, the ability to film, a relatively low cost and wide availability in the world market. Starch was mainly used for a long time as a structuring, gelling and water-retaining agent in food products. However, starches are currently relevant materials and have been used to create biodegradable and edible packaging, such as films and foams, disposable dishes, microcapsules for drug delivery systems, as well as for tissue engineering [One of the relevant materials for creating edible holographic markers is starch from various sources. Due to their greater molecular weight and lower molecular mobility than monosaccharides, starch-based holographic markers will be more susceptible to moisture and temperature. Moreover, a holographic marker on the surface of a biopolymer food coating or drug carrier can be a convenient unified system for quickly monitoring the storage conditions of products. This biopolymer is non-toxic, edible, biodegradable and is derived from renewable plant materials . Chemicaineering ,26,27. Aineering  and condineering . HoweverMixing starch with water-soluble film-forming biopolymers with a stronger structure and less moisture sensitivity, such as agar or gelatin, will increase its properties. Agar, being a polysaccharide, has a starch-like structure and consists of a blend of galactose polymers, such as agarose and agaropectin, and is extracted from algae. Gelatin is basically a mixture of collagen polypeptides obtained by hydrolysis of animal waste. It was shown that starch-based films, with the addition of gelatins, showed an increase in tensile strength ,31, elasIt was shown that there are various techniques for the formation of a holographic microrelief on the surface of various biomaterials. Despite this, to obtain edible highly effective holographic markers, a structured understanding of the processes of microrelief replication with a film-forming solution is necessary. In this regard, the aim of this work was to study the surface morphology formation processes of the edible coatings with a holographic marker based on potato starch, gelatin, agar and starch/gelatin and starch/agar blends on their diffraction efficiency, as well as mechanical strength and wettability.Rhodophyceae) was purchased from INDUSTRIAS ROKO, Asturias, Spain. Distilled water was used as a solvent.Soluble potato starch of puriss./p.a. grade  and a food grade gelatin from hide and bones of bovine and porcine  was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany. Agar Rokogel 2400G produced from red algae  for the film-forming solutions are presented in It can be seen from the figure that effective viscosity of all solutions decreases with an increase in the shear rate, which indicates non-Newtonian behavior. Due to the fact that, in the double logarithmic coordinates the flow curves are close to the linear form, the Ostwald de-Waele power law  was usedn values for all solutions in the considered ranges of shear rates obey the condition of n < 1. Under this condition, in accordance with the theory of the power law, solutions have pseudoplastic behavior and are shear-thinning.The table shows that flow index K = 64.56 Pa·s0.67 at the film-forming temperature, despite a low concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Mixing the starch solution with the gelatin solution at the ratio of 70/30 wt.% leads to a strong decrease in the mean viscosity of the system and its consistency value to K = 04.57 Pa·s0.82 with respect to the pure starch solution. Mixing the starch and the gelatin solutions in equal proportions (50/50 wt.%) further reduces the average viscosity of the system, making it similar to the pure gelatin solution. However, it is interesting that consistency index value for this solution and for the pure gelatin solution is almost two times higher than value for the solution at ratio of 70/30 wt.%. A similar behavior was observed by other researchers for sago starch/fish gelatin solutions plasticized with glycerol or sorbitol [sorbitol , reducinsorbitol , the conThe observed effect is predictable, and is a consequence of the different molecular mobility of the mixed solutions. The starch solution is sensitive to the temperature used and its molecular mobility at rest is greatly reduced. Its dilution with a small fraction of gelatin solution (30 wt.%) leads to a strong decrease in intermolecular interactions, such as starch–starch and starch–water. As a result, a strong increase in the mobility of the polymer chains at the film-forming temperature is observed. Moreover, such result may indicate that, at this ratio and temperature the solution is structured, and has a phase separation with weak interfacial interaction of the components.K = 21.38 Pa·s0.88 and the flow index rises to n = 0.88. In one of the studies [ studies , it was  studies ,35,39.The morphology of the holographic markers on the surface of the obtained coatings made from single components is shown in Images show the dependence of the surface structure of coatings on the type of biopolymer. A similar surface structure of the materials was observed by SEM method for films based on individual starch versus gelatin  and starThe morphology of the holographic markers on the coatings surface made from the blends of starch/gelatin and starch/agar solutions at the different ratios is shown in n = 0.82, which confirms the weaker interaction between the system components and their limited miscibility. As a result, the phase-separated structure of the film-forming solution at the drying temperature leads to a low degree of replication of the soft matrix microrelief.In For the starch/gelatin coating at the ratio of 50/50 wt.