The participants were Polish young adults aged between 18 and 35 years. About 53% of the sample were women. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess the level of drinking; the Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF) was used to assess drinking motives . The reasons for abstaining and limiting drinking (RALD) instrument was used to assess the RALD. Additionally, a set of questions regarding motives to decrease drinking were analysed. The results show that differences were observed between the investigated groups: the current dependent group scored significantly higher on all the dimensions of drinking motives than the current low-risk group and significantly higher on coping, social, and enhancement motives than former heavy drinkers (both groups). The two groups of former heavy drinkers did not differ from each other on drinking motives. The investigated groups differed on the motives to reduce drinking—low-risk users scored the lowest on all the motives, whereas current dependent—the highest. The differences in motives to decrease drinking between current-depended and former heavy drinkers indicate which motives can be associated with the prevention strategies, programmes, and therapeutic approaches.The evidence on why people initiate or cease drinking is vast; however, little is known regarding why people change their frequency and amount of drinking from intense (heavy or dependent drinking) to recreational (with little risk). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how drinking motives and motives to decrease drinking differ between former heavy drinkers (problematic and dependent), current dependent, and current recreational drinkers. Data were obtained from four groups of individuals ( Alcohol use initiation usually takes place in adolescence  and is fDrinking motives can be characterised as psychological reasons for drinking and are based on the assumption that drinking satisfies different needs and serves different functions . The mosvia drinking, especially among young adults , as well as socialising in case of heavy peer drinking  . The copg adults . Some stg adults . Finallyg adults .The evidence on why people initiate alcohol consumption or drink in general is vast; however, little is known why people change their frequency and amount of drinking from intense (heavy or dependent drinking) to recreational (with little risk). Therefore, it is essential to understand why people reduce their drinking—is it due to negative outcome expectancies (beliefs about the negative consequences of drinking) or due to abstention or drinking-reduction motives. Empirical evidence on the relationship between negative alcohol expectancies and consumption is mixed , and litThough scarce, evidence showing the relationship between drinking motives, drinking severity, RALD and drinking behaviour is available. Similarly, the empirical evidence suggesting how drinking motives differ between dependent and low-risk alcohol users are rare. There is very little known about the difference between various alcohol users and their RALD.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how drinking motives and motives to decrease drinking differ between former heavy drinkers (problematic and dependent), current dependent, and current low-risk drinkers.Based on the literature, it is hypothesised that (1) current dependent users will score significantly higher on coping and enhancement motives than current low-risk users; (2) there will be no or slight difference between current dependent and current low-risk users with regard to social motives.Furthermore, it is hypothesised that (3) the three heavy user groups will score higher on coping motives than current low-risk users. Further, it is hypothesised that (4) there will be differences in conformity and enhancement motives between the investigated groups, but the direction is undetermined. Since enhancement motivation is related to hedonistic motives and the introduction of positive mood states, it could be higher among low-risk users; on the other hand, when viewed as a compensation mechanism, it could be coupled with coping mechanism acting as positive expectancies and therefore, scoring higher among heavy alcohol users. Additionally, it is hypothesised that (5) coping, conformity, and enhancement motive will predict problem related to drinking [in terms of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score], and social motives will either predict problem of drinking slightly or insignificantly. Finally, it is hypothesised that (6) motives related to religious/moral considerations, maintaining personal control, and upbringing will be associated negatively with drinking, whereas motives related to avoiding adverse consequences—positively. It is expected that (7) current dependent users will score higher on all motives than current low-risk users. There is insufficient evidence to expect whether former heavy users will score similarly to the current dependent users or current low-risk users. On the one hand, the former heavy user groups shared heavy drinking experiences with current dependent users; on the other hand, the two former heavy users decreased their drinking (some due to therapy) and currently keep on drinking but with low risk.M = 29.31; SD = 4.28) consuming alcohol with various intensities and severity. There were three inclusion criteria: (1) being young adult (between 18 and 35 years old); (2) drinking alcohol within the last 12 months prior to the study; and (3) being classified into one of the four groups: (1) current low risk: drinking alcohol currently but with low risk . The majority of the participants had at least high school education (90.5%), only 2% had primary education, 8% had vocational education, 38% had high school education, and 53% had higher education. There were minor differences in education structure between the four investigated groups  related to a slightly lower level of education in the two dependent groups (currently and in the past). The places of residence of participants were varied, but their distribution did not differ between the four investigated groups . About 37% of the participants were single, and a further 40% were married. Approximately 19% of the participants were in informal relationships, and 4% were disordered. The four investigated groups differed significantly with respect to marital status —in Group 1 , there was significantly more participants in informal relationships than in any other group and significantly fewer married participants than in Group 2 (currently dependent) and Group 3 (problematic in the past). The descriptive statistics are presented in Within 262 participants, 49% were male, and 51% were female. Sex distribution between the four investigated groups was equal . Participants in the two arms of the study were not redundant. Participants were awarded a voucher for an approximate value of 6 euros.The reported results derive from a mixed-method study conducted in the years 2019 and 2020. First, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify motivational and individual aspects that might change the drinking trajectory. The results informed the quantitative arm of the study that the substantial focus was on investigating the motives to drink and reduce drinking. The quantitative part was conducted partially in person and partially Before the hypotheses were tested, the descriptive statistics were analysed , 3. AnalTo test hypotheses 1–4, two sets of multivariate analyses of variance with bootstrapping were conducted. Hypothesis 1 assumed that current dependent users will score significantly higher on coping and enhancement motives than current low-risk users; hypothesis assumed no differences between the current dependent and current low-risk users with regard to social motives; hypothesis 3 assumed that the three heavy user groups will score higher on coping motives than current low-risk users; and hypothesis 4 assumed there will be differences in conformity and enhancement motives between the investigated groups.F = 674.96; p < 0.001; and partial eta-squared = 0.143. Current dependent users (Group 2) scored significantly higher on coping and conformity motives compared with all other groups (current low risk and both former heavy/current low risk); the effect size was stronger for conformity  than for coping . This supports hypothesis 1 and goes beyond since only differences between current dependent users (Group 2) and current low-risk users (Group 1) were assumed, together with only two motives). Current dependent users (Group 2) scored higher on enhancement motive than formers users (Groups 3 and 4) (no distinction was found between the two former groups) and current low-risk users (Group 1), as hypothesized . Additionally, both the former user groups (Groups 3 and 4) scored higher than the current low-risk group (Group 1). Finally, Current dependent users (Group 2) scored significantly higher on social motive than current low-risk users (Group 1)   showed differences in all four motives, Wilk’s Lambda = 0.63; ups, H2) .To test hypothesis 5 , a regression model was used. In the model, the score in AUDIT was the explained variable, and the four motives were predictors . A correA regression analysis showed that three out of four motives predict severity of drinking significantly—coping, conformity, and enhancement (as predicted in the hypothesis 5). Social motive did not predict the severity of drinking. Moreover, all three motives positively predict the severity of drinking—the higher the motive, the higher the serenity of drinking. Additionally, conformity and enhancement predicted the severity of drinking moderately (beta: 0.317 and 0.347), whereas coping—in a relatively small manner (beta = 0.107) .To test hypotheses 6 and 7, a set of multivariate analyses of variance was conducted. Hypothesis 6 assumed