Hereditas in 1920. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Hereditas’s hundred-year existence, focusing on the conditions for a learned society to publish a scientific journal, and the journal’s importance for the publication and dissemination of genetic research. The article focuses on the historical development of the journal and analyses how the content and orientation of research published in Hereditas have changed over the years.The Mendelian Society of Lund launched Hereditas archive. The bibliometric analyses are based on bibliographic metadata from Web of Science (WoS). Together with descriptive statistics, co-citation analyses were performed by using BibExcel, in combination with the clustering and visualisation tool VOSviewer. Journals with articles citing Hereditas articles were identified as a complement to the co-citation analyses.The historical study is based on the collation and interpretation of archival material, mainly held in the Mendelian Society’s archive, which includes the Hereditas was primarily intended for Swedish geneticists; a Scandinavian period, 1960–1988, when Hereditas was the official journal of the Scandinavian Association of Geneticists; and an international period from 1989 onwards. The original decision that Hereditas should cover genetic research with no particular specialisation was retained throughout. Its publications demonstrate the continuing presence of genetic research on plants and animals, albeit with a shifting focus, while human genetics emerged slowly and reached its peak in the period 1960–1988.The history of the journal falls into three main periods: a local period, 1920–1959, when Hereditas’s existence, the publishing landscape has changed dramatically, including a far greater number of specialist journals, changes to the academic merit system, new commercial models for publishing, and digitalisation. Over the years, the journal’s survival has therefore been dependent on the strong commitment of its owners and an ability to adapt to changing conditions.In the hundred years of  For centuries, scientific publications have served as tools for scientific communication. They have stored and disseminated research results among scientists working in various geographic and intellectual contexts; they have helped to establish and develop scientific networks; and they have served as agents of exchange between learned societies and individual researchers . ScientiJournal de Sçavans and Philosophical Transactions, periodicals and publishing cultures alike have undergone significant changes. This was also true of Hereditas, which was founded by the Mendelian Society of Lund in 1920 [Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre, the Journal of Genetics, the Journal of Heredity, and Genetics—it reflected the rapid development of genetics in Sweden as in several other Western countries.Hereditas was primarily intended for the publication of scientific papers by Swedish geneticists. However, in 1960 it became the official journal of the newly founded Scandinavian Association of Geneticists, and it went on to become a fully international scientific journal in the late 1980s. Today it is an online open access journal issued by BioMed Central (BMC), a publisher owned by Springer Nature. Hereditas is thus not only one of the oldest scientific journals of genetics, it has also been part of the changing field of scientific publishing.However, over the long history of scientific publishing, starting in the second half of the seventeenth century with the Hereditas’s evolution over its century of existence, focusing on the conditions that pertained for a learned society publishing a scientific journal in the twentieth century, and on the journal’s importance for the publication and distribution of genetic research. It falls into two parts. The first describes Hereditas’s historical development as the Mendelian Society of Lund’s chief publication. Since the journal was born out of the local conditions for genetic research, the article will begin with a brief overview of such research in Sweden in the early twentieth century, followed by Hereditas’s progression from local publication to international journal. The second part uses bibliometric methods to analyse how the content and orientation of the research published in Hereditas have changed over the years. Further, the article is structured around three main periods: 1920–1959, when Hereditas was intended as a vehicle for Swedish scientists ; 1960–1988, when it was a Scandinavian journal; and 1989–2019, when it became an international journal.This article will give an overview of Hereditas archive. The material for the journal’s early period is comprehensive and publicly available, while there is less material covering the later years, which largely remains in the hands of the Mendelian Society. The historical overview thus centres on Hereditas’s early development.The empirical material for this article is mainly drawn from the archive of the Mendelian Society of Lund, which includes the Hereditas for the period 1920–2019 were retrieved using the ‘Publication Name’ search field, and the results of the search were downloaded. Descriptive analyses of the data then identified the number of publications per year, the languages of the publications on a yearly basis, and the author affiliation and country for scientists who published in Hereditas.The bibliometric analyses are based on bibliographic metadata from Web of Science (WoS). All the issues of Hereditas articles, co-citation analyses were performed on the references cited in the articles. Co-citation analysis [Hereditas, journal co-citation analysis was selected [To establish the research orientations of the analysis , 4 is anselected .Hereditas publications, specifically as information about the journal in which the citing article was published. This was then analysed to establish the number of times various journals occurred together in the Hereditas articles’ list of references. This information was statistically analysed using clustering routines, and was also used for a visualisation technique where co-occurrence frequencies are used as proximity measures in a network analysis. These analyses were performed using a clustering and visualisation tool called VOSviewer [Using BibExcel software for bibliometric analyses , the refOSviewer .Hereditas articles, the closer they are to each other on the map. The extent to which journals were related to one another was also determined using the clustering routine in VOSviewer, which in the map is represented by the colour of the nodes. For journals represented by the same colour, a statistical relationship has thus been established.In the resulting ‘map’, the number of citations of a specific journal is represented by the size of the nodes, while the distance between the journals is determined by the co-occurrence frequencies. The more times two journals appear together in lists of references in Hereditas publications. This was done using the ‘Create Citation Report’ option in WoS, linked to the publications with references to Hereditas articles, which in turn were analysed using the ‘Analyze Results’ option in WoS.Complementary material for the co-citation analyses was gathered by identifying the most cited publications for each of the periods analysed, and by analysing which journals carried articles citing Hereditas was launched at a time when genetics was attracting increasing scientific as well as political attention in Sweden, as in many other Western countries. At plant breeding stations in southern Sweden, a young generation of botanists and breeders started to apply the rediscovered Mendelian laws of heredity in their work, and at Lund University there were lively discussions, mainly among botanists, about Mendelian inheritance, the significance of mutations, and the problems of species formation. They also found inspiration in academic institutions in nearby Copenhagen, particularly the distinguished botanist Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927), who was in contact with several of the botanists in Lund. A central figure in these circles was the botanist and geneticist Herman Nilsson-Ehle (1873–1949), who in 1900 started work as a plant breeder at the Svalöf plant breeding station outside Lund. In 1909 Nilsson-Ehle published his doctoral thesis, Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hafer und Weizen (‘Cross-breeding studies of oats and wheat’), in which he demonstrated that traits with a continuous variation were based on ‘multiple factors’ or genes, and that these genes were inherited according to the Mendelian laws. This was an important development in the theorisation of the Mendelian laws, and achieved wide international recognition.n 1857–197, who waInterest in genetics and its practical applications was not limited plant breeding. In the early twentieth century, it was eugenics that increasingly attracted the attention of academics from a variety of disciplines. After several campaigns—among them an exhibition on ‘Swedish racial types’ which in 1919 was shown in several Swedish towns—and protracted political lobbying, the eugenics network succeeded in gaining political support for the establishment of an institute for eugenics. In 1922, the State Institute for Racial Biology, affiliated with Uppsala University, was founded, with the physician and eugenicist Herman Lundborg (1868–1943) as its first director . LundborHereditas was launched in 1920, there was a growing Swedish network of geneticists, botanists, and plant breeders who were convinced they represented a new and significant research field. In 1910, they had founded the Mendelian Society of Lund ‘to stimulate interest in modern hereditary research (Mendelism) and related questions’ [Hereditas.When Hereditas was one of the Mendelian Society’s major tasks; indeed, from its inception Hereditas was the mouthpiece of a thriving circle of academic researchers and plant breeders associated with the Mendelian Society.The Mendelian Society became a gathering place for academics, plant breeders, and others with an interest in heredity. It held meetings about current topics in genetics, either taken from scientific journals or from the members’ own investigations. According to the minutes, discussions were often lively.In early 1919, the Mendelian Society decided to explore the possibility of financing a new scientific journal. It was felt it would be useful for Swedish geneticists to have their own journal where they could quickly publish their results, particularly as it was anticipated that the established scientific journals would be inundated with manuscripts now the First World War had ended.Hereditas, Genetiskt Arkiv. The editorial committee was enlarged by the election of a fourth member, Herman Lundborg—an indication that Hereditas was also to include articles concerning human genetics and eugenics.7By the end of 1919, the Mendelian Society considered that sufficient funds had been raised, and they decided the new journal would start publishing in 1920. Robert Larsson was elected editor along with an editorial committee of three: Nilsson-Ehle, the botanist Nils Heribert Nilsson (1883–1955), and the zoologist Gustav Thulin (1889–1945).The editor’s duties and responsibilities were extensive, and included reviewing manuscripts and accepting those consistent with the journal’s remit, overseeing the printing and typographic design, and holding the purse strings. His instructions were to publish manuscripts in the order in which they were received, while rejections should be decided in consultation with the editorial committee. Where manuscripts were deemed too long or too expensive to publish, he had to consult the Society’s board. The board also had to be consulted on