They found that when face-to-face consultations are an option, video consultations are perceived as providing insufficient added benefit over telephone to justify their additional operational complexity. While discussing their findings, Greenhalgh et al reference Rogers2 in identifying that the adoption of any innovation is contingent on whether potential adopters perceive any benefit over existing practice. So, it appears that this innovation has not caught-on because GPs do not perceive it adds sufficient value in terms of clinical care.Newly published research by Greenhalgh At first sight this could suggest that video consulting in primary care was a temporary response to the COVID-19 pandemic and therefore has had its day. However, there is another perspective to consider — the education perspective. GPs may not perceive that video consultations confer sufficient advantage for clinical care, but what about for clinical education? From this perspective, video consultations could be a gamechanger.3,4 They have also established the feasibility of medical students undertaking consultations from their own homes.4 These studies suggest video consultations may confer a number of practical benefits for clinical education. First, they do not require clinically equipped consulting rooms, or for students to travel to a healthcare facility to undertake consultations. Second, they provide insight into people’s living conditions, giving valuable learning around the social context of patient presentations. They also enable clinical learners to access patients who may be too medically vulnerable to justify a face-to-face conversation where there is no discernible clinical benefit for the patient. Furthermore, they allow multiple clinical learners to participate in real-time consultations while being geographically dispersed.Recent studies have elicited the perspective of primary care-based educators and medical students in relation to remote consulting.5 potentially precipitating their withdrawal from teaching. Transporting learners to distant primary care centres may provide access to unused teaching capacity and diverse population groups, but that has a financial and environmental cost. Some use of students undertaking off-site video consultations may help mitigate these problems. While, from a situated learning point of view,6 this may not provide students with the same experience as being physically located at a GP practice, its potential to enable high-quality clinical supervision could partially compensate for lack of physical presence.Healthcare facilities are overflowing with medical students and other work-based learners. With the increasing need to accommodate new advanced practitioner roles, practices are running out of consulting rooms,Video consultations could therefore offer access to educationally valuable cultural contexts/patients, unlock extra teaching capacity, and contribute to environmentally sustainable medical education.Video feedback on in-person consultations has long been a pillar of primary care education. This has, however, often been plagued by practical and technical challenges, such as inadequate audio or clunky consent processes. Video consulting, on the other hand, can circumvent many of these challenges, enabling simple production of high-quality recordings and the potential for integrated consent processes.7 for clinical learning, allowing the educator to deftly guide the clinical and teaching dialogues in the ‘trialogic’ relationship between patient, learner, and clinical teacher.8 Whereas the in-person trialogue demands careful eye contact and proxemics to avoid the patient interacting primarily with the doctor, video allows the doctor to literally fade out, such that the learner occupies the driver’s seat, then fade back in. At this point, the GP educator can take opportunities for clarification and safety netting, for authentic involvement of the patient in the teaching encounter and for immediate feedback to the learner based on direct observation.Furthermore, we argue that video consultation has unique affordances9 and authenticity of experience is thought to be a key ingredient.10 So, if GPs rarely use video consultations would we be straying beyond authentic general practice experience if students started getting primary care consulting experience this way? We believe that, as in the case of face-to-face consultations and telephone consultations, it all depends on how these consultations are delivered and supervised.Quantity of exposure to authentic general practice teaching is thought to increase its attractiveness as a career choice to students,‘seeing their own patients and running their own clinics’,11 and experiencing a degree of supervised clinical autonomy .10 Similarly, medical students undertaking remote GP consultations find the educational value and enjoyment of the experience to vary hugely depending on the degree to which they experience clinical responsibility/autonomy3 and consult with acutely presenting patients.4Authenticity seems to involve students So, if student video consultations involved masses of students passively observing a live video consultation, it would be no more authentic than joining a 19th century audience at the operating theatre. But, if a student is working through their own video clinic list with a tutor popping in and out of the virtual consulting room (or staying in with the camera off) then surely this is authentic? One might argue that it even offers advantages, both ergonomic and subtly pedagogic, over a conventional parallel surgery. Of course, traditional physical examination skills cannot be practised, but there is opportunity to focus closely on a gestalt assessment of wellness, and to consider what can be examined with a webcam.Until video consultation becomes part of our routine clinical practice, leveraging its potential for clinical education will be a challenge. However, education can be a driver for change — and rightly so given that healthcare systems (and thus patients) are dependent on the supply of trained healthcare workers.3 Clinical supervisors could be provided with effective tools, guidance, and techniques for embedding video consulting into the learning process. IT infrastructure that explicitly supports off-site medical student video surgeries might help overcome perceived barriers, as could educator development that focuses on ‘immunity to change’12 mindsets. Finally, the ability to appropriately select and use a range of consultation modalities, including video, could be added to the General Medical Council’s generic professional capabilities framework.Various approaches could be taken to promote the use of video consultations in clinical education. Quick win pilot projects  could help demonstrate the added value of video consulting in clinical education. In medical student teaching, ‘video first’ surgeries for medical student teaching could be encouraged.Video consultations may not be the silver bullet we hoped for with regards to clinical care but we believe they could be a gamechanger in clinical education — and ultimately this benefits both learners and patients. As those involved in delivering and leading clinical education, we perceive some major educational benefits of video consulting. A growing body of evidence supports this view, but without proactive leadership to overcome potential resistance, and without wider adoption, the lessons and skills learned during the COVID-19 pandemic are at risk of being quickly forgotten. Strategies are therefore needed to enable the use of video consultations in the primary care workplace and harness the benefits they offer for clinical education.