that motives related to religious/moral considerations, maintaining personal control, and upbringing will be associated negatively with drinking, whereas motives related to avoiding adverse consequences—positively. Hypothesis 7 assumed that current dependent users will score higher on all motives than current low-risk users.F = 14.86; p < 0.001; and partial eta-squared = 0.146. Current low-risk users (Group 1) scored significantly lower on all three motives than other groups (current dependent and former heavy users). Additionally, differences were observed in the “loss and negative consequences” motive—the two former heavy user groups (Groups 3 and 4) scored significantly higher than the current low-risk group (Group 1) but significantly lower than the current dependent group (Group 2). The current low-risk group (Group 1) scored significantly lower than others in the two remaining motives  = 4.08; p = 0.046; and partial eta-squared = 0.039] and convictions . In both cases, formerly dependent users (Group 4) scored higher than formerly heavy users (Group 3).The MANOVA showed the differences in two out of three motives to decrease drinking (RALD): control [B = 2.260, t = −4.330, beta = 0.411; and p < 0.001) and adverse consequences . The model explained 18.4% of the variance of the severity of drinking.Finally, the regression analysis was conducted to test hypothesis 7. The results showed that two out of three motives/reasons to limit drinking predicted severity of drinking: convictions , current depended , formerly depended but currently, low risk, and formerly heavily drinking but currently drinking with low risk. Much attention was paid to differentiate between the current low-risk users with and without prior history of heavy alcohol use. In general, the results show that such a differentiation is important and, when lacking, may lead to unreliable results (lack of differences between different motives to drink between current low risk and current dependent users).The main purpose of this study was not to adapt DMQ-R SF or RALD measure or to create a new one; however, to test the hypothesis, a set of exploratory and confirmatory analyses was conducted. As a result, two factorial structures of DMQ-R SF were tested, and a shorter one (with three factors) was proven to perform well or better (according to some parameters) on the investigated sample. Interestingly, two out of four original factors remained unchanged (coping and conformity), and the remaining two were shortened and merged into one . Not repeating the four-factor structure does not have to be treated as a mistake since some measurement approaches assume three factors . There aThis study provides an essential insight into the differences in motivational underpinnings of alcohol drinking and the limitation of drinking between various alcohol users. First, the investigated group comparison provided further empirical evidence to support the claim that there are differences between current low risk and current dependent users in their motives to drink. Heavy drinking (such as dependence) is related to coping and conformity . AdditioInterestingly, the two former heavy user groups (Groups 3 and 4) did not differ from the current dependent group (Group 2) on three out of four motives: coping, conformity, and social, but differed on enhancement (in between current low risk and current dependent)—these results shed new light on how former heavy users are motivated to drink. The results showed that the main difference is related to enhancement motive—former heavy users drink currently with low risk, and hence their enhanced motive to drink is lower than in the case of dependent individuals, but all the other motives are at a similar level. Moreover, since other research showed that the enhancement and coping motives are associated with quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, the former heavy users are still at risk. Especially that coping motives are linked to the alcohol-related symptoms . The queFurthermore, the investigated motives were tested in the regression model. Contrary to some findings , one avoFurthermore, the lack of significance of social motive could be related to a poor fit of the four-factor DMQ-R SF model. If the effect is replicated, it may be explained by the cultural transition—alcohol use is not the only or the primary way to enhance social experiences. If so, these results would be supported by the work of Lee and Lewis—the researcher found that social motive is a strong predictor of alcohol abuse but in environments that support and encourage alcohol use .The investigated groups differed on the motives to reduce drinking—the main difference was between heavy users (both current and former) and current low-risk users. Heavy users scored significantly higher on all the three motives to reduce drinking, but the greatest difference was observed in the loss of control motive. Additionally, the loss of control differentiated current low-risk, current dependent, and former heavy users (with the last group scoring between the two current groups). This result is significant because it shows the proximity between current dependent and current low-risk users with heavy use in the past. It supports the results obtained in the field of drinking motives . In addiNevertheless, the new factors were similar to the original ones, with some items migrating between the factors. The results, however, showed that the two former heavy user groups differed on two out of three factors, namely, the control and the convictions. In both cases, former dependent users scored higher. Dependent individuals had higher convictions and loss of control motives to limit their drinking, and they were successful. They also had to limit their drinking significantly more than the other former group (from dependent to low-risk). This might implicate that in the case of successfully limiting own drinking, the stronger the motives to limit drinking are, the better the effect.Furthermore, the regression analysis showed that convictions’ motives are positively and moderately associated with drinking severity, whereas adverse consequences motive—moderately but negatively. This result may seem to be reversed, but it is important to note that the regression analysis was run only on two former heavy—current low-risk users; hence the correlation between the motive and the alcohol use severity might be due to the group composition and homogeneity of alcohol severity results (AUDIT). Second, it may be that those who score a bit higher in the AUDIT belong to the former dependent group, and therefore a higher conviction played a protective role. If so, this result is congruent with the literature on the preventive aspects of religion e.g., . FurtherThe implications of investigating motives to decrease and reasons for liming drinking could be in the prevention domain. First, it was demonstrated that positive expectancies  are challenged in the group of young adults . Some ofUnequivocally, before further recommendations can be formed, further research investigating the relationship between the reasons and motives to limit/decrease drinking and drinking severity is needed.The study is not free from limitations. It is important to note that primary purpose of the study was investigated in a cross-sectional design and not in a longitudinal one. The groups were carefully chosen, various inclusion and exclusion criteria were used, but the motives were investigated for the time being between the groups and not within the same group over time. Because of that, it cannot be stated with a higher level of certainty how the motives change together with the change of drinking patterns. Additionally, the group sizes were relatively small and, therefore, small effect sizes were possible for detection only for correlation and regression analysis but not for group comparison (in which case only medium to large effect sizes were possible for detection) .Furthermore, the group participation was assessed based on the declarations from participants with no additional way to confirm the diagnosis. The only additional measure used was the AUDIT. Group 3 (former heavy user current low risk) was established with the most difficulty, and a modified AUDIT was used to enable it. It is important to note that the modification was not previously checked for its reliability and validity.Finally, the RALD items yielded a different structure than the one obtained by parpa@parpa.pl.The data analyzed in this study were obtained from PARPA, after the author designed and conducted the study. The following licenses/restrictions apply: the author can analyze the raw data and prepare any report/article/presentation. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to PARPA, The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The Maria Grzegorzewska University Ethics Committee. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.MR designed the study, analysed statistically the data, and prepared the first draft of the manuscript in full.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