% b, there When being considering the starch/agar blend b,c, the The diffraction efficiency values of the obtained holographic markers on the coatings surface depends on their composition, as shown in E value for the marker. In turn, it was previously considered that degree of grating replication depends not only on the consistency and flow indices of the film-forming solution, but also on its phase structure at the drying temperature. In one study [E = 2.7%. The markers based on starch/agar blend at the ratio of 70/30 wt.%, as well as from the pure gelatin and starch, which demonstrates that the most isotropic grating grooves and a high degree of replication have the highest E values.The results of the diffraction efficiency analysis of the holographic markers confirm the results of the visual analysis of their morphology. When comparing the results, it is seen that higher replication degree of the soft matrix microrelief by the film-forming solution, leads to the higher ne study , a hologσ values of the coatings based on the potato starch are approximately 1.5–2 times lower than for the coatings based on pure gelatin and agar. The reason for this is the high fragility of the starch coatings, due to the high content of branched amylopectin polymer. When we consider the coatings based on blends of the starch/gelatin and the starch/agar biopolymers, it can be seen that σ values depend on the fraction of more durable component. Such behavior of the σ values follows from the greater impact of the fraction of stronger component in the coating composition, rather than of the intermolecular or interphase interactions between the components. In other works, a similar behavior of the σ value of the starch/gelatin [σ = 35.8 MPa was achieved. The phase separation of the components, in this case, leads to a less efficient transfer of the deformation energy to the disparate domains of the phase of the stronger gelatin gel network. Weak phase separation of the components or its absence in coatings based on starch/gelatin and starch/agar blends at the ratio of 50/50 wt.% leads to increased values of σ = 72.1 MPa and 60.9 MPa, respectively.The graph shows that /gelatin ,31 and s/gelatin ,35,36 fiθ value strongly depends on the coating composition. The graph in θ values was also observed for the pregelatinized starch/gelatin films, with the addition of camu-camu powder in the presence of sorbitol [θ values compared to the starch/gelatin coatings, regardless of time. The agar-based coating, like starch, has high wettability, due to its polysaccharide structure. This effect was reported for cassava starch/agar/glycerol films [Dependences show that the sorbitol . Coatingol films .S of the coatings was established using the fitting of the θ(t) dependencies by the linear regression equation b parameter of equation takes the physical meaning of the modulus of solubility rate gradient S parameter versus the coating composition are presented in In the general sense, S = 0.135 degree/s. This may be due to the smoothness of the coating surface (The graph shows that not only the wettability of the coating surface depends on the composition but also their solubility rate. Coatings containing the gelatin dissolve two times slower than coatings based on polysaccharides and their blends. It was previously shown, for films based on sago starch/fish gelatin in the presence of glycerol, that the solubility of the starch film decreases from 46.56% to 30.19% when mixed with gelatin in a ratio of 3:1 . However surface c, similaIn the course of this work, thin biopolymer coatings with holographic markers on the surface were prepared by the soft lithography method. Coatings are prepared from the film-forming aqueous solutions based on potato starch, gelatin, agar, as well as starch/gelatin and starch/agar blends, in various ratios. An analysis of the morphology of the surface of the holographic markers and their diffraction efficiency showed that strength of the holographic effect depends mainly on the coating composition. To determine the effect of coating composition on the strength of holographic effect of the markers, the effective viscosity of the film-forming solutions at the drying temperature was analyzed using the power law model. It was found that the degree of replication of the soft matrix microrelief by film-forming solutions based on starch, agar and their blends deteriorate with increasing value of their consistency index. This leads to a low diffraction efficiency of holographic markers based on them. On the other hand, the degree of replication of the soft matrix for the solutions based on starch/gelatin blends depends more on the strength of the phase separation of the components than on their consistency. The most homogeneous structure within the coating leads to an increase in the diffraction efficiency of such markers. It was shown that mixing potato starch with gelatin or agar in equal proportions increases the mechanical strength of the coatings. Additionally, mixing starch with gelatin leads to a decrease in the wettability and solubility rate of the coatings surface, which is not true for the coatings based on blends of polysaccharides.The obtained results can be used for stamping of holographic markers with the predicted values of diffraction efficiency, tensile strength and solubility rate on the surface of a continuous packaging biopolymeric coat of a food product or dosage form. Further research will be aimed at studying the influence of temperature and relative humidity on the properties of holographic markers.


