Keeping in view the importance of new defined and well growing spherical fuzzy sets, in this study, we proposed a novel method to handle the spherical fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. Firstly, we presented some novel logarithmic operations of spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs). Then, we proposed series of novel logarithmic operators, namely spherical fuzzy weighted average operators and spherical fuzzy weighted geometric operators. We proposed the spherical fuzzy entropy to find the unknown weights information of the criteria. We study some of its desirable properties such as idempotency, boundary and monotonicity in detail. Finally, the detailed steps for the spherical fuzzy decision-making problems were developed, and a practical case was given to check the created approach and to illustrate its validity and superiority. Besides this, a systematic comparison analysis with other existent methods is conducted to reveal the advantages of our proposed method. Results indicate that the proposed method is suitable and effective for the decision process to evaluate their best alternative. The complication of a system is growing every day in real life and getting the finest option from the set of possible ones is difficult for the decision makers. To attain a single objective is difficult to summarize but not incredible. Many organizations found difficulties with setting motivations, goals and opinions’ complications. Thus, organizational decisions simultaneously include numerous objectives, whether they regard individuals or committees. This reflection suggests, according to criteria solved optionally, restricting each decision maker to attain an ideal solution-optimum under each criterion involved in practical problems. Consequently, the decision maker is more concentrated to establish more applicable and reliable techniques to find the best options.To handle the ambiguity and uncertainty data in decision-making problems, the classical or crisp methods cannot be always effective. Thus, dealing with such uncertain situations, Zadeh  in 1965 After many applications of fuzzy set theory, Atanassov observed that there are many shortcomings in this theory and introduced the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets  to generIFS theory and PyFS theory have been successfully applied in different areas, but there are situations that cannot be represented by it in real life, such as voting, we may face human opinions involving more answers of the type: yes, abstain, no and refusal  happened in reality and IFS and PyFS could not handle it). Thus, Cuong  proposedThe neutrosophic set is another important generalizations of the classic set, fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set and picture fuzzy set to deal with uncertainties in decision-making problems. Many authors contributed in the decision-making theory using neutrosophic information. Ashraf  proposedThe picture fuzzy set becomes more famous by introducing various kinds of aggregation operators. However, it has a shortcoming in that it is only valid for the environment whose sum of degrees is less than or equal to one. However, in day-to-day life, there are many situations where this condition is ruled out. For instance, if a person giving their preference in the form of positive, neutral and negative membership degrees towards a particular object is 0.7, 0.3 and 0.5, then clearly this situation is not handling with picture fuzzy set. In order to resolve it, Ashraf  proposed. Ashraf  proposed. Ashraf  proposed. Ashraf ,44,45.The logarithmic operations being good alternatives, compared with the algebraic operations, have the potential to offer similar smooth estimations as the algebraic operations. However, there is little investigation on logarithmic operations on the IFSs and PyFSs. Motivated by these ideas, we develop a spherical fuzzy MCDM method based on the logarithmic aggregation operators, with the logarithmic operations of the spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs) handling spherical fuzzy MCDM within SFSs.We develop some novel logarithmic operations for spherical fuzzy sets, which can overcome the weaknesses of algebraic operations and capture the relationship between various SFSs.We extend logarithmic operators to logarithmic spherical fuzzy operators, namely logarithmic spherical fuzzy weighted averaging (L-SFWA), logarithmic spherical fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (L-SFOWA), logarithmic spherical fuzzy hybrid weighted averaging (L-SFHWA), logarithmic spherical fuzzy weighted geometric (L-SFWG), logarithmic spherical fuzzy ordered weighted geometric (L-SFOWG) and logarithmic spherical fuzzy hybrid weighted geometric (L-SFHWG) to SFSs, which can overcome the algebraic operators’ drawbacks.We develop the spherical fuzzy entropy for spherical fuzzy information, which can help to find the unknown weights information of the criteria.We develop an algorithm to deal with multi-attribute decision-making problems using spherical fuzzy information.To show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed spherical fuzzy logarithmic aggregation operators, the application of the proposed operator in emerging technology enterprises is developed.Results indicate that the proposed technique is more effective and gives more accurate output as compared to existing studies.Thus, the goal of this article is to propose the decision-making method for MCDM problems in which there exist the interrelationships among the criteria. The contributions of this study are:In order to attain the research goal that has been stated above, the organization of this article is offered as: The concepts and basic operations of existing extensions of fuzzy sets are recalled in this section, and they are the foundation of this study.Definition 1.A mapping .A mapp(1) (2) where Definition 2.A mapping .A mapp(1) (2) where As different norms are the curial elements for proposing aggregation operators in fuzzy set theory, here we enlist some basic norms operations for fuzzy sets in Now, we enlist different types of norms with its generators too in Definition 3.For a set ℜ, by a Pythagorean fuzzy set in ℜ, we mean a structurein which .For a Definition 4.For a set ℜ, by a picture fuzzy set in ℜ, we mean a structurein which .For a Definition 5.For a set ℜ, by a spherical fuzzy set in ℜ, we mean a structurein which .For a Ashraf and Abdullah  proposedDefinition 6.For any two SFNs, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Definition 7.For any two SFNs, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Ashraf and Abdullah  introducDefinition 8.For any three SFNs, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Definition 9.For any SFN, (1) (2) The score and accuracy values defined above suggest which SFN is greater than other SFNs. The comparison technique is defined in the next definition.Definition 10.For any SFNs, (1) If (2) If (3) If (a) (b) (c) Ashraf and Abdullah  proposedDefinition 11.For any collection of SFNs, where Definition 12.For any collection of SFNs, where Definition 13.For any collection of SFNs, where Definition 14.For any collection of SFNs, where Definition 15.For any collection of SFNs, where Definition 16.For any collection of SFNs, where Basically, we familiarize the concept of entropy, when probability measures the discrimination of criteria being imposed on multi-attribute decision-making problems. Non-probabilistic entropy firstly approximated by De Luca and Termini  also preDefinition 17.Let .Let δηDefinition 18.Let F be any fuzzy set in ℜ, fuzzy entropy for the set F, we mean a structure.Let F Definition 19.Let F be any fuzzy set in ℜ, and, for Pythagorean fuzzy entropy for the set F, we mean a structure.Let F Definition 20.Let F be any fuzzy set in ℜ, spherical fuzzy entropy for the set F, and we mean a structureMotivated by the novel concept of spherical fuzzy set, we introduced some novel logarithmic operational laws for SFNs. As real number system Definition 21.For any SFN, in which the neutral grade isand the negative grade isTherefore,is SPN.Definition 22.For any SFN, then the function Theorem 1.For any SFN, Proof. ℜ, which means that ℜ, Since any SFN Case-1 When Case-2 When Example 1.Suppose that, for any SFN, In addition, if Now, we give some discussion on the basic properties of the L-SFN.Theorem 2.For any SFN, (1) (2) Proof. (1) According to Definitions 7 and 22, we obtain(2) According to Definition 22, we obtainDefinition 23.For any two L-SFNs, (1) (2) (3) (4) Theorem 3.For any two L-SFNs, (1) (2)Proof. This is straightforward from Definition 23, so the procedure is eliminated here. □Theorem 4.For any two L-SFNs, (1) (2)Proof. This is straightforward from Definition 23, so the procedure is eliminated here. □Theorem 5.For any two L-SFNs, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Proof. (1) Since, from Definition 23, we have(2) Since, from Definition 23, we have(3) and (4) are similarly as above, so the procedure is eliminated here.(5) Since, from Definition 23, we haveDefinition 24.For any L-SFN, (1) (2) The score and accuracy values defined above suggest which L-SFN is greater than other L-SFNs. The comparison technique is defined in the next definition.Definition 25.For any L-SFN, (1) If (2) If (3) If (a) (b) (c) Now, we propose novel spherical fuzzy logarithmic aggregation operators for L-SFNs based on defined spherical fuzzy logarithmic operations laws as follows:Definition 26.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 6.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. Using mathematical induction to prove Theorem 6, we therefore proceed as follows:(a) For Then,(b) Now, Theorem 6 is true for (c) Now, we prove that Theorem 6 for n. Therefore,Thus, Theorem 6 is true for Remark 1.If Properties: The ℜ. Then, if the collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ, therefore(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ.If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Definition 27.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 7.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. The proof is similar to Theorem 6. Thus, the procedure is eliminated here. □Remark 2.If Properties: The ℜ.Then, if a collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ; therefore,(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Definition 28.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 8.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. This proof issimilar to Theorem 6, so the procedure is eliminated here. □Remark 3.If Properties: The ℜ. Then, if a collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ; therefore,(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ.If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Definition 29.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 9.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. Using mathematical induction to prove Theorem 9, we proceed as follows:(a) For (b) Now, Theorem 9 is true for (c) Now, we prove that Theorem 9 for n. Therefore,Thus, Theorem 9 is true for Remark 4.If Properties: The ℜ.Then, if a collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ, therefore(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ.If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Definition 30.