The probe is based on a macrocyclic Eu(iii) complex bearing two quinoline arms providing a free coordination site at the Eu(iii) metal centre. Bidentate binding of the pyrophosphate group of 5-PP-InsP5 to the Eu(iii) ion is proposed, supported by DFT calculations, giving rise to a selective enhancement in Eu(iii) emission intensity and lifetime. We demonstrate the use of time-resolved luminescence as a bioassay tool for monitoring enzymatic processes in which 5-PP-InsP5 is consumed. Our probe offers a potential screening methodology to identify drug-like compounds that modulate the activity of enzymes of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism.Inositol pyrophosphates are important biomolecules associated with apoptosis, cell growth and kinase regulation, yet their exact biological roles are still emerging and probes do not exist for their selective detection. We report the first molecular probe for the selective and sensitive detection of the most abundant cellular inositol pyrophosphate 5-PP-InsP 5, supported by computational chemistry, as well as an efficient new synthesis.We report the first molecular probe for the selective detection of the most abundant cellular inositol pyrophosphate 5-PP-InsP Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate  is a ubiquitous molecule in eukaryotic cells that has critical roles in signal transduction and cellular regulation. Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), derived from inositol phosphates such as InsP6, possess one or more highly energetic phosphoanhydride bonds and represent the most highly phosphorylated species in nature. Because PP-InsPs are sensors and regulators of energy homeostasis in the cell they participate in a range of processes such as apoptosis, protein pyrophosphorylation, cell migration and cancer metastasis, intracellular trafficking, cell growth and kinase regulation1,2 with implications in disease.3Inositol phosphates are highly phosphorylated small molecules of paramount importance to cellular signalling. 6 kinases (IP6Ks) and PP-InsP5 kinases (PPIP5Ks)] that can form pyrophosphate groups at either the 5-position or the 1-position of the phosphorylated inositol ring of InsP6.4 These pyrophosphate groups can be cleaved through the action of a group of promiscuous phosphatases called diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases (DIPPs)  . The rev5 2-InsP4] in glucose homeostasis was demonstrated.8 5-PP-InsP5 is thus a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) second messenger that is able to regulate synaptotagmin-7 (Syt7) dependent insulin release.9The most abundant inositol pyrophosphate in mammals is 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, 5-PP-InsP5  whose in10 as well as tools to monitor their levels that could lead to the development of high throughput in vitro screening methods, are becoming more urgent and relevant. The ability to track the intracellular activity of 5-PP-InsP5 quantitatively would be extremely useful for developing an accurate understanding of its cellular function. Moreover, library screening assay methodology might allow identification of druglike compounds to interfere with the enzymes of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism.As a result of such emerging important functions as above, expedient synthetic routes to generate inositol pyrophosphates and analogues,11–14 Several molecular receptors for inositol phosphates in general have been developed for in vitro analyses;15–20 however, to the best of our knowledge there are no examples of receptors selective for inositol pyrophosphates. Anslyn developed a receptor for inositol trisphosphates (InsP3s) based on organic scaffolds substituted with phosphate-recognition moieties such as guanidinium or imidazolium groups.21 More recently, Bowman-James developed a supramolecular receptor for InsP6, trapping the anion in host–guest sandwich structures involving two picolinamide macrocycles that bind InsP6via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.22Molecular receptors that elicit a luminescence response upon binding a specific guest can provide a rapid and sensitive method for quantifying target species in aqueous biological media and living cells.5 we first set out to develop an expedient new synthetic strategy of the ligand. The scalable synthesis and purification of such highly phosphorylated water-soluble ligands is generally deemed to be difficult, particularly in terms of protecting group strategies. Although routes to 5-PP-InsP5 have been published, these often constructed the pyrophosphate group using a P(v) reagent to attach the β-phosphate precursor, in the process generating a highly unstable tri-protected P(v)–P(v) moiety before the final deprotection step.23,24 We chose to employ P(iii) methodology to build the pyrophosphate, resulting in the formation of a mixed P(iii)–P(v) anhydride prior to oxidation to form a di-protected P(v)–P(v) moiety. The use of such P(iii) phosphitylating agents has been adopted in the syntheses of other regioisomers of InsP7 and InsP8,25,26 as well as in our own work.27,28 A notable feature of the route in the present study is the use of the hydrogenation-resistant methylsulfonylethyl (MSE) groups to protect the phosphate attached to the 5-position.To devise a molecular probe capable of the selective and sensitive detection of 5-PP-InsPO-]-myo-inositol (2) synthesised from inositol, as described.29 This was benzylated regioselectively at the axial 2-position hydroxyl, before being phosphorylated at the remaining exposed hydroxyl in the 5-position. The regioselectivity of this benzylation reaction has been observed before, although the reason for its occurrence is unknown.29The route  was collected in 93% yield. The BDA-protecting groups were removed with TFA to generate tetraol (6) in 88% yield. The benzyl group attached to the 2-position was cleaved via hydrogenation, and the product was lyophilised to generate pentaol (7) in 80% yield. The use of MSE-protecting groups was crucial during this step as they are resistant to hydrogenation, thereby enabling the easy selective removal of only the benzyl group attached to the 2-position. Phosphorylation using dibenzyl phosphoramidite then allowed benzyl-protected phosphate groups to be attached to the 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6-positions of the inositol ring. An excess of phosphoramidite and 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole activator was required, but the phosphorylation was completed to generate the protected hexakisphosphate (8) in 97% yield. Use of a protecting group such as benzyl for the phosphates attached to these positions was necessary as it is an orthogonally-stable protecting group to the MSE groups attached to the phosphate at the 5-position. This enabled selective deprotection of the 5-position phosphate in the subsequent step to begin the construction of the pyrophosphate moiety only at this position.This first phosphorylation employed a phosphoramidite to attach a phosphate precursor protected by methylsulfonylethyl (MSE) protecting groups to the 5-position. The bis[(methylsulfonyl) ethyl]diisopropylphosphoramidite (4) required was synthesised in 49% yield using a version of the method described.31P NMR spectroscopy. After methanolysis, the product was dried thoroughly on a vacuum line. Phosphorylation of the deprotected 5-position phosphate was achieved using benzyl-protected phosphoramidite and 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole to generate the mixed P(iii)–P(v) anhydride that was subsequently oxidised using mCPBA to form the protected pyrophosphate (9). Importantly, an excess of 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole was required during this phosphorylation to suppress competing cyclisation reactions. Following oxidation, the traditional aqueous work-up for phosphorylations was not carried out due to the instability of the protected pyrophosphate 9, although 9 was sufficiently stable to survive purification via flash chromatography with a silica column that had been deactivated with triethylamine immediately before the final deprotection step. The benzyl groups of the protected pyrophosphate precursor were removed in a final hydrogenation step using Pearlman's catalyst and in the presence of TEAB buffer to provide a source of counterions. Addition of chelating agent EDTA was needed to obtain sharp signals in the initial 31P NMR spectrum of the crude product. The product 5-PP-InsP5 was then purified through reverse-phase ion pair chromatography (0–10% MeCN in 0.05 M TEAB), with the phosphate-containing product fractions identified using a Briggs phosphate assay. The purified triethylammonium salt of 5-PP-InsP5  was lyophilised to a colourless glass and was stored at −20 °C. It was more stable than initially expected, showing no signs of degradation by either 1H NMR or 31P NMR spectroscopy when left at room temperature for over a month.The next stage was a multi-step sequence to construct the pyrophosphate moiety. These steps had to be performed in quick succession as some of the intermediates proved to be unstable. The first step was the simultaneous cleavage of the base-labile MSE groups and silylation of the newly exposed phosphate with DBU and BSTFA. The next was removal of the silyl groups with methanol and TFA, the progress of which was confirmed using 6. Luminescent lanthanide probes are attractive for this purpose as they offer long-lived emission enabling time-resolved measurements to remove background fluorescence from the sample, and line-like emission spectra that encode information about the local coordination environment.31–35 We previously developed a family of macrocyclic Eu(iii) complexes whose luminescence is enhanced upon binding the nucleoside di- and triphosphates ADP and ATP, whereas all monophosphates caused much smaller changes in emission.36–39 Within this family we found that [Eu.3]+ (Ka = 5.7)36,39 in aqueous solution and was therefore considered the lead candidate for sensing of 5-PP-InsP5. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of [Eu.3]+ in aqueous buffer  comprises a broad band centred at 330 nm  and display minimal interference from other inositol phosphates, particularly InsP [Eu.3]+ , bearingm Fig. S1. Upon exm Fig. S1.+ to bind and sense 5-PP-InsP5 was examined in 10 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.0. Addition of 250 μM 5-PP-InsP5  resulted in a substantial 22-fold enhancement in emission intensity of [Eu.3]+ within the ΔJ = 2 band (605–630 nm) and subtle changes in spectral shape (5 to the Eu(iii) metal centre and displacement of the bound water molecule, thereby reducing a major pathway for non-radiative decay of the Ln(III) ion's electronically excited state. In contrast, adding 250 μM InsP6 caused only a minor 3-fold increase in emission intensity, indicating a weak interaction with this anion. Similarly, very small changes in emission were observed for a wide range of common cellular inositols bearing phosphate groups to a variable degree and the carbohydrate glucose-6-phosphate , supporting direct coordination of 5-PP-InsP5 to the Eu(iii) centre. In comparison, we found that InsP6 did not reduce the hydration state, consistent with very weak binding.Emission lifetimes of [Eu.3] and D2O  in the a+ and 5-PP-InsP5 was determined by plotting the change in the intensity ratio of the ΔJ = 2/ΔJ = 1 emission bands (605–630/580–600 nm) as a function of guest concentration, followed by curve fitting based on a 1 : 1 binding model  under the same conditions, and slightly lower than for ADP (log Ka = 5.7).36 The small changes in emission intensity of [Eu.3]+ towards InsP6 prevented the accurate measurement of a binding constant. The possibility of a 2 : 1 [Eu.3]+:5-PP-InsP5 complex was also considered, wherein 5-PP-InsP5 is sandwiched between two Eu(iii) complexes in a manner similar to that observed for InsP6 by Bowman-James.22 However, fitting of the titration data of [Eu.3]+ with 5-PP-InsP5 to a 2 : 1 binding model showed no improvement in fitting compared with the 1 : 1 binding model .