Zirconia crowns are highly attractive for clinicians, although have poor translucency when used as single restorations, in addition to unknown effect of resin cement shade on final cemented crown shade. This study aimed to assess effect of resin cement opacity on color replication potential of different zirconia frameworks with target tooth color, in addition to different zirconia crowns translucency evaluation.Twenty-four zirconia crown restorations were fabricated to restore single central maxillary incisor for 8 patients, divided into 3 groups according to color and type of zirconia used . Each group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups according to resin cement shade. Using Easyshade spectrophotometer, Delta E color difference was calculated between each crown parameters using 2 different resin luting cement shades and adjacent target tooth. Translucency parameters (TP) were tested for finished crowns. ΔEs obtained were assessed based on ΔEof 1.6 which represented color difference that could not be detected by human eye and considered clinically acceptable.No statistically significant values were found between subgroups related to different resin cement shade. Translucency parameters showed statistically significant different values. Monolithic crowns showed highest translucency parameters followed by Zr crowns on white cores then Zr crowns on colored cores.Resin cement shade didn’t affect final color perception. Monolithic high translucency crowns usage gained advantages of high translucency and delamination prevention. Zirconia crowns could be cemented by opaque or transparent cement without affecting final color. Key words:Zirconia, resin cement, monolithic, translucency, spectrophotometer, Delta E. Color matching of restorations with adjacent natural teeth remains challenging in esthetic dentistry . All cerThree factors could alter final color of crown in color matching of all ceramic crowns; color of prepared tooth, color of crown and color of luting cement, therefore to reproduce natural tooth color, these factors have to be optically harmonized . EarlierAlthough, effect of resin cement color on ceramic restorations final color has been previously evaluated ; howeverInstrumental measurements of translucent restorative materials using spectrophotometer, colorimeter, spectroradiometer and digital camera plus software have been reported . SpectroStudy hypotheses were; there is no difference in translucency of different zirconia based crowns and resin cement opacity has an effect on resultant shade.-Specimen grouping Twenty-four ceramic crowns were fabricated for 8 patients recruited for their need to restore single ceramic crown on maxillary central incisor, each patient received 3 different zirconia crowns. This sample size was sufficient for statistical evaluation and following Consort 2010 sample size determination. Patients were fully informed about clinical study purposes, design and consents were obtained prior to treatment. Study design was accepted by IRB committee at BAU (2014H-003-D-P-0012).The selection criteria were that; all patients should have at least one of adjacent teeth sound to serve as guideline and control for shade determination, small proximal fillings that would not affect buccal aesthetic appearance were accepted and good oral hygiene and awareness. All patients were randomly divided according to color and type of Zr crowns into 3 categories and divided into groups according to shade of resin cement used (each type of Zr crowns was tried first with transparent resin cement and then with A3 shaded resin cement).-Initial shade recordingAll teeth were cleansed and polished with plain white dentifrice, using low speed rubber-polishing cup. Intraoral spectrophotometer  was used to record preoperative shades instrumentally for central incisor to be restored and target adjacent tooth as control shade. Each tooth underwent spectrophotometer analysis at circular areas of 1.5mm on middle of labial surface with probe tip positioned at 90 degrees to tooth-surface . Color q-Teeth preparation for crown restorationTeeth preparation were done according to silicone index fabricated for each patient to aid in controlling tooth reduction amount incisally and axially. 0.9 mm subgingival heavy chamfer finish line was prepared with 1.2mm axial reduction and 1.8 mm incisal clearance using round end tapered guided pin diamond burs . Prepara-Interim restorationUsing preformed silicone index made for fabrication of provisional restoration, interim composite resin material was placed in it then over prepared tooth surface until setting, removed, adjusted and cemented with eugenol free temporary dental cement.-Final impressions and crowns fabrication Final impressions were made in another session to give proper time for marginal periodontium healing and give time for interim restoration to mold gingiva to prevent bleeding during retraction cord placement  using doFor group MZ, full anatomical monolithic high translucent zirconia crowns were milled from Cercon HT blank by type 0 Cercon brain expert cutters usage and sintered at 1.500οin heat furnance Fig. . Copings-Try in and cementation Completed crowns consecutively tired on corresponding patient for proper fit, contacts and occlusal adjustments (if needed) before they were sent for glazing.All intaglio surfaces were air particle abraded using 100µm Al2O3 then zirconia primer was applied. Proper cementation procedures were accomplished by resin cement usage .-Determination of color and translucencyTranslucency is property of substance that permits passage of light, but also disperses light, so objects cannot be seen through material. Porcelain translucency is usually measured with translucency parameters (TP) or contrast ratio (CR) . CR is d In current study, color of crowns was measured, before and after resin cement placement of shades A3 and transparent respectively, according to CIELABsystem, with standard illumination D65 in reflectance in spectrophotometer, operating in length range of light spectrum λ=360-740 nm. Color of each experimental group was measured in 3 coordinate dimensions of L*[ from 0 [black] to 100 [white], a* green-red  and b* blue-yellow . ΔE value was calculated according to: ΔE=[(L*1-L*0)2+(b*1-b*0)2]1/2.In which subscripted 0 represents measured color in reflectance mode of ceramic without cement (control) and subscripted 1 represents ceramic color with respectively underlying cement. Translucency parameters (TP) of each crown was determined by calculating difference in color between readings over black  backgrounds. TP was calculated according to: TP==[(L*B-L*W)2+(a*B-a*W)2+(b*B-b*W)2]½, which subscripts B and W refer to measurements made on black and white backgrounds.TP is defined as color difference of material of given thickness over white and black backgrounds and corresponds directly to regular visual assessments, TP value of zero corresponds to completely opaque material and greater TP value means higher actual translucency of material.CIE color coordinates L*, a*,b* were calculated in each of 3 areas of ceramic crowns. Areas of interest were measured 3x3 mm in cervical, body and incisal region. Triplet measurements were performed and average readings were used for data calculation. Color data obtained from adjacent target teeth were considered as control. Color difference ΔEbetween control and zirconia crowns color was calculated as follows.