A great deal of understanding can be gleaned from direct observation of organismal growth, development, and behavior. However, direct observation can be time consuming and influence the organism through unintentional stimuli. Additionally, video capturing equipment can often be prohibitively expensive, difficult to modify to one’s specific needs, and may come with unnecessary features. Here, we describe PiSpy, a low-cost, automated video acquisition platform that uses a Raspberry Pi computer and camera to record video or images at specified time intervals or when externally triggered. All settings and controls, such as programmable light cycling, are accessible to users with no programming experience through an easy-to-use graphical user interface. Importantly, the entire PiSpy system can be assembled for less than $100 using laser-cut and 3D-printed components. We demonstrate the broad applications and flexibility of PiSpy across a range of model and non-model organisms. Designs, instructions, and code can be accessed through an online repository, where a global community of PiSpy users can also contribute their own unique customizations and help grow the community of open-source research solutions. Observation remains a scientist’s most powerful and indispensable tool, especially in organismal biology. From the keen examinations by a pioneer of ethology, Jean-Henri Fabre, to modern-day trail cameras, direct observation of organisms can yield both conclusions and new hypotheses . HoweverIn recent years, increased efforts to develop and share open-source equipment for scientific research have provided accessible resources for both classical and modern experimental approaches. For example, there now exists affordable alternatives, commonly named “open labware,” for microscopy, optogenetics, centrifugation, and orbital shaking –5. Open A key development for open labware development has been the rise of affordable single-board computers, the most popular of which is the Raspberry Pi . RaspberOne area in which Raspberry Pis have been used is in automated video and image acquisition. Raspberry Pis can connect to a dedicated camera, and the picamera Python package allows for a high level of user control with regards to its settings and functionality . Across https://github.com/gpask/PiSpy) where users will be able to post their own modifications. A category on Gathering for Open Science Hardware (https://forum.openhardware.science/c/projects/pispy/58) has also been made to facilitate troubleshooting and other PiSpy related discussion. Our hope is that PiSpy can be applied to a wide range of studies and contribute to the growing trend of powerful and accessible open-source research tools.We have developed PiSpy, a device that uses a Raspberry Pi, a Pi Camera, and a combination of commercially available, laser cut, and 3D-printable parts. PiSpy can record high resolution images or videos, with an 8 MP camera that can record videos up to 1080p. After initial setup, PiSpy can operate without an active user to record at specified time intervals or when triggered by an external source, such as a motion sensor or IR break beam. Using custom-built LED light boards, we demonstrate that PiSpy can also automate a light-cycling program while also capturing behaviors throughout a 24-hour period. All functions for PiSpy are controlled through an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI). PiSpy was designed to be affordable, easy to use, and flexible, and all codes and designs have been posted to a Github repository (https://github.com/gpask/PiSpy) and also included in the Supplementary Materials. For troubleshooting and other discussion, please use the forum on GOSH: https://forum.openhardware.science/c/projects/pispy/58.A complete User’s Guide and Assembly Manual is deposited on Github  broth containing 17 g/L tryptone, 3 g/L soytone, 10 g/L dextrose, 5 g/L NaCl, 2.5 g/L KPhaseolus vulgaris were planted on the edge of each planter such that they were visible from one side. The design of the relatively thin planters optimized root visibility, but other options can also work. The planters were watered immediately after the beans were planted, and again whenever the soil appeared visibly dry. Using PiSpy, images were recorded every 5 minutes for 11 days, and QuickTime Player on Mac was used to create a time lapse video at 29.97 frames per second from the ensuing image stack.Two clear 5.15’ x 4.38” x 1.5” plexiglass planters (fabricated using a laser cutter) were filled with Miracle Gro® indoor potting mix soil, and two varieties of the common bean D. melanogaster larvae were placed on an agar plate. A filter paper disc was placed in the center and undiluted apple cider vinegar was applied onto the disc to attract the larvae. Using PiSpy, a 5-minute video was recorded. Subsequently, the MTrackJ plugin for ImageJ was used to analyze the movement of the larvae by manually annotating the location of the anterior side of the larvae in every frame of an image stack generated by taking 1 frame from each second of the video [10 third instar he video .Orconectes rusticus and one Procambarus clarkii were placed together in a clear plastic container. PiSpy was used to record a video of their interaction for 30 seconds.Two crayfish, one Harpegnathos saltator ants were isolated from an established colony and placed in a new nest box. PiSpy was used to record 30 second videos every 20 minutes for 3 days.Five For the motion triggered setup, a large ant nest box was connected to a smaller foraging arena by a tube. An IR break beam motion sensor connected to PiSpy and held secure by a custom-built LEGO® structure was placed such that it would be triggered when an ant passed through the connecting tube. Crickets were placed in the foraging arena, and PiSpy was set to input trigger mode, recording 15 second videos when the break beam was triggered with a delay of 5 seconds after video acquisition.https://github.com/gpask/PiSpy). The PiSpy GUI, written in Python3 using the TKinter package [The base model of PiSpy for simple image or video capture is shown in  package , controlD. melanogaster larval locomotion on an agar plate provided sufficient resolution for analysis with image processing software (Phaseolus vulgaris) growing in clear planters showed detailed root and shoot growth .For assembly and setup instructions, refer to the User’s Manual Click here for additional data file.S1 TableList, costs, and suggested links for all required parts to build PiSpy, as well as optional equipment.(XLSX)Click here for additional data file.S1 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S2 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S3 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S4 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S5 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S6 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.S7 Video(MP4)Click here for additional data file.


In recent years, copyright governance for short videos has become a hot issue of common concern in the academic community and the industry. Therefore, this study intends to explore the economic aspect of copyright governance in relation to the proliferation of infringing short videos. The short video industry of China has been taken as a case to demonstrate the copyright governance issue. Transaction cost theory has been applied to analyze the economic aspect of copyright governance in terms of four dimensions: bounded rationality, opportunism, environmental uncertainty, and asset specificity. From the perspective of transaction cost economics, the problem of short video infringement is observed to be essentially a market failure due to high transaction costs. In the short video market, substantial transaction costs are incurred in the legal transaction of copyright with these costs considered to be too high. This is especially the case when transaction costs exceed the net proceeds initially expected by short video users from the authorization, making it impossible to carry out the transaction and leading to infringement. To effectively control the copyright infringement of short videos, it is necessary to build a cross-platform information-sharing mechanism to reduce search costs, establish a unified copyright management platform to reduce coordination costs, and give full attention to the role of technical support to reduce regulatory costs. Digitization and transnational communication networks bring new actors and interests into the sphere of copyright governance, generating new institutional dynamics due to the emergence of new technologies and market opportunities . NotablyThe popularity of the Internet and the rise of digital technologies have transformed former passive recipients of information into active content creators. A thriving participatory culture has increased public participation in creating short videos. According to the 48th statistical report “The Development of China’s Internet Network” released by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), as of June 2021, the scale of short video users in China has reached 880 million, 87.8% of the total netizens . HoweverIn recent years, copyright governance of short videos has become a hot issue of concern in the academic community . Most stAlthough, in terms of academic theory  and judiConsidering the importance of the copyright governance for short videos and fulfilling the research gap, this study intends to address the research questions, “how copyright governance is working for short videos, and what are the economic consequences of the proliferation of infringing short videos?” To address the research questions, this study intends to explore the economic aspect of copyright governance in relation to the proliferation of infringing short videos.The following is the format of our study. The second section deals with methodology. The third and fourth section provides findings and discussion section, respectively. After providing future study directions, we conclude our study.To familiarize readers with the core theoretical and analytical framework, at first, we present a brief introduction to transaction cost economics. In the third section, we provide a comparative discussion based on transaction cost economics theory. Logical reasons are provided for the application of transactional costs and blockchain technology to start-up finance in the proposed theoretical model. Then, our model is compared to findings and arguments presented in the existing literature. In the fourth section, we provide recommendations to enhance copyright governance based on the study’s findings.Transaction cost theory in economics is considered a theoretical tool with a wide range of uses. Economist Oliver Eaton Williamson  pointed In the 1930s, the economist Market and Hierarchies, transaction cost economics is considered one of the prominent theoretical models in the management and organization discipline , and the existence of asymmetric information, they can only achieve bounded rationality . The secIn the short video market, copyright trading activities are complex . It is dShort video development is still in its infancy in China, although it began in 2011 in the United States (US). However, numerous domestic mobile short video social applications have shown remarkable potential, such as Toutiao’s Douyin and Tencent’s Meipai, as well as Pear Video, Ergeng, and other