Tenacibaculum is a genus of gram negative, marine, filamentous bacteria, associated with the presence of disease (tenacibaculosis) at aquaculture sites worldwide; however, infections induced by this genus are poorly characterized. Documents regarding the genus Tenacibaculum and close relatives were compiled for a literature review, concentrating on ecology, identification, and impacts of potentially pathogenic species, with a focus on Atlantic salmon in Canada. Tenacibaculum species likely have a cosmopolitan distribution, but local distributions around aquaculture sites are unknown. Eight species of Tenacibaculum are currently believed to be related to numerous mortality events of fishes and few mortality events in bivalves. The clinical signs in fishes often include epidermal ulcers, atypical behaviors, and mortality. Clinical signs in bivalves often include gross ulcers and discoloration of tissues. The observed disease may differ based on the host, isolate, transmission route, and local environmental conditions. Species-specific identification techniques are limited; high sequence similarities using conventional genes (16S rDNA) indicate that new genes should be investigated. Annotating full genomes, next-generation sequencing, multilocus sequence analysis/typing (MLSA/MLST), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and fatty acid methylesters (FAME) profiles could be further explored for identification purposes. However, each aforementioned technique has disadvantages. Since tenacibaculosis has been observed world-wide in fishes and other eukaryotes, and the disease has substantial economic impacts, continued research is needed. Salmo salar, AS) due to ‘mouthrot’ ) : NR_040912) is most similar to six isolates of T. ovolyticum (percent identity above 97.49%), the closest match to another species would be T. dicentrarchi AY7486TD   unique to the T. ovolyticum isolate were identified [Identification techniques quencing , MLSA [3quencing ,42, FAMEquencing , and MALquencing . The 16SAY7486TD ) and T. d 96.54% . MLSA pl. soleae . NCBI coM 18103)  and baseM 18103) . Non-genposition . The per species ,66. MALD species . Severalentified . Like FAentified ,68,69,70T. gallaicum and T. discolor include 16S rDNA sequence comparisons, MLSA, MALDI-TOF, and FAME profiles. Representatives of these species  were identified in the same study using morphology, GC content comparisons, DNA-DNA hybridization, and 16S rDNA sequences [T. gallaicum BE263 (AN: LT601375.2) is most similar to three other T. gallaicum isolates , which had percent identities above 99.12%  indicated several isolates of T. litoreum, T. discolor, T. sediminilitoris, and T. ascidiaceicola have high percent identities above 97.5% (T. discolor 9A5 (AN: JQ231117.1), and LL04 11.1.1T (AN: NR_042576.1) are most similar to five T. discolor isolates, T. litoreum CL-TF13, and T. ascidiaceicola RSS1-6, with percent identities above 99.10%  and S2F6 (AN: MF192947.1) demonstrated high sequence similarities among several Tenacibaculum species, similar to aforementioned comparisons using T. gallaicum and T. discolor  and the T. finnmarkense species consists of two genomovars (T. finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense and T. finnmarkense genomovar ulcerans) [T. finnmarkense (HFJT and TNO006), specific genomovars of T. finnmarkense, and T. piscium  are available on NCBI (T. piscium (TNO020T), T. finnmarkense genomovar ulcerans (TNO010T), T. finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense (TN0OO6T), T. finnmarkense genomovar (HFJT), and T. dicentrarchi USC 35/09T identified that numerous fatty acids were similar; however, the summed feature for T. piscium is greater than the other isolates, A35:0 is greater for T. finnmarkense genomovar ulcerans and T. finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense, while T. finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense had greater levels of A35:1 ω6c. More isolates need to be tested through FAME profiles to determine if any fatty acid could be used as a chemotaxonomic marker. MALDI-TOF [T. finnmarkense and closely related species.discolor . Other sum clone . Genome -species . Howeverd on ANI  and MLSAd on ANI . Recentllcerans) . Complet on NCBI  and moreT. mesophilum, 16S rDNA comparisons and MLSA have been applied. The 16S rDNA sequence of T. mesophilum MBIA3140 (AN: NR_024736) was most similar to 13 T. mesophilum isolates with percent identities above 99.04%; however, T. lutimaris DI 83II and Actinobacterium YH73 had percent identities of 97.44% and 99.29%  indicated that all T. soleae isolates had percent identities above 98.15%  indicated that isolates labeled as T. dicentrarchi had a percent identity above 98.21% , while T. soleae and T. ovolyticum were still closely related in a monophyletic clade [T. dicentrarchi are available on NCBI for comparison and include AY7486TD, TNO021, TD3509 = 35/09T, and TdChD05 , MLSA, serology, FAME profiles, and MALDI-TOF. The 16S rDNA sequence of T. maritimum TmarCan1 (AN: KY428892.1) was most similar to ~30 T. maritimum isolates with a percent identity above 97.52% and the next closest comparison was Polaribacter sp. 7002-035 with a percent identity of 95.99%; other Tenacibaculum species have percent identities below 95.62%  [T. ovolyticum represented less than 30% of the epifloral community, halibut eggs hatched to larvae; however, when values rose above 30%, substantial increases in mortality at the hatching stage occurred [T. ovolyticum was able to dissolve the chorion and damage the zona radiata through enzymatic activity [5–106 bacteria mL−1 of T. ovolyticum before hatching had significantly increased mortality compared to controls [Tenacibaculum isolates collected from disease outbreaks in Norway, isolate TNO089 had the greatest genetic similarity to T. ovolyticum (95%) and was cultured from halibut fry; demonstrating the potential for this organism to induce tenacibaculosis in fish past the larval stage [T. ovolyticum has been found in environmental samples, invertebrates displaying disease and as part of the microflora of marine fish eggs; however, few studies to date have demonstrated that T. ovolyticum is a fish pathogen.of Japan , in a loof Japan , as a coof Japan  and has ssus L.) ,107. In occurred . T. ovolactivity . Halibutal stage . OverallT. gallaicum and T. discolor were first identified together in Spain; T. gallaicum was isolated from seawater taken from a turbot (Psetta maxima) holding tank, and T. discolor was identified in the kidney of a deceased sole  [T. discolor L0LO4.11.1.1T and T. gallaicum A37.1T experimentally induced tenacibaculosis in both turbot and sole [T. discolor and T. gallaicum, mortalities ranged 60–100% following intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 105–107 colony forming units (CFU) fish−1 [T. gallaicum and T. discolor are likely fish pathogens; however, more research is needed to validate a relationship between the presence of bacteria and diseased fishes and if these species are primary pathogens or opportunistic pathogens.alensis) ,13. Bothand sole ,13. For ) fish−1 ,13. Dise) fish−1 ,13. BaseT. finnmarkense has been identified in Norway and Chile as a marine fish pathogen isolated from Atlantic salmon, lumpsuckers (Cyclopterus lumpus L.), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), cleanerfish (Symphodus melpops), cod (Gadus morhua), and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) [Dipleurosoma typicum [T. maritimum, clinical signs of tenacibaculosis caused by T. finnmarkense included ulcerations on epidermal surfaces, frayed fins, and mortality [T. finnmarkense in 2016 [5–108 bacteria mL−1 for a set duration  and were subsequently housed with naïve fish [S. salar underwent bath immersions with 105–106 cells mL−1 of T. finnmarkense HFJT and Tsp.2 for 5 h, then exposed fish were grouped with naïve fish [T induced high mortalities (~80%) among infected fish; however, co-inhabitants (naïve fish) had fewer mortalities (<10%) [−3 [−3 [T. finnmarkense observed in S. salar may be isolate dependent. Determining the differences between isolates that induce disease in marine fishes and those that constitute a healthy microbiota require investigation [glossus) ,101,108. typicum . Like T.ortality ,9,11,101 in 2016 , severalT. mesophilum was initially identified on a sponge  [Litopenaeus vannamei) [T. mesophilum. Research has demonstrated that T. mesophilum induces a humoral immune response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) [Pinctada fucata) [https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) of 16S rDNA sequences of Tenacibaculum sp. Pbs-1 (NCBI Accession number: LC342074) cultured from diseased Akoya pearl oysters indicated that five separate sequences in the complete genome of T. mesophilum DSM 13764 (NCBI Accession number: CP045192) are identical . Even though Tenacibaculum sp. strain Pbs-1 was thought to be the agent responsible for black-spot shell disease, reproduction of the disease including mortality requires additional factors, including a compromised shell [T. mesophilum can be a pathogen to select groups of animals. okadai) , from se okadai) , and assannamei) . There a aurata)  and prod aurata) ,113. Rec fucata) . A BLASTed shell . More woT. soleae has been identified from marine environments around Europe and from fishes such as sole  [Dicologoglossa cuneata M.) [Scophthalmus rhombus L.) [(Dicentrarchus labrax) [T. soleae has also been reported in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) [Homarus americanus) [T. soleae using fry and juvenile wedge sole identified an LD50 of 7.8 × 105 CFU mL−1 after an 18 h immersion and 100% mortality was observed in 6–8 days (d) using 107 CFU mL−1 [6 CFU fish−1 resulted with 100% mortality in five days [C. gigas, clinical signs of disease included liquefactive necrosis in the adductor muscle and abnormal coloration of the mantle [C. gigas adductor muscles with 200 µL of 104 CFU mL−1 of T. soleae resulted in cumulative mortalities of 46.6% and inoculations of 101 CFU mL−1 induced mortality in one individual (6.7%) [Tenacibaculum sp. in abalone  [alensis) , wedge seata M.) , brill (mbus L.) , sea bas labrax) , and wra labrax) . T. solea gigas) , as wellricanus) . Bath inCFU mL−1 . IP injeive days . Clinicaive days ,75,115. e mantle . Experiml (6.7%) . Further hannai) ,118 and  hannai)  suggest T. dicentrarchi is a potential pathogen that has received attention due to mortality events in Chile [S. salar with lesions similar to mouthrot [T. dicentrarchi has been documented in red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) [Dicentrarchus labrax) [Tenacibaculum sp. isolates from cod (Gadus morhua), wrasse species, and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) were also re-identified as T. dicentrarchi using MLSA [T. dicentrarchi included external ulcers, frayed fins, hemorrhagic organs, and damaged gills [5 CFU mL−1 of T. dicentrarchi TdChD05 induced 65% mortality in S. salar, and 93% mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); around 50% of the mortalities occurred in one day for O. mykiss, and four days for S. salar [O. mykiss observed within one day is unusually fast for the development of tenacibaculosis in fishes in comparison to other studies and may indicate that other factors were involved [Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the same experiment experienced no adverse effects [Tenacibaculum spp. have been reported in coho salmon [7 CFU fish−1 and then co-housed with another 197 salmon [6 CFU mL−1 for 30 min [7 CFU fish−1 for 2 h. Ultimately, 32 fish died and 2 were euthanized as moribund [Neoparamoeba perurans (causative agent of amoebic gill disorder) identified a weak positive correlation between the presence of N. perurans and T. dicentrarchi in diseased fish [T. dicentrarchi, and there was reduced species richness and diversity indexes in diseased fish compared to naïve fish, supporting that dysbiosis may have implications for tenacibaculosis [4 CFU mL−1 were exposed to red conger eel (n = 12) for 2 h through bath exposure [T. dicentrarchi to be a pathogen of concern for aquaculture.in Chile ,98, and mouthrot . In addimouthrot , T. dice labrax) . Some Teing MLSA . Clinicaed gills ,57,98. AS. salar . Howeverinvolved ,15. Coho effects , but outo salmon . In a se7 salmon . The watr 30 min . None ofr 30 min . In a semoribund . Of the moribund . All themoribund . Recentlsed fish . In someaculosis . In anotexposure . Eel morexposure . These eT. maritimum is the most documented Tenacibaculum species in the literature. The bacteria have been described worldwide, and in at least 30 host