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 10.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. This proof is similar to Theorem 9, so the procedure is eliminated here.□Remark 5.If Properties: The ℜ.Then, if the collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ, therefore(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Definition 31.For any collection of SFNs, where Theorem 11.For any collection of SFNs, where Proof. This proof is similar to Theorem 9. Thus, the procedure is eliminated here. □Remark 6.If Properties: The ℜ. Then, if collection of SFNs (1) Idempotency: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. ℜ, therefore(2) Boundedness: For any collection of SFNs, ℜ. If (3) Monotonically: For any collection of SFNs, Step 1:m probable alternatives and n criteria, where t experts, where kth expert. The expert Let When we construct the spherical fuzzy decision-making matrices, Taking the decision information from the given matrix Step 2:In this step, we find the collective spherical information using a spherical fuzzy weighted averaging aggregation operator.Step 3:In this step, we find the weights of each of the criteria by using the spherical fuzzy entropy:Step 4:In this step, we calculate the aggregated information using all the logarithmic aggregation operators of spherical fuzzy sets.Step 5:We find the score value Step 6:By the definition, rank the alternatives In this section, we propose a new approach to decision-making based on the spherical fuzzy set. This approach will use data information provided by the decision problem only and does not need any additional information provided by decision makers, in order to avoid the effect of subjective information influencing the decision results. In the following, we will introduce a spherical fuzzy set decision-making matrix as indicated below.The Algorithmic Steps are shown in Assume that there is a committee that selects five applicable emerging technology enterprises (1) Augmented Reality (2) Personalized Medicine (3) Artificial Intelligence (4) Gene Drive (5) Quantum Computing To assess the possible rising technology enterprises according to the four attributes, which are(1) Advancement (2) market risk (3) financial investments (4) progress of science and technology To avoid the conflict between them, the decision makers gives the weight Since Step 2: Use the Step 3: The entropy of each attribute can be calculated by the following equation:Step 4: Now, we apply all the proposed logarithmic aggregation operators to collective spherical fuzzy information to find the aggregated information as follows:Case-1: Using logarithmic spherical fuzzy weighted averaging aggregation operator, we obtainedCase-2: Using a logarithmic spherical fuzzy ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator, we obtainedCase-3: Using a logarithmic spherical fuzzy hybrid weighted averaging aggregation operator, we obtainedCase-4: Using a logarithmic spherical fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation operator, we obtainedCase-5: Using a logarithmic spherical fuzzy ordered weighted geometric aggregation operator, we obtainedCase-6: Using a logarithmic spherical fuzzy hybrid weighted geometric aggregation operator, we obtainedStep 5: We find the score value Case-1: Score of aggregated information for the L-SFWA Operator, and we obtainedCase-2: Score of aggregated information for the L-SFOWA Operator, and we obtainedCase-3: Score of aggregated information for the L-SFHWA Operator, and we obtainedCase-4: Score of aggregated information for the L-SFWG Operator, and we obtainedCase-5: Score of aggregated information for the L-SFOWG Operator, and we obtainedCase-6: Score of aggregated inf ormation for the L-SFHWG Operator, and we obtainedStep 6: We find the best (suitable) alternative that has the maximum score value from set of alternatives The ranking of the alternatives are shown in the In this section, we give the comparison analysis on how our proposed logarithmic aggregation operators are effective and reliable to aggregate the spherical fuzzy information. Ashraf ,41 propoNow, we utilized a logarithmic spherical fuzzy weighted averaging operator to choose the best alternative as follows:The ranking of the alternatives using Ashraf  informatThe bast alternative is y Ashraf . Hence, In this paper, we have revealed a novel logarithmic operation of SFSs with the real base number


Japonica rice cultivars. The two rice varieties were subjected to five biochar treatments . In both rice varieties, the content of apparent amylose and resistant starch were lower in biochar treatments than in the control. The proportion of fa chains was higher and that of fb3 chain was lower in the biochar treatments than in the control. Starch viscosity and cooking taste quality were improved by the biochar treatments. In both rice varieties, the activity of granule-bound starch synthase was significantly decreased by biochar treatments, and the activities of soluble starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, and starch debranching enzyme were significantly increased. The transcript levels of genes encoding starch synthases and starch branching enzymes were significantly increased by biochar treatments. We conclude that biochar at a dose of 5–10 t/hm2 can regulate the activity of starch-related enzymes, and this affects the type, content, and fine structure of starch. Therefore, the addition of biochar to soil can improve the viscosity and taste quality of rice starch.We determined the effects of biochar on starch properties and the activities of enzymes and expression levels of genes related to starch in two  Most previous studies on biochar have focused on its interactions with soils, crops, and other factors in the environment. Research in many countries has shown that biochar can significantly improve soil structure and soil physical and chemical properties, modify the soil microbial community, and increase crop yields, and contribute to the prevention and control of air pollution, reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and the sustainable development of agriculture4. Many studies have explored the effects of adding biochar to rice fields on yield, soil and greenhouse gases, but few have focused on its effects on rice quality and the related mechanisms.Biochar, generally refers to the carbon-rich solid product when biomass is thermally decomposed under anoxic conditions6. Starch accumulates in rice grains via a series of complex enzymatic processes. Rice starch is formed in the chloroplast as a product of photosynthesis, and then is decomposed into dihydroxy-phosphate, which is transported from the chloroplast to the matrix where it is transformed into sucrose via the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and acid invertase (AI). The sucrose is then transported to reservoir organs to provide materials for starch synthesis. The sucrose entering the grain cell sap forms adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG) through glycolysis, then amylose is formedvia the activity of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). Then, amylopectin is formed via the combined activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzyme (SDBE). Starch synthases can be divided into four types: SS I–IV. The SS I-type mainly combines A and B1 chains with very short external segments with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6–7 to form DP 8–12 segments7. The SS IIa-type is responsible for the formation of medium-length branch chains 8, while SS IIIa participates in the formation of long chains (DP ≥ 30), particularly B2 and B3 chains9. Previous studies have shown that the expression levels of genes encoding products related to starch synthesis and metabolism are regulated by environmental factors and cultivation conditions, and that changes in the composition of amylose and amylopectin affect the cooking and taste qualities of rice11. In this experiment, two Japonica rice varieties, SN265 and Japanese Akihikari were used to study the effects of adding biochar to soil at different concentrations on the activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in seeds and on the relationship between starch quality and the transcript levels of starch-related genes . The overall aim of this research was to explore the molecular mechanism by which biochar affects the properties of rice starch.Starch is the most important component of rice grains, and and the main factor affecting rice cooking and eating quality2 , 5 t/hm2 (B2), 10 t/hm2 (B3), 20 t/hm2 (B4) and 40 t/hm2 (B5). The bulk density of the soil in this area is 1.34 g/cm3, and the soil quality was calculated for soil in the top 15-cm layer. When 10 t/hm2 of biochar was applied, the mass ratio in the soil was 5‰. Based on this calculation, the amounts of soil and biochar in the control and treatments were as follows: Control (B1): 15 kg soil per pot ; B2: 75 g biochar + 14.93 kg soil per pot; B3: 150 g biochar + 14.85 kg soil per pot; B4: 225 g biochar + 14.78 kg soil per pot; B5: 300 g biochar + 14.70 kg soil per pot. The soil and biochar were mixed before adding to each pot (pot diameter × height = 35 cm × 30 cm). The rice seeds were sown on April 15, with two seeds in per hole for plate seedling cultivation. The seedlings were raised in a greenhouse, and were transplanted at the 3.5-leaf stage. At this stage, seedlings with the same height were planted with equal spacing in the pots, with 1 seedling per hole, 3 holes per pot, and 16 pots per treatment. In total, 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer  was applied in three applications . Irrigation was managed as per the normal practices in the area. The biochar was made from rice husk (particle size 1.5–2.0 mm), and was produced and provided by the Liaoning Jinhefu Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. The physical and chemical properties of potting soil and biochar are shown in Table We conducted a pot experiment using the rice varieties ShenNong265  and Japanese Akihikari . This experiment was carried out at Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China, from 2018 to 2019. Rice husk biochar was added to soil at five rates: 0 t/hm12. The amylopectin side chain branch content was determined using the method of Nakamura et al.17. A Rapid Visco Analyzer  was used to test the viscosity of rice flour starch in the samples in accordance with the standards13 specified by the regulated by American Association of Cereal Chemists, Analyses were conducted using TCW  software.The rice appearance quality was determined using Wanshen SCE rice appearance detection analysis software. The eating quality was measured using a Satake rice taste analyzer ., The amylose content in rice was determined by the sulfuric acid anthracene copper method14. To measure gene transcript levels, total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method from the rice grains stored at − 80 °C. Then, the total RNA was treated with DNase I to eliminate DNA and cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription kit . According to the gene RNA sequence published at the NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), qRT-PC primers  and B1 > B5 > B2, B4 > B3 (Akihikari). The common feature was that GBSS activity was significantly lower in B3 and B2 than in the control, and lower in B3 than in B2  , which are subsequently extended by SS I29. The starch de-branching enzyme ISA uses amylopectin as its specific substrate, which is directly involved in the synthesis of amylopectin. ISA I is one of the most important genes determining starch structures in rice grains31. In this study, we found that biochar treatments affected the fine structure and content of starch by regulating the expression of genes encoding products related to starch synthesis and modification. This ultimately affected the viscosity and eating quality of rice. With increasing amounts of biochar added to soil, the transcript levels of GBSS I first decreased and then increased, and the activity of GBSS also first decreased and then increased. Consequently, the amylose content was significantly lower in B3 than in the other treatments. The transcript levels of SS IIa and SS IIIa affected the activity of amylase. The transcript level of SS IIa was significantly higher in B3 than in the control.The transcript level of SS IIIa was lowest in B3, resulting in the highest proportion of Fa chains and the lowest proportion of Fb3 chains, which affected the Fa/Fb3 ratio. The highest relative transcript levels of SBE I, SBE IIb and ISA I were in B2, much higher than in the control.Starch accumulates via a complex series of enzymatic processes. Rice starch is formed in the chloroplast from the products of photosynthesis, and amylose is formed via the activity of GBSS, the key enzyme for amylose synthesis in the endosperm32. Active molecules enter the plant body directly through the root system. After the active molecule enters the plant, it binds to the key protein/gene involved in starch synthesis, and then activates/inhibits a new metabolic pathway that ultimately affects grain quality. Previous studies have found that water-soluble molecules from biochar can alter the transcript levels of genes to improve drought and salt resistance in rice34. To explore this idea, we intend to use modern molecular biology techniques to screen and detect target genes or new metabolic pathways in further studies. (2) Biological carbon  contains abundant silicon that can be used directly and indirectly by plants. Many studies have shown that silicon can improve photosynthesis and promote carbohydrate synthesis and transport35. Silicon can also improve grain appearance quality and total starch content, and reduce amylose content and chalkiness to improve grain quality39. Based on the results of this study, we propose that an appropriate amount of biochar can increase the expression of genes and the activity of enzymes related to starch synthesis, which affects the types and content of starch and ultimately affects rice quality. The specific mechanism of its upstream function is unknown, and will be explored in further research.Our results show that biochar affected the expression of genes related to starch synthesis, which led to changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of amylose and amylose, thereby changing the quality of rice. We propose two possible mechanisms for this effect: (1) There are many water-soluble active molecules on the surface of biochar. These include organic compounds such as carboxylic acid, acetoxy acid, benzoic acid, glycol, triol and phenolic substances2 biochar to improved the taste quality of rice, and also improved its appearance and processing quality. To reduce costs while still achieving tangible benefits, the rate of 5t/hm2 biochar is recommended. According to the estimated 30–40% yield of biochar from straw, 5 t/hm2 biochar is approximately equivalent to the carbonization of the full amount of straw, which is feasible for production. Given the stable long-term effectiveness of biochar, measures such as carbonizing straw every other year, or reducing the amount of biochar after continuous application, are proposed.Under the conditions of this study, the addition of 5–10t/hm2. Further studies are required to clarify the detailed physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological mechanisms underlying the effect of biochar to improve the taste, appearance and processing of rice.A certain amount of biochar can regulate the activities of enzymes related to starch synthesis and metabolism by affecting the transcript levels of their encoding genes. These changes affect the content and fine structure of starch in rice grains, and ultimately improve the viscosity characteristics and taste quality of starch, as well as the appearance and processing quality of rice grains. Our results indicate that an appropriate rate of biochar addition is 5–10 t/hm


Access to practical, peer-reviewed and relevant eye health articles at your fingertips – even when internet connection is a challenge.Community Eye Health Journal has come a long way in the last three decades: our paper editions reach over twenty thousand people worldwide, our online readership has grown to 120,000 and our articles have been viewed or downloaded on PubMed 1.2 million times.The Thank you to Tijssen Foundation and the Peek Vision Foundation (www.peekvision.org) for funding the development of the Community Eye Health Journal app.Community Eye Health Journal app for Android phones, iPhones, tablets and internet browsers. If you've ever wished you had a copy of the journal with you, or found an article you were in a hurry to share with your colleagues, our new app is just what you need!With the rapid increase in cellphone/mobile phone use worldwide, and based on your feedback to our 2010 and 2015 reader surveys, we have now launched the Community Eye Health Journal app allows you to:The Get access to issues from the last 10 years.Issues tab (see the menu bar at the bottom of the screen). Swipe left or right across the top to scroll between years, and tap the year to see the list of issues.Find content by year in the Topic tab for articles related to common keywords.Look in the search tool  to find something specific.Use the PREV (previous) and NEXT buttons at the top of each article.Move between the articles in an issue using the News for information about courses, conferences and updates .Visit Bookmark or download articles and issues when you're online.Library.Find and organise your bookmarks and downloads in your own personal When you read an article, you will find even more useful features in the pop-up menu – tap the three dots top right to view it . Here yoShare the article via email or social mediaNight mode (white text on a black background) to improve contrastSelect Change the text size to improve visibility.Bookmark or download the article to the LibraryTo save any image to your camera roll, tap and hold the image until the option appears.Here you can create and name your own folders to organise your content, e.g. for outreach visits, teaching or patient education. To access your library, you will be asked to create a free and secure account using an email address and a password of your own choosing. Everything you have downloaded and organised in your folders will always be accessible, even if you change devices or lose a device. You can also log into your library account on multiple devices, including your mobile, tablet or computer.admin@cehjournal.org Let us know if you notice any errors or need help using the app.We have worked hard to make the app as useful, user-friendly and accessible as possible. Have we succeeded? Is there anything else you would like the app to be able to do? Get in touch via Twitter or Facebook  or email us at Google Play (Android) or the App Store (iOS): search for ‘Community Eye Health Journal’ or ‘CEHJ’.Find our app in https://m.cehjournal.orgYou can also view the app in any browser, on any device, by visiting


Hello everyone! My name is Dominic McSherry and I am the new Editor in Chief for the Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma (JCAT). I’ve taken over from Bob Geffner, who led the journal from its inception 15 years ago. Given that this Special Issue reflects Bob’s final contribution, I’d like to take this opportunity to acknowledge his longstanding commitment to addressing child and adolescent trauma, and to wish him well for the future. As a reflection of this contribution, he will be included as founding Editor in Chief on the journal website.My position as Editor in Chief officially commenced on the 1st January 2021. However, I was appointed in August 2020, and took over management of all submissions to the Journal from the 1st September 2020. This early de-facto four-month leadership position was very useful in two ways. First, it enabled me to familiarise myself with the Editorial Management system and the many Editorial Board members and reviewers who were supporting the work of the journal. Second, it provided a reasonable time period for me to plan the restructuring of the journal in terms of a new editorial management team and updated Board, and to begin to refine the aims and scope of the journal in line with my new vision.There is a short biography of me on the journal website for those interested, but in summary I am a developmental psychologist at Ulster University in Northern Ireland, working in both the School of Psychology and our Faculty-level multidisciplinary Institute of Mental Health Sciences. For the last 20 years my research has been focused on early childhood experience of early adversity and trauma, primarily as a result of maltreatment, subsequent entry to the care system, and for some, being adopted from care.Trauma has shadowed humankind since our earliest days. As our ancestors struggled to survive the harshest of conditions, our physiological systems evolved to protect us from the vast array of mortal perils that we faced. Many of these threats were environmental, such as famine, drought, extremes of temperature, flooding, fire, and earthquake. But they were also human-made, such as intra and inter-group/familial conflict and maltreatment. There was also the blunt reality of the fragility of life, brutally reflected for example by the sudden death of a loved one. Yet, whether environmental, self-inflicted, or human frailty, the outcome of these struggles remained consistent, physical and emotional pain and suffering.This is as true today as it was 10,000 years ago. Children continue to suffer from environmental threats, the fragility of life, and the awful legacy of conflict and maltreatment. We protect ourselves from these threats and stresses using the same basic internal physiological guard-system that protected our early ancestors from imminent danger, the adrenal response, the compulsion for fight, flight or freezing. Then, as now, the primary purpose was survival. Then as now the primacy of the survival response can have detrimental psychological effects, particularly where stress responses are prolonged, and the environment in which they occur is frightening, unsupportive and unpredictable. Does this mean that I believe we should simply accept child trauma as an inevitable part of the human condition? The answer is ‘Yes’ and ‘No’.