all major financial issues. The editor’s had a freeish hand, but his position was spelt out: he was ‘the representative of the Society in everything concerning the journal, and should oversee and protect the society’s interests in this respect’.8Hereditas came out in the spring of 1920. It had eight articles, of which six concerned plant genetics and two human genetics, and all but one were written by members of the Mendelian Society. It had a print run of 1000 copies, while subsequent issues were 750. The journal’s remit was very broad: it was to publish original research about heredity. Articles should be written in English, German, or French, and communicate their findings to the international scientific community. German predominated at first, but was steadily overtaken by English, which was the commonest language by the late 1930s .Hereditas becoming a Scandinavian journal was mooted. The proposal was made by Johannsen.Hereditas was not transformed into a Scandinavian journal, articles by Scandinavian researchers were published when space allowed. In exceptional cases, even articles by geneticists outside Scandinavia were accepted. This applied to foreign guest speakers who visited the Mendelian Society and afterwards could have their presentations published in Hereditas. Anniversary issues were another exception. When in 1927 the Mendelian Society paid tribute to Johannsen on his 70th birthday with a special issue, it included several articles by prominent foreign geneticists from both Scandinavia and elsewhere.Hereditas became a tool for developing the Society’s international networks, despite being intended for Swedish geneticists in the first instance.Hereditas also received support from the government to covering expenses: after the first few issues, Nilsson-Ehle had applied for government grants on behalf of the Mendelian Society, pointing to the national importance of bringing together the results of Swedish genetic research and making them visible for the international scientific community, as well as the societal and economic benefits of applied research.Hereditas a publishing grant for its second year, and in subsequent years the Society applied for and received yearly government grants.The journal was funded by a combination of subscriptions, government grants, and income from capital. Before the Second World War, the number of subscriptions rose from an initial 275 to about 400, of which a substantial number were foreign subscribers. Subscriptions were the main source of income for the journal. However, Hereditas ran at a loss.Hereditas lost more than half of its subscribers, just as publishing costs increased and government funding decreased. To rescue the journal, the Mendelian Society had to go cap in hand to private funders.16The journal’s finances were shaky for many years. It was a constant struggle to keep the publication and distribution costs down while not increasing the price of subscriptions—which might risk losing subscribers—and maintaining the high quality of the journal. For most of the first three decades, Hereditas existed to disseminate the results of Swedish genetic research to the international scientific community. One way was to get as many overseas subscribers as possible; another, however, was to exchange publications with libraries and other scientific institutions, a standard practice since the eighteenth century. The international publication exchange system has long been a way for libraries to build their collections while facilitating the dissemination of scientific results to the scientific community [Hereditas, the board thus decided to engage in exchanges with other scientific journals if asked.Hereditas was exchanged for 15 scientific journals from various countries, some of which were given to the Department of Genetics at Lund University and some to Lund University Library. The University Library thus did not have to pay to subscribe to these journals, as the Mendelian Society pointed out in its applications for government grants.18ommunity , 12. ShoHereditas was founded, it was decided the authors should not be paid for articles, and instead they should get 100 reprints of their article for free.Parallel to the publication exchanges, there was also scientific communication on an individual basis. When The immediate post-war period was a time for rebuilding the international scientific relations interrupted by war, but it was also a time for investment in science and technology. It is generally understood that science and technology profoundly affected the course of the war; the development of antibiotics and the Manhattan Project being two of the best-known examples . In SwedAs part of this, scientific publishing came in for scrutiny. According to the government commission of inquiry that proposed creating the Swedish Natural Science Research Council, all efforts to support science would be inadequate unless measures were taken to get the results published. As the commission emphasised, the publication of science had long faced a difficult situation, as available funds could never cover rising publication costs, especially once scientific production accelerated. The commission therefore suggested scientific publications should receive increased funding, managed by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council.20Hereditas continued to obtain publication grants. Its financial situation brightened in other ways too. Several international subscribers had not been able to obtain the journal during the Second World War, and started to buy back issues. In the early 1950s, the sale of past issues was described as ‘abnormal’, which significantly improved the journal’s financial situation.Hereditas started to make a profit, and was able to pay off the debts incurred before and during the Second World War.23The funding for scientific journals thus improved, and There was a major change in 1954 when Robert Larsson resigned as editor, having held the position for 35 years. In that time he had in effect had sole responsibility for the running of the journal. In addition to the long list of responsibilities set out in his instructions when the journal was launched, he was also in charge of distribution, because he considered engaging an external agent to be far too expensive.25Hereditas had no peer review system in those days. Members of the editorial committee were sometimes consulted, but in most cases Larsson had the opportunity to decide himself what should be published [. Being a something of a recluse, Larsson ran the journal from his home, rarely leaving other than to visit the printing works. In correspondence with authors and members of the editorial committee, he could be very decided in his views about submissions, both in terms of their content and their style.Hereditas Larsson sometimes asked if Levan had anything in progress he wanted included.As editor, Larsson had had great influence over the journal. ublished . Being aHereditas.Hereditas. Changes were made to the way the journal was managed. Distribution was entrusted to a bookseller, and a co-editor was appointed to manage the finances.31In 1954, Arne Müntzing (1903–1984), Nilsson-Ehle’s successor as professor of genetics at Lund University and chairman of the Mendelian Society, succeeded Larsson as editor of Hereditas into a Scandinavian journal resurfaced. It followed on the Danish geneticist Mogens Westergaard’s proposal in 1954 to found a Scandinavian society of genetics, following a trend in science and medicine to form such international associations. However, as Westergaard noted, a Scandinavian society would inevitably involve discussions about a joint scientific periodical, and thus raise the question of whether Hereditas could be that journal.Hereditas’s future which would need careful consideration. The main issue was how to make the journal Scandinavian while retaining the Mendelian Society’s control.Hereditas as its official journal. According to its statutes, the Mendelian Society was the publisher of Hereditas and retained financial responsibility for the journal, and it was the Society which would choose the editor. However, the editorial committee was enlarged. In addition to the four from Sweden, every other Scandinavian country would appoint one member.Hereditas.Another major change in the post-war era was that the question of transforming Hereditas in terms of publishing. Since the journal was open to submissions from all the Scandinavian countries, the number of issues and published articles increased considerably. Contributions from other Scandinavian countries shot up, although the Swedish articles still dominated. In the 1960s, the number of subscribers increased steadily to stabilise at around 1100, including subscribers in several Western European countries, the US, Canada, India, and Japan.The 1960s and 1970s were kind to Hereditas should continue as a Scandinavian journal and not set out to become an international one. By maintaining the Scandinavian focus, it was said, the editor’s assessment of submissions would be significantly easier; however, the Board added, in order to lighten the editor’s load, younger researchers were requested to consult senior researchers about their manuscripts before handing them over to the editor.Hereditas’s rejection rate of less than 10% was low, explained by the fact that all the authors were Scandinavians or guest researchers at Scandinavian institutions, and well known to one another.38Despite these positive trends, the challenges of publishing became apparent in the 1970s. The growing volume of manuscripts meant far more work for the editor, and more people had to get involved. Apart from Müntzing, there was now a science image editor, Waheeb Heneen, and a secretary (who for many years was Müntzing’s wife), all of them paid a pittance for their services. The system with the editorial committee continued unchanged, and although there were discussions about introducing a system of external referees to complement the editorial board, the Society’s Board considered the pros were outweighed by the cons.In 1977, Müntzing resigned as editor and was succeeded by Arne Lundqvist (1920–1998), professor of genetics at Lund University. When Lundqvist took over, it was as part of his university duties as a professor, described as his ‘increased involvement in research supervision’.40Hereditas, Oikos, Lethaia, and Physiologia Plantarum—were all published by learned societies, and rising costs, increasing internationalisation, and the changing role of editors-in-chief and managing editors had served to make a generally precarious situation worse. The editors’ work was far greater in its scientific, editorial, and technical demands and ate up far more of their time than it ever had before, offered little or no financial incentive, and did nothing to advance their careers: no surprise, then, that it was increasingly difficult to recruit new editors. Faced with this situation, Müntzing and the others suggested that special editorial positions be established where editorships were integrated with research and the supervision of PhD students.Hereditas as part of his chair at Lund University was thus a step in this direction. The arrangement was considered as key reason for Hereditas’s healthy finances in the early 1980s, although the Mendelian Society had to pay certain compensation to the Department of Genetics every year.43That Lundquist’s editorship was now counted among his duties as a professor was in line with increasing demands in the 1970s that such commissions of trust ought to be valued as scientifically qualified undertakings.Hereditas’s fortunes started to slide in the late 1980s. The triggering factor seems to have been falling subscriptions. In the 1980s, Hereditas lost some 20% of its