It addressed aspects of malnutrition in inpatients and outpatients at Southampton General Hospital, using the ‘Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (‘MUST’), which was launched the previous year. To understand why the article became highly cited, it is necessary to briefly consider certain events leading up to and following the publication of the article.) and nutrition screening tools were based on different criteria, developed for different purposes, age groups and settings,5. Screening was either not undertaken or undertaken haphazardly, often with tools that were unreliable, unvalidated and sometimes lengthy and not user-friendly. Furthermore, since some screening instruments were developed for use in only one care setting, or for specific condition(s) and age group(s) (e.g. ≥65 years), they could not be used universally for clinical or surveillance purposes, either within the same care setting or during the patient journey between care settings. And since the criteria used by different tools varied, concordance between them could be poor. A patient’s nutritional status could ‘change’ during their transfer from one hospital ward to an adjacent ward using a different screening tool. There was clearly a need to improve nutritional screening and care.The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition was formed in 1992, with the primary aim of improving the nutritional care of people at risk of malnutrition in various settings. This multidisciplinary organisation, which included doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists and patients, enthusiastically set out to examine the burden of malnutrition in the UK. However, it struggled to do this, not least because there was no universally accepted definition of malnutrition , current weight status according to the BMI (the present) and the likely forthcoming direction of change . It allows nutritional screening to be undertaken in all care settings on all types of adult patients, even in those who are unconscious, unable to be weighed or have their height measured. It uses objective criteria whenever possible and subjective criteria when necessary, and it links screening results to management plans. However, there was little information in peer reviewed journals about the use of ‘MUST’ in any setting, until the publication of the BJN article.After working on such problems for several years, the Malnutrition Advisory  Group of British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, launched the ‘MUST’ tool together with its influential report, ‘The “MUST” report’, which defined malnutrition and produced an extensive database of the physiological and clinical principles underpinning the new tool highlighted three issues associated with the management of malnutrition in hospital. First, it established nutritional status of 348 hospital consecutively admitted inpatients in medical, surgical, specialist surgical  and elderly care wards, as well as 50 consecutive patients attending a gastroenterology outpatient clinic. It found 19–60 % of the inpatients and 30 % of the outpatients were at risk of malnutrition (medium and high risk). It reinforced the view that malnutrition was a common and widely distributed clinical problem in hospital. Since nutritional screening was often not undertaken, much malnutrition went undetected and untreated, at great cost to the patients and care services.The articleκ, 0·255–0·893; i.e. from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ agreement). Furthermore, with ‘MUST’, the prevalence of malnutrition was significantly lower than with the undernutrition risk score (URS) tool in general surgical wards (19 % v. 35 %). Compared with the mini nutritional assessment tool , the prevalence according to ‘MUST’ was significantly higher in gastrointestinal wards (47 % v. 60 %) but significantly lower in elderly care wards (44 % v. 85 %). From this study alone, it is difficult to establish the superiority of one tool over another, and therefore screening tool selection needs to consider other issues. Among these are: tool validity and reliability, which were absent or inadequate for some tools; the age group(s), setting(s) and condition(s) for which tools were developed; the use of predominantly objective or subjective criteria and the ease and speed of screening. Certain tools incorporated puzzling criteria. For example, in the URS tool increased appetite and constipation were risk factors for malnutrition. However, in patients with disease-related malnutrition, there is usually loss of appetite rather than increased appetite, and in those with inflammatory bowel disease, there is typically diarrhoea rather than constipation.Second, in the absence of a gold standard for malnutrition screening, the study established the concurrent  validity between ‘MUST’ and other screening tools. In twelve paired comparisons between ‘MUST’ and seven other tools in various wards and an outpatient clinic, there was agreement in 67–92 % of patients and chance adjusted agreement in 25·5–89·3 % , but support grew to include additional Royal Colleges  and other governmental and non-governmental organisations. Many national policies and reports on malnutrition, based on the ‘MUST’ framework, were launched, some in the House of Commons with ministerial support. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence produced guidelines on nutritional support in adults (which cited the BJN article) and a quality standard on nutritional support, both of which accepted and used the ‘MUST’ framework. Economic reports on malnutrition and its treatment, published by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and other organisations, were also based on the ‘MUST’ framework. Furthermore, government reports and commercial companies producing products for nutritional support supported the use of the ‘MUST’ framework, while drawing attention to publications on the prevalence and management of malnutrition. To combat high workloads in clinical practice, a prototype automated electronic system for MUST screening was recently used in outpatients. It reduced screening time from 3 to 5 min, at the time publication of the BJN article, to well under a minute.The article became highly cited for a variety of reasons, many of which were related to the quest to develop and routinely use a practical national organisational infrastructure to improve the detection, treatment and monitoring (or surveillance) of malnutrition, using sound and consistent criteria for clinical and public health purposes. It was realised that it would be difficult to implement policies, examine trends over time and make interinstitutional comparisons without using consistent criteria that applied within and between care settings and during the patient journey from one care setting to another. The BJN article was one of the first articles to illustrate that malnutrition could be detected and managed using the ‘MUST’ framework in both hospitalised patients and free-living community patients attending outpatient clinics. Apart from emphasising that malnutrition was a common clinical problem, it offered a management plan . Within a few years ‘MUST’ became the most commonly used screening tool in hospital, community and care home settings, eclipsing all previous screening tools in the UK The BJN article on malnutrition in hospitals both contributed and resulted from systematic efforts to improve detection and treatment of malnutrition in the UK. Although nutritional care has improved since the publication, malnutrition remains an important clinical and public health problem. Much work still needs to be done including the following: increase awareness about the burden of malnutrition, which continues to be under-recognised and under-treated; support and facilitate continuity of care during the patient journey from one setting to another and encourage self-screening, especially since face-to-face consultations have declined during the ongoing COVID pandemic.