‘Yes’, because our planet continues to threaten human survival through famine, flooding, extremes of weather and temperature, earthquakes, tsunami, and of course as we know only too well from recent experience, viral infection. We can and should try to influence the likelihood of such events, for example in relation to climate change, attempting to control for greenhouse gas emissions, reduce carbon emissions, protect the ozone layer, develop international treaties, such as the Paris Agreement, to reduce global warming. But, no matter how we try to manage these processes, disasters will still occur, and children will continue to be traumatised as a result. In these circumstances, we should explore what is the best way to respond to such natural disasters. This is an area of work where I’m hoping to see a greater influx of papers into JCAT as we move forward. A renewed focus on natural disaster and evidence of what works best for children in terms of firstly preventing trauma, and secondly, where this has occurred, treating it effectively.‘No’, because there are multiple levels of trauma for children that are the direct consequence of human action or inaction. The poverty, social deprivation and inequality that continues to tarnish human societies locally and globally, is a key driver of the war, conflict and maltreatment that leads to the trauma that too many children and adolescents continue to experience. We have the capacity at local and global levels to significantly reduce these human-made drivers of child trauma. What we lack is enough collective desire and conviction to do so. Moving forward then, I would like to see further evidence of the impact of these traumas on children, and how these can be experienced into adulthood, and what works in reducing incidence and treating symptoms. However, I would be very keen to see a focus on some of the larger structural issues that can be the driver of these difficulties, and theoretical, conceptual and practical suggestions as to how these social deficits can be alleviated..Building upon the Journal’s already established strong foundations, my vision is to create a structure that enables us to more fully understand and address child and adolescent trauma. As such, there are a number of key areas that I plan to focus on for further development within the journal. These are: Internationalisation; a biopsychosocial approach; multidisciplinarity; interprofessionality; and moving beyond child maltreatmentA key aspect of addressing some of the challenges I’ve just raised is ensuring that the journal is of relevance to an international audience. A central tenant of my beliefs about child trauma is the universality of human experience. We all share the same human body that has evolved to respond to threat via our survival mechanisms. Of course, the environment that each of us experiences can differ dramatically. But, whatever the environment or cultural context, it is the same human being, with the same physiological response system, trying to survive the world one day at a time. Consequently, I believe that there is much scope for us to learn from each other across the globe about our experiences of trauma and approaches that have been developed, historically or more recently, to prevent and address child and adolescent traumatic symptomatology.I’ve already taken a number of steps to try and achieve that goal. First, to establish a new associate editorial team for the journal that is reflective of expertise at an international level. Second, to further open up membership of the Editorial Board to expertise at a global level. The new Associate Editorial team consists of members from the US , Northern Ireland , England , Republic of Ireland (Robbie Gilligan), India (Avinash Desousa), Italy (Chiara Ionio), Canada (Nadine Lanctôt), and South Africa (Adrian Van Breda). Additionally, Muthanna, a UK-based academic, is originally from the Middle East, so he is able to bring an important perspective from a sadly troubled region of the world. Hopefully this widening of the geographic spread of the journal leadership will be reflected in a greater geographically diverse spread of submissions.I firmly believe that we cannot fully understand child trauma without applying a lens that is able to capture meaning and interaction at biological, psychological and societal levels. Some would refer to this as gene-environment interaction. However, I’m somewhat uncomfortable with that terminology as to some degree it overlooks intermediate processes, the psychology of the person, their thoughts, feelings and actions, which we know are critical to our understanding of trauma. That said, moving forward I would like to see more of a focus within submissions on firstly human biology and the role that our genetic make-up can have in terms of our susceptibility or resilience to the initial processing of traumatic events and the management of any stress response that may or may not occur. Secondly, I would like to see more contributions that address systemic factors that can provide a rich antecedent environment for child and adolescent trauma, such as poverty, social deprivations, and inequality and discrimination, either on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or class. In my view, a complex circular interplay of biological, psychological and social factors will be involved when considering all human responses to trauma, be they minimal or of significant harm. This will certainly be the case when considering child and adolescent trauma.Given my focus on a biopsychosocial approach, it not surprising then that I believe our understanding of child and adolescent trauma is best advanced when academics and scholars in the biological, psychological and social fields work together to develop novel and advanced understanding, and preventative and treatment approaches. This has been a core dimension of my own research over the last 20 years, and I’ve seen at first hand the rewards it can bring. As such, it remains embedded within the work that I do with my psychology colleagues and also the diverse range of colleagues I work with across the Faculty in our Institute of Mental Health Sciences at Ulster University. The journal already had a wide range of disciplines specified within the aims and scope on the webpage, and that has now been enhanced by adding in education and nursing, two disciplines that are very often at the coal face of societies’ responses to child trauma. Consequently, we have much to learn from and share with these colleagues within this journal.There has been no stronger evidence of the need for interprofessional cooperation than what we’ve experienced across the globe from the COVID-19 pandemic. Although often used in a flippant way, the term that ‘we are all in this together’ has never been more apt. In my view, there are multiple levels of knowledge and understanding of child and adolescent trauma embedded across all our communities, be that on a university campus, a social service department, a hospital ward, a science laboratory, or in a school. I want this journal to be a conduit for the free expression and sharing of that knowledge and understanding, in a way that democratises the source, and privileges no particular perspective. This has been reflected in the make-up of the new Associate Editorial team, with seven academic/practitioners, six academics, and four practitioners included, and the Editorial Board, which reflects a rich diversity of academic and practitioner backgrounds. Furthermore, the capacity for academic research to have impact at the local and global level is greatly enhanced if it is generated by and shared with those professionals who deal with the reality of child and adolescent trauma, in childhood and adulthood, on a day and daily basis.Although my own research over the last 20 years has been focused on trauma related to the early experience of child maltreatment, I do not wish the journal to become an echo chamber for that singular perspective. Since taking over as de facto Editor in Chief back in September 2020, it has become clear that is certainly the dominant consideration within the journal currently, despite the fact that the aims and objectives specify a wide range of area of interest, including: loss, natural disasters, and political conflict; exposure to or victimisation from family or community violence; physical injury, disease, and painful or debilitating medical treatments; racial, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation (just included) or class discrimination. Two further key areas of interest have also been added since my tenure as EiC commenced: poverty, social deprivation, and inequality; and barriers and facilitators on pathways to recovery.To fully understand and address child and adolescent trauma we need to understand and address it in its totality, across all contexts, to collectively explore and learn from the variation and similarities in experience, and the multiplicity of perspectives. Over recent years societies across the world have been ravaged by ethno-political wars and conflicts, major devastation has been caused to our living environment through natural disasters involving drought, flooding, and fire, and we have been facing perhaps the biggest global health crisis of the century with the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course in all of this the impact of child maltreatment will remain a key concern, but so will all of the other contexts of child trauma, and I hope my tenure as EiC will see a major growth in research and scholarship across this broad range of critical domains.I am deeply honoured to have been tasked with the role of leading the Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma over the next five years, and in the calibre of academics, scholars and practitioners who have so graciously committed to support this journey, both on the Associate Editorial Team, and the Editorial Board. I have set out a general vision of how I would like to see the journal develop, and this has been forged through very helpful discussions with many colleagues, including Associate Editors and Board member. When we look around us today we see clearly that the world faces many challenges, none perhaps more significant than how we deal with the COVID-19 pandemic and respond to the avalanche of trauma that is likely to follow in its wake, particularly for children and adolescents. But, Science and the Arts have shone a light on the resilience of the human spirit in the face of such significant adversity, and we are part of that spirit, the spirit of freedom, knowledge, enlightenment, and striving to find a better path for our fellow human beings, especially our children and young people. This journal is an opportunity to make a positive difference. To better understand the biopsychosocial dimensions of child and adolescent trauma, and to provide policy makers and practitioners with evidence of what works best in terms of prevention and treatment. Let’s continue to collectively make this happen in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma (JCAT).