However, while the solid-electrolyte/electrode interfacial area should be maximized to facilitate the transport of high electrical currents on the one hand, on the other hand, this area should be minimized to reduce the parasitic interfacial reactions and promote the overall cell stability. To improve these aspects simultaneously, we report the use of an interfacial inorganic coating and the study of its impact on the local Li-ion transport over the grain boundaries. Via exchange-NMR measurements, we quantify the equilibrium between the various phases present at the interface between an S-based positive electrode and an inorganic solid-electrolyte. We also demonstrate the beneficial effect of the LiI coating on the all-solid-state cell performances, which leads to efficient sulfur activation and prevention of solid-electrolyte decomposition. Finally, we report 200 cycles with a stable capacity of around 600 mAh g Development of all-solid-state batteries requires stable solid electrolyte-electrode interfaces. Here, via exchange-NMR measurements, the authors investigate the positive electrode-solid electrolyte interface, revealing the impact of an inorganic coating on the Li-ion transport properties. As a liquid-free system, it generally does not suffer from leakage and gas generation and the risk of a thermal runaway, inherent to liquid electrolytes used in conventional Li-ion batteries7. As a result, research has intensified toward solid electrolytes that display conductivities approaching, or even exceeding that of liquid electrolytes, including structural families, such as lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), argyrodites, garnets, and sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type structures10.All-solid-state lithium (Li)-ion batteries are promising candidates for next-generation high energy density and safe energy storage technology+ transfer over the electrode-solid electrolyte interface12, which may be due to poorly conducting electrolyte decomposition products13, contact loss due to volumetric changes14 and space-charges16. The commonly applied strategy to lower the resistance for Li+ charge transport, is to enlarge the electrolyte-electrode interface area, often expressed as “ionic contact area”, by nanosizing the electrode and electrolyte particles19. However, with the interface area between the electrolyte and electrode, also scale the detrimental chemical and electrochemical reactions at the interfaces between the electrolyte and electrode, raising the internal resistance for Li+ transport. Thus, from the perspective of stability, larger electrolyte and electrolyte particles in the micron range are preferred, having the additional advantage of being more suitable for practical production20. However, this puts even higher demands on improving the Li+ transport over the relatively small ionic contact area between the micron-sized solid electrolyte-electrode particles.A major obstacle for solid-state batteries is the high internal resistance for Li+ charge transport at the interfaces has lead to the development of interphases, often realized through coating processes19. The demands on these interphases are challenging, including (electro)chemical stability towards both electrode and electrolyte, poor electronic conductivity and at least reasonable ion conductivity, and a low grain boundary resistance with both solid electrode and electrolyte. This is typically achieved by good wettability (low interface energy) toward electrode and electrolyte and by soft interphase materials (low Young’s modules and/or yield point). One of the challenges is to assess the impact of interphases on the local Li+ charge transport, which can provide valuable insights for interphase design and preparation methodologies. Where the macroscopic charge transfer resistance is most often estimated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy22, disentangling the three-phase diffusion between the electrode, interphase/coating, and electrolyte is yet to be accomplished.To address both the stability and Li2S-P2S5 and Li6PS5X ) are especially promising due to their high ionic conductivity and relatively low grain boundary resistance26. These advantages, unfortunately, come along with a major drawback, which is the narrow electrochemical stability window31. An additional challenge is the activation of solid sulfur cathodes due to the very low Li+ diffusivity34, which also demands a relatively large ionic contact area35. To improve the Li+ interfacial transport two applied strategies are bilayer solid electrolytes design (porous layer and dense layer)37 and mixing in binary lithium halide salts  additives40. Because of the large cost and sophisticated process associated with the former, halide salt addition appears especially promising for practical application. The lower internal resistance of these three-phase mixtures has been argued to be the result of the small Young’s modulus (softness) of the halide salts, which effectively act as a solid wetting agent for the electrode/electrolyte interface40. However, how the halogen salt affects the local Li+ transport over the grain boundaries  is difficult to establish. This is especially important to develop fundamental understanding, guiding the optimal design and preparation of the these interphases.One of the solid electrolyte-electrode combinations where interphase strategies are intensively investigated is sulfur-based solid electrolytes in combination with sulfur cathodes, providing a high energy density in combination with inexpensive raw materials and synthesis. Sulfide-based electrolytes , which is valuable for solid electrolyte design.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique that is based on the interactions of the nuclear magnetic moment with an electromagnetic field in the radio frequency (RF) range, while a strong external magnetic field B+ equilibrium flux between the Li2S electrode, LiI coating, and argyrodite Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte in a cathodic mixture, aiming to gain insight in the role of the coating in Li-ion transport in solid-state batteries. The difference in NMR chemical shift of the three phases allows to unravel the self-diffusion between each phase via 6Li 2D-EXSY experiments. The sluggish Li+ self-diffusion over the Li2S-argyrodite interface is drastically improved by the presence of the LiI coating, where the Li+ self-diffusion is shown to proceed through the LiI coating. The activation energy between the three phases is equal to the bulk activation energy for Li+ diffusion in LiI, demonstrating the low grain boundary resistance achieved by the facile LiI coating strategy. The practical consequence during battery operation is that this prevents large overpotentials during battery cycling, even at a relatively low ionic contact area between the cathode and microscopic solid electrolyte particles. This is fortuitous, as it makes the working potential fall within the electrochemical stability of the argyrodite solid electrolyte. The result is a solid-state battery that can be activated at a very low applied voltage, and can cycle with high reversibility under a modest 2 MPa pressure for over 200 cycles. The ability to monitor the local Li+ equilibrium exchange over the grain boundaries in this three-phase system provides valuable insight in the role of coatings in achieving low interphase resistances using micron-sized solid electrolyte particles, guiding the design of stable high-performance interphases, which are crucial aspects for future solid-state batteries.Here, we explore the multiphase Li46. To demonstrate the redox activity of the sulfur solid electrolyte material and the impact of particle size, several mixtures of sulfur solid electrolytes with carbon are galvanostatically cycled in a home-construced lab-cell, a sketch of which is provided in Supplementary Fig. 3PS4 (nLPS) and Li6PS5Cl (nLPSC) are mixed with conductive carbon , they are readily oxidized at low oxidation potentials, <2 V vs. In (<2.62 V vs. Li/Li+), due to the sulfur S2-/S0 redox of the electrolyte, at a relatively low current density of 0.033 mA/cm2, in agreement with recent findings25. Thus the voltage profiles in Fig. 13. As a consequence, in a cathodic mixture these nanosized solid electrolytes will be rapidly oxidized  in combination with common cathodes , LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NMC)), and thus decompose into the most stable decomposition products, which will raise the internal resistance. As a result, capacities will drop, illustrating that the decomposition of nanosized solid electrolytes in cathodic mixtures is the prime reason for the short cycle life of current all-solid-state batteries utilizing sulfide solid electrolytes25. The combination of a Li2S cathode and the LPSC electrolyte has been intensively studied30, where the harsh activation process of Li2S, caused by the low bulk conductivity of Li2S, and sluggish Li+ transport between the electrode and electrolyte represent another critical issue. A straightforward approach to achieve easier activation of Li2S and to improve the Li+ transport between the electrode and electrolyte is to reduce the particle size of both the Li2S and the LPSC (here referred to as nLi2S-nLPSC-C electrode). Accompanied by a large overpotential of ~800 mV, this results in a substantial capacity during the first charge and discharge and upon subsequent cycling, as shown in Fig. 2-/S0 redox).The electrochemical stability of solid electrolytes was recently shown to be significantly lower than initially thought, especially for sulfide-based solid electrolytes, where consequential decomposition reactions have been shown to have a large detrimental impact on the all-solid-state battery performancevs. In-Li (3.62 vs. Li/Li+) in the solid-state cell configuration, referred to as the mLPSC-C electrode. The result, shown in Fig. 2S is employed as shown in Fig. 2S displays a slightly larger capacity, the rapid voltage increases to the 3.5 V vs. In-Li (4.12 V vs. Li/Li+) cut-off demonstrates that in both cases, the sulfur cathode material is marginally activated. At the same time, decreasing the ionic contact area increases the internal resistance and thus the overpotentials experienced at the solid electrolyte, which will induce decomposition reactions and thus driving a self-amplifying resistance growth towards battery failure.The simplest strategy to reduce the contribution of the solid electrolyte to the capacity is to lower the ionic contact area through the use of micron-sized solid electrolyte particles. To verify the smaller redox activity, micron-sized LPSC  composite, where