Under the hit of the epidemic, an increasing number of young people exchange and purchase goods by watching and resorting to mobile short video advertisements. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the influence mechanism of mobile short video advertising on the consumption behavior of young people. This study develops a theoretical framework including fashion, socialization, entertainment, personalization, brand, psychological needs, satisfaction, and consumption behavior using a stimulus–organism–response (SOR) theory. The data from 332 young people using mobile short video advertising revealed that psychological needs exerted significant impacts on satisfaction, mediating the advertisements, and consumer satisfaction. The attributes of advertising, including fashion, socialization, entertainment, personalization, and branding, significantly promote young people’s psychological needs and satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction affects consumer behavior, and in the same manner, fashion and brand attribute directly impact consumer satisfaction. The mobile short video is a new communication media using smartphones as the medium. It is characterized by timeliness, interaction, socialization, fragmented time consumption, independent fashion, and creative expression . In receAs mobile video advertising occupies an increasing proportion of commercial advertising , the corCompared with traditional video advertising, short video advertising contains more information but takes less time. By accurate implantation into different fragmented periods of consumers, it can build product brand image through long duration and repetitive play to stimulate the desire of consumers to buy. Mobile short video advertising is a highly comprehensive form of advertising performance with social and entertainment attributes  and the The theoretical framework of the present study is developed based on the adaptation of the SOR model  and the Psychological needs result from continuous interaction between users and external stimuli . The psyThrough sorting out relevant literature on mobile short video advertising, this study summarizes the attributes of the advertising of different dimensions. On this basis, the influence of mobile short video advertising on the consumption intention of young college students and its corresponding mechanism are explored.Socialization means that consumers or users purchase products and establish connections with each other  which seHypothesis 1 (H1). The socialization of mobile short video advertisements has a positive impact on the psychological needs of young consumers.The second attribute of mobile short video advertisements is entertainment. Entertainment refers to the enjoyment and pleasant psychological emotions generated in consumers or users during and after using products . Young cHypothesis 2 (H2). The entertainment of mobile short video advertisements has a positive influence on the psychological needs of young consumers.Personalization is the third attribute of mobile short video advertisements. It refers to the degree of conformity between information content and personal preferences . With thHypothesis 3 (H3). The personalization of mobile short video advertisements exerts a positive influence on the psychological needs of young consumers.The fourth attribute of mobile short video advertisements is fashion. Fashion refers to something in an established state in a certain period with admiration from a considerable number of consumers . GeneralHypothesis 4 (H4). The fashion attribute of mobile short video advertisement has a positive influence on the psychological needs of young consumers.Hypothesis 5 (H5).The fashion attribute of mobile short video advertisements has a positive impact on the satisfaction of young consumers.The fifth attribute of mobile short video advertisements is branding. The product brand is an important factor affecting consumer behavior and is influenced by the price and quality of products . The quaHypothesis 6 (H6).Branding of mobile short video advertisements has a positive influence on the psychological needs of young consumers.Hypothesis 7 (H7).Branding of mobile short video advertisements has a positive impact on the satisfaction of young consumers.The sixth attribute of mobile short video advertisements is psychological needs. Based on the consumption process in modern society, consumer behavior is a kind of psychological need of consumers . ConsumeHypothesis 8 (H8). Psychological needs have a positive impact on the satisfaction of young people.Hypothesis 9 (H9). Psychological needs play an intermediary role in the relationship between mobile short video advertising factors and the satisfaction of young people.a (H9a)Hypothesis 9. Psychological needs play a mediating role between fashion and the satisfaction of young people.b (H9b)Hypothesis 9. Psychological needs mediate the relationship between socialization and the satisfaction of young people.c (H9c)Hypothesis 9. Psychological needs mediate the relationship between entertainment and the satisfaction of young people.d (H9d)Hypothesis 9. Psychological needs mediate the relationship between personalization and the satisfaction of young people.e (H9e)Hypothesis 9. Psychological needs mediate the relationship between brand and the satisfaction of young people.In the process of understanding human intention and behavior, one of the fundamental elements is to comprehend human needs . Use andHypothesis 10 (H10). Satisfaction has a positive impact on the consumption behavior of young people.Based on the SOR model, this article intends to explore the influence of different types of short video advertising factors on the consumption intention of young people, as shown in In this article, questionnaires are designed on the platform of Wenjuanxing (China), and data resources are obtained by issuing questionnaires to young college students using mobile short videos. Each respondent is randomly allocated a red envelope ranging from 5 to 10 RMB. A total of 378 questionnaires were collected in this study, among which 46 received unclear answers, incomplete filling, and less than 2 min were deleted. The final number of valid questionnaires was 332. The sample description of the questionnaire is as follows: 124 male users, accounting for 37.63%; 208 female users, covering 62.6%; 94.0% of users are aged 18–26 years; and 98.9% of users obtained a college degree or above. The average time of daily Internet use was 6.55 h, of which 3.04 h were spent watching short videos on apps. A total of 94.5% of users spend less than 3,000 RMB on fashion products every month, of which 97.1% pay attention to fashion products less than 1,000 RMB. From the demographic characteristics of the data sample, this sample is well represented.All scales used in this study referred to scales similar to those studied at home and abroad and were tested with good reliability and validity. For the measurement of socialization and personalization, the study of Because data were collected in China, translation and back-translation were resorted to ensure the translation quality. First, we consulted two linguistic professors to comprehend the significance and readability of each item. The English questionnaire was then translated into Chinese with their help. Second, the Chinese questionnaire was translated into English by two students with master’s degrees. Third, we compared the translated items with the original English version. To ensure the consistency of the two English versions, we polished the translation and eliminated all inconsistencies.The Cronbach’s alpha average values of all scales in this study were above 0.9, indicating the high reliability of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the scale for discriminant validity and convergent validity, and items with a factor load lower than 0.5 were deleted. Finally, the standardized factor load of each question was greater than 0.5, the square-root extract average variance extracted (AVE) was greater than 0.5 , and the2/df of 2.355 (less than 3), RMSEA of 0.064 (less than 0.80), GFI of 0.857 (close to 0.90), CFI of 0.955, and NFI of 0.925. Moreover, other indicators are greater than 0.90. This indicated the good fitting degree and acceptability of the model (P < 0.001) was significant, supporting hypothesis 1. In the hypothesis test of the influence of entertainment and personalization on psychological needs, entertainment  and personality attributes  had a positive and significant impact, testifying hypotheses 2 and 3. In the hypothesis test of the influence of fashion on psychological needs and satisfaction, fashion  had a significant and positive effect, verifying hypotheses 4 and 5. In the hypothesis test of the influence of branding on psychological needs and satisfaction, brand  had a significant and positive effect, confirming hypotheses 6 and 7. Finally, psychological needs had a positive influence on satisfaction , and satisfaction had a positive influence on consumption behavior , confirming hypotheses 8 and 10. Taken together, all hypotheses are significantly valid, and the structural equation model is shown in AMOS 24.0 was used for structural equation model analysis, with model fitting χhe model . The resp < 0.05), supporting hypotheses 9a–e.In this study, AMOS24.0 was used to analyze the mediating effect of psychological satisfaction on the relationship between the consumption attributes and consumption behaviors of college students. Bootstrap was set to 5,000 times to build confidence interval . As showBased on SOR theory, this study investigated the influence of the attributes of mobile short video advertising on the consumption behavior of young people through literature review and analysis. The results showed that the socialization, fashion, entertainment, personalization, and branding attributes of mobile short