Graft thrombosis due to fabric delamination is a rare cause of delayed failure of arteriovenous grafts. Graft delamination is primarily an imaging diagnosis and is confirmed with the help of ultrasound which shows the separation of graft fabric layers. Only two such cases have been described in the literature so far.We present a case of upper extremity arteriovenous graft thrombosis in a 79 year old COVID-19 positive patient with end-stage renal disease. The diagnosis was established on ultrasonography which revealed separation of the graft fabric layers with thrombosis within the “false” and “true” lumen of the graft. The patient was managed with angioplasty and embolectomy of the clot material followed by stent-graft placement across the delaminated portion of the graft. Post-procedural angiography confirmed brisk flow across the graft and patient could successfully have subsequent hemodialysis sessions.Identification of graft delamination as a cause of graft failure is important as its management differs from other conventional causes since it requires stent-grafts to cover the area of delamination to re-establish flow and salvage the AV graft. The recognition of this phenomenon is essential to provide quality care and successful reuse of the AV graft.Level 4, Case Report. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) affects over 660,000 patients in the United States, including approximately 468,000 who require dialysis. Arteriovenous fistulae, arteriovenous grafts and central venous catheters are the three most common forms of vascular accesses for hemodialysis. An arteriovenous graft is a synthetic tubing, typically made of expanded PolyTetra-Fluoroethylene (ePTFE), which is interposed between an artery and vein. The graft is the site of needle access for dialysis. Delayed failure of AV grafts is most commonly due to stenosis or occlusion of the graft-vein anastomosis due to pressure from the arterialized blood being received by the elastic native venous system. However, only a few cases of graft thrombosis due to fabric delamination have been reported so far. In this article, we describe a case of graft thrombosis due to the rare phenomenon of fabric delamination and its management.A 79-year-old woman with ESRD and a positive COVID-19 test on maintenance hemodialysis presented to the emergency department after multiple failed attempts to cannulate her left upper extremity AV graft. The patient had potassium of 5.2 on admission and did not have any signs of volume overload or uremia to suggest the need for urgent hemodialysis. Physical examination of the left upper extremity was significant for the absence of any thrill or pulsatility along the course of the AV graft suggestive of graft thrombosis. Given the patient’s COVID-19 positive status, the decision was made to admit the patient in observation status and perform a graft thrombectomy. Due to the patient’s contrast allergy, an overnight 13-h steroid regimen was administered and the procedure was performed the following morning. The patient was brought to the IR suite and the left arm was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A limited ultrasound of the left arm AV graft showed separation of the graft fabric layers with thrombus in the false lumen between the superficial fabric layer and delaminated layer as well as a thrombus in the “true” lumen between the delaminated layer and the deep fabric layer  without success. The contrast was then injected from the antegrade and retrograde upsizing sheaths demonstrating access within the delaminated false lumen which showed a thin “tail” of contrast emptying into a widely patent native axillary vein.Transfemoral access was then obtained via the left common femoral vein and an 8 Fr sheath was placed. A 5 Fr angled catheter was advanced over a glide wire  and was used to cross the graft vein anastomosis and gain access into the true lumen of the graft. A contrast injection demonstrated patency of the graft beyond the area of delamination without evidence of venous anastomosis stenosis Fig. b.A 3.2 Fr 4–8 mm En-Snare  was advanced through the antegrade upsizing sheath and was used to capture the glide wire providing through and through access in the true lumen . A brachial arteriogram was then performed which showed restoration of arterial flow through the graft. A focal area of extra-luminal contrast was identified Fig. a correlaSince the completion of the procedure, the patient has undergone 36 successful hemodialysis sessions, which signifies that the fistula has been successfully salvaged.Numerous reports of graft delamination have been published in the US Food and Drug Administration’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database, but only two cases have been published to date, which reports endovascular management of this complication (Dai et al. Femoral access was used in our case to cannulate the graft lumen after the failure to access it through local antegrade and retrograde access. Transfemoral access was able to provide entry into the native graft lumen via the native venous system allowing wires and catheters to pass while avoiding the false lumen (Wang et al. In patients with arteriovenous grafts, any process which disrupts the luminal surface of the graft such as hemodialysis needle cannulation, insertion of vascular sheaths for endovascular intervention or angioplasty or rotational thrombectomy can create a plane between the layers of the graft which allows the blood to enter the false lumen and result in further delamination of the graft material. Alternatively, there can also be delamination of the pseudointima, which is formed by a complex matrix of cells and fibroblasts over the graft luminal surface, and this can create a false lumen (Roy-Chaudhury et al. Management of graft delamination differs from that of conventional stenosis as delamination cannot be corrected by conventional angioplasty and thrombectomy, which are typically used to salvage the AV grafts. In these patients, stent-grafts are needed to cover the area of delamination to open the true lumen and prevent the flow of blood into the false lumen. This can then be confirmed by improved flow visualization, physical examination and angiographic appearance. The recognition of this phenomenon is essential to provide quality care and successful reuse of the AV graft.


Not applicable. We appreciate the interest and comments from Dr. Caliskan and colleagues  about ouIn summary, we agree with Caliskan that our experimental study has several limitations and the results have to be taken with caution if we extrapolated to clinical practice. However, the composition of GALA solution elaborated for this experimental study is exactly the same for conservation of venous graft in coronary bypass grafting. Venous graft failure involves multiple factors and long-term follow-up in larger randomized studies is needed to evaluate the effect of storage solutions on clinical outcomes.


This dataset contains the mechanical properties and structural characteristics with images of the carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite (CFRP) laminates with open/blind holes. The mechanical dataset are the fracture strength, strain at fracture, strain energy density for resilience, strain energy density to fracture and stiffness of the CFRP laminates for different setups  from pristine and barely visible impact damage (BVID) specimens, determine from in-plane compression test. The structural-related dataset include thermographs, images of BVID specimens, drilling-induced damage BVID specimens and video clips of crack propagation during in-plane compression testing. The data is valuable because it contains important information concerning how hole type, hole-hole interaction and orientation of holes within the damage area affects the mechanical properties of the composite laminate.The data could be valuable for informing materials engineers about (1) the damaged material structure integrity following the drilling of holes, (2) effects of the hole-hole interaction and the orientation of holes on the mechanical behaviour of the BVID specimen, and (3) performance of different type of holes, namely blind and open holes.The data could direct future research relating to the optimization of the design of resin-injection method for repairing damage structures 1The data consists of the mechanical properties and structural information of the carbon fibre epoxy composite (CFRP) laminate containing different hole types (blind holes and open holes) and hole setups  in pristine and barely visible impact damaged (BVID) conditions.Uσ), strain at fracture (Uε), strain energy density for resilience (Eu), strain energy density to fracture (Fu) and stiffness (E) of the CFRP laminates derived from the stress-strain curves of the specimens subjected to in-plane compression testing to fracture. , following the ASTM protocolU), compressive strain at rupture (εU), modulus of resilience (uE), fracture toughness (uF), and stiffness (E).The information related to (1) QSI method used to create BVID in CFRP laminates, (2) in-plane compression test method, and (3) mechanical properties derived from the stress-strain curve can be found in another data article 2.3Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods namely the infrared thermography and digital imaging was used to examine the failure structures and interaction between holes within the CFRP laminates. The infrared thermography captures the thermal variation  on the surface of the specimens in the form of images also known as thermograph. The method used to conduct infrared thermography inspection on the CFRP specimens were similar to the procedures shown in another data article [3]. The thermograph was used to (1) quantify the damage area of the BVID, (2) determine the positions of the holes in the BVID of the specimens before mechanical drilling, (3) examine for interaction between two holes, and (4) examine for damage features around the edges of the hole For digital imaging, a digital camera (Nikon D7200) was used to capture images and videos of the failures of specimens during mechanical testing. The dataset obtained from digital imaging was used to observe the failure patterns happens on the specimens during the in-plane compression test. Videos were taken during the process of the in-plane compression test to observe how structures failed around hole or to another nearby holes Lai Wei Liang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Hamid Saeedipour: Co-Supervision, Resource, Funding acquisition. Goh Kheng Lim: Supervision, Writing – reviewing and editing.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have, or could be perceived to have, influenced the work reported in this article.