species  injections, IP injections, and bath immersion infections.There is a limited amount of information available on the pathogenesis and virulence factors associated with the genus T. maritimum are believed to infect fishes through damaged epithelia initially [S. salar smolt that died two months after being transferred to saltwater and was proposed to have died from mouthrot, histopathology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed lesions around the mouth surrounded by filamentous bacteria and dislodged teeth, with bacteria occupying gingival pockets [T. maritimum isolates , it was proposed that for mouthrot, bacteria become systemic via the vascularized tooth pulp [T. maritimum NCIMB 2153 in-situ infected farmed Senegalese sole  have also been studied by histology and SEM [T. maritimum was identified in healthy, diseased, and post-treated fish [T. maritimum dominating the community [T. maritimum, in association with the abundance Vibrio spp. and the presence of mouthrot led researchers to provide evidence that mouthrot is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by dysbiosis [Tenacibaculum species reported to have associations with dysbiosis, more research should focus on what multifactorial processes initiate dysbiosis linked to the presence of mouthrot. In BC, the most common clinical presentation of tenacibaculosis is denoted as mouthrot. The few common clinical signs of mouthrot include yellow plaques and ulcers on the mandibles, gills, and infrequently on the flank  [8 CFU fish−1T. maritimum LL01.8.3.8 on turbot, and similar pathological signs were noted [Solea solea L.) injected subdermally with 107 cells fish−1T. maritimum developed epidermal lesions and experienced 100% mortality in four days [Acanthopagrus schlegei), SC injection of 102–106 cells fish−1 using T. maritimum A4 induced ulcers at the injection site [6 cells fish−1 was 52.6% while the control group experienced 40.8%, it is possible that the infection method may have contributed to mortality [SC and IP infection trials using on (hpi) . At thison (hpi) . The firon (hpi) . The foron (hpi) . At all-on (hpi) . The expon (hpi) . At seveon (hpi) . Throughon (hpi) . A subseour days . Difficuour days . In the our days . The higion site . Howeverortality . Based o8–109 CFU fish−1 of T. maritimum strain LL01.8.3.8 in turbot at 168 hpi resulted in splenitis and capsular necrosis, necrosis and hemorrhage of the liver, head kidney, and intestine, reduced hematopoietic tissue in the head and kidney, and enteritis with transmural inflammation [T. maritimum was identified in the liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and gills from 6–48 hpi and the spleen and kidney from 6–168 hpi using immunohistochemistry [T. maritimum 89/4762 injected-IP induced 100% mortality, with the author concluding that extracellular products released from T. maritimum induce disease [T. maritimum can produce internal lesions, and extracellular products may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of disease. However, other studies were unsuccessful in reproducing tenacibaculosis through IP injections [IP injections of 10ammation . No groshemistry . In Atla disease . Overalljections .For both IP and SC infection methodologies, bacteria were detected in most organs as early as 3 h until the end of the experiment; bacteria were also detected in blood vessels, possibly demonstrating bacteremia . HoweverT. maritimum, also resulted in clinical signs similar to those described from outbreaks on fish farms [T. maritimum isolate ACC6.1 suggested that an immersion of 18 h using 5 × 103 CFU mL−1 was needed [T. maritimum isolates at 107 CFU mL−1 [S. salar smolts produced atypical behavior (erratic swimming and loss of equilibrium), oral ulcers, and yellow plaques on the external surfaces such as the mouth and gill [S. salar, bath infections resulted in ulcers externally on the flanks and fins of fishes, pale organs, friable livers, congested kidneys, and eventually mortality [Tenacibaculum sp. infections in laboratory practices use variably concentrated infective doses, often at high concentrations (above 103 CFU mL−1), which may indicate that the bacteria are not primary pathogens, but instead other variables, including dysbiosis [Bath infections, mimicking horizontal transmission, using sh farms . Infectis needed . Howeverortality ,102,129.ysbiosis , may infT. maritimum NCIMB 2154T identified categories of virulence genes related to motility, adhesion, quorum sensing/quenching, metabolism, iron acquisition, stress response, transport/secretion systems, and toxins [Virulence factors are required to allow bacteria to invade, induce disease, and evade host defenses . A compld toxins .T. maritimum genes predicted to express proteins for gliding machinery  allowing mobility on multiple surfaces have been identified. Seventeen other genes in T. maritimum code for various adhesins, factors related to the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, and lectin or carbohydrate-binding motifs [T. dicentrarchi and T. maritimum from S. salar lesions formed biofilms on abiotic surfaces such as polystyrene [Tenacibaculum species [T. maritimum may help identify the mechanisms that lead to flocculation in media, as this can lead to unreliable estimates in bacterial concentration using spectrophotometry and has downstream implications for experimental trials.g motifs . These tg motifs . Severalystyrene ,132. Durystyrene ,132. Mor species . An undeT. maritimum. N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) activity was identified among nine strains of T. maritimum; strain NCIMB 2154T possessed N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) and was also capable of degrading long-acyl AHLs (A30-HSL) [T, but an AHL lactonase encoding gene was predicted based on its identification in T. discolor strain 20 J [T. discolor and T. soleae but a lactonase enzyme was only identified in T. soleae [Quorum sensing and quenching have been reported in A30-HSL) . No geneain 20 J ,133. In . soleae . Quorum . soleae , possiblT. maritimum related to metabolism include a complete glycolysis pathway, a tricarboxylic acid cycle, sugar transporters, sugar enzymes, and several proteases, among others [Tenacibaculum.Genes in g others . The ideg others ,50. Howeg others ,44,50. DT. maritimum and include the production of the bisucaberin siderophores and transporters, heme-related proteins, iron-regulation proteins, as well as a Fur regulator [T. maritimum isolates utilized several iron sources  when added to iron-deficient media, were able to bind to hemin, demonstrating the presence of heme-related proteins, and had siderophores identified in universal colorimetric chemical assays [T. maritimum are reported to undergo bacteremia and can produce lesions in the liver and spleen [Tenacibaculum species and should identify the expression of these genes in in-vivo/vitro models.Iron acquisition genes have been identified in egulator . The ideegulator . T. maril assays . Hypothel assays  and the l assays  may playd spleen ,128,129.T. maritimum encodes three superoxide dismutases  and two catalase/peroxidase enzymes (KatA and KatG), indicating that the organism can cope with oxidative stress [T. maritimum infections but speculated that hydrogen peroxide inadvertently promoted tenacibaculosis through the stress that the fish experienced during treatment [Tenacibaculum species , heavy metals), physical , and biological interactions. e stress . Applicareatment . Severalreatment . Tempera species . Studiesperature ,103. AddT. maritimum [T. maritimum reported to induce mortality in S. salar by [Tenacibaculum sp. needs further research; if toxins can be prevented from reaching the surface of the bacterial cell, Tenacibaculum infections may be attenuated.Transport systems are useful for pathogens, as they allow proteins to be brought to the cell surface. Genes encoding an ATP binding cassette type transport system, a Sec-dependent transport system, a twin-arginine transport system, and a type IX secretion system (T9SS) were identified in aritimum . Extracesalar by  are possT. maritimum genes have been found that code for many enzymes, including cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, collagenase, sphingomyelinase, ceramidase, chondroitin AC lyase, streptopain family protease, and proteins related to sialoglycan degradation/uptake [Listeria monocytogenes) or cause translocation of enzymes (as with Streptococcus pyogenes) [Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been reported to have functions linked to hemolysis in mammals [T. maritimum, ceramidase may be linked to iron acquisition if ceramidase can lyse cells rich in iron, such as erythrocytes in the bloodstream of fishes. Chondroitin AC lyase hydrolyzes chondroitin; a reduction in the rigidity of connective tissues caused by loss of chondroitin allows for easier dissemination of bacteria throughout the host [T. maritimum.n/uptake ,97. Manyyogenes) . Sphingoyogenes) . Ceramid mammals . Given tthe host . Collagethe host . Since tthe host ,142,143,the host ,144. FurTenacibaculum are Gram-negative, filamentous, marine bacteria that are likely cosmopolitan and ubiquitous. Most bacterial species are non-pathogenic or have not been reported in mortality events, while eight other species  have been related to finfish or shellfish mortality events. Most potential pathogens are identified using 16S rDNA sequencing, and few diagnostic tests have been developed to identify each species, except T. maritimum. Similar clinical signs of infection in fishes induced by Tenacibaculum spp. include external ulcers, atypical behaviors, and mortality, and indicate that the term tenacibaculosis should be expanded to encompass Tenacibaculum species. Imitations of tenacibaculosis outbreaks from aquaculture sites are repeatable using experimental infections via bath immersions, where SC and IP injections have had less success. Variations in observed infections can be related to the bacterial isolate, host, geographic origin, and mode of transmission. More research is needed to define local distributions of bacteria, increase the number of diagnostic tests for pathogenic species, and clarify the pathogenesis of Tenacibaculum species.Members of the genus


The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the sustainability of local videos development, their integration in the EFL classroom, and their impact on students’ learning outcomes. The research aims as well to assess the impact of the videos on learners’ English language skills achievement and individual difference factors. We recruited a random sample of 100 and 76 students learning different levels of English in our English institute through an online survey. A cross-sectional study of perceived English language skill achievement and individual difference factors such as motivation, attitude, and cultural awareness was carried out. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used for data collection and analysis. Our conceptual framework showed that the sustainability of the local video production and its integration in the EFL classroom depends on the university’s funding policy, which is subjected to the positive impact of the videos on students’ learning outcomes. Also, the obtained results revealed that the videos fostered learners’ English language skills as well as their motivation to learn the language, positive attitudes toward its integration, and local cultural awareness. This work contributes to existing knowledge of sustainable local curriculum development by providing the first empirical evidence on the positive impact of sustainable local videos as an instructional material on students’ learning outcomes. The importance of using videos to facilitate foreign language learning in classrooms cannot be overemphasized. A large and growing body of literature has investigated its positive impact on learners’ foreign language skills . BesidesCulture and language are interrelated . That isAgainst this backdrop, our English institute decided to start producing and using local videos that express Chilean values and ethos for teaching content in 2014. We believe that the sustainable production of different videos over the years is a function of our ability to create a sustainable model that facilitate its production, integration in the classroom, and impact assessment on learning outcome. Since the inception of this project, the retention rate of the students has increased. In addition, the rating of the institute in terms of quality of teaching has improved. What is not known is the extent to which our videos foster learners’ motivation, cultural awareness, and language skills of the students. Thus, this paper aims to conceptualize the sustainability of local video development, integration, and impact assessment on learners’ motivation, attitude, cultural awareness, and language skills. The remaining part of this paper begins with reviewing the literature, construction of a conceptual framework, methodology, results, and discussion. Finally, the conclusion, which gives a summary and critique of the findings.Local development can be defined as a process of improving the economic, social, and environmental situation of an area based on the use of indigenous resources to improve its population well-being and quality of life . The mosWhat is the conceptual framework of sustainable local video production for English language teaching?What is the impact of the local videos on students’ English language skills achievement and individual difference factors such as motivation, attitude, and local cultural awareness?As shown in To provide quality, convenience, and flexible forms of education to students in our university, we institutionalize online learning programs and courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Every initiative and innovation, such as using video clips to facilitate learning in classrooms, is being promoted and funded. To sustain this initiative, the sponsorship model in which the institution assumes responsibility for funding is adopted. This covers incentives for both teachers and the production crews. The degree of annual funding for the content production of new videos is subject to their positive impact on learning outcomes. In sum, this project is supported using what might be called a producer-consumer model, where the support for an initiative is sustained through funding for production and distribution to a consuming population .The decision to hire English teachers for the creation of video content is based on the new roles of twenty-first century teachers. The drive toward digital learning is a factor influencing the increasing number of global teacherpreneurs who are developing e-learning content and platforms, educational applications, and online marketplaces . Thus, tContent production is the process of developing and creating visual or written assets, such as videos or eBooks , feeling (affective component), and intending to behave  toward something , p. 33. The need to enculturate English in the EFL classroom is based on two posits. The first view states that “target language culture should be taught along with English to acculturate language learners into the culture of native English speaking countries . The secHowever, there has been little discussion about the perception and identification of culture in a locally developed video. It will be interesting to contribute to this growing area of research by investigating if the student can identify local ethos in the video.Motivation, positive attitude, and cultural awareness in authentic material have been positive predictors of learners’ English language skills achievement. There is a plethora of studies that have given credence to this assertion. Intending to measure the effect of videos on EFL learning outcomes, previous studies have investigated their effect on learners’ individual difference factors such as motivation  and attiA questionnaire was adopted to obtain quantitative data required for analyzing respondents’ levels of perceived motivation, attitude, and cultural awareness. In addition, the relationships among them were investigated. Furthermore, interviews with selected participants provided qualitative data for further understanding of the variables for quantitative data. Employing two different instruments is necessary because interpretations that are built upon triangulation have a higher tendency to be stronger than those which rely on the more constructed framework of a single method . Thus, tn = 176) are English learners recruited from different faculties of our university. It is a composition of students from the faculty of engineering, medicine, economics, and education studying different levels of English such as Elementary, Basic, Pre-intermediate, and Intermediate level of English.This study adopted a random sampling technique in which a smaller sample size is culled from a larger population and uses it to research and make generalizations about the larger group . Our choThe instrument was used to collect quantitative data that would reveal the impact of locally produced video on students’ perceived language achievement, motivation, local cultural awareness, and different dimensions of attitude. The items in the questionnaire were drawn from various existing inventories designed to measure perceived language achievement and individual difference factors. By adopting face validity, we assumed that the instrument for this study is valid because each item addresses the specific and relevant aspects of perceived motivation, attitude, and cultural awareness . MoreoveThe questionnaire was divided into three sections. The first part of the questionnaire deals with respondents” demographic profile such as age, gender, and faculty of study in the university. While the second part consists of a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly agree to strongly disagree” with eliciting respondents’ views on the variables, “very good to very poor” is used to measure the perceived quality of the videos and the third section is an open-ended question that elicits more responses regarding questions in Literature Review section.To ascertain the perceived level of language skills achievement, we adopted the revised version of the instrument developed by The interview section of the questionnaire emphasizes general views of the videos. A total number of five questions focus on how the material has helped the participants learn English, their view regarding the quality of the video in comparison to other free English teaching videos on YouTube, and how it has fostered their autonomous learning were probed. While most of the statements were adapted from different established studies on individual difference factors in second language acquisition, some were created to examine the themes that are yet to be investigated by previous works. The obtained data provided by the participants was analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis to answer the questions and accomplish the objective of the present study. Our data was manually-coded. We adopted inductive coding. This involves categorizing opinions into common themes . The fouData for this study were retrospectively collected through an anonymous online survey. The data was administered at the end of the English courses during the academic year 2018/2019. This is to ensure that all of the participants are familiar with the videos to provide broad perspectives and assessment of the videos. All research ethics codes for data collection, which involves explaining the objective of the study to the informants, informing of the right to decline to participate, and explaining the low potential risk involved by providing the greatest sense of respondent confidentiality were upheld.Collected data were analyzed using SPSS v25.0. The students’ demographic distribution was obtained through the analysis of the proportion of students in different faculties within the university . The oveThe sociodemographic characteristics of the participants are summarized in The impact of the videos on students’ perception of their English language skills achievement and the level of reliability of the items adopted for the measurement are highlighted in From the data in In the open-ended questions of the instrument. Participants were asked to express their opinions regarding the perception of the videos. Some of the main themes that emerge from their responses are the following:The videos are more visually organized and pleasing to the eye. They are good audiovisual material to learn English better.” Some believe the quality is enhanced because it is well subtitled with English, which helps them in their writing production. For example, one interviewee said “the subtitles that the videos have, you can know how these words are written.”The vast majority of the interviewees commented on the quality of the video. Some describe the quality in terms of audio and visual quality. As one interviewee said “Watching the English videos helped me better understand each unit’s topics.” Another common view among interviewees was that it is easier to understand the concept being taught because their teachers are also the main actors or actresses in the video clips. As one participant mentioned “those who make the videos are the institute teachers, and as this is the case, it allows us to have a closer relationship with them in class.”Some participants believed that the videos help in facilitating their understanding of every grammatical concept of each moodle and good relationship with the teachers. That is, it helps them to understand the context at which certain grammatical concepts should be used. For example, one interviewee said “They have helped me a lot with the listening part.”A significant number of the participants expressed how the video enhanced their language skills in reading speaking, listening, and writing. Out of all the skills, listening skill is mostly emphasized for its enhancement by the videos. One of the comments encapsulates this perspective “the videos generate university’s identity; they should make them more massive, such as educating in the casino with short explanatory videos and relating them to important topics such as gender, sexuality, security, academic and administrative processes etc.”The participants provided more information on the perceived Chilean cultural ethos in the video. They appreciate that the video promotes local culture rather than American or British culture. One participant commented that the videos focus on promoting Chilean culture and society, in contrast to other English videos, which only focus on English or American. Some appreciate the fact that the videos are shot in the campus. Therefore, promoting campus life and issues. As one respondent indicated “In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the development of sustainable production of local videos and its impact on foreign language learning outcomes. Thus, this study set out with the aim of assessing the impact of our sustainable, locally produced video on EFL learners’ language achievements and individual factors such as motivation, attitude, and perceived cultural awareness.To address research question 1, we conceptualized the sustainable model of video production and its integration in an EFL classroom. This is followed by assessing its impact on students’ motivation to learn, attitudinal dispositions toward learning, awareness of the local cultural content, and perceived language skills achievement. A model whereby the university’s policy and funding promote the hiring of English teachers to produce video clips for English learning was constructed. The sustainability of the production model depends on continuous funding of the video, which is subjected to its positive impact on students learning outcomes.In relation to language skills, a sizeable number of the respondents believed that the video fostered their reading, listening, speaking, pronunciation, and writing skills. These results match those observed in an earlier study conducted in France . ListeniAnother important finding was that majority agreed that the videos motivate them to learn the language. These findings further support the idea of using video to enhance motivation in the EFL classroom . A possiTo assess the level of awareness of local cultural ethos and value in the content, respondents were asked to rate the level of Chilean ethos compare to the foreign one. The most interesting finding was that extensive number of the respondents admit that the videos express more of Chilean ethos than the foreign ones. Though no work has been done on perception of cultural awareness of a locally produced video, but the finding is in line with a study that investigates the perception of cultural awareness in English textbooks . These dTo determine the factors that influence English language skills, correlational analysis between the several motivational variables and the language skills was carried out. It was found that perceived cultural awareness, motivation, and positive attitudes toward the video are highly correlated with the perceived language skills. That indicates that the fostering