video advertising had positive impacts on the psychological needs of young people. Among them, fashion, branding, and psychological needs have a positive influence on the satisfaction of young people, the satisfaction directly affects consumer behavior.The findings of this study are expected to make the following contributions. First, based on the SOR theoretical model, multiple paths of different attributes of mobile short video advertisements on psychological needs, satisfaction, and young people’s consumption behavior are constructed. Under the influence of different attributes, the relationship between these attributes and the psychological needs and consumption behavior of young people is analyzed. Besides, this study explored and discussed new mobile short video attributes and verified the previous research results . Second,The consumption behavior of young people is affected by both external and internal factors. The interaction of the two types of factors will exert different effects on psychological needs . PsycholThis article provides the following recommendations. First, the focus should be on advertising content and features should be highlighted from multiple angles. When merchants and business provide short video advertising for young people, they should give full consideration to their unique brand advantages and potential value to meet the demands of consumers for fashion, personalization, and branding based on positive and safe advertising content. In particular, the advertising content should cater to the psychological needs of young people, such as short video copywriting, video, personal preferences, pictures, sound effects, and other innovative elements, to meet their psychological needs and strengthen their loyalty constantly. In the meantime, with the application of IP effect, brand value, and its advantage, user needs can be gradually satisfied, which improves users’ interaction and increase customer stickiness.Second, a “circle” culture is encouraged to be built with multi-dimensional interaction and communication. When presenting fashionable short video advertisements for young people, merchants can build a unique “circle” culture of fashion products through the entertainment and socialization behind advertisements and form a multi-dimensional exchange and interaction among young people, merchants, and fashion groups. As a result, merchants can directly and efficiently obtain the needs of young people for fashion content. Moreover, merchants and fashion groups can also transmit more fashion information to young consumers, promoting multi-dimensional  information communication and interaction, satisfying the emotional belonging and existence of consumers when they use mobile short video advertising, which can generate resonance and induce feeling expression between consumers and business. Therefore, businesses must perfect the functions of advertising platforms, strengthening the interactions between virtual and reality, and satisfying the multi-needs of consumers.Last but not least, this study advocates businesses to establish a new profit model, coconstructing the ecological chain model between business and consumers, accurately analyzing the consumption groups, lessening or deleting unfavorable advertisements, and designing more innovative and emotional advertisements, which can generate more consumption behaviors and promote the sustainable development of mobile short video advertising healthily.Through this model, each young college student can play a leading role in the short video. Under the effect of their mutual influence, the psychological needs of young people can be satisfied, and thus their consumption behavior can be stimulated. Finally, a consumption pattern of “point to line, line to plane” will be formed to drive economic recovery and prosperity in the post-epidemic era from the consumption level.Our findings enrich the literature on mobile short video advertising factors, SOR models, and consumption intentions of young age groups. Nevertheless, there are some limitations. First, as the COVID-19 pandemic is under effective control, the shopping environment combining online and offline shopping will be a new development trend, and future studies should test the model in different scenarios, such as online perceptions and offline experiences, to complement each other. Second, the data used in this study are mostly collected from the young student group and do not involve numerous social groups of young people. Therefore, whether similar consumption behaviors can be generated under the influence of mobile short video advertising factors remain to be explored. Third, due to time and space constraints, the sample in this study may not accurately represent all groups of young people. For this reason, different regions should be included and compared in future research, such as the East and West, to expand the sample size and improve the representativeness of the study. By doing this, more insights will be provided in mobile short video advertising.The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.Ethical review and approval were not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.KT wrote the draft of the manuscript. WX contributed to the samples of the research. LH played a major role in the technical support. DL and WW gave support to the data analysis. LZ gave guidance on the methodology. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Penicillium chrysogenum (Family: Ascomycota) comprises a panel of chemically diverse natural metabolites. A meleagrin alkaloid was isolated from deep-sediment-derived P. chrysogenum Strain S003 and has been reported to exert antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of meleagrin on pulmonary fibrosis. Lung fibrosis was induced in mice by a single intratracheal instillation of 2.5 mg/kg bleomycin. Mice were given 5 mg/kg meleagrin daily either for 3 weeks after bleomycin administration in the treatment group or 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after bleomycin administration in the protection group. Bleomycin triggered excessive ROS production, inflammatory infiltration, collagen overproduction and fibrosis. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was attenuated by meleagrin. Meleagrin was noted to restore the oxidant–antioxidant balance, as evidenced by lower MDA contents and higher levels of SOD and catalase activities and GSH content compared to the bleomycin group. Meleagrin also activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway and inhibited TLR4 and NF-κB gene expression, with a subsequent decreased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines . Additionally, meleagrin inhibited bleomycin-induced apoptosis by abating the activities of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 while elevating Bcl2. Furthermore, it suppressed the gene expression of α-SMA, TGF-β1, Smad-2, type I collagen and MMP-9, with a concomitant decrease in the protein levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, phosphorylated Smad-2, MMP-9, elastin and fibronectin. This study revealed that meleagrin’s protective effects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antifibrotic properties. Notably, the use of meleagrin as a protective agent against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was more efficient than its use as a treatment agent.The Red Sea marine fungus  Pulmonary fibrosis is the most common interstitial lung disease with a high mortality and morbidity due to its progressive and irreversible nature. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inflammatory cells infiltration, fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts, eventually leading to extracellular matrix protein deposition into the lung parenchyma irreversibly destroying the lung architecture ,2.Triggering factors, such as environmental toxins , infections, acute pulmonary injury or inflammation, connective tissue disorder, radiation therapy and chemotherapeutic agents , have been demonstrated to attribute to the persistent progress of pulmonary fibrosis . BleomycAnti-inflammatory drugs have a therapeutic potential on early pulmonary inflammation and subsequent scarring; however, their use does not halt fibrosis progression. Therefore, lung transplantation is considered a more effective therapeutic option . RecentlThe marine environment possesses unique biological and chemical characters that play a vital role in the discovery of many drug leads for the treatment of various diseases. Marine fungi have been widely distributed and diversified taxonomically, and it is estimated that there are approximately greater than 10,000 marine fungal species. Most marine fungi are pertaining to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota families . They arPenicillium is an ascomycetous fungus that is of major importance in food and drug production. Penicillium species are a rich treasury of