Rosa hybrida cultivars during February to May, which were grown in the Specimen Park  of Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China. Stems from two of the cultivars were used for establishing regression models for starch and soluble sugar contents as functions of reconstructed voltage values. The third cultivar was used to test the accuracy of the regression models. The quadratic regression model was best for determining soluble sugar content and the logarithmic regression model was best for determining starch content. Thus, this research provided technical support for using EIT to analyze changes in physiological parameters and to rapidly estimate physiological indexes of plants. More studies were now needed to validate the results in this paper.Soluble sugars and starches are important metabolites of plant life and physiological markers of plant stress response. There is an urgent need to develop a non-destructive and rapid method for determining plant starch and soluble sugar contents. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technology has been used to determine the physiological state and cold resistance of select plant tissues. However, so far there have been no reports on the use of EIT for the rapid estimation of soluble sugar and starch contents. In this study, EIT was used to obtain reconstructed voltage values and estimate starch and soluble sugar contents in the stems of three  Wang et al. (2016) showed that during the dehardening period, as the temperature naturally changed, the soluble sugar content in rose plants decreased and the starch content increased5. At present, starch content and soluble sugar content are usually determined using colorimetric approaches. Colorimetric approaches are easily affected by the amount of chromogenic agents, proportion of different carbohydrates in the plant, and the experimental procedures and conditions. Although measurement conditions have been optimized8, there are still shortcomings of such methods. These shortcomings include destructive sampling, extensive use of chemicals, complicated procedures, and errors caused by human operation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a non-destructive and rapid method for determining starch and soluble sugar contents in plants.Soluble sugar and starch, the photosynthetic products of higher plants, are the main substances produced through plant carbon metabolism via the Calvin cycle and play an important role in osmotic adjustment. To a certain extent, changes in soluble sugar content reflect the adaptability of a plant to environment change12.In 1976, Swanson from the Wisconsin Madison University in the United States, first proposed the use of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), which has since attracted extensive attention. The EIT system can quickly and efficiently detect changes in the electrical characteristics of an organism, which are associated with changes in physiological state. The voltage and current across sections of the subject are measured at the surface and the internal conductivity distribution is reconstructed. To do this, a set of EIT sensors are attached around the surface of the object of study and an electric signal with an alternating current of constant amplitude is applied to the object. An electrical instrument connected to the sensors is used to measure the boundary voltage, which is then processed and output as an intuitive two-dimensional color image17. In recent years, some researchers have used EIT technology to study soil properties, wood decay, root physiological state, and cold resistance of plants22. There are few reports on the establishment of regression models for the effect of plant physiological state on EIT parameters. EIT technology can show that the impedance changes with frequency inside the object and be used to display an image of the functional state of an organ undergoing physiological changes23. The rapid and non-destructive determination of plant starch and soluble sugar contents can be achieved through the following procedure: the excitation signal is loaded to the object by selecting suitable electrodes; the surface voltage is detected; data are collected and processed; the image is reconstructed using algorithms; and the corresponding two-dimensional color image is displayed on a computer.EIT is mainly used in animal experiments and tentatively in human clinical research related to digestive, respiratory, and craniocerebral issues24. The resulting differences in electrical conductivity could be detected using EIT technology by measuring the boundary voltage. Hence, the concentrations of the soluble sugar and starch contents could be detected. The objective of this study was to utilize the EIT imaging technology to establish regression models for the starch and soluble sugar contents as functions of reconstructed EIT boundary voltage values using data from two floribunda rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars. The accuracy of the models was tested using a third floribunda rose cultivar. This study provides a technical and theoretical basis, and a mathematical model, for the rapid and non-destructive determination of starch and soluble sugar contents in plants.We hypothesized that the starch and soluble sugar contents in plant cells and tissues would change during the dehardening periodP < 0.05).One EIT image was selected from each of the three rose cultivars at different temperatures at each sampling time Fig. . During P < 0.01). The soluble sugar contents of ‘Red Cap’, ‘Tender and Soft as Water’, and ‘Carefree Wonder’ on May 16 were 41.99%, 45.38%, and 41.35% lower, respectively, than on February 22. However, there were no significant differences in the soluble sugar contents of the same cultivar between the March 14, April 4, and April 25 samples. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the soluble sugar contents of the different cultivars at each sampling time.The soluble sugar content in the stems measured with a colorimetric anthrone method. During the dehardening period, the soluble sugar content in the stems of the three rose cultivars showed an overall downward trend. The soluble sugar contents all increased slightly on April 25, and then continuously decreased, with the lowest values observed on May 16 when the last sampling was performed Fig. A. The soP < 0.05). The starch contents in the stems of ‘Red Cap’, ‘Tender and Soft as Water’, and ‘Carefree Wonder’ were 41.42%, 44.51%, and 58.93% higher on May 16 than on February 22. The starch content of the stem of ‘Carefree Wonder’ significantly differed between the five sampling times (P < 0.05). The starch contents of ‘Red Cap’ and ‘Tender and Soft as Water’ significantly differed between February 22 and the four other sampling times (P < 0.05); there were no significant differences in sugar content between those four sampling times. There was no significant difference in the starch content between different cultivars at each sampling time.During the dehardening period, the starch content of the stems of all three rose cultivars showed an increasing trend Fig. B. The ovR2 was preferentially selected as the best model. The results are shown in Table R2 values of the established linear, logarithmic, and quadratic regression models for soluble sugar content as a function of reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value, were 0.863, 0.811, and 0.897, respectively (P < 0.001). Thus, for soluble sugar, the quadratic regression model had the greatest R2. The R2 values of the established linear, logarithmic, and quadratic regression models for the starch content as a function of reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value, were 0.894, 0.959, and 0.935, respectively (P < 0.001). Thus, for starch, the logarithmic regression model had the greatest R2.The soluble sugar and starch contents and the corresponding reconstructed EIT boundary voltage values of the two cultivars ‘Red Cap’ and ‘Carefree Wonder’ were used to establish a regression model. The measured EIT boundary voltage values ranged from 0.036 to 0.089. These values were 100 times smaller than the values of starch and soluble sugar contents. Therefore, the measured boundary voltage values were multiplied by 100. These amplified values were used together with the soluble sugar and starch contents in linear and nonlinear regression analyses. The regression model with the greatest RMSE), Relative Error (RE), Offset, and the coefficient of determination (R′2) of the fitted linear regression based on measured and predicted values were compared between the established linear, logarithmic, and quadratic models. The RE is the percentage of the absolute error of the measurement divided by the measured value. Generally, the RE could well reflect the reliability of a measurement and was calculated using the Eq.  was the soluble sugar content and starch content calculated by the model; yi was the measured value of soluble sugar and starch content corresponding to xi; and n = 5 represents the five sampling times within the dehardening period.The measured data from the cultivar ‘Tender and Soft as Water’ was used to test the accuracy of the regression models. The Root Mean Square Error ( the Eq. . RMSE wanation R′ of the fy = 0.142x2 − 0.823x + 6.757) had the greatest R2 (0.897), and the smallest RMSE (0.811), RE (10.64%), and Offset (1.38). Therefore, it was the best model and the prediction accuracy was 89.36%. The logarithmic regression model for starch content prediction (y =  − 1.917ln(x) + 6.634) had the greatest R2 (0.959) and R′2 (0.948), and the smallest Offset (0.022). The RMSE was only 0.010 times greater than that of the linear model. Taking into consideration the R2, RMSE, RE, Offset, and R′2, the logarithmic model was the best model for predicting starch content, with a prediction accuracy of 93.98%.The validation result of the models was shown in Table 29. In the present study, it could be seen that during the dehardening period, large amounts of soluble sugar were used for growth and the content of soluble sugar in the rose stems showed a decreasing trend. As the environmental temperature and duration of sunshine increases, more photosynthetic products were produced by new green leaves30. Meanwhile, the activities of various enzymes involved in photosynthesis were enhanced. More photosynthetic products (soluble sugars) are produced, and most of them are synthesized into starch, leading to an increase in starch content. As a result, the starch content in the stem increases, as was observed in the present study. Therefore, the content of soluble sugar and starch in the plant changed with the temperature of the external environment.Carbohydrates, which exist mainly as starch and soluble sugar, were the basic substances that directly participated in plant metabolism by providing energy and carbon sources. Soluble sugars included glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc. The accumulation of starch in plants was closely related to the synthesis, transport and accumulation of soluble sugar. Thus, they were the important indicators of the intensity of life activities in plants. Many studies had shown that carbohydrates could also act as signaling molecules, connecting with hormone and nitrogen signals to form a complex signaling network. Thus, carbohydrates participated in the regulation of a series of plant metabolic activities. Carbohydrate content in plants directly affected plant growth and ecological adaptability31. In the present study, the stem segment was exposed to the EIT saline solution for only 30 s, so the effect of the water content on the rose stem boundary voltage could be ignored.EIT technology used the electromagnetic characteristics of a tissue to reconstruct the distribution of resistivity inside the tissue and display these changed as an image. The interaction of charged ions and ionic groups allowed biological tissues to maintain a certain structure and function. Changes in physiological state result