Robotic surgery is increasingly gaining importance. While initial results suggest an advantage of the robotic over the minimally invasive approach in patients with gastric cancer, definitive proof of its superiority has yet to be provided. There are numerous approaches to recreate a gastric reservoir after a total gastrectomy. However, a major disadvantage of most conventional reconstructions are long term effects such as dumping syndrome, afferent loop syndrome and poor nutrition intake with severe impact on the patient quality of life. The jejunal pouch reconstruction is a beneficial reconstruction, which provides a larger reservoir capacity after gastrectomy and prevents anastomotic stenosis and dumping syndrome. The completely intercorporeal approach with a Pfannenstiel incision instead of an unfavorable midline incision can potentially decrease delayed complications such as incision hernias. With the increased deployment of robotic surgery, a complete intercorporeal reconstruction is now possible without major increase in operating time or further technical weak points. We provide for the first time a detailed technical explanation of the completely intercorporeal robotic jejunal pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy. Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide . With maThe technique of a laparoscopically-assisted jejunal pouch reconstruction after a total gastrectomy has been described by Brenkman et al. in 2016, where he reconstruction is carried out openly via a minilaparotomy in the upper abdomen . A totalSurgery is performed using the Da Vinci X robotic surgical system (Intuitive). The robotic system consists of a console, commanded by the leading surgeon, a patient cart holding the camera and instruments, placed alongside the operating table, and a vision cart. The setting of surgical system and the positions of the involved team members are depicted in The individual steps are detailed in the next paragraph. For this technical note, we present the case of a 39-year-old female patient with a signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach, histologically diffuse type according to Laurén classification. Gastroscopy showed a flat area measuring approximetly 20 × 20 mm with a central depression in the area of the posterior wall of the stomach wtih transition to the greater gastric curvature. The patient was otherwise healthy, without further relevant morbidities. The preoperative diagnostics consisted of gastroscopy, computed tomography of the chest and abdomen, and endoscopic ultrasound. This resulted in a uT3uN+ stage with no evidence of distant metastases. According to the German S3 guideline, the patient has received four cycles of the docetaxel-based triplet chemotherapy FLOT  as a preoperative therapy. Restaging was then performed using gastroscopy and computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen showing a moderate response of the local findings to the chemotherapy. There was still no evidence of distant metastases. The patient was admitted the day of surgery. The surgical procedure is described step-by-step in the following sections. The surgical time comprised 4 h 18 min. Intraoperative frozen sections revealed negative proximal and distal resection margins. In total, 38 lymph nodes were removed with the specimen. The patient was cardiopulmonary stable and did not require monitoring in the ICU ward. The mobilization and food intake were tolerated well and the patient was discharged on the 7th postoperative day.2 to establish pneumoperitoneum. The intraabdominal pressure is maintained at 12 mmHg. An optical trocar is inserted through a 9 mm incision above or under the umbilicus, depending on the depending on the patient’s height and torso length. A thorough laparoscopic inspection of the intraabdominal cavity is performed to detect any signs of peritoneal carcinosis, ascites, adhesions, liver metastasis or further pathologies. Two 8 mm trocars as well as two 12 mm trocars are placed as described in After the general anesthesia, the patient is placed in supine position, with both arms straight against the torso. The trocar setup is specified in ® clip applier. In the process, the surrounding lymphatic tissue is added to the preparation. Then, we proceed with further dissection with division of the short gastric vessels proximate to the spleen. This removes and leaves the lymph node stations 4e and 4s en bloc on the specimen. Next, the fundus is mobilized, so that the left diaphragmatic crus can be exposed. We proceed with the depiction of the splenic artery and lymphadenectomy along the splenic artery. The lymph node stations 10 and 11 are removed. We continue with the dissection of the greater omentum to the right patient site. The right colon flexure is mobilized, so that the duodenum can be exposed. The right gastroepiploic artery and vein are exposed and discontinued at the lower edge of the pancreas using Hem-o-Lok® clips  using a 60 mm endoscopic stapler. The staple insertion area is closed using barbed suture. Finally, this results in a Y-Roux Hunt-Lawrence pouch reconstruction . A drainThe nasogastric tube is removed on the first postoperative day and the patient is allowed to sip up to 600 mL water per day. On the second postoperative day, patients start receiving enteral feeding, whereby the nutritional intake is being slowly increased, supplemented with parenteral nutrition. In our current experience, patients are usually discharged by 7–10 days after the surgery.This technical description provides for the first time a comprehensive guidance to a robotic completely intercorporeal jejunal pouch reconstruction after total gastrectomy. Our current experience in the surgical and postoperative clinical management indicates that this method of pouch reconstruction is safe and does not lead to major prolongation of the operating time.There are numerous approaches to recreate a gastric reservoir after a total gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer. However, a major disadvantage of most conventional reconstructions are long term effects such as dumping syndrome, afferent loop syndrome and poor nutrition intake with severe impact on the patient quality of life. A jejunal pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy has been previously described . The advAs described in this technical note, we are performing an incomplete stapling of the pouch. However, the precise technique of the jejunal pouch reconstruction is still to be established. The question of whether the jejunal plication should be extended up to the esophagojejunostomy has been discussed among surgeons over the past few decades. Halabi and Lawrence appointed the impaired blood flow in the area of the anastomosis as the reason for esophagojejunostomy leakage, which was attributed to jejunal plication reaching the anastomosis. Therefore, they suggested an incomplete stapling of the proximal pouch site. The result was the reconstruction known today as the “Hunt-Lawrence-Pouch”  25]. Re. Re25]. Another intriguing debate is regarding the simultaneous gallbladder removal during gastrectomy. In the controlled-randomized study CHOLEGAS, cholecystectomy did not increase morbidity, following the procedure. While cholecystectomy was effective in preventing long-term occurrence of gallstones or sludge, these have rarely occurred or mostly remained asymptomatic in patients who did not receive removal of the gallbladder. The symptoms of gallstones, if they occur at all, are mostly delayed, therefore particularly patients with a longer life expectancy could benefit from the procedure. In view of these data, we perform cholecystectomy in younger patients, or in patients with early tumor stages or pre-existing gallbladder stones as part of the gastrectomy .There are numerous publications suggesting an advantage of minimally invasive compared to open gastrectomy ,3,4,5,6.One reason why little experience with minimally invasive pouch reconstruction is reported in the literature could be the high technical demands of this operation. The technical challenges of this operation increase even more when the reconstruction is performed completely intercorporeally. However, a complete intercorporal reconstruction is necessary for retrieving the specimen via a Pfannenstiel incision instead of a median laparotomy. The robot could offer an advantage here with its flexible joints and excellent three-dimensional visualization.In this regard, human error in surgery can obviously be reduced by optimizing the working environment and cater for an ultimate comfort for the surgeon. A clear benefit of the robotic surgical system is that it generally requires less physical effort when compared to laparoscopic surgery . The ligAll of the above discussed benefits of the robotic surgery and the described method of the completely intercorporeal pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy could not be realistically achieved without the main actor—a particularly specialized and experienced upper gastrointestinal surgeon. Structured training concepts, certification by reliable providers, and especially long-term and extensive training in the field of gastric surgery at a lower-level complexity are the main requirements for this method. However, the excitement around robotic surgery should be moderate considering several factors. The colossal price of a surgical robotic system limits the adoption of this approach to the leading clinical centers. An exhaustive surgical training for the robot use to an advanced level also comes with an impressive price-tag. In practice, on a local level the use of the robotic system is oftentimes, and understandably, reserved for the chief of the clinic or mostly some of the leading attending surgeons. Because of this relatively young surgical approach, “the passing of the knowledge” to the unfamiliarized fellows is still quite restricted. With the increased deployment of robotic surgery, we are optimistic that this approach will be more approachable in the coming days. And with this technical note, we present that a complete intercorporeal jejunal pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy is possible without major increase in operating time or further technical weak points.We provide a comprehensive presentation of the robotic intercorporeal jejunal pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy. This completely intercorporeal approach can potentially decrease long-term complications such as incision hernias in addition to the positive impact on the patient’s quality of life due to the pouch reconstruction after gastrectomy. However, this procedure requires the acquaintance of a trained surgeon with an extensive expertise in the laparoscopic field. We are confident that our detailed depiction of the jejunal pouch reconstruction will provide a solid basis for future advances in the surgical gastrectomy practice.