• ΔL*= L*control- L* experimental• Δa*= a*control- a* experimental• Δb*= b*control- b* experimental• ΔE*= (ΔL *2+Δa*2 +Δb *2)1/2-Statistical analysisResults were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyzed. Numerical data were explored for normality by checking distribution of data, calculating mean and median values as well as using tests of normality (Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests). Color parameters (L*) and (b*) data showed parametric distribution while (a*) parameter, color change (ΔE) data showed non-parametric distribution. Data were presented as mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum, maximum and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) values.For parametric data (L*and b*); repeated measures ANOVA test was used for comparisons between different groups and control group, to study effect of core type on color parameters and to study effect of cement on color parameters. Bonferroni’s post post-hoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons when ANOVA test is significant.Results of current study were divided into 4 main parts: effect of cement shade on color parameters, effect of cement presence on color parameters, effect of cement shade on color difference and translucency parameters (TP).-Effect of cement shade on color parameters .While using core + veneer + A3 cement as well as core + veneer + Transparent cement; there was no statistically significant difference between the three core types for all the 3 parameters L*, a* and b*.-Effect of cement presence on color parametersAs regards (L*) parameter of the crowns with different core types; there was no statistically significant difference between (L*) values with and without cement . Similar-Effect of cement shade on color difference (ΔE)Either with white, colored or monolithic core types; there was no statistically significant difference between color changes (ΔE) values with A3 cement, transparent cement, as well as without cement .-Translucency parameter (TP)•Descriptive statisticsDescriptive statistics of Translucency Parameter (TP) are presented in •Effect of core type on Translucency Parameter (TP)The P-value between Groups I, II and III was statistically significant (0.044*). There was no statistically significant difference between Gr I 20.87a± 3.55) and Gr III (22.25a± 4.73); both showed the statistically significant highest mean (TP) values in comparison with Gr II (16.59b± 4.37) which showed the statistically significant lowest mean (TP)  with sufficient material thickness or opaque masking liner and on the other hand, amount of translucency of ceramic that will allow natural appearance. Different zirconia substructures have been suggested to improve esthetic results of zirconia ceramic crowns . HoweverBenchmark instrument used was Easyshade Vspectrophotometer in both “tooth mode” for recording natural tooth color and “restoration mode” for recording ceramic color. Significant advantages with spectrophotometric measurements include ability to analyze principal components of series of spectra and ability to convert data to various color measuring systems .Resin cement was used in current study, because of its higher strength, ability to reduce fracture of ceramic materials and low solubility in oral fluids . It is tSpectrophotometric color measurements in terms of CIE L*, a*, b* color coordinates for different Zr cores were prepared, Color differences value (ΔE) represented numerical distance between 2 colors each having coordinates L*, a*, b* . Purposeet al. 2013, in which they evaluated effect of shade of coloring liquid on translucency of zirconia framework and effect of coloring liquids should be taken into consideration during fabrication of restorations with zirconia framework  followed by WC (20.87) then CC (<16.59). Current study was in agreement with study done by Tuncel ramework . In MZ, In current study since both white and colored cores were milled with same design and thickness; 3 different zirconia crowns had same shape due to index use and even the same perceived visual color by help of technician’s skills. Translucency parameters were calculated with zirconia crowns placed on black and white backgrounds. These readings were recorded after addition of veneering ceramics to stimulate clinical conditions accurately from one side and to be standardized with 3 different zirconia frameworks because monolithic zirconia was directly milled into full contour has no core alone from beginning to be tested. TP calculations were recorded instead of CR since Y illuminance was not available after Easyshade readings.et al. in 2002 compared translucency of 6 all-ceramic materials veneered and glazed at clinically appropriate thicknesses and found that glazing cycle resulted in decreased opacity for all test materials except completely opaque In-Ceram Zirconia and metal-ceramic specimens (Heffernan pecimens . In preset al. in 2010 reported different translucency values for different zirconia materials with direct transmission method and light flow instead of contrast ratio. They reported that all materials evaluated may be considered translucent to a certain degree, although quantity of transmitted light is not remarkable when compared to value of positive control flow (et al. in 2009 found that final color of translucent cores was influenced by color of cement and it was possible that this could affect zirconia core as well. Fazi et al. in 2006, also found influence of opacity of cement on color of thon Lava zirconia frames. This was attributed to Lava material which is characterized by its translucency in comparison to other zirconia material (Baldissara rol flow . This surol flow ,25. In cmaterial .et al. in 2006, who tested effect of esthetic core shades and different shades of resin cements used and found that there was not statistically significant final color difference through effect of altering cement shade (et al. 2000, who tested influence of ceramic and cement thickness on masking of various types of opaque posts and found that final color of all ceramic crowns with 2mm thickness did not show significantly appreciable color difference for final esthetics with various underlying substrate, resin cement and thickness (In current study, 2 resin cement shades were selected, A3 and transparent shade. Results showed that there was no significant variation observed among mean CIE L*, a*, b* color parameters of various specimen combinations tested regarding color of cementing medium used. This result was in accordance with Azer nt shade . Resultshickness . NeverthStrong point worth mentioning in current study was that, most of papers related to color coordinates, specimens used were discs ,30 where


Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most common lower extremity orthopedic surgeries performed in the United States. Annually, between 100,000 and 200,000 ACL tears affect 1 in 3,000 people. The selection of autograft versus allograft for ACLR has been widely discussed in terms of risk of graft failure. Allograft reconstructions have been shown to have higher rerupture rates. One factor contributing to this risk is delayed biologic graft incorporation.  A retrospective review was performed examining 14 patients who underwent an augmented quadruple-stranded hamstring allograft ACLR with a type I resorbable collagen matrix impregnated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). N = 14). Zero ACLR failures have been reported to date in this series.  Within our clinical practice, the augmentation of quadruple-stranded hamstring allograft ACLR with a type I resorbable matrix impregnated with PRP has yielded good early clinical success at 2-year outcomes ( This case series offers a novel approach for soft tissue allograft ACLR augmented with a type I collagen matrix impregnated with PRP. The authors theorize that this augmentation may improve biologic graft incorporation into the host bone tunnels. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most common lower extremity orthopedic surgeries performed in the United States. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is important for the stability of the knee, controlling against excessive motion. Furthermore, the ACL resists anterior tibial translation, while providing rotatory stability and proprioception. Annually, between 100,000 and 200,000 .ACLR failure can be defined in a multitude of ways. Noyes and Barber-Westin defined ACLR failures requiring surgical correction as: a complete graft tear with >6 mm of anterior tibial displacement as compared to the healthy knee; a positive pivot shift test graded +2 or +3 compared to the healthy knee, with or without knee pain or inflammation, or subjective sensation of instability or functional limitations for daily life and/or sports activities . FactorsPoor surgical technique has been identified as a risk of graft failure , 6. MoreA primary reason for allograft ACLR failure has been attributed to a lack of biologic incorporation. Achieving biologic incorporation using allograft is a complex process that involves tissue integration, revascularization, and ultimately “ligamentization” into host tissue . DelayedConsideration of the delicate balance between the attraction of allograft and the respect for biologic graft incorporation is a challenging dilemma for orthopedic surgeons. The introduction of ACLR scaffolds and biologic agents has been discussed to improve healing . A systeInstitutional Board Review (IRB) approval at the lead authors' institution was obtained for this retrospective evaluation. A retrospective chart review from 2014 to 2016 was performed looking specifically at patients who underwent quadruple-stranded hamstring allograft ACLR with a type I collagen matrix augment impregnated with PRP. Hybrid grafts and autografts were excluded. All outcomes were extrapolated from this chart review. Outcomes were defined as a failure if there was an ACL graft retear or instability requiring revision ACLR. A total of 14 ACLR were identified within this time frame that met the above criteria. All patients underwent the following arthroscopic technique.Routine diagnostic arthroscopy is performed, and confirmation of the ACL tear is noted. Next, two nonirradiated semitendinosus hamstring allografts are selected from the cadaver bank and thawed in a warm Bacitracin-infused saline bath. The allografts are measured and cut to equal lengths. Each end of the allograft is then whip-stitched. Next, the allografts are doubled over an adjustable button suture loop (Rigidloop Adjustable™)  and tensioned to 20 pounds of force on a standard prep board for 20 minutes.Whole blood (60 cc) is obtained from the patient at the time of surgery in a sterile fashion from the upper extremity. The blood is processed and separated using a gentle centrifugal technique (Accelerate® Autologous Platelet Concentrating System) . The PRP, or buffy coat layer, is collected at 6-10 ml of solution. The platelet-poor plasma (PPP) is also collected (10 cc) for later use in the procedure.The collagen matrix is then cut to fit the semitendinosus graft and soaked in the PRP bath for a period of 5 minutes. Following this, the collagen wrap is placed around the hamstring allograft and sutured into place via a combination of 3-0 Vicryl interrupted and locking sutures . It shouACL tunnel preparation is then carried out in standard arthroscopic fashion via independent tunnel drilling consistent with an “anatomic” graft placement. The graft diameter had previously been sized at the conclusion of tensioning and prior to the application of the collagen graft. Typically, line-to-line drilling is undertaken; however, in instances where the graft is extremely snug in the sizer, the lead author elects to upsize by 0.5 mm for the tunnel drilling. On the tibial side, care is taken to preserve as much of the native ACL footprint as possible, allowing cellular migration from the native tissue across the graft and potentially leading to quicker ligamentization.Upon completion of the tunnel preparation, the graft is carefully shuttled up through the tibial and femoral tunnels, and the adjustable button is flipped onto the lateral femoral cortex . The gra14 patients were identified to have undergone quadruple-stranded nonirradiated hamstring allograft ALCRs with a type I collagen wrap augmentation. The average age of the patients who underwent the procedure was 33 years of age (range 24-44). 0 out of 14 patients had reported rerupture at a minimum of 24 months postprocedure. None of the patients required further surgical intervention for instability. None of the patients had reported adverse events related to the surgical procedure. 1 of the 14 patients underwent repeat arthroscopy approximately 13 months postprocedure for a failed medial meniscus repair. The ACLR was noted to be intact at that time with signs of ligamentization.ACLR failure rates are a troubling problem for orthopedic surgeons, particularly in a younger or more athletic population. There is a disparity in the literature regarding the rate of ACLR failure rates , 17, 19.P < 0.01) [Several articles have discussed the risk of ACLR failure associated with allograft tissue –19. A si < 0.01) . Finally < 0.01) .Delay in biologic graft incorporation has been of primary concern when considering allograft failures –21. RappThe concept of utilizing biologics as an augment for ACLR has gained popularity in recent years –23. FleiThe concept of utilizing type I collagen matrix, hydrated with a PRP clot to block plasmin from the healing environment, is a novel approach to a known hostile environment within the intra-articular knee joint. Murray et al. has done extensive work through their Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (BEAR) collagen scaffold research , 30. TheThis 14 patient case series on patients who underwent ACLR with a type I collagen augment impregnated with PRP demonstrated positive outcomes at of minimum 2 years postprocedure evaluation. The authors realize limitations exist. First, a small sample size is reported, and as such, this should be considered in the context of a case series. A second limitation is the lack of standardized laxity testing, such as KT-1000. Per standard postoperative protocol, the lead author does not routinely have this test performed on patients; however, chart review notes “negative Lachman” test at final follow-up on each of the 14 patients. Furthermore, there was the absence of subjective knee instability at the final follow-up. Anecdotally, the authors feel that there was less knee laxity in the patients who underwent the allograft ACLR with augmentation versus those who did not.Improving patient outcomes in ACLR is a continuous journey for orthopedic surgeons. Many variables require contemplation by the treating surgeon when performing an ACLR. In situations where allograft tissue is to be used, steps should be taken to aid in the process of biologic graft incorporation. The authors feel that they present a compelling case series offering a novel approach to allograft ACLR utilizing a type I collagen wrap impregnated with PRP. Further investigation is warranted into this technique including a larger sample size, KT-1000 testing, and potentially tissue biopsy to evaluate for tissue viability.