§§+ with 5-PP-InsP5 was fitted to both a 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 binding model using Bindfit [https://www.supramolecular.org]. The covariance of fit (covfit) allowed comparison of the quality of the curve fitting between the 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 binding models  that would merit the development of a sensor for its selective detection. Additionally, ATP induces an emission enhancement36 that would likely interfere with the recognition of 5-PP-InsP5 in more complex biological environments. Importantly, we do not anticipate such interference being an issue when applying the probe to in vitro enzyme monitoring or high throughput screening.Thus, we have identified a luminescent probe that can bind and sense 5-PP-InsP5 Fig. S6 produces5. Structure optimizations using density functional theory (DFT)41–43 revealed that the most stable binding mode for 5-PP-InsP5 corresponds to bidentate binding of the pyrophosphate group (see iii) centre to open the second binding site needed for bidentate binding, as illustrated in Fig. S11.−1 compared to the second most stable binding mode featuring monodentate binding via the axial phosphate group, as shown in Fig. S12.−1 corresponds to a decreased binding constant by about a factor 40. This means that about 1 out of 40 bound 5-PP-InsP5 molecules would occupy the monodentate mode, whereas the remaining are bound in a bidentate fashion. Binding of InsP6 in a monodentate manner  group binding to amide hydrogens of [Eu.3]+ and the third involves an equatorial phosphate (3P) group binding to the dissociated quinoline amide arm.To understand the enhanced binding of 5-PP-InsP44 for PP-InsP5 is shown in 5D0 state to the 49 microstates of the 7F term. The individual microstates are shown as red lines while the overall convoluted spectrum is shown in black. The simulated spectrum features a ΔJ = 1 band split into two peaks followed by a single ΔJ = 2 peak dominating the spectrum, and finally a ΔJ = 4 band comprising one major peak. It agrees well with the experimental spectrum (45 Further spectra are shown in the ESIJ = 2 band with PP-InsP5 (and InsP6) compared with the water-bound complex , enabled a new luminescence method to discriminate 5-PP-InsP5 from InsP6 effectively. We exploited this to develop a microplate assay for real-time monitoring of the activity of pyrophosphatase NUDT3 (Uniprot: O95989), a DIPP phosphatase enzyme that hydrolyses the pyrophosphate group of 5-PP-InsP5 to generate InsP6  by changing the molar ratio of InsP6/5-PP-InsP5 systematically. The linear increase in time-resolved emission intensity of [Eu.3]+ with increasing mole fraction of 5-PP-InsP5 is shown in + could be correlated with the progress of a pyrophosphatase reaction.Initially, we confirmed the stability of the emission response of [Eu.3]d Fig. S6. Next, w5 in 10 mM HEPES buffer 46 and were able to observe a progressive decrease in time-resolved emission intensity over 90 minutes , thereby removing any short-lived fluorescence arising from components in the assay sample, thus increasing signal to noise ratio.To confirm this, we incubated the enzyme, NUDT3 with 5-PP-InsP minutes  as NUDT35 with low micromolar sensitivity and without interference from InsP6 and other common cellular inositol and carbohydrate phosphates. 5-PP-InsP5 was prepared via a new synthetic approach. The combination of selective binding of [Eu.3]+ to 5-PP-InsP5 and the resulting emission enhancement was exploited to develop a real-time assay for monitoring the enzymatic conversion 5-PP-InsP5 to InsP6. Our enzymatic assay was conducted in time-resolved format to exploit the long luminescence lifetime of [Eu.3]+, and thus improve signal-to-noise ratio, and in multi-well plates importantly demonstrating its potential suitability for high-throughput use. The assay is label-free and does not require expensive antibodies or chemical modification of the substrate with a fluorescent or radioactive label. Its availability should have a significant impact on the study of protein dephosphorylation and emerging cellular signalling pathways regulated by 5-PP-InsP5, not least those involved in glucose homeostasis.We have discovered that a coordinately unsaturated cationic lanthanide complex can be used to detect selectively the inositol pyrophosphate cellular second messenger 5-PP-InsPESI is available, including synthetic procedures, compound characterisation, and photophysical studies of host–guest interactions.†M. L. S.: synthesis and characterisation of compounds. F. A. J. and S. W.: europium probe studies, anion binding and sensing experiments, enzyme assay development. F. P.: computation, supervision of modelling studies, data analysis. A. M. R.: supervision and development of synthetic methods, data analysis. B. V. L. P.: conceptualisation, funding acquisition, supervision of synthetic aspects, data analysis, writing and editing of the manuscript. S. J. B.: conceptualisation, funding acquisition, supervision of europium probe studies, methodology, data analysis, writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to, seen and approved the manuscript.There are no conflicts to declare.SC-014-D2SC06812E-s001


Comparing body fat and the effect of body fat on metabolic abnormalities in Chinese and USA teenagers may provide clues for the early prevention and control of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to compare the prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities, body fat amount and distribution, and the effect of body fat on glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese and US teenagers.We included 5424 Chinese teenagers  from the China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) study and 8704 USA teenagers  from the USA National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Blood lipid, blood glucose, and body fat indicators were obtained using the same standardised measurements.P < 0.05). However, with the increase in body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of high LDL-C increased more in Chinese than in US teenagers, even exceeding them in the obese group . The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was higher in China than in the USA . Besides, Chinese adolescents are more likely to accumulate fat in the abdomen, and the per-unit fat increase would bring a higher risk of dyslipidaemia in Chinese boys than in USA boys.The prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Chinese teenagers was of those in the USA  = 3.6% vs 5.0%; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) = 9.9% vs 14.3%; hypertriglyceridaemia = 3.7% vs 10.1%)  was significantly more prevalent in China than in the USA. The unfavoured body fat and higher risk of body fat on metabolic disorders in Chinese teenagers suggest that Chinese teenagers should pay more attention to the adverse effect of body fat on metabolic abnormalities. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disease burden in China and the USA ,2. As weAbnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism are amplified in the presence of childhood obesity . China hWe aimed to compare the prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities, body fat, and the effect of body fat on glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities between Chinese and USA teenagers using data from two large-scale population-based cross-sectional studies, the China Child and Teenager Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) study and the USA National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).Our study comprised two subsamples from the CCACH study and the NHANES in 1999-2018. The CCACH study was a large-scale cross-sectional survey conducted in China between 2013 and 2015, designed to evaluate cardiovascular health among Chinese urban children and adolescents aged 3-18 years . First, NHANES is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in the USA designed to evaluate adults’ and children's health and nutritional status. It is a continuous survey (1999-2023) relying on a stratified multistage probability sample based on selecting counties, blocks, households, and persons within households to represent the civilian, non-institutionalized US population . The surIn NHANES, only participants >12 years old were tested for fasting blood glucose. Therefore, this study selected teenagers aged 12-18 years from both CCACH (n = 11 239) and NHANES (n = 15 257) to maintain the uniformity of the age spectrum between China and the USA. We further excluded 5815 Chinese teenagers without anthropometric measurement or whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. We excluded US teenagers whose ethnicity could not be determined (n = 1326), who were missing anthropometric measurement and whole-body DXA scanning (n = 4144), and who had no blood tests (n = 1083). Finally, 5424 Chinese and 8704 US teenagers were included in the analysis  criteria were used to define weight status as non-overweight, overweight, obesity, and severe obesity .2) was calculated to account for the potential influence of body size or height. Fat-to-muscle mass ratio (FMR) was calculated as whole-body FM by whole-body muscle mass. The android-to-gynoid ratio (AGR) was calculated as the android region FM divided by the gynoid region FM, which is a proxy for body fat distribution. The android region is approximately the abdomen area from a line joining the two superior iliac crests and extended cranially for 20% of the distance between the base of the skull. The gynoid region lies the portion of the legs from the greater femoral trochanter, extending caudally to mid-thigh.Whole-body DXA scanning was performed to test body fat indicators in both studies using Hologic fan-beam densitometers  by trained technicians according to the International Society of Clinical Densitometry’s (ISCD) standard operating procedure ,21. Fat CCACH and NHANES collected blood specimens of participants after fasting for at least eight hours. In the two studies, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and fasting glucose were measured using the enzymatic method and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) using the dimethod. LDL-C was calculated from measured values of TC, TG, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) according to the Friedewald calculation: LDL = TC-HDL-(TG/5) ,23. DyslDemographics, lifestyle, and household income of the two studies were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Individuals from both studies were stratified into two groups by their frequency of dairy product consumption (daily vs nondaily). Physically active was defined as moderate to vigorous physical activity for more than one hour daily. Smoking status was categorized into non-smoker and smoker (current or previous smoking attempts). Poverty-income ratio (PIR) was used to reflect economic status, derived by dividing annual household income by the established city's poverty level, accounting for household size and year of assessment .t-tests for continuous and χ2 tests for categorical variables.We expressed continuous variables, such as age and PIR, as means and standard deviations (SDs), and categorical variables, such as age group, BMI category, and lifestyle proportion, as frequencies and percentages. We compared boys and girls or China and the USA using We presented levels of body fat indicators  in different BMI statuses as means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age. We calculated the crude prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) with the 95% CIs of lipid and glucose metabolism abnormalities. We calculated ASPR using the combined population of CCACH and NHANES as the standard population. We calculated direct ASPR as follows :i is the number of population in the ith age group of the standard population and ai is the age-specific rate in the ith age group.where wP < 0.05 (two-sided).We performed multivariate logistical regression models with body fat indicators as the independent variable and glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities as the dependent variable. The covariates included age, race, survey year, physical activity, daily milk consumption, smoking, PIR, and BMI. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for each unit increase in body fat indicators. We examined the differences in the effect between the two countries by adding the interaction term of specific body fat indicators with country into the models. We performed all statistical analyses using R software (version 4.1.2). We set the statistical value at P < 0.05). Teenagers in China were less likely to exercise, have dairy daily, and smoke than those in the USA . Differences in BMI and lifestyles between the sexes were observed in both Chinese and USA teenagers. Chinese boys had a higher proportion of being overweight and obese and physically active than Chinese girls, while USA girls had a greater proportion of being overweight and obese and physically active than USA boys (P < 0.05). Boys in both China and the USA were more likely to be smokers than girls  and 8704 USA teenagers . The prevalence of overweight (15.9%), obesity (5.2%), and severe obesity (0.7%) in Chinese was significantly lower than in USA teenagers  (P < 0.05). However, with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of high LDL-C and low HDL-C increased more in Chinese than in USA teenagers, even exceeding them in the obese group. In contrast, the ASPRs of IFG in China were substantially higher than in the USA in all BMI categories  (P < 0.05).P < 0.05) and significantly higher in USA for obese boys and girls (P < 0.05). Notably, AGR was higher in Chinese than in USA boys in all BMI categories .2 increase of FMI in Chinese boys had a more significant hazard for dyslipidaemia except for HDL-C, and the percentage increase of FMP in Chinese boys had a more significant hazard for high LDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia. In girls, FMI and FMP were associated with the risk of hypertriglyceridaemia in both countries . However, FMI was only associated with the risk of Chinese girls’ hypercholesterolaemia and IFG. Additionally, per kg/m2 increase of FMI in Chinese girls had greater odds for hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia than in US girls .The CCACH and NHANES cross-sectional studies provided a unique opportunity for this comparative study. We primarily found that the prevalence of dyslipidaemia was lower in China than in the USA, but with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of high LDL-C and low HDL-C increased more in Chinese than in US teenagers, even exceeding them in the obese group. In contrast, the prevalence of IFG was higher in China than in the USA. Furthermore, we found that Chinese teenagers had higher body fat mass and FMP than USA teenagers, especially in those of non-obese status, and body fat in Chinese boys was more likely to accumulate in the abdominal region. We examined the associations between body fat and glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities and found that the per-unit increase of body fat in Chinese boys would bring a higher risk of dyslipidaemia except for low HDL-C compared to USA boys.Although dyslipidaemia has been considered challenging mostly in developed countries, its prevalence is increasing in China due to BMI status changes. The nationwide survey showed that the prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Chinese adults increased from 18.6% in 2004 to 33.8% in 2019 , while iAlthough BMI is strongly associated with CVD risks, it is limited by not discriminating against body composition and ignoring body fat distribution. Recently, DXA was developed as a precise method to quantify body fat and identify body fat distribution. A survey of 1349 children aged 6-18 years in Austria showed that a higher DXA-measured FMI was associated with higher triglycerides and LDL . We founFurthermore, it should be noted that the prevalence of IFG was significantly higher in Chinese than in US teenagers in all BMI categories. Previous studies showed that the IFG prevalence in China was higher than in European countries. A study of 3978 Danish children found that the prevalence of IFG with normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 4.1%, 9.9%, and 14%, respectively . AnotherThis study has several strengths. It is the first to compare the prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities and body fat on glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities on data from two large samples from the USA and China. Second, we used ASPR to compare the prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities considering inter-population comparisons. Third, anthropometric, body fat, and blood indicators were obtained using standardized measurements in both CCACH and NHANES. However, this study also has some limitations. First, the cross-sectional design of the CCACH and NHANES makes it challenging to determine a causal relationship between body fat indicators and glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities. Second, the specific study period was not identical between China (2013-2015) and the USA (1999-2018), but the median times for the data collection were similar.Dyslipidaemia was more prevalent in USA teenagers than in Chinese teenagers, but with the increase of BMI, the prevalence of high LDL-C and low HDL-C increased more in Chinese than in USA teenagers, even exceeding them in the obese group. IFG was more prevalent in Chinese than in USA teenagers. The unfavoured body fat and higher risk of body fat on metabolic disorders in China suggest that Chinese teenagers should be more attentive of the adverse effect of body fat, especially abdominal fat distribution on glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities, than USA teenagers.


PurposeCessation of enteral nutrition is usually a part of the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP) treatment. To our knowledge, there is no large database study that examines the effects of preexisting malnutrition on the morbidities of patients admitted for acute pancreatitis. We aimed to investigate the effects of malnutrition on patients admitted for acute pancreatitis.MethodsData between 2008 and 2014 from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was extracted. Inclusion criteria included patients with a primary diagnosis of AP using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes, and ages greater than 17. Exclusion criteria included ICD-9 codes for chronic pancreatitis. The study group consisted of patients with a primary diagnosis of AP and a concurrent diagnosis of malnutrition. In-hospital mortality was compared using univariate and multivariate analyses to generate odds ratios. Elixhauser comorbidity scores predicting mortality and readmission were calculated based on weighted scores from 29 different comorbidities and compared using univariate analysis.ResultsPatients with malnutrition were significantly more likely to experience in-hospital mortality, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and respiratory failure. Malnutrition was found to increase mortality. Female sex and Black or Hispanic race showed lower mortality.ConclusionWe hypothesize that there are likely other preexisting comorbidities that lead to malnutrition before the onset of pancreatitis. Malnutrition can cause impaired healing and the ability to recover from acute inflammation, which may be why the study group had a higher rate of sepsis. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas that typically involves a systemic inflammatory response that affects various organs. Diagnosis is made when two of three criteria are met: 1) abdominal pain consistent with pancreatitis, 2) serum lipase or amylase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal, or (3) imaging consistent with pancreatitis [ abdomina serum liThe three most common causes of AP are gallstone/biliary-related, alcohol-related, and idiopathic . With thDuring episodes of AP, there are high nutritional requirements, and hypermetabolism increases the demand for vitamins B, C, and A and zinc among others due to the inflammatory process ,9. SeverData/source populationData between 2008 and 2014 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was extracted. Inclusion criteria for both groups included patients with a primary diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and malnutrition using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes, and ages greater than 17. Exclusion criteria included all ICD-9 codes for chronic pancreatitis. The study group consisted of patients with a primary diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and a concurrent diagnosis of malnutrition. A case-controlled dataset was generated with cases controlled by age, gender, race, and median household income.Statistical analysisIn-hospital mortality was compared between the two groups. Chi-square analysis was used for categorical variables and an independent samples t-test was used for continuous variables. The Elixhauser and Charleston comorbidity scores that predict mortality and readmission were calculated based on weighted scores from 29 different comorbidities. Scores were compared between the two groups using an independent sample t-test. Comorbidities such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular accident, dementia, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, connective tissue disease, moderate to severe chronic kidney disease, solid tumor, leukemia, lymphoma, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were also examined between the groups. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted with death as a primary outcome. Primary outcomes measured included inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay, total charge during admission, and rates of sepsis, severe sepsis, and respiratory failure.The initial dataset was generated before the case-control Table .Across both groups, a majority of the patients were White. More than 50% of each group was also male. Case-controlled groups were generated with non-significant differences between the groups across all categories Table .Patients with malnutrition were significantly more likely to experience in-hospital mortality, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and respiratory failure Table .On multivariate analysis Figure , malnutrOur data suggest that malnutrition is associated with higher rates of death, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and respiratory failure. Furthermore, the female sex and Black or Hispanic race were found to be associated with decreased mortality. Nutrition is an often-complicated topic and difficult to assess clinically. A person’s nutritional status depends on not only their ingestion of macronutrient groups including carbohydrates, fats, and lipids but also essential micronutrients such as metals  and vitamins (fat and water-soluble vitamins) . MalnutrA poor nutritional status may present as weight loss, decrease in muscle mass, loss of subcutaneous fat, and decreased strength or be present only subtly as changes in hair, skin, and nails and symptoms of fatigue, poor mobility, or increased healing times . MoreoveDespite there being well-documented literature on the negative outcomes of malnutrition, there seems to be a lack of evidence showing that intense nutritional interventions play a role in reversing outcomes. Malnutrition can rise for a plethora of reasons including malignancy, gastrointestinal abnormalities/manipulation, gastrointestinal motility/absorption abnormalities, chronic illness , autoimmune disease, and more ,21.Excessive alcohol use is a well-established and studied source of malnutrition in patients . AlcoholOne of the proposed mechanisms of alcohol-altering energy metabolism is damage to the mitochondria which leads to increased thermogenesis and sympathetic nervous activation . FurtherAlcohol remains the number one cause of acute pancreatitis in the United States . Our stuSeveral articles implicate the role that nutrition plays in the function of the immune system as well as subsequent dysfunction with malnutrition ,17,21,25A few of the limitations of this study include the limitations of the NIS database and methods of coding for certain diagnoses. Given the difficulty with recognizing malnutrition clinically, it may have been underreported in the control group. Currently, there are a few assessment tools such as the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria, Nutritional Risk Screening, Geriatric Risk Index, and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 with variable criteria including biochemical markers, anthropometry, mobility, cognitive state, and self-perception ,27. ThesMalnutrition has associations with poorer outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute pancreatitis and more instances of sepsis and septic shock. More studies need to be performed to elucidate the exact mechanism behind the impaired immune functioning due to malnutrition. Further studies need to be conducted to elucidate whether aggressive nutrition supplementation may play a role in improving outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis. More research should be done to describe which limiting nutrients play the biggest role in a diminished immune response and how to best ameliorate the poor outcomes noticed in our study. Assessment and evaluation of malnutrition rely on a variety of assessment tools with different diagnostic criteria and uncertain evidence. Future efforts to obtain unifying criteria upon which to base the coding of a diagnosis of malnutrition may alert clinicians to intervene earlier.