Camptotheca acuminata have antitumor effects as a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor. Previous studies have shown that application of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) significantly promoted the accumulation level of CPT and induced the expression of CPT biosynthetic genes, which revealed that ABA signaling is effectively involved in regulating CPT biosynthesis in C. acuminata. In this study, an ABA transporter, CaABAT, which encodes a plasma membrane protein belonging to the ABCG subfamily, was identified in C. acuminata, and its ABA import activity was confirmed by transport assay in yeast cells. Real-time PCR analysis showed that CaABAT was predominately expressed in C. acuminata leaves and its expression could be significantly upregulated by exogenous ABA treatment. Silencing of CaABAT down-regulated the expression of ABA response genes, which indicated that translocation of ABA by CaABAT should initiate changes in plant physiological status in response to ABA signaling, thus leading to decreased expression of CPT biosynthesis pathway genes and low accumulation levels of CPT in C. acuminata.Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives from  Camptotheca acuminata. Later investigation showed that CPT and its derivatives could inhibit DNA topoisomerase I activity, which led to it being used as a promising anti-tumor drug for treating cancer diseases in clinical therapy [C. acuminata limits its supply in the market [C. acuminata [Camptothecin (CPT), a monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA), was initially isolated and identified from  therapy ,2,3. Howe market . In ordee market ,6, gibbee market , salicyle market , and abse market , have alcuminata ,8,9,10.Arabidopsis thaliana, several ABA transporters have been identified, such as AtABCG25, AtABCG31, AtABCG30, AtABCG40, AIT1/NRT1.2, DTX50, and NPF5.1 [ABA, as the most effective elicitor for promoting CPT biosynthesis according to a previous report , is prind NPF5.1 ,15,16,17C. acuminata [Among these ABA transporters, AtABCG40 is localized at the plasma membrane and functions as an ABA importer for importing ABA into guard cells , where Ccuminata . Plants cuminata .AtABCG40, CaABAT, was isolated from C. acuminata. Its ABA transport activity was determined in yeast cells and its effects on CPT biosynthesis were also investigated in C. acuminata plants. Our results strongly suggest that regulation of plant hormone translocation by certain specific transporters could be a feasible strategy for effective production of valuable plant specialized metabolites.In the present study, a homolog of CaABAT contains 4374 bp of coding region, and it encodes 1458 amino acids with 168.12 kDa. For analyzing conserved domains of CaABAT, the amino acid sequences of CaABAT with AtABCG40 were aligned using BLAST and InterPro. The results showed that the homology of the two sequences reached 70%, and the homologous proteins contained specific domains for transporters, an ABC transporter domain (81–143 aa), ATP binding cassette transporter PDR-like subfamily G domain 1 (152–425 aa) and domain 2 (857–1112 aa), ABC-2-type transporter (504–716 and 1185–1399 aa), plant PDR ABC transporter-associated (721–784 aa), and ATPase domain (177–409 and 897–1089 aa) (CaABAT with other ABA transporters was performed (CaABAT encodes a plasma membrane protein and belongs to the ABCG subfamily.Sequencing results indicate that 1089 aa) A. Furtheerformed B, and a erformed . These rCaABAT in yeast cells, which indicated that CaABAT might have ABA import activity, thus increasing the accumulation level of ABA in cells to raise the inhibitory effect of ABA on yeast growth  from n leaves A. Furthea leaves B.GFP and pBIGD-GFP-CaABAT vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium for treating onion epidermal cells. GFP signals were detected by a confocal microscope, and results showed that GFP-CaABAT fusion protein localized at plasma membrane in onion epidermal cells  could be successfully induced by ABA treatment, in which the transcript level of CaCYC1 increased about 50 times in response to exogenous ABA treatment in 4 h  were down-regulated in CaABAT-silenced leaves  from C. acuminata, and sequence analysis showed that this identified CaABAT has high homology and contains the same conserved domain with AtABCG40  binds ABA and interacts with PP2C (a negative regulator) to inhibit protein phosphatase activity . Then, SC. acuminata. Further, promoter sequence analysis showed that ABA responding element (ACGTG) could be found in Ca7DLGT (from −987 to −992) and CaG8O (from −263 to −268) genes  genes , which aArtemisia annu, it has been reported that the ABCG40 homolog AaABCG40 could enhance artemisinin accumulation and modulate drought tolerance [C. acuminata.It is well known that ABA, as a signaling molecule, plays very important roles in plants, and it could be produced in response to stress, such as drought and low temperature. In olerance . In thisC. acuminata seedlings were obtained by in vitro rapid propagation described in our previous report [−2s−l). After 4 weeks of growth, the new leaves were selected for the following experiments.s report . After 4C. acuminata was obtained by blast analysis in the C. acuminata transcriptome database , and then this ABA transporter was designated as Camptotheca acuminata ABA transporter (CaABAT). The full-length cDNA of CaABAT with KpnI/SacI at both ends was amplified by nested PCR using the following primers  to produce plasmid T-CaABAT. The CaABAT amino acid sequence and transmembrane structure were analyzed using MEGA6 and TMHMM 2.0, respectively. Then, conserved domains of CaABAT were analyzed using InterPro 91.0 [A homolog of AtABCG40 in  primers : first pPro 91.0 ,28.CaUBC through the 2–ΔΔCT method [CaUBC and other target genes . The RNA pellets were dissolved in DEPC-treated water, and the quality and quantity of total RNA were determined at OD 260 and 280 nm using a UV-2400 spectrophotometer . After the extracted RNA was digested with DNase I, first-strand cDNA was synthesized using an M-MLV RTase cDNA Synthesis kit  for real-time PCR analysis. The expression levels of target genes were analyzed using LightCycler 480 software (Roche) and normalized to T method . Primerset genes .CaABAT was obtained from T-CaABAT digested by KpnI/SacI and cloned to pBIGD overexpression vector pre-digested with KpnI/SacI to produce pBIGD-CaABAT vector. Both empty vector pBIGD and pBIGD-CaABAT were then transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 to treat C. acuminata leaves [CaABAT fragment with KpnI/SacI restriction sites at both ends was PCR-amplified by using T-CaABAT plasmid as the template. The PCR product was then cloned into pGEM-T easy vector, and the CaABAT fragment was then obtained by KpnI/SacI double digestion. The CaABAT fragment was mobilized to the pTRV2 vector pre-digested with KpnI/SacI to produce pTRV2-CaABAT. The pTRV1, pTRV2, and pTRV2-CaABAT vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101, and VIGS experiments were carried out according to the method developed previously in the lab [For overexpression vector construction, full-length cDNA fragment of a leaves . The pla the lab . The plaNotI, followed by dephosphorylation of the digested backbone of pDRGAL. Full-length cDNA of CaABAT was obtained by NotI digestion of T-CaABAT plasmid and cloned to pre-treated pDRGAL vector mentioned above to produce pDRGAL-CaABAT. The pDRGAL and pDRGAL-CaABAT vectors were then transformed into the yeast strain AD12345678. The transformants containing pDRGAL and pDRGAL-CaABAT vectors were grown in SD/-URA medium until OD 600 nm = 0.8. A 1–4 µL amount of yeast cultures was then spotted on 1/2 SG/-URA medium plates containing 0, 100, 200, 300, or 500 µg/mL [For yeast overexpression vector construction, pDRGAL vector was digested with CaABAT vectors were grown on SD/-URA medium until OD600 = 0.8. Yeast cells were then collected by centrifugation and re-suspended in 1/2 SG/-URA medium containing 100 µM of ABA with shaking at 180 rpm. Cells were harvested at the indicated time by centrifugation and lysed in a TissueLyser after being washed with distilled water three times. ABA accumulated inside yeast cells was then extracted in methanol, and ABA amounts were determined by HPLC analysis [For further confirming ABA transport activity of CaABAT, transport assay in yeast cells was carried out. Yeast transformants containing pDRGAL and pDRGAL-analysis .GFP (with stop codon) was PCR-amplified and cloned to pBIGD vector to produce pBIGD-GFP. For GFP-CaABAT fusion protein expression, both coding regions of GFP (without stop codon) and CaABAT were fused by PCR and then cloned to pBIGD vector to produce pBIGD-GFP-CaABAT. The constructed pBIGD-GFP and pBIGD-GFP-CaABAT vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 to treat onion epidermal cells according to our previous report [GFP signal of the transformed cells was detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy .The coding region of s report . The GFPC. acuminata leaves, seedlings were gently removed from soil, soaked in 100 µM ABA, 20 µM MeJA, or 20 µM SA for 0, 2, or 4 h. The leaves were harvested at the indicated time for target gene expression analysis. For analyzing the effect of ABA on CPT accumulation in C. acuminata leaves, seedlings were sprayed with 100 µM of ABA containing 0.1% DMSO (ABA was pre-dissolved in DMSO) for 0, 24, 48, or 72 h, while DMSO was used as negative control. Leaves were then harvested at the indicated time, and CPT contents were determined by HPLC analysis [For evaluating the effect of exogenous plant hormones on pathway gene expression in analysis .