LiI precipitates on the surface of Li2S as discussed below. This cathode was subsequently hand mixed with LPSC and C (referred to mLi2S(LiI)-mLPSC-C) to prepare the cathodic mixture and an all-solid-state In-Li |mLPSC | mLi2S(LiI) cell was assembled under 2 MPa pressure. This has a large impact on the electrochemical charging, as shown in Fig. vs. Li/Li+) of the micron-sized Li2S combined with micron-sized LPSC. The plateau is followed by a rapid increase in potential which reflects oxidation of the solid electrolyte and/or of LiI (to LiI3 which is known to occur at ~2.3 V vs. In)48. To identify the contribution of the LiI and/or LPSC oxidation, this measurement was repeated in a cell without Li2S, shown in Fig. 2S via solution, and hand mixing this cathode with LPSC results in a low activation (oxidation) potential for Li2S, suggesting that facile Li+ transport between the electrode and electrolyte is achieved even for a relatively small ionic contact area between the micron-sized solid electrolyte and the electrode particles.The mechanical mixing of halogen salts like LiI with Li2S, a detailed structural investigation was performed. Both the LiI and Li2S have a cubic structure indexed to the Fd-3m space group. Three Li2S-LiI composites were prepared via dissolution and precipitation where Li2S:LiI molar ratios of 9:1, 3:1, and 1:1 were added to ethanol, followed by evaporation of the solution at 300 °C. Li2S and LiI were also individually dissolved and precipitated from ethanol via evaporation for comparison. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of pristine Li2S and LiI precipitated Li2S and LiI and the three Li2S-LiI composites are provided in Fig. 2S are much broader than those of the parent Li2S, while the peak width of precipitated LiI is comparable to the parent LiI. This indicates that on precipitation smaller primary crystallites of Li2S are obtained. In the three composite mixtures, both the Li2S and LiI phases could be indexed, albeit with shifts in peak positions of the Li2S component indicating changes in lattice parameters of this phase. Rietveld refinement was further performed of all the patterns depicted in Supplementary Fig. 2S keeps increasing from 5.701 Å (pristine) to 5.750 Å (1Li2S:1LiI), which might be due to the incorporation of the I- in the Li2S lattice and/or the much smaller average crystallite size (9.18 nm for Li2S in 1Li2S:1LiI as compared to 163 nm for pristine Li2S).To understand the role of LiI in the activation of Li2S and the Li2S-LiI mixture. As shown in Fig. 2S in Fig. 2S particles. To further verify the structure of the Li2S-LiI material, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling was performed as shown in Fig. 2p XPS signal is relatively low until a depth of ∼100 nm, and vice versa the I 3d is relatively high to approximately the same depth . Therefore, the present precipitation method results in micron-sized secondary cathode particles, referred to as mLi2S(LiI), that consist of agglomerates of LiI coated nanosized primary Li2S particles, where the micron-sized agglomerates are coated by a relatively thick LiI layer at some positions accumulating to form large domains of LiI (as observed with XRD).Additional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements are performed to study the morphology of the pristine Li6Li solid NMR spectroscopy experiments are carried out. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivities for the pristine Li2S and LiI as well as pellets of the 3:1 Li2S-LiI composite are presented in Fig. 2S, LiI, and the Li2S-LiI mixture, respectively. The conductivity of the Li2S-LiI mixture (6.72 × 10−9 S/cm at 25 °C) is between that of Li2S (7.51 × 10−11 S/cm at 25 °C) and LiI (0.97 × 10−7 S/cm at 25 °C), indicating that the LiI in the Li2S agglomerates enhances the overall conductivity of the cathode material. To investigate the role of LiI as interphase material between the Li2S electrode and LPSC solid electrolyte, (2D) 6Li–6Li exchange (2D-EXSY) solid-state NMR experiments are performed. These experiments can provide selective and noninvasive quantification of the spontaneous Li+ diffusion, over the electrode–solid electrolyte interface (between two phases) in practical solid-state cathode mixtures, as previously reported24. This equilibrium exchange between the electrode and the electrolyte is determined by the equilibrium charge transfer kinetics between the electrode and electrolyte (the exchange current density) and the self-diffusion  between the two phases given the long diffusion distances. Both parameters are key indicators for the ion kinetics that determine the performance of the battery under nonequilibrium conditions. The one-dimensional (1D) 6Li magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of the micron-sized Li2S-LPSC cathode mixture, shown in Fig. 2S and in LPSC respectively  should result in off-diagonal cross-peaks, one reflecting the exchange between LPSC and Li2S and the other between Li2S and LPSC, positioned in the dotted boxes in Fig. + exchange, which is expected to increase when the diffusion time (Tmix) and temperature are increased4. Note that the intensities of both cross-peaks is equal, demonstrating that the amount of Li-ions moving from the LPSC to Li2S is equal to that moving from the Li2S to the LPSC, as should be expected for equilibrium conditions where there is no net charge transfer. The absence of off-diagonal intensity, even for the maximum Tmix and temperature  indicates that the Li+ exchange (flux) over the solid–solid interface between LPSC and Li2S (without LiI coating), is too small to be observed, reflecting sluggish Li+ mobility across the interface with the solid electrolyte. This rationalizes the observation in Fig. 2S. As expected, the addition of LiI to the cathodic mixture, mLi2S(LiI)-mLPSC, results in the appearance of the Li resonance at −4.56 ppm associated with LiI  and LPSC (1.29 ppm). The misalignment with the main Li2S resonance appears to be due to Li-ion environments at a slightly smaller chemical shift (2.27 ppm) compared to the main Li2S peak. Indeed, the Li2S resonance is assymetric, more clearly observed in the cross-section of the 2D-EXSY spectrum  as a function of temperature can be obtained, which in this case pertains to Li-ion transport across the Li2S-LPSC interface. The diffusion coefficients as a function of temperature obtained from the fit are given in Fig. 2S-LPSC diffusion can be fit to an Arrhenius law, yielding an activation energy of 0.107 eV for the Li+ transfer. The value for the activation energy and observed Li+ exchange is comparable to that obtained for interfacial diffusion between nanosized Li2S and nanosized (average particle size ~100 nm) LPSC argyrodite (0.10–0.13 eV)4. The conclusion is that, despite the small ionic contact area of the present micron-sized LPSC (average particle size ~50 μm) in the cathodic mixtures, the interface transport is improved to such an extent that it matches that of nanostructured mixtures having a much large ionic contact area. The two orders of magnitude difference in diameter between the LPSC in the cathodic mixtures, suggests that the LiI improves the Li+ diffusion over the interface with four orders of magnitude.To investigate the impact of the LiI coating on the conductivity, impedance spectroscopy and rum Fig. . The imprum Fig. . Howeverity Fig. , i, whichat Fig. , i the o2S and LPSC with LiI, hence the three-phase Li-ion exchange in the 2D-EXSY measurements shown in Fig. + between LiI and both Li2S and LPSC, reflecting the equilibrium exchange of Li+ between the three phases in the cathodic mixture. This represents a unique view into the Li+ diffusion between the coating and the electrode and electrolyte phases in a solid-state battery. By measuring and fitting the exchange intensities as a function of mixing time and temperature, Fig. 2S and LPSC, the diffusion coefficients and activation energy over both the LPSC-LiI and LiI-Li2S interfaces is quantified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantification of the local ion diffusion between a coating and its facing solid phases, providing insight in the impact of a coating on the Li-ion transport. The high diffusivity and very low activation energies for Li+ transfer from Li2S to LiI and LPSC to LiI, 0.142 eV and 0.117 eV respectively, are similar to the overall Li+ transfer between Li2S and LPSC. This indicates that LiI facilitates the Li-ion exchange and thus functions as the bridge between electrode and electrolyte as summarized schematically in Fig. 40 creates grain boundaries between both the electrolyte and electrode material that do not pose an additional barrier for Li-ion diffusion, and the diffusivity of LiI itself dictates the diffusivity between electrode and electrolyte.To understand the role of the LiI in the diffusion, Fig. 2S-LiI cathode in combination with the micron-sized LPSC, In-Li | mLPSC | mLi2S(LiI), all-solid-state cells were assembled, during which only a pressure, 2 MPa, was applied and removed afterwards (see methods section for assembly details). The cell performance is shown in Fig. mLPSC | mLi2S(LiI) cell cycled at 0.132 mA/cm2, shown in Fig. vs. In-Li, amounting an overpotential of only ~100 mV. This is the lowest overpotential reported -mLPSC-C active materials can be found in Supplementary Fig. th charge to 600 mAh/g, only the Li2S is oxidized, towards an amorphous structure, and the micron-sized LPSC solid electrolyte remains intact as no decomposition products are observed49. The long cycling stability of the cell with a higher mass loading, 6.4 mg/cm2, is demonstrated in Fig. To test the efficacy of the Li6Li NMR is able to distinguish between the Li environments in the Li2S electrode, LiI coating, and argyrodite Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte. This enables 2D exchange-NMR measurements between these