Coyotes live in most major cities across North and Central America. As their habitat shrinks, human–coyote interactions increase, spurring debate about how to respond. Residents often fear coyotes and want extermination, but scientists argue they are a permanent fixture that play a vital ecosystem role and that eradicating them does not work and has negative impacts. Instead, ecologists argue that residents need to change their behavior to coexist with coyotes. Whether the public supports coexistence plans stems from public perceptions of coyotes, which are influenced by affective feelings, personal beliefs and experiences, and the media. Consequently, understanding how the media discusses these issues, whether they frame coyotes as friend or foe, and whether they cover coexistence is essential. To do this, we analyze coyote news coverage from 2000 to 2022 in three US cities: Los Angeles, CA; Seattle, WA; and Boston, MA. We find that the media uses friendly language to discuss coexistence and unfriendly language to justify eradication. Cities vary in the degree to which their coverage aligns with the scientific consensus; this likely reflects historical, cultural, and political views of coyotes. In Los Angeles, where coyote conflict is long-running and political, the coverage is the most unfriendly and is significantly more likely to include discussion of eradication; in Seattle and Boston, where coyotes have more recently become an issue, the coverage is far more likely to focus on coexistence. We argue that if governments want increased support for coexistence, there must be efforts to both account for media coverage in management plans and to educate the media on scientific consensus and the ecological implications of lethal management.Human–coyote sightings and interactions are becoming more frequent in urban areas across North and Central America. While many species have lost territory, the coyote range has expanded. Relatively recently, ecologists have coalesced around the idea that coexistence is the most promising avenue to reduce human–coyote conflict in urban areas. Despite this, calls for the eradication of coyotes continue. We apply and extend the theory of survival of the friendliest to evaluate how the media is framing coyotes and management strategies and what the implications of this framing might be. Through a content analysis of newspaper articles from three different urban areas in the US , from 2000 to 2022, we find that friendly language is used to promote coexistence, while unfriendly language  is used to justify eradication. We also find considerable variation in the type of coverage and consistency with scientific consensus across cities, likely reflecting the cities’ varied histories and cultural understandings of the species. Given the media’s influence on the public’s views of coyotes and their support for management strategies, these findings suggest that the media plays a central role in shaping coyote–human relationships and management strategies. In 2022, Nahant, a small Massachusetts town, became the first in the state to hire the federal government to eradicate its local coyote pack after it was reported that the pack of eight to ten coyotes was not friendly but a dangerous nuisance that had killed pets . Animal Although there is no comprehensive database tracking coyote interactions with humans or pets, anecdotal evidence of rising human–coyote interactions abound, which has prompted the development of a variety of municipal, university, and nonprofit efforts to assess the issue. For example, in 2000, Cook County, IL, developed the Urban Coyote Research Project to better understand coyote ecology in the Chicago metro area , and in Because of their central role in framing and priming the public on key social and policy issues like human–coyote interactions , the medOf particular importance is understanding whether the media portrays coyotes as aggressive, neutral, or friendly. Headlines that sensationalize and vilify coyotes because of attacks, for example, are likely to draw attention and negatively influence perceptions, since negative news increases negative affective feelings  and, forIn general, wildlife is managed at the state and federal levels, but with coyotes and other carnivores more regularly appearing in cities, local governments are called to respond. Municipal management strategies must address a community’s views on coyotes and, because of this, do not always rely on scientific analysis, but instead reflect the community’s norms, values, and beliefs about coyotes . The impYears of research have demonstrated that the way media outlets depict animal life dramatically influences the public’s view of species , with neIn this context, friendliness connotes a species’ disposition towards goodwill, warmth, and kindness; understanding a species as friendly (and being friendly back) may be key to our ability to coexist from a policy and evolutionary standpoint. While evolutionary theory and popular understanding have largely focused on survival of the fittest, which highlights strength as the key component of survival, Hare and Woods ,31,32 exCanis latrans) as opposed to other predators for four reasons. First, studies on human and coyote interactions and conflict are limited [In this study, we analyzed major newspaper depictions of coyotes from 2000 to 2022 in three US cities chosen for their diverse geography and history with coyotes: Los Angeles, CA; Seattle, WA; and Boston, MA. We specifically assessed how friendliness and cooperation is discussed in the media coverage of human–coyote encounters and whether friendliness or the lack thereof is used to justify management efforts . We focus on media coverage of coyotes  mentioning coyotes in the context of the city the newspaper represented were collected from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2022 (23 years). Articles about coyotes that did not mention the city the newspaper represented were excluded. For instance, if the Los Angeles Times ran an article about coyotes in New Mexico without mentioning Los Angeles, the article was excluded. This resulted in 75 articles from the Los Angeles Times, 44 articles from The Seattle Times, and 73 articles from The Boston Globe (N = 192). All resulting articles were reviewed and line coded for the presentation of neutral facts, friendly language, unfriendly language, and mixed friendly and unfriendly language. Neutral facts consisted of information such as coyote range, food sources, and lifespan. Friendly language mentioned coyotes as friendly, community members, playful dogs, and/or promoted coexistence. Unfriendly language mentioned coyotes as a threat, suspicious, dangerous, problems, and/or promoted eradication. A second researcher coded all articles in NVivo. Incidents of mismatched coding were rare. In these cases, mismatched coding was discussed until 100 percent agreement was achieved. Based on the codes identified, articles were then classified into one of four categories: neutral facts, friendly, unfriendly, or mixed. Articles that only mentioned facts without friendly or unfriendly language were coded as neutral fact articles. Articles that did not mention eradication and had no mention of negative language  were coded as friendly. Articles that only framed coyotes as problems, dangerous, and threats and discussed eradication were coded as unfriendly. Finally, articles that mentioned coexistence and eradication were coded as mixed. We assessed the coverage of coyotes in three major urban environments: Los Angeles, California; Seattle, Washington; and Boston, Massachusetts. These cities were chosen because they represent distinct US regions that have differing histories and relationships with coyotes. They also have important similarities that make them likely sites of evolving media coverage on coyotes: all cities have reported a significant increase in coyote sightings and interactions over the past decade, and all are considered green cities for their environmental policies and green spaces that include wildlife corridors. Data are derived from a content analysis of all newspaper articles from 2000 to 2022 discussing coyotes in the Some articles discussed incidents where coyotes attacked pets or people. These articles were coded in varied ways based on the coverage. Articles that discussed the attack factually but focused on coexistence were coded as friendly, even when they covered the trauma of the event and included quotes from distressed individuals. Similarly, articles that discussed incidents and focused on the eradication of packs were coded as unfriendly. Finally, articles that discussed these incidents and mentioned coexistence while also discussing the need to address and even eradicate an individual were listed as mixed friendly and nonfriendly. Los Angeles Times (LA Times) is the area’s largest metropolitan daily newspaper, with a daily readership of 1.4 million during the week and 2.5 million on Sundays. More than 22 million people visit the LA Times website each month. All LA Times articles discussing coyotes in the Greater Los Angeles area were retrieved and analyzed. Los Angeles, with a population of 3.85 million people , is wellThe Seattle Times is the city’s primary newspaper with a readership of approximately half a million each day and 717,700 on Sundays. All of The Seattle Times articles discussing coyotes in the greater Seattle area were retrieved and analyzed.Seattle, Washington, has a population of 783,919 . AlthougThe Boston Globe is the leading newspaper in this area, with a readership of approximately 244,190 print and digital subscriptions. All of The Boston Globe articles discussing coyotes in the Greater Boston area were retrieved and analyzed. Finally, Boston, Massachusetts, has a population of 654,777 . Like SeLA Times coverage of coyotes in our timeframe occurred in 2001. This initial article is representative of most of the coverage over the next decade, depicting coyotes as an unfriendly, dangerous problem for humans, pets, and agriculture that needs to be eradicated. In one of the first articles in this series, coyotes were blamed for most cattle and calf deaths and were noted to be “less safe” than mountain lions and bobcats. Categorization of these articles as neutral, friendly, unfriendly, or mixed is provided in The first Most articles (74 percent) from 2000 to 2022 promoted eradication either exclusively or in combination with limited discussions of coexistence. Given the increasing evidence that eradicating coyote packs or reducing pack size creates problems for long-term management, one might expect the news media to decrease discussion of eradication and increase coverage of coexistence measures. However, there was no indication of an increase in exclusive discussions about coexistence over the last two decades. The last article exclusively discussing coexistence was in 2010. Since 2010, every article has focused on eradication (34 percent), taken a neutral stance (26 percent), or mentioned both eradication with coexistence (40 percent). One reason eradication appears to have dominated coverage over the last decade is that human–coyote encounters in Los Angeles have increasingly become a hot-button political issue. The Seattle Times presented readers with a community dilemma. An individual coyote had