Counter terrorism is a huge challenge for public spaces. Therefore, it is essential to support early detection of threats, such as weapons or explosives. An integrated fusion engine was developed for the management of a plurality of sensors to detect threats without disrupting the flow of commuters. The system improves security of soft targets  by providing security operators with real-time information of the threat combined with image and position data of each person passing the monitored area. This paper describes the results of the fusion engine in a public-space trial in a metro station in Rome. The system consists of 2D-video tracking, person re-identification, 3D-video tracking, and command and control (C&C) formulating two co-existing data pipelines: one for visualization on smart glasses and another for hand-over to another sensor. Over multiple days, 586 commuters participated in the trial. The results of the trial show overall accuracy scores of 97.4% and 97.6% for the visualization and hand-over pipelines, respectively, and each component reached high accuracy values . Terrorism is an unpredictable international security challenge for crowded soft targets, such as airports, train or metro stations, and shopping centers ,2. In thDEXTER is a flagship initiative of the NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Program . In the The problem of developing an integrated surveillance system is considered relevant by the research community , but mosThis paper focuses on the INSTEAD system and describes the results of its usage in the public-space trial at the Anagnina metro station. Coping with the complexity of managing data from different sources and the relevance of such type of data having an impact on security of people pose several data challenges , such asThis paper contains the following key contributions. A novel fusion engine is demonstrated and tested in a large-scale experimentation with real persons in a metro station and the results are described in this paper. Another contribution is that the fusion of information from distributed sensors is enabled by a real-time video-based matching of people at different locations, which does not even require overlapping fields-of-view. A smart retraining strategy is used to obtain high-quality matches with privacy-enhancing re-identification technology in the metro environment. The last contribution is the compensation for location bias and latency to support an accurate and timely hand-over between sensors.The rest of the paper is organized as it follows. Threats can occur in the physical world and in cyberspace. Others already created an excellent overview of insider threats, which are malicious cyber threats from people within the own organization . This paData fusion is defined as the integration of information from multiple sources to produce specific and comprehensive unified data about an entity . Fusion Others have shown that fusion can be performed at a location with overlapping fields-of-view ,12. In t3D sensors provide an estimation of distance, and using this additional information improves human tracking accuracy compared to normal 2D cameras . Most ofThis section describes the INSTEAD system. First, the architecture is described  and thenThe DEXTER system encompasses two sensors, MIC and EXTRAS, that deliver quantitative data to help identifying a perpetrator of a terroristic attack with explosives or weapons before the person can finalize the attack. In a deployment of DEXTER, these two detectors are positioned at the start and end of a pre-defined corridor, so that any MIC positive commuter can be readily identified and tracked by two video systems until he/she reaches the EXTRAS sensor that will complete the detection result. Thus, threat commuters are identified very close to the monitored area. The alarm management system—which delivers information to the security guards—is triggered in real time.The role of the INSTEAD system is to integrate sensors  and trigger the alarm management system for informing security guards in a timely manner. The INSTEAD architecture is shown in INSTEAD is a decentralized system where the various components communicate by exchanging messages according to a publish-subscribe protocol . The 2D Person re-identification is a technology that can match people based on similarity in different cameras . On one -2D cameras: Multiple cameras generate a continuous video stream.-Person detection and tracking: The video stream is processed in real-time, and all persons are detected. Each person is tracked within a camera stream to obtain a more compact representation of information for a person. Faces are anonymized by applying a median filter.-Re-identification (Re-ID) algorithm: The Re-ID algorithm matches an image of a person in one camera with similar images in another camera.-Publish messages: The creation of JSON messages [messages  includes-C&C communication. The communication between 2D Video and C&C is facilitated by MQTT [ by MQTT .The architecture of the 2D video pipeline and its components is shown in More details about these 2D Video components can be found in another paper .Two assumptions were made in the design of the system for the controlled sessions of the big-city trial. The first assumption is that people are passing the sensors one-by-one with a time of approximately 2.0 s between the people to avoid occlusions. The second assumption is that the same person with the same clothing is not reappearing in the same environment for 4 min, to allow greedy matching and to avoid forced incorrect matches.A 3D sensor consists of a 2D video stream and depth measurements. Two different 3D sensors are used: the first is used to make predictions  and the The system deployed in 3D Video tracking comprises of a commercial StereoLabs ZED2 stereo camera  connecteThe application tracks all the observed human objects in an unobtrusive manner while preserving privacy; tracks are stored in numerical 3D coordinates with anonymized object identifiers only. When the 2D video tracking system triggers an event about the monitored person, the 3D video system completes a handover from 2D-to-3D coordinate space. The handover deploys an algorithm in which both temporal and spatial information is matched between coordinates in the 2D trigger event and all human objects in 3D space. When there is a handover match, the 3D Video system starts computing location predictions for the monitored object .Location predictions utilize a machine learning model based on a recurrent neural network (RNN) which is capable to cover straight, curved and wobbling tracks. The model uses coordinates of the 3D Video as input and estimates the location of the tracked person to a forward point in time. A forward offset of a second was found the most applicable in the experimental setup.The location predictions are presented in world coordinates. The mapping from the 3D video space to the world coordinates is calculated using a computationally efficient affine transformation method. A conversion matrix was used to minimize bias .In addition to the benefits of future location prediction, the prediction procedure also compensates the latency of communication and processing. To optimize computational performance, the model runs with NVIDIA TensorRT library  on an NVThe communication interface to 2D Video and C&C uses the MQTT protocol  and the An open hardware/software solution—called 3DSentinel—was developed for monitoring and for control of external devices . The adopted hardware solution is based on a Stereolab Zed2 Camera connected to a NVIDIA Jetson-Xavier Edge-PC, all assembled inside a 3D printed shell .The software module is composed by a user interface (UI) , developAnother interesting feature of the 3DSentinel is the possibility to save data locally, which can be retrieved afterwards for further analysis or simulation. When connected to external devices, especially robotic ones, it is possible to simulate back all the physical process which brought to a particular result.Depth estimation, objects classification and people tracking are actually processed by the internal Stereolab Neural Network Engines, while the future releases will include also the possibility to use open-source architectures, like YOLO4 , and comThe Command and Control (C&C) is a distributed software component with the roles of orchestrating the functions of the technological components for threat detection and supporting the security agents in the alarm management that may follow. To this aim, the C&C allows for scene reconstruction for each commuter  and suppMessage exchange is coordinated by means of a Message broker implementing the MQTT standard protocol. The HiveMQ technology  has beenReal-time data fusion combines sensor-data with video-based detection messages as soon as they are transmitted, and the components of the subsequent data flow are notified about results related to suspect people. Every detected commuter is assigned an Instead ID to correlate all the correct messages received by the video systems and threat detectors referred to him/her. A data-stream integrator server, such as WSO2 data-stream integrator , hosts tAlarm management is performed by the Security Client to compose threat information directed to the security interfaces, including the smart glasses (EPSON Moverio BT-40) of the security guards, and to receive confirmation messages from them.Monitoring of the system is performed with Grafana dashboards  to visuaThe UML state-chart in The following is a high-level description of the system behavior.MICDetected). In particular, each message specifies a time estimation when the intercepted object would be at a pre-specified line of the observed area. The 2D Video camera labels the person when the person passes a trigger line and notifies the C&C (state: Labelled), which then assigns an identifier to the commuter (state: Commuter identified). The C&C eventually fuses the 2D Video message with a selected MIC message that provides the closest detection time in a predefined  time range, if any such message exists. In this case, the commuter is considered MIC-positive and the C&C generates immediately an alarm for the SG with the image of the person.MIC and the 2D Video operate independently by observing a common area. MIC may generate a weapon detection with some level of confidence and send one or more messages to the C&C referring to that detection with improved results . The C&C triggers the handover from 2D Video to 3D Video (state: 3DVideoDetection) communicating the position of the commuter and, in case, the priority status.After the commuter is re-identified by the 2D Video before EXTRAS, in case he/she is also MIC positive, the commuter is considered of high priority for EXTRAS (the state is EXTRASDetected), either positive or negative. The commuter is registered as a threat (state: Threat) if it is positive to either MIC or EXTRAS or both and an alarm is sent to the smart glasses if it was not sent before. The 2D Video sends a message to the C&C when the person exits the field of view of the second camera. In case the C&C has not received an EXTRAS result, a timeout establishes the end of the overall detection process. The data fusion method, incorporating also exceptional scenarios, has been detailed and implemented by concurrent Siddhi applications running in WSO2 data-stream integrator server [EXTRAS eventually transmits a detection result to the C&C , groups of volunteers walked through the trail area with varying attributes. A fraction of the volunteers carried weapons or bulk explosives concealed by clothing to test MIC and a fraction of the volunteers carried explosive traces to test EXTRAS. During the trial, challenging scenarios were inserted to test the limits of the system. For