Lowering the alumina content below 0.05 wt.% enhanced the translucency (p < 0.05), but a small amount of alumina was still required to obtain full densification. 0.05 wt.% Fe was used to increase the chroma of zirconia specimens without compromising their mechanical properties. The Er-containing zirconia specimen showed a maximal fluorescence emission at 430 nm. The degree of opalescence was affected by the microstructures of ceramic materials. The microstructure, incorporation of a secondary phase, and sintering behavior can have a strong impact on the final mechanical and optical properties of dental ceramics. Addition of small amounts of metal oxides can affect the translucency, opalescence or fluorescence qualities of zirconiaThe aim was to evaluate the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence of highly translucent zirconia, lithium disilicate, and bovine teeth. One mm-thick specimens of five monolithic zirconia systems, two glass-ceramics, and bovine enamel/dentin were investigated. A spectrophotometer (Ci7600) was used to measure the CIELab color coordinates, and the translucency and opalescence values were obtained. For evaluating the fluorescence emission, the differences in spectral reflectance by the UV component of illumination were calculated. The microstructures of ceramic specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope and the chemical compositions were determined with an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Mechanical properties were appraised with three-point bending strength, indentation fracture toughness, and Vickers hardness. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (α = 0.05). A higher yttria content (5 mol%) significantly improved the translucency of zirconia ceramics, while they were less translucent than lithium disilicate ( Zirconia has become widely used in dentistry for restorations and implants due to its high strength and inherent whitish color . It can Zirconia is a polymorphic material occurring in three temperature-dependent forms: monoclinic (stable at room temperature), tetragonal at about 1173 °C), and cubic at about 2370 °C) [370 °C [2173 °C, aAs the demand for esthetics increases in dental practice, the reproduction of the lifelike opalescence and fluorescence as well as translucency is required to mimic the appearance of a natural tooth. The opalescence effect in tooth enamel can be produced by the scattering of the visible light. A natural tooth appears to be bluish under reflected light and orange-brown under transmitted light , becauseLight scattering is caused by the refractive index mismatch between the internal particle and the matrix. The internal particle in a size of 450-nm wavelength blue light can induce the scattering of short-wavelength visible light, allowing blue light to be reflected . Egen etA natural tooth can fluoresce a blue-white hue. Fluorescence is the optical property, whereby a tooth absorbs ultraviolet (UV) light and then the activated electron returns to a lower energy level, making it emit blue light (440–490 nm) in the visible light spectrum ,20. TootThe fluorescent characteristics of rare earth elements have been investigated. The pure salts of the rare earths excited by ultraviolet light exhibited fluorescent brightness ,24. JenkTo ensure optimal esthetics, an understanding of the optical properties of natural teeth is important. Due to the difficulty in obtaining human teeth and a limitation to get flat surfaces of uniform thickness, bovine teeth have been used as substitutes for human teeth in dental research studies. Although there can be some differences in the structure and chemistry between human and bovine teeth , it was Although previous studies evaluated the optical and mechanical properties of dental ceramics, very little information is available about the translucency, opalescence, fluorescence, and mechanical properties of new highly translucent cubic zirconia. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence of highly translucent zirconia, lithium disilicate, and bovine teeth. Moreover, this study intended to investigate the effect of the microstructures and specific metal oxide additives on the optical and mechanical properties of dental ceramics. In this study, careful separation of the enamel-dentin unit was made by the grinding and polishing of enamel layers to expose dentin surfaces. The null hypothesis tested was that the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence values of highly translucent cubic zirconia would not differ from those of 3Y-TZP, lithium disilicate, and bovine teeth.Enamel and dentin specimens as reference groups were prepared from 20 extracted bovine incisors. The teeth without visible caries or cracks, and visually matched to A2 shade of VITA classical shade system  were selected. The 10 enamel disc specimens (10 mm in diameter) were obtained from the labial surface with a trephine mill  . For then = 10 for each zirconia group). For the flexural strength, the final dimensions of the zirconia specimens were 4 mm × 3 mm × 40 mm (n = 10) and 15 mm × 15 mm × 5 mm (n = 5) for the fracture toughness testing. The lithium disilicate materials selected were e.max CAD (computer-aided design) HT (high translucent) and LT (low translucent) as references. The specimens were sectioned and underwent a crystallization process following the manufacturer’s instructions; 14 mm × 14 mm × 1 mm (n = 10 for each e.max group), 4 mm × 3 mm × 33 mm (n = 10 for each e.max group), and 14 mm × 14 mm × 5 mm (n = 5 for each e.max group). All ceramic specimens used in the present study were selected corresponding to the A2 shade in the VITA classical shade guide, except Lava Plus (white). The characteristics of the ceramic systems investigated are provided in Three commercially available 5Y-PSZ pre-colored monolithic zirconia materials ; BruxZir Anterior, BA ; and Luxen Smile, SMS2  were cut and polished (both sides) to a mirror-like finish (1μm) by using a lapping and polishing machine . For Lava Esthetic, which is a multilayer shaded 5Y-PSZ material, the top surface (LET) and the bottom surface (LEB) were selected for the measurement of the optical properties. The 3Y-TZP materials used were Lava Plus  and Luxen Zr  as controls. For the measurements of the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence, the final dimensions of the zirconia specimens were 15 mm × 15 mm × 1 mm . For the reflectance measurement, CIE diffuse/8° illuminating/viewing configuration with a 6 mm diameter aperture and a 6 mm diameter measurement area was used. For the transmittance measurement, CIE diffuse/0° illuminating/viewing configuration with a 6 mm diameter aperture and a 6 mm diameter measurement area was used. The CIELab color coordinates were calculated from the spectral distributions with the 2° standard observer and standard illuminant D65: The L* value represents the brightness of an object, the a* value represents the red or green chroma, and the b* value represents the yellow or blue chroma . The mea*source was obtained without any specimen placed before each measurement. The L*specimen was recorded from 360 to 750 nm and the mean T% values at 550 nm wavelength were used for the comparison [The translucency parameter (TP) value was determined by calculating the CIEDE2000 color differences  value was obtained by calculating the CIEDE2000 color differences (ed color . For evaed color .−5 Pa) at an acceleration voltage of 15.0 kV and an emission current of 64.2 µA. The grain sizes were measured at 10 different locations on each specimen.One specimen from each group was imaged with a scanning electron microscope  and the images of each specimen were obtained at magnifications of 5000×, 10,000×, and 30,000×. The zirconia specimens were thermally etched in air at 1350 °C for 30 min with fast heating rate (20 °C/min) and the lithium disilicate specimens were prepared with 5% hydrofluoric acid  for 20 s. Subsequently, each specimen was cleaned with 95% alcohol and the specimen surface was coated with a thin layer of platinum . The SEM analysis was conducted in a vacuum (9.6 × 10n = 3) were determined by a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer  using a rhodium (Rh) tube, an anode voltage up to 60 kV, and an electric current up to 150 mA. The pressed specimens were measured in a vacuum atmosphere. Measurements were performed using a ZSX Guidance software (v3.34).The chemical compositions of ceramic specimens  of bar specimens in a universal test machine  with a 5 kN load cell , at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min until failure occurred .The color values, translucency, opalescence, and mechanical properties of different materials were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The expected statistical powers with the chosen sample size were 95.1% for the optical properties and 89.1% for the mechanical properties to detect specified differences . For all of the analyses, the statistical software  was used. The statistically significant level was set at 0.05.p < 0.05). The CIELab color values against an A2 background, TP, T% at 550 nm, and OP values of each group are visualized in The CIELab color values demonstrated a normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test  rare-earth metal was identified in LET, LEB, and SMS2. As trace elements, aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) ions were detected for zirconia. Al was detected in LP (0.06 wt.%), S2 (0.05 wt.%), LET/LEB (0.03 wt.%), and SMS2 (0.02 wt.%). Fe was found in S2 (0.05 wt.%) and SMS2 (0.05 wt.%). Ca was detected in BA (0.02%). The e.max LT had higher Al content than that of e.max HT. The chemical compositions of materials determined by XRF are listed in p < 0.001). For the zirconia materials, 3Y-TZP specimens showed higher flexural strength and fracture toughness values than those of 5Y-PSZ specimens (p < 0.001). With respect to density, the lowest value (5.819 g/cm3) was found for BA among zirconia specimens. Stress-strain curves of the ceramic specimens are illustrated in The physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic specimens investigated are shown in The present study evaluated the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence of highly translucent zirconia, lithium disilicate, and bovine teeth. The results showed that the optical properties varied depending on the type of ceramic specimens. Thus, the null hypothesis, that the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence values of highly translucent cubic zirconia would not differ from those of 3Y-TZP, lithium disilicate, bovine teeth, was rejected.2O3, MgO, ZnO, B2O3, and Al2O3, can modify lithium disilicate composition and favor the crystallization [Several studies investigated the translucency of new highly translucent cubic zirconia in comparison with 3Y-TZP or glass-ceramics. Camposilvan et al.  reportedlization . Based olization . In this2O3 into the zirconia matrix could give it beige chroma without sacrificing its mechanical properties. As shown in the spectral and XRF analyses in this study, Fe could be an essential element responsible for creating color by an increase in b* value. Furthermore, S2 showed higher strength and toughness values than those of LP. It can be assumed that Fe2O3 doping as a coloring element into the zirconia matrix might not adversely affect its mechanical strengths.For 3Y-TZP materials used in this study, LP was a non-colored white zirconia material, while S2 was a pre-colored zirconia material. It was reported  that the2O3) sintering aid, and the positive effect of an alumina addition on the mechanical properties and degradation resistance of Y-TZP ceramics has been widely investigated [n = 1.765) and zirconia (n = 2.175) can cause significant light scattering although its hydrothermal stability was sacrificed [2O3), and BA specimens even eliminated the alumina contents. All zirconia specimens in this study had 1.77–2.76 wt.% Hf. Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) are normally associated in nature and thus, it is difficult for them to be separated due to their similar chemical structures [The conventional dental zirconia (3Y-TZP) contained 0.25 wt.