applications, which all have continually growing user bases. According to CBN Business Data’s “2017 Short Video Industry Big Data Insights,” the number of mobile video users in China reached 525 million in December 2017, with the number of short video industry users continuing to expand, resulting in a new explosion point for mobile video .As previously mentioned, the term “short video” means a video format in which the length of the film is measured in seconds rather than minutes. For quick shooting and editing, it mostly relies on mobile smart terminals, and it may be shared and seamlessly integrated in real time on social media platforms . Short vTake, for example, Douyin, a short video platform with a huge domestic user base and influence: while it uses the user-generated content (UGC) production approach, with users serving as both producers and communicators, it is simple to create and enter. Barriers to entry are minimal, and by using the UGC approach and being both easy to enter and create, Douyin is a great social product. Due to its users, Douyin is more than simply a place to watch and make short films, it is also a place to express yourself and share your life.According to the “2017 China Short Video Industry Research Report,” a large number of mobile short video applications have been intensively launched since 2016, with Tudou transforming into a short video platform in April 2017; Toutiao Video being upgraded to Watermelon Video in June 2017; and second receiving renminbi (RMB) 100 million in financing in August 2017. The competitive pattern of the short video industry’s market has increasingly stabilized, and a steady commercial monetization model has emerged. In general, the short video market is evolving quickly and exhibiting a positive trend, resulting from the combined effect of the external environment and internal driving forces .With regard to the external environment, the widespread availability of mobile smart terminals and the maturation of 4G mobile Internet technology provide critical technical support for short videos, while changes in user-content consumption demand have shifted the overall social environment from a graphics- and text-based era to a video-based era . User-drFurthermore, the rapid development of local short videos has resulted in the formation of a comprehensive production and distribution chain. Content-specific institutions, platform-specific institutions, and other types of institutions produce both content and platforms. Three mainstream media, namely, CCTV, People’s Daily, and Xinhua News Agency, represent content agencies; Toutiao, Tencent, Kuaishou, and Miaopai represent platform agencies. As a new communication style, the fragmented expression of short videos is convenient for producers and enjoyable for spectators. It contributes to the media industry by meeting people’s spiritual and entertainment demands, while giving the content of products and means of expression in news communication a fresh lease of life . HoweverTransaction cost theory is the key to understanding the frequent occurrence of short video copyright infringement. In line with transaction cost economics, transaction costs are believed to be a key factor affecting transactions, with high transaction costs hindering or even preventing the formation of the market. Similarly, in the short video market, the cost of a market transaction is higher than the transaction fee ordered by the court for infringement. The public will choose to abandon licensing negotiations or even ignore the issue of licensing and using the work . From thWith the popularization of mobile intelligent terminal equipment, the simplification of video production technology, and the rise of various short video platforms, such as Vibrato and Kuaishou , the traThe copyright of short videos has a considerable degree of complexity, which is concentrated in two aspects. First, the originality of short videos is ambiguous that directly affects whether the short video can become the object of copyright protection. China’s newly revised Copyright Law has adjusted the definition of “work” and introduced the concept of “audiovisual works” to include new content forms such as short videos in the scope of copyright protection of works . HoweverOpportunism is an important behavioral feature of “economic subjects,” the term that refers to the nature of people in economic activities . EconomiDouyin and Kuaishou. The popularity of short videos is usually short-lived, and strict copyright protections may make it difficult for creators to benefit from the first-mover advantage. This gives copyright owners an economic incentive to encourage the public to distribute and use their works without copyright restrictions . Based on the Copyright Law’s principle of fair use of works, whether such secondary creation short videos constitute infringement needs to be analyzed according to various circumstances . For exaCopyright transactions in the short video market are exchanges on works between rights holders and users. Transaction costs mainly come from search, coordination, and regulatory costs . High trOn completing any transaction behavior, a search process is undertaken between the two parties to the transaction, incurring the resulting search cost, which is the cost necessitated to obtain evidence and exchange information on the transaction object . For proThe seeking of authorization by the users of short videos largely depends on the search costs required to find copyright information. The combined effort of government, industry associations, platforms and creators, and other short video-related stakeholders is needed to build a unified short video audiovisual copyright database that is free and open to the public . This caThe cost of coordination refers to the cost of making copyright trading decisions and executing trading activities. According to China’s Copyright Law, the dissemination and use of copyrighted short video works should follow the principle of “authorizing first, then using,” in addition to complying with the conditions of “fair use” and “statutory permission to use” . In the Moreover, many ordinary individual creators are unlikely to have access to the film party or the publicity team, making it even more challenging to obtain the copyright owner’s authorization . In the via the organization (When copyright owners and users are highly dispersed, establishment of a unified copyright management platform will simplify the purchasing of licenses by introducing a fixed interface. This would reduce the cost of coordination, enabling the market to play a role and helping to promote the legal use of audiovisual works . A more nization . A unifinization .Timely monitoring, discovery, and investigation of infringement comprise the premise of effectively regulating the use of short video copyright and ensuring the smooth progress of short video copyright trading activities. However, this remains challenging to supervise in practice . On the With the rapid development of a new generation of information technology, such as blockchain, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence , the appMany large video platforms in China have also established different degrees and patterns of automated infringement detection systems . The tecWith the rapid development of China’s short video industry, the problem of short video copyright infringement has become increasingly prominent. To some extent, copyright issues have become a stubborn disease affecting the development of the short video industry. Relevant legislative, judicial, and administrative departments are taking several measures to rectify the chaos of short video copyright infringement. For example, since 2018, the rectification of short video copyright has been regarded as the key task of the Sword Network’s special action. China’s newly revised Copyright Law has significantly increased the cost of infringement, as well as increasing the crackdown on infringement by introducing a punitive damages system with higher amounts for infringement damages.Diverse methodologies with different theoretical bases can construct a complete framework for understanding the ordering of the short video industry and the circulation of short videos. Transaction cost economics and its economic and institutional theory variants are popular and informative methods. According to transaction cost economics, the short video piracy problem is simply a market failure caused by excessive transaction costs. The legal copyright transaction in the short video market entails significant transaction expenses. Transaction costs are high, particularly when they exceed the net revenues anticipated by short video consumers from the authorization, rendering the transaction difficult to complete and resulting in infringement. The key to solving the problem of market failure caused by transaction costs lies in reducing transaction costs and making transactions relatively easy, improving the realizability of trading motivation and the possibility of trading.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.ML designed the research plan, collected the data, analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript, revised the manuscript, checked the final version of the manuscript, and approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


We also found preferred bar type moderated the association between AUDIT-C score and BAC for some males but no females. Males with active AUD and high-range BAC were less likely to prefer late closing bars than males usually drinking at lower risk and high-range BAC . Discussion and conclusions: Our study provides evidence of positive associations between AUD and acute intoxication among nightlife-goers and on the moderating effect of bar closing times among males.Introduction and aims: Associations between bar trading hours, a government lever for controlling alcohol availability, nightlife-goer intoxication levels and their likelihood of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have not been explored. We investigated whether: (i) participant AUD was associated with blood alcohol concentration (BAC); and, (ii) any association between AUD and BAC was moderated by participant preferred bar  closing time. Design and methods: A cross-sectional observational study using a sample of nightlife-goers who went out drinking in Perth, Western Australia, on weekends in 2015-16. Participants who reported alcohol use that night and spent most time in a bar (n = 667) completed street intercept surveys including AUDIT-C (n = 459) and provided a breath sample to estimate BAC (n = 651). We used gender-specific multinomial logistic regression models to explore associations between participant AUDIT-C score , preferred bar type (standard vs. late closing time based on absence or presence of an extended trading permit) and BAC . Results: Males with active AUD (RR = 3.31; 95% CI 1.30–8.42;  Availability theory proposes that increased alcohol availability in a community will increase alcohol consumption and both short-term and long-term alcohol-related harms, and the distribution of harms will vary according to differing drinking patterns . Stipulap < 0.001) [It might be expected that people with AUD would have high blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) when drinking. Studies of the association between AUD and BAC, to the best of our knowledge, are