subscribers, and the trend accelerated towards the end of the decade.Hereditas, according to the Mendelian Society’s statutes, had to be self-sufficient. In addition to the drop in subscribers, the Scandinavian countries were no longer considered to be a sufficient basis for providing the journal with manuscripts.Hereditas should be a strictly international journal. At the same time, the editorial structure and management underwent major changes. Karl Fredga, professor of genetics at Uppsala University, was made editor-in-chief in 1989, with Lundqvist, who had retired from Lund University in 1985, continuing as editor alongside Fredga. The editorial secretary was renamed the editorial manager and was made into a full-time position, to include responsibility for distribution. A new editorial board of six was elected, each with specific expertise in different areas of genetics.After the good years, however, Hereditas’s history it was no longer just the editor or the members of the editorial committee who reviewed submissions for publication. The editorial workload was reduced, but, even more importantly, the system of external refereeing was by this time a well-established practice and considered as a way to strengthen the credibility of scientific publishing [Hereditas more attractive as an international journal was to increase the number of issues per year from four to six, as this would enable a faster publishing rate. The advantage of publishing in Hereditas, according to the new policy, would be fast publishing, high production values, and no formal limit on the length of articles.Hereditas.Another break with tradition was the appointment of external referees, which meant that for the first time in blishing . AnotherIn one respect, Hereditas becoming an international journal with a peer review process was part of the general trend for scientific publications to become part of the academic merit system, not least when assessed using bibliometric indicators, which first became standard in the 1980s, just as international journals with external reviewers evaluating submitted manuscripts became the norm for what constitutes academic publishing , 18.Hereditas in its new format was published in 1989. On the cover there was a call for papers, announcing that Hereditas was now ‘a truly international journal’. All submissions would be assessed by two independent reviewers, and the review process would be rapid yet rigorous to insure prompt publication. The ambition was to produce ‘a high-quality journal with original research papers on all aspects of genetics’; the hope was that authors would consider Hereditas for their most interesting and important results.47The first issue of Hereditas was once again dependent on publication grants. Over the next few years the subscription price was successively raised and the costs of production and distribution were reduced, leading to a better financial situation.48The journal’s renewal entailed large costs, however, and from 1991 Hereditas in 1994, he concluded that there were good reasons to hope for the future. Its transformation into an international journal had begun to take effect: there had been a shift towards more international articles in recent years. Classical genetics and cytogenetics dominated the content, while there were only a few contributions in molecular biology. The number of subscribers was still falling, but the situation was not precarious. However, the impact factor was quite low (0.616), and Hereditas was ranked 59 out of the 70 journals listed under ‘Genetics and Heredity’ by Journal Citation Reports. Despite this, the situation was not considered too alarming compared to equivalent journals such as Heredity and Journal of Heredity. As von Bothmer argued, Hereditas could never achieve the status and impact of more prestigious journals such as Genes & Development or Trends in Genetics, but should strive to become a good ‘B journal’. Another of his conclusions was that Hereditas should continue to be a general genetics journal: any attempt at specialisation would probably mean an initial decrease of subscribers, and the competition with well-established journals in specialised subfields would be stiff. That said, he also concluded there was still a need for major changes to the editorial team, and particularly the organisation of the editorial board.49When the plant geneticist and member of the Society, Roland von Bothmer, was commissioned to investigate Hereditas. Parallel with that, some changes were already underway. Lundqvist and Fredga retired, replaced as editor-in-chief in 1996 by Ulf Gyllensten, a professor of medical molecular genetics at Uppsala University, indicating that the Society hoped to extend its network of subscribers and potential authors into new disciplinary subfields. The journal was doing well and there were a fair number of subscribers.Hereditas’s future were therefore discussed, from closing down to collaboration with a commercial publisher.In the coming years, there were intensive discussions in the Mendelian Society about the future of Hereditas and a number of measures were taken which ultimately led to a new collaboration: in 2002, the Society joined forces with Oikos Editorial Office, an independent publisher at Lund University, which published several biological and ecological journals on behalf of learned societies.Hereditas, Petter Oscarsson, was employed to develop the collaboration.Hereditas were significantly rationalised. In the same year, 2002, Anssi Saura, professor of genetics at Umeå University, succeeded Gyllensten as editor-in-chief.Despite the hurdles, the Mendelian Society recognised the value of continuing to publish Hereditas’s paper edition should cease that year. Back issues would be digitised and made available as an online archive.Hereditas could continue as an open access journal, financed by publication fees paid by authors. On further investigation, the Society agreed that Hereditas should continue to be published as an online journal ‘in accordance with the Society’s interests and intentions’.Hereditas, thereby avoiding the total closure of the journal.The collaboration with Oikos Editorial Office went well and the situation improved in several respects; however, the number of subscribers never grew to the point where the journal was financially sustainable. In 2003 it became obvious that something more radical had to be done.Hereditas had to close due for financial reasons. Too few submitted papers, and consequently too few published papers, had led to a significant financial loss over a number of years [Hereditas was published, announcing that the journal was alive and well and had a new publisher, BioMed Central [Hereditas’s long history and legacy and its affiliation with the Mendelian Society of Lund, which was considered to have a good reputation and visibility. Moreover, the Society and the editors were willing and enthusiastic to develop the journal. In the publisher’s view, taking over Hereditas was an opportunity to further strengthen and expand its stable of open access journals.Hereditas, but also to the value of a learned society’s journal to a commercial publisher.The shift to online publishing began successfully enough. However, the journal now depended on fees from published articles, and in 2014, Stefan Baumgartner, professor of developmental biology and editor-in-chief since 2012, announced that of years . HoweverHereditas now offers a wider selection of articles than previously, and hopes to expand the journal’s activities in Asia and Australia [Hereditas can thus celebrate its centenary as a truly international journal of genetics.Several changes have been made since BioMed Central took over, among them the appointment of a second editor-in-chief, Professor Yongyong Shi of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, to share responsibilities with Baumgartner. ustralia . The newHereditas existed to publish original genetic research. The content has been general genetics with no specialisation. However, over the years the orientation of its articles has changed, reflecting the trends in genetic research in Sweden in the interwar period and Second World War (1920–1945) and the post-war period (1946–1959); in Scandinavia (1960–1988); and in the international community of geneticists (1989–2019).From the start, Hereditas in 1920–1945, 557 cited journals were identified, of which 92 journals cited at least five times were selected for visualisation and cluster analysis . This suggests Hereditas focused on these two aspects of heredity research in the period 1920–1945—primarily botany and to a lesser extent zoological research—whereas its coverage of research on human heredity was almost non-existent. The relative lack of clearly defined structures in the network  can probably be explained by the strong presence of generalist biology and genetics journals.Thus we find a distinction between zoology and the plant sciences/botany, where the cluster of cited journals in relation to botany is much larger .In addition to gauging Hereditas in 1928 when Wahlund was working at the State Institute for Racial Biology in Uppsala on Herman Lundborg’s large-scale project to measure the ‘racial characters’ of the Sami population in the north of Sweden [The most cited of the two with over 800 citations is Wahlund’s ‘Zusammensetzung von Populationen und Korrelationserscheinungen vom Standpunkt der Vererbungslehre aus betrachtet’ (Population composition and correlation structure considered from the viewpoint of heredity), published by f Sweden . As partHereditas in 1922, and cited over 500 times. In it Turesson introduced the concept of the ecotype to make a distinction between the hereditary and the ecological aspects of phenotypic variation within species. As with Wahlund’s thesis, Turesson’s is still being cited 10–25 times a year in the 2010s.The second most cited publication was Turesson’s PhD thesis, ‘The genotypic response of the plant species to the habitat’, published by Hereditas publications citing 11,853 references in 787 journals, of which the 125 journals cited five times or more were selected for analysis  was often emphasised in early descriptions, yet the actual number of articles that could be classified as human genetics, including eugenics, was very limited: only 5% of all articles in 1920–1959 were concerned with studies of human genetics, and the majority of them were empirical studies in population genetics, using descriptive studies of Swedish populations. Only a minority of the studies, mostly published in the early 1920s, were race biological interpretations of data by scientists affiliated with Uppsala University and/or the State Institute for Racial Biology in Uppsala. The clinical case reports were mainly descriptions of families based on observations of dominant hereditary traits.Reflecting on Hereditas publications in 1960–1988 is based on 2007 publications, citing 40,936 references in 2251 journals. The network and cluster analyses considered the 137 journals cited at least 20 times , an American journal founded in 1979 with Avery A. Sandberg as editor-in-chief, which had close connections to Scandinavian research: five of its twenty-eight-strong editorial board came from Sweden or Finland: Albert Levan, his son Göran Levan, Joachim Mark, Felix Mitelman, and Albert de la Chapelle.This was a period when articles about mutation research were frequently cited by other journals Fig. . A new aHereditas. The number of human genetics articles tripled in 1960–1988 compared to 1920–1945.This was the golden age for publishing about human genetics more generally. It coincided with the great achievements in cell and molecular biology such as the development of the phytohaemagglutinin method to study chromosomes in human