various natural metabolites of pharmaceutical and medicinal values +. The 13C NMR ) spectral data: δC 65.4 (1-OCH3), 101.6 (C-2), 52.5 (C-3), 126.1 (C-3a), 124.9 (C-4), 122.8 (C-5), 128.5 (C-6), 111.3 (C-7), 146.5 (C-7a), 109.5 (C-8), 141.8 (C-9), 159.2 (C-10), 123.6 (C-12), 167.0 (C-13), 108.5 (C-15), 125.5 (C-16), 134.3 (C-18), 136.8 (C-20), 42.6 (C-21), 141.8 (C-22), 111.3 (C-23) and 29.7 (C-24 and 25). The 1H NMR  spectral data: δH 3.73 , 7.57 , 7.09 , 7.26 , 6.98 , 5.50 , 8.27 , 7.30 , 7.59 , 6.12 , 5.05 , 5.11 , 1.24  and 1.34 . As a result of comparing the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data with those previously reported in the literature [Meleagrin,  was obta, 42.6 C-, 141.8 (p < 0.05). The administration of meleagrin either as a treatment agent (bleomycin + meleagrin group) or as a protective agent (meleagrin + bleomycin group) caused a significant decrease in the levels of MDA, along with a significant increase in the antioxidant GSH, SOD and catalase in the lung tissue relative to the bleomycin control group. Notably, the use of meleagrin as a protective agent led to significantly lower levels of MDA, but significantly higher levels of catalase when compared with their levels in the lung tissue of the bleomycin + meleagrin group (in group .p < 0.05). Mice that received meleagrin either as a treatment (bleomycin + meleagrin) or as a protection (meleagrin + bleomycin) had a significantly higher Nrf2 expression and HO-1 level in the lung tissue compared to the bleomycin control group. Notably, the lung HO-1 level was significantly higher in the meleagrin + bleomycin group relative to the bleomycin + meleagrin group (The Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was investigated in the current study . Meleagrin group .p < 0.05). Meleagrin, in both the treatment (bleomycin + meleagrin) and protection (meleagrin + bleomycin) groups, could significantly downregulate NF-κB, TLR4 and TNF-α expression and lower IL-6 and IFN-γ levels in the lung tissue in comparison with the bleomycin control group. Interestingly, the expression of NF-κB, TLR4 and TNF-α in the protected mice (meleagrin + bleomycin) was significantly lower than their expression in the treated mice (bleomycin + meleagrin)  .p < 0.05). The use of meleagrin in both groups significantly decreased the percentage of positive stained area in the case of caspase-3 . Treatment with meleagrin (bleomycin + meleagrin group) caused a significant decrease in caspase-3 and Bax levels and a significant increase in Bcl-2 levels compared to the bleomycin group. Similarly, the prior administration of meleagrin (meleagrin + bleomycin group) significantly decreased caspase-3 and Bax levels and increased Bcl-2 levels relative to both the bleomycin group and the bleomycin + meleagrin group . The anti-fibrotic capability of meleagrin was evidenced by the downregulation of type I collagen, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad-2 and MMP-9 expression in the lung tissue in both the treated (bleomycin + meleagrin) and the protected (meleagrin + bleomycin) groups. The current study suggests that the use of meleagrin as a protective agent against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was more efficient than its use as a treatment agent. This was emphasized by the significantly lower expression of type I collagen, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad-2 and MMP-9 in the lung tissue of the meleagrin + bleomycin group relative to the bleomycin + meleagrin group . The administration of meleagrin as either a protective or a treatment agent significantly decreased the levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, phosphorylated Smad-2 and MMP-9 in the lung tissue relative to the bleomycin group. Consistent with their gene expression results, the lung protein levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA and MMP-9 in the meleagrin + bleomycin group were significantly lower than their levels in the bleomycin + meleagrin group (p < 0.05)  A–D.p < 0.05). Elastin and fibronectin levels were significantly decreased by the administration of meleagrin either before or after bleomycin, with their levels further declined in the meleagrin + bleomycin group compared to the bleomycin + meleagrin group , whereas the protected group (meleagrin + bleomycin) showed great improvement, evidenced by minimizing the destruction of alveolar walls and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by bleomycin .Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease with an unproven etiology, a poor prognosis and limited therapies. One of the crucial hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis is the excessive production of extra cellular matrix (ECM) , which is associated with enhanced fibroblasts proliferation and transformation to myofibroblasts . BleomycIn this study, bleomycin was used to induce pulmonary fibrosis by single dose intratracheal administration, leading to inflammatory and fibrotic manifestations. Biochemical and functional changes during the early stages in bleomycin-administered animals have been noted to resemble those observed in human lung fibrosis . It has Indeed, the redox status and oxidant–antioxidant balance have been previously reported to exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis . ConsistNrf2 is a key transcription factor that regulates the cell response to oxidative stress. Under non-stimulus conditions, it is kept bound to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and is thus retained in the cytoplasm, where it is subjected to Keap1-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Cell exposure to oxidative stress triggers Nrf2 nuclear translocation, binding with antioxidant response elements (ARE) on DNA and the enhanced expression of phase II detoxification enzymes and HO-1 with pronounced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects . HoweverAs previously reported, the damage and apoptosis of pulmonary tissues is one of the primary pathological features of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mitochondria have been shown to be involved in the apoptotic process via an altered mitochondrial outer membrane permeability, which is triggered by the oligomerization of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in the mitochondrial outer membrane to form transition pores resulting in the subsequent release of cytochrome and activation of caspases leading to apoptotic cell death. Bcl-2, however, could inhibit cell apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation . In harmp < 0.05), further confirming the results of profibrotic markers gene expression. Moreover, the administration of bleomycin caused a significant increase in the lung levels of the extracellular matrix proteins elastin and fibronectin compared to the normal control group.A growing body of evidence strongly supports the essential role of elevated cytokines in the development of the second fibrotic phase by virtue of their ability to regulate myofibroblast aggregation and the increased synthesis and accumulation of several ECM components, including collagens, fibronectin and elastin. Such ECM components are known to influence myofibroblast differentiation and participate actively in the fibrotic process in the lung. The overexpression of TNF-α and IL-6 has been previously reported to induce ECM components synthesis and TGF-β expression and stimulate fibroblast proliferation ,38. TGF-Current biochemical investigations were also supported by histopathological evaluation. In agreement with previous reports , bleomycGiven the limited availability of effective candidates against pulmonary fibrosis, the identification of innocent anti-fibrotic agents is urgently needed . RecentlThe indole alkaloid meleagrin, isolated from Penicillium species, was recently proposed as a promising novel antibiotic agent by virtue of its potential antibacterial activity. In addition, Mady et al.  assessedTo the best of our knowledge, there is no report studying the impact of meleagrin administration against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and its possible role on ECM proteins and myofibroblasts proliferation in pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of meleagrin and elucidate the mechanism of its therapeutic efficacy against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by comparing the oxidant–antioxidant, inflammatory, apoptotic and fibrotic status. The data obtained from the study showed the protective effect of meleagrin treatment (5 mg/kg) as evidenced by the reversal of biochemical and histological changes induced by bleomycin.Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. restored the oxidant–antioxidant balance, protecting against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In addition, it has been reported that indole-6-carboxaldehyde (I6CA), a natural indole derivative from the marine brown algae Sargassum thunbergia, reversed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by reducing ROS accumulation, thereby protecting against oxidative stress. Additionally, I6CA significantly promoted Nrf2 expression and enhanced HO-1 activity [In the present model, pre- and/or co-treatment with meleagrin boosted the levels of antioxidant enzymes and resulted in lower contents of MDA and higher levels of SOD and catalase activities and GSH content compared to the bleomycin group. Therefore, the protective effects of meleagrin against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis can be partly attributed to its potent antioxidant activity. Similarly, Zhao et al.  have repactivity . Interesactivity . In harmAlstonia scholaris have been shown to suppress IL-4 and IFN-γ levels [Furthermore, several indole alkaloids have been demonstrated to exert an anti-inflammatory effect. In this regard, decreased TNF-α and TLR4 expressions and inhibited NF-κB activity have been observed with vinpocetine. Additionally, the NF-κB pathway has been shown to be inhibited by indole-3-carbinol (I3C). Another indole alkaloid, isorhynchophylline (isorhy), has been found to alleviate pulmonary inflammation by suppressing IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 release . In addiγ levels . In lineErythrina velutina, hypaphorine, inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by abating pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 activities while elevating Bcl2 expression [More importantly, it has been previously reported that an indole alkaloid from pression . ConsistE. rutaecarpa, reduced the expression of several factors, including α-SMA, collagen-I, collagen-III and TGF-β1, attenuating hypoxic-induced right ventricular remodeling in rats [Moreover, decreased expressions of α-SMA and collagen-1, diminished MMPs activity and an inhibited TGF-β1/Smad pathway have been reported to contribute to the anti-fibrotic activity of various indole alkaloids . Rutaeca in rats . In addi in rats . Interes in rats . In harmImportantly, the administration of meleagrin alone without bleomycin did not elicit any pathologic changes on the lung tissue function and structure, indicating a lack of potential to induce toxic effects.Penicillium chrysogenum Strain S003. The present study provides evidence that meleagrin exerts a protective effect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Such a protective effect could be attributable to restoring the oxidant–antioxidant balance through reducing MDA contents and elevating the activities and levels of antioxidant molecules. Importantly, the administration of meleagrin either as a protective or a treatment agent effectively modulated the Nrf-2/HO-1 cascade, downregulated NF-κB, TLR4 and TNF-α gene expressions and lowered IL-6 and IFN-γ levels. In addition, pre- and/or co-treatment with meleagrin inhibited bleomycin-induced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by reducing pro-apoptotic Bax activity with a simultaneous increase in the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 level leading to diminished caspase-3 activity. Interestingly, the anti-fibrotic activity of meleagrin was attributed to the downregulation of type I collagen, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad-2 and MMP-9 gene expression, with a concomitant decrease in the protein levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, phosphorylated Smad-2, MMP-9, elastin and fibronectin in the lung tissues. Furthermore, its administration amended the histopathological changes induced by bleomycin. In general, the use of meleagrin as a protective agent against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was more efficient than its use as a treatment agent. This study supports the implication of meleagrin for future clinical use in lung fibrosis therapy.In conclusion, meleagrin is an indole alkaloid isolated from deep-sediment-derived


The participants included heavy drinkers, light drinkers, and non-drinkers from a wide range of occupations and educational backgrounds. Thematic analysis was conducted to uncover common alcohol expectancies. Results: Six themes emerged from this study. Four themes that were commonly reported in the literature were the negative consequences of drinking, social bonding, confidence enhancement, and tension reduction. The study also uncovered two culturally relevant alcohol expectancies: health benefits and business drinking expectancies. In contrast to Western samples, Chinese young adults did not report drinking expectancies related to cognitive enhancement or increased sexual interest. Conclusion: Alcohol harm reduction strategies will need to address the positive drinking expectancies uncovered in this study. Future policy discussions in this emerging alcohol market region should consider greater scrutiny of the role of alcohol marketing in the propagation of positive drinking expectancies.Background: Alcohol expectancies, i.e., the perceived consequences of drinking, have been reported to be important factor in predicting drinking behaviors. However, studies in the Asia region were largely limited to school-based samples. This study aimed to be the first to explore drinking expectancies among urban Chinese young adults. Methods: In 2020, eight focus group discussions were conducted with Hong Kong Chinese young adults aged 18–34 ( According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3 million deaths per year and 5.1% of disability-adjusted life years worldwide are attributed to the harmful use of alcohol . These dAlcohol expectancies, i.e., the perceived positive or negative consequences of consuming alcohol, were widely used to explain drinking behaviors, particularly among younger-aged drinkers. The expectancy theory posits that expectancies are formed in a memory-based cognitive learning process whereby a specific behavior becomes associated with certain consequences . UnsurprAlthough there is no consensus definition of young adulthood, this life stage can range from the legal age of majority through one’s twenties and even one’s thirties ,28. In cHong Kong is a high-income Chinese city of about 7.5 million people and a major financial hub of Asia . Since 2n = 53) in Hong Kong. Focus groups encourage interaction between participants and are especially useful for exploring topics that are influenced in part by social norms and expectations, such as alcohol consumption. Due to social distancing restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, all focus groups were conducted online and recorded with the permission of the participants for later transcription and data analysis.In order to explore drinking expectancies in Chinese young adults, we conducted eight focus group discussions during October and November 2020  were mentioned by many. Some respondents reported negative emotional effects, such as the loss of emotional control:There was a time when I had an emotional breakdown after a night of drinking. I became so emotional and couldn’t stop crying”. .“Although negative physical and emotional effects were mentioned as expectancies, negative consequences on interpersonal relationships were not reported, even among heavy drinkers.The theme of increased confidence was the most frequently stated belief when discussing the expectancies of alcohol. This theme was salient to drinkers of all levels. They believed that drinking made them feel more confident and powerful. The effect was also reported to be beneficial in both social and dating situations, as people found it a lot easier to express themselves and felt confident talking to a member of the opposite sex when they were drunk. As the words of a participant show:I tend to bottle up all my emotions because I don’t want to be shown as weak or emotional. I find that I can only express my grievances in daily life, work, or personnel relations with my friends when I am tipsy”. .“All participants reported tension reduction or stress release as a benefit of alcohol consumption. They saw drinking as a way to reduce stress for themselves and others. They expected that alcohol consumption could provide a way to relieve tension and stress from school and work. In addition to providing a form of relaxation, some binge drinkers reported using intoxication to escape from their problems. However, they were aware that alcohol can only provide a temporary cure and the problem persisted after they sobered up. In the words of one heavy-drinking participant:The moment I have a drink, I just don’t think [about my problems]. Although the problem persists after I sober up, but that moment of being worry-free helps”. .“Social benefits were a positive consequence of engaging in alcohol that was described by all participants. Alcohol was regarded as essential for socializing with peers. Participants felt that they fit into their social circle when they drank with peers and, most importantly, that they were being accepted by others:Drinking helps me fit in in my social group and bond better with my peers. Being able to drink is essential to make friends, especially in [university] residential halls. If I don’t drink, I feel left out”. .