limited to trauma patients who had BAC calculated from venous blood on presentation and subsequently completed an AUD screen of their usual drinking patterns. Although not tending to be the main focus of these studies, one prospective cohort study of patients admitted to a US trauma centre found evidence of a moderate positive association between AUD and BAC (Spearman’s ρ = 0.45) . Another< 0.001) .p = 0.01) [Research evidence for an association between AUD and outlet trading hours is scant. This is of interest as one might expect that drinkers with AUD may gravitate towards outlets with longer trading hours due to increased alcohol availability. A German study on liquor store trading restrictions between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. found evidence of positive associations with hospitalisations for mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol use by younger males (8% reduction) and females (4% reduction) . Studies = 0.01) . There wEvidence regarding the association between outlet trading hours and BAC is also scant. An evaluation of restrictions that imposed 3 a.m. alcohol sale cessation across a nightlife area of Brisbane, Australia, found fewer highly intoxicated (≥0.1 g/100 mL BAC) versus moderately intoxicated (0.050–0.099 g/100 mL BAC) nightlife-goers in the month following the restriction compared to the month before  . These fGender differences in alcohol consumption and experienced harms have been shown to exist in national surveys of nightlife-goers and the general population and in analyses of health data ,20,21. DTo our knowledge, this is the first study to link BACs and usual drinking patterns of nightlife-goers to the trading hours of the bar they chose to spend most time at on their night out . As bar trading hours are the potentially modifiable environmental factor among these variables, this study will be of importance in future government decisions regarding bar trading hour regulations. Using a sample of nightlife-goers who went out drinking in Perth, Western Australia, we aimed to investigate by gender whether: (i) participant likelihood of AUD, based on self-reported past year alcohol use, was associated with BAC, an objective measure of alcohol intoxication; and, (ii) closing time (standard vs. late) of participant preferred bar moderated  any assTrained field workers undertook street intercept surveys between November 2015 and April 2016 in metropolitan Perth’s major nightlife precincts . To approximate a random sample, field workers invited every third person in public spaces to participate . We achieved a response rate of 89%, not including passers-by who did not engage with field workers to hear the purpose of the survey. Sample size quotas of 200 by gender and preferred bar type were set. The street intercept approach in this field is well established ,17,23 an® AlcoSense® Prodigy Fuel Cell Breathalyser to estimate their BAC .Following participants’ informed consent, field workers entered survey responses on their smartphones in Tap Forms™. Participants self-reported gender, birth year and usual occupation while the survey app captured date and time automatically. Participants answered the three AUDIT-C questions assessing: (i) frequency of drinking; (ii) typical number of drinks consumed on a drinking occasion; and, (iii) frequency of six or more standard drinks, all over the past year . AUDIT-CThe Western Australian liquor licensing system allows bars to apply for extended trading hour permits . StandarParticipants answered other questions related to their drinking behaviours that night including: Had they drunk any alcohol that night (Y/N)? How long had they been drinking (Hours)? Had they been drinking at licensed venues (Y/N)? Had they been pre-drinking (Y/N)? Had they drunk energy drinks (Y/N)? Was it a typical night out for them ?We categorised AUDIT-C scores into three groups using the same raw score cut-offs for males and females: 1–4, lower risk drinker; 5–7, hazardous drinker; 8–12, drinker with active AUD . We furtWe calculated participant age using date of survey and year of birth then categorised into four approximately equal groups based on the distribution of the data: 18–21; 22–25; 26–29; ≥30. We classified occupation according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations   and grou2 tests assessed model goodness-of-fit. We used IBM SPSS Statistics v27.0  for all analyses [We used Pearson’s chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance to explore gender-specific bivariate associations between preferred bar type and AUDIT-C score, age, occupation, day of survey, time of survey, drinking session duration, whether it was a typical night out, pre-drinking and energy drink use. We used multinomial logistic regression models with backward stepwise selection approach to investigate associations between AUDIT-C score and BAC and adjusted for the range of potential confounders listed above. We ran six initial gender-specific models to explore the overall association between AUDIT-C score and BAC and the associations by preferred bar type. We then ran two gender-specific models with preferred bar type as an interaction term to determine whether preferred bar type moderated any association between AUDIT-C score and BAC. Likelihood ratio χanalyses .We conducted this study in accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research and received ethics approval from Curtin University’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HR154/2015). Participants provided informed consent to field workers who recorded responses in a smartphone survey app.Of the 667 participants  who had been drinking and preferred a bar to other venue , 651 provided a valid BAC, 459 completed the AUDIT-C, 289 preferred standard closing bars and 378 preferred late closing bars . Around 2 tests gave no cause for concern regarding model goodness-of-fit  and females with hazardous/active AUD  were more likely to have a high-range BAC than lower risk drinkers (p = 0.003) and females  preferring standard closing bars and among females preferring late closing bars   . For malp = 0.046). For males, high-range BAC was positively associated with drinking session duration and mid-range BAC was positively associated with pre-drinking and drinking session duration. For females, high-range BAC was positively associated with drinking session duration and being surveyed after midnight and negatively associated with both technical and clerical occupations and mid-range BAC was positively associated with usually having a smaller night out and negatively associated with a clerical occupation.When preferred bar type was included in gender-specific models as an interaction term , there wIn nightlife areas of Perth, male bar patrons with active AUD were around three times as likely to have a BAC reading exceeding 0.099 g/100 mL than males usually drinking at lower risk. Females with usual drinking patterns indicative of hazardous use or active AUD were around ten times as likely to have a BAC exceeding 0.079 g/100 mL than their lower risk drinking counterparts. These findings that increased risk of AUD was associated with increased BAC among nightlife-goers (when not adjusting for the closing times of their preferred bars) are as we expected. This is the first nightlife study to have explored this association, but there is evidence among trauma patients that those with higher likelihood of AUD will have a higher BAC on presentation .After differentiating participants according to their preferred bar type, we found there was a strong positive association between AUDIT-C score and BAC for males from standard closing bars but no evidence of association for males from late closing bars. For females, there was evidence of a strong positive association between AUDIT-C score and BAC for females from late closing and standard closing bars. We had expected that regardless of preferred bar type, participants typically drinking at hazardous levels or with AUD would be more likely to have a high-range BAC on a night out. In terms of the gender differences, we found by preferred bar type, it is important to note that venues across and within each bar type (standard vs. late), despite having certain similarities in how they function by virtue of their liquor licensing classification, may differ from each other in many ways. A wide range of contextual factors  may influence what clientele a bar attracts. These are potential confounders that we were unable to adjust for, but collection of such contextual information should be considered in future studies.We found preferred bar type moderated the association between AUDIT-C score and BAC for some males but no females. Males with active AUD with a high-range BAC on their night out were less likely to prefer late closing bars to standard closing bars than males usually drinking at lower risk who had a high-range BAC. As late trading increases the hours of alcohol availability thus giving more opportunity for intoxication, we had expected that within categories of AUD risk, participants preferring late closing bars would be more likely to have a high-range BAC. Among male nightlife-goers drawn to late trading bars, it is those with typically lower risk drinking patterns who are more likely to reach BACs ≥ 0.1 g/100 mL than those with AUD. It may be that males with AUD are less influenced by trading hours when out drinking to intoxication compared to male lower risk drinkers who are on a big night out. Half of males reported that it was not a typical night out for them, and this may go part way to explaining the slightly unexpected findings. Regarding no evidence of association for females in the interaction model, as well as the lack of contextual differences between bars included in the models that may explain gender differences, sample size was approximately half that of males and this may have affected statistical power.Despite an inclination towards relaxation of outlet trading hours by liquor licensing authorities globally, there is mounting evidence that it may lead to increased consumption and harm. In Western Australia, at least, there have been recent examples of bar trading hours easing on Sundays and there are plans for easing of Sunday liquor store restrictions in remote areas . ExtendeWhen classifying participants as preferring standard vs. late closing bars, we assumed that time spent in a venue was positively associated with quantity of alcohol consumed. However, a participant classified as preferring a standard closing bar, for example, may have spent an hour and a half drinking two units of alcohol in a standard closing bar and one hour drinking one unit in each of three late closing bars. It is also important to note that half of participants reported not being on a typical night out, with around a quarter reporting usually having a bigger night out and a quarter usually having a smaller night out. We have only presented evidence of cross-sectional associations between nightlife-goers’ AUDIT-C score, the closing time of their preferred bar and their BAC not the directions of these associations. BAC was the only objective measure collected and as cognitive ability declines with alcohol intoxication  we must Our study provides evidence of positive associations between alcohol use disorders and acute intoxication among nightlife-goers and on the moderating effect of bar closing times among males.