% alumina  than those of S2. The coloring pigment of S2 could negatively affect its translucency. In addition, relatively finer grain sizes of the LP specimen would contribute to improve the translucency by increasing the in-line transmission [In this study, Ca was used as a coloring agent for BA . Contrar2 (2.175), Y2O3 (2.1585), Fe2O3 (2.918), and Al2O3 (1.765), could increase light scattering. Shiraishi et al. [The range of opalescence parameter was 6.38–22.62 for the materials used in this study. Among them, bovine enamel showed the highest value. For ceramic specimens, the highest opalescence was observed in S2. As previously discussed, the presence of particles whose size is in the visible wavelength range and a large difference in the refractive index between phases could contribute to opalescence . For S2,i et al.  demonstri et al. . Further2O3 can be added as a fluorescent pigment as well as a coloring agent [2O3 would be 0.0001–0.5 wt.% [The addition of small amounts of rare-earth elements to zirconia can provide the fluorescence emission under UV lighting to mimic that of natural teeth . The Er2ng agent ,57. Howe0.5 wt.% .The reproduction of the optical properties of natural teeth can be designed by controlling the translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence of ceramic materials. The compositions, the size and volume fractions of additives, and the microstructural features of dental ceramics can govern the light physics. Although there have been a number of studies on the translucency of dental esthetic materials, there are few studies on the opalescence and fluorescence of high-performance dental ceramics. In this study, it was found that cubic grains of highly translucent zirconia contributed to enhance the translucency of zirconia, but its translucency did not reach that of lithium disilicate or bovine teeth. In addition, the pores between the zirconia grains and the secondary phase of component had a negative effect on the translucency. The microstructure of ceramic materials could be an important factor for controlling the translucency and opalescence. The fluorescence could be created by incorporating rare-earth ions into a ceramic matrix.The application of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry has led to the increasing adoption of zirconia with improved esthetics. CAD/CAM systems registered a constantly increasing use in many fields of dentistry, such as restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. CAD/CAM technology allows a completely digital workflow, from impression to final framework, with clinical reliability  and goodOne of the limitations of this study is that bovine teeth were used as a substitute for human teeth due to the difficulty in obtaining specimens of the correct size with uniform thickness. Although it has been reported that the reflectance spectral behavior of bovine teeth and human teeth were similar ,35, direWithin the limitations of this study, the results indicated that, highly translucent zirconia has a significantly higher translucency than 3Y-TZP but is not as translucent as lithium disilicate or bovine teeth. Dental ceramics are less opalescent than bovine enamel. The incorporation of small amounts of rare-earth ions into ceramic systems can control the fluorescence quality. The crystal growth kinetics of lithium disilicate could lead to enhanced translucency. Therefore, the microstructure, the incorporation of a secondary phase, and the sintering behavior can have a strong impact on the final mechanical and optical properties of dental ceramics.


The authors wish to add the following correction to their paper published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health .In row 2 of In row 7 of In row 15 of In row 21 of The authors would like to apologize for any confusion or inconvenience. Corrected


Extensive research has revealed that genes play a pivotal role in tumor development and growth. However, the underlying involvement of gene expression in gastric carcinoma (GC) remains to be investigated further.In this study, we identified overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing tumor tissue with adjacent normal tissue using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.Our analysis identified 79 up-regulated and ten down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis and prognosis analysis were conducted on the identified genes, and the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) gene, ALDH3A2, was chosen for more detailed analysis. We performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and immunocorrelation analysis  to elucidate the mechanisms of action of ALDH3A2 in depth. The immunohistochemical (IHC) result based on 140 paraffin-embedded human GC samples indicated that ALDH3A2 was over-expressed in low-grade GC cases and the OS of patients with low expression of ALDH3A2 was significantly shorter than those with high ALDH3A2 expression. In vitro results indicated that the expression of ALDH3A2 was negatively correlated with PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, and CTLA-4.We conclude that ALDH3A2 might be useful as a potential reference value for the relief and immunotherapy of GC, and also as an independent predictive marker for the prognosis of GC. GC arises from the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa and is a common malignancy of the digestive system that results in an estimated 990,000 new cases and 738,000 deaths each year . The onsPresently, the combined application of multiple treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted gene therapy, has markedly improved the survival rate of GC. Unfortunately, the overall 5-year relative survival rate is still below 20% worldwide, except in Japan . IncreasRecently, the rapidly developing, high-throughput platforms for gene expression have been widely applied for molecular classification, prognosis prediction, and targeting new drug discovery . The broTwo independent GC gene expression profiles, GSE54129 and GSE79973, consisting of 121 primary gastric tumor samples and 31 normal gastric tissue samples, were selected from the GEO database. The platforms of these two datasets were identical to GPL570 (Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array). We simultaneously obtained clinical information and gene expression profiles from patients by collecting GC information and non-cancerous samples from the TCGA database (TCGA-STAD) and GSE84437 (433 GC patients). The flowchart for the bioinformatics analysis is shown in Fig. http://r-project.org/), which allows exploratory analysis of oligonucleotide arrays, was used to read CEL files from the GEO database. Two professional bioinformatics analysts carried out the data preprocessing, including background correction, data normalization, removing batch effects, combining normal and tumor group data, ID transform gene symbols, and probe supplemental missing values  for 2 h at RT.RNA interference of ALDH3A2 was carried out using small interfering RNA (siRNA). HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells were transfected with control siRNA and siRNA-ALDH3A2 using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen). The target sequence used for siRNA against ALDH3A2 was 5-GCATTGCACCCGACTATAT − 3. Western blots and qPCR were used to evaluate the efficiency of the siRNA interference.P < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. The relevance between ALDH3A2 and overall survival (OS) and other clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate Cox analysis. The area under the ROC curve  was regarded as excellent for survival predictions when the value was greater than 0.7, and acceptable when the value was greater than 0.6. All the microscopy images were obtained in 300 dpi.All statistical analyses and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were conducted using R software 3.6.3 . P < 0.0FC(fold-change)| > 2 and adj. P < 0.01. We identified 79 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated overlapping genes, which are shown as a volcano plot  and TCGA databases, with |logcoef ∗ Exp(genes) ” formula   Fig. e.Fig. 3Comparison of the 89 differential genes and 31 prognostic genes identified four genes  that were likely to have an important role in the development and progression of STAD. Figure P < 0.05). To further explore the biological functions of ALDH3A2 in GC, we performed a GSEA enrichment analysis on the high and low ALDH3A2 expression datasets. As seen in Fig. P-value < 0.05).The results of the multivariate Cox analysis revealed that age, N stage, and ALDH3A2 independently correlated with OS. This observation indicated that ALDH3A2 was an independent prognosis factor of STAD Fig. a. To leaP = 0.004; Fig. The “CIBERSORT” package in R software and TIMER website was used to investigate the relationship between ALDH3A2 and tumor immunity Fig. . One hunP < 0.05).IHC was used to reveal ALDH3A2 expression in 140 paraffin-embedded human GC samples. Of the 140 GC samples, 8 cases were identified as grade I, 48 cases as grade II, 68 cases as grade III, and 16 cases as grade IV Table a-b. KaplR2 = 0.3576), PDCD1LG2 , and CTLA-4 . HGC-27 and MGC-803 cell lines exhibited the highest expression of ALDH3A2 and were selected for siRNA interference . A total of 89 DEGs were identified with 79 that were up-regulated, and 10 that were down-regulated. Moreover, 31 prognosis genes were identified using multivariate Cox analysis, followed by AIC optimization. Four genes, ALDH3A2, BDH2, CTHRC1, and FNDC1, were identified through analysis of the intersection of the 89 DEFs and 31 prognosis genes. We identified genes that could be used to predict the development of GC, guide therapy strategies, and might be novel prognostic biomarkers.We explored the predictive value of ALDH3A2, BDH2, CTHRC1, and FNDC1 in prognosis . ALDH3A2 was selected for further analysis. ALDH3A2, which is in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2, is critically important in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation, and mutations in this gene cause Sjogren-Larsson syndrome . Few stuConsidering the connections between metabolism and immunity, we evaluated the effect of ALDH3A2 on immune cell infiltration. Our results revealed that ALDH3A2 remarkably increased the numbers of M1 macrophages in the tumors. M1 macrophages (or activated macrophages), release pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induce an anti-tumor immune response that kills tumor cells and inhibits the formation of tumor lymphatics . AlthougFinally, significant negative co-expression correlations were found among immune checkpoints, including PDCD1 (or PD-1), PDCD1LG2 (or PD-L2), CTLA4, and ALDH3A2. As a new field in tumor treatment, therapy that targets immune checkpoints has provided tremendous breakthroughs in cancer therapeutics . ConcernFurthermore, despite the overall robust statistical evidence generated by this analysis, this study lacked in vivo and in vitro investigations of the related mechanisms. Consequently, based on the direction provided by our results, our future studies will focus on a more in-depth analysis of the function and mechanisms of ALDH3A2, using a series of cellular, tissue, and animal experiments.In summary, from serial bioinformatics analysis of the TCGA, GSE database and IHC staining, we found that ALDH3A2 could effectively predict the prognosis of GC patients and might become an independent prognostic biomarker. Also, the interaction between ALDH3A2 and metabolism, M1 macrophages, and immune checkpoints  might underlie the prognostic impact.Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. The relation between ALDH3A2 copy number variation and infiltration level. Abbreviations: *, P < 0.05; **; P < 0.01; ***; P < 0.001.Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S2. The relationship between the copy number of ALDH3A2 and its mRNA level.Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure S3. Full-length blots/gels of Fig. Additional file 4: Table S1. The 1672 prognosis-related genes.Additional file 5: Table S2. The 31 genes of prognosis model.