environments, which allows quantification of the equilibrium exchange of Li-ions, driven by self-diffusion, between the electrode, coating, and solid electrolyte. In this manner, the impact of the coating on the Li+ diffusion can be evaluated. Effectively, the ductile LiI lowers the barrier for grain boundary diffusion towards both the Li2S (electrode) and Li6PS5Cl (electrolyte) phases to such an extent that the conductivity of the thin LiI coating dominates. This improves the Li-ion exchange between the electrode and electrolyte with several orders of magnitude and enables to move from nanostructured solid-state cathode mixtures to micron-sized solid-state cathode mixtures, the latter having the practical advantages of high stability and facile material and electrode production. The impact of the improved Li-ion exchange is demonstrated by a sulfide-based solid-state battery which combines easy activation of the sulfur electrode at very low overpotentials with stable cycling. This work demonstrates the ability of exchange-NMR unambiguously quantify and disentangle the Li+ diffusion over the interfaces between electrode, coating, and solid electrolyte (three-phase exchange) in solid-state batteries. As one of the key challenges towards solid-state batteries is the development of interphases to establish stability and facile Li+ transport, the present approach and insights provides valuable insights to guide future understanding and material design.In summary, the impact of a ductile coating on the diffusion over the grain boundaries between the electrode and solid electrolyte in a cathodic mixture is investigated. Solid-state 6PS5Cl (denoted as LPSC) was prepared by a simple solid-state reaction. The stoichiometric raw materials LiCl (Sigma-Aldrich), P2S5 (Sigma-Aldrich), and Li2S (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as the starting materials and were ball milled at 110 rpm, 2 h with the ZrO2 coated jars using 18 ZrO2 balls. After the ball milling, the precursor was sealed in a quartz tube with Ar and then annealed at 550 oC for 15 hours to obtain the LPSC solid electrolyte. These were subsequently crushed with an agate mortar-pestle before using the samples for further measurements. For preparation of the LiI-coated Li2S cathode active material, proportional 10 mmol Li2S and 3.33 mmol LiI were dissolved into 1 ml ethanol and stirred for 10 mins then heated at 300 oC until totally dry.The solid-state electrolyte Li−7 Pa. The estimated sputtering rates are 5 nm/min. The ionic conductivities were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) where 200 mg of the material is pressed into a pellet at 2 Mpa and assembled in the all-solid-state cell as described below. The pellet’s are kept at each test temperature (from 25 to 150 °C) for at least half an hour before the electrochemical impedance measurements were acquired, in order to reach thermal equilibrium. The EIS measurements were carried out from 100 kHz to 1 Hz with an alternating current amplitude of 5 mV using an Autolab (PGSTAT302N).XRD patterns were collected over a two-theta range of 10–80° to identify the crystalline phases of the prepared materials using CuKα X-rays (1.5406 Å at 45 kV and 40 mA) on an X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer . To prevent reaction with moisture and oxygen, the powder materials were sealed in an airtight XRD sample holder in an argon-filled glove box. For the TEM and energy dispersive X-ray (STEM-EDX) investigations, a suspension in dry ethanol was prepared, which was drop casted onto a standard gold grid with a holy carbon film under a high temperature, inside an argon-filled glove box. To prevent any contact with air TEM grids with the sample were loaded into a custom-made vacuum transfer TEM holder. TEM measurements were carried out in a FEI-Tecnai operating at 200 kV. Field emission (FE)-SEM (JEOL JSM-6010LA) images were taken under dry Argon conditions, and taken using an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The depth-profiling sputtering was conducted by 2 min of sputtering in five cycles , the narrow spectra of particular elements were recorded after each cycle of sputtering. The pass energy used for the hemispheric analyzer was 58.7 eV, and the base pressure of the system was ∼1 × 102 < 0.1 ppm, H2O < 0.1 ppm) in the following steps: The positive electrode was prepared by hand-mixing the cathodic mixture with ratio of LiI-coated Li2S active material, solid electrolyte and carbon additive (Super-P) of 4: 4: 2. 150 mg of LPSC was pressed at 0.5 Mpa as the electrolyte layer, and subsequently ~12 mg of cathodic mixture and a In-Li foil were brought into contact to the top and bottom faces of the solid electrolyte pellet. A 9 mm in diameter In film was placed between the LPSC pellet and a 6 mm Li metal film (MTI-KJ group) during cell assembly, where no processing of the metal was carried out during cell assembly. After that, 2 MPa pressure (press machine) was applied during 30 s and removed afterwards, to establish contact between the three layers. The thickness of the electrode and electrolyte is ~150 and ~1200 μm, respectively, and the diameter of both electrode and electrolyte is 10 mm. The cell used for testing is a home-construced lab-cell, a sketch of which is provided in Supplementary Fig. 2). The electrochemical experiments were carried out at a constant room temperature of 24 °C.Solid-state cells were assembled in an argon-filled glove box (OB0 = 11.7 T) with a NEO console operating at a 6Li resonance frequency of 73.578 MHz. Chemical shifts were referenced with respect to a 1 M LiCl solution. A Bruker two-channel MAS WVT 4 mm probe was used for all measurements. Single-pulse 6Li experiments were performed with π/2 pulse lengths of 4.90 μs. A recycle delay of three times of T1 was used each time, where T1 was determined using saturation recovery experiments. Two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy (2D-EXSY) measurements were performed for the mixture at a spinning speed of 10 kHz and at various mixing times ranging from 10 ms up to 20 s and at temperatures from 20 to 100 °C. It should be noted that the duration of this “mixing” period, Tmix, is limited only by the nuclear spin’s longitudinal relaxation time T1. Due to the long T1 of 6Li, a smaller spectral width of 1250 Hz in F1 was used. All 2D spectra were measured with of 8 scans for each of the ~320 transients, each transient incremented by 0.8 ms with a recycle delay of up to 50 s, depending on the temperature. The exchange between the Li2S and LPSC phases was quantified by fitting the evolution of the cross-peak intensity as a function of Tmix to a 3D diffusion model derived from Fick’s law24.Solid-state NMR measurements were performed on a Bruker Ascend 500 spectrometer (Supplementary Information


Research into the effects of violent video games on levels of aggression has raised concerns that they may pose a significant social risk, especially among younger people. The objective of this study was to analyze, through structural equation models, the mediating role of psychological engagement in the relationship between the consumption of violent video games and child-to-parent violence (CPV) against the mother and the father. The sample consisted of 916 students from the third and fourth grades of compulsory secondary education, first and second grades of high school, and first cycle of vocational training , of whom a total of 628 were video game players, aged between 13 and 19. The exposure to video games was assessed through an author-elaborated questionnaire, engagement was evaluated with the game engagement questionnaire, and CPV was assessed through the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire. The structural equation models indicated that exposure to violent video games was related to lower rates of CPV against both parents. Conversely, the flow  dimension of engagement positively correlated with the level of CPV against the mother, whereas the flow and absorption  dimensions correlated with CPV against the father. In conclusion, the results confirm the role of violent video game consumption, reducing CPV rates against both parents, a role that is offset to the extent that these violent games provoke engagement in the user. Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a type of domestic violence, performed by a child or adolescent against their parents, involving physical, psychological, and/or economic harm or abuse . PhysicaThere is no scientific consensus about the incidence of CPV, although, according to studies in the legal context, it has increased in recent years. Oliva  reports Regarding the difference between the rates of CPV types, based on adolescents’ reports, Calvete, Orue, and González  found thThe objective of this research is to analyze which variables could predict abuse against the parents, focusing on the role of the consumption of violent video games and the psychological engagement, i.e., the level of game involvement, provoked by them. The ecological perspective is a standpoint for conceptualizing the maturing person in relation to a changing psychological, physical and social environment . CurrentFor example, numerous studies have analyzed the role of the lack of empathy, a high level of aggressive or impulsive behaviors, and egocentrism on the part of the child . With reConcerning social variables, the effect of the peer group has been studied, finding that adolescents who have been bullied in the peer group are more likely to commit CPV . Within This research focuses on the study of some variables as possible antecedents of CPV, which to date have not received attention from research on this problem, specifically the consumption of violent video games by the aggressor and the level of psychological engagement provoked by them. During the past decade, video games have become the main industrial