example, by letting commuters come close together to introduce occlusions, overtaking to verify re-identification, change of appearance of the commuters during the walk, varying number of commuters and commuters dressed alike at the same time in the corridor. These stress-tests were useful to determine the operational limits of the systems individually and combined.The trial was performed at the metro station Anagnina in Rome in May 2022 because this is a very busy hub. The INSTEAD system was already installed and tested as a separate component before the actual trial period. One and a half week was needed to integrate with MIC and EXTRAS, to move the technologies developed in laboratories to a real environment, face the external conditions , and to prepare them for testing. The trial was a complex operation involving many people with their own expertise from different organizations to optimize the involved technologies. Trials and their preparation were attended by various teams for a total of about 45 people from 8 different institutions. For reasons related to safety , security (theft), legal (GDPR) and ethics (privacy), the area was delimed and only participants could enter the area. The people that participated during the trial are volunteers that gave their consent. A map of the environment is shown in Init region: A line to enable a hand-over between MIC and INSTEAD.Re-ID region: A line to enable a hand-over between 2D Video and 3D Video.Exit region: A line to enable a hand-over between from INSTEAD to EXTRAS.A common space-time reference model for all DEXTER components is required to be able to correctly correlate and interpret the exchanged data. As time reference, the Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) was chosen, and it is provided by a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server allowing computers clocks synchronization of the DEXTER private network. As space reference, world coordinates in meters were used relative to a pre-defined reference point in the environment. Three regions and detection lines within the corridor were defined to enable handover between components:INSTEAD fuses the results of MIC and EXTRAS detections with images of the video and position data of each person passing in the monitored area to provide security operators with real time information of the person. Security guards wearing smart glasses  are described in The results of the visualization pipeline are shown in A more detailed analysis of the 2D Video errors is shown in Detection: A separation between a trigger-line mode and a group mode was implemented [lemented . In the Reappear: If the same person reappears in the last camera within 4 min, the results are unpredictable because it will return the best match in this time frame with a greedy algorithm. The system may return the second appearance in the first camera or the first appearance.Re-ID alg.: No errors due to the re-identification algorithm itself.Publish: Implementation of person ID assignment was re-implemented to generate unique ID’s and unique image URLs after restart of the system. Initially, the 2D Video reused old IDs after a restart. Later, this bug was fixed. IDs were made unique by adding an offset based on the time of restart.C&C: C&C could become stricter in the time-out to minimize dependencies of other modules.The 2D Video errors can be solved in the following way:So, in summary, the performance of 2D Video was good (98%) and the performance of the re-identification algorithm was perfect (100%). Most technical errors were fixed during the trials. The new group mode  makes thThe C&C component accuracy is 99.5%. The acceptance criterium used for C&C evaluation is that for every 2D Video messages  a correlating ID number must exist and only one. There is evidence in the data of 3 failures of the C&C in Day 7, but the root causes have not been clearly identified. In two of the three cases, the C&C processing stopped after MIC-2D Video data fusion but the complete output with the overall data of the commuters was not achieved.The results of the hand-over pipeline are shown in A more detailed analysis of the 3D Video errors is shown in Configuration: The MQTT client was configured to use a QoS equal to ‘exactly once’  in the 3D Video system. The incidence points out importance of reviewing the implementation, especially any revised one, against the system interface specification formally.2D-to-3D Alg.: The 2D-to-3D handover algorithm has been revised to always make an explicit decision about the track direction, including theoretical straight vertical tracks.3D Video errors have been solved in the following way:The prediction accuracy of 3D Video was further analyzed. L2 error has been utilized in accuracy assessment for location predictions in the 3D video system which is equivalent to that utilized in laboratory test conditions in . The traSuccess rates of INSTEAD, MIC and EXTRAS communication are presented in Attribution of one weapon to two persons: resulting from the association of the same MIC-ID with two 2D Video labels (5 errors)Association of two different MIC-ID detection messages from the same person with two different 2D Video labels (4 errors).Missed MIC detection: resulting from a large time difference between the MIC detection and the 2D Video detection (3 errors).The rate of MIC to INSTEAD communication success is 93.4%, and it has been computed as the number of MIC positive commuters without failures over all MIC positive commuters. Failures in the data fusion comprise the following scenarios:These failures of associations were mainly due to inaccurate time-synchronization of the machine clocks with the NTP server of the Local Area Network (LAN). This caused that the estimated time difference, based on the MIC and 2D Video detection times, were smaller than the actual time difference of two commuters in some cases. Additionally, the limits of the data fusion algorithm in the capability of combining different MIC detections of the same object, reporting different (estimated) detection times, concurred to the failures. However, as shown by the high number of successes, this was generally not the case.The rate of INSTEAD to EXTRAS communication success is 97.4%, and it has been computed as the number of triggers received by EXTRAS over the number of commuters. The number of triggers results from the number of correct messages of the INSTEAD handover pipeline except one single message loss in the communication from 3D Video to EXTRAS, due to a congestion in the physical network.The rate of EXTRAS to INSTEAD communication success is 77.58%, and it has been computed as the number of EXTRAS messages (negative & positive detections), correctly sent to the C&C by EXTRAS, over the number of commuters correctly tracked by INSTEAD before EXTRAS. The lower result is mainly because the EXTRAS detector was integrated in the first days of the trials and interface mismatches between EXTRAS and the C&C had to be solved.Finally, the overall performance of INSTEAD and the smart glasses (SG) communication was evaluated considering the number of alarms received by the SG over the number of C&C positive detections. The resulting success rate is 68,32%. However, the rate of INSTEAD to SG communication is 99,61% computed as the number of alarms sent by the C&C over the number of positive detections. Considering the period from Day 1 to Day 6 only, the accuracy of the alarm system is of 94,8%. The accuracy much decreased in Day 7 and Day 8, but no alarms confirmations were sent by the SG user in Day 9. The main reason for this is the human factor. In the last days, the glasses were often shared for demonstration purpose and the actual measurement of confirmation messages with the glasses received lower priority.The computational and communication costs are assessed for each of the modules. 2D video processing was performed on one PC with one i7-7820X CPU and two RTX 2080-Ti GPU’s. This was sufficient to process four Full-HD H.264 camera streams at 5 fps for the collection of training material. During the trails, only two 2D cameras were processed without overlapping field-of-view and intermediate cameras were disabled to create a gap between the cameras and to challenge the re-identification algorithm. With some optimization, it was expected that 8–16 cameras could have been processed on one computer. The 3D video processing was performed on an NVIDIA Jetson-Xavier, which allows local edge processing near the 3D sensor without sending the video stream over the network. The main communication cost is the transfer of 2D (and 3D) video data from the cameras to the computers. The 2D video was transferred efficiently with H264 compression from the cameras to the computer. For development and demonstration purpose, the 3D video was also transferred over the network during the trials, but this would not necessary in normal operation due to edge processing near the camera. A critical aspect for the computational cost of the data fusion application might be the in-memory processing capacity of the hosting server to handle the number of concurrent commuters in the monitored environment. For the deployment at the BCT, a PC server with 32 GB memory size has been more than adequate to execute the planned scenarios in real time. The average time duration of a walk by an individual through the monitored area was about 1 min and each run involved groups of varying size, generating about 24 JSON messages over MQTT for a group of 4 people, which could result in 10–200 kbit/s. The JSON messages also contain an URL to retrieve a snippet of a person in case of an alert . FurtherThe INSTEAD fusion engine was developed in the DEXTER program for the management of a plurality of sensors to detect threats without disrupting the flow of commuters. This paper described the results of this fusion engine in a public-space trial in a metro station in Rome. Over multiple days, 586 commuters participated in the trial. The results of the trial showed overall accuracy scores of 97.4% and 97.6% for visualization and hand-over pipelines, respectively, and each component reached high accuracy values . The main causes for errors in the communication with external components were related to unfinished development activities for the sensors, fine-tuning of the software based on the scenario results, and the human factor for the smart glasses.Advanced privacy-preserving video-based tracking, video-based person re-identification and location prediction were successfully implemented to couple the output of multiple sensors at different locations and to provide security operators with real time information of the critical person with video systems images and position data of each person passing in the monitored area.The main vulnerability of the system is an incorrect match due to occlusions of people in a crowded environment. Although the re-identification accuracy appeared to be extremely high , there is a chance that people are incorrectly matched, especially if they are occluded in one of the cameras. There are two aspects that should be considered when performing future tests in a crowded environment. The first is that the human oversight should be possible. The human should be able to confirm that the same person was observed near the different sensors. The second aspect is that the handover region should be larger. With the cameras, it was possible to observe every person somewhere in the field of view, even in crowded environments, but due to occlusion it was not always possible to observe every person at the trigger line. Therefore, future work should increase the handover region to improve robustness, assess the performance in an uncontrolled public-space environment and perform a stress-test for high-density crowds.