Pueraria lobata. This is a preliminary study of the potential use of Kudzu starch for the restoration of Cultural Heritage, focusing, firstly, in its capacity as adhesive through a comparative evaluation with common starches. The accelerated aging process carried out proved that Kudzu ensures optimal chromatic behaviour. On the other hand, the main problem in starch paste is the biological colonization. The daidzein, a natural antimicrobial compound implicit in Kudzu starch, confirmed the resistance to microorganism in this preliminary approach. The evaluation of the adhesive capacity, and the reversibility of the starches, suggest that Kudzu starch is a valid adhesive in the field of paper restoration. Thus, the potential of this starch in the conservation of Cultural Heritage is evidenced and its use as cleaner, resistance to biological colonization and consolidant is promising.In recent times, the use of natural and harmless products for the environment and restorer is taking place in the field of Cultural Heritage restoration. In this sense, wheat, rice and corn starches as adhesives, have suitable characteristics without toxicity risks. A new starch in this field, is the Kudzu, an almost pure compound (99.5% starch) that is processed by a natural way from a plant called  New advances in this field of research recently led to a critical improvement in the formulation of conservation products used regularly in museums, ateliers and restoration´s schools. In this sense, new materials and new procedures in art conservation have developed and enhanced thanks to a close collaboration with the experimental sciences2.The restoration and conservation field has evolved towards a work methodology more harmonious with the materials composing the artworks, as well as, their future conservation and the environment1.The employment of products harmful to the artwork, the environment and the restorers was relatively common until a couple of decades ago. Overall, these products, through purifications, mixtures and synthetizations, achieve optimal short-term results. However, in the long term, they mostly produce irreversible damages to the artworks, to the restorers and finally, to the environment due to an incorrect management of the residuals. Thanks to the conjugation of these two elements: science and restoration, it has been possible to study the behaviour of natural materials (in the line of green chemistry), which have been used for centuries in the crafting of artistic works and their subsequent restoration till the arrival of synthetic products some decades ago3, skin adhesion4 and is currently being investigated as an inclusion material in restoration lime mortars5. In this regard the used starches are those of wheat, rice and corn as their qualities and characteristics are known. Even thought, last two are commonly used in restoration works6.One of the most used products within this natural product, is starch. This is already present since ancient times, in large processes, such as: tear repair in canvas restorationPueraria Lobata where Kudzu starch is extracted, is a climbing plant related to the pea plant and endemic to Japan, and nowadays, it is expanded by many countries. It is catalogued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the one hundred most damaging invasive species in the world8. However, in Japan its root is extracted through a natural and ecological process to be used in traditional medicine and food industry. It is washed, dried and processed in a sustainable way, achieving a very good percentage of starch in the final product (around 99.5%) with a significantly high gelatinization temperature between 65 °C and 80 °C)10. The use of this root is, as has been previously mentioned, principally in traditional medicine because the presence of daidzein11, a flavonoid from the group of isoflavones that acts as a natural antimicrobial, is a recognized antifungal which is not present in other common starches. This compound can be found in different proportions, varying from 1 to 2% depending of the type of the Kudzu starch14.In this sense, 15. Little by little, this material from a natural source is recovered again in European and American restoration field16, previously and nowadays this operation was carried out with products of synthetic or semi-synthetic origin derived from cellulose17, methylcellulose (thylosa 300)18, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose18 or hydroxypropyl-cellulose (Klucel)19. Methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethyl are not good at adhering to smooth-surface papers or matboard18, but it has good aging and does not tend to yellow over time. The hydroxypropyl-cellulose is a stable product with a lower adhesive capacity than methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose. It has a particular advantage, which can be used in polar organic solvents, avoiding water in certain paper supports19.Natural adhesives are frequently use in restoration of cellulose supports especially starch, either from wheat, rice, or corn depending on the material to bondTaking into account that starches can be easily colonized by microorganisms, the natural presence of daidzein make Kudzu a promising product to be used as biocide or resistant, especially in paper restoration.Pueraria Lobata) in the conservation of Cultural Heritage used, firstly, as a novel adhesive product for paper restoration. Its performance will be compared with the most used starches in this field  evaluating their capacities.Despite these characteristics, Kudzu has never been used in the field of restoration and conservation of artworks. In this light, the main goal of this initial stage of study is to test the feasibility of Kudzu  and amylopectin , representing approximately 98–99% of the dry weight. Starches contain between 20 and 30% amylose, although there are exceptions and each type of starch has its own proportions. These polymers have the same basic structure but differ in their length and degree of branching, which ultimately affects their physicochemical properties10.Starch is not really a polysaccharide, but the mixture of two, amylose .In the commercial starches used in restoration (Lineco) appeared between 3 and 5 different types of colonies, on the contrary, in the Kudzu dish between 2 and 3 types of colonies were found  followed by the rice starch Sigma with 19 CFU. The most damaged starches against the biological attack were Lineco brand.In all cultivated starches (except for Kudzu) the microbiological growth started at the fourth day. In contrast, Kudzu colonization started the fifth day, showing not only less colonization but also a great inhibitory effect.It is necessary to mention that during the growth in the laboratory it was found that the corn starch lost consistency the fourth day because of the drying of the starch. However, even so, there was microbiological growth in it.21.These compounds can be harmful to the work and toxic to the operator.A common practice is to add antifungal to starch pastes, foreseeing these unwanted colonization’sTherefore, the non-addition of other fungicidal compounds in starch could be contemplated, if the biocidal capacity of the implicit daidzein in Kudzu was confirmed in subsequent microbiological investigations.22. Thanks to this analysis, significant differences were found between starch adhesives.SEM analyses were carried out to evaluate the reversibility of the application of the starches, an important point in restoration of artworksRegarding the rice starch, it was evenly distributed over the entire surface and even penetrating to inner layers of the paper. Specifically, in the Lineco rice starch, the SEM image before the elimination, determined a paste of adhesive evenly distributed on the surface Fig. a, but wiLineco wheat starch applied on paper is placed in lower layers Fig. d, leavinCorn starch generated granules throughout the cellulose layer and a partial coverage of the surface was observed Fig. e. After Finally, the Kudzu starch created a 100% coverage Fig. b, also hIt is necessary to take into account that starch removal procedure had some side effects on the conservation of paper fibres. Indeed, in spite of the fact that starch removal through cotton swabs is considered a non-aggressive method, SEM images proved that several fibres were damaged by friction.Kudzu starch is an almost pure compound  that is extracted and processed in a natural and sustainable way providing a high-quality product. This quality is obtained without purification processes, which cheapens the final product. It can be easily purchased in the market and has a similar price to Lineco starches. During the manipulation of the starch, it was observed how Kudzu starch can be able to adapt to different uses or supports and is stable in the time, maintaining its uniformity and reducing its volume slightly. Moreover, although all the test was made in the same concentrations of starches, it could be possible to observe how Kudzu paste could create rigid gel with a great consistency and using lower concentration of starch.Focusing in the analytical results, all of them pointed out Kudzu starch as a better alternative to the most common used starches. Compared to other starches, Kudzu reported the best results in terms of colour stability, being less affected by the UV radiation. Kudzu also provides a good symbiosis between adhesive and support presenting a good adhesive capacity. Although its adhesion power is not as strong as the one provided by Lineco rice (94%), Kudzu starch can be used for other supports or materials that require different adhesion capacity or are more fragile. Therefore, ensured the best performances in terms of reversibility in comparison with the other studied starches. For that reason, Kudzu is a better option also in these aspects. Finally, the antimicrobial component (daidzein) included in Kudzu starch seemed to be a very beneficial compound to prevent or minimize microorganism’s colonization on several supports.In view of all these analytical results, the conclusions from this kind of preliminary study suggests that Kudzu starch could be employed in the field of paper conservation and in the protection of Cultural Heritage in general as cleaner, resistance to biological colonization or/and consolidant for different supports.However, further studies need to be carried out in the future to analyse more in depth all its properties and potential applications, like the microbiological field.The most usual starches commercialized within the field of paper restoration have been selected to carry out comparison analysis. Rice and wheat starches were selected from Lineco , one of the major companies in the production and distribution of conservation products.In order to compare with high purified starches as standard of the maximum level of quality for its characterization, also starches  with laboratory quality were selected. In this sense, rice and wheat have been selected to the comparison. In this sense, Corn starch although it is the least used, has been considered important to include in this study.23.The Kudzu starch powder was supplied by the company Mitoku Company from Japan. This company certifies that their organic product is obtained by extracting the root of Kudzu manually and ecologically, a process that lasts approximately 3 monthsTaking all of these into account, the Kudzu starch was compared with 2–3 starches and two qualities : Lineco rice, Lineco wheat, Sigma-Aldrich rice, Sigma-Aldrich wheat and Sigma-Aldrich corn. For this study, all the starches pastes were prepared at the same concentration and with