lymphocytes, chromosome banding techniques, and the first attempts in molecular genetics to use Southern blotting. Furthermore, the growing interest in environmental mutagenesis, where many of the leading scientists were based in Scandinavia, led to numerous experimental and clinical studies of the effect of chromosome breaks in human cells. This, combined with the lack of specialist journals and the tradition of publishing in national journals, led to a greater interest in publishing in Hereditas in 1938. Since then, the test had been frequently used, for instance by Levan and other researchers when studying the cytogenetic effects of various chemicals. In the Fiskesjö article, the test was further developed and applied as a method for environmental monitoring. The article, which was one of several articles in Hereditas in this period that dealt with the effect of environmental pollutants on chromosomes, is an example of how an increasing concern about environmental problems has had an influence on Hereditas’s content.Yet while the overall trend in this period reflected the rise of human genetics, the most cited publication concerned the monitoring of toxic substances: Geirid Fiskesjö’s ‘The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring’, published in 1985 and cited almost 500 times since then. Albert Levan introduced the Allium test in his investigations of the effects of colchicine on chromosomes and mitosis, which had been published in Hereditas articles published in 1989–2019—and the 61,620 cited references in 3892 journals—the 196 journals cited 20 times or more were selected for network and cluster analyses (Fig. To analyse the 1621 Hereditas related to human genetics, including cancer research, and consequently there will have been few articles in Hereditas for the journals specialised in human genetics and cancer to cite. This can be compared to the journal co-citation analysis for the same period (Fig. PLOS ONE joins the journals that frequently cite Hereditas articles. PLOS ONE, founded in 2006, is an open access journal that is also a so-called mega-journal, publishing thousands—and since 2011, tens of thousands—of articles a year in all fields of science and medicine.The journal citation analysis reveals a wide range of journals, including several new ones Fig. . The numiod Fig. , which aHereditas in this period was Moritz’s ‘Conservation units and translocations: Strategies for conserving evolutionary processes’, published in 1999 and cited some 270 times. This article is primarily a survey of the field of conservation genetics, in which Moritz concentrates on the important central question of if and when individuals should be translocated from stable populations to small and therefore threatened populations. The reason for translocations is both to compensate for demographic fluctuations and to reduce the inbreeding effects that occur in small populations. Once again, the top-cited publication of the period relates to a pressing current issue, this time the conservation of biodiversity.The top-cited publication in Hereditas’s hundred-year history reflects the enormous changes in the publishing landscape. The number of publications has increased exponentially, digitalisation has fundamentally changed how journals are published, and academic publishing has become increasingly commercialised, just to name a few of the major changes [Hereditas, the Mendelian Society has had to cope with all these changes and more. It has been challenging at times, but the Society has nevertheless managed to handle it, which testifies to its strong commitment to Hereditas. changes . The edi changes , 23. As Hereditas. The point of its existence has always been to disseminate research results to the international scientific community, and, as the journal citation analysis demonstrates, articles published in Hereditas have been cited in both generalist and more specialised international journals. However, despite the growing importance of specialist journals, Hereditas seems to have preserved its character as a generalist journal with broad scope and aims.Although the Mendelian Society has strong local roots in the various institutions in southern Sweden working on genetics, it has always had an international focus. This has been of great importance for Hereditas to a structure of three largely distinct networks with research on plant, animal, and human genetics and heredity. At the same time, the distinction between the different kinds of research has been clearly identified by the cluster analyses. Whereas the increasing importance of specialist journals can safely be assumed, any conclusion that the increase in identifiable structures in the network analysis reflects an increase in specialisation among the authors of Hereditas articles would be tenuous. The issue of specialisation should also be considered, bearing in mind the Mendelian Society’s decision that Hereditas should remain a generalist genetic research journal and not specialise in one particular aspect of genetic research.There were evident changes in the network and cluster analyses over time. In terms of the maps, there is an increase of identifiable structures, going from one tight network that included most journals cited in Hereditas, and that is about the gradual emergence of human genetics from a smaller presence within a larger cluster in immediate post-war period to the formation of its own, clearly defined cluster from 1960 onwards. However, since 1989 there has also been a tendency for human genetic research to be less of a focus.There is a safe conclusion to be drawn about the research presented in


Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) was established in March 1988 as the official journal of the Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP). The journal’s mission was to serve the animal agricultural industry and academia in the Asian-Australasian region through the efficient publication and distribution of information on animal science. Since its inception, the AJAS has made tremendous contributions to the development of animal science in the Asian-Australasian region over the past 30 years. The AJAS now publishes more than 200 original articles and review papers over 12 issues per year, which is a substantial leap from 33 articles over four issues in the first few years. A more dramatic increase was observed in the number of submissions, which grew from fewer than 50 to 1,000 annually.The Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) to Animal Bioscience (AB), effective from January 2021 . We hope that this change will enhance the journal’s brand identity by providing a clearer and more distinct message, enabling the journal to draw more international readership, and providing us with a greater opportunity to encompass diverse interests of future animal agricultural science and industry in the AAAP region.To further increase its international representation, the editorial board has decided to change the title of the journal from the Animal Bioscience will continue to publish high-quality, original research and review articles in the area of animal breeding and genetics, reproduction, nutrition, products, health, welfare, and the environment. We also hope that the new title will contribute to creating and fostering new emerging areas of animal sciences. Considering our past contribution to animal industry and academia through our publications and future direction toward becoming a top archival journal, the new title will attract more attention from authors, subscribers, and readers.Animal Bioscience, beginning with the January 2021 issue . All submissions from January 2021 must be completed via the new online system (animbiosci.org). You can contact us at animbiosci@gmail.com ; however, the older email address (jongkha@hotmail.com) will also be functional until the end of 2021. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions regarding the change of the journal title or other publication-related matters.All manuscripts in various processing stages , once accepted, will be published under the new journal title,


The usual definition of the difference between climacteric and non-climacteric fruit relies on the fact that climacteric fruit ripens with concomitant increases of respiration and ethylene production, whereas barely any change in these two metabolisms occurs in non-climacteric fruit  and phosphoglucan water dikinase (PWD). For detailed mechanisms, see the review articles cited above.Starch degradation is more complex than starch synthesis, as it follows different pathways according to the plant organ where they occur (Kötting et al., From general knowledge, outlined in Robinson et al.  showed tNowadays with increasing availability of large data sets, regarding the transcriptomes or the proteomes, further research regarding the starch synthesis pathway could be initiated comparing some model fruit. Regarding tomato, one tool has recently been published, TomExpress (Zouine et al., Regarding starch degradation, the mining of such large data sets may also reveal some differences between these two fruit classes, that have not yet been studied. I believe more is to be uncovered in the coming decade, regarding starch metabolism in climacteric vs. non-climacteric fruit.CC wrote the article and created the illustration.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


As you can so easily imagine these days, I am writing this editorial from my living room since about half of the human population has been advised not to leave their homes unless absolutely necessary. Our lives have so dramatically changed in the last two months as rarely before. Realising the proportion of the threat imposed by a new virus SARS-CoV2, most European governments reacted by supressing the number of social contacts, closing kindergartens, schools, universities, public transports, most shops, cinemas, theatres, concert halls, all social events, public parks, open markets, and in most countries restricting the movement of their citizens including crossing the local and national borders (Scientific community has always looked at publishing as something scientists must, but not really like to do. It is by far less interesting than revealing new facts and knowledge. The current situation points out how important it is for the science to act, and to act quickly. Exchange of information has become of utmost importance (Epidemiologists, virologists and immunologists have taught us that the SARS-CoV2 is not a very special virus. It is neither the most contagious, nor the deadliest virus we have faced so far (Food Technology and Biotechnology is, as many other journals, affected by SARS-CoV2. We are experiencing a delay in all of our activities, mostly caused by the fact that some of our collaborators are in self-isolation, isolation or are working at half capacity. Additionally, the latest earthquake that struck Zagreb has affected our homes and our office and tested our resilience even more. Even before that, the changes in the financing model introduced by our funding ministry made a major impact on our finances. Nevertheless, we are trying to maintain the journal’s quality and to select the best papers submitted to our journal. This issue contains papers on various interesting topics, from spectrophotometric fingerprinting used to detect starch origin (Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic potato cultivars (Salmonella enterica by chlorophyllin-chitosan complex and visible light (Ipomoea tuba leaf extract with antiproliferative activity (I hope that you will enjoy reading the papers and that we will be able to maintain our position as a diamond open access journal in spite of all obstacles. Until next issue, stay well, be safe and stay at home, as long as needed.