Please allow me to make the following address for the launch of the JMA Journal.The Asian Medical Journal (later renamed JMAJ), the one preceding the JMA Journal, was started in 1958 by Taro Takemi, a former president of the Japan Medical Association (JMA), who recognized the importance of professional exchanges in the medical field between Japan and various other countries including those of the Asian region. The Asian Medical Journal aimed to introduce medical care as practiced in Japan, the beliefs and activities of the JMA, as well as state-of-the art medical sciences to other countries, and was distributed mostly over the Asian region. It is quite remarkable that transmission of information targeting areas outside Japan was initiated in as early as 1958.Taking over this mission, the newly produced JMA Journal consists of a wide range of submitted articles describing and documenting studies encompassing the fields of medicine and medical policies, as well as opinions and other relevant topics. All articles are published following a thorough and strict review of submitted manuscripts.A decrease in the number of scientific articles in Japan has been pointed out for some years. It is desirable that many manuscripts be submitted by various researchers and medical experts for the sake of improving the quality of scientific research and information in Japan.My hope is that the JMA Journal will become Japan's representative general medical journal leading other scientific journals in Japan and that it will expand to serve as an international electronic journal of science information prevailing throughout the global community.Morito Monden, MD, PhDPresident, The Japanese Association of Medical Sciences


Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) can adjust their stiffness, lock a temporary shape, and recover the permanent shape upon an appropriate stimulus. They are applied in the field of morphing skins. This work presents a variable-stiffness corrugated sheet based on a carbon fiber felt (CFF)-reinforced epoxy-based SMP composite that shows variable stiffness and extreme mechanical anisotropy for potential morphing skin applications. The corrugated sheet exhibits a variable stiffness with a change in temperature, which can help the skin adjust its stiffness according to different service environments. The corrugated sheet can be electrically heated rapidly and homogeneously due to its high electrical conductivity and enhanced heat transfer efficiency. Its Joule-heating effect acts as an effective active stimulation of the variable stiffness and shape-memory effect. The CFF-reinforced epoxy-based SMP composite was manufactured into a corrugated shape to obtain extreme mechanical anisotropy. The corrugated sheet shows a low in-plane stiffness to minimize the actuation energy, while it also possesses high out-of-plane stiffness to transfer the aerodynamic pressure load. Its mechanical properties, electrical heating performance, and shape-memory effect were investigated using experiments. The results show that the proposed SMP composite exhibits extreme mechanical anisotropy, considerable deformation ability, and variable stiffness induced by Joule heating without an external heater. Morphing aircraft can adapt their aerodynamic and structural shape to extend the aeromechanic flight envelope and accomplish multi-mission profiles; this attribute is treated as an important direction for future aircraft development ,2,3,4,5.transT). They are stiff below transT and become flexible and possess high deformation capability when heated above transT. In chemically cross-linked SMPs, transT originates from mT  or gT  [gT) for its shape-memory behavior.Variable-stiffness materials and structures aroused the interest of researchers to solve the contradiction between high stiffness and reversible deformability required by morphing skins . Shape-mermoset) . The epoThermal stimulation is the most frequently used activation method for SMPs . ElectrigT [In addition to the excellent electrical heating performance, CFF/SMPE plates have a limited elongation capacity and low loading capacity, especially when above Tg . The corTg . Its morTg . The mecTg . SeveralTg ,35,36,37Tg ,39, spanTg , and winTg . The oveTg ,42. The This work firstly presents the fabrication and experimental analysis of variable-stiffness corrugated sheets made of CFF/SMPE composite for morphing skin applications. The corrugated sheets exhibit both excellent variable stiffness properties and extreme mechanical anisotropy. Their Joule-heating effect acts as an effective active stimulation for the variable stiffness and shape-memory effect, benefitting from the electrical conductivity. The mechanical properties, electrical heating performance, and shape-memory effect were investigated using experiments.2 areal density and less than 5% organic content by weight. The CFF has a 7.02-μm average fiber diameter, and a 207-GPa elongation modulus.The variable-stiffness corrugated sheets were made of CFF/SMPE composite. The introduction of CFF greatly reduces the resistance of the SMPE composite, such that a corrugated sheet can be triggered by its own resistance under a certain voltage. The SMPE consists of epoxy resin, curing agent, and a linear monomer . The lin2 rectangle, and then copper foil was adhered to the CFF as an electrode using a conductive silver paste  with a 20-mm overlap width. The CFF with electrodes was heated to 135 °C for 1 h to completely cure the conductive paste for a better connection between CFF and the copper foil. The CFF sheet was pre-soaked with SMPE resin at room temperature for 2 h to fully infiltrate the felt. Subsequently, the infiltrated CFF