the same cooking methodology giving rise to different pastes Fig. .Figure 624.The paste was made with 20 ml of cold MiliQ ultrapure water mixed with 4 g of powdered starch, stirring this until the starch dissolved. Each mixture was placed for 30 s in the microwave at 900 W, the mixture was stirred and repeated again 30 s at 900W2, air temperature of 27 °C and a Black Standard Thermometer (BST) of 55 °C.The accelerated aging process allows to analyse the chromatic and adhesion changes of the two most common starches: wheat and rice, comparing them with Kudzu starch. For this purpose, a Solarbox HR 1500e camera  was used with specific parameters such as: ultraviolet (UV) filter (window glass) at 310 nm, a relative humidity (RH) of 62%, irradiance of 50 W/mThe test was carried out according to the UNE-EN ISO 11341:2005 norm that systematizes artificial weathering and exposure to artificial radiation of paints and varnishes. It was decided the use this norm because of the lack of a specific regulation for these specific materials.24. The paper used in the accelerated aging process was Fabriano Disegno  4 paper, smooth texture sheet with 220 g produced with 100% cellulose Elemental Chlorine Free (E.C.F.). Three layers of adhesive were applied to each of the samples by brush, once the paste temperature had decreased. After applying the starches, the samples were naturally dried for 24 h and then introduced in the aging chamber. The evaluate the chromatic behaviour of each starch, experiments were performed in triplicate. To consider the UV effect, half of each sample was covered  every 48-h and up to 350 h, obtaining the parameters  within the space (CIELab). The measurements of the samples were determined due to the spectrophotometer spot, not being smaller than 2.5 cm × 5 cm.The starch powder was pressed to ensure homogeneity in the results of the chemical analyses. For this process identical pellets of each starch were made using 0.2 g of powder starch that were introduced in a press and were applied 7.0 bar of pressure during 15 s.2 areas). The used software was M4 Tornado .The M4 Tornado energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer  was used for the elemental analysis. It is equipped with a micro-focus side window Rh X-ray tube powered by a low-power HV generator and cooled by air. It was used a voltage of 40 kV, a current of 600 μA and 100 s of live time for the spectral acquisitions. The vacuum was achieved with a diaphragm pump MV 10 N vario-b. The final focus was carried out by a video-microscope with high magnification (1 mm−1 (non-changeable) with a mean spectral resolution of 3.5 cm−1. Data acquisition was carried out by the Bwspec 3.26 software package and the analysis of the results was undertaken by the Omnic 7.2 software (Nicolet). In both analyses, a random grid of five points was carried out in the surface of each pellet in order to obtain representative results.The molecular characterization of the selected starches was made using an InnoRaman ultramobile Raman spectrometer . The excitation wavelength was 785 nm  and the dispersed Raman signals were measured by a Peltier cooled CCD detector. The spectrometer was supplied with a probe head connected to a micro camera focusing with magnifications of 20× and 50×. The spectra were collected in the spectral range of 100–3,000 cm26. This was carried out using the Instron 5,967  tensioning equipment with pneumatic clamps and a 50 N load cell. The preparation of the starch paste was made with ultra-pure water and 6% starch concentrations. It was applied on 10 sheets of polyethylene terephthalate performing by the norm ASTM D1876, each one with a 241 mm × 25 mm dimensions, adhered to another sheet by the paste of each starch. In order to guarantee the representativeness of the obtained results 10 replicates of each starch were carried out. The drying of the samples was 48 h until the test and the tests was carried out in the next 24 h. The samples were evaluated between 100 to 300 mm in order to standardize and to avoid non-representative results.To evaluate the adhesive capacity a tensiometer was used to determine the force used in the detachment of sheet with the starches by a T-peel adhesion testMicrobiological growth by a sedimentation process was performed in order to evaluate a preliminary way and as a first approach to the biocidal or resistance capacity of the daidizein implicit on Kudzu, against the other starches.The different starches were prepared at 6% with ultra-pure water (using the microwave to facilitate the dissolution). Each starch paste was poured into one sterilized Petri dishes (20 mL in each one) and sealed perfectly before their exposition. In order to select the best environment, the dishes were placed in a library for 24 h to be exposed to the microorganisms that generally colonize paper materials.Subsequently, the exposed samples were sealed and transported to the laboratory where were cultivated for 10 days with a constant temperature of 26 °C. The colony forming units (CFU) were identified, quantified and measured in a Colony Counter 560 (Suntex).Samples of each different colony were stained with Lactofenol Bleu solution DC (Panreac) and visualized with a Nikon Eclipse E100 microscope at 1000×.The settlement and the rest of each of them was different, finding areas with more clumps of paste and areas with less.To evaluate the reversibility of starches it is necessary to have a microscopic view of the surface. For this purpose, it was prepared samples with Fabriano Disegno 4 paper, previously described, joining two pieces of paper of 3 × 4 cm for each studied starch, and let them dry 48 h. Then, the pieces were separated, and the remainder starch was removed with a cotton swab with ultra-pure water was used for the starch elimination. The SEM analysis was carried out through a Carl Zeiss EVO 40  that allows to visualize the mesh of the vegetable fiber of the paper, as well as, the full or not removal of the adhesive. The conditions of observation and measurement were: high vacuum, a voltage of 20 kV, and a working distance of 8–11 mm. The samples, previously metalized with gold (15 nm), were mounted on an aluminium sample holder with graphite tape  and observed and photographed at different magnifications .


The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in the development and severity of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of 4-week functional food ingredient feeding, alone or in combination, on the gut microbiota composition in diabetic rats.L. plantarum IS-10506, (6) native starch combined with beet juice, (7) native starch to which beet juice was adsorbed, (8) modified starch combined with beet juice or (9) modified starch to which beet juice was adsorbed, to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. This composition was evaluated by sequencing the PCR amplified V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated for 4 weeks with (1) native taro starch, (2) modified taro-starch, (3) beet juice, (4) psicose, (5) the probiotic The next-generation sequencing showed beneficial effects particularly of taro-starch feeding. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to health  were increased in relative abundance, while OTUs generally correlated with disease (e.g. Proteobacteria) were decreased by feeding taro-starch.The results of study show that a 4-week intervention with functional food ingredients, particularly taro-derived starch, leads to a more healthy gut microbiota in rats that were induced to be diabetic by induction with STZ. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases at a dramatic pace worldwide. The global incidence of T2D is predicted to reach 360 million cases by the year 2030 , on a prIndonesia is rich in biodiversity, including a variety of local tubers, which are currently underutilized, despite their potential functional properties, and widespread use in the past. One of these interesting tubers is Cocoyam or taro, which belongs to the monocotyledonous family Araceae (the aroids). Taro used to be an important ethnic root crop throughout Asia. It was cultivated and used as a staple crop in various parts of the humid tropics and sub-tropics, as it adapts well to different agro-climatic conditions –9. Its uRecently, in an attempt to produce functional foods aimed at low calorie and less sugar intake for T2D, D-psicose, a rare monosaccharide also known as D-allulose, is considered as a substitute for sugar with proven antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects , 14.L. plantarum IS-10506 [Probiotics are defined as “life microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, have a beneficial effect on the host” . ProbiotIS-10506 , 18, 19,Beet juice is rich in including phenolic acids, flavonoids and betalains , and beeL. plantarum IS-10506 and phytonutrients of beet juice, alone or in combination on the gut microbiota composition in streptozotocin-induced T2D rats, in a pilot-study of 1 week of feeding. The aim of the current study is to extend the data with results after 4 weeks of feeding these functional food ingredients.In a previous study (submitted for publication), we reported the effect of (modified) taro starch, psicose, the probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 was cultured and prepared as described before [Streptozotocin  was purchased from Enzo Life Science . Psicose was from Merck . d before .Because in Indonesia only the Ministry of Health and universities with a medical faculty have ethical committees (and this excludes the universities participating in this study), the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Indonesia (the most reputable committee) was chosen to assess the animal trial. All animal care procedures were conducted under the animal protocol approved by the ethical committee (Ref: 1196/UN2.F1/ETIK/2018) under approval number 18-09-1045. Male Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from the Animal Experimental Laboratory National Agency of Drug and Food Control  at 6 weeks of age and were allowed to adapt for 14 days. They were housed in individual cages and maintained with a 12-h light/dark cycle, at 21–23 °C and 55% ± 5% humidity. All rodents were given ad libitum access to water and commercially available rat normal pellet diet (NPD) purchased from local market, during a 14 days acclimatization period, prior to the dietary manipulation. Subsequently, purified Rodent Diet AIN-93 M, a modified AIN-76A standard diet (American Institute of Nutrition)  was provNative taro starch “HASIL BUMIKU” was purchased from a local supplier (Kusuka Ubiku) in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Modified taro-starch was manufactured by the autoclave-cooling method according to a modification of the method of Zhao and Lin . In brie Beet juice was adsorbed to both native and modified taro starch by absorbing beetroot juice, at a ratio of 1:1, and then drying in an oven at 40 °C for 16 h. These were prepared and fed according to the dose of beet juice of 6 ml/day, but in adsorbed beet juice form.L. plantarum IS-10506 was given by gavage at 1010 colony forming units/day.Beet juice (6 ml/day) was also provided separately, as well as in combination with native and modified starch (non-adsorbed). The probiotic Rats were first provided modified AIN-93M by replacing corn starch with the respective taro starch, and replacing sucrose and cellulose with maltodextrin. This ration was provided for 3 days, with 25% incremental increasing dose of the modified AIN . Beet juice and probiotic were added to AIN-93M diet where applicable by gavage.