It has come to our attention that two images in Figure 2A 100%), and Figure 2C (GM) of the manuscript [00%, and Cells.The authors provided explanations for the similarities that were not accepted by the journal editor. After thorough investigation, the journal has made the decision to retract the paper . The retMDPI is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics and takes its responsibility to publish only high-quality research seriously. We regret that these issues were not identified earlier and apologize to the readers of the journal.


Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the most performed orthopedic surgical procedure. The result of ACL reconstructions depends on multiple technical variables, including tension to be applied to the graft for fixation, knee-flexion angle during fixation and the type of fixation to the bone.To carry out a survey of the literature with the best evidence on these themes.Literature review about methods of tibial-graft fixation in ACL reconstructions – tension applied at the time of fixation, type of graft fixation, and knee-flexion degree during tibial fixation.Thirty studies on the selected topics were found. Most studies point to graft-tension levels close to 90 N to obtain the best results. Regarding the knee-flexion angle, multiple studies suggest that fixation at a 30° angle would bring superior biomechanical advantages. Regarding the type of implant for fixation, it is not possible to affirm the superiority of one method over another in clinical outcomes.There is no consensus on the best method for tibial fixation of the grafts in ACL reconstructions regarding tension, type of implant and knee-flexion angle. However, the analysis of the studies pointed to certain trends and allowed the drawing of specific conclusions. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the most performed orthopedic surgical procedure , 2. An ASeveral reconstruction techniques have been described  includinSeveral studies report that ACL reconstructions depends on multiple variables, including graft selection, intra-articular graft position, type of bone fixation, graft tension and knee-flexion angle at the time of fixation , with thThere are few studies on the topic in the literature, and the decision on which technique to use is often not based on objective criteria. Given this reality, we intend to present, compare and discuss the data and information found in the current literature on the best evidence levels available.This literature review was carried out from July to December 2019 in order to raise the best evidence of the theme found in the literature so far.Our search strategy involved the terms “Ligament reconstruction” AND “Anterior Cruciate Ligament” AND “Tibial fixation” OR/AND “Surgical technique.” We use SCIELO, SCOPUS and PubMed as search platforms. In addition, referenced and manual searches were performed using Google Scholar and the platforms already mentioned.Three independent authors selected and evaluated potential studies for inclusion in this review. Disagreements about the studies were solved through discussions between two authors and, when necessary, with the intervention of a third author.All studies involving tibial-graft fixation methods in ACL reconstructions that fulfill adequate criteria for methodology and conduction were included. These criteria were based on the presence of an experimental design  and type of observation  performed on humans or cadaveric models , in addition to literature reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses presenting analytical evaluation of outcomes were included. Of a total of 67 studies found, 30 met the methodological criteria for inclusion Fig. .Fig. 1FWe identified and analyzed a total of 30 studies addressing the topic. There are multiple aspects associated with tibial-graft fixation during ACL reconstruction, highlighting three directly related variables: tension given to the graft, knee angle during fixation and implant types. Table Eight studies were found addressing the theme. The amount of ideal force applied to the graft before fixation is a matter of considerable debate, with most authors recommending between 20 and 90 N of initial graft tension , 15.Ten papers address the topic, with an angular variation described in the literature ranging from total extension to 30° of knee flexion . There iTwelve papers were included in this analysis. It is known that no current implant or fixation method faithfully reproduces the native ACL fixation to bone surfaces . In addiThis revision pointed to certain trends and allowed the drawing of specific conclusions based on the results found by the studies’ analysis. Most authors recommended between 20 and 90 N of initial graft tension, knee flexion at 30° is the position most recommended by the majority of the studies and it is not possible to affirm the superiority of one fixation method over another in clinical outcomes.Some researchers suggested that tension measurements of a normal knee could be used as an intraoperative parameter in reconstructed knees . HoweverIt was believed that undesirable changes in knee movement could occur if the graft were under excessive preload. In addition, the revascularization of autogenous grafts could be adversely affected . Yasuda Some older biomechanical studies have suggested that graft strength and joint movement would not be affected by the intraoperative tension magnitude. It was believed that some tension in the graft would be lost during fixation. If the magnitude of the tension had a minimal effect on joint mechanics, this loss of tension might not be an important factor in the result of the reconstruction , 15. In Noyes et al.  carried Excessive tensioning can also lead to problems, such as deficits in flexion. Kim et al.  measuredMany authors argue that it is relatively easy to obtain a “tight” knee at 30° of flexion, in order to avoid residual instability. As the anteroposterior translation is greater near 30°  of knee Experimental data suggest that fiber recruitment and ACL tension increases as the knee moves from flexion to extension. If the graft fixation is performed at 20–30° of knee flexion and the fixation is not rigid, the graft may migrate proximally in the tibial bone tunnel or distal in the femoral tunnel during extension. If the ACL graft is rigidly fixed under high tension at 30° of knee flexion, over-constriction may occur, with loss of extension leading in the future to flexion contracture , 16.The unidirectional collagen fibers of a reconstructed ACL usually do not reproduce the multidirectional fibers of a native ACL. If the unidirectional fibers are pulled tightly and the graft is fixed rigidly with the knee in flexion, loss of extension may occur. These concerns led surgeons to recommend ACL graft tensioning to be performed in full knee extension. In theory, graft tensioning and fixation in full extension should not result in loss of extension regardless of the amount of tension applied to the graft during fixation, preventing constriction of the knee , 16.However, clinical and biomechanical studies have shown that a graft fixed at 30° better restores the stability of an intact knee than one fixed in full extension , 20. MaeHöher et al.  evaluateAsahina et al.  conducteDebandi et al.  conducteThe search for the development surgical techniques and new biomaterials capable of achieving ideal long-term results is a challenge. Current fixation devices have failed to reproduce the native ACL enthesis and the mechanical properties of the femur-ACL-tibia complex . There aThe graft-fixation methods in ACL reconstruction can be classified as suspension, post, compression or hybrid , 25. TibGraft integration in the bone tunnel occurs around the 12th week , and earBenedetto et al.  comparedDrogset et al.  evaluateAiming to compare clinically and radiologically bioabsorbable interference screws with hydroxyapatite and titanium screw tibial-graft fixations, Arama et al.  developeMa et al.  comparedCarulli et al.  evaluateConsidering failure possibility related to the tibial fixation methods in ACL reconstruction, especially regarding the isolated interference screw, combined methods of fixation (hybrid fixation) have spread. Since then, several studies have been carried out to determine whether adding methods would effectively improve the initial stiffness of the system. Regarding this subject, there is a divergence between studies , 33.p < 0.05) and higher performance when compared to the interference screw group.Weiss et al.  performeTeo et al.  conducteSuch findings are impactful regarding their applicability to sports. The very frequent ACL injuries in athletes require effective and efficient treatment to maximize results and return to sports, giving priority to return at the same previous level. Another important matter refers to a quick and safe return, with the minimum recovery time without risking a new lesion. In this way, this paper can offer certain technical choices that are safe and maximize the surgeon’s trust in the tibial-graft fixation. Therefore, it is possible to prioritize the gain of performance, rehabilitation and high demand in these athletes without risking the surgical procedure.There is no literary consensus about the best tension to be applied. It is believed that too little tension can lead to residual laxity while too much tension can cause movement restriction. Most studies point to tension levels close to 90 N to obtain the best results.Although, in fact, there is no well-established and no ideal method of fixation, and descriptions range from 30° of flexion to full extension, multiple studies suggest that fixation at an angle of 30° of knee flexion would bring superior biomechanical advantages in ACL function without angle-related significant complications.Regarding the use of implants, the data found in the literature are highly conflicting, so that it is not possible to affirm the superiority of one method over another in clinical outcomes. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are multiple, and although the hybrid associations appear superior biomechanically, clinically this finding does not seem to translate into reality.