Two near field models for the analysis of spatially fed planar array antennas are presented, compared and applied to a multi-frequency wideband direct layout optimization for mm-Wave 5G new radio (NR) indoor network coverage. One model is based on the direct application of the radiation equations directly derived from the A and F vector potentials. The second model is based on the superposition of far field contributions of all array elements, which are modelled as rectangular apertures with constant field. Despite the different assumptions made to develop both models, the degree of agreement between them in the computation of the radiated near field is very high. The relative error between the models is equal or lower than 3.2% at a plane  Wireless communications within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G New Radio (NR) paradigm have introduced new concepts and technologies, including ultra-dense networking, massive machine communications, all-spectrum access, full-duplexing, and massive MIMO ,2, for aSpatially fed arrays have been proposed within the intelligent reflective surface (IRS) paradigm ,15,16, sThe techniques employed in the previous works are very efficient for the near field beam-shaping of spatially fed arrays at a single frequency. However, they present some shortcomings. One common characteristic of the previous works is that they perform a POS, where a phase-shift for each array element is obtained at a single frequency such that the array radiates the desired near field. From those phases, the chosen unit cell is tuned in such a way that it produces the required phase-shift . One obvIn order to overcome those limitations, this work proposes a general near field beam-shaping technique for the wideband optimization of spatially fed arrays. Specifically, the new analysis technique allows computation of the near field in a volume with an arbitrary local coordinate system rotated by three angles with regard to the array, as well as to perform a wideband direct layout optimization by taking into account the full electromagnetic response of the unit cell at several frequencies as provided by the use of a full-wave electromagnetic tool assuming local periodicity directly in the optimization loop. To that end, first two near field models for spatially fed arrays are presented. One model is based on the radiation equations directly derived from the A and F vector potentials . The volN elements with a regular periodicity of M points in front of the antenna and to shape the near field such that it complies with certain specifications for a given application. To that end, i-th array element is given by Let us consider a spatially fed planar array, namely a reflectarray or transmitarray, comprised of T, which is derived in On the other hand, the radiated field is referred to a rotated—and translated—coordinate system  noted as In the following section, two near field models will be developed. One is based on the exact radiated field equations, while the other is based on the superposition of the far field radiated by each array element. In both cases, the radiation element is modelled as a small rectangular aperture with constant field on it.i-th element as:Before presenting the two near field models, the field at the aperture needs to be calculated, since it is used as the source from which the radiated field is obtained. First, a feed whose phase center is placed at analysis .f is the frequency, i-th array element  from  and may Sometimes, the electric E→ulted in  ∫∫SiOnce the electric far field has been obtained, the magnetic far field may be obtained using the plane wave relation:The far field of an array element obtained with  and 29)29) is exThe near field obtained with either (11) or (23) is referenced to the ACS. Moreover, to compute the near field following the equations derived in the previous subsections, the point in space T is defined in In general, the coordinates of the points where the near field is to be computed will be initially given in the NFCS. Thus, in order to compute the near field with (11) and (23), these coordinates need to be transformed from the NFCS to the ACS as detailed in 2. The feed is modelled as a i-th array element, and To compare the near field predicted by both models, let us consider a center-fed square planar transmitarray comprised of function  with q=2 ACS see . The worz constant and values The radiated near field will be calculated with the two models in planes parallel to the array with x for z planes. The agreement between both models is in general very good. In the case of the magnitude, the model based on the radiation equations with E is one component of the near field computed with the model based on the radiation equations with A better way of assessing the similarities between both models is to compute the relative error in the calculated near fields. To that end, the following expression is employed:grals in  are justIn light of these results, it is clear that both models offer practically the same results in the computation of the near field for spatially fed planar arrays. However, from a computational point of view, the model based on the superposition of far fields is more interesting. Indeed, as shown in As an example of application of the developed models for near field beam-shaping, let us consider the scenario depicted in The considered reflectarray is square and comprised of In order to be able to successfully perform a wideband direct layout optimization, the chosen unit cell should be able to provide a large enough phase-shift range as well as enough degrees of freedom for the optimization. In this regard, a unit cell comprised of only one rectangular patch would not provide enough phase-shift and degrees of freedom for its use in a wideband optimization procedure . HoweverFor the initial layout design after the POS see , a fixedFor the POS, the generalized intersection approach (GIA)  will be found in ,33.i-th unit cell, and Since the employed algorithm is a local optimizer, the starting point of the optimization is very important. Thus, the starting phase-shift distribution will be such that it provides a focused near field at the center of the coverage zone. To that end, the conjugate-phase approach  is emplothe feed :36)∠E→a∠E→ap,i=k∠E→a∠E→apX when the phases in . To that end, F) in the backward projector of the GIA is modified in the following fashion [L is the number of points in which the region The multi-frequency optimization of the near field consists in a direct layout optimization using the GIA . To acco fashion :(38)FΩ=∑lsewhere .Unlike in POS, where the optimizing variables  were the phases of the direct coefficients, the direct layout optimization employs the geometrical features of the unit cell as optimizing variables. In the present case, the dimensions of the rectangular patches are employed,  Ty2 see . Thus, aX is represented at three different frequencies  before and after the direct layout optimization. The field is only plotted at those points that comply with the requirement of 2 dB of ripple. Although the starting layout does not radiate a near field that fully complies with specifications at 28 GHz, The improvement in the coverage zone can be visually seen in X. When compared with the results shown in X at 29.5 GHz to 76.7% for polarization X at 28.5 GHz. In the case of the 2 dB compliance columns, the minimum value before the direct layout optimization was 44.3%, which was improved to a 100% compliance after a successful wideband optimization.The proposed wideband near field beam-shaping technique was able to achieve a maximum ripple of 1.5 dB in the whole 5G NR n257 band, corresponding to a 10.7% relative bandwidth. It is worth mentioning that specifications have been met employing a unit cell consisting of two stacked rectangular microstrip patches backed by a ground plane, offering up to four degrees of freedom to perform a direct layout optimization. However, bandwidth could be further improved by employing a more suitable unit cell. For instance, the three stacked patches configuration is known to offer higher bandwidth of operation than only two layers . AlternaThis work has presented two near field models for the analysis of spatially fed array antennas, namely, reflectarrays and transmitarrays. The first model is based on the direct application of the radiation equations directly derived from the A and F vector potentials. The volumetric integrals are particularized for a planar array discretized into a number of rectangular unit cells, and thus they are reduced to a summation of a double integral over each unit cell. In turn, this integral is numerically evaluated by a quadrature method, for instance, the mid point quadrature. The second model is based on the superposition of the far field radiated by each array element. The far field is computed using Love’s principle of equivalence assuming a constant field at each unit cell. Both near field models were compared by computing the field radiated by a transmitarray antenna. For the model based on the radiation equations, the near field was also computed for several discretizations of the unit cell for the numerical computation of the double integrals. Both models provide very similar results. When the model based on the radiation equations is used as reference, the relative error in the radiated field obtained with the other model quickly drops as the field is computed further away from the array. With relative errors lower than 3% in the computed tangential near field at 13 Then, the model based on far field superposition was applied to perform near field beam-shaping. The considered scenario is aimed at providing indoor coverage in an office for mm-Wave 5G NR networks in the n257 band. The proposed wideband near field optimization strategy is composed of several stages to facilitate convergence towards a suitable solution. First, a phase-only synthesis (POS) was carried out to obtain a reflectarray layout that provides coverage at central frequency (28 GHz). Due to the narrow bandwidth nature of spatially fed planar array antennas, poor compliance is achieved at other frequencies within the n257 band. Thus, a multi-frequency optimization was then carried out employing a method of moments based on local periodicity (MoM-LP) directly in the optimization loop along with the near field model. The cost function of the optimization algorithm was modified to include requirements at several frequencies in the near field region of interest. At the same time, the optimization was carried out in several stages, gradually increasing the number of DoF to improve convergence. Eventually, the optimized antenna complied with the imposed specifications, achieving a magnitude ripple equal or lower than 1.5 dB in the whole 5G NR n257 band, corresponding to a 10.7% relative bandwidth, showing the suitability of the proposed methodology for the wideband near field beam-shaping of spatially fed arrays.