entertainment sector. For example, in Spain, industry data indicate that video game sales have outperformed both film and music sales . ConsistSome studies have found a positive relationship between violent video game consumption and real-life aggressiveness ,21,22,23Previous research has suggested that this disparity in results may be due, in addition to the biases of the researchers, which might resemble past moral panics with attitudes that reflect generational conflicts , to publThe use of video games can cause some of the players to develop high engagement in the game. This is one of the main features of video games, in which a link of engagement and participation is created between the player and the video game. For these reasons, engagement has become a considerable subject of study that requires attention . AccordiBrockmyer et al.  proposedPresence is defined as having the experience of being within a virtual environment while in a normal state of consciousness. Wirth et al.  proposedFlow is the term used to refer to the sense of enjoyment experienced when a balance is struck between the player’s skill and the game’s challenge . Flow imFinally, absorption is defined as the total engagement in the current experience. As with flow, being in a state of psychological absorption induces an altered state of consciousness, causing a separation of the player’s feelings, thoughts, and experiences. Although both flow and absorption consist on states of significantly altered consciousness, flow, by definition, implies positive affect. However, absorption can also include anxiety and frustration .Previous research shows that players often describe the subjective experience of playing video games with violent content as highly engaging . Nowak, Some authors have hypothesized that deep engagement in video game playing may be one of the variables that determines the effect of violent video game consumption on the player . When thFarrar, Krcmar, and Nowak  found thTo date, numerous investigations have analyzed the effects of violent video games on general violence and, to a much lesser extent, engagement. However, no study has yet analyzed their influence on CPV. Therefore, the main objective of this study was, using structural equation models, to analyze the direct and indirect effect, through engagement, of the exposure to violent video games on CPV, towards both parents. The specific objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the relationship between exposure to violence in video games and CPV against the mother and father, (2) to study the relationship between exposure to violence in video games and engagement, and (3) to analyze the relationship between engagement and CPV.It was hypothesized that exposure to violence in video games would be associated with higher levels of CPV against the mother and father, as well as greater engagement scores. Correspondingly, engagement would be associated with higher CPV scores.The sample of this study consisted of 916 participants, 483 males, and 433 females, from seven different centers of secondary education, high school, and vocational training (first middle-grade course) of southern Spain. Participants’ ages ranged from 13 to 20 years , with 557 of them (60.8%) aged 13 to 15, 351 (38.3%) aged 16 to 18, and five (0.5%) aged 19 to 20. Regarding how often they play video games, 267 adolescents (29.1%) play less than once a month, 108 (11.8%) play once or twice a month, 174 (19%) play once or twice a week, 123 (13.4%) play three or four times a week, 70 (7.6%) play five or six times a week, and 153 (16.7%) play at least once a day.For the structural equation models, only participants who had an average playing frequency of at least once a month were taken into account, and they were considered as video game players . The ages of the players were between 13 and 19 , with 393 of them (62.5%) aged 13 to 15, 223 (35.5%) aged 16 to 17, and 10 (1.6%) aged 18 to 19. An ecological perspective was used because numerous variables may be antecedents of CPV. The effect of one of the variables most strongly associated with CPV—alcohol and drug use by participants—was therefore controlled for . ConcernSome previous studies have found effects on violence not only from video game consumption but also from exposure to violence in other media such as television ,40,41. Fhttps://pegi.info, accessed on 31 March 2020) system, a rating system used throughout most of Europe in more than 35 countries, developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE). The criteria followed to consider a participant as a violent video game player were as follows: (1) one of the video games described as the one played the most in their life is either a video game suitable for over-18-year-olds or two video games suitable for over-16-year-olds, or (2) participants indicate that they have played violent video games for more than 50 h in the last six months, taking into account the age rating of the games (multiplying by 1) the number of hours in the case of games suitable for over-16-year-olds, and by 2) if the game is suitable for over-18-year-olds). Game Engagement Questionnaire  to 5 (daily). Exposure to or Use of Violent Video Games. A questionnaire was designed, based on the items elaborated by Przybylski and Weinstein . Particire . The qure . This qre . This iFirst, the approval of the Ethical Committee of Experimentation of the University of Malaga was obtained, with registration number 44-2020-H. Permission was sought from the different schools in order to administer the survey within them. Thus, at each school, the first contact was held with the School Board and the Department of Educational Guidance, explaining the nature and objective of the research to obtain their consent. All the centers we contacted were willing to participate in the research. The questionnaire was applied in seven public schools in southern Spain.The participants were requested to give their informed consent and were informed that the completion of the questionnaire was strictly confidential and voluntary, so none of them should specify data that could identify them. All of the students who were requested to participate were willing to do so. Parents were notified and given the option of refusing to allow their child’s participation. None of the parents refused to allow their child to participate. The administration of the questionnaire was carried out in groups, in school classrooms or the assembly hall, leaving a space between the participants to avoid influence between classmates. After completing the questionnaires, the authors proceeded to carry out a conference on all the topics covered in the research in each of the classrooms, in which all the students’ doubts were resolved.This research did not use restrictive criteria in the assessment of CPV. It was evaluated on a scale that measures how often participants engaged in aggressive behavior towards their parents. This aimed to take into account all the responses on the CPV scale, both high and low incidence.p < 0.05), taking into account the number of latent and observed variables, the recommended minimum size being 200 participants [Analyses were performed based on structural equation modeling (SEM) with the IBM AMOS version 24 software . The residual mean square error approximation (RMSEA) with a 90% confidence interval was used to examine the model fit. An RMSEA value ≤ 0.05 indicates adequate fit. The Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) and comparative fit index (CFI) were also applied. The minimum values of these indexes should be greater than 0.90, with values greater than 0.95 recommended for acceptance of the model . To deteicipants . First, the Mann–Whitney U-test compared the scores between the group of players and non-players in psychological, physical, and financial CPV against the mother and father. A non-parametric test was utilised because of the high skewness and kurtosis values found in some of the CPV variables. None of the differences between the two groups in the CPV scores was statistically significant. A Mann–Whitney U-test was also carried out comparing the scores between the group of violent video game players and non-violent game players in CPV against the mother and father. Lower scores on psychological violence towards both parents and on financial violence towards mothers were found in the violent video game players group.r > 0.90; [We then calculated the Pearson correlation matrix to verify the pattern of relationships and identify those that were excessive , indicaFor the purpose of the study, the CPV variables  were combined into the latent variable total CPV against the mother and total CPV against the father. Similarly, the variables of alcohol and drug use were combined into the latent variable substance use. Two structural equation models were calculated, first using the variable of total CPV against the mother and, subsequently, total CPV against the father.The analysis was initiated with a model that included all the direct and indirect relationships of violent video game consumption with the total CPV, through the four variables of engagement. The effects of exposure to television violence and substance use were controlled, including the direct relationships of both variables with the total CPV. Finally, the participant’s sex was also controlled, including the relationship of sex with the variables of engagement and total CPV. Covariances among predictor variables were included in the model but are not presented for clarity. p < 0.05), presence , and flow . Flow was related to higher levels of total CPV against the mother . The direct relationship between violent video game consumption and the total CPV was also significant . With regard to CPV against the mother, the model suggested that the consumption of violent video games was related to higher levels