To evaluate the graft success rate and postoperative hearing gain for marginal perforations using endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty with the removal of a small rim of the external auditory canal (EAC).Prospective case series.We performed a prospective study in 41 patients with marginal perforations who underwent endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty with the removal of a small rim of EAC. Patients were followed up for 6 months.P = 0.13); the mean ABG improved from 21.46 ± 8.39 dB preoperatively to 9.84 ± 2.41 dB postoperatively for large perforations (P < 0.05); the mean ABG improved from 28.79 ± 6.74 dB preoperatively to 10.13 ± 3.56 dB postoperatively for subtotal and total perforations (P < 0.05). There were no cases of graft lateralization or significant blunting or atelectasis or graft adhesions. Three patients developed postoperative otorrhoea and five patients had mild myringitis.Of the 41 patients with unilateral marginal perforation included in this study, the graft success rate was 100% (41/41). The mean ABG improved from 11.31 ± 9.71 dB preoperatively to 7.31 ± 2.32 dB postoperatively for small-and medium-sized perforations (Endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty with the removal of a small rim of the EAC is simple and feasible, showing a high graft success rate and minimal complications for repairing marginal perforations. Tympanoplasty is the basic surgical process for treating chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, and temporalis fascia is the most common graft material. However, underlay fascia graft tympanoplasty is challenging for marginal perforations because of a lack of residual TM, the fascia graft may fall away, resulting in reperforation . OverlayA variety of surgical techniques have been developed to increase the surgical success of treating marginal perforations, including sandwich graft tympanoplasty , over-unThe study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Yiwu Central Hospital in Yiwu, Zhejiang, China. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.This was a prospective case series study performed from August 2016 to December 2017. The inclusion criteria were marginal perforations with mucosal chronic otitis media (COM), no suspicion of an ossicular chain defect, conductive hearing loss no greater than 40 dB in any frequency, and dry ears for at least 2 months prior to surgery. The exclusion criteria included ossicular chain abnormalities, suspected cholesteatoma, and the presence of fungal otitis externa. Preoperative temporal bone CT/MRI was performed to exclude ossicular chain abnormalities and middle ear cholesteatoma.Perforation sizes were classified as subtotal and total (involving more than 75% of the eardrum area), large (involving more than 50% of the eardrum area), medium (involving 25–50% of the eardrum area), or small (involving less than 25% of the eardrum area) . We defiDuring endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty, patients were placed in the supine position with the head 30° up and oriented toward the opposite side with the video equipment placed on the opposite side of the surgeon.The perforation edges were visualized and refreshed under a 0° rigid endoscope, the annulus without remnant TM was de-epithelialized. If the perforation involves the malleus, the epithelium was removed from the distal malleus handle. Then, the removal of a small rim of corresponding EAC skin was performed to expose the EAC bone at least 2 mm wider Figs.  and 2.FThe graft composed of cartilage and perichondrium on one side was harvested from the ipsilateral tragus.The cartilage with perichondrium was fashioned based on the size of the perforation and the situation of the malleus. Under endoscopy, the middle ear was tightly packed with biodegradable Nasopore soaked in antibiotic ointment to the level of the perforation.For marginal perforations not involving the malleus, the perichondrium was listed off of the cartilage over 2 mm on one end, edge of the graft and left attached to the cartilage on the other end. The uncover cartilage was partially removed and placed medial to the annulus, the cartilage covered by perichondrium was placed medial to the remnant TM in an underlay manner, however, the free perichondrium was elevated and placed lateral to the annulus and exposed EAC in an overlay manner Fig. .For marginal perforations involving the malleus, the lateral perichondrium was lifted off of the superior and inferior end. The cartilage notch was made for the malleus. Then, the cartilage graft was pushed through the perforation and placed medial to the remnant TM and the annulus in an underlay manner, the cartilage notch was accommodated the malleus. However, the free perichondrium of the superior and inferior end was placed lateral to the malleus, the annulus and exposed EAC in an overlay manner Fig. .For large, subtotal and total perforations, the lateral perichondrium was lifted off all around the end and the pedicle attached the centre of the cartilage. The cartilage notch was made for the malleus. Then, the cartilage graft was placed medial to the annulus in an underlay manner, the free perichondrium was placed lateral to the malleus, the annulus and exposed EAC in an overlay manner Fig. .Fig. 3TThe EAC was first packed with Nasopore, followed by gauze soaked in antibiotic ointment, until the tragus incision was reached. The tragus incision was not sutured but pressured by gauze with antibiotic ointmen, and a small dressing was applied to cover the auricle.All patients were given a course of antibiotic (amoxicillin) postoperatively to prevent infection. Packing gauze soaked in antibiotic ointment for the EAC was removed 14 days postoperatively and biodegradable Nasopore fragments were aspirated from the EAC at 4 weeks postoperatively; this allowed the graft to be visualized. All patients were followed up in the ENT outpatient department at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively.Endoscopic otological examinations were performed. The primary outcome was the graft success rate at 6 months postoperatively. Audiological testing was conducted 6 months after surgery. Each patient had undergone a preoperative audiological evaluation, including determination of the pure tone air and bone thresholds.P-value <0.05 was considered significant.Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 . The data are expressed as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) and percentage (%). Differences between preoperative and postoperative air–bone gaps were analysed using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. A The study population consisted of 41 patients with unilateral marginal perforation with COM . Overall, 22 patients had left side involvement and 19 had right side involvement, and the mean duration of perforation was 21.3 ± 11.6 years. Perforations were small in 2 (4.9%) patients, medium in 7 (17.1%) patients, large in 26 (63.4%) patients, and subtotal and total in 6 (14.6%) patients. The perforation position was anterior in 22 (53.7%) patients, subtotal and total in 6 (14.6%) patients, and posterior in 13 (31.7%) patients. The mean operation time was 37.2 ± 11.9 min among the 41 patients.P = 0.13); the mean ABG improved from 21.46 ± 8.39 dB preoperatively to 9.84 ± 2.41 dB postoperatively for large perforations ; the mean ABG improved from 28.79 ± 6.74 dB preoperatively to 10.13 ± 3.56 dB postoperatively for subtotal and total perforations . For the individual ABG closure percentages of perforation size,100% (9/9) had ABG closure within 10 dB in the small- and medium sized perforations; 80.8% (21/26) had ABG closure within 10 dB and 19.2% (5/26) had closure within 20 dB in the large perforations; 50.0%(3/6) had ABG closure within 10 dB,33.3% (2/6) had closure within 20 dB and 16.7% (1/6) had closure within 30 dB for the subtotal and total perforations.The tragal incision was closed completely in all patients. At 6 months, the graft success rate was 100% 41/41) and no residual perforation was seen  patients had mild myringitis, which resolved after silver nitrate cauterization and oral antibiotic treatment. No any intra-tympanic cholesteatoma or keratin pearls was noted during the follow-up period.Usually, the most challenging TM perforations for myringoplasty are the marginal perforations because of access difficulty and lack of support to the graft. TFE and creation of a tunnel are essential to improve graft stability in most cases –21. In tUsing this technique, a small rim of the EAC was removed while the integrity of the annulus was preserved. The cartilage graft was placed medial to the remnant TM and annulus to completely close the perforation using the underlay technique, while the free perichondrium attached the cartilage was placed lateral to the annulus and exposed EAC using an overlay technique to strengthen the perforation. The pedicle of the perichondrium attached the remnant TM and cartilage to ensure cartilage composite graft survival. The free perichondrium was placed on the exposed surface of the EAC, which was similar to EAC skin graft. Ghanem et al. reported a split-thickness skin graft in 69.6% of patients with large perforations using butterfly cartilage graft inlay tympanoplasty with a skin graft survival rate of 100% . Only a The difference between the preoperative and postoperative ABG was significant except for the small- and medium sized perforations in this study. As larger perforation are far more likely to have larger hearing deficits than smaller prior to surgery. Previous studies have shown that despite cartilage graft stiffness, hearing does not appear to be negatively impacted by such grafts –29. In aHowever, five (12.2%) patients developed postoperative myringitis in this study. This high rate may have been associated with the exposed perichondrium on the surface of the EAC. Nevertheless, all cases of myringitis resolved after silver nitrate cauterization and oral antibiotic treatment. No any intra-tympanic cholesteatoma or keratin pearls was noted during the follow-up period in this study. The present technique was similar to previous study . Ahmed SThe limitations of this study included the small sample size, short follow-up time (only 6 months), and no randomized controlled trial. It was unclear whether patients developed middle ear cholesteatoma over the long term. In addition, this study was not a randomized controlled trial. Postoperative CT/MRI should be performed to further monitor cholesteatoma formation in future.Endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty with the removal of a small rim of the EAC is simple and feasible, showing a high graft success rate and minimal complications for repairing marginal perforations.