Social contact-based video interventions effectively reduce stigma toward individuals with psychosis.We recently demonstrated the efficacy of a 90-second social contact–based video intervention in reducing stigma. The current randomized controlled study presents four briefer videos differing in presenter’s gender and race, with baseline, postintervention, and 30-day follow-up assessments. The study aimed to examine whether people changing their attitudes following the intervention.Using a crowdsourcing platform (CloudResearch), we recruited and assigned 1,993 race and gender-balanced participants ages 18–35 years to one of four brief video-based interventions  or a nonintervention control condition. In the videos, a young presenter with psychosis humanized their illness through an evocative description of living a meaningful and productive life.Five-by-three ANOVA showed a significant group-by-time interaction for the total score of all five stigma domains: social distance, stereotyping, separateness, social restriction, and perceived recovery. A one-way ANOVA showed greater reductions in video intervention groups than control at post-intervention and 30-day follow-up, but no differences between video groups.This randomized controlled study replicated and extended previous research findings by showing stigma reduction across videos that differ in the presenter’s gender and race, thus enhancing generalizability. The videos described the experience of psychosis and reduced stigma, suggesting their potential utility on social media platforms to increase the likelihood of seeking services and ultimately may improve access to care among young individuals with psychosis. Future research should address intersectional stigma experienced by culturally tailoring the narrative.No significant relationships.


Like other business domains, digital monitoring has now become an integral part of almost every academic institution. These surveillance systems cover all the routine activities happening on the campus while producing a massive volume of video data. Selection and searching the desired video segment in such a vast video repository is highly time-consuming. Effective video summarization methods are thus needed for fast navigation and retrieval of video content. This paper introduces a keyframe extraction method to summarize academic activities to produce a short representation of the target video while preserving all the essential activities present in the original video. First, we perform fine-grain activity recognition using a realistic Campus Activities Dataset (CAD) by modeling activity attention scores using a deep CNN model. In the second phase, we use the generated attention scores for each activity category to extract significant video frames. Finally, we evaluate the inter-frame similarity index used to reduce the number of redundant frames and extract only the representative keyframes. The proposed framework is tested on different videos, and the experimental results show the performance of the proposed summarization process. Academic activities are carried out on university campuses as a matter of daily routine. Video cameras are installed at various points covering all these activities and stream the video footage to a backup storage server for future correspondence. During working hours the frequency of these activities are normally high, gradually lessens after the off time and reaches its minimum level in the late night. Further, these activities do not take place on weekly holidays or other public and national holidays except those explicitly scheduled. The campus’s video surveillance system (VSS) continuously transmits video streams regardless of whether these activities are happening or not. This limits the preservation of data to short periods because a huge amount of garbage data utilizes a considerable portion of the backup storage. Further, due to the non-availability of automated content-based searching mechanisms, looking manually for a particular event or an activity in such a vast video repository is a major commitment of time and resources etc., personal videos such as lifelogging, birthday parties, medical videos such as digital endoscopies, online databases such as YouTube, and many surveillance applications such as homes, traffic, agriculture, industries, public places and so on.Video summarization (VS) has been an essential tool for many video analytic tasks, which produces a brief and concise representation of the visual content of a video. A qualitative video summary has two essential features. First, it must be representative, such that it covers all the important events of the original video, and second, it should have minimal redundancy . SeveralAs far as academic campuses are concerned, a negligible amount of research work has been done in diverse and demanding areas. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based fine-grain activities recognition and summarization method for the long video surveillance streams covering, for instance, two major academic activities Examination and Class Lecture. The proposed method will allow users to quickly navigate through large video databases and take faster decisions regarding selection, deletion, sharing, and consuming video content. The major contribution of this research work includes the introduction of a trained model for the above-stated academic activities and activity-based summarization method in a novel campus domain.The rest of the paper is organized as follows: “Related Work” contains a review of existing video summarization techniques proposed by researchers. In “Methodology”, we explain our dataset and activity-based summarization framework. “Experimental Results and Discussion” presents our experimental results, and finally, “Conclusion” concludes our work and provides some future directions.Researchers have proposed solutions for various video summarization problems in a particular application domain. However, these methods vary considerably in terms of efficiency and complexity, depending on the nature of the problem at hand.Early methods of crucial frame selection for summary generation uses low-level feature like color, motion, and texture analysis. Obtaining color histogram  for eachVideo summarization methods greatly vary depending on the nature of the problem in various application domains and the content of the video. Clustering is one of the most extensively used techniques for summarization, where the visual contents share resemblance over different time periods in the video. Professional videos normally have a hierarchical structure and consist of a finite number of scenes where a scene is a collection of multiple shots. Shot boundary detection in such videos is a complex task. Transformation Co-efficient distance , Frame pApart from normal video summarization, which focuses on the evaluation of individual frame saliency, the detection of events of interest has been a challenging task in event-based video summarization . DamnjanResearchers have introduced many state-of-art activity recognition methods for various application domains with the availability of several activity data sets. Unfortunately, none of these data sets or methods have been developed explicitly for academia and do not cover academic activities. Thus, an automated deep learning-based academic activities recognition system is introduced in this work.Our proposed Campus Surveillance Video Summarization (CSVS) method consists of five main tasks, as shown in https://icp.edu.pk/page.php?abc=201905090555484) surveillance network consisting of 771-night vision cameras, installed at all the sensitive areas, including the classrooms, capture, and streams all the routine activities to a 92 Terabyte data server.The video data required for this research work is obtained from the surveillance repository of Islamia College Peshawar (ICP), a public sector university situated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, providing higher education under the governance of Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan. The ICP smart campus  covers two main academic activities that generally happen within a classroom, Class and Examination (Exam). Class refers to an ongoing teaching session, while Exam is some written assessment conducted from the students. Both these activities are further categorized into a total of 14 fine-grain activities. The Class is divided into six categories: Writing on Board, Explanation (Teacher explaining a topic), Board Cleaning, Class Entry, Class Exit, and Class Break. Entry and Exit refer to somebody entering or leaving the classroom while Class Break is the recess period when students are informally sitting in the classroom during an off session. Similarly, Exam is divided into eight categories which are Paper Distribution, Paper Attempt (students writing their answers), Paper Signature (Invigilator signing the answer book), Attendance (Ensure student presence during exam), Paper Collection, Exam Entry, Exam Exit, and Exam Break. This categorization aims to cover the whole activity for the proposed activity recognition and summarization task. The dataset development is done in the following steps.As discussed in “Related Work”, CNN models possess significant learning ability and have a high accuracy rate in activity classification on large datasets. Several CNN models  exist thh1, w1, c2), k, k, c) to each VF with dimensions .Before starting the training process, the CAD dataset is initially split into Training, and Test sets where the Training set contains 90% and the Test set contains 10% of the total frames in each category. The training data is further divided into Train and Validation sets in such a way that each set comprises 70% and 30% frames, respectively. The video frames (VF) are resized to dimensions (224 × 224) having 03 color channels. The input layer read each video frame and the convolution function, orh = height of video framew = width of the video framec = no. of color channelsk = size the kernelP = Padding size, andS = StrideFx,y)th value, for i = 1, 2,…,14, corresponds to one particular output category.The activity attention function, The activity recognition process is carried out by extracting activity frames based on their generated attention scores for the corresponding activity category. The decision that what activity is going within the input video frame is indicated by the highest attention value associated with a particular