Since the COVID-19 outbreak, people have been spending more time in the online world because of restrictions on face-to-face communication due to epidemic prevention controls. This has also brought the issue of Internet addiction, including the overuse and negative effects of short videos, to the forefront of attention. Past research has found that Internet addiction has a negative impact on well-being. However, there is a special concept of positive emotion called “serendipity” (小确幸). Serendipity provides a small, fleeting but positive experience, yet it is often associated with negative perceptions from an outside perspective. However, the relationship between short video addiction and serendipity is not yet known. Based on this, a theoretical model was developed in the context of the I-PACE model. To understand the relationship between short video addiction and serendipity among college students, in this study, we conducted snowball sampling and distributed online questionnaires using the Wenjuanxing platform. The target population of the questionnaire distribution was vocational college students in China, of whom 985 valid study participants responded, yielding a valid return rate of 82.1%. Of the respondents, 410 (41.6%) were male and 575 (58.4%) were female. The results were as follows: a. short video flow had a positive relationship with serendipity, a negative relationship with achievement motivation, and a positive effect on short video addiction; b. short video addiction had a positive effect on serendipity and a negative effect on achievement motivation; and c. serendipity had a negative impact on achievement motivation. This shows that short video addiction, like other Internet addictions, can have a negative impact on students’ learning. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the daily lives of people around the world, and isolation measures within the home have increased the use of digital entertainment , which hDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, infection control measures have allowed young people to spend more time at home and make extensive use of Internet technologies. Moreover, the information resources available on the Internet today may meet the needs of adolescents who enjoy receiving and sharing personal and social information and new knowledge with others . TherefoSmartphone addiction has been a major problem for children and adolescents for the past few decades, and it may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 outbreak, thus posing a threat to this demographic’s physical and mental health  and inteAs such, the behavioral problems triggered during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had a very undesirable influence on the mental health of some individuals . At the In recent years, there have been many novel theoretical frameworks that have helped explain the usage behavior of Internet tools/systems. Among them, the Interaction of Person–Affect–Cognition–Execution (I-PACE) is a comprehensive model that attempts to explain how people use and overuse the Internet  with resThe convenience, entertainment, and attractiveness of short video apps lead people to easily immerse themselves in the apps and enjoy them, and they then experience a state of flow . A relatIn addition, in the world of short videos, besides bringing users an inextricable sense of immersion, watching videos and interacting with live broadcasters simultaneously also gives users a rich sense of satisfaction; this sense of satisfaction and little things in life is known as serendipity (小确幸). The topic of serendipity has been spreading rapidly since 2012 in the Chinese-speaking regions of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and seems to have gradually penetrated the mindset of the general public . SerendiStudents’ motivation to learn has long been a major focus of educational psychology theory and research . MotivatIn summary, the purpose of this research was to identify the association between short video flow, addiction, serendipity, and achievement motivation of vocational students in the post-epidemic era through the theoretical framework of the I-PACE model.The I-PACE model is a process model according to which susceptibility variables, cognitive and affective responses to external or internal stimuli, and executive and inhibitory control lead to people’s decision-making behavior using certain web applications and consequential choices . TherefoInternet usage barriers involve person–influence–cognition–execution interactions . More spAccording to the flow theory, when people undergo a highly emotionally positive experience, they can be described as experiencing “flow”, where flow is the optimal state of being in which people are so absorbed in and dedicated to an event that they lose their awareness of time and self-awareness, enjoying each minute and being guided to repeat the feeling . Thus, fHypothesis 1 (H1).  Short video flow is positively related to serendipity.Achievement motivation is defined as a person’s desire to achieve goals based on a set of criteria, because motivation is a key to academic success, which may be influenced by intrinsic phenomena, situations, goals, and other factors . WhereasHypothesis 2 (H2).  Short video flow is negatively related to achievement motivation.Social media allows users to interact with and access various types of information online alongside people who may be acquaintances or strangers, which leads to prolonged periods spent online . In addiHypothesis 3 (H3).  Short video flow is positively related to short video addiction.While it has been suggested that watching videos (passive use) decreases life satisfaction and reduces positive effects, online posting (active use) increases life satisfaction . HoweverHypothesis 4 (H4).  Short video addiction is positively related to serendipity.Motivation is linked to belief systems with different activation patterns depending on the context and personal factors , and, inHypothesis 5 (H5).  Short video addiction is negatively related to achievement motivation.Happiness plays an important role in the academic environment . It is wHypothesis 6 (H6). Serendipity is negatively related to achievement motivation.This study used snowball sampling to distribute the questionnaire online via Wenjuanxing (online questionnaire platform). The questionnaire was distributed to students in vocational colleges in China, and respondents were asked to forward the link to their peers who also regularly watched short videos. Questionnaires were collected from 20 February 2022, until the web link was closed after 1200 questionnaires were collected. On the first page of the electronic questionnaire, we provided informed consent instructions detailing the purpose and meaning of the survey, and that the data collected would only be used within the scope of the study and would be anonymous. Participants were also asked not to submit any personally identifiable information on the questionnaire. Participants were considered to have given their electronic informed consent when they agreed to participate in the study and then clicked on the next page to answer the questions. Therefore, the participants participated in this study of their own free will. In addition, the email addresses of the corresponding authors were published on the first page of the questionnaire so that the participants could consult them at any time.This study was a quantitative validation study; data were collected by questionnaire developed from past theories and research. The questionnaire was reviewed by three educational experts. The content of the questionnaire was analyzed with a 5-point Likert scale (assessed from 1 to 5 for strongly disagree to strongly agree). The higher the score, the greater the perception of the content of the variable.In this study, short video flow is regarded as the state of high enjoyment and engagement that students experience when watching short videos. Based on this meaning, this study referred to and adapted the Flow Scale from Hong et al.  with eigIn this study, short video addiction refers to the situation wherein students are unable to control themselves with respect to watching short videos appropriately. Based on this, this study referred to and adapted the Game Addiction Scale from Ye et al. , incorpoIn this study, serendipity is defined as the short-term but positive feelings that students experience after watching short videos. Based on this, this study adapted a very short version of Luo Lu’s Chinese Well-Being Scale  with eigIn this study, achievement motivation refers to students’ perspectives on the pursuit of higher academic goals. In accordance with this definition, this study referred to and adapted the Achievement Motivation Scale from Ye et al. , using nIBM’s SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs were used to analyze the questionnaire data, to reanalyze the reliability and validity of the scales used in the study, and to conduct a validated factor analysis.The number of participants included in this study is 1200. After 215 invalid data were deleted, the number of valid study participants was 985, with a valid return rate of 82.1%. Of the participants, 410 (41.6%) were male and 575 (58.4%) were female; 251 (25.5%) were vocational college students and 734 (74.5%) were attempting to earn vocational bachelor’s degrees; and 217 students (22%) were in first grade, 435 (44.2%) were in second grade, 228 (23.1%) were in third grade, and 105 (10.7%) were in fourth grade. Regarding weekly viewing, 95 (9.6%) reported watching short videos 1–3 days per week, 219 (22.2%) watched short videos 4–6 days per week, and 671 (68.1%) were daily viewers. Regarding average daily viewing time, 69 (6.8%) spent less than 1 h, 580 (58.9%) spent 1–3 h, 201 (20.4%) spent 3–5 h, and 137 (13.9%) spent more than 5 h. The mean age of the participants was 20.42 years (standard deviation of 1.92 years).df (Chi-Square / degrees of freedom) values should be less than 5; RMSEA (root-mean-square error of approximation) has to be lower than 0.10; GFI (goodness of fit index) and AGFI (adjusted goodness of fit index) have to be greater than 0.80; and questions with factor loadings (FL) greater than 0.50 should be removed from the original questionnaire [t test; the external validity is significant when the t-value is greater than 3 (*** p < 0.001). t-values for the constructs ranged from 24.40 to 36.76 (*** p < 0.001), which signifies that all the retained items achieved external validity [Before SEM, it is necessary to verify that the fit of each measurement model meets acceptable standards. In this study, item analysis was used to examine the measurement model, and the index values were assessed as follows: χ2/ionnaire ,65. As sionnaire , and thevalidity .Cronbach’s α was used in this study to verify the reliability, and the internal consistency was measured with composite reliability (CR). According to Hair et al., the acceptable value for Cronbach’s α and CR should be higher than 0.70 to be considered reliable . The CroThe factor loading (FL) and average variance extracted (AVE) were used to measure convergent validity. Hair et al. specified that the FL value must be greater than 0.50, and if it is smaller than this value, the items should be deleted, while all the items that meet the recommended criteria can be retained . In thisAwang indicated that the AVE root number value of each construct must be larger than the Pearson correlation coefficient value of other constructs, which indicates that the construct has discriminant construct validity . The fol2/df must be smaller than 5 [2 = 503.9, df = 164, χ2/df = 3.07, RMSEA = 0.05, GFI = 0.95, AGFI = 0.94, NFI (normed fit index) = 0.95, NNFI (non-normed fit index) = 0.95, CFI (comparative fit index) = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, RFI = 0.95, PNFI (parsimonious normed fit index) = 0.82, and PGFI (parsimony goodness of fit index) = 0.74, and the results of the analysis indicated that the fit values of the hypothetical model proposed in this study were at an acceptable level.Before performing model validation, we confirmed whether the model had an acceptable fit, wherein the fit indicators are as follows: χr than 5 ; RMSEA mr than 5 ; and ther than 5 . The fitThis study analyzes the relationship of variables in the proposed conceptual model through path analysis, and then examines the model. The results of the study showed that short video flow was positively related to serendipity (β = 0.37 ***), negatively related