in changes to the electrical characteristics, which could be sensitively captured by the EIT system. Therefore, EIT was an imaging technology that could reflect the internal structure and function of tissues and organs. In response to changes in the external environment, plants presented a series of noticeable changes, such as in plasma membrane permeability, intracellular solutes, and cell growth and differentiation32. In the present study, we used 1 kHz excitation currents. The majority of the current flows only in the extracellular spaces, and only a small part of the current passed through the cell membrane into the cell. Therefore, the extracellular impedance and part of the intracellular impedance affected the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value.Rose stems mainly possess fiber wood-related characteristics, which were affected by the changes in physiological parameters and in turn led to the changes in the stem dielectric properties. These dielectric changes caused differences in the reconstructed boundary voltage values. Rose stems were composed of a large number of cells of different shapes. The cells had high impedance to low frequency currents (f < 1 kHz) that only flow in the extracellular spaceR2 of the best regression models for predicting soluble sugar content and for predicting starch content were 0.897 and 0.959, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, by using rose stem samples from a third cultivar for testing, both of the models were found to have decent accuracy. Therefore, it would be possible to use the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value to predict plant soluble sugar and starch contents as a substitute for cumbersome chemical methods.Sugar dissolves in the cell fluid, while starch was insoluble in water. As the environmental temperature gradually increases, the carbohydrates in the stem changed accordingly. In the present study, the soluble sugar content gradually decreased while the starch content gradually increased. This affected the flow of the electric current. As a result, the stem resistivity and the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value decreased over the course of the dehardening period. It was found that the soluble sugar and starch contents correlated well with the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value. The More studies were now needed to validate the results in this paper.The rapid advancement of EIT technology deems it feasible for use as a rapid and non-destructive method for the determination of physiological parameters of plants. In this study, the mathematical models for estimating soluble sugar and starch contents were preliminarily explored using the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value of rose stems. The results provide theoretical and technical basis for the application of EIT technology in the rapid analysis of the physiological parameters of plants and their changes. This study may also promote the application of EIT technology for physiological studies of plant resistance. More studies wrer now needed to validate the results in this paper.R. hybrida) cultivars ‘Red Cap’, ‘Tender and Soft as Water’, and ‘Carefree Wonder’, which were grown in the Specimen Park  of Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China, were used in the study. A completely randomized block design was adopted. Before the roses were planted, the soil was ploughed and barnyard manure fertilizer was applied. After planting, the soil was watered one to two times per week according to rainfall conditions. Thirty plants were grown in each plot with a spacing of 0.25 m × 0.30 m between plants. There were five replicate plots for each cultivar. A total of 450 plants were grown (30 plants/plot × 5 replicates × 3 cultivars = 450 plants). Management was applied to maintain consistent growth of the different rose cultivars. During the dehardening period from February to May 2016, the plants were sampled every 20 days and five times in total. During the sampling period, the environmental temperature was recorded by the meteorological station in the Specimen Park of Hebei Agricultural University. The daily average air temperatures of the five sampling days were 1.45 ℃, 7.7 ℃, 13.65℃, 19.65℃, and 18.75 ℃  with leaves, from the middle of each plant, were sampled. The samples were washed three times with tap water and a further three times with deionized water. The water on the surface of the samples was removed with absorbent papers. A part of each sample was stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 2 h and then used in the EIT measurement. The other part of each sample was oven dried for the conventional determination of starch and soluble sugar contents.In this study, we used the relatively high precision EIT system that was independently developed by researchers from the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China. A number of preliminary tests were conducted in order to find the excitation current that provided the best imaging and avoided noise interference. The chosen excitation current for the EIT system in this study was 1 kHz and 250 μA. A cylindrical perspex container with an inner diameter of 80 mm and a height of 80 mm was filled with 0.9% physiological saline solution (impedance does not change with frequency). Sixteen electrodes of 10 mm diameter were equidistantly installed on the wall inside the container. The model of relative excitation and adjacent measurement was adopted. The electrode plane was 25 mm from the bottom of the container and 10 mm below the surface of the physiological saline solution. Stem segments that were 70–90 mm long and 8–10 mm in diameter  with even thickness and growth status were selected. Separately, each of the five stem segments was inserted vertically in the container, 20 mm away from the wall. After the surface of the saline solution became still, 10 frames of EIT images were obtained from each stem segment. Of these, the image with the least noise interference was selected and the corresponding reconstructed boundary voltage value was used as the final datum. For the EIT, a reconstruction algorithm was used to divide the image region into several triangular elements. A total of 512 finite elements were used for image reconstruction. To improve the visual display effect, the image was smoothed. EIT imaging results are displayed using a relative gray scale: in the obtained images, a reconstruction value less than 0 indicated that there was a reduction in resistivity of the corresponding area. In the pseudo-color images, negative reconstruction values were represented by colors on the red end of the scale, and the pure red part of the image corresponded to the minimum EIT reconstruction value obtained. A reconstruction value greater than 0 indicated that there was an increase in resistivity of the corresponding region, which was represented by colors towards the blue end of the scale. The pure blue part of the image corresponded to the maximum reconstruction value. The median reconstruction value corresponded to the pure green color shown in the image. According to the algorithm, the greater the absolute value of the reconstruction results at a location, the greater the degree of variation in resistivity of the region.The entire data acquisition process took only 30 s. In such a short time, the effect of the saline solution on the stem segment and the subsequent effect on the precision of the image could be ignored. In order to obtain the best quality image, we used the weighted and damped least-squares (WD-DLS) based EIT algorithm to reconstruct the image. This method was used for data processing, which eliminated the influence of background noise on the imaging quality. Meanwhile, the regularization method combined with the damped least-square reconstruction algorithm was used to deal with the ill-posed inverse problem associated with EIT. The structure of the system is illustrated in Fig. 33. Eight samples from each replicate were used.The sampled stem segments were washed with deionized water, oven dried at 80 °C for 48 h, and then kept in desiccators before use. Soluble sugar and starch contents were determined using the anthrone colorimetric methodTo the precipitate in the tube, 2 mL water was added and the two were mixed by stirring. The tube was placed in boiling water for 15 min, and the precipitate formed a paste. After cooling on ice, 2 mL of 9.2 mol/L perchloric acid was added and the mixture was stirred well. After 15 min, 3 mL water was added, and the mixture was stirred well. The tube was then centrifuged for 10 min. The supernatant was poured into a 50 mL volumetric flask. To the precipitate in the tube, 2 mL of 4.6 mol/L perchloric acid was added and the mixture was stirred well. After 15 min, 3 mL of water was added, the mixture was stirred well, and then centrifuged for 10 min. This supernatant was also poured into the 50 mL volumetric flask. Finally, the precipitate was washed with 4 mL water and centrifuged. The centrifuged supernatant was combined with the previous supernatants collected in the 50 mL volumetric flask. Distilled water was added to make a final volume of 50 mL.C is the glucose content (μg) of the tested sample in the cuvette, which was read from a standard curve; V represents the total volume of extracts (mL); n represents the fold of dilution; W is the dry weight of the sample (mg); and 0.9 is the glucose to starch conversion constant.In a clean test tube, 1 mL water, and then 1 mL of extract (centrifuged supernatants collected in the 50 mL flask) were added. For the control, the test tube contained 2 mL water. Along the wall of the test tube, 5 mL 0.2% anthrone was slowly added, and the solution in the tube was mixed by shaking. The test tube was then incubated in an 80 °C water bath for 10 min to allow for color formation. After being cooled, the absorbance of the solution was measured at 620 nm. The soluble sugar and starch contents were calculated according to the following Eqs.  and 4)::4):3\doc34. The curves of the reconstructed EIT boundary voltage values and the soluble sugar and starch contents changing with the sampling times were plotted using SigmaPlot V 10.0 . The correlation and variance of reconstructed EIT boundary voltage value, soluble sugar content, and starch content between the three floribunda cultivars and between the different sampling dates of each cultivar were analyzed using SPSS V 20.0 software. SPSS  was used to establish the regression models for the average soluble sugar or starch content (dependent variable y) of the ‘Red Cap’ and ‘Carefree Wonder’ stems as a function of their corresponding reconstructed EIT boundary voltage values (independent variable x). The measured data for the cultivar ‘Tender and Soft as Water’ were used in statistical analysis and verification of the accuracy of the regression models.Microsoft Excel 2016 was used to remove anomalous data according to error theory