By Wenyuanyue Wang, ZiAn He, Nannan Feng, Yuyang Cai Tobacco Induced Diseases, Volume 17, Issue April, Pages 1-11 Publish date: 16 April 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/105393In the original article, the acronym ITC was mistakenly defined as the International Trade Center. The correct definition for the acronym ITC is International Tobacco Control. The correction is shown below :However, the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China survey revealed that the percentage of smokers who had heard of e-cigarette rose from 29%  to 60% .


Investigación y Educación en Enfermería was accepted for indexation in PubMed Central (PMC), which is the world’s largest repository of knowledge on health sciences. PubMed Central has close to seven million articles in full text and in Open Access that can be recovered through the PubMed search engine.As Editor, it is a joy to share with you the great news that the journal Currently, PMC archives over 3018 journals accepted after demanding scientific and technical evaluations. Being included in this repository is a recognition distinction of the quality of our publication with the global academic community, with 22 nursing journals sharing this honor globally and only two of these are Latin American.Investigación y Educación en Enfermería has also been part of MEDLINE since 2014, a fact that marked a milestone on the excellence of our journal. We are convinced that with the new PMC indexation, visibility will increase further of the articles published in our journal, thus, improving the dissemination of the knowledge produced in nursing research.The journal Lastly, I wish to thank the authors, reviewers, members of the editorial committee, and, most specially, I thank our readers for their loyalty throughout these years. We count on your perseverance and enthusiasm to make this the best medium.I share with you the congratulatory messages from the members of the Editorial Committee of the Journal Investigación y Educación en Enfermería upon its indexation in PubMed Central:Carmen de la Cuesta y Benjumea. Universidad de Alicante, Spain: "Congratulations, María de los Ángeles, and thank you for sharing the link. It provides phenomenal visibility to the journal and to the work of all the authors".Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes. Universidade de São Paulo, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil: "Dear, María de los Ángeles, what great news! Congratulations to you and your entire team. I know how much effort you have invested throughout this trajectory and, with it, much more success will come to improve and give further value to Nursing. Receive my compliments as nurse, researcher, member of the editorial committee of this important and outstanding journal, Investigación y Educación Enfermería. I also record my effusive greetings as coordinator of the Iberian-American Network of Scientific Editing in Nursing -RedEDIT-".Cristina García Vivar. Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain: "It is a success that the journal is indexed in PMC, given that as you state it, this is a badge of recognition of the journal’s quality. Undoubtedly, this success is due to the steadfast work you have performed as editor, as well as to the authors who have submitted their articles for publication in the journal".Rafael Fernández Castillo, Universidad de Granada, Spain: "I am proud to be with you and to be part of the editorial staff".Martha Lucía Vásquez Truissi. Universidad del Valle, Colombia: Congratulations! This accomplishment is the product of effort, perseverance, and discipline; characteristics that have always distinguished the Journal.Neusa Collet. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil: "What great news! Congratulations for the work done with great judgment and scientific criteria. It is a giant leap for the Journal, much more success will come!"Manuel Alves Rodrigues. Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, Portugal: "Good work! Greetings also to the entire editorial staff".José Rafael González López. Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. "My most sincere congratulations for the recognition, the fruit of your excellent work and dedication as editor. A kiss and thank you very much again for having me on the Journal’s Editorial Committee".R. Mauricio Barría P. Universidad Austral, Chile. "Esteemed, María de los Ángeles, thank you for sharing this great news. This, without a doubt, is another sign of recognition to the exhaustive and committed work carried out by the entire Journal staff under your management and leadership. I am proud to be part of the Journal and I express my commitment to continue working with all of you in the transition to reach and consolidate new achievements".Gladys Eugenia Canaval Erazo. Universidad del Valle, Colombia. "Dear, María de los Ángeles: Receive my greetings for this achievement extended to all members of the staff. What pride for all who are involved with the Journal in one way or another".Sonia Semenic. McGill University, Canada. “Congratulations on having the journal indexed in PubMed Central! It is a great testament to your hard work and expertise as an editor.”


The lowest applied exposure energy was 83 mJ/cm2 and showed the most accurate results for a layer thickness of 25 μm. With this energy, holes and gaps smaller than 500 μm could be printed; however, the measurements differed significantly from the dimensions defined in the design. Holes and gaps larger than 500 μm showed deviations smaller than 50 μm from the design and could be printed reliably. The thinnest printable gaps were between 100 and 200 μm. Concerning the wall thickness, the experiments were conducted to a height of 1 cm. Taking into account the stability and deformation of the walls as well, the best results after sintering were achieved with thicknesses of 200–300 μm.Lithography-based ceramics manufacturing (LCM) processes enable the sophisticated 3 dimensional (3D) shaping of ceramics by additive manufacturing (AM). The build-up occurs, like many other AM processes, layer by layer, and is initiated by light. The built-in digital mirror device (DMD) enables the specific exposure of desired pixels for every layer, giving as a consequence a first estimation of the printing resolution in the x and y axes. In this work, a commercial zirconia slurry and the CeraFab 7500, both from Lithoz GmbH , were used to investigate the potential of reaching this resolution. The results showed that the precision of a part is strongly dependent on the applied exposure energy. Higher exposure energies resulted in oversized dimensions of a part, whereas too low energy was not able to guarantee the formation of a stable part. Furthermore, the investigation of the layer thickness showed that the applied exposure energy (mJ/cm German’s debinding theory [Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is an important area in all fields of materials science. Whereas many affordable products are available for polymers and metals, ceramic processes have only attracted intense attention recently. Ceramics are not used so widely in AM based on stereolithography as polymers and metals. The reason for this is the delicate post-processing after shaping, which includes drying, debinding, and sintering steps that give to the ceramics their characteristics and final shape. Nevertheless, some AM processes for shaping of ceramics and glasses have been developed. Direct shaping processes, such as selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) ,2, are cg theory , the debg theory  and Zoccg theory  listed aAM by the LCM technique is based on light initiated polymerization of liquid mono-/oligomers to solid polymers to achieve a layer by layer build up. The process has been described in various papers and different systems ,9,10, buThis phenomenon is irrelevant if the neighboring pixels are irradiated as well. In the case of the part edges, exceeding of the pixel boundaries causes an inaccuracy of the generated specimen compared to the CAD (computer aided design) . This prcE) has to be reached to start the curing of the polymer (pE). The pD inside the equation stands for the cure depth and the E0 for the energy radiating into the system. As soon as the critical energy value cE is reached, a chain of reactions is initiated by the radical photo polymerization [The polymerizations’ critical energy value . The measurement of the dimensions was performed by light microscopy  and image analysis software (IMS Client). n = 3 for walls, gaps, and holes < 1.5 mm ;n = 2 for ≥ 1.5 mm ;The measurements were carried out on several parts and locations. The calculation of the average of each different element is shown in Equation (2).dev) of a given CAD value can be seen in Equation (3).The calculation of the deviation , obtaining 11% after debinding and 29% after sintering at 1450 °C for 2 h. The detected shrinkage by TMA corresponded well with the suggested compensation of 1.354 by Lithoz GmbH.2 can be seen in 2 is shown in Green parts: As already stated by Mitteramskogler et al.  and Ozog2 there are only indications where the 0.3 mm holes should be present, whereas in the case of 83 mJ/cm2 the holes even go through the whole body  exposed, but a certain amount of over-polymerization occurred as well. Following this logic, the 200 µm wall thickness should have a smaller deviation because it divides evenly with the 40 µm pixel size, but again we observe a similar deviation as for the 100 µm wall thickness (238 µm with 105 mJ/cm2). These errors can be explained by the position of the CAD model in the print file and the pixels. A part edge does not necessarily fall on a pixel border. In this case, the software has to decide whether to expose a pixel or not. If the pixel is exposed, the part is already produced larger without even considering the above-mentioned cross-talk and scattering effects that will lead to bigger parts. The absolute deviation for holes is bigger than the ones for gaps and walls, but gets smaller as the diameter increases. Regarding gaps and walls, there is not a clear trend, and