to achievement motivation (β = −0.19 ***), and positively affected by short video addiction (β = 0.71 ***). Short video addiction was positively related to serendipity (β = 0.19 ***) and negatively related to achievement motivation (β = −0.16 **). Serendipity had a negative effect on achievement motivation (β = −0.11 **), as shown in f2 is 0.37. The explanatory power of short video flow, short video addiction, and serendipity with respect to achievement motivation is 15% and f2 is 0.18, as shown in The explanatory power of short video flow with respect to short video addiction is 50% and f2 is 1. The explanatory power of short video flow and short video addiction with respect to serendipity is 27% and The results of this study showed that short video flow was positively related to serendipity. This also means that H1 is supported. That is, when students experience a high level of flow when watching short videos, they will experience greater serendipity. This is because serendipity stems from people experiencing happy things themselves, and much of the content of short videos has an entertaining effect. This result is also in line with flow theory , which sIn this study, the results indicated that short video flow was negatively related to achievement motivation. This also means that H2 is supported. That is, when students experienced high levels of flow when watching short videos, they were less motivated to achieve. Therefore, as it is not a learning task, the flow experience of the short video will not increase students’ motivation to study harder. Such a result is also in line with Rheinberg and Engeser’s suggestion that flow has a positive or negative motivational effect on the performance of an activity, and when the motivation is positive, an individual may engage in an activity simply for enjoyment . Thus, wIn this study, the results indicated a positive relationship between short video flow and short video addiction. This also means that H3 is supported. That is, when students experience high levels of flow when watching short videos, they will become more addicted to short videos. This is because when student users experience an enjoyable experience of watching short videos, they will want to re-experience it, so they will want to keep watching them to experience these positive feelings again. This result can be explained by the following literature. As indicated by Kar et al., the use of television and electronic products continues to be prolonged due to the longer duration of pandemic effects, which may lead to behavioral addiction . In addiIn this study, the results indicated that short video addiction was positively related to serendipity. This also means that H4 is supported. In other words, the more serious the students felt their addiction to short videos to be, the greater their perceived level of serendipity. This is because short videos are highly entertaining, making it easy for student users to consume them excessively or uncontrollably. When student users become addicted to short videos, it is mostly due to the entertaining nature of the videos’ content. Therefore, student users will indeed experience a sense of instant happiness in the process of watching short videos, which is also in line with the characteristics of short video apps. Such an outcome may also be exacerbated by the characteristics of the pandemic. As indicated by Kar et al., during the pandemic, people spent a great deal of time watching television and their electronic devices because the source of pleasure was limited to indoor activities . That isThe findings indicated that short video addiction was negatively related to achievement motivation. This also means that H5 is supported. That is to say, when students feel that they are addicted to watching short videos, their levels of video addition will become more pronounced, and their motivation to achieve will decrease. This is because student users who are in engrossed in a short video cannot control their desire to watch it, and students who pursue entertainment content in short videos will be less likely to be motivated to engage in learning tasks. This result may coincide with the following scholarly views. As inferred from de Barba, motivation can be activated, but it can also be inhibited . Since IThe results of this study showed that serendipity was negatively associated with achievement motivation. This also means that H6 is supported. That is, the greater the perceptual degree to which students feel serendipity, the lower their achievement motivation will be. This is because one of the characteristics of serendipity is that is allows people to experience happiness in the smallest things, and this will make them easily satisfied. Moreover, in this case, the students’ source of serendipity is short videos, which will also be more detrimental to their drive to develop learning goals. Such results, however, differ from those presented by the previous literature, although San Santoso and Kulathunga pointed out that it is widely believed that happiness can provide a great motivation for someone to achieve higher performance . TherefoFurthermore, while serendipity has some of the core qualities of happiness, no matter how the idea of serendipity is applied to a given scenario, the characteristics of “easy”, “easy to achieve”, and “easy to satisfy” are, in fact, not separated from it. This concept can be explained by Deci and Ryan’s argument that when individuals feel that their basic psychological needs  are met, they may be less motivated to achieve greater levels of performance . Thus, wThe I-PACE model is a process model that helps explain Internet usage and outcomes. In this study, an affective–behavioral–outcome model was proposed to explain the antecedents and consequences of short video addiction under the framework of the I-PACE model, and the SEM method was used for model validation. This study shows the following: a. short video flow has a positive relation with serendipity, a negative relation with achievement motivation, and a positive effect on short video addiction; b. short video addiction has a positive effect on serendipity and a negative effect on achievement motivation; and c. serendipity has a negative effect on achievement motivation. This shows that short video addiction, like other Internet addictions, can have a negative impact on students’ ability to learn.The potential for adverse effects posed by addictive behaviors in the post-epidemic era needs to be carefully considered from the perspective of developing public health strategies. Therefore, there is a need to decrease the student community’s dependence on short videos in order to help prevent an increase in addictive behavior. The results of this study may be of some use for mental health organizations and educational institutions that are designing programs to assist in the prevention of short video addiction among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the practical contribution of this study. In addition, short video addiction is an emerging research topic and there is still much to be explored in the empirical research on this topic. Further research is still needed to help explain the association between short video addiction and learning. The results of this study may help to expand the understanding of short video addiction research, which is the theoretical contribution of this study.From the traditional viewpoint of positive psychology, positive experiences lead to better outcomes for people. However, this is not necessarily the case in this study. This is one of the important research findings and theoretical contributions of this study. In addition, serendipity is a concept pursued by young people in East Asia. Although serendipity is often mentioned in the lives of people in Asia and seen in many advertisements, it is still a very new term in the field of social science. This is the first international study to confirm the impact of serendipity on students. Although this particular concept brings a subjective positive feeling to the person concerned and allows him/her to experience a very short period of happiness, it often has a negative connotation in the objective thoughts of third parties, because in the eyes of third parties, after experiencing serendipity, people often tend to be satisfied with the status quo or pursue serendipity excessively. In the present study, it was also confirmed that too high a level of serendipity would inhibit achievement motivation.In addition, as one of the world’s largest economies and a country with global influence, people from across the globe are very curious about the current situation in China. However, Chinese culture is very different from that of Western countries. Therefore, a growing number of scholars are now devoting themselves to this area of research in order to better explain the Chinese context. While contemporary international Chinese Studies have been extended to the field of education and psychology, this study also analyzes the impact of research variables with east Asian elements (serendipity) on the Chinese student population, which will help the international academic community to better understand the situation in China. This is also the theoretical contribution of this study.While short videos are entertaining and relaxing in a simple way, their immersive nature should not be underestimated. Although short video addiction provides social entertainment to users, which is fine for most users, it will be a serious problem for addicted users who cannot control themselves. From the results of the study, it is clear that short video flow is an important antecedent of short video addiction, but allowing users to experience flow is a characteristic of short video media. Therefore, watchers of short videos should change their habits to effectively avoid becoming too immersed.In addition, this study also confirmed that serendipity negatively affects students’ motivation to achieve. Therefore, it is also suggested that parents or teachers should inform students that they should not pursue serendipity excessively and should avoid being content with the status quo, as these states may lead to weak motivation to achieve goals.The results of the current study should be interpreted with caution given the following limitations: the respondents were recruited using convenience sampling, which may reduce the generalizability and replicability of the findings, and due to the cross-sectional design of the current study, significantly associated findings do not support any causal relationships . In addiSecond, all the data collected in this study were obtained through self-reporting, which heavily relies on participants’ clear understanding of the issues and honest reporting and may be affected by response bias. Therefore, in the future, evaluation and validation can be conducted with the help of other objective data to examine whether there is a discrepancy between objective data and the self-reported impacts of short video addiction. At the same time, the various types of Internet addiction can still be explored to help us understand the impact of these behavioral addictions on students’ learning, life, and mental health.Third, in this study, flow was used as a single dimensional construct. However, the flow experience can also be considered as a continuum with multidimensional characteristics. Therefore, in follow-up studies, the multidimensional flow experience can be used as a core variable to explore the causes of Internet addiction, including Short video addiction, which will help to understand the causes of behavioral addiction.Fourth, serendipity is a new research topic, and the existing literature on this topic mostly consists of the personal opinions of scholars. There are few empirical studies on serendipity; thus, there is still much to explore on this topic. Therefore, it is suggested that in the future, interviews could be conducted with student groups regarding their definitions and perceived effects of serendipity, as well as among teachers or parents to determine their perceptions of serendipity.Finally, Chinese studies is an important contemporary international field of integrated studies, and exploring China as a contextual background will help to expand the international academic community’s understanding of the influence of Chinese culture. Therefore, it is suggested that further research continues to define and explore more China-specific research variables, concepts, and theories to understand their impacts.