However, continuous drug administration at high concentrations is needed to maintain sufficient 10B concentration within tumors. To address the issue of 10B accumulation and retention in tumor tissue, we developed MMT1242, a novel boron-containing α-d-mannopyranoside. We evaluated the uptake, intracellular distribution, and retention of MMT1242 in cultured cells and analyzed biodistribution, tumor-to-normal tissue ratio and toxicity in vivo. Fluorescence imaging using nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-labeled MMT1242 and inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were performed. The effectiveness of BNCT using MMT1242 was assessed in animal irradiation studies at the Kyoto University Research Reactor. MMT1242 showed a high uptake and broad intracellular distribution in vitro, longer tumor retention compared to BSH and BPA, and adequate tumor-to-normal tissue accumulation ratio and low toxicity in vivo. A neutron irradiation study with MMT1242 in a subcutaneous murine tumor model revealed a significant tumor inhibiting effect if injected 24 h before irradiation. We therefore report that 10B-MMT1242 is a candidate for further clinical BNCT studies.Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a unique anticancer technology that has demonstrated its efficacy in numerous phase I/II clinical trials with boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH) used as  C35H83B36N9Na6O12. Calculated: m/z 651.5 [M + 6Na-2Na]2−; 1372 [M + 7Na]+.MS  δ 8.11 , 8.07 , 7.68 , 7.33–7.24 , 4.79–4.73 , 4.63–4.56 , 4.56–4.49 , 4.44–4.30 , 3.94–3.73 , 3.68–3.38 , 3.32 , 1.88–0.34 .3  in tetrahydrofuran (14 mL) was added triphenylphosphine , diethyl azodicarboxylate , and phthalimide  at 0 °C (ice-water bath). After stirring of the mixture at room temperature for 40 min, triphenylphosphine , diethyl azodicarboxylate , and phthalimide  were added at 0 °C (ice-water bath). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 25 min then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate to give compound 6  as crude material.To a solution of compound 1H NMR  δ 7.85 , 7.70 , 4.69 , 4.57–4.22 , 4.11 , 4.05–3.90 , 3.70 , 3.15 , 2.46 , 2.41 , 2.38 .6  in ethanol (7 mL) was added hydrazine monohydrate . The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by reverse-phase HPLC  to give a mixture of compound 7. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 0.2N HCl. After concentration of the aqueous layer under reduced pressure, the obtained residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC  to give compound 7 .To a solution of compound 1H NMR  δ 4.88 , 4.52–4.33 , 4.08 , 3.94 , 3.77–3.62 , 3.47–3.41 , 3.11 , 2.98–2.91 .7  in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was added triethylamine  and 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole . After stirring of the mixture at 70 °C overnight, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and then washed with water, followed by saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate to give compound 8 .To a solution of compound 1H NMR  δ 8.51 , 6.67 , 6.32 , 4.83 , 4.55–4.30 , 4.08 , 4.01–3.88 , 3.84–3.75 , 3.35 , 2.50–2.47 , 2.46 .8  as a starting material to give NBD1242 .An operation similar to that of MMT1242 was performed using compound m/z): 687.9 [M + 6Na-2Na]2−; 1397 [M + 6Na-Na]−. C34H79B36N13Na5O14. Calculated: m/z 687.5 [M + 6Na-2Na]2−; 1398 [M + 6Na-Na]−.MS  δ 8.48 , 8.17 , 8.14 , 8.05 , 6.29 , 4.85–4.76 , 4.67–4.60 , 4.60–4.53 , 4.43–4.37 , 3.96 , 3.91–3.73 , 3.72–3.65 , 3.65–3.30 , 3.23 , 1.81–0.26 .4 cells/well of CT26 tumor cells were seeded on collagen I-coated 12 mm cover slips within the 24-well plates. The cells were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h before the medium including NBD1242 (3 mM) was added. After incubation for 23 h, the supernatant was aspirated and BODIPY® TR methyl Ester  5 μM was added at 37 °C for 30 min. After incubation, the solutions were washed by culture medium and 1 μM Hoechst 33,342  stain was added at room temperature for 10 min. The sample solutions were washed by culture medium twice before a PBS 1× wash and fix with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min. The cells were mounted on slides, incubated 3 times with PBS and ProLong Diamond  for 5 min each, then stocked at 4 °C for 4 days. Samples were observed under a KEYENCE BZ-X710  fluorescence microscope.To confirm the intracellular distribution of the compound in tumor cells, MMT1242 was labeled with a nitrobenzoxadiazole frame, which emits green-yellow fluorescence at 552 nm upon excitation at 413 nm, forming NBD1242 . A total6 cells per well were seeded in 24-well plates. After 24 h of pre-incubation, we added 3 mM MMT1242 for each group (n = 3). Each cell line was incubated in either RPMI 1640 (Gibco A10491), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Gibco 11995-065), or F-12K Medium , as appropriate, together with fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin. Concentrations of natural boron were calculated by the ICP-MS  method. The temperature dependence of intracellular boron uptake in CT26 tumor cells were also determined. A total of 1 mM each of MMT1242 and BPA were added to medium containing CT26 tumor cells at 37 °C and 4 °C for 1 h up to 3 h. Then, the intracellular concentration of natural boron was determined by the ICP-MS method. To evaluate intracellular uptake of natural boron after injection of MMT1242, several types of cells, including B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells, C6 rat glioma cells, and CT26 mouse colon tumor cells were used. 1 × 106 cells per well were seeded in 24-well plates. After 24 h of pre-incubation, we added 3mM MMT1242 for each group (n = 3). Each group contained either control medium (low glucose), low glucose with cytochalasin B (50 μM), high glucose, or high glucose with cytochalasin B (50 μM). Low glucose medium contained 1 g glucose in 1 L medium  and high glucose medium contained 4.5 g glucose in 1 L . After 23 h incubation, cells were counted. Concentrations of natural boron were calculated by the ICP-MS method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and then differences (p < 0.05) among means of control (low glucose), low glucose with cytochalasin B, high glucose, and high glucose with cytochalasin B groups were analyzed using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests.Then, to determine if uptake of MMT1242 was GLUT1 receptor dependent, we added cytochalasin B or high glucose. 10n = 3) or 250 mg/kg group compared to a control (PBS) iv group (n = 3). Mice were serially weighed for 7 days. Renal specimens were taken after sacrifice for boron concentration as measured by ICP-MS at days 1, 3, and 7. Tissue specimens  were evaluated on day 7.To check whether MMT1242 is toxic or not in vivo, a toxicity study using normal, healthy mice was done. Fourteen-week-old, female balb/c mice were given MMT1242 at 210 mg/kg in either a single intravenous injection (iv) group  cells were injected in the right thigh of 4-week-old female BALB/c mice . Two weeks after injection, tumor-bearing (avg. 1880 mm3) mice were used in this study. MMT1242  was administered by tail vein injection 24 h before sampling tissues. BSH  and BPA  were administered by tail vein injection 2 h before tissue sampling. PBS (n = 1) was administered by tail vein injection 2 h before sampling tissues as a control. Samples were embedded in Tissue-Tek® O.C.T. Compound  and frozen at −70 °C by acetone cooled with dry ice and sliced to a thickness of 10 μm . These serial sections were used for 10B distribution evaluation by LA-ICP-MS and HE staining, respectively. We used an NWR213 laser ablation (LA) system equipped with a two-volume ablation chamber  coupled with an inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometer . The applied mass spectrometer scanning conditions contained 10B which were used for data acquisition with an integration time of 2 ms. The raw data of an LA-ICP-MS image consisted of a sequence of line scans. To visualize the raw data, the line scans for each element were transformed into a matrix (text image) using a customized Excel-macro program. This matrix was visualized using iQuant2, which was developed by Suzuki et al. , we expected upregulation of active glucose transporter (GLUT) and lactate dehydrogenase expression in these cells might favor MMT1242 accumulation. Moreover, as our novel boron compound contains α-d-mannopyranoside, we hypothesized an interaction with GLUT. However, our results indicated that MMT1242 uptake may be GLUT1 independent as inhibition of GLUT1 receptor by cytochalasin B or downregulation of GLUT1 receptor by high glucose did not affect the uptake of MMT1242.The ideal boron compound for BNCT selectively accumulates only in tumor cells at a high tumor to normal cells ratio by using active instead of passive transport systems. Mannose is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) intracellularly to produce mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P). It is either catabolized by phosphomannose isomerase (MPI) or directed into N- (NBD), these compounds were also selectively uptaken by mannose receptors [Other possible mechanisms, such as endocytosis by mannose receptors on the plasma membrane of CT 26 mice colon carcinoma cells, may explain this result. Mannose receptors (MRs) are ubiquitously expressed on various types of cells  and murieceptors . Thus, tBNCT is an ideal candidate for tumoricidal therapy as it can treat not only malignant glioma, melanoma, head and neck cancers, gingival cancer, and lung cancer but also recurrent malignant brain tumors and many types of cancers. As most of these tumors together with the Warburg effect, our novel compound, MMT1242, might be suitable for future BNCT studies in these types of tumors.Both the MMT1242 in vitro and in vivo studies showed high tumor to blood ratios even at 24 h after administration. Compared to BPA, the distribution of MMT1242 in the tumor tissues was broader, including within the interstitial space of tumor tissues. With regard to biological persistence of BSH and BPA, MMT1242 might have some advantage to maintaining high T/N or high T/N ratios in tumor tissues beyond 24 h. However, concerns about slightly high blood MMT1242 concentrations in the animal model may be explained by heterogenous distribution due to aggregation with macroproteins. This could be causative of the poorer tumor growth inhibiting effect seen in the MMT1242 group compared to the BPA group in the irradiation study. Aggregated MMT1242 might readily attach to the glycoproteins on the cell membranes as previous reports indicate that mannose-related compounds broadly attach to diverse glycoproteins on the plasma membranes of human colon carcinoma cell lines ,56. Anot10B-MMT1242 is a promising novel candidate for all-around performance in BNCT, as its effects do not seem dependent on the differences between tumor cells. Therefore, 10B-MMT1242 might be a potential 10B-boron compound against the many malignant tumor cells susceptible to BNCT.Thus, although the precise mechanism is unknown, Regarding biocompatibility, MMT1242 is a mannosylated-saccharide based compound, and a family of glucose transporters recognizes and mediates passage of glucose and substances exhibiting similar structures, including 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, and glucose analogs, through the blood brain barrier . Mannose4 [10B in mg/kg equivalents administered in the form of BPA or MMT1242 in the biodistribution study were not the same, we chose only those doses of MMT1242 that were non-toxic and showed both good retention in tumor cells and adequate tumor-to-normal tissue accumulation ratio. According to the results of the biodistribution study, we did irradiation experiments using a low and a high dose of MMT1242 compared to BPA. Although the amounts of administered 10B were not equivalent in mg/kg to the high dose of MMT1242 and BPA in the irradiation study, the high dose of MMT1242 showed low toxicity and significant tumor inhibiting effect upon injection 24 h before irradiation compared to the low doses of MMT1242 and BPA. Third, for human application of MMT1242 in BNCT, more precise toxicity studies based on animal experiments are needed. Although we showed MMT1242 to have a broad and retentive distribution in diverse cancer cell lines and tissues, more precise studies on uptake and retention mechanisms in the tumor cells need to be evaluated before stepping up to human clinical trials.There are limitations to this study. First, the cutoff for a low-molecular-weight-boron compound is usually defined as below 104 . Therefod-mannopyranoside MMT1242 demonstrated a high tumor to normal tissue accumulation ratio in the tumor models and also clearly inhibited tumor growth even 24 h after administration in the animal irradiation studies. MMT1242 is thus a promising candidate for future accelerator-based BNCT clinical trials.Our novel boron-containing α-A patent application was filed with the Japan Patent Office (JPO).