−1 nicotinamide in 0.9% NaCl, followed after 15 min by STZ in citrate buffer pH 4.4 (70 mg kg−1), and four days after the STZ injection, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were measured using a Freestyle glucose meter (Easy Touch GCU 3 in 1) from a puncture at the tip of the tail. The rats with a fasting glucose of ≥ 100 mg dl−1 and/or postprandial blood glucose levels of ≥ 140 mg dl−1 were considered as type 2 diabetic, and those rats which had not yet developed T2D within these 4 days were injected for the second time with 120 mg kg−1 nicotinamide and STZ in citrate buffer pH 4.4 (70 mg kg−1).Four rats in each group were allocated to the dietary treatments. Then the rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 120 mg kgAIN-93 M (control),AIN-93 M with two times in a day 3 ml psicose by gavage (psicose),AIN-93 M with two times in a day 3 ml beetroot juice by gavage (beet juice),native taro starch (native starch),modified taro starch (modified starch),native taro starch with beetroot juice adsorbed (native beet adsorbed),modified taro starch with beetroot juice adsorbed (modified beet adsorbed),native taro starch combined with two times in a day 3 ml beetroot juice by gavage (native + beet),modified taro starch combined with two times in a day 3 ml beetroot juice by gavage (modified + beet), andL. plantarum IS-10506 (probiotic).After confirmation of T2D, the 8 week old rats of 190–220 g were divided into 10 groups of n = 4 each, namely:The rats were allowed to continue to feed on their respective diets until the end of the study. Food and water intake were monitored every day. Bodyweight was monitored weekly. The average food intake per rat was calculated. Fecal pellets were collected at the end of 1 week of feeding, as well as after 4 weeks.DNA extraction of feces samples was performed using the Quick-DNA™ Fecal/Soil Microbe Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research) according to manufacturer’s instructions, using the Precellys 24 tissue homogenizer , applying 3 cycles of 30 s each, with 5 min cooling on ice in between.Illumina 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were generated and sequenced at BaseClear . In short, barcoded amplicons from the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes were generated using a 2-step PCR. 10–25 ng isolated genomic DNA was used as template for the first PCR with a total volume of 50 μl using the 341F (5′-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3′) and the 785R (5′-GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC-3′) primers appended with Illumina adaptor sequences . PCR products were purified and the size of the PCR products were checked on Fragment analyzer  and quantified by fluorometric analysis. Purified PCR products were used for the 2nd PCR in combination with sample-specific barcoded primers . Subsequently, PCR products were purified, checked on a Fragment analyzer  and quantified, followed by multiplexing, clustering, and sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq with the paired-end (2x) 300 bp protocol and indexing.q values  were considered significantly different at q < 0.05.The sequencing run was analyzed with the Illumina CASAVA pipeline (v1.8.3) with demultiplexing based on sample-specific barcodes. The raw sequencing data produced was processed removing the sequence reads of too low quality (only "passing filter" reads were selected) and discarding reads containing adaptor sequences or PhiX control with an in-house filtering protocol. A quality assessment on the remaining reads was performed using the FASTQC quality control tool version 0.10.0. Subsequently, the sequences were further analyzed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) software pipeline, version 1.9.1  for α- ahttps://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB39722).The datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Raw sequences have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive under submission number PRJEB39722:  that were different between treatment . Christensenellaceae has been shown to be enriched in individuals with low body mass index [Ruminococcaceae family (including Oscillibacter) have been well known to be involved in the production of butyrate, an important health promoting microbial metabolite [Prevotellaceae are commonly found in the digestive tracts of people who maintain a diet low in animal fats and high in carbohydrates [Phascolarctobacterium has been associated with low C-reactive protein in premenopausal women [Kruskal–Wallis analysis revealed the significant OTUs  have been shown to be increased in the mouse gut microbiota for mice switched to diets high in fat, and appear to be highly immunogenic and can potentially flourish post-treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics [Klebsiella and Escherichia-Shigella is considered to be beneficial. Moreover, a reduction in Peptostreptococcaceae, which has been shown to be over-represented in the guts of colorectal cancer patients [Starch feeding led to a reduction in RA of an uncultured species of the ibiotics , 36. Thepatients , appearsOverall, the changes in relative abundances discussed above induced by taro-starch feeding seem to be beneficial for health, although currently most of the benefits described have been through associations and not cause-and-effect relationships yet.Christensenellaceae family  in native starch and native starch combined with beet juice, and when psicose is fed (Fig. Peptococcaceae have been associated with stress in pregnant women: higher RA correlated with reduced prenatal stress [In addition to the OTUs that were significantly different in abundance upon starch feeding, Fig. ily Fig. b seemed  11 Fig. c is primfed Fig. d. Memberl stress . The RA In conclusion, particularly taro-starch feeding led to changes in the gut microbiota of the rats with induced diabetes that could be related to beneficial changes to health.


Giardia isolates genetically among patients in Chandigarh region, India. For this, nested PCR targeting fragment of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1 earlier named as GDH) gene was used. Phylogenetic analysis was done by constructing neighbor-joining tree made out of the nucleotide sequences of G. intestinalis isolates obtained in this study and with the known sequences published in GenBank.The aim of study was to characterize GLUD1 gene was amplified in 33 samples (82.5%). The product of GLUD1 gene was successfully sequenced only in 32 samples. In these samples, assemblage B was found in 27 (84.37%) samples whereas 5 (15.6%) samples had assemblage A. Among assemblage B most of them were of BIII. Therefore, genotyping of Giardia would be helpful in conducting epidemiological studies.Out of 40 samples,  Giardia intestinalis is well known intestinal parasite of humans and mammals. Giardia causes approximately 280 million cases of giardiasis worldwide annually [annually . Most ofGiardia in water or food [Giardia intestinalis is composed of eight major genotypes or assemblages (A–H) [GLUD1 (earlier known as GDH) locus has been utilized for genetic characterization of G. intestinalis isolates in vertebrates [Giardia isolates involved in its transmission by using glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) marker.Giardiasis is acquired due to ingestion of cysts of  or food . Giardiaes (A–H) . Genotypes (A–H) . These aes (A–H) . Assembles (A–H) , 5. The tebrates  hosts anGiardia positive stool samples were collected from the Routine Laboratory of Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh from August 2019 to December 2019.Forty microscopic From stool samples, DNA was extracted by using QIAmp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit  as per manufacturer’s instructions with slight modifications. The suspension was initially incubated at 90 °C for 15 min and then for another 30 min at 75 °C. DNA was eluted in 50 µl of AE buffer. DNA concentration was measured by NanoQuant (Infinite® 200 PRO NanoQuant) and stored at − 20 °C until further use.GLUD1 gene (432 bp) by using previously published primers given by Read et al. [Giardia strain, Portland 1 was used for each PCR reaction. All the precautions were taken to prevent contamination.The two-step PCR was employed for the amplification of  d et al. . The conhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast). CLUSTAL X was used to determine multiple sequence alignments. Neighbor-joining distance trees were prepared using MEGAX software (https://www.megasoftware.net/)  Fig. . BootstrThe direct links which are publicly available are as follows:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584168https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584169https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584170https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584171https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584172https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584173https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584174https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584175https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584176https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584177https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584178https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584179https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584180https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584181https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584182https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584183https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584184https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584185https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584186https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584187https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584188https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584189https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584190https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584191https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584192https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584193https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584194https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584195https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584196https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584197https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584198https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT584199GLUD1 gene was amplified in 33 samples (82.5%)  among which 18 (66.66%) were sub-genotype BIII and 9 (33.33%) were sub-genotype BIV samples whereas 5 (15.6%) samples had assemblage A. Four of them were AI subgenotype and only1 belonged to sub-genotype AII.Out of 40 samples, the samples 8.5%  and potable water resources of Northern India [.ountries . The pre studies , 9. In o studies . There arn India , 14. Butrn India . Due to Giardia intestinalis. Detection of Giardia intestinalis assemblages and sub-assemblageswould be helpful in conducting epidemiological studies.The results showed that PCR sequencing and phylogenetic analysis is an excellent molecular technique for genotyping of Giardia isolates.Present study involves only single locus for genotyping and also the sample size is less so it is difficult to interpret zoonotic potential of these isolates. Therefore, multi-locus typing data is required to differentiate between Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequence of primers and sgRNA were listed.