of language skills can be linked to the individual difference factors induced by the videos. This also accords with our earlier observations on the relationship between enhanced English proficiency and motivation , positivThe present results are significant because it helps us to understand that the higher retention rate and perceived good quality of teaching of our institute could be linked to the positive impact of locally developed video integrated on students learning outcomes. The implication is that we have used local resources and human capital to improve the quality of teaching in our institute. This has justified the importance of adopting local content to foster any form of development at a national level . FurtherFinally, the empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of the role and significance of sustainable local development, individual difference factors, and ecological perspective in the production of local video instructional material. Our sustainable local development framework has demonstrated the process of how teachers can key into their institution’s local content policy, collaborate, develop instructional material, and then integrate it into their classrooms. Our study has also responded to a scholar’s suggestion to apply the ecological perspective theory in EFL learning . This inThe main goal of the current study was to conceptualize the sustainability of local video development, integration, impact assessment on learners’ motivation, cultural awareness, and language skills. One of the most significant findings is that the videos are perceived to foster learners reading, listening, writing, and speaking skills. Additionally, students expressed a positive impact on their motivation to learn the language. Also, participants’ express different dimensions of attitude toward the integration of the video in the classroom and the learning of the language. Moreover, most of the participants believe our videos promote more of Chilean cultural values and ethos than foreign ones. Finally, correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between cultural awareness, positive attitude, and motivation with learners’ language skill perceived achievements. As an institution, the current findings make us understand the factors responsible for the excellent performance of our students. The impact assessment instrument is also effective in evaluating the quality of our videos periodically, which is critical to the sustainability of video funding, production, and integration in the classroom. Concerning research contribution, this the first study shedding light on how to construct sustainable local wisdom and resources to produce local instructional material for English language teaching. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, the adoption of one item scale to measure the construct of cultural awareness causes its low content validity. The second limitation lies in the fact that this study used a self-perception survey to assess the language skill achievement of the learners. This can compromise the validity of their responses due to self-flattery . This liThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’. All research ethics codes for data collection, which involves explaining the objective of the study to the informants, informing of the right to decline to participate, and explaining the low potential risk involved by providing the greatest sense of respondent confidentiality were upheld.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Objectives: The aim of this project was to develop an instructional video that demonstrates a standardized clinical examination on patients with suspected temporomandibular disorders (TMD). After viewing the video, the learner should be knowledgeable about the examination steps and application of the examination techniques. Methods: The instructional video was created by two dentists who are experienced in assessing patients with suspected TMD. Additionally, both examiners were calibrated according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). The instructional video was divided into chapters. Various camera angles, key points, image enlargements, and replays were used to better depict essential aspects of the assessment. Background noise was reduced to a minimum. Results: The instructional video was modified and completed in two phases: the first by an experienced dentist and the second by a dentist specialized in TMD. The final video includes nine chapters and is 26.5 minutes in length (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k8r7qc1). Conclusion: Divided into chapters, this German instructional video shows an optimally timed, standardized clinical assessment of patients with suspected TMD.  Symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) include orofacial pain, sounds in the temporomandibular joint, and/or limited mobility of the mandible . In the Due to the multifactorial causes of TMD, it is essential to use both a valid and reliable measuring tool to correctly diagnose TMD. The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), published in 2014, meets these requirements and is even available in various languages , includiLearning the process and technique of an assessment in patients with TMD using the manual provided by the DC/TMD is time-consuming and may cause users to make mistakes during the practical implementation. In general, difficulties in learning clinical skills are also known to occur with other  examination techniques and treatment decisions. Instructional videos can help users learn, improve, and brush up on practical skills , 15], , , 17], , . Videos The goal of this project was to create an instructional video that demonstrated a clinical examination of patients with suspected TMD in the German language.To help train students as well as medical and dental professionals, a German-speaking instructional video should be created to demonstrate how to perform a structured and standardized TMD assessment according to the DC/TMD. Particular attention should be placed on how the examiner correctly uses verbal commands and examination techniques. The commands should strictly adhere to the German manual of the DC/TMD, while the patient case should follow the case reports in the English-speaking instructional video. In addition, common obstacles within the assessment should also be included. By watching the video, the following should be conveyed:The learner should know the steps to the exam according to the DC/TMD.The learner should know the exam techniques according to the DC/TMD. The DC/TMD guidelines specify an exam timeframe of 20 minutes . Since tThe introduction of the examination techniques should be filmed using a frontal view of the patient for a better initial overview of the procedure. In addition, a second camera perspective should be shown when measuring the “Opening and Closing Movements” to allow the viewer to better read off the numerical values in the sagittal plane. The palpation of the left half of the face, which was already performed on the contralateral side, should also be portrayed in two perspectives to give the viewer a more detailed understanding of the procedure. Important terms such as pain, familiar pain, familiar headache, and referred pain should be displayed and repeated during the examination. In the chapter “Incisal Relationships”, marking the reference points should be depicted in three successive, enlarged pictures alongside the running examination video. The fundamental principles of palpation and the areas of palpation should be added as key points in picture form at the beginning of the section “Muscle and TMJ Pain with Palpation”. Here, a picture of the patient from the video should be used. In contrast to the other sections, in the chapter “Muscle and TMJ Pain with Palpation” an additional picture showing the points of palpation should be displayed during the examination of the right side of the face, allowing the viewer to understand the corresponding points clearly. The clinical examination of the left side of the face should be depicted in two views. To better follow the palpation procedure in the section “Supplemental Muscle Pain with Palpation”, which includes the examination of the palpable intraoral muscles, the name of the respective muscle being palpated should be displayed.In general, the calibration of the palpating finger should be visualized by displaying a scale indicating the necessary pressure. At the end of each section, a summary of the findings should be displayed, which are then virtually inserted into the correct areas of the DC/TMD examination form. Attention should also be paid to reduce the surrounding noise to a minimum.Think-Aloud method, and modified accordingly. In November 2018, the video was shown to and evaluated by ten participants of a DC/TMD training workshop and two DC/TMD gold standard examiners  who led the training. Suggested changes were added to the video. In February 2019, the final version of the 26.5-minute German-language instructional video was completed (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k8r7qc1). The nine sections (excluding introduction and credits) of the video vary in length from 0:46 to 8:19 minutes . In the following two years, the video was cut, and notes/illustrations were added to appropriate sections of the examination according to the project description. In February 2018, the first version of the video was shown to ten experienced dentists, evaluated according to the https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k8r7qc1), it can be used in a classroom setting and during self-guided studying. This is particularly interesting, as results from a Swedish research group have shown that individual preparation for a clinical examination according to the DC/TMD using the manual and instructional video achieved CMD diagnoses with a similar degree of accuracy compared to examiners who previously participated in a practical training course [ Just-in-time training can function as a possible method to refresh and improve previously learned skills [The final instructional movie illustrates gathering clinical findings in a standardized patient with suspected TMD and can, therefore, be used as a learning tool for both students as well as medical and dental professionals. As a free online learning tool, which is available at DRYAD (g course . Neverthg course . For expd skills . The completed instructional video fulfills various requirements that are necessary for effective use in teaching . ImportaThis German instructional video gives the learner the opportunity to follow an optimally timed and standardized clinical assessment. It illustrates the proper examination techniques and verbal commands according to the DC/TDM manual. Due to its division into chapters, this video is also ideal for step-by-step learning or repetition of various examination techniques.https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k8r7qc1 [The video is available from the Dryad Digital Repository: .k8r7qc1 .The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