consumed a neighborhood cat and some small backyard livestock over the duration of a year, at which point the community began to question whether the coyote should be killed. This and three additional articles from 2005 to early 2008 painted coyotes as both a friend and foe, wild neighbor and nuisance, discussing the potential for both coexistence and eradication. In some ways, these early articles were an anomaly because, while human–coyote conflict is an ongoing concern for many Seattleites, the majority of articles (65.9 percent) discussed urban coyotes with neutral facts that paint the coyote as neither friend nor foe, see Seattle had the fewest coyote articles of the three analyzed cities (44 articles vs. 75 and 73), with the first coyote coverage in the time period appearing in 2005 when The Seattle Times were published in 2008, meaning that the media paid disproportionate attention to the issue that year and almost half of its coverage was unfriendly and advocated for extermination. These articles referenced the handful of attacks and used unfriendly language, such as the species being a danger, threat, hostile, unfriendly, and antisocial, to justify extermination. For example, one article explained, “…the coyote was showing aggressive tendencies towards people and animals” to justify shooting them (article from 2008). These articles demonstrate how negative events and fear can dramatically influence the media narrative. The increased incident reporting did not persist beyond 2008, though there is little reason to think coyote encounters have declined. Although it is beyond the scope of this paper, a key question emerges concerning the relationship between coverage and reporting: did reporting increase because of increased negative media coverage, or did increased media coverage reflect the consequences of higher incident reporting? Either way, The Seattle Times has not published articles exclusively focused on eradication since 2010. Only six articles (14 percent) discussed the removal or extermination of coyotes without discussing coexistence. Five of these articles were published in 2008 after a coyote took a cat and chased a dog in a major park and an increased number of people reported their pets being attacked or killed by coyotes, increases that likely stemmed from a moving or changing population. Interestingly, 25 percent (11 out of 44) of all articles published about coyotes in Five articles (11 percent) exclusively focused on coexistence. For instance, a 2017 article explains that “Coyotes have become our neighbors, whether we live in ruralized areas like Vashon or Bainbridge Island, the suburbs such as Normandy Park of right in Seattle”. In these instances, “friendly” language, such as friendly, neighborly, sociable, peaceful, and benign, were used to justify coexistence. In summary, during the period analyzed, discussions about coyotes remained largely neutral; however, when they appeared, eradication was justified through unfriendly depictions and coexistence was advocated for using friendly depictions. Neutrality and coexistence have entirely dominated the conversation since 2010. The Boston Globe until 2011, a decade after coverage began in the Los Angeles Times and about five years after it started in The Seattle Times. Just like the coverage in the other two newspapers, the first article in the series discussed the need to eradicate problem coyotes, but unlike the other two newspapers, the first article also emphasized that “residents are urged to remove food sources, such as pet food, fruit that falls from trees, garbage, bird feeders that attract small animals, and dead animals left lying around by cats”. This change makes a powerful statement in presenting the initial human and coyote interaction issue as a human behavior problem. Statistics around the presentation of friendly or unfriendly language as it applies to coyote eradication is markedly different in The Boston Globe. Only a handful (10 percent) of articles exclusively discuss eradicating coyotes, compared to 42 percent in the Los Angeles Times and 14 percent in The Seattle Times. Coverage of human–coyote interactions did not appear in The Boston Globe singles out an individual as the problem and not the entire population. For instance, in 2015, an article argues that trapping and relocation is essential when there are problem individuals causing issues for humans and pets. Similarly, in a 2016 article talking about problem coyotes terrorizing pets, a citizen was quoted as suggesting that part of the solution could be hunting problem coyotes. The man interviewed noted that he hunted the animals and tanned their hides, which he then gave away. Another example featured in a 2021 article does not advocate killing of coyotes but discusses why euthanizing particular animals might be necessary for human and pet safety. The article notes that, “Rangers regularly try to discourage coyotes who come into close contact with human-centered sources of food by hazing them with shouts and loud noises. And that sometimes works. But if a coyote learns where fishermen drop fish guts or where campers and picknickers gather, it becomes increasingly difficult to convince the animal to leave.” Unlike the other papers, this focus on the problem individuals does not vilify the species but acknowledges a complexity in coexistence that can result in the need to address challenges with one or more individuals.Most discussion of euthanizing coyotes in The Boston Globe had the least entirely unfriendly articles about human and coyote interactions and conflicts. Overwhelmingly, articles depicted coyotes as neutral or positive animals in the urban environment and people as the key problem and solution to conflict. Seven articles (10 percent) exclusively talk about coexistence and use statements that discuss the animals as being unnecessarily targeted. An article from 2015 notes that, “Misinformation, misunderstanding, and fear driven conflicts drive calls to trap and kill coyotes. Lethal control can disrupt group hierarchy, allowing more coyotes to reproduce, encouraging larger litter sizes due to decreased competition for resources, and increasing pup survival rates”. This article goes on to discuss how coyotes are relatively benign animals that are often friendly and that attacks largely occur because of human negligence. Finally, 55 articles (75 percent) were neutral articles that did not use friendly or unfriendly language to depict coyotes or discuss how they should be managed in urban areas. An example of a statement in this collection comes from a 2016 article, “Where I live, it’s best to experience nature in the daytime. Our woods are very active. Coyotes roam and black bears amble about. Certainly, anyone going into nature at night should be prepared with a plan of action should they encounter whatever wildlife might inhabit the territory”. This is a neutral statement that does not present wildlife as friendly or unfriendly, but as animals living in their homes. Importantly, while this quote reflects one aspect of coexistence—being prepared when humans go into nature—it is coded as neutral because it discusses humans going into nature, rather than wildlife entering urban habitats, does not attribute positive or negative traits to the species, and does not specifically advocate for an urban management approach. By far, LA Times emphasizing eradication efforts—either alone or in combination with the discussion of coexistence—at a higher rate than other papers and The Boston Globe presenting significantly more neutral coverage. Though not tested here, the differences in media coverage likely help account for the varied views on coyotes and support for coexistence across these cities. Scholars and practitioners understand that urban wildlife management plans must account for a community’s culture, norms, and perceptions of urban wildlife if they are to be successful [The race to shape public sentiment around urban coyotes is on. Siemer and colleagues  note thaccessful , but theLos Angeles, CA, is considered an epicenter of human–coyote conflict. In fact, the problem has received so much attention that numerous environmental and governmental groups have been involved in addressing public sentiment and promoting human behavioral change. For instance, the LA Urban Coyote Project, which was started by researchers with the National Park Service at the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, was designed to gain a better understanding of coyote behaviors in the local areas and to educate agencies and the public on coexisting with coyotes in urban environments . AlthougAs with most municipalities, in Los Angeles coyotes have few legal rights. They are most frequently defined as pests, problem, or invaders. There is no limit on how many can be killed each year, though there are some restrictions on the methods used. For example, it is illegal to poison coyotes in the open or capture them in leg traps. It is also illegal to discharge a firearm in city limits, which likely reduces incidents of coyote killing. These prohibitions essentially comprise the entirety of the government regulation of coyote killing. California treats coyotes in the same way it treats rats and allows them to be trapped and euthanized. It is illegal to transplant a coyote, so the only option once an animal is trapped is to kill them, and there are several companies that perform this service with or without cause. For instance, Los Angeles Coyote Trapping & Removal Experts  is a comDespite the lack of regulation, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife promotes coexistence in line with scientific evidence. The state notes that coyotes are an important part of the ecosystem, keeping rodents under control and serving as scavengers. However, the state uses the term “hazing” in advising people to engage in a process of instilling fear in coyotes to scare them away and reduce conflict. This includes making noise, maintaining eye contact, throwing rocks or sticks, stomping feet, making shaking noises, and using airhorns or water guns . These aSocial, cultural, and racial depictions of coyotes cannot be decoupled from the realities of how management unfolds across the United States . Beyond Los Angeles Times appear largely unchanged. Although there were slight increases in articles mentioning the need for behavioral changes among humans, all articles post-2010 included discussion of coyotes being problems that should be removed and/or eradicated. These articles furthered the narrative of the coyote as invader, unwanted, and dangerous. Disdain over and conflict with coyotes is likely to continue unless the media narrative shifts to be one about inclusion and coexistence that includes a shift towards friendly language that emphasizes the species’ contributions. Misinformation and negative depictions by the media are likely influencing general perceptions in ways that undermine evidence-based policy and the efforts of environmental and conservation groups. Given negative sentiments and the connection between coyotes and other social issues, particularly around race and immigration, envisioning new possibilities for coexistence may be challenging. The mismatch in presenting the problem relative to science may be exactly what Siemer and colleagues [Given the lengthy history