Excessive or insufficient levels of passive musculoarticular stiffness (PMAS) can lead to joint impairment or instability. Quantifying the PMAS may provide a better understanding of neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. The aims of the present study were multiple: first, to assess the reliability of quantifying PMAS and to collect normative data on the wrist in healthy participants, and second, to assess the effect of age and body size on PMAS. For this purpose, a total of 458 participants from 3 to 90 years old were analyzed with an electromechanical oscillation device (EOD). Passive sinusoidal movements were induced in a flexion/extension pattern in the participants' wrists, enabling an objective measurement of elastic stiffness (EL) and viscous stiffness (VI). Both the dominant and non-dominant wrists were assessed. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a sex differentiation from puberty (12–18 years old) and an increase of EL and VI from childhood to adulthood and a decrease of stiffness at old age. EL and VI values were associated with body size characteristics and age. After body size normalization, EL was no longer influenced by the variables measured. On the other hand, VI remained moderately influenced by age and body size. The current study was able to provide normative data of PMAS in the wrist of healthy participants. Assessment of passive musculoarticular stiffness (PMAS) is of a growing interest in clinical practice and sport to diagnose, prevent, or treat musculoskeletal injuries. Inadequate levels of PMAS have been associated with the occurrence of movement dysfunction, development of pathologies, and reduction in performance. PMAS can be defined as the ratio between the load applied and the deformation that occurs in a structure . To our knowledge, no normalized data of PMAS in the wrist have been acquired thus far. This study could offer such data on PMAS and provide a better understanding concerning the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders or neurological pathologies such as forearm spasticity, tremor in Parkinson's disease, wrist arthritis, or inflammation.The study was performed between July 2018 and December 2018 in Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) in Brussels and Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Healthy participants of both sex aged between 3 and 90 years old were recruited by word of mouth; advertisements in local schools, at the university, and surroundings; or investigators' acquaintances. Four hundred fifty-eight participants were enrolled in the current study. Seven were removed due to technical problems during the data collection. Among the 451 remaining participants, 148 children (72 girls and 76 boys) and 303 adults (162 women and 141 men) constituted our sample see . ChildhoFor all participants, age, height, body mass, forearm length  and forearm circumference (at the largest part of the forearm) were recorded. Wrist range of motion was measured with a goniometer in full flexion and full extension. All the measurements were taken for both sides while the participants sat with the forearm on the examination table. The dominant side was defined as the writing hand of the participant.Inspired by the work of Rack  and LehmI) on the amplitude of the elastic torque and device friction on the amplitude of the viscous torque were subtracted, respectively, from raw amplitude values. Inertia was calculated as the slope of the regression line from total elastic stiffness values vs. frequency squared. The net elastic stiffness at each frame was obtained by subtracting inertia from total stiffness. The amplitude of the elastic (EL) and viscous (VI) torque components was expressed in terms of stiffness (N m rad−1) and computed as the ratio of net torque amplitude (raw torque amplitude without the effects of inertia or friction) to wrist displacement. EL and VI results were expressed as the mean computed from the three measures recorded at each frequency. Elastic stiffness was represented by the intercept of the regression line fitted through points (elastic stiffness vs. frequency) and expressed in N m rad−1. Viscous stiffness was represented by the slope of the regression line fitted through points (viscous stiffness vs. frequency) and expressed in N m s rad−1 . Only the first harmonic, corresponding to the gripping handle oscillation frequency, was preserved. The amplitude and phase shift of the torque signal relative to the displacement signal were computed. The amplitude of the torque response that is in phase with the wrist displacement is called the elastic torque and the one that is 90° out of phase with the displacement is called the viscous torque. The influence of combined gripping handle and hand inertia ( s rad−1 .1-T2-T3-T4). All measurements were performed on the dominant limb, defined as the writing hand of the participants. The total duration of one assessment lasted 195 s, with 1 min of rest between each assessment.Intra and inter-reliability were tested by two operators assessing each participant twice in one session . The order of frequencies was randomized to avoid pattern prediction.Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. A two-way random intraclass correlation coefficient  was used to assess interoperator reliability, and a two-way mixed ICC  was used to calculate intraoperator reliability. Following the Shrout and Fleiss classification, ICCs > 0.75 were considered excellent, those between 0.4 and 0.75 were moderate, and those <0.4 were weak . The minimal detectable change (MDC) was then calculated as follows (Equation 2):where SD represents the standard deviation, z value for the 95% CI and √2 is used for the variance of two measurements  was used to establish dominance effect on PMAS in all participants.To eliminate the body size effect, EL and VI values were also normalized following Hof  equationg represents gravitational acceleration, and α denotes the angular acceleration.where EL represents elastic stiffness values, g denotes the gravitational acceleration, ω represents the angular velocity, and α denotes the angular acceleration.where VI represents de Viscous stiffness values, Next, seven groups of ages were determined: 3–6, 6–12, 12–18, 18–25, 25–45, 45–65, and 65–90 years old for the following statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis was used on the dominant limb and results are expressed as mean ± SD. Two-way ANOVA was used to establish the effect of age and sex on stiffness.Xi variables), and stiffness variables (Yi), a polynomial regression (first or second order) was adjusted. The choice of order was verified by the highest r and significant p-value. The coefficients r were classified as follows: 0–0.25 = very low, 0.26–0.49 = low, 0.5–0.69 = moderate, 0.7–0.89 = high, and 0.9–1.00 = very high. The significance level was fixed at p = 0.05.To characterize the association between age, height, body mass, sex, forearm circumference, forearm length, ROM flexion, ROM extension  and VI (0.17 N m s rad−1). All the MDC values are shown in Eighty-six participants , ranging in age from 5 to 90 years old (29.58 ± 16.8 years), were included in the reliability study. Intraoperator reliability  was excep = 0.069; Dominant  = 1.33 (0.85–1.96) N m rad−1; Non-dominant = 1.30 (0.84–1.89) N m rad−1] and VI . As dominance showed no significant interest, further analysis was only made on the dominant side.No significant difference was observed between dominant and non-dominant wrist in EL [p = 0.893) and 6- to 12-year-olds (p = 0.951) showed no significant differences between males and females concerning EL and VI values. The 12–18, 18–25, 25–45, 45–65, and 65- to 90-year-old groups showed higher EL and VI values in males than females . All age group relationships are illustrated in VI stiffness showed a similar pattern than EL with an increase of values from childhood to adulthood and a decrease of values after the 45- to 65-year-old group. However, normalized VI values kept the same evolution after removing the height, body mass, and forearm length influences. Also, normalized VI values did not show any sex differences  were adjusted between normalized and not normalized stiffness and body size characteristics .EL was highly associated to height, body mass, and forearm circumference. It was moderately correlated to age, forearm length, and ROM flexion. VI was highly associated to height, body mass forearm circumference, and forearm length. It was moderately associated to age and ROM flexion. After normalization, EL was no longer influenced by age or body size. However, normalized VI remained moderately associated to age, forearm circumference, and ROM flexion .Our results showed normative data of PMAS in 451 healthy participants ranging from 3 to 90 years old. EOD showed excellent intra- and interoperator reliability in a healthy population between 5 and 90 years old. Our results also suggest that body size characteristics such as height, body mass, and forearm circumference are the most influencing factors for EL and VI components. After eliminating the effect of body size, we observed that aging seems to impact VI rather than EL.Our results showed excellent intra- and interoperator reliability of the EOD in healthy participants of 5 to 90 years old. Lobet et al.  showed cOur study reported no difference in PMAS between the dominant and non-dominant wrist. Several publications showed higher passive stiffness in the dominant upper limb  but also articular structures such as the joint capsule, ligaments, skin, and fat tissues. It seems thus impossible to isolate the impact of age from the many other factors that vary through the life of a subject . (2) Children were classified by chronological age and not by maturation rate. As is known, the growth rate differs from boys and girls, and this could have biased our results, “childhood” must, therefore, be defined with caution. (3) PMAS was assessed in both flexion/extension muscle groups, providing a general non-specific PMAS for the wrist. However, PMAS of the wrist is mostly provided by fingers and thumb muscles  We did not record muscle activity during acquisitions. EMG could have been used to make sure that the muscle was inactive (Andonian et al., Developing further clinical trials might provide better guidelines concerning neurological disorders such as spasticity. PMAS could also play a major role in the assessment of many musculoskeletal dysfunctions (Blackburn et al., In surgical practice, EOD might assist the clinician, for example, in tendon lengthening or to measure tremor reduction by means of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (Shapiro et al., In conclusion, EOD permits quantifying PMAS reliably and reproducibly. EL and VI stiffness are mostly explained by body size characteristics, like height, body mass, and forearm circumference. Age variable is moderately associated with stiffness. After body size normalization, EL was no longer influenced by the variables measured. On the other hand, VI remained moderately influenced by age and body size. EOD provides normative data in a large sample of healthy participants that can be used as a reference for pathological disorders in neurological or musculoskeletal fields or in surgery.The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité d'ethique Hospitalo-Facultaire de l'UCLouvain. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin.CD, BH, and PM originated this project. CD previously worked in the field. BH developed the device. CD supervised the work while AN, GE, and TL conducted the experiments. AN wrote the manuscript and realized the statistical analysis under the supervision and advice from CD. All authors discussed the results and actively contributed to the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