category.i.e., 100% match, associated with any activity frame is considered a significant frame, and all other frames with lower values will be dropped. The obtained sequence of frames belonging to the same activity possesses a high level of inter-frame similarity. We remove all such redundant frames and extract only the keyframes (KF) with a high content variation. We apply the Mean Square Deviation (MSD) function for keyframe extraction, which returns a difference value of the two activity frames. For any two frames, F1 and F2, with dimensions (m × n), the difference value is evaluated as follows.The attention score, representing the confidence level of each of the activity frames, may be different from others depending on the content of the video frame. For summary generation, we extract the salient frames containing significant visual content. An attention score of 1, N number of frames. A threshold value is set, Using Vsum as shown in Eq. (9)The threshold value is inversely proportional to the number of keyframes and can be set, high or low, to obtain the desired number of keyframes. Finally, the summary is generated by combining the keyframes into a storyboard etc. The programming environment is configured on Windows 10 operating system.All the experiments are performed on a machine with Intel Core-i5 3.2 GHz CPU, 24 GB RAM, and a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) NVidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti. The programming environment is Python with Keras, Numpy, Tensorflow, and other libraries for visualization and performance monitoring such as Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, The model is trained on the CAD dataset with 14 categories. The training process is set for 25 epochs with a learning rate of 0.01 and a batch size of 32. Adam optimizer is used to handle noisy content as surveillance data are most vulnerable to various noises. The validation data is used to check the model’s learning progress during the training process. The trained model is further evaluated on the test data, which was 10% of the CAD dataset as discussed in “Model Training”, and it can be seen in The accuracy and various other classification metrics like Precision, Recall and F-Measure confirm the efficiency of our model and are depicted in We have obtained fresh videos from our surveillance repository for activity recognition and cropped appropriate segments from these videos. The video segments were then integrated into a single video in such a way that each video was representative with respect to the diversity of contents, camera angles, and camera location. The proposed framework was tested with four (04) videos, Video 1, Video 2, Video 3, and Video 4. Video 1 includes the set of all activities that our model was supposed to recognize. Video 2 contains a sequence of video segments that were taken from examination videos, and Video 3 is a collection of teaching video segments obtained from classroom lecture videos. In addition, however, manually recorded selective academic video segments from YouTube videos were combined into Video 4.Video 1 is supplied to the trained model for evaluation. For each frame of this video, the model has successfully generated an attention score. i.e., 1. It is because these activities are parts of one of the main activities, i.e., Class Lecture or Exam. For example, during an ongoing lecture session, a teacher explains a topic, writes on the board, an entry or exit to or from the classroom happens during the same session. Therefore, the activities are differentiated on the basis of the highest match, maximum attention value, for a particular category. Similarly, the same process has been adopted for activities that belong to the examination.The video frames representing different activities, such as the CAD dataset, were extracted by obtaining the attention scores associated with each category, as shown in Video 1 is summarized by obtaining all the salient frames from all categories. This is achieved by obtaining the highest attention value associated with each frame. As discussed in Section 3.4, a sequence of 6,660 significant frames was extracted from a total of 7,078 video frames with a percentage accuracy, measured as a ratio of significant frames to the total number of video frames of 94%. The redundant frames were removed from the sequence of significant frames by applying The performance of the proposed framework on the four test videos has been summarized in The keyframes were obtained by using an average threshold value, using The proposed framework is mainly focused on the practical use of the video summarization process in a novel campus domain. The results state that the proposed method is producing short summaries of the target academic activities captured by the campus surveillance system. The short representation of long video streams is of significant importance because the generated summary presents a glimpse of all the important activities in a short period. Furthermore, it will allow the administrators and other stakeholders to make a faster decision regarding the selection of desired content in an efficient manner by reducing the time required in the overall navigation and video retrieval process.One of the main hurdles in this research domain is that organizations are reluctant to provide video data due to certain constraints regarding data privacy which amounts to the scarcity of research focus in such a demanding application domain. This piece of research effort is a step toward opening ways for quality research in this area. The video analytic researcher shall primarily focus on proposing generalized trained models and unfold challenges for similar problems. We further aim to propose frameworks for generating personalized video summaries using Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and 3D-CNN architecture.10.7717/peerj-cs.911/supp-1Supplemental Information 1Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj-cs.911/supp-2Supplemental Information 2Click here for additional data file.


We used a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population constructed using four parental lines and genotyped by a 55 K rice SNP array for association analysis to locate QTLs related to Mg2+ uptake and translocation in rice at the seedling stage. Four QTLs  were detected for the root Mg2+ concentration, which explained 11.45-13.08% of the phenotypic variation. The Mg2+ transporter gene, OsMGT1, was within the region of qRMg1. Three QTLs  were detected for the shoot Mg2+ concentration, which explained 4.30-5.46% of the phenotypic variation. Two QTLs (qTrMg3 and qTrMg8) were found to affect the translocation of Mg2+ from the roots to the shoots, and explained 10.91% and 9.63% of phenotypic variation. qSMg3 and qTrMg3 might be the same, since they are very close to each other on chromosome 3. Analysis of candidate genes in the region of qSMg3 and qTrMg3 through qRT-PCR, complementation assay in the yeast Mg2+ transport-defective mutant CM66, and sequence analysis of the parental lines suggested that LOC_Os03g04360 may play important roles in Mg2+ uptake, translocation and accumulation in rice. Overexpression of LOC_Os03g04360 can significantly increase the Mg2+ concentration in rice seedlings, especially under the condition of low Mg2+ supply.Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element for plant growth and development. Rice is an important food crop in the world, but there are few studies on the uptake and translocation of Mg The ionynthesis . Mg is aynthesis . Lack ofynthesis . The onl cations . This unrom soil . Additioficiency . With thficiency . Therefo2+, more and more studies have been conducted to gain understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism of Mg2+ uptake, translocation and distribution in plants (2+/H+ Exchanger), HKT (High-Affinity K+ Transport), CNGC (Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel) and MGT (Magnesium Transporter) have been identified as Mg2+ transporters in plants  array.As an important food crop in the world, it is of great significance to improve resistance/tolerance to various stresses in rice, including Mg deficiency. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping has been widely used to analyze genetic factors of agronomic traits, including absorption and transport of metal ions . Norton The MAGIC population used in this experiment was the DC1 population described by 4·7H2O, 1.25 mM NH4NO3, 0.3 mM KH2PO4, 1.0 mM CaCl2, 0.35 mM K2SO4, 0.5 mM Na2SiO3, 20.0 μM Fe-EDTA, 20.0 μM H3BO3, 9.0 μM MnCl2, 0.77 μM ZnSO4, 0.32 μM CuSO4, and 0.39 μM (NH4)6Mo7O24, pH 5.5. Rice seedlings were first grown in the 1/4 strength solution for two weeks, and then transferred to the full-strength solution with different Mg2+ concentrations for three weeks. The nutrient solution was replaced every three days and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 every day. Plants were grown in a growth room with a 14 h light (30°C) (8:00 – 22:00)/10 h dark (22°C)(22:00 – 8:00) and 60% relative humidity. We explored the Mg2+ concentration of four parental lines under normal growth and Mg2+ deficiency treatment. After 3-week treatment, the plants were divided into two parts: root and shoot. The tissue samples were dried at 70°C, and 24 seedlings of each line were mixed to measure the dry weight and Mg2+ concentration.The paddy rice seeds were surface-sterilized with 10% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide solution for 30 minutes, washed with deionized water and germinated for 48 hours under dark condition and 30°C . Experim3 at 120°C for 30 min, and then further digested with HClO4 at 180°C until the samples became transparent. Then the samples were diluted with ultrapure water. The Mg2+ concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The dried samples were crushed, and then wet-digested in concentrated HNOP < 0.001 was used as the threshold to declare the significance of marker-trait associations. R2 was used to evaluate the percentage of phenotypic variance explained of related loci to phenotypic traits.The MLM (Mixed Linear Model) implemented in TASSEL version 5.2.3 was used to analyze the associations between SNP markers and traits. 