of the human–coyote conflict in Los Angeles, recent research touting coexistence and the broad promotion of changes in human behavior as a solution, we expected to see a marked increase in the coverage of coexistence and a reduction in narratives that paint coyotes as unfriendly invaders over time. However, despite scientists and the state government’s focus on coexistence, depictions of the “coyote problem” in the Los Angeles Times cannot control whether there are problem coyotes, but they can control the explanations they provide for their behavior and the management strategies they discuss as a response; increasingly incorporating friendly language, discussions of the human causes of conflict, explanations of coexistence strategies, and coverage of management efforts may well improve public opinion of coyotes and willingness to cohabitate with them. Despite this, research on other predators offers hope that change is possible. For example, the media has been shown to generate policy stories around wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone, not just reflecting existing policy narratives and views but shaping them . In AustThe Seattle Times have largely been neutral or benign, but there has been increasing coverage of the human behavioral changes required to reduce conflict and friendly language used to discuss coexistence. Transitions of media coverage in The Seattle Times are in line with the state’s position on human–coyote interactions. In Seattle, WA, media coverage of human–coyote interaction and conflict has changed over the past two decades, likely altering public perceptions, human behavior, and conflict. Media coverage started with a moral dilemma about killing a “rogue” coyote who appeared aggressive in eating a cat and small livestock transitioned to depicting coyotes largely as unfriendly, and this is transitioning again to reflect the scientific reality that coexistence is likely the only viable option, since the coyote range is expanding, and trapping and removal often exacerbate conflicts. Since 2010, news reports of coyote sightings and human–coyote encounters in The Seattle Times articles post-2010. There are a number of organizations in addition to the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife that have worked to educate the media and public in ways that establish coexistence with coyotes as a norm among the public. Among others, these include the University of Washington and the Seattle Coyote Study [The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife  notes thte Study , which ite Study , and thete Study  to documTogether, this suggests that media coverage and evolving science regarding coyotes in the Seattle area are in alignment. More specifically, the norms and behaviors outlined by the state, which are based in science and communicated through the media, will not only benefit humans, but support the wellbeing of urban wildlife broadly, which includes animals such as bobcats, raccoons, bats, and squirrels in this area. Los Angeles Times, readers are exposed to coyotes as invaders, wreaking havoc on the community. In contrast, the narrative in The Boston Globe is more like the later years of The Seattle Times, minimizing negative portrayals of the entire species and instead focusing on individual problem animals and how humans have contributed to or created these issues. Boston is unique in that media coverage of urban coyotes is relatively new, only surfacing in The Boston Globe in 2011, which was also when there began to be greater awareness that lethal removal methods are ineffective and that coexistence is the only strategy to promote wellbeing among species. It is likely that the city’s limited history with coyotes delayed coverage in ways that allowed its major paper to start its coverage with content that aligns with current scientific consensus, framing the animal with more neutral or friendly language and priming residents for coexistence measures without problematizing the entire species. Media coverage of coyotes in Boston, MA, has not changed much over the past decade, with the first and most of the subsequent articles focusing on either neutral content or coexistence in ways that align with the scientific consensus. In the Like CA and WA, the state of MA is clear about the need to coexist with coyotes, but there are a few differences in terms of protections. In MA, coyotes are referred to as a shy and elusive furbearing species by the Division of Fishers and Wildlife . The claThe Boston Globe has avoided vilifying the species and promoting widespread extermination efforts, the paper is, at a minimum, unlikely to have a negative impact on efforts to promote coexistence measures. In fact, recent coverage suggests it is likely helping raise awareness about the importance of coexistence. For instance, in light of increased coyote sightings, in 2022, the MSPCA, which is one of the nation’s first animal advocacy organizations, launched a campaign to encourage coexistence. The campaign was headed by MSPCA’s Elizabeth Magner, PhD, who has historically refused to assert that coyotes are a problem, instead referring to the issue as a “non”-problem while advocating for human behavior adjustments to protect humans and support coyotes in their ecosystem functions [It is beyond the scope of this paper to assess whether more friendly media coverage of coyotes in Boston has contributed to better management strategies or increased support for coexistence, but evidence from other species and places suggests this is likely the case. Further, we feel confident asserting that, because unctions . The effFriendliness is a pillar of coexistence ,31,32. AMedia is a powerful tool when it comes to human–wildlife interactions and conflict. Negative depictions of conflicts that are caused by humans but blamed on the animal—such as feeding wild animals and prompting an attack—can rapidly change public perception of wildlife and reduce support for coexistence ,82,83. WMedia depictions vary considerably across localities but across the three newspapers, friendly language correlated with discussions of coexistence, while unfriendly language correlated with negative portrayals and discussions of lethal management. Over the past 23 years, a significant amount of coverage has also provided neutral, fact-based information about the species. Although knowledge about a species has a less direct effect on public opinion and support for management strategies than affective feelings , it playThere are several limitations to our study. First, though the survival of the friendliest theory is useful in helping us think about why framing and friendliness language matter, the theory focuses on utility in a way that may be culturally contingent. Utility is a culturally specific way of viewing human–animal relationships that may not resonate with all cultures, particularly those of Indigenous peoples . ConsequThere are several areas for future work. Our analysis demonstrated significant differences in the type and scientific soundness of coverage across urban environments. Although past work suggests these differences likely help explain the distinct public opinion and policy debates across these localities, future work should investigate this directly. For all cities considering strategies to improve human–coyote coexistence, news coverage of coyotes should be analyzed and used to inform management strategies, with the specific acknowledgement that widespread antifriendly coverage may not only mean the public is less familiar with coexistence measures but also less primed to support these policies. All strategies should consider the influence of mass and social media and start by addressing literacy gaps among media outlets in understanding and presenting coyote science. Educating media outlets about coyote science and how to present stories about coyotes to promote positive outcomes may more beneficial than simply educating the public, whose opinions about management are most strongly shaped by affective feelings. As it stands, it appears that negative media portrayals that counter scientific consensus and promote sustained conflict or eradication likely make it harder for advocacy groups and state departments to promote coexistence. Across all cities interested in management strategies, studies to assess public perception and associated behaviors to avoid human–coyote conflict are needed. These studies should be triangulated with an assessment of media coverage to assess causal inference.Ultimately, to promote coexistence, reframing messages about coyotes from problem and pest to important cohabitant is likely key in limiting conflict. Family focused messages highlighting the benefits the species brings and educating the public about coyote safety are most effective in influencing prosocial and pro-coyote behaviors . When fa


The long-term survival rate of hematological malignancy patients with Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM)-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia is poor, but nutritional rehabilitation effects in such patients are unknown. Here, two cases of older hematological malignancy patients in whom nutritional rehabilitation was effective against GLIM-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia are reported. By undergoing nutritional rehabilitation, the myeloma patient increased her six-meter walking speed and her maintained body mass index (BMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), and hand grip strength, whereas the Hodgkin lymphoma patient regained his hand grip strength and maintained his BMI, ASM, and six-meter walking speed. The etiological criteria for malnutrition have been divided into “decreased food intake/assimilation” and “disease burden/inflammation.” GLIM criteria did not establish any criteria for “disease burden/inflammation.” Multiple myeloma and Hodgkin lymphoma are chronic diseases involving inflammation. Malnutrition severity is confirmed using the following BMI cutoff values: moderate malnutrition, BMI <22.0 kg/m2, and severe malnutrition, BMI <20.0 kg/m2. GLIM-defined malnutrition has been associated with a higher mortality risk, independent of age and duration of diagnosis, in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies, such as lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma [Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM)-defined malnutrition  and sarc myeloma .2 in men and <5.7 kg/m2 in women by BIA. Low muscle strength was defined as hand grip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women. Low physical performance was defined as a six-meter walking speed <1.0 m/second. Sarcopenia was diagnosed when the hand grip strength or six-meter walking speed and ASM met the above criteria. The five-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates are significantly lower in classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients than in those without sarcopenia [The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria (AWGS 2019 criteria) [rcopenia  reportedWe previously discussed the usefulness of nutritional rehabilitation for sarcopenia in a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma . The patCase oneAn 88-year-old woman was referred to our hospital from the Department of Hematology of another hospital in February 2021 for a follow-up of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. At presentation, she was afebrile, and physical examination revealed no skin changes, lymphadenopathy, or hepatosplenomegaly. The patient was followed up in outpatient visits every three months thereafter. She also had diabetes mellitus, which was treated with oral medications at a clinic near her residence. On March 7, 2022, a complete blood test revealed anemia (hemoglobin (Hb) = 9.2 g/dL; normal range = 13.6-18.3 g/dL). Serum and urine protein electrophoresis showed M protein, immunoglobulin (Ig) D-λ M proteinemia, and positive urinary Bence-Jones protein , C-reactive protein , creatinine , and β2-microglobulin  were observed. However, the estimated glomerular filtration rate  was decreased. Serum albumin  and lactate dehydrogenase  were within normal limits. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) showed no osteolytic lesions. The patient had Stage II disease according to the Revised International Staging System for multiple myeloma [As the patient was diagnosed with severe malnutrition and sarcopenia, a rehabilitation program combining exercise and nutritional intervention was initiated, and chemotherapy was implemented Figure . DiabeteTherefore, DLd therapy was discontinued on day 11. Although the serum CRP level improved after the DLd therapy Figure , the patCase twoAn 86-year-old man was referred to our hospital from the Department of Internal Medicine of another hospital on June 23, 2022, to investigate the cause of left cervical lymphadenopathy and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels. He had been diagnosed with classical Hodgkin lymphoma  at another hospital in 2011 and had undergone six courses of ABVD (doxorubicin/bleomycin/vinblastine/dacarbazine) therapy  to obtai2, 27.2 kg, and 1.46 m/second, respectively. The AMS and hand grip strength were reduced, and the patient was diagnosed with sarcopenia. Next, we investigated the presence of malnutrition using the GLIM criteria. The malnutrition risk is screened using the MUST [2. Therefore, he was diagnosed with severe malnutrition.The swollen left neck lymph node was biopsied, and the patient was histopathologically diagnosed with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (lymphocyte-rich). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy showed no lymphoma lesions. PET-CT revealed lymphoma cell infiltration into the left cervical lymph nodes Figure . His heithe MUST . The patAs the patient was diagnosed with severe malnutrition and sarcopenia, a rehabilitation program combining exercise and nutritional intervention was initiated, and chemotherapy was implemented Figure .He was treated with intravenous brentuximab vedotin every three weeks  as salvaDuring hospitalization, the patient regained hand grip strength, the serum Alb level remained >3.2 g/dL, body weight, BMI, ASM, six-meter walking speed, Cr, and eGFR remained almost unchanged, and Hb did not increase to normal values Figures -8.The cause of anemia was diagnosed as renal anemia. The patient had no adverse effects other than mild numbness of the fingers during the treatment.Adverse outcomes associated with malignancy-related malnutrition have been widely reported, including, but not limited to, a decrease in treatment tolerance and increased mortality ,14. AddiWe attempted nutritional rehabilitation to eliminate malnutrition and sarcopenia. There are no established exercise and nutritional regimens for managing malnutrition, as defined by the GLIM criteria, or sarcopenia as defined by the AWGS 2019 criteria. Furthermore, there have been no reports on how malnutrition and sarcopenia can be improved in patients with multiple myeloma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Moreover, nutritional therapy with exercise prescriptions for men with prostate cancer is thought to offer a long-term, multi-health benefit for managing cancer-related fatigue . NutritiFurthermore, because malnutrition, as defined by the GLIM criteria, and sarcopenia are considered adverse prognostic factors for older adult patients with hematological malignancies , hematolOur case series has some limitations. We provide empirical data that two older hematological malignancy patients for whom nutrition rehabilitation was effective against GLIM-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia. Our case series was a retrospective analysis with a small sample size and no long-term survival data. In the future, we intend to conduct a prospective study to clarify these limitations.This is the first report showing that nutritional rehabilitation might be effective against GLIM-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with hematological malignancies. In our view, hematologists should evaluate the existence and severity of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients before starting chemotherapy. Furthermore, we strongly hope that a clinical trial be conducted to investigate whether nutritional rehabilitation is effective against GLIM-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia in older hematological malignancy patients.


Video highlights are welcomed by audiences, and are composed of interesting or meaningful shots, such as funny shots. However, video shots of highlights are currently edited manually by video editors, which is inconvenient and consumes an enormous amount of time. A way to help video editors locate video highlights more efficiently is essential. Since interesting or meaningful highlights in videos usually imply strong sentiments, a sentiment analysis model is proposed to automatically recognize sentiments of video highlights by time-sync comments. As the comments are synchronized with video playback time, the model detects sentiment information in time series of user comments. Moreover, in the model, a sentimental intensity calculation method is designed to compute sentiments of shots quantitatively. The experiments show that our approach improves the F1 score by 12.8% and overlapped number by 8.0% compared with the best existing method in extracting sentiments of highlights and obtaining sentimental intensities, which provides assistance for video editors in editing video highlights efficiently. With the boom of online video websites, more and more people are likely to watch videos online. Those websites not only bring convenience in watching videos but also provide functions for people to make comments on videos. However, since a huge amount of videos are uploaded to the websites every day, it is hard for one to watch every minute in the videos. In this circumstance, audiences may prefer to watch video highlights, which are composed of excellent video fragments instead of watching entire videos.Video highlights are a crucial aspect of video content as they provide audiences with a condensed version of the most interesting and meaningful parts of the video. However, the process of manually editing these highlights is time-consuming and labor-intensive, making it essential to find a more efficient way to locate the video highlights. In recent years, sentiment analysis has emerged as a promising approach of automatically recognizing sentiments of video highlights using time-sync comments.Time-sync comments (TSCs) are messages that users send while watching a video to express their thoughts and feelings about what they are seeing. These comments appear on the screen at the moment they are made and reflect the users’ mood during that particular segment of the video. By analyzing the time-sync comments, we can gain insights into the emotions of the viewers and even predict the emotional trajectory of the video. In this paper, we mainly conduct experiments on Chinese time-sync comments. These comments are often used to express various emotions and moods, ranging from happiness and excitement to sadness and frustration. For example, viewers may leave comments like “OMG” or “lol” to express their amusement or laughter, while comments such as “so sad” or “heartbreaking” can indicate a feeling of sadness or sympathy.By analyzing the sentiment of time-sync comments, we can detect sentiment information in the time series of comments and use this information to extract the most interesting or meaningful parts of the video. Furthermore, we can quantify the sentimental intensity of these shots using a sentimental intensity calculation method.In this paper, we propose a TSC-based sentiment analysis model to extract highlights from videos and calculate their sentiment intensity. The main contributions include: (1) a sentiment fragments detection model for videos using TSC data is proposed to detect video fragments with strong sentiment from videos, (2) a highlight extraction strategy is designed to find video highlights, and (3) a sentiment intensity calculation method for video fragments is constructed in order to compute sentiments of video fragments quantitatively.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Time-sync comments, first introduced in academia , are widThe time stamp is synchronized to the shot’s playback time in the video . TSCs arThe work of video highlight extraction is mainly carried out by editors of online video websites manually. In order to extract highlights in videos, those editors have to watch the whole videos first. Then, they select video fragments that are interesting and may be welcomed by audiences. Lastly, the video fragments are re-edited and re-organized as video highlights. As such work is inefficient, it is necessary to provide a method that can extract interesting video fragments automatically. Recently, some researchers have begun to use TSCs for video highlight extraction. One work proposes to use “global + local” sentiment analysis to find highlights . AnotherMany researchers have focused on detecting sentiment using image-based approaches. A number of researchers track the human face ,11,12,13As the textual approaches have those advantages, many efforts have been directed to text-based analysis ,34,35,36In conclusion, while researchers primarily focus on tasks such as video classification and video clip recommendation using TSCs, they often overlook the potential of using TSCs for video highlight extraction and calculating the sentimental intensity of those highlights. Therefore, we propose a four-step strategy for extracting sentiment highlights in videos, which involves identifying and grouping together adjacent video fragments that share similar sentiment. Moreover, we introduce a strategy for quantitatively measuring the sentimental intensity of a highlight, taking into account not only the types of sentiment implied but also the strength of the sentiment within each type. By employing these strategies, we aim to enhance the understanding and representation of contents having various sentiment within videos.OMG standing for surprise, LOL meaning happiness, and 233333 expressing a laugh in habits of people who are using TSCs. The time stamp records the playback time of a video shot, and it is synchronized to the comments on the shot.A time-sync comment is composed of text-based comments and time stamps. The comment is usually a sentence of fewer than 20 words. Sometimes it is a text symbol representing an emotion, such as Forrest Gump. In the figure, Is she Jenny?! and She is beautiful are two TSCs on the shot whose playback time is 13:43, and He was shot and It’s so affecting are another two TSCs that are synchronized to the time stamp 54:13.She is beautiful reflects that the sentiment of the current shot is close to LIKE rather than HATE. In addition, It’s so affecting means that the fragment close to the playback time 54:13 contains a positive sentiment instead of a negative one.The sentiment features of a video shot are indicated by TSCs. For example, v be a video. Let v, respectively. Let v. We have Let v, where i-th fragment and I is less than v is approximately Let Suppose v, where i-th highlight and j-th fragment in v.Let k types of sentiments. Let k types of sentiments for the highlight Suppose there are v, and b is described as a tuple b’s comment, which is a set of words or text symbols, b’s time stamp, and b. Let v. Let w, and w. In the case of tuple Let The notations defined are listed in Under the formal description, the problems of sentiment highlight extraction and sentiment intensity calculation are defined. The two problems are described as follows.