The use of visual sensors for monitoring people in their living environments is critical in processing more accurate health measurements, but their use is undermined by the issue of privacy. Silhouettes, generated from RGB video, can help towards alleviating the issue of privacy to some considerable degree. However, the use of silhouettes would make it rather complex to discriminate between different subjects, preventing a subject-tailored analysis of the data within a free-living, multi-occupancy home. This limitation can be overcome with a strategic fusion of sensors that involves wearable accelerometer devices, which can be used in conjunction with the silhouette video data, to match video clips to a specific patient being monitored. The proposed method simultaneously solves the problem of Person ReID using silhouettes and enables home monitoring systems to employ sensor fusion techniques for data analysis. We develop a multimodal deep-learning detection framework that maps short video clips and accelerations into a latent space where the Euclidean distance can be measured to match video and acceleration streams. We train our method on the SPHERE Calorie Dataset, for which we show an average area under the ROC curve of 76.3% and an assignment accuracy of 77.4%. In addition, we propose a novel triplet loss for which we demonstrate improving performances and convergence speed. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is now a well-established area of research, fuelled by the continuously ageing and longer life expectancy of the population . The majUnder the auspices of the SPHERE project  . Moreover, existing methodologies require all subjects appearing in the video to be carrying an accelerometer, which is not suitable for real world monitoring applications. Patients may have guests, and they cannot be required to wear accelerometers at all times.In this paper, we extend our previous work  on the VThe main objective of our work is to identify people from a video stream of silhouettes. We group the related literature for re-identification into three broad categories: methods that operate on a persons appearance in single images, methods that utilise videos, and methods that exploit the fusion of two different modalities . We also review some of the works related to Audio-Video Synchronisation, because of the very close similarity of this problem with the Video-Acceleration Matching.Appearance based—Identifying people from their silhouettes can be approached as a re-identification (ReID) problem [ problem ,19,20. T problem  and the  problem . Deep-le problem , the maj problem ,24, the  problem . In factMotion based— To deal with appearance impaired scenarios and solve the problem of long-term ReID, several works make use of motion to re-identify people, in particular  gait [al) gait . Featureal) gait , motion al) gait  and deepal) gait  have beeal) gait , patientThe Audio-Video Synchronisation task carries similar challenges to the Video-Acceleration Matching problem, and many works can be found on this topic, such as ,30,31. IMatching trajectories— The idea of matching video features with accelerations to identify subjects in front of a camera has already been explored in the past, and one of the earliest approaches matches trajectories derived from video and acceleration streams [ streams . They su streams  used His streams  adopted  streams .Acceleration from video—A different approach to tackle the Video-Acceleration Matching problem is to estimate accelerations from the video stream. In Shigeta et al. [a et al. , video fa et al.  follow aa et al.  estimatea et al. ,42, CabrBefore matching video sequences with accelerations, the video stream must be processed to detect different subjects appearing in the frame. In our work, we use the person detector and tracker from OpenNI , which pA typical installation of a real-life home in the SPHERE project  providesK silhouette video clips V by construction. We can define a set of non-matching accelerations d is minimised for f and g are two CNNs that take as input of the video clip and the raw accelerations respectively, and produce for output feature vectors. During testing, the matching between a generic video stream and a specific accelerometer can be verified by comparing the Euclidean distance of the two encoded streams with a threshold, the optimal value of which can be derived from the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve described in Let us consider a set of V and the accelerations One potential way to address the problem of video-acceleration matching is to reformulate it as a classification problem. Given the videos shown in  that forA valid alternative to the cross-entropy for binary classification is the triplet loss, that was first proposed to train Siamese Networks for face recognition . A triplWith this definition of triplet, the loss is defined as:Ltriplet=In addition to the standard triplet loss, we also experimented using alternative formulations that take advantage of the triplets. One of the problems we experienced with the standard triplet loss is that it does not guarantee that a single threshold can be used to discriminate between matching and not-matching pairs. In fact, the objective of the triplet loss is to separate the However, it is entirely possible that the distances are such that The objective of the training must therefore be such that the model can be used with a single universal threshold. The limitation of the standard triplet loss is that it becomes identically zero once the distances in Equation  are greaAs it will be shown in the experiments, the use of the RTL function helps in improving the performance of our model and enables it to be operable more robustly with a single universal threshold.When the standard triplet loss is used to train a deep learning model, the samples constituting each triplet must be cleverly selected in a way that they can actively contribute to improving the model. In fact, if the distance between the video anchor and the accelerations from Equation  is greatlet loss , hard miN subjects standing, walking, cleaning, …). Given an anchor video portraying a subject doing a specific activity, as depicted in Let us consider an example where a group of The objective of this work is to train a model that learns the matching between video and acceleration streams. However, if negative samples are only drawn from a different subject doing a different activity (DSDA), the video-acceleration matching problem degenerates into a simple activity or identity classifier. Let us consider, for example, a triplet where the anchor is the video of Since the non-matching acceleration To overcome this limitation and truly associate visual and acceleration features in the temporal domain, a non-matching acceleration can be selected from the same subject while performing the same activity (SSSA). We call this type of negative “hard-negative” , since a simple activity or subject classifier is unable to solve this problem and it requires the network to encode information about the actual correlation between video and accelerations. Similarly to Korbar et al. , we alsoIn this work, we tested a variety of training strategies that include different combinations of easy, hard and very-hard negatives, as described in The data used in this study . The video sequence of each subject is then truncated into short clips of 100 frames (≈3 s) each. In order to avoid any loss of information from the cropping process, bounding box coordinates are also fed into our video encoder network together with the silhouettes. The logic behind this is that the human body can be seen as a deformable body that can either translate or change its shape, and bounding boxes will better capture large rigid displacements  while the cropped silhouettes will address smaller changes within the body shape .x, y and z. Typically, machine learning algorithms for audio analysis make use of some transformation of the audio signal in the frequency domain, for example, using Perceptual Linear Predictive coefficients (PLPs) [The accelerometer data comprises a 3-channel vector, i.e., the IMU measurements in s (PLPs)  or varias (PLPs) ,46,47. Hs (PLPs)  and 32–4s (PLPs) ), we fees (PLPs)  where weThe most important element of our algorithm is the function of the two encoders We implemented 3 different architectures, as illustrated in Fully Convolutionalfully-conv)— layer that produces the final embedding.LSTM without temporal poolingLSTM). Training was performed using the optimiser Adam [All the networks tested were trained end-to-end using the silhouette video and acceleration streams in input and the triplet of distances over the embedding in output. The code was implemented using Keras and Tensorflow in Python  and training strategies  for both the Standard Triplet Loss and our proposed Reciprocal Triplet Loss.We present a series of experiments and ablation tests that are targeted at understanding the advantages and performances of our novel method compared to the state-of-the-art. We tested all possible combinations of models  described in P and Q are the sets of all positives and all negatives, respectively. By varying the threshold We first evaluate our method on the matching verification task: given a video clip strategy  and the fully-conv model when trained using our novel RTL, with an AVG auROC of 76.3%. The full ROC curves for this particular model are presented in A comparison between the three tested architectures reveals that the best performances are obtained by the LSTM+TP, trained with a combination of Hard and Very-Hard negatives. This model presents an AVG auROC of 61.7%, which is almost 15% lower than the best model trained with our novel RTL, confirming the advantages of our novel loss function. In addition to that, we also experienced a much faster training when using our proposed RTL, that reached maximum performances in fewer iterations when compared to the STL. Comparing the LSTM models in LSTM and 61.7% for LSTM+TP, these two models remain inferior to fully-conv. Moreover, because of the missing temporal pooling, LSTM requires 50% longer training time with respect to fully-conv and LSTM+TP.If we only consider models trained with the STL, the best one is A comparison between the STL and RTL functions across all the models and negative strategies tested shows a clear superiority of our novel loss function in terms of auROC. Although 17 of our 18 experiments support the superiority of RTL over STL, we stress that these results are only valid in the context of the Video-Acceleration Matching problem. While the implementation of the RTL to other Computer Vision problems is straightforward, the performance analysis of our novel loss function for general application is out of the scope of this article.Temporal results for our algorithm are presented in fully-conv model from The results show the detailed temporal performances for the best In this subsection, we set out to study the performance of our matching algorithm when varying the number of subjects, focusing on the effect of multiple guests. We define the number of people appearing in front of the camera To study all the possible circumstances that can apply to a regular house, we designed three different experiments. In the first, we fix In the second experiment, we fix Equation , to estiIn the last experiment, we keep To each video clip, we then assign an acceleration sequence based on the minimum distance,The results of these experiments are presented in One of the novelties of our method is its ability to cope with very short clips when matching video and acceleration streams. While we are able to accurately assign each video stream to the correct accelerometer with just ≈3 s of data, the simultaneous lack of motion in both modalities can hinder a correct association. This effect can easily be mitigated by increasing the observation time for each stream. We considered all the three subjects from the validation split  and simulated an experiment where they all appear in front of the camera while wearing the accelerometer. The assignment accuracy was computed again as in the previous section, based on the minimum distance between each of the modalities. We then increased the number of clips observed for each subject and considered the average distance to study the behaviour of the assignment accuracy for a varying time interval.Novel technologies like IoT and AAL are becoming increasingly more popular and can potentially produce a change in the current paradigm of healthcare. An important aspect that needs to be carefully considered while working with these technologies is privacy, and video silhouettes have already shown a great potential in this regard, allowing for digital health monitoring while overcoming the ethical restrictions imposed by the use of traditional cameras. In spite of their compatibility with privacy concerns, silhouettes anonymity is a double-edged sword that both prevents identification of the household and hinders the ability to identify and track the progress of monitored subjects amongst others.In this paper, we developed a novel deep learning algorithm that allows the identification and tracking of the monitored individuals thanks to the matching of video sequences from silhouettes with the acceleration from a wearable device carried by the subject. Differently to previous works, our algorithm is able to work also in the presence of guests as it requires only the monitored subject to be wearing the accelerometer. Moreover, our algorithm outperforms previous works by enabling the matching of video and acceleration clips of very short durations (≈3 s), making it highly suitable for short and clinically relevant movements like the transition from sitting to standing. We demonstrate the validity of our results in a series of experiments and ablation studies, presenting an average auROC of 76.3% and an assignment accuracy of 77.4%. With our results, we show that a deep-learning algorithm largely outperforms traditional methods based on tailored features when tackling the Video-Acceleration Matching problem.