2+ deficiency, seedlings of rice variety Nipponbare or the four parental lines were first grown in the 1/4 strength IRRI solution for two weeks, and then cultured in the full strength IRRI solution with 1.0 mM Mg2+ or without Mg2+ for three weeks. The roots were sampled for RNA extraction. A randomized complete block design with three replicates and a plot size of 24 seedling were used to layout the experiment. Samples were taken from all the 24 seedlings of a plot and mixed for RNA extraction.To examine the expression response of the candidate genes to MgTo investigate the expression pattern of the candidate genes in different organs at different growth stages, 3-week-old seedling of Nipponbare precultured hydroponically were transplanted to the paddy field in the Experimenal Farm in Shenzhen of the Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Tissue samples taken includes roots, basal stem, leaf sheath and leaf blade at the vegetative stage and roots, basal stem, lower leaf sheath, lower leaf blade, flag leaf sheath, flag leaf blade, node I–II, inter node II, peduncle, rachis, spikelet, husk and seed at the reproductive stages. A single plant was regarded as a biological replicate and three biological replicates were used.The total RNA was extracted by Trizol . Then the total RNA was reverse- transcripted with the HiScript Q RT SuperMix for qPCR kit (Vazyme Biotech Co). The AceQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix kit (Vazyme Biotech Co) was used for quantitative analysis . The pri2+ translocation ability of each candidate gene protein was examined by a yeast complementation assay. The yeast mutant CM66, which lacks plasma membrane Mg2+ transporters ALR1 and ALR2, was used , and transformants were selected on synthetic dextrose medium without uracil (SD-U). Positive clones were cultured in SD-U liquid medium until the early logarithmic phase, concentrated and washed three times with sterile distilled water. After sequential 10-fold dilution, 8 μL of the cell suspension were spotted on SD-U plates containing 1, 4, 64 mmol/L MgCl2+ was determined. Overnight yeast cells were prepared and the optical density (OD) at 600 nm was adjusted to 0.5 with sterile distilled water. Then, 20 μL of cell suspensions was added to 20 mL liquid SD-U media containing 4, 64, 128 mmol/L MgCl2 in each bottle. The OD values at 600 nm were determined at indicated time.The growth of CM66 yeast strain transformed with various plasmids in liquid SD-U media containing MgLOC_Os03g04360, LOC_Os03g04430 and LOC_Os03g04480 by the KOD-FX polymerase  using specific primers . For each parental line, a single plant was used and the experiment was conducted in triplicate. The DNA samples of the four parental lines were used as templates to amplify the full-length genomic sequence and promoter of LOC_Os03g04360 was transferred into the destination vector pCAMBIA1300. The vectors were transformed into rice as described previously (Using the Gateway (Invitrogen) recombi-nation reaction, the open reading frame sequence of eviously .2+ translocation and accumulation in the four parental lines of the MAGIC DC1 population and its four parental lines. Two-week-old seedlings of the four parental lines with normal growth were treated with 1.0 mM Mg2+   and literature information, 16 genes were chosen as the candidate genes responsible for Mg2+ translocation and accumulation. Among them, eight encode proteins with transmembrane structure (OsMGT9 (LOC_Os03g04480), a member of MGT family  were expressed in the yeast mutant CM66. Under the condition of 1 or 4 mmol/L Mg2+ supply under solid medium for four days, LOC_Os03g04430 increased the growth of CM66 and while LOC_Os03g04360 inhibited (OsMGT9 (LOC_Os03g04480), did not show any effects on the growth of CM66  using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The expression of LOC_Os03g04360 in roots increased 26-42-fold in OE1 and OE2 compared with WT, but only 1-fold in OE3  was located 187 kb away from the OsMGT1. OsMGT1 is a plasma membrane-localized transporter, and has high expression in root tips and vascular tissues  by plants (OsPT8 also regulates disease resistance by regulating rice mitogen-resistant protein interaction factor kinase BWMK1 (LOC_Os03g04360 had no difference among the four parental lines (LOC_Os03g04360 (GSE5 promoter contributes to the grain size diversity of rice (OsCBL10 promoter can affect flood tolerance during seed germination of rice subspecies (OsHMA3 promoter contributes to differential grain cadmium accumulation between Indica and Japonica rice (2+ deficiency significantly induced the expression of LOC_Os03g04360 in A, B and C but inhibited it in D (LOC_Os03g04360 may have Mg2+ transport activity and participate in the Mg2+ uptake and translocation process in rice.y OsPHT1 . The PHTy OsPHT1 . PHT1 fay plants . OsPT8 ase BWMK1 . Phosphase BWMK1 . The cod of rice . Naturalbspecies . Naturalica rice . Our respUbi : LOC_Os03g04360 expression construct into Nipponbare using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. It was found that overexpression of LOC_Os03g04360 could significantly increase the Mg2+ concentration in rice roots under different Mg2+ supply at seedling stage (2+ content ratio of shoot to root (LOC_Os03g04360 was strongly expressed in roots at different growth stages, but weakly expressed in other tissues (LOC_Os03g04360 may play an important role in the uptake of Mg2+ in roots and the translocation of Mg2+ from root to shoot. It means that LOC_Os03g04360 may promote the uptake and accumulation of Mg2+ and inhibit translocation in rice. Further characterizations of LOC_Os03g04360 is needed to elucidate its functional significance in Mg2+ uptake, translocation and accumulation in rice.We introduced The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Conceived and designed the experiments: JC and GY. Performed the experiments: SZ, JC, WZ, JinyL, LM and JindL. Analyzed the data: SZ, JC and JindL. Wrote and revised the paper: JC, GY and SZ. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and the clinical isolate Bacillus cereus. The double combinations of morin–chitosan and morin–lignin resulted in a 100% increase in their inhibitory activity against S. aureus as compared to the pure biocompounds. The inhibitory effects of the three-component system, in decreasing order, were: S. aureus (IZ = 15.7 mm) > P. aeruginosa (IZ = 15 mm) > B. cereus and E. coli (IZ = 14 mm). All tested morin-containing two- and three-component systems exhibited clear and significant potentiation effects, especially against S. aureus and B. cereus. The results obtained are a prerequisite for the potential use of the studied conjugated lignin–morin–chitosan combinations in the construction of novel drug-carrier formulations with improved bioactivities.As natural biopolymers, chitosan and lignin are characterized by their good biocompatibility, high biodegradability and satisfactory biosafety. The active polymers’ functional groups are responsible for the potential of these biomaterials for use as carrier matrices in the construction of polymer–drug conjugates with prospective applicability in the fields of medicine, food and agriculture—subjects that have attracted attention in recent years. Hence, the aim of this research was to place substantial emphasis on the antimicrobial potential of flavonoid–biopolymer complex systems by assessment of the probable synergetic, additive or antagonistic effects arising as a function of systemic complexity. The joint implementation of morin, chitosan and lignin in conjugated two- and three-component systems provoked species-dependent antimicrobial synergistic and/or potentiation effects against the activity of the tested bacterial strains  According to recent studies, the pathogenesis of many diseases involves various factors, which shifts the focus from the development of new drugs implementing the conventional “one target–one drug” model to a new “multitarget–multidrug” model . Clarifying the additive, synergistic or antagonistic effect of the application of multicomponent systems containing combinations of biologically active substances requires the development of strategies involving several successive stages: (i) determination of the pharmacological activity of the individual compounds; (ii) clarifying the interactions between them; (iii) determining a combination of dominant compounds based on an analysis of their respective contributions to the activity; and (iv) assessment of the biological activity of the combination ,2.Modern scientific literature provides a large number of studies on the synergistic and additive activity of the combined use of natural polyphenols, polyphenols and vitamins, and polyphenols and antibiotics ,4,5; howListeria innocua . Fu. Fu2- groccurred . The formed two-component morin–chitosan conjugated system was electrostatically attracted by the outer membrane negatively charged lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria and teichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria, leading to combinations of the following proposed effects: blockage of intra-/extracellular exchanges, alterations of cell wall rigidity, cell wall disruption, leakage of cytoplasmic content and eventual entry into the cell A,B 22,3,322,30. 2+ and Mg2+ for their eventual transport into the cell. Thus, another possible mechanism outlining the satisfactory antimicrobial potential of the morin–chitosan combination is a process of complexation of the chelating part of the flavonoid molecule with the Mg2+/Ca2+ ions in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria  electrostatic interactions between microbial cell surfaces causing cell wall disruption and intracellular component leakage; (ii) adhesion and penetration of the morin–polymer combinations into the cell membrane imposing sequential negative effects on protein synthesis processes; (iii) chelation of fundamental nutrients and essential metals; (iv) ROS production and cell surface pH reductions resulting in mediated bacterial apoptosis. 15H10O7, purum, CAS: 654055-01-3), ethanol , NaOH , CH3COOH , HCl , phosphate-buffered saline  and gentamicin solution —were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich . Lactic acid (CH3CH(OH)COOH) (80%) was supplied by Chimtex, Bulgaria.The reagents—lignin , chitosan , morin  from three repetitions. Statistical significance was determined using XLStat Microsoft Excel 2010 . A value of S. aureus, B. cereus) and Gram-negative  bacterial strains, which are prerequisite for their potential application in the construction of novel drug-carrier formulations with improved bioactivities. Based on the detailed discussion of the probable intermolecular interactions between the plant flavonoid morin and both biopolymers (chitosan and lignin), as well as their single antibacterial potential, in summary, the overall diverse and complex mechanisms of the antimicrobial performances of the double and triple systems were found to encompass various activity pathways, including: bacterial cell wall targeting, lipid membrane disruption and membrane receptor and ion channel blockage, provoking obstruction of bacterial metabolite excretion and nutrient exchange and causing subsequent pathogenic bacterial death. The joint implementation of morin, chitosan and lignin in conjugated two- and three-component formulations resulted in antimicrobial synergistic and potentiation effects against the tested Gram-positive (