“Moreover, participants found it easier to open up about themselves and make friends when drinking. Therefore, alcohol served as a social lubricant in social settings. Moreover, drinking was considered by some to add to the celebratory atmosphere of social events and improve conviviality:Drinking is a good way to celebrate any special occasion, whether it is birthday or holiday. Having a drink just put you into a better mood”. .“Drinking was thereby seen as a way to enhance the positive mood of a gathering.Participants believed in a variety of work-related benefits of drinking, particularly among the 25–34-year-old drinkers. In Hong Kong, banquets are common in business settings. Participants found it necessary to drink for corporate events and to socialize with work colleagues:Drinking is necessary for corporate events”. .“Young non-drinkers also held such an expectancy, as they had seen many business deals come from dinner tables in which alcohol was served as an essential lubricant in movies and television shows. In the words of a participant:Drinking can improve work relationship with colleagues”. .“In addition to serving as a facilitator to work-related functions, many of the respondents also felt that being able to drink would improve their image in the eyes of their work peers and colleagues. Hence, drinking was seen as a “job-skill” by those who wished to be successful in their career see .Perceptions of positive health benefits of drinking were prevalent among our group of young adults, particularly among female drinkers. Although the purported cardiovascular benefits of drinking were later clarified to be non-applicable to younger age individuals, other health beliefs were commonly held. Red wine, Japanese plum wine, and traditional Chinese herbal wine were all believed to have health benefits. In addition to the widely promoted health benefits for heart and blood circulation, other health benefit expectancies included skin benefits  and improvements to general body strengthening, similar to views promoted in Traditional Chinese Medicine:I believe that drinking red wine is good for my skin. There are also some Chinese herbal wines that is good for the skin, help detox, and strengthen my body”. .“Additionally, drinking was seen as a way to improve appetite for meals and, thereby, improve health:Some food pairing with drinks is essential. Like you must have Korean fried chicken with beer and steak with wine. Drinking makes me have a greater appetite and eat more”. .“These health benefits appeared to have both specific health benefits , as well as more general benefits .Although increased sexual interest and cognitive enhancement are common domains included in various survey instruments ,11, noneTo the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first qualitative study to examine the perceived alcohol expectancies in a Chinese young adult age group. Of the six identified drinking expectancies, four expectancies  had been previously reported in other regions, confirming the importance of these expectancy domains to this age group ,13,58,59For this young adult age group, drinking was believed to have interpersonal benefits that extended not only to social settings but also to business/work contexts. Confidence, social bonding, and business drinking were believed to be enhanced by alcohol consumption and were much more important than physical gratification from drinking. This finding is similar to Qian et al.’s study (2018), which found that young Chinese drinkers attached high importance to social/celebratory reasons for drinking . We noteWith regard to non-social drinking expectancies, tension reduction and health benefits were the positive expectancies noted in our study, which were counterbalanced by perceptions of the short-term negative physical/emotional effects of drinking. Our findings echoed a recent marketing survey that found that 77% of Chinese consumers cited “health” reasons and 61% of the female respondents cited “beauty” for drinking wine . AlthougIn contrast to findings from Western studies ,68,69, dPrevious research found that positive drinking expectancies mediate the effect of alcohol advertising on drinking behaviors ,18,19,20This study had several limitations. First, the small number of participants might not fully represent the views of Hong Kong young adults. However, care was taken to include a range of drinking levels, educational backgrounds, and occupations. Nonetheless, our focus group participants had somewhat lower levels of disposable income (based on their household incomes) than those in the general population of young adults. The drinking expectancies of high-income young adults may differ and may need to be examined in future studies. Second, the young adults’ drinking expectancies may not be generalizable to other age groups. However, the purpose of this study was to examine the association of drinking behaviors in an age group that is heavily targeted by alcohol marketing and most at risk of alcohol harm. Third, the motivations of the non-drinkers were not examined. Future studies may, therefore, examine the factors that influence the non-uptake of drinking, as well as the cessation of drinking behaviors in young adults. Fourth, because the study was based on self-reported data, the findings might be influenced by social desirability biases. Nonetheless, with confidentiality and anonymity assurances, these biases should be moderate. Lastly, although China has experienced a period of rapid development, during which young and affluent drinkers are part of an emerging drinking culture, the experiences of Hong Kong drinkers may not fully reflect those in other cities in China. Studies conducted on Chinese adolescents found that the adoption of Western values and cultural orientation increased positive drinking expectancies ,77. SincThis research was an initial exploratory study to examine commonly held alcohol expectancies among Chinese young adults. Further analysis will be performed on the result to generate a culturally relevant alcohol expectancy questionnaire. Future applications of the questionnaire in health promotion, clinical settings, and research may contribute to reducing the harm associated with alcohol use among young adults. The results of this initial study may not be immediately generalizable to the larger population, but it may serve as a springboard for future longitudinal studies and initiate dialogue to continue to examine culturally unique factors that influence young people’s drinking. Future longitudinal studies should also examine the changes in young adults’ alcohol expectancies before and after their exposure to alcohol marketing to establish the influence of alcohol advertisements on viewers’ drinking expectancies. The study also highlighted the fact that alcohol expectancies were highly influenced by social and cultural norms. Hence, it is recommended that culture-specific drinking expectancy tools be developed and used for assessing drinking behaviors in non-Western countries.In light of the present findings, prevention programs that target young adults’ drinking should address the commonly held expectancies of alcohol use. The combination of self-perceived health and interpersonal benefits of drinking under the backdrop of limited alcohol marketing regulation reinforced the positive perceptions about alcohol consumption. The culturally relevant expectancies uncovered in this study should be considered in future policy discussions about alcohol marketing regulations in this region.