was laid in the corrugated mold, and the epoxy-based SMPE resin was injected into the cavity. The SMPE composite sample was cured in a drying oven at 80 °C for 3 h, 100 °C for 3 h, and 150 °C for 5 h. After the curing process, a 0.36-mm-thick electrically driven corrugated sheet was obtained, as shown in The variable-stiffness corrugated sheet was made using a resin transfer molding (RTM) process with a set of corrugated shaped molds. The preparation schematic is shown in 3 dimensions. Three test pieces were selected for each test to ensure test repeatability. The storage modulus and tangent delta at different temperatures were obtained under a dynamic thermal scan. The heating rate was 5 °C/min from 40 to 180 °C, and the oscillation frequency was 1 Hz. The tangent delta is defined as the ratio of the loss modulus to the storage modulus. In this study, the peak of the tangent delta versus temperature curve was used to define gT.The dynamic mechanical properties of SMPE and CFF/SMPE composite were studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer . The tests were performed in three-point bending mode using rectangular strip specimens with 9 × 3 × 1 mmgT of SMPE). Three test pieces were selected for each test to ensure test repeatability. The tensile test specimens had a length of 20 corrugation cycles of 160 mm and a width of 27.4 mm. The three-point bending test specimens had a lateral length of 24 mm and a longitudinal width of 60 mm. The span of the three-point bending test was 48 mm.The mechanical property test was performed on a Zwick/Roell servo test machine , and the tensile rate and the three-point bending head drop rate were 3 mm/min and 1 mm/min, respectively. To verify the variable stiffness performance of the corrugated sheets, two ambient temperatures were selected for testing, 20 and 100 °C . The thermal images were recorded every second. The average temperature of the corrugated sheet was calculated using the software provided with the camera.The temperature distribution on the surface of the corrugated sheet was recorded using an infrared camera . The stretched temporary shape was locked by cooling it to room temperature. A 35-V constant direct current (DC) voltage was applied to the two electrodes of the stretched specimen to trigger the shape recovery. The length of the recovered specimen was denoted as L2, and the shape recovery ratio was calculated as Rr = (L1 − L2)/(L1 − L0) [The tensile shape recovery test using rectangular corrugated sheet specimens was used to verify the electro-activated shape-memory effect (SME) of the corrugated sheet. The schematic of the test is shown in L1 − L0) ,44,45. TThe storage modulus and tangent delta of SMPE and CFF/SMPE composites at different temperatures are shown in gT. The peak values of the tangent delta of pure SMPE and CFF/SMPE composite occurred at 97.3 ± 3.8 °C and 104.7 ± 4.3 °C, respectively. They were both around 100 °C, which indicates that the addition of CFF had little influence on the gT of CFF/SMPE composite.The tangent delta is defined as a loss factor, i.e., the ratio of loss modulus to storage modulus, which shows the behavior of the damping factor for CFF and CFF/SMPE composites with an increase in the temperature. The damping properties of the material give the balance between the elastic phase and the viscous phase in a polymeric structure . A higheThe SMPE composite has much higher Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and lower breaking strain than pure SMPE due to the introduction of CFF, based on the mechanical property test results in the previous work . The tragT of SMPE (100 °C), the transverse tensile stiffness reduced drastically, while the deformation ability enhanced significantly. The force–displacement relationship was linear under small deformation, and the tensile stiffness was 0.15 ± 0.03 N/mm in this linear range. The transverse tensile stiffness at room temperature was 6.9 times that of gT, which shows the good variable stiffness property of the SMPE composite corrugated sheet. As the deformation increased, the curves changed non-linearly, and the transverse stiffness increased. When the corrugated sheet was stretched to a certain extent, the geometric shape of the corrugation changed substantially and the corrugated structure tended to be flattened [The force–displacement curves of the transverse tensile tests of the variable-stiffness corrugated sheets at different temperatures are shown in lattened , which plattened  to 23% agT, 100 °C. The DMA results confirmed the stiffness variation of the SMPE and CFF/SMPE composite. Their storage modulus decreased as the temperature increased and dropped sharply in the gT region. Thus, the longitudinal bending stiffness of corrugated sheet based on the CFF/SMPE composite at gT, 100 °C, significantly decreased compared to that at room temperature, 20 °C. The force–displacement curves of the bending test were linear when the mid-span displacement of the corrugated sheet was less than 1.5 mm at both temperatures. The forces dropped and curves became non-linear when the displacement was beyond 1.5 mm. This is because local bucking and damage occurred at the contact point between the corrugated sheet and the test indenter with increased displacement. The aerodynamic pressure load is always treated as a distributed load rather than a concentrated load when the corrugated sheet is used as morphing skin, which can avoid local damage and improve carrying capacity. The mechanical data extracted from three-point bending curves are tabulated in 2 at room temperature and 0.076 ± 0.001 N∙m2 at gT. The longitudinal bending stiffness varied 5.4-fold between these two temperatures, which