P-glycoprotein  is the most well-characterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug efflux transporter known to actively transport a wide variety of cytotoxic and molecularly targeted drugs out of cancer cells, causing multidrug resistance (MDR) and poor prognosis in cancer patients. In this study, we investigate whether P-gp overexpression can contribute to reduced susceptibility of cancer cells to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor ensartinib. We discovered that P-gp-overexpressing cancer cells and cells with ectopic expression of P-gp are significantly less sensitive to ensartinib than the respective parental cells. By blocking the drug transport activity of P-gp, the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxic activity of ensartinib were fully restored in P-gp-overexpressing cancer cells. Moreover, in silico molecular docking analysis of ensartinib with the inward-open structure of P-gp provided additional information on the potential binding orientation of ensartinib in the substrate-binding pocket of P-gp.Ensartinib (X-396) is a promising second-generation small-molecule inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) that was developed for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Preclinical and clinical trial results for ensartinib showed superior efficacy and a favorable safety profile compared to the first-generation ALK inhibitors that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although the potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to ensartinib have not been reported, the inevitable emergence of resistance to ensartinib may limit its therapeutic application in cancer. In this work, we investigated the interaction of ensartinib with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ABCG2, two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug efflux transporters that are commonly associated with the development of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Our results revealed that P-gp overexpression, but not expression of ABCG2, was associated with reduced cancer cell susceptibility to ensartinib. P-gp directly decreased the intracellular accumulation of ensartinib, and consequently reduced apoptosis and cytotoxicity induced by this drug. The cytotoxicity of ensartinib could be significantly reversed by treatment with the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar. In conclusion, we report that ensartinib is a substrate of P-gp, and provide evidence that this transporter plays a role in the development of ensartinib resistance. Further investigation is needed. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements that lead to constitutive activation of the ALK kinase are observed in approximately 5% of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . TherefoP-glycoprotein  and ABCG2  are members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter family that are characteristically known for utilizing energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to actively efflux a wide range of cytotoxic and molecularly targeted anticancer agents out of cancer cells ,7,8,9,10In the present study, we investigated the interaction between ensartinib and two main ABC drug transporters (P-gp and ABCG2) to determine the potential impact of these multidrug efflux transporters on the susceptibility of human cancer cells to ensartinib. Our data indicated that ensartinib is a substrate for P-gp, but not for ABCG2, and the intracellular concentration of ensartinib was significantly reduced by the activity of P-gp in human cancer cells. Consequently, P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells were less susceptible to ensartinib than drug-sensitive parental cancer cells. In addition, ensartinib was found to inhibit P-gp-mediated efflux of other substrate drugs, but only at high concentrations. Taken together, our results suggest that the overexpression of P-gp may contribute to increased resistance to ensartinib in tumors. Further investigation is warranted.A Tools Cell Counting (CCK-8) kit was acquired from Biotools Co., Ltd. . An Annexin V FITC-Apoptosis Detection Kit was acquired from BD Pharmingen . The ALK inhibitor ensartinib (X-396) was acquired from Selleckchem . Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium 1640 (RPMI-1640), and fetal calf serum (FCS) were acquired from Gibco/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. . All the chemicals used for this study were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich  unless stated otherwise.2 humidified air and placed in drug-free medium 7 days before assay.The KB-3-1 and KB-V1 cell lines , the OVC2 humidified air. Cells were then treated with ensartinib or other compounds with 0.5% (v/v) final concentration of DMSO in each well for an additional 72 h, and subsequently processed using CCK-8 or MTT reagents as previously described [Cytotoxicity assays were performed as described previously . Brieflyescribed .Western blot analysis of P-gp protein was performed as described previously . The priThe accumulation of P-gp substrate calcein-AM and the ABCG2 substrate pheophorbide A (PhA) was determined using flow cytometry analysis as described previously . Briefly6 cells were incubated with 10 μM ensartinib in the absence or presence of 10 μM tariquidar at 37 °C for 60 min and processed as described previously [The intracellular ensartinib was extracted and semi-quantified according to the methods reported in our previous studies ,43. Brieeviously ,43. MobiThe annexin V–FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining method for the detection of apoptosis was performed as reported by Anderson et al. . BrieflyThe energy was minimized for the cryo-EM structure of the inward-open conformation of P-gp (PDBID:6QEX)  and ensat-test) was carried out using KaleidaGraph  software. The values were mean ± standard deviation (SD) or mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), calculated from at least three independent experiments. The difference between mean values of experimental and control or improvement in fit was considered as “statistically significant” if the probability, p, was less than 0.05, and labeled with asterisks.Curve fitting was performed in GraphPad Prism . Statistical data analysis  value as described previously ,52. ReveKnowing that P-gp expression confers resistance to ensartinib, and that one of the most likely explanations for this is the reduced intracellular drug accumulation caused by P-gp-mediated drug efflux , we examThe effect of tariquidar on ensartinib-induced apoptosis was also examined. As shown in To further investigate the interactions between ensartinib and the substrate-binding pocket of P-gp, the in silico molecular docking analysis of ensartinib in the inward-open structure of P-gp (PDBID:6QEX)  was carrDespite the tremendous progress made in recent years in the development of novel molecularly-targeted therapeutic agents, resistance often occurs within months, caused by resistance mechanisms including the activation of bypass tracks, secondary mutations, and amplification of resistance genes ,56. None50 values of ensartinib against the cancer cell lines tested were in the range of 15 nM to 3.0 μM [50 values of ensartinib for drug-sensitive cancer cell lines ranged from 0.9 μM to 3.0 μM, comparable to the IC50 values reported in previous studies [50 values of ensartinib for P-gp-overexpressing cancer cell lines, regardless of the tissue of origin, and HEK293 cells with ectopic expression of P-gp were significantly higher than the IC50 values in the respective drug-sensitive parental cells, which could be reversed by the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar  monolayer transport assays, and that ensartinib stimulated P-gp-specific ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner . Consist studies ,76,77. TIn summary, although experimental results from cell or animal models of multidrug-resistant cancers do not necessarily reflect clinical reality , our dat


The Promoting Activity, Independence and Stability in Early Dementia (PrAISED) is delivering an exercise programme for people with dementia. The Lincolnshire partnership NHS foundation Trust successfully delivered PrAISED through a video-calling platform during the COVID-19 pandemic.This qualitative case-study identified participants that video delivery worked for, and highlighted its benefits and challenges.Interviews were conducted with participants with dementia, caregivers and therapists, and analysed through thematic analysis.Video delivery worked best when participants had a supporting carer, when therapists showed enthusiasm and had an established rapport with the client. Benefits included time-efficiency of sessions, enhancing participants’ motivation, caregivers’ dementia awareness and therapists’ creativity. Limitations included users’ poor IT skills and resources.The COVID-19 pandemic required innovative ways of delivering rehabilitation. This study supports that people with dementia can use tele rehab, but success is reliant on having a caregiver and an enthusiastic and known therapist.