With the rising number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions, revision ACL reconstructions are becoming increasingly common. A revision procedure may be performed to improved knee function, correct instability, and facilitate a return to normal activities. When performing a revision reconstruction, the surgeon decides between a single-stage or a two-stage revision. Two-stage revisions are rarely performed, but are particularly useful when addressing substantial tunnel-widening, active infection, and concomitant knee pathology . Among these potential scenarios requiring a two-stage revision, tunnel-widening is the most common cause; the first stage involves graft removal, tunnel curettage, and bone grafting, followed by revision ACL reconstruction in the second stage. The purpose of this article is to review the preoperative planning, surgical considerations, rehabilitation, and outcomes of two-stage revision ACL reconstructions and summarize the recent literature outlining treatment results. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction rates have increased over the past 20 years to roughly 200,000 per year . As thisRevision ACLR surgeries can be mainly divided into one-stage and two-stage procedures. Two-stage revision ACLR typically involves an initial bone-graft procedure—to fill the widened or misplaced tunnels—and subsequent time to allow for the bone graft to heal sufficiently before the second stage is undertaken . A relatTo date, the literature on revision ACLR surgery has primarily focused on comparing the outcomes to those of primary ACLR. While one-stage revision ACLR is well described and reported, few studies have reported the outcomes of two-stage revision ACLR. For the aforementioned reasons, in this review, we will provide an overview of two-stage revision ACLR in the following order: preoperative planning, surgical considerations, rehabilitation, outcomes, and conclusions.Preoperative planning for revision ACL surgery is essential for a successful outcome. The important stages in assessing a patient with failed ACL surgery include history, patient selection, physical examination and investigations, choice of graft, surgical technique, and rehabilitation . Major rAn active infection should be treated with irrigation and debridement with confirmation of eradication  before a patient has a new graft and implant put in place. Similarly, a patient with a loss of more than 5° of extension or 20° of flexion of knee motion should be considered for lysis of adhesions and manipulation under anesthesia followed by rehabilitation , 10.Tunnel orientation and size are the most important causes related to the two-stage procedure, as these enlarged tunnels may complicate graft placement and fixation , 12. AltCurrently, the “gold standard” for measuring tunnel size is the computed tomography (CT) method. Studies have shown that CT outperforms magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographs in both inter- and intra-observer reliability for evaluating tunnel-widening , 15. WhePrevious literature has reported that if the tunnel size exceeds 10–15 mm, two-stage surgery should be performed. However, an absolute threshold for how much tunnel-widening and bone loss is acceptable to undergo a single stage with an intraoperative bone graft prior to drilling has not been established , 16–19. Autograft bone, either from the iliac crest or anterior tibial plateau, is still considered the gold standard source for grafting because of its osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic properties. Clinically, many authors have reported good results for two-staged revision ACLR using autograft bone , 11. ThoRecently, a technique for sterilizing musculoskeletal allografts using supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) has been developed . In theoSilicate-substituted calcium phosphate (Si-CaP), which represents a synthetic, porous bone-graft substitute, may also be an appropriate bone-graft substitute –30. Si-CThe optimal and earliest possible timing of the two-stage procedure is still not clear. Typically, a staged procedure requires an average delay of 4 to 6 months to allow for the bone defect to heal , 18, likThere has been a long-standing debate as to whether an autograft or an allograft should be used for revision ACLR. A decision that will often depend on the graft used during the primary ACLR. However, many authors prefer using an autograft for revision ACLR when possible. According to the result of the multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) Group, the risk of graft re-rupture following revision ACLR in patients receiving an autograft is 2.78 times less likely than in those receiving an allograft . Noyes ePatient age and activity level are also important factors when deciding on graft choice for revision procedures. Allografts may be well suited for recreational athletes older than 30 years of age, but autografts may be a better choice for younger athletes who wish to return to higher-level athletics .Secure graft fixation is critical in ensuring a successful two-staged ACLR. Because of weak bone from bone-grafted tunnels or enlarged tunnels, the surgeons should pay careful attention to the fixation methods and consider double fixation in all revisions . The insNumerous studies have reported that additional procedures  reconstruction) could be a meaningful option in cases of revision ACLR to improved rotatory stability which is associated with re-injury.Trojani et al.  have repn = 45) and the revision ACLR group in combination with ALL reconstruction (n = 42). They observed that revision ACLR in combination with ALL reconstruction significantly reduced rotational laxity and showed a higher rate of return to the same level of sports activity than revision ACLR alone, although there were no significant differences in anterior laxity or functional test results between the two groups.Lee et al.  reportedIn the immediate postoperative period, the weakest part of any ACLR is the fixation. After 6 to 12 weeks, failures tend to occur in mid-substance . Some auRehabilitation after the initial bone-grafting stage shares similarities with standard ACLR protocols . The iniFew studies report the outcomes of two-stage revision ACLR alone. Current studies report an average-low failure rate of 3.6% (wide range of 0–8.1%) for utilizing two-stage revision ACLR , 42, 43 Thomas et al.  reportedFranceschi et al.  evaluateUchida et al.  evaluateOne comparative cohort study reported that objective outcomes and subjective patient scores and satisfaction were not significantly different between one-stage and two-stage revision ACLRs and both groups had significantly improved objective outcomes and patient subjective outcomes without notable differences in failure rates . They obDiermeier et al.  reportedIn active young patients, failed primary ACLR may require a revision ACLR. Two-stage revision ACLR should be considered in cases of tunnel lysis, infection, malalignment, meniscal deficiency, or chondral lesions. A two-stage procedure is technically more demanding than the primary or one-stage procedure and outcomes are potentially inferior, especially for active patients who make a high demand on their bodies. However, with precise indications, proper preoperative planning and operative-technique selection, two-stage revision ACLR can achieve favorable outcomes.


Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical/Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical MedicineTitle: Synanthropic rodents as virus reservoirs and transmittersVol.53:e20190486: 2020 - Page: 4/11 - doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0486-2019Coronaviridae family; Letovirinae, which has one subgenus, Milecovirus, found only in frogs and a sea hare thus far115, and Orthocoronavirinae, which is found in birds and mammals, and is divided into four genera due to the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the viruses53,116.”Here is the form in which the information is found: “According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, two subfamilies belong to the Coronaviridae family; Letovirinae, which has one subgenus, Milecovirus, found only in frogs (Microhyla fissipes) thus far115, and Orthocoronavirinae, which is found in birds and mammals, and is divided into four genera due to the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the viruses53,116”It should be read: “According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, two subfamilies belong to the


A Materials Acceleration Operation System (MAOS) is designed, with unique language and compiler architecture. MAOS integrates with virtual reality (VR), collaborative robots, and a reinforcement learning (RL) scheme for autonomous materials synthesis, properties investigations, and self‐optimized quality assurance. After training through VR, MAOS can work independently for labor and intensively reduces the time cost. Under the RL framework, MAOS also inspires the improved nucleation theory, and feedback for the optimal strategy, which can satisfy the demand on both of the CdSe quantum dots (QDs) emission wavelength and size distribution quality. Moreover, it can work well for extensive coverages of inorganic nanomaterials. MAOS frees the experimental researchers out of the tedious labor as well as the extensive exploration of optimal reaction conditions. This work provides a walking example for the “On‐Demand” materials synthesis system, and demonstrates how artificial intelligence technology can reshape traditional materials science research in the future. A Materials Acceleration Operation System (MAOS) is designed for on‐demand materials discovery and synthesis. A fusion of collaborative robots, big data, virtual reality and reinforcement learning algorithms is utilized to optimize the synthesis process autonomously. Various nanomaterials with demand properties are synthesized efficiently by MAOS, indicating the vast potential of the robotic revolution in future materials research. The experimental laboratory, as the demo stage before the industrial assembly line, requires a more complicated degree of variables and operations to reach the localized or delocalized pattern optimizations, for the functional properties. Usually, this kind of optimization processing requires a tremendous workforce, along with the side effects like safety and reproduction. There is a long history for the machine endorsed chemistry laboratory scheme, as early as Leonard Da Vinci's time.Here, we report our intelligent robotics system Materials Acceleration Operation System (MAOS), for “On‐Demand” materials synthesis and scientific discovery. MAOS is of the E‐commerce typical like eBay or Alibaba, the user ordered the materials online, and then MAOS deliver it. A virtual lab was developed to provide a safe and practical way for man–machine interaction to train MAOS for the new experimental operations. Collaborative robot and flow chemistry system are in good cooperation for higher efficiency and degree of automation. Extensive data rate communication between lab and mobile devices works under the 4G/5G network. We include typical experiments for both of the scientific discovery and quality assurance; the synthesis of broad coverage of inorganic photoluminescent (PL) quantum dots (QDs) can sufficiently satisfy the “On‐Demand” request.2FigureAs shown in 2.1FigureThe workflow of “On‐Demand” materials synthesis could be described as data and matter flow throughout various Spaces, shown in 2.2FigureMAOS provides two efficient ways for users to communicate with