shows the good variable stiffness property of the SMPE composite corrugated sheet. Due to the variable stiffness of the SMPE, the corrugated sheet exhibited a variable stiffness with a change in temperature, which can help the morphing skin adjust its stiffness according to different service environments.The force–displacement curves of the longitudinal bending test of the variable-stiffness corrugated sheets at different temperatures are shown in In addition to the variable-stiffness property, the corrugated sheet in this work also displayed extreme mechanical anisotropy resulting from the corrugation. It was flexible in the transverse direction and stiff in the longitudinal direction. The anisotropic mechanical property can be evaluated by the relative transverse stiffness and section bending stiffness . The rel® HiRessl, JENOPTIK Infra Tec.) was used to study the temperature distribution on the surface of the corrugated sheet. The layout of the test equipment is shown in gT of SMPE) at 60 s, which proves that the corrugated sheet can be heated with its resistance Joule heat without an extra heating drive. Considering the stiffness variation with temperature, the corrugated sheet possesses variable stiffness triggered by its Joule heat effect.The resistance of the CFF/SMPE composite was significantly reduced due to the good conductivity of carbon fiber. Thus, the corrugated sheet based on SMPE composite can be easily triggered by its resistance Joule heat under a small voltage, and its stiffness can be adjusted with the input electric heating power. The electrical heating performance of the corrugated sheet was investigated. The specimen had copper foil electrodes at both ends, and its resistance was 23.1 Ω at room temperature. The dimensions were 160 mm in length, containing 20 corrugation cycles, 3-mm amplitude H/2, and 60-mm width. An infrared camera  [The average surface temperature under different voltages was also recorded to investigate the electrical heating performance. The input DC voltages were set between 5 and 35 V with a 5-V interval, and the corresponding heat flux density for each voltage was 59, 236, 533, 951, 1508, 2228, and 3063 W/me (NTCR) . With the (NTCR) . The ins0 = 160 mm, which was firstly stretched to L1 = 208 mm at 100 °C (gT), and the stretched temporary shape was locked by cooling it to room temperature. A constant 35-V DC voltage was applied to the two electrodes of the stretched specimen. Meanwhile, the temperature distribution was measured using the infrared temperature camera. The shape recovery ratio and the average temperature of the CFF/SMPE corrugated sheet over time are shown in To verify the shape-memory effect (SME) of the corrugated sheet, the tensile shape recovery test using rectangular strip specimens was examined. The specimen had an initial length of LIn this work, a variable-stiffness corrugated sheet made of CFF/SMPE composite was fabricated and evaluated with experiments. The investigation focused on mechanical properties, electrical heating performance, and the shape-memory effect. The corrugated sheet shows both excellent variable stiffness properties and extreme mechanical anisotropy, making it a potential choice for morphing skin application. The corrugated sheet can adjust its stiffness according to different service environments that benefit from the variable-stiffness properties. It can be electrically heated rapidly and homogeneously due to its high electrical conductivity and enhanced heat transfer efficiency. The resistance Joule heat can be an effective stimulation of variable stiffness and shape-memory effects. Due to the mechanical anisotropy of corrugation, the corrugated sheets show a low in-plane stiffness to minimize the actuation energy and perform considerable deformation, while they also possess high out-of-plane stiffness to transfer the aerodynamic pressure load.


JMA Journal, a new official medical journal in English under the auspices of the Japan Medical Association (JMA) and the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (JAMS). The JMA has been publishing its official English journal for 60 years to mostly serve as a source of information on medical situations in Japan. With a completely different look and content, and an open access journal, the JMA Journal is a high standard general medical journal carrying original and review articles covering a wide range of clinical practice, basic sciences and news of medicine, medical care, and health policy, among others.It is our utmost pleasure to announce that we have now successfully launched the JMA Journal. As a result, we have a capacity to swiftly process with numerous articles submitted from all over the world and publish high quality articles without delay.It is truly fortunate to have a slew of leaders and senior researchers in a variety of medical fields from inside and outside of Japan to form the entirety of editorial board of the JMA Journal serves as a pivotal source of trustworthy and up-to-date information from medical communities in Japan and other countries as JAMA from the United States of America and BMJ from the United Kingdom.We have high aspirations to be regarded in the not-too-distant future as the leading medical journal from Japan for general readers all over the globe. It is envisioned that the JMA Journal the platform for discussions on medical issues of international relevance and we will see in the years to come many scientific achievements in medicine become more widely known internationally through the JMA Journal.We sincerely solicit our readers to submit pertinent articles, making the Tsuguya Fukui, MD, MPH, PhDYutaka Atomi, MD, PhDEditors in Chief, JMA Journal