Video analysis is a popular and frequently used tool in animal behavior and welfare research. In addition to the actual object of research, video recordings often provide unforeseen information about the progress of the study, the animals or the people involved. Conflicts can arise when this information is weighed against the original intention of the recordings and broader social expectations. Uncertainty may prevent the video observers, often less experienced researchers, to properly address these conflicts, which can pose a threat to animal welfare and research quality and integrity. In this article, we aim to raise awareness of the interrelationship of variables characteristic for video-based animal studies and the potential conflicts emerging from this. We propose stepping stones for a framework which enables a culture of openness in dealing with unexpected and unintended events observed during video analysis. As a basis, a frame of reference regarding privacy and duty of care toward animals should be created and shared with all persons involved. At this stage, expectations and responsibilities need to be made explicit. During running and reporting of the study, the risk of animal welfare and research integrity issues can be mitigated by making conflicts discussible and offering realistic opportunities on how to deal with them. A practice which is outlined and guided by conversation will prevent a mere compliance-based approach centered on checklists and decision trees. Based on these stepping stones, educational material can be produced to foster reflection, co-creation and application of ethical practice. Video observation is a popular tool for behavior research in animals. A main advantage of video observations is that the animals are not influenced by the presence of an observer . DependiHowever, video recordings sometimes provide unforeseen information about the study, the people or the animals involved. The most obvious example may be the unintentional recording of a caretaker who unexpectedly mistreats the study animals. However, also human carelessness, such as leaving the lights on during night, private conversations between animal caretakers, or technical defects, such as skipping a feeding time with automatic feeders, can be unintentionally documented. These events provide scope for conflict, which emerges from the interactions of the variables outlined hereafter. First, there is the object or what is seen on the video, which we define as an action, an omission or more neutrally as an event. This object involves the observed, who may be the study animal. However, the observed may also be a human who is captured on the video while caring for the animal or carrying out routine work in the barn. The object and the observed are seen by the one who watches the videos, the observer. The appearance of the object and the observed on the video can be expected or unexpected, and intended or unintended. Further dimensions to be considered are the place and the time in which the object and the observed are filmed on the one hand, and in which the videos are watched on the other.Once recognized, the event may cause uncertainty in the observer. How should they deal with it? Does the welfare of the animals outweigh the privacy of the caretaker? Can the study still be published if it is admitted that the lights were on unintentionally? Is the situation observed a problem at all? To deal with these events, the general principles of privacy and research integrity are an essential starting point , 6. As aExisting frameworks and guidelines for animal behavior research mainly focus on methodology. The literature ranges from general advice  to articThe overall aim of this perspective article is to raise awareness of the potential conflicts and dilemmas emerging from the interrelationship of the variables outlined above in the context of video analysis in animal behavior and welfare research. First, we argue that in this specific context, the conflicts cannot be addressed by mere reference to more general issues of privacy and research integrity. The fact that animals are involved further complicates the picture. Therefore, we propose stepping stones for a framework which aims to enable open discussion about unexpected and unintended events observed during video analysis, clarification of privacy issues, and translation of existing approaches regarding research integrity to the specific context of video analysis in animal research. Based on this framework, educational material can be produced to foster the co-creation and application of ethical practice involving all persons engaged in a video-based animal study.In order to map and better understand the conflicts that can occur during video analysis, it is important to be aware of the dimensions of the study on which the recordings are based. It is evident that three main variables are involved: the object or the event that is seen, the observed and the observer . The obsWhile these interrelationships hold for research on animal behavior and welfare in general, video-based studies come with the additional challenges of the location- and the time-variable. Approaching the above mentioned situations may differ depending on whether the study is located on a commercial farm, in a shelter or at a research facility of a university. A further aspect of the location-variable in video-based studies is the discrepancy between the place where the recordings are made and the place where they are analyzed. In the simplest case, the recordings are made in the research facility and are evaluated in the observer's office at the same university. However, in international research projects it is common that videos are created in one country to be analyzed in another part of the world. Furthermore, video recording and analysis are situated within the dimension of time. Video analyses in animal behavior and welfare research are typically not performed in real time, but in retrospect, and the time between video production and analysis can vary considerably. Video observations may be carried out while the experiment is still running. However, at the time of video analysis the experiment has often already been completed, the batch of animals has already been slaughtered, or the people in charge have long since been working elsewhere.Furthermore, video as a tool creates a tension between intensity and partiality of recorded situations. On the one hand, disturbances may be registered more likely and more frequently during video analysis than during live observations, where the researcher is usually only present in the facility for a limited period of time and does not have the possibility to fast-forward or rewind. On the other hand, the partiality, which is inherent in all kind of data , may be Conflicts may arise when the observed disturbance is weighed against the original intention of the video recordings: the cameras have been installed for analyzing certain animal behaviors, not for surveilling the work of caretakers, monitoring technical processes or assessing the overall welfare status of the animals. In addition, those who are confronted with these situations first, the observers, are in most cases less experienced researchers, like students and PhD candidates. With a lack of experience, the conflicting interests between social expectations, animal health and welfare, and research quality and integrity, may cause uncertainty in the observers. This may lead to the observers finding themselves in a situation that they perceive as a dilemma. Dealing with such situations is largely dependent on the individual observers, their relationship with the principal investigator (PI), and the hierarchical structure and the culture of the research group. Revisiting the case of the caretaker mistreating the animals, one may argue that the severe consequences for the animals and the study should be a clear signal to take action for anybody observing such an event. However, a more junior observer may feel guilty about the consequences that such action can have for the caretaker, for instance that they will lose their job. The observer may also be worried about potential threats they might face from the person they observed and reported, particularly when the location and time of video analysis are close to video production. In addition, even more complex conflicts may occur when observing minor or more subtle disturbances, where the weighing of the interests at stake leads to less clear conclusions. Observers should be prevented from experiencing these situations as dilemmas, which overwhelm or paralyze them. Instead, they should be enabled to recognize such situations as conflicts, which may be complex, but amenable to intervention or even solution. To achieve this, and to guarantee high standards regarding privacy and research integrity, further reflection is needed within the animal behavior and welfare science community. The aim should be to establish guiding principles on how to approach conflicting situations during video analysis.As argued above, a tension can occur between the observer's ambitions to preserve the privacy of the person recorded unintentionally and to disclose disturbances in the study. In order to prevent uncertainties and divergent understandings, the expectations and responsibilities regarding privacy should be made explicit during the early planning stage of the study, before the recordings are produced. A first step would be to clarify which principles of privacy play a role and how they relate to the specific context of video-based animal studies. In the social sciences, it is standard practice to obtain informed consent from the study participants