Capreolus capreolus) on the bacterial composition and the digestion rate on the main carbohydrates of their forage. The results obtained from these pilot studies are presented as a short report investigating the relationship between these factors. The analysis of the bacterial composition indicated that the presence of protozoa did not have an effect on bacterial diversity, and furthermore, the protozoa had no effect on the digestion rate of carbohydrates in the rumen.Ruminants are herbivorous animals which obtain their energy and nutrients from plant material due to a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms. The main site of this interaction is the rumen, where the intensive digestion processing of plant material takes place. The bacteria, fungi and protozoa create a unique ecosystem—a complex consortium based on mutual interactions. Protozoa are an important component of the microbiome. They have a major impact on the rumen ecosystem as well as on the ruminant’s welfare. Most information on protozoal importance in the digestive processes was obtained from studies on domestic ruminants, with results from studies on wild ruminants being limited. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to compare any effects of the presence of protozoa in the rumen of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) on the bacteria composition and digestion rate of the main carbohydrates of forage. The research material involved rumen content and rumen fluid, which were collected in the autumn-winter season, from eight adult males of roe deer with an average body mass of 22.6 kg. The microscopic analysis demonstrated that there were only protozoa in 50% of the animals sampled. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of protozoa belonging to the genus Entodinium. The density of protozoal population varied from 6.5 to 38.7 × 105/mL rumen fluid. The analysis of bacteria composition indicated that protozoa did not have an effect on bacterial diversity. Furthermore, the results of hydrolytic activity revealed that the fastest digestion of carbohydrates was for pectin, while the slowest was inulin. The pH and redox potential in the rumen varied from 5.9 to 6.1 and from −248.1 to −251.1 mV, respectively. In summary, the presence of protozoa in the rumen of wild roe deer does not have an effect on the bacterial population and has no effect on the digestion rate of carbohydrates in the rumen.The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the presence of protozoa in the rumen of wild roe deer ( Ruminants are herbivorous animals which obtain their energy and nutrients from plant material due to a symbiosis with microorganisms in their digestive tract. Ruminal microorganisms belong to three taxonomic groups: bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These microorganisms not only actively participate in the metabolism of all nutrients ,2, but aEntodinium were established at a pH slightly above 6.0, while other protozoa did not develop until the pH reached 6.5 or above [After bacteria, in terms of abundance and biomass content, protozoa are the second-largest group of microorganisms living in the rumen  and haveor above . Anotheror above  and rumeor above . Thus, tor above  or starcor above  and chitor above .Most of the information on mutual protozoa–bacteria interactions has been derived from domesticated livestock, classified according to their food preferences by Hoffman  into graCapreolus capreolus) are the most abundant cervids in Europe [C. capreolus also have an ecological value as part of European biodiversity [Roe deer  with an average body mass of 22.6 kg. The age of a culled animal was determined by inspecting the dentine layers [The material for the study was collected during the 2011/2012 hunting season, between November and January from the Ciechanów Forest district in North Poland  as part of the planned hunting program. The research material involved collections of rumen content and rumen fluid, which were collected from eight adult (2–3 years old) male roe deer  was fixed in a 4% formalin solution (5 mL) for subsequent protozoa analysis. A preliminary microscopic analysis of the fixed rumen fluid indicated the presence of protozoa in four of the eight animals examined. This allowed a comparison of the effect of protozoa on hydrolytic activity in the four individuals with protozoa versus the four individuals without protozoa, as well as a comparison of their bacterial diversity.Protozoa in the formalin solution were identified based on morphological criteria, according to Dogiel , which wFor the determination of bacterial diversity, the total genomic DNA was isolated from the rumen fluid using a ZR Fecal DNA Kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The amount and purity of the extracted DNA was tested by UV spectrophotometric analysis at 230, 260 and 280 nm using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer .2; 0.25 µM of each primer; and 0.2 mM of each dNTP with 2 µL of DNA template. All reactions were carried out in a final volume of 50 µL.PCR was performed using a bacterial-specific primer pair, cyanine-labelled 27F (5’-AGA GTT TGA TCC TGG CTG AG-3’) and unlabeled 1389R (5’-AGG GGG GGT GTG TAG AAG-3’), . Amplifi® PCR plate (with 20 inches Hg vacuum) . The DNA concentration for each sample was determined spectrophotometrically using a Nanodrop® ND-1000 spectrophotometer  and subsequently diluted to 20 ng/µL. Restriction enzyme digestion was performed using HhaI and MspI (Promega) in single enzyme digestions at 0.15 U/µL at 37 °C for 5 h. The purified restriction digestion product (20 µL) was added to 1 µL of DNA size standard 600 (diluted 1:3 with SLS) and 20 µL of SLS . Terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were determined using the local southern algorithm, calibrated using an AE version 2  and aligned using the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) functionality in the CEQ™ 8000 software.PCR products were purified on a Millipore MultiScreenExclusion parameters were applied, whereby all TRFs that accounted for less than 1% of the total area under the curve (AUC) were excluded .Analysis of TRF samples was performed using Manhattan distances to generate a distance matrix. Subsequently, UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) analysis was performed using Neighbor included in the PHYLIP software suite .In order to determine the hydrolytic activity of rumen samples, an enzymatic fraction was extracted using the carbon tetrachloride and lysozyme method as described by Miltko et al. . The resp ≤ 0.05, whereas in the p ˃ 0.05 and p < 0.10 range were defined as trends. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica program .The measurements were performed in triplicate for each sample. The results were presented as mean value ± standard deviation (SD) as well as maximum and minimum values. Data for total protozoal concentration and hydrolytic activity were statistically analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare between roe deer with protozoa and roe deer without protozoa. The differences were considered significant at Ophryoscolecidae family, represented by species of the genus Entodinium . The density of ciliate populations varied from 6.5 × 105 to 38.7× 105/ mL rumen fluid.The microscopic analysis demonstrated that there were protozoa in the rumen of 50% of the animals studied. Qualitative analysis of the rumen fluid revealed the presence of protozoa belonging to the p > 0.05), nor was it different enough to be considered as a trend (p > 0.10).The differences obtained created the opportunity to undertake a study on the impact of protozoa on the bacterial population. The analysis of the bacterial diversity indicated that the protozoa had no detectable effect on the bacterial population . The meaThe presence of protozoa in the rumen of roe deer did not have an effect on the value of the pH and redox potential, which ranged from 5.9 to 6.2, and from −248.1 to −251.1 mV, respectively.Entodinium. In contrast, Enzinger and Hartfiel [Diplodinium, Epidinium, Polyplaston and Ophryoscolex, but in low numbers. Several factors could be responsible for such diversity, one of which could be the dietary factor. In the experimental study in [Entodinium spp.—but at the same time, a complete disappearance of other protozoal species was observed. These results could explain the increase in the total concentration of protozoa in roe deer in the summer [The current study found that only 50% of the roe deer examined had rumen protozoal fauna. The finding that not all roe deer carry ciliated protozoa is consistent with previous results. For example, Marinucci et al.  did not Hartfiel  also foustudy in , feedinge summer  when thee summer , but thee summer , but thie summer .Entodinium exiguum than in larger ciliates, such as Eudiplodinium maggii and Ophryoscolex purkynjei [The second and probably the most important factor is the feeding type of animals. Roe deer belong to concentrate selector ruminants and are characterized by their short ruminal retention times . Protozourkynjei , which hurkynjei  or even urkynjei .Irrespective of the reason for roe deer non-faunation in some animals, we hypothesized that the presence of protozoa would affect the bacterial population, as previously observed in domesticated ruminants . Howeverp > 0.05) in the enzymatic activities studied; however, we observed a small but not significant increase of amylolytic activity in roe deer with protozoa, which could be due the presence of Entodinium and their ability to metabolize starch [The presence of protozoa did not cause significant changes . Moreover, in our study, the protozoa did not affect the hydrolytic activity of rumen contents, and therefore it can be assumed that it also did not have an effect on the digestive processes in the rumen.