this effect was not observed; the deviation remained unaffected by the size set in the CAD model. Moreover, the absolute deviation for all experiments increases with a bigger energy dose, although in the gaps this effect is not so clear; minimal differences could be found, and only below 500 µm. Contrary to holes and gaps, walls turned out larger than the CAD, which is given by the positive deviation. This is in agreement with the scattering effect, as in the case of holes and gaps, the dimensions of the non-polymerized area are of interest , whereas in case of the walls, the polymerized material is relevant . In the case of holes and walls, the lower energy dose of 83 mJ/cm2, the deviations converge to a value of about −50 μm for 500 μm holes and larger. This convergence is less clear for gaps, as the capillary effect is not affecting the smaller gaps, as in case of the holes. As expected, there is no convergence for walls.When the ranges of the deviations (x-axes) in 2 to investigate the energy area suggested by the supplier. The deviations of the measured dimensions for the sintered parts are shown in Sintered parts: The parts with shrinkage compensation (Set 2) were printed with the energies of 83, 105, 160, and 190 mJ/cm2 resulted in a large deviation across all diameters, gaps, and thicknesses, indicating that the over-polymerization effect is more predominant in comparison to the capillary effect. Smaller walls down to 150 μm could be printed, but a larger deviation from the desired value was observed. Contrary to holes, this deviation did not increase as significantly with higher exposure energy but is still visible. This is attributable to the space between the individual elements. In the case of holes and gaps, the small distance between exposed pixels enhances polymerization inside the hole/gap, whereas in the case of walls, the cups were positioned 6 mm apart, and after approximately 80 μm ). An exemplarily investigation is the measurement of the cure depth. The cure depth measures the cured thickness in a pool of reactive slurry when applying a defined energy. The measured cure depth for an energy dose of 83 mJ/cm2 amounts to 81.1 µm ± 2.5 µm (n = 5). Thus, when limiting the process to a certain layer height, the reactions come to a halt in z dimension but not in x and y dimensions, where enough liquid slurry still remains. To ensure a stable build-up, usually, the cure depth needs to be higher than the applied layer thickness to ensure enough adhesion between the layers. When working with a layer thickness of 25 µm, the factor between layer thickness and cure depth amounts to 3.2 (8.1 for 10 µm layer thickness and 1.6 for 50 µm layer thickness). The conducted experiments help to understand the volume effect when always applying the same energy dose (83 mJ/cm2) to different layer thicknesses, and thus, volumes. In Green parts: When looking further into the LCM process, it becomes clear that the initiated polymerization is not only taking place in x and y dimensions but also in z dimension, which is the key element for a 3D build up. Thus, when applying a certain energy dose, the unit is mJ/cm2 is acting on a five-times-smaller volume compared to the 50 μm layer thickness samples. This provokes the over-polymerization effect, leading to smaller holes and gaps and thicker walls. This difference in z (thickness) impacts the accuracy in the x-y plane, as the polymerization occurs in the three dimensions, and therefore, diffuses in the lateral directions. The holes  with a very small diameter (150 μm) due to the −30 μm deviation from the 200 μm set hole diameter. The low energy for the print with a 50 μm layer thickness is also visible in the case of gaps  were printed with the same layer thicknesses as before. The deviation of the sintered parts can be seen in 2 on a 50 μm layer thickness led to the lowest deviation; thus, the most accurate dimensions compared to the CAD design were obtained. The smallest printable hole had a target diameter of 500 μm, measuring 470 μm after sintering. The plots of the gap widths and wall thicknesses do not show results as clear as before, but they are still in good agreement with the previous results shown in this section. Nevertheless, the influences of the volume and cure depth can be seen in the experiments for the wall thickness. Some walls (< 300 µm CAD thickness) could not be printed, as they were not stable enough due to insufficient curing and polymerization and green body strength.Holes under 750 μm could not be printed for a layer thickness of 10 μm. This can be explained by a broadening of the exposed area, as the reaction was inhibited in z direction by the limitation of the layer height but not in x and y directions. Holes under 500 μm could not be printed with a 10 µm layer thickness; however, thin gaps were possible, with a large deviation from the target dimension, however. The trends do not differ too much from each other in comparison to the results obtained in This study highlights the major resolution limitations of the LCM process. The achieved resolutions are comparable to reported values with similar systems in the literature. While only mentioning the resolution in the lateral dimension, the layer height showed a noteworthy impact on these values. The use of a standardized, simple computer aided design enabled us to make meaningful comparisons in this study and could be used by future scientists on their parts. The investigated models focus on often-implemented features in complex parts that are error-prone in additive manufacturing. While many known influences on the LCM process could have been proven, the study also shows the direct impacts on the quality and accuracy of the part.Holes down to 200 μm could be printed, but the investigation of the deviation shows that holes smaller than 500 μm in diameter exhibit a big deviation from the set dimension. The deviation of gap widths did not show a clear correlation to the actual width—whereas holes did—and the thinnest one had a width of 150 μm. Regardless of exposure energy or layer thickness, the thinnest stable walls had thicknesses between 300 and 400 μm in the green state.The results from the sintered parts are in agreement with the values for green bodies. The smallest printable holes had diameters between 400 and 500 μm. Even though smaller diameters could be achieved in the green state, the measurements of these holes showed that they closed during the sintering and could therefore not be counted as holes anymore. The smallest printed gaps were about 200 μm, which due to over-polymerization, resulted in widths between 110 and 170 μm. The thinnest sintered walls were under 100 μm; however, as in the case of the green walls, they exhibited deformation because of the height. This deformation was not visible anymore from a thickness of 200–300 μm, which is in good agreement with the above-mentioned thickness of 300–400 μm in the green state.This study showed an investigation of the two most impactful processing parameters on the additive manufacturing of ceramics by digital light processing. While it could be shown that the exposure energy and the layer thickness have big influences on the printability and on the quality of a part, another parameter could also be identified as crucial to the shaping process. This parameter is the composition of the slurry, which was given in this study. To gather further knowledge on how the reactive slurry can influence the part, more studies are necessary. For example, the authors expect a lower deviation and therefore higher precision for parts printed with slurries with lower solid loading. This is due to the often-stated scattering of light in the interface between particle and liquid phases of the slurry. The consequences of a lower solid content will be, most likely, longer debinding and lower density of the sintered part. Another point that was stated during the discussion of the results regarded the types of reactive binders and their functionalities. A higher functionality (3+) of the reactive binders would increase the green body strength by means of cross-linking and be beneficial for the printing of thin walls and studs.These are further approaches that the authors would like to point out as crucial and of high significance for lithography-based additive manufacturing.


SARS-COVID-19 pandemic changed the World and urological practice. The SARS-COVID-19 pandemic has a great impact in all medical fields and because the important changes in Urology in last 3 months and due to the large volume of information and articles received, we chose to carry out this supplement. Despite these extremely difficult times, we are very happy because this supplement marks the beginning of the partnership between the Brazilian Society of Urology (BSU) and the American Confederation of Urology (CAU). Soon the International Brazilian Journal of Urology has everything to become the official information Journal of CAU reinforcing the impact of the International Brazilian Journal of Urology on the American continent.This Supplement presents original contributions with a lot of interesting papers about SARS-COVID-19 pandemic. The papers came from many different countries such as Brazil, USA, United Kingdom, Belgium, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Canada, and China. As usual, the editor highlights some of them.Dr. Lauxman and colleagues from Germany performed in page 6  a nice Dr. Chen and colleagues from China performed in page 19  a nice Dr. Esperto and colleagues from Italy performed in page 26  an inteDr. Sanchez and colleagues from Spain performed in page 50  an impoDrs. Zequi and Abreu from Brazil and Uruguay performed in page 69  a nice Dr. Casco and colleagues from Spain performed in page 86 (Dr. Ibarra and colleagues from Spain Italy and Iran performed in page 104  a nice Dr. Gonzalez and Ciancio from USA and Spain performed in page 145  an impoDrs. Zampolli and Rodriguez from Brazil and USA performed in page 215  a nice The Editor-in-chief expects everyone to enjoy reading of this supplement and for sure better times will come soon around the World.