(1)Problem of Sentiment Highlight Extraction:v and Given a.b.For any c.d.(2)Problem of Sentiment Intensity calculation:S. For any Given As fragments in the same highlight reflect similar sentiment, the problem of highlight extraction is how to gather fragments that have similar sentiment together. If the problem is solved, we can obtain a set of highlights, A strategy of sentiment highlight extraction is used to extract highlights in a video by gathering video adjacent fragments that have similar sentiment together. It is mainly composed of four steps: (1) TSC vectors of all fragments are constructed, (2) similarity matrices of all fragments are generated to measure similarities among user comments, (3) feature similarity of each fragment is calculated, and (4) the highlight score of each fragment is calculated. The processes of the strategy are shown in We construct a TSC vector, j-th row and k-th column in A similarity matrix is generated for each fragment. It reflects the similarities of comments from different users on the same fragment. A similarity matrix, After obtaining the similarity matrix m fragments before Since The feature similarity of fragment Firstly, highlight scores of all fragments are calculated in order to decide which fragments are put together in the same highlight. The larger TSC density a fragment has, the stronger sentiment the fragment manifests. It is attributed to the fact that people prefer to express their opinions when they feel a fragment is interesting or meaningful, which makes the number of TSCs increase.Next, fragments that have high highlight scores are selected as single highlights.A highlight score of a fragment indicates the possibility that the fragment is considered as a highlight. The higher a fragment’s highlight score is, the higher is probability that the fragment may become a highlight.A highlight threshold, After that, relevant single highlights are merged into one highlight. For any two fragments, Under the strategy, a fragment will be merged with its neighboring fragment if the two fragments are relevant in sentiment and both of them are single highlights. Moreover, three or more adjacent fragments can be merged as a highlight.v. A highlight, Lastly, a highlight set is obtained by putting all the highlights together. We can obtain a highlight set, A strategy of sentimental intensity is used to measure the strength of sentiment for a highlight quantitatively. It reflects not only which sentiment types the highlight implies, but also how strong the highlight’s sentiment is in each type. In this paper, we choose TSCs in Chinese language to analyze sentiment intensity because Chinese is the most popular language in TSCs. For TSCs in other languages, the sentiment intensity can still be calculated using grammar rules of the languages and conventional sentiment analysis methods such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) in the same way.v. For a highlight Using the strategy of sentiment highlight extraction, a set of highlights, Let I am a little bit happy and I am very happy express the sentiment of HAPPY, but the sentiment of the second sentence is much stronger than that of the first one. It is attributed to the fact that very is an adverb whose weight is much greater than a little bit. Another example, I am happy, shows the sentiment of HAPPY, while I am not happy describes a sentiment opposite to HAPPY, i.e., probably SAD.Through linguistic analysis, sentiments implied in a sentence are impacted by some special words in the sentence. In the case of TSCs, there are three categories of special words, which are emotional words, adverbs, and negative words. An emotional word in comments expresses some kinds of sentiments and their intensity. An adverb strengthens or weakens sentiment intensity for a comment. A negative word changes the meaning of a comment completely. For example, both the sentences k types of sentiments, and j-th sentiment type.Emotional words in Most words in TSCs can be covered by the dictionary. However, there are some new terms that are not included in the dictionary. For those emotional terms that exist in D, can be obtained through a dictionary of adverbs. Similarly, negative words in Like a sentiment intensity, Suppose there are k is the number of sentiment types, and j-th sentiment type in According to the definition in (a)There is neither an adverb nor negative word in (b)There is no adverb but there are (c)D, and There is no negative word but there is one adverb in (d)D, and There are both adverbs and D, and D, the sentiment intensity of W is the parameter to weaken sentiment intensity, D, and If there are The sentiment intensity of j-th word group in I is the interval between From the processes above, we can obtain the sentiment intensity of each word group, The sentiment intensity, A TSC dataset that includes approximate 16 million TSCs is used to evaluate the performance of our proposed work. The TSCs are collected from 4841 online videos, which contain movies, animation, TV series and variety shows.http://ir.dlut.edu.cn/info/1013/1142.htm (accessed on 1 May 2023)), provided by the Dalian University of Technology, is used to build up our sentiment dictionary. In the dictionary, each word is related to a sentiment intensity, a 7-dimension vector. Each dimension represents one of seven kinds of sentiment, which are happy, good, angry, sad, afraid, hate, and shock.Emotional words ontology Sentiment highlight F1 score, calculated by equation(2)Overlapped number count, which is the number of overlapped fragments between highlights extracted by our proposed approach and the baseline highlights.In the experiments, the highlight threshold, n (MTER) , and (3)Slumdog Millionaire. Therefore, our method performs more stably with respect to the method proposed by Ping. In summary, we find that the experimental results of our proposed method are better than MTER [From the experimental results, we can see that our method with BERT has a higher F1 score than other methods with regards to action–adventure movies, comedies, fantasy movies, crime movies, and drama movies. This shows that our method has better universality for different categories of movies. However, in the genre of horror and thriller movies, the experimental results of our method are slightly worse than those proposed by Ping . We spechan MTER  and Pinghan MTER . The expAs can be seen from Charlie Chaplin and Secret Superstar overlapped numbers of these methods are high while the Pacific Rim overlapped numbers of these methods are low. Charlie Chaplin is a comedy movie with a relaxing and cheerful emotional tone, which increases the probability of audiences using straightforward emotional words such as “2333”, “funny”, and “interesting”. Similarly, in Secret Superstar, a movie with a profound conceptual theme, the plot twist can elicit a strong emotional response from audiences, leading them to express straightforward emotional words more frequently.The results of our experiments show that different types of movies yield different results. Specifically, we found that the movie genre affects the emotional response of audiences, which in turn impacts the use of emotional words in the TSCs. For instance, the Pacific Rim, audiences tend to pay more attention to fight scenes and special effects rather than the emotional content of the movie, resulting in a lower probability of using similar, straightforward emotional words. As a result, we observed a higher overlap in the emotional words used by audiences for Charlie Chaplin and Secret Superstar, and a lower overlap for Pacific Rim.In contrast, for action movies such as To investigate the influence of various similarity measures on experimental results, we conducted experiments using different similarity measures in conjunction with BERT. The employed measures encompassed the Euclidean distance, Pearson correlation coefficient, Manhattan distance, Minkowski distance, and cosine similarity. The experimental results, shown in We randomly selected one movie of each type from Charlie Chaplin is a comedy. The movie’s emotional fundamental key is relaxing, so the good dimension value is much higher than other dimensions. Furthermore, the sentiment intensity of Secret Superstar distributes on each dimension much more evenly instead of focusing on the same dimension. This is also in line with our expectations. Secret Superstar is a movie with various sentiments, which means its sentiment is complicated, and audiences may have quite different views on the same sentiment highlight.In To evaluate performance of the strategy of sentiment intensity calculation, we invited three experts who are professional in movie appreciation to label the sentiment intensity for each sentiment highlight.After comparing sentiment highlights and intensities with their corresponding movie shots and origin TSC data, we found that our sentiment intensity can describe the sentiment information for sentiment highlights very well.In this paper, a time-sync-comments-based sentiment analysis model aimed at extracting sentiment highlights from videos and measuring sentiment intensity for highlights using TSCs is proposed. A four-step approach to extract video highlights and a strategy for calculating sentiment intensity are proposed, enabling the quantitative assessment of sentiment within these video highlights. The experimental results not only show that our approach improves the F1 score by 12.8% and overlapped number by 8.0% compared with the best existing method in highlight extraction, but also indicate a sentiment distribution in line with the corresponding movie scenes. Moreover, the proposed approach can be widely used for TSCs in various language. Strategies of sentiment highlight extraction and sentiment intensity calculation proposed in this paper focus on Chinese TSCs, but they can work on other languages by replacing grammar rules and sentiment analysis methods in other languages.In the future, prior knowledge will be considered in highlight extraction strategy in order to improve the performances for those movie genres such as action, horror and thriller movies. Then, the sentiment dictionary will be continuously extended to increase the performances of sentiment intensity calculation.