Emotional creativity (EC), which constitutes a main aspect of the general creativity concept, is often shown to be substantially related to positive emotional experiences, effective motivation, and innovation at the workplace as well as at school. However, little is known about the relationship between emotional creativity and the time people tend to spend playing video games. Nowadays, video games and virtual reality have become an important aspect of public health and psychological research. They constitute a key element of popular culture and generate considerable economic profit as part of the public entertainment industry. Our study is based on the results of an emotional creativity inventory (ECI) survey that was administered at a snowball and convenient sample of 453 respondents  from the Czech Republic who were questioned about their habits and the time they devote to playing video games. The sample country was selected as one with a long tradition of homebrew video gaming going back to the 1980s. We employed a set of multinomial regression analyses, which revealed that more time devoted to playing video games is associated with lower emotional creativity, in general, as well as with lower novelty, preparedness, and effectiveness components of emotional creativity. The negative association above was less pronounced for women than for men. Moreover, in a sample containing only women, a longer time devoted to playing video games was associated with the higher novelty component of emotional creativity . Our findings might considerably contribute to the study of the general overall long-term effect of video games and the use of digital technologies in general on public health.  Creativity can be seen as one of the main traits of human capacity that is indispensable for the development of knowledge society and innovations ,2,3. EmoAs part of emotion regulation, EC also contributes to relationship satisfaction ,7, the oEC is often shown to have a significant effect on the innovative performance of employees in a business as, for example, Wang et al. demonstrated , and is Educating for creativity in schools and supporting creativity in other ways is felt as one of the major priorities in educational strategies ,23. In tNowadays, in our digital and interconnected world, playing video games has become part of everyday life for people worldwide from an early age . Up to tDue to the growing participation of the EU population in video gaming, the scientific community has studied the positive and negative effects, predispositions, and correlates of video games. Playing video games was shown to be positively related to performance in mathematics, engineering and science , and visOn the other hand, some research showed that playing video games  can be attributed to sadness, depression and an increased risk of suicide ,38, inseThis paper aimed to study the association between the time the respondents spent playing video games and emotional creativity, including its various components. We tested the relation between EC and its four components on the one side and the time devoted to playing video games on the other on a sample of 453 respondents  from the Czech Republic, a country that has complex relationships with more influential centers of game development and gaming communities and has been distinguished by a homebrew computer gaming culture since the Socialist period of the 1980s and then in the early 1990s . Given Hypothesis 1.Emotional creativity is associated with the time devoted to playing video games.Hypothesis 1a.The association above is moderated by gender.Hypothesis 2.All the four components of emotional creativity  are related to the time devoted to playing video games.Hypothesis 2a.The association above is moderated by gender.In this paper, we studied how the time devoted to playing video games is associated with emotional creativity as a total (either lowering it or increasing it). Moreover, we tested the impact of novelty and preparedness components of emotional creativity. In addition, we determined whether this association is more pronounced for women or to men. This paper is organized as follows: The data used for testing the empirical model presented in this study come from the Czech Republic. The country has been known as the center of the hobby computer culture and homebrew video games since the 1980s . A totalAll questionnaires were filled out via the web page available on the Internet. The reason behind this approach is the ability to reach the Internet-based population, which otherwise would not be reachable ,47, and The respondents were asked how much time they devoted to playing video games. Namely, they were asked to select one option see  that besIn a further analysis, the time spent playing video games, being an ordinal variable, was transformed by taking a smoothing spline approach  in order to avoid loss of ordinality, which was inevitable if we included this variable as a set of dummies in the further analysis . The varThe emotional creativity inventory (ECI) self-report questionnaire was used to measure emotional creativity. It consists of 30 items rated on a 5-point scale, which ranges from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). The ECI scores ranged from 48 to 138 and averaged at M ± SD: 99.82 ± 15.50. The internal reliability index (Cronbach’s ɑ) reached 0.85, which denotes very good internal reliability.The ECI contains three components that reflect different aspects of emotional creativity. The preparedness component  includes 7 items. It represents the capability of understanding and learning from one’s own and other’s emotions. The novelty component  comprises 14 items. It covers the ability to experience unusual emotions. The effectiveness/authenticity component  contains 9 items and is composed of effectiveness (5 items) and authenticity (4 items). It comprises the skills to express emotions leading to a potential benefit to the individual or group.We also computed the statistics for the effectiveness and authenticity components separately. The effectiveness component  included 5 items and ranged from 4 to 20. The authenticity component  included 4 items and ranged from 5 to 20. The lower reliability of the effectiveness and authenticity components taken separately as measured by Cronbach’s ɑ is partly given by the low number of items within the component [In addition to emotional creativity and video game play time, the respondents were also asked to reveal their age, gender, and education.Before conducting the actual analysis, we first computed the descriptive statistics and correlations between all the continuous and ordinal variables as well as reliability statistics for ECI and its components. The results are presented in ECIi denotes the indicators of ECI and its components ; PlayTime stands for the time spent playing video games transformed taking a smoothing spline approach ; Education represents educational dummies; and Age and Gender are the age and gender of the respondents.To test Hypotheses 1, 1a, 2, and 2a predicting the relationships between ECI and its components on one side and play time for video games, a set of multiple linear regression analyses was employed. ECI and its four components (effectiveness and authenticity were used both as one variable and separately) served as dependent variables subsequently. The independent variables comprised the time devoted to video games, the interaction variable of time and gender, age, gender, and education (see Equation (1)). Given that all the explanatory and control variables can affect the target variable simultaneously, and to correct for the effects of common variance and filter out the possible effects of third variables, all explanatory variables were included in the regressions simultaneously. Since some of the independent variables were significantly correlated and as the interaction variable was included, we also computed the Variance Inflation Factors (VIFs) to test for possible multicollinearity:The results of a set of regressions for ECI, ECIn, and ECIp as dependent variables in the regressions (Equation (1)) are presented in More time devoted to playing video games is associated with lower emotional creativity as a total, and to lower novelty and preparedness components of emotional creativity in particular ; andThe association between play time and ECI, ECIp, and ECIn is less pronounced for women than men. In fact, the values of the relevant interaction coefficients (Play time * Gender) suggest that the relationship for a subsample of women may not exist or be the opposite to that of men.All three regressions presented in ECIi denotes the indicators of ECI and its components . This regression was run for the sample of women only.In order to study it further, the regressions below (Equation (2)) were run for the sample of women only:Out of the four regressions above (considering ECI and its three components as dependent variable gives four regressions), only the ECI novelty regression was statistically significant. According to The results of the regression analyses are presented in More time devoted to video games is related to a lower effectiveness component of ECI;The moderating effect of gender did not prove to be statistically significant; andWomen are statistically less emotionally creative in the effectiveness and authenticity/effectiveness components compared to men.All three regressions presented above are statistically significant; however, the first two are close to the edge of significance. The variance inflation factors (VIFs) are lower than 10, which suggests no serious multicollinearity problem as pointed out in O’Brien . As it fThe results depicted in Women are more emotionally creative according to the components of novelty (ECIn) and preparedness (ECIp) and less emotionally creative according to effectiveness/authenticity (ECIea) and effectiveness (ECIe) compared to men; andRespondents with secondary education are more emotionally creative compared to primary educated respondents according to the ECI total.Though it was not the aim of this paper to study the relationship between the indicators of emotional creativity and sociodemographic variables , some statistical results are worth mentioning:Our paper identifies novel insights in the association between the time devoted to playing video games and emotional creativity. Surprisingly, in most of the cases, the association was negative, meaning that more time devoted to video games is associated with lower emotional creativity and some of its components  for the whole sample.Emotional preparedness involves thinking about one’s own emotional reactions and emotional experiences, searching for the reasons for one’s own feelings, or paying attention to other people’s emotions in an effort to better understand one’s own feelings. Thus, the results indicate that either playing video games diverts people from thinking of their emotions or people who are more prone to devoting time to playing video games are less likely to dive into their emotions or the emotions of others.Emotional novelty covers the ability to experience new unusual emotions, different from the emotions of other people. Within this context, the results suggest that either the videogame play leads to a flattening and standardization of emotional experiences, or people who produce less new emotions are more likely to engage in video games.Emotional effectiveness implies the skill to employ emotions in order to achieve one’s goals in life and better relationships with others. Moreover, the results suggest that either playing video games leads to a lower ability to employ one’s emotions for the benefit of oneself or others, or people who lack this capacity are intrinsically attracted to spending time playing video games.Interestingly, the effects above were moderated by