to be video-recorded , 11, 12.The question now arising is to which extent should humans involved in an animal study be treated as “research participants” in order to clarify and agree on the expectations and responsibilities regarding privacy? Treating them as research subjects would clearly miss the point, as the study is usually not intended to surveil their behavior. Nevertheless, humans may be unintentionally captured on video. Therefore, we propose to treat people, who are present at the location of the video recordings, such as researchers, caretakers or farmers, as research participants in a way that makes mutual expectations and responsibilities explicit. As a starting point, people need to be informed comprehensively about the nature and purpose of the footage being created. People do not only need to be aware that they may be recorded, but also that the videos will be watched. When planning a study, the PI should talk to the key personnel at the research location about video data collection, storage and anticipated place and time of analysis. This should be documented in a data management plan (DMP), which should be registered as metadata along with the videos. However, it cannot always be foreseen who will enter the location of the recordings. On a farm, for instance, an electrician may need to fix the lights at some point during the study. In this case, expectations and responsibilities could be made explicit by placing sheets on each entrance to the research location, which indicate the recording dates and times, and the contact details of the PI. In addition, key personnel should be encouraged to inform any person entering about the ongoing recordings.they respond when faced with the alternatives. The value of choice is variable, and there may be situations in which a person would not want to choose or is worse-off by having this opportunity  for catching individual animals for health and welfare checks. Informing, educating or reminding people of these expectations and responsibilities during the planning stage of the study provides them with good conditions under which to choose their behavior. Under these “good conditions” one is likely to be responsive to the relevant reasons as described in Scanlon's value of choice account , i.e., tortunity . Howeverortunity .However, these considerations are only useful if the unexpected or unintended observed are persons, with whom one can actually or hypothetically create and share a frame of reference regarding privacy and a duty of care toward animals. The animals showing unexpected behaviors when the study is already running or the automatic feeder skipping a feeding time, which is only noticed during retrospective video analysis, call for a different approach.Unintentionally recorded and unexpected animal behaviors or technical defects during the study, which may in addition be minor and temporary, can easily end in issues of research integrity (RI). RI can be defined as a matter of careful and precise work that meets the methodological standards of the relevant field, and transparency in reporting and justified interpretation of all findings . ParticuWithout delving deeper into the principles of RI here, it seems appropriate to tackle the problems described above by measures designed to promote RI: creating a culture of openness which enables the discussion of noticed but unexpected or unintended disturbances during the study. Recently, many research organizations worldwide have adopted and customized the more general declarations and codes of conduct for RI . HoweverThe first step to mitigate the risk of RI issues is to create awareness of the unexpected and the unintended that may be observed. When instructing the observer, the PI should not only make sure that the research question and the ethogram are understood, but also inform about possible disturbances that may be seen. Second, open and active reporting of such events should be encouraged, for instance by adding a column for “other behaviors observed”, or “general remarks” to the score sheets. The challenge here is to not create a compliance-based approach including a set of rules and checklists, which in the worst case may give a legalistic impression . Such a Implementing such an approach can only be successful if a culture of openness is created for discussion and reflection on the conflicts the observer may encounter. These discussions should also leave room for the conclusion that—when viewed with more developed practiced dispositions—the disturbance recognized by the observer is no conflict at all and needs no further consideration. However, it may be more often that action is needed, and depending on what is observed there may be various possibilities. In this case, it is also important to adhere to the previously agreed provisions regarding privacy. The content of an unintentionally recorded private conversation between caretakers in an animal facility needs to stay private. However, if their talk, for instance due to its volume, may affect the animals or the study, “loud talk” needs to be reported without referring to the content. There needs to be clarity on whom to consult when conflicts are noticed. For the observer this should be the PI in the first instance, but the discussion should not end at this level. The event could for instance be re-watched with experts or other persons involved in the study to come to more nuanced conclusions; measures could be taken to alleviate deviant animal behavior (if the experiment is still running), or further data analysis and interpretation of results could be adjusted. A good example for the latter option is the study by Cronin et al. , even thIn this article we aimed to raise awareness of the interrelationship of the object, the observed and the observer in the context of video-based animal behavior and welfare studies, and the potential conflicts that may emerge from these special relations. To deal with the conflicting interests between social expectations, animal health and welfare, and research quality in practice, we propose stepping stones to a framework which translates the basic concepts of privacy and research integrity to the specific case of this type of video-based research.The suggestions outlined above can be summarized by two practical implications: (a) fostering systematic reflection on the interests at stake, such as privacy of persons involved, animal welfare, and research integrity, and (b) applying a participatory approach when dealing with these interests. Systematic reflection presupposes awareness of the variables and dimensions involved in the study, their interrelationship, and the conflicts that may arise from them. In addition, systematic refection needs to begin at the early planning stages of the study, and to continue through data collection, analyses and publication of results. This also applies to the implementation of a participatory approach. A participatory approach starts with making actual or hypothetical “contracts” with people informing them about the nature, purpose and intended analysis of the recordings based on a shared moral frame of reference. However, participation does not end at this point: videos are sharable and people involved in the study—other than the observer—can be invited to watch certain sequences . These mAs mentioned before, this approach may in part be limited by the location- and time dimension of video-based studies: not all people in charge of the animals during the experiment will be available for revisiting certain situations on video during the time of analysis. However, these potential hurdles may only emphasize the mediating role and the responsibility of the PI. The PI is the one who has an overview over the whole study and the people involved in its different stages. This entails more than only an attitude of careful reflection by the PI. It also requires that they encourage this process in the observer and other persons involved by raising awareness of potential conflicts, making them discussible and offering opportunities on how to deal with them, i.e., creating a culture of care and openness. This culture of care and openness should also provide clarity on how the observer will be protected in case they observe and report unlawful events, such as the mistreatment of the study animals. To support them in this task, educational materials based on the proposed framework should be developed, such as small videoclips, charts or factsheets, which are targeted at the observer, but also at people working at the location of the experiment. However, to prevent handing out checklists or decision trees, which may at worst lead to more uncertainty in the observer, the approach should be outlined and guided by conversation. A further limitation may be that on the one hand PIs might not always be aware of the potential conflicts arising during video-based studies themselves, or of the dilemmas the observer may face. As the PI may have already practiced the virtues of science, for them, it would be self-evident to document and report disturbances observed on video, whereas for a more junior observer this might not be the case. On the other hand, we are aware that some research groups engaging in video-based animal behavior and welfare studies will already have established the concepts of systematic reflection and participation in their daily work. However, we aim to raise awareness where this is not the case and offer a systematic approach where refinement of daily practices is necessary. The recent discovery that many published scientific results do not withstand reproduction by independent labs culminated in the “reproducibility crisis” in various disciplines , from whRecent developments in the field of animal behavior and welfare research show a shift toward methods of automated video analyses that do not involve human observers . HoweverTo conclude, only by making expectations and responsibilities regarding privacy and human behavior toward study animals explicit, creating a culture of openness as a precondition, raising awareness of potential conflicts, and practicing systematic reflection and co-creation, can researchers conduct video-based animal studies, which ensure high levels of animal welfare, research quality and integrity, while at the same time preserving the privacy of all persons involved.MG and FM developed the concept and prepared the manuscript. Both authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.