of immersion . However, the relationships of the consumption of violent video games with absorption, presence, immersion, and of absorption with the total CPV were nonsignificant. Similarly, relationships between the participant’s sex and the four variables of engagement and total CPV were also nonsignificant. On the other hand, the model also showed the existence of the direct relationship between exposure to violence on television and substance use and the total CPV against the mother  = 37.80, p < 0.102, was as follows: RMSEA = 0.025 ), TLI = 0.981, and CFI = 0.992, within recommended limits [The total CPV against the mother model’s fit index, χd limits . The modp < 0.05) and presence . Flow and absorption, on the other hand, were directly related to higher levels of total CPV against the father . Finally, substance use was directly related to higher scores in total CPV .With regard to CPV against the father, the model showed that higher rates of consumption of violent video games were related to higher levels of flow  = 41.70, p < 0.046, was as follows: RMSEA = 0.030 ), TLI = 0.973, and CFI = 0.989, also within the recommended limits [The fit index of the model of violence against the father, χThe next goal was to determine the simplest model that fit the data in the best possible way. Concerning the model of the total CPV against the mother, the relationship between absorption and the consumption of violent video games and CPV were nonsignificant, so absorption was eliminated. Participant sex was also eliminated from the model. Finally, the relationships between presence and immersion with the total CPV were also excluded from the model because they were nonsignificant. Concerning the model of the total CPV against the father, the relationships between immersion and the consumption of violent video games and CPV were nonsignificant, so immersion was eliminated. The relationship between violent video game consumption and absorption and between presence and total CPV were also eliminated because they were nonsignificant. As in the model of violence against the mother, none of the relationships with sex were significant, so sex was eliminated. Finally, the variable of exposure to television violence was also eliminated, as its relationship with the total CPV was nonsignificant. 2(21) = 25.01, p < 0.247, the RMSEA improved slightly, reaching 0.018 ), the CFI increased to 0.996, and the TLI to 0.990. Once the nonsignificant relationships were removed, the total CPV models against the mother and father were recalculated. The final model of violence against the mother is shown in 2(19) = 20.50, p < 0.365, the RMSEA was 0.012 ). The CFI and TLI indices increased to 0.998 and 0.997, respectively. The final model of violence against the father is shown in This study provides results that can contribute to understanding the phenomenon of CPV. The main objective of the investigation was to examine which variables could predict abuse against the parents. The mediating role of engagement  was analyzed in the relationship between the consumption of violent video games and CPV against the mother and father. Variables of alcohol and drug use and exposure to television violence were considered control variables, along with the sex of the participants. The issue of whether the consumption of violent video games among adolescents leads to an increase in violent behavior is critical. In fact, our data indicate that these types of video games were played by almost half of the females and more than three-quarters of the males in our sample.First, an analysis was carried out to compare the levels of CPV in young players and non-players. There were no statistically significant differences between them. These results are consistent with those from studies such as that of Kühn, Kugler, Schmalen, Weichenberger, Witt, and Gallinat , which fThen, focusing solely on the sample of young players, we analyzed the possible influence of violent video games on the CPV against the mother and the father. In both cases, and contrary to our hypothesis, we found an inversely proportional relationship, such that the greater the use of violent video games, the less the commission of violent behaviors against both parents. These results follow similar findings of authors such as Cunningham et al. , Jones , or MarkHowever, it is important to note that some studies contradict our results, observing an increase in violence as a result of the use of violent video games ,22. HoweAs for the relationship between the consumption of violent video games and engagement, in agreement with our hypothesis, an effect of consumption was found on engagement, differing as a function of whether the violence was against the mother or the father. In the case of the mother, there was an influence of violent video games on the dimensions of flow, presence, and immersion. In the case of the father, an influence was observed on the dimensions of flow and presence. Although very few studies have empirically analyzed this aspect, Nowak et al.  found thConcerning the relationship of engagement and CPV, in agreement with our hypothesis, the results show, on the one hand, a positive relationship between the flow dimension and CPV performed against both the mother and the father. On the other hand, an influence of absorption was found only on CPV against the father, increasing the levels of violent behavior. Taking into account the lower levels of CPV towards fathers found in this study, it is possible that this type of violence requires a more extreme level of engagement to take place . However, for the rest of the dimensions (presence and immersion), there was no significant relationship with CPV against the mother or the father. These results can be extrapolated to the conceptual model of Funk, Pasold, and Baumgardner , who argWith regard to the influence of alcohol and drug use on CPV, it was shown to be a strong predictor of violence against both the mother and the father. These results are consistent with previous research , which Regarding exposure to television violence, we found an influence of this variable only on CPV against the mother. This result is consistent with that obtained in studies such as that of Fitzpatrick et al. . AuthorsFinally, concerning the last of the control variables, the sex of the participant, it should be noted that no relationship was found with any of the study variables. The findings of previous studies on the role of sex in engagement are contradictory. On the one hand, Nowak et al.  found thOne of the strengths of this study is that we did not ask participants for their subjective assessment of the level of violence of the video games they consumed. Asking for this as well as for their subjective assessment of their own violent behaviors could lead to the introduction of possible confounding factors. We minimized this possible bias by classifying the violent content of games using an independent, expertly crafted system, the PEGI.This research presents some limitations that should be taken into account. The main limitation is the correlational nature of the study. Current findings should be replicated through longitudinal designs, which would allow us to examine the strength and directions of causal relationships. Another limitation concerns the number of adolescents committing severe physical and economic violence against their parents, as the percentages did not reach 5% of the sample. This must be taken into account when interpreting the results. However, the prevalence of severe physical assaults found in this study is virtually identical to that found by other investigations that used the same instrument to assess assaults on the parents . With reAnother concern relates to the response bias and adolescents’ willingness to disclose sensitive personal information. Finally, in this study, we make inferences about the effects of video games in general on the adolescent population as a whole. But specific groups of players who share factors associated with the use of technology, such as material deprivation, may be influenced differently by video games.Despite its limitations, this study contributes to increasing knowledge about the characteristic psychological profiles of CPV. In this research, we found that the consumption of violent video games is strongly associated with lower CPV rates. However, although less relevant, it was also found that, to the extent that playing such video games provokes a sense of flow, it may counteract the protective role of violent video games against CPV. On the other hand, absorption, in the specific case of CPV against the father, may also be a causal factor of CPV. In conclusion, CPV was not related to video game consumption in general or specific violent video game playing, but to altered states of consciousness from engagement in the game. The results of this study, therefore, show the importance of taking these variables into account when preventing CPV, allowing us to take preventive measures in the face of these situations, such as by offering guidelines to schools and families on CPV prevention. Such guidelines can also be transferred to families by guidance teams of centers and those in charge of parenting schools to prevent future cases of violence. In this way, it would be possible to modify the specific habits of children in terms of the consumption of video games, as well as to help them manage the possible emotions and thoughts that may arise during the game sessions. Specifically, the present results suggest that interventions should be aimed to prevent or reduce the deeper engagement associated with an altered state of consciousness. Both flow and absorption consist of states of significantly altered consciousness, and deeply engaged players could experience desensitization to the effects of video game violence completely out of conscious awareness .


Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is innovatively combined with participatory video for artistic creation and communication to improve the enthusiasm of art lovers for artistic creation and communication and expand the application range of AI technology. First, the interactive framework of interactive participation video is proposed based on the analysis of the related literature of interactive non-linear video. Then, a questionnaire is designed accordingly to analyze the social needs of people on art social platforms. According to the survey results, the participatory art video online communication platform is designed and preliminarily realized. Finally, a participant video eye movement control experiment is conducted to test the performance of the participatory art video development platform. Meanwhile, the platform is evaluated through field research from two aspects of test efficiency and user experience. The results show that the operation time of the participatory art video development platform is much shorter than that of the control group. It takes only approximately 15 s to complete the annotation operation with low SD, indicating that the system performance is stable. The accuracy of the platform also reaches 100%. Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, the integration of art and technology has become increasingly common. The continuous breakthroughs in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology make the lives of people more and more intelligent. AI has occupied a place in areas, such as image recognition, speech recognition, intelligent transportation, financial management, medicine, and social networks due to its powerful functionality and adaptability. Mona Lisa are suitable for static displays for more mystery. But for other forms of artistic composition, the dynamic display is the more appropriate way to communicate with people  design of art video development platform integrating AI algorithm with participatory video, which meets the essential social demand and achieves the goal of promoting artistic creation and communication. Based on this, according to the related theory of psychology, a questionnaire is designed to analyze the communication needs of people on the art social platform. Then, a participatory art video interactive platform is designed and preliminarily realized.Participatory video is also called interactive non-linear video. Interactive non-linear video is a new type of video that uses technical means to integrate the interaction into traditional linear video, which enhances the interactive learning experience. Other researchers believe that participatory video is about the interaction between students and educational content or learning resources in an online learning environment with the achievement of corresponding operations. Feedback plays a mediating role in interactive learning videos. First, teaching videos have become one of the mainstream ways of learning. Therefore, the learning effects of people are closely related to the quality of the selected teaching video . Novel oIn In addition to interactive learning videos, the interactive non-linear video application is also socially oriented. Interactive videos on social platforms and interactive videos in learning have both similarities and differences. The common feature of interactive social video and interactive learning video is the interaction of people with these videos, or the communication of people with other users has created new value . The difThe depth and breadth of interactive communication is the key research object for the participatory art video communication reported in this study. According to the interactive display mode of information, the socially meaningful participatory art video is innovatively classified into two forms, namely, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) format channel and bullet-screen comments. Bullet-screen comments are real-time comments from viewers flying across the screen like bullets appearing in the video which are visible to every audience. The advantage of the interactive form of bullet-screen comments is that it can make users interact directly and increase the immersion of the audience. IRC is instant messaging software widely used in a group chat or one-to-one chat. In this interactive mode, since the IRC channel is the only form of user interaction, it can highlight the instantaneity of the channel interaction with live video. The interactive information is displayed on the right side of the video so that the main content of the video is not affected by communication. However, interactive information shows that in the chat area, users must enter the dialog box of the chat area when they want to understand interactive information and interactive behavior, which partially reduces the immersion of watching videos.Based on the above analysis, it is believed that for live games and videos with real-time comments, the importance of the interactive experience of the user is greater than that of the video itself. Therefore, immersion in watching videos is more important. For such a video, the audience does not need to fully participate in video content, and they can choose the interface design with bullet-screen comments. The interactive platform with participatory videos applied to teaching videos and artistic exchanges is more dependent on the quality of videos. Therefore, the content gained by watching the video is more important than the communication between users. Therefore, it is better to choose the IRC interactive mode.The experience of offline interactive art exhibitions is summarized and used for reference to motivate participants to actively interact with artistic works. It is found that excellent artworks and perfect activity organization mechanisms can greatly stimulate the participation motivation and enthusiasm of participants . AlthougAccording to the analysis results of the questionnaire, the architecture of the online participatory art video platform is designed as shown in In In this study, the interactive art website designed is primarily aimed at activity participants and artists. The limitation of website design and development is manifested in the project cycle, and there may be some loophole update problems in future. According to the architecture shown in According to the interactive relationship chain shown in A video annotation interactive module is added in the participatory art video platform, with The video annotation interactive module allows users to comment on their ideas and feelings from time nodes on the video screen. Users can express their thoughts and feelings as texts or images when watching videos using the client. When the user clicks the Add Special Effects for Text button on the right side of the video toolbar, the currently playing video will automatically be suspended. Meanwhile, an editable area will be displayed on the video screen for users to input text information and select the size of the annotation and the time to stay in the video. The automatic pause function when adding video reviews provides convenience for users and saves operation time. When the user clicks the Add Image Description button, the user can see the floating photo upload window and set the comment residence time. This information and functionality are the same as text annotations, reducing learning costs and project development costs of users.The eye movement control experiment is conducted to verify the experience and learning effect of online participatory art video platforms and existing video interactive platforms in the market. Eye-tracking is a real-time technology to capture the eye movement of the user, which can provide researchers with physiological information from the eyes of the user in the process of cognition of things, to obtain the test data based on the information. In recent years, the constantly developing eye-tracking technology has become one of the technical means of visual behavior and human behavior in many fields, such as psychology, neuromarketing, neurocognition, user experience, basic research, and market research . HoweverThe sampling rate of the wearable eye tracker used in this experiment is 100 Hz-Tobii with two glasses. It allows researchers to easily, efficiently, and accurately obtain real eye movement data . The expExperimental test sample 1 is the participatory art video platform, and sample 2 is Video Ant, which is a website for academic exchange. Due to the lack of interactive art video products, this experiment selects Video, on which users can upload video directly. Researchers inserted the same video content on both sites before the experiment to minimize the impact of video subjects and comments on the experimental results. The execution time of the work does not include the time for users entering the comment content. Two forms of the participatory video platform used in the experiment have been preconfigured with high-resolution displays of the same size. The subjects are between 22 and 32 years old with no difficulty in operating the computer. Their naked eye or corrected visual acuity is all above 1.2 without other eye diseases.After the testee enters the experimental site, the experimental personnel explain the purpose and principle of the test. Under the premise of ensuring the complete understanding of the testee, the experimental personnel guide and help the testee to wear the eye tracker and calibrate. After the calibration, the testee is tested on the participatory art video platform according to the operation process shown in After the experiment, the testee completes the questionnaire of test experience under the guidance of the personnel to evaluate the user experience , showing high reliability.The data of social needs are shown in According to the data in The experimental data of the eye movement control experiment are possessed statistically for a comparison between the testing efficiency as shown in Among After the eye movement control experiment, according to the personal test experience of testees, a field investigation is carried out to investigate the customer experience of the online participatory art video platform. According to the scoring of the two art video interaction platforms of testees, a comparison diagram of the preference value of users is drawn as shown in As shown in According to the evaluation results of participants on the style and function of video annotation, the interactive function of video annotation is analyzed as shown in From In summary, the online participatory art video platform provides a good user experience, meets the needs of users, saves interaction time, and improves interaction efficiency. However, there are still some shortcomings to be improved.In this study, the creative combination of an AI algorithm and participatory video is applied to the field of artistic creation and communication. Based on the theory of psychology, a questionnaire is designed to analyze the communication needs of people on art social platforms. According to the results of the survey, the participatory art video HCI platform is constructed, and the preliminary offline test is conducted. Besides, the wearable eye tracker is employed to control experiments of participatory video eye movement from the perspectives of test efficiency and user preference. In this study, the experimental results demonstrate that the participatory art video online client reported provides a satisfactory user experience meeting the user needs, save interaction time, and enhance interaction efficiency. Compared with the past research limited to the traditional human-computer information separation, this study makes a contribution to the application of AI technology in the HCI interface of the participatory art video development platform. The research process can provide new methods and ideas for research in related fields. According to the above limitations of methods and experimental conditions, the results of the experiment may be affected. In this study, due to experimental conditions and financial reasons, the client of the participatory art video HCI platform designed only conducts offline experiments, and the full online operation needs further research in combination with the actual situation, which is not considered in this experiment. In the follow-up work, the HCI interface system will be improved to accelerate the implementation process of the system.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Qilu University of Technology Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.XL: conceptualization, methodology, and writing—original draft. ML: supervision, data curation, project administration, and resources. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.