gender. Furthermore, in the sample of women only, playing video games was associated with a higher novelty component of emotional creativity. Here, we might suggest that women, as they are less prone to engage in video games than men, might find video games to support the variability and novelty of their emotional experiences, or, to the contrary, women who are inclined to experience new emotions are more prone to engaging in video games.Overall, the results are in accordance with the existing research literature that suggests mostly negative long-term emotional effects of playing video games, such as sadness, depression, increased risk of suicide .Overall, one can see that human creativity and playing video games are two topics that have attracted increased research and public attention at all levels. While creativity itself is considered to be indispensable for new knowledge society and innovations, emotional creativity as a part of overall creativity significantly contributes to building human relationships, achieving life satisfaction, and obtaining an overall state of well-being. At the same time, the phenomenon of playing video games has attracted significant attention from the European population due to the fact that for some individuals, it occupies a considerable part of their time. According to some estimates, the numbers of video game players in the EU reached 54% of the population, which equates to some 250 million, people with almost nine hours of video game playing time per week.While the effects of video games on intellect and emotions, and the ways to improve people’s creativity as separate subjects have received significant research attention, to our knowledge, the association between emotional creativity and time spent playing video games is not well reflected in the research literature.Our paper studied the association between the time the respondents spent playing video games and their emotional creativity as a whole and partially as its components, such as preparedness, novelty, effectiveness, and authenticity. Our sample consisted of 453 respondents  from the Czech Republic, a country that has a long tradition of video games dating back to the socialist Czechoslovakia of the 1980s. Due to the fact that the play time of men and women differs and there are statistically significant gender differences in emotional creativity, we also studied the moderation effect of gender in playing video games.Our results suggest that extended time playing video games is associated with lower emotional creativity as a whole, and as novelty and preparedness and effectiveness components, in particular. It also appears that this effect is more pronounced for men than for women. In the case of the novelty component and for women only, the effect of playing video games is positive—the more time women play, the higher the novelty component of their emotional creativity.We can also state that our results are in accordance with the research literature devoted to the effects of playing video games, which suggests generally negative long-term effects on different sides of emotions, even though the immediate emotional effect might be positive, with some positive effects on cognition and intellect. The result of the positive association between the time invested playing video games and the novelty component of emotional creativity in women goes against the generally negative associations with emotions.In addition, we have to say some words about the pathways of further research on this interesting topic. While the associations above are revealing and significant, more work needs to be done on the causality of the associations. It is not clear whether playing video games produces lower emotional creativity or whether people with inherently low emotional creativity are more attracted to playing video games. The other avenue for further research may concentrate on the effects of different types of video games. In addition, samples from other countries, both with a profound history of video gaming and without one, might be studied in order to figure out the impacts of cultural aspects.Our results might be informative for stakeholders dealing with public health and digital culture. Video gaming has become an indispensable part of many people’s lives whether we like it or not, hence the effects of gaming on the development of important interpersonal skills and creativity should be further studied and promoted for the benefits of society.The research presented in this paper has some limitations regarding applicability and interpretation. There are several issues we are aware of. First of all, due to the nature of the sample our results should not be considered as representative of the population of the Czech Republic. Second, our research design did not allow us to study the causality of the association.Third, due to ethical reasons, the Internet questionnaire could not reach respondents below 18 years of age who are likely to be heavy players, as this would have required the informed consent of their parents. Moreover, we suggest that further research may concentrate on the category of players between 15 and 18 years of age to study the association between EC and playing videogames.Similarly, more work needs to be done on the detailed specification of the amount of time spent playing with respect to gamer groups and the effects of particular types of games on emotional creativity. However, such detailed analysis was out of the scope of this study.


Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal vascular lesions, which can be managed effectively and safely with surgical or endovascular approaches. Here, we discuss a case of scalp AVM malformation in a 25-year-old female, in which due to the proximity of the feeder artery to right orbit, surgical excision was preferred and the AVM was excised with an uneventful post-op course.  Elimination of bothersome symptoms like headaches and tinnitus along with cosmetic relief of the visible mass are the main indications of treatment.1 Here, we present a case of scalp AVM in a young woman who underwent successful surgical excision of AVM.Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare and can be either traumatic or spontaneous. These lesions may be found incidentally or owing to signs and symptoms that they produce such as headache, epilepsy, tinnitus, hemorrhage and focal neurological deficit.A 25 y/o female complained from a pulsatile mass over her right frontal area. She had no history of trauma. Physical examinations revealed a large pulsatile mass-like lesion measuring about 5x5x2 cm with at least 2 feeder arteries on the scalp and one feeder artery from the right superficial temporal artery. The involved scalp was tender. There was no evidence of any facial nerve compromise or any other neurologic deficits. Brain and neck CT angiography was performed to rule out any intracranial or extracranial vascular lesions. Spiral CT-angiography of cervical region demonstrated multiple dilated tortuous vessels in subcutaneous fat of right side of the scalp in the right frontal and supplied by branching from right external carotid artery suggestive of scalp arteriovenous malformation in the right frontal area. There were no signs of any intracranial involvement or bone erosion  and 2. ADue to the proximity of one feeder artery to the right orbit, we decided to choose a surgical approach instead of the endovascular approach to prevent any ophthalmic complications. A written consent was provided from the patient. First, via two facial incisions, superficial temporal artery was ligated and then, circumferential sutures were applied on the scalp for transient bleeding control, and all feeding arteries were ligated and AVM was resected completely . Finally2 After that, numerous terms including aneurysmal serpentinum, aneurysm cirsoides, plexiform angioma, arteriovenous fistula, and AVM were used to label the vascular malformations of the scalp.3-5 In clinical practice, these lesions are rather rare, in which the most common sites of involvement in the scalp are usually the temporal, frontal, and parietal regions.3,5,6The first report of an AVM was in 1757 by Wilham Hunter.7-10 Clinical presentations are usually related to the size of the AVM, in which some patients may present with numbness, headache, and/or hemorrhage, while others may present with severe symptoms such as scalp lesions. The etiology of scalp AVMs may be either traumatic or spontaneous, which mostly develops in patients over 30 years old and in the trauma background.4,11AVMs of the scalp are abnormal connections between superficial scalp veins and arteries. Although any scalp vessel may be involved, they are regularly fed by occipital arteries and/or superficial temporal arteries.3,11,12 Deterioration of the symptoms in these cases is usually caused due to trauma, pregnancy, or hormonal changes. Most patients regularly pursue medical care in their second decade.3,11,12 In our case, there was no history or evidence of trauma or fracture, and also the symptoms were presented at 24 years old. Hence, the case was seemingly a spontaneous AVM.However, spontaneous AVM of the scalp can be present at birth but is asymptomatic until adulthood in most patients.3,5,13Scalp AVMs are most frequently confused with hemangioma and cavernomas, and they are usually seen as well-demarcated lesions. For the surgical technique to be performed, the definite diagnosis is essential, and cranial angiography is of extreme importance for diagnosis and treatment selection; Therefore, the preoperative radiological evaluation should be used for the determination of feeding arteries, drainage vessels, connected vascular structures, numbers of fistulas, and shunt flow volume to prevent any potential complications.14 Surgical excision is particularly effective in AVMs and is the most commonly used treatment method.4,13,15 Due to the abnormal arteriovenous communication, AVM must be eliminated because recurrence or enlargement is described after an incomplete treatment.16 Relieving the clinical complaints disturbing the patient’s comfort is the main goal of scalp AVM treatment. Numerous therapeutic modalities have been described to manage these lesions, such as surgical excision, transarterial and transvenous embolization, ligation of feeding vessels, injection of sclerosing agents into the nidus, and electro thrombosis.3,17,18 Hemorrhage is one of the most important complications throughout the operation, in which various techniques including percutaneous sutures of the feeding vessels, interlocking suture along the line of incision and use of a tourniquet and intestinal clamp over the base of the flap, have been used to control the hemorrhage throughout the surgery.3,14The most essential step is total surgical excision without triggering scalp necrosis and excessive blood loss. Additionally, in this way, a better cosmetic result may be obtained.4,13,15 Preoperative embolization of nidus and feeders prevents especially the massive hemorrhages. In the case of treatment of large scalp AVM, embolization and endovascular treatment may not be sufficient. Management of an AVM with embolization may be accompanied by risks of embolization of non-target arteries, local inflammation, and soft tissue tattooing. It is also associated with a higher rate of recurrence compared with surgical excision.19,20Endovascular treatment may be useful to reduce the hemorrhage and assist the surgical management or in the direct treatment of AVMs.In our case, the decision was made to avoid endovascular embolization and to prevent ophthalmic complications. Instead, the surgical excision of the AVM was more simple and safe. So an understanding of the arterial supply of scalp AVM is very important in making a therapeutic decision and a surgical approach is very safe and effective in highly selected cases.