the system, through UI‐Web (UI: user interface) or UI‐VR devices. The UI‐Web built on cloud server has two channels for the users and sellers , respectively. The interface for users is similar to an online shopping website like eBay or Alibaba; users can search target materials according to the request on materials properties, like the bandgap, then order after the price checking . MAOS will first generate the operation recipe once received the order, if the synthesis plan of the target material is in the record, MAOS then started the synthesis automatically; if the experiment is new to MAOS, the administrator can remotely operate the lab through VR and train MAOS for the whole experimental operation details. The UI–VR interface is a virtual lab and isomorphic reflection of the real lab. As shown in 2.3DRGB〉 or 〈D〉 From a well‐benchmarked machine learning scheme. Details of the analyzing algorithms were described in our previous work.The synthesis process generates high‐throughput feedback, including video frame flows and in situ spectrum by characterization modules, which occupies hundreds of million bits per second data rate. Before sent to the optimizer, these feedback data need preprocessing into certain forms by extracting demanded information to verify the learning efficiency of the optimizer. An efficient automatic analyzer for data processing is necessary for such a self‐driving system. Analyzing models for Computer Vision (CV) and spectrometer were developed for real‐time data processing. The CV analyzer based on OpenCVAs shown in Figure 2.4FigureAs shown in . Here, Th is the stable temperature controlled by H, T˙h is the temperature gradient (heating rate), Ht is the working time of H. The symbol array collected by operators can describe the arrangement of modules and reagent in both time and space domain. Five kinds of operators are utilized: “+”,“×”,“⋅”,“|”, and “∪” . By combining different module symbols and the operators, a language is developed for the communication between MAOS and the real experiments. Details of all instruction symbols, parameter vector , which indicates only the heating module (H) matters here. As shown in the blocks in Figure Th, with Ht is the working time of H; and the reaction time (t) was well affected by the sum of injection rate τ of the pump,ia, can be represented as action ai=, which are independent parameters for the optimizer. Once the experiment started, a random  parameters are initiated for step 0 as in the subscript, MAOS first collected the emission spectrum  and target FWHM (FWHMt) of synthesized materials were extracted and compared with the experimental one in the current stage; if the criterion converged, the experiment steps, or else, MAOS activated the optimizer block, updating the  to , iterated to the criterial convergence.Equations  for λt ranges from 490 to 530 nm, are shown in Figure Table can satisfy the user's demand in each ellipse plane in the 2D plot. Each ellipse was established by one to three experimental results within the region . An example of the visualization of the optimization process for a typical experiment  is inset as Figure ai= and the reward is ir =  =  . We define the loss function as L=abs(Δλ)+20*ReLu(−ΔFWHM), representing the difference from the target. L<0.5 was set as converge condition. For RL optimization, the numerical range of iTh and Ht are within and  respectively, as illustrated as the X and Y axis in Figure  (green square) was first discovered by MAOS. Then, the global searching function overcame the barrier and discovered a better‐converged parameter set  in a higher temperature region (green ellipse), which is different from cases that λt < 530 nm. As shown in Figure  along with the increase of λt is to increase both gTh and tgH. Overall, the gTh changes more than the tgH during the optimization. However, when tiH approaches the red dash line around t = 470s, the emerging of Ostwald Ripening strongly limited the further optimization of FWHM, which makes the long reaction time (large t) a forbidden choice for FWHM optimization, MAOS will turn the temperature dimension for the numerical solution. This physics picture caused the local optimal state as shown in the green square for the case λt = 530 nm. For larger λt, the search of  mainly focus in the high‐temperature region. Thus, for λt = 540 nm, there is no optimization solution bellow 200 °C; the previous local optimal solution in the high‐temperature region became the global optimal one. In this jumping process, MAOS tune the value of ith by reducing the reaction time t from 370s to near 75s, resulting in a 5 nm drop of FWHM, and the temperature increase from 195 to 225 °C, as indicated by the λt = 540 nm data in Figure t, the trend of  approaches the red dash line; however, since the high temperature can destroy the chemical bonding in QDs, the temperature range is limited, which does not allow another jumping to the solution region. Thus there is no solution for λt = 580 nm and above with the FWHM < 35 nm constrain.Statistic results of all optimal During the whole optimization, MAOS can record the parameter details, for the following task, for example, 535 nm target with 35 nm FWHM, as shown in Table R〉 dependent subsection policy is essential for the solution of this issue to satisfy the demand on QDs of large radius.Even though the above solution is of a pure numerical style, it still reveals insightful information inside the optimization details. We now understand that it is challenging to synthesize the large size QDs with narrow size distribution due to the limitation of the nucleation theory as discussed above,cη constant for different η value . The experimental setup in MAOS is shown in FigurePrevious work reported that the additional injection during the growth could significantly improve the size distribution.R〉) and FWHM with η and τ dependence which looks like chaos at a first glimpse. For the two cases  and , as shown by the empty and solid cube in Figure R〉 when 〈R〉 < 4.4 nm, for 〈R〉 > 4.4 nm, the FWHM from  strategy results in more narrow FWHM and QDs quality. This experimental phenomenon indicates that the injection interval τ can be an efficient operational parameter in the MAOS to optimize the size‐dependent FWHM. We reset the τ value extending to the  and  cases, as shown in the empty and solid triangle in Figure FWHM = 22(2log2)σ, the analytic model of the  correlated 〈R〉~FWHM dependence can be derived asThe difference from Figure 0 is a constant, 〈R〉t and 〈R〉0 is the average radius at time t and initiate state, µ is the distribution length defined in the reaction domain of each injection, the detail of the derivation is in Section S7 (Supporting Information). Figure 〈R〉~FWHM plots, as mentioned in the previous part. The chaos‐like discrete experimental data can be well fitted by Equation R〉 dependent FWHM optimization. Due to the well‐integrated modules in MAOS, the plentiful parameter spaces cooperated hardware can afford long‐time consistent work with high precision and reproduction, provides more possibilities for discovering new physical and chemical properties than the traditional experimental operation. With the sufficient high‐quality experimental data, MAOS can work as an excellent platform for inspiring in‐depth understanding from theoretic level, as shown in Equation Here ξ4To conclude, MAOS was systematically architectured with language, compiler, and operation modules. For the general experiments, MAOS can separate the human‐being from the lab location through the VR‐robot interaction through the 4G/5G network, and for the post‐trained experiments, MAOS can finish the experimental task by fully automatic procedures with AI assured quality control, reducing the time cost to 1/20. We also highlighted the robustness of MAOS for optimizing both the emission wavelength and FWHM quantities in CdSe QDs. A theoretical description for the wavelength dependent optimal strategy can be derived and fed back to MAOS, which makes the “On‐Demand” synthesis feasible for the optoelectronic QDs more than CdSe . MAOS provides a transparent paradigm for future materials science, which is of more safety, efficiency, and intelligence.5. Here S denotes the set of state s, which is the set of all reaction parameter and an experimental result that has been experimented. State at timestamp i is denoted by is = {a0,r0,…, ia,ir}; A denotes the set of action ia. In the context of reaction optimization. A is the combinations of reaction parameters, such as reaction time and temperature. Action at timestamp i is denoted by ai= ;{Pas} denotes the state transition probability, here asp decides what action a to make under the experimental condition s. This action decision policy is denoted by π; R denotes the reward function under state S and action A. In the environment of reaction optimization, the reward at timestamp i is denoted by ri=, the reward function denotes the mapping ir = R(ia). At a specific experimental condition ia is mapped to get the difference between the experimental and the target then get the reward ir.The parameters for the RL modules in AI space in this work is of the form like i with the previous state si − 1, the policy function decides the action to make by ia = π(si − 1). Then, continue the experiment with ia, and get the reward ir = R(ia). For the MAOS, architecture, the state could be updated by is = si − 1 ∪ {ia, ir}. Policy function π performs local optimizations around the best conditions while searching for unexplored regions to ensure global optimality. For local optimization, the action is decided by searching from the best condition with a full quadratic model. For example, an action could be decided by approximately minimizing the local quadratic model. q (a)=rbest +gT(a−abest)+12(a−abest)TG(a−abest), where g and G are the gradients and the symmetric matrix estimated, respectively. For a timestamp For the global optimization, the action is decided by searching simultaneously in several promising subregions. For example, the reaction space is partitioned into sub‐boxes each contains a history state.a={12(ai_+ai), if ai−ai_>ai¯−ai12(ai¯+ai), otherwise, where  is one of the largest sub‐boxes of the current partition with history action ia inside. The actions selected will finally be rounded into the nearest integral multiple of the resolution vector Δa, which is decided by the physics condition of reaction parameters  = , iTh and tiH are the heating temperature and heating time, respectively). A specific reaction parameter Δja large enough can be made, then the local optimization would have little influence on this dimension because of the round procedure. For global search mentioned above, new actions would be selected in the most massive sub‐boxes.Tableθ is defined as the vector that concludes all adjustable parameters asθ vector delivers orders to all the modules in MAOS for the given project, and it also guarantees the repeatability for the typical task. The materials, like reagents, are also parametrized to make the whole system digitalized. iR is defined the liquid reagent, as iR = . Ris the solid reagent, as Ris= . Here v is the volume of liquid reagent, w is the weight of solid reagent, i is the serial number of the reagent in database. MAOS conduct the experimental operation by combining the parameter spaces of modules and the chemical reagent, and an operator is essential to connect the two parameters space. As shown in TableR1 · SP1 can be interpreted as MAOS transfer the liquid chemical R1 by the first Syringe pump, as indexed SP1 from Table The The authors declare no conflict of interest.Supporting InformationClick here for additional data file.Supplemental Movie 1Click here for additional data file.