Rhizoctonia -A, AG-Fa, AG-K, and AG-W) and 192 strains of multinucleate Rhizoctonia , which are the causal agents of potato stem canker or black scurf, was studied using metatranscriptome sequencing. The number of contigs related to mycoviruses identified from BNR and MNR was 173 and 485, respectively. On average, each strain of BNR accommodated 2.62 putative mycoviruses, while each strain of MNR accommodated 2.53 putative mycoviruses. Putative mycoviruses detected in both BNR and MNR contained positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and negative single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) genomes, with +ssRNA genome being the prevalent nucleic acid type (82.08% in BNR and 75.46% in MNR). Except for 3 unclassified, 170 putative mycoviruses found in BNR belonged to 13 families; excluding 33 unclassified, 452 putative mycoviruses found in MNR belonged to 19 families. Through genome organization, multiple alignments, and phylogenetic analyses, 4 new parititviruses, 39 novel mitoviruses, and 4 new hypoviruses with nearly whole genome were detected in the 258 strains of BNR and MNR.In this study, the diversity of putative mycoviruses present in 66 strains of binucleate  Monilinia fructicola [Phytophthora infestans [Colletotrichum higginsianum [Mycovirus, first reported in 1960 ,3,4. Mosucticola , sporulanfestans , and patinsianum ,11,12, winsianum . Moreoveinsianum .Rhizoctonia hosted more than 100 mycoviruses, and most of them were isolated from multinucleate Rhizoctonia  (including R. solani anastomosis group (AG)-1, AG-2, AG-3 PT, and AG-4) and belonged to 8 families, namely Partitiviridae, Mitoviridae, Narnaviridae, Endornaviridae, Hypoviridae, Totiviridae, Bunyaviridae and Fusariviridae, and a proposed family Bipartitiviridae [Rhizoctonia  including AG-Ba (R. fumigate), AG-DΙ , and AG-Bb (R. oryzae-sativae), and belonged to four families  and a proposed family Bipartitiviridae [It was documented that iviridae ,18,19,20iviridae ,24,25,26Rhizoctonia [R. solani isolates (whose anastomosis groups or subgroups were unknown) collected from the United States of America (USA) was investigated. Twenty-seven mycoviruses with positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA), negative single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA), and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes belonging to nine families  were found [R. solani AG-2-2LP, which belonged to seven families  and five proposed families  [R. solani AG-1-IA isolates causing rice sheath blight; among the five mycoviruses, two mycoviruses were unclassified and three mycoviruses with dsRNA and +ssRNA genomes belonged to the two families, Partitiviridae and Hypoviridae [However, the diversity of mycoviruses remains largely unknown and is greatly undervalued ,28,29,30zoctonia ,32,33. Tre found . Forty-sviridae) . Ten mycRhizoctonia is an economically important disease all over the world, leading to marketable yield losses of up to 30% [R. solani AG-3 PT is the main and the most aggressive causal agent of stem canker or black scurf on potatoes [Potato stem canker or black scurf caused by p to 30% . It is wpotatoes ,37,38,39potatoes ,43,44,45potatoes ,47, was potatoes ,50,51,52Rhizoctonia and the exploration of hypovirulent mycoviruses as biological control resources for controlling Rhizoctonia diseases on potato.Up to now, there are no reports focused on the diversity of mycoviruses associated with MNR causing potato Rhizoctonia diseases, to say nothing of the diversity of mycoviruses associated with BNR causing Rhizoctonia diseases on potatoes. In the present study, the diversity of mycoviruses present in 66 strains of BNR and 192 strains of MNR collected across China, which were the causal agents of potato stem canker or black scurf, were analyzed comprehensively and systematically by metatranscriptome sequencing. The results obtained in this study will provide a theoretical basis and data support for the genetic evolution of mycoviruses found in Sixty-six strains of BNR  and 192 strains of MNR  were used in this study , which ww/v) gel electrophoresis agarose was used. Finally, RNA samples were pooled to have the same final concentration (~200 ng/µL), resulting in two pools which were from BNR and MNR, respectively.For extracting total RNA, the 258 strains of BNR and MNR were cultured on PDA plates covered with cellophane film membranes (PDA-CF) at 25 °C in the dark for five days. Approximately 0.5 g of fresh mycelia were harvested from PDA-CF and ground to fine powder in liquid nitrogen, and then total RNA was extracted using TRIzol Reagent  according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The concentrations and quality of RNA samples were measured using an ultramicro spectrophotometer . To confirm the RNA integrity, 1.0%  and Agilent Technologies 2100 Bioanalyzer . The low-quality reads were filtered out to obtain high-quality clean reads. De novo sequence assembly was constructed using CLC Genomics Workbench version 6.0.4 software. The resulting final sequences were subjected to National Center for the Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant (NR) database and aligned using BLASTx to confirm the mycovirus-like contigs and classification status, nucleic acid type, and the virus best matched of these contigs.Metatranscriptome sequencing of the 258 strains of BNR and MNR was conducted by Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation using an Illumina X-TEN instrument with paired-end program. TruSeq Stranded Total RNA LT Sample Prep Kit  was used to establish sequencing libraries of strains of BNR and MNR from rRNA-depleted total RNA. Library quality was checked using Qubithttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/, accessed on 1 June 2022) was used to predict open reading frames (ORFs) of contigs related to mycoviruses obtained from metatranscriptome sequencing based on standard genetic code or fungal mitochondrial genetic code (whose number is 4). BLASTp and BLASTx were used to search for homologous mycoviruses against NCBI NR database. When the e-value is less than or equal to 1 × 10−5, the annotation result is considered reliable. Conserved Domain Database (CDD) , Protein Family (Pfam) database , and PROSITE database  were used to find conserved motifs of amino acid (aa) sequences of putative mycoviruses. The aa sequences alignments were conducted by CLUSTAL_X [NCBI ORF finder program . As a result, a total of 658 contigs were best matched with viral genomes, with 173 contigs and 485 contigs being found in BNR and MNR, respectively. Annotation results showed that 472 (71.7%) out of these 658 contigs had low identities (≤70%) of aa sequences with mycoviruses reported previously. Contig ids, length, best match (most closely related viruses), query cover, amino acid identity, and e-value were listed in Metatranscriptome sequencing was conducted based on the libraries of strains of BNR and MNR, and 11.34 GB raw data and 11.22 GB raw data were obtained from the libraries of strains of BNR and MNR, respectively. After filtering and de novo assembly, 99,951 contigs and 112,939 contigs were acquired from strains of BNR and MNR, respectively . HomologBenyviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Endornaviridae, Fusariviridae, Hypoviridae, Mitoviridae, Narnaviridae, Partitiviridae, Totiviridae, Mymonaviridae, and a proposed family Bipartitiviridae. Moreover, the two families (Virgaviridae and Rhabdoviridae) were only detected in BNR, while the eight families  were only discovered in MNR  and MNR  was the highest, followed by dsRNA putative mycoviruses , and -ssRNA putative mycoviruses .Partitiviridae were obtained in BNR and MNR, respectively. Among the seventy-four contigs, seven contigs (two from BNR and five from MNR) whose lengths are longer than 1.8 kbp .Ten and sixty-four contigs related to mycoviruses belonging to the family  1.8 kbp A were se 1.8 kbp  to perfoBetapartitivirus, while RsPV2-BNR, RsPV2-MNR, and RsPV12–15 were most closely related to members of the genus Alphapartitivirus  were revealed in the viral RdRp domain. Furthermore, GDD tripeptide  was found in motif VI B. Phylogitivirus C.Mitoviridae were found in BNR and MNR, respectively. Among the 227 contigs, 54 contigs (26 contigs found in BNR and 28 contigs found in MNR) whose lengths are longer than 3000 nt or which can encode complete RdRp was chosen to predict open reading frame (ORF) and perform multiple alignments. The contig ids, best matches, names, and GenBank accession numbers of the 54 mitoviruses were listed in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein, accessed on 1 June 2022) range from 500 aa to 900 aa, the lengths of aa sequences of RdRp of these 54 mitoviruses in this study are relatively longer than that of most mitoviruses reported previously.The 78 and 149 contigs related to mycoviruses associated with the family Among these fifty-four contigs, the length of aa sequence of four contigs (one from BNR and three from MNR) was shorter than 700 aa, the length of aa sequence of nine contigs (seven from BNR and two from MNR) ranged from 700 aa to 800 aa, the length of aa sequence of twenty contigs (eight from BNR and 12 from MNR) ranged from 800 aa to 900 aa, the length of aa sequence of twelve contigs (six from BNR and six from MNR) ranged from 900 aa to 1000 aa, and the length of aa sequence of nine contigs (four from BNR and five from MNR) were longer than 1000 aa. Ten contigs with these five length ranges (five contigs from BNR and five contigs from MNR) were chosen  and usedMitoviridae. Except for contig2511 (Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 1-BNR) which was clustered in clade I , Rhizoctonia solani hypovirus 9 (RsHV9), Rhizoctonia solani hypovirus 10 (RsHV10), and Rhizoctonia solani hypovirus 11 (RsHV11), respectively. The contig ids, best matches, names, and GenBank accession numbers of the four hypoviruses were listed in Hypoviridae; for example, the RdRp domain was contained in polyprotein of Fusarium graminearum hypovirus 2 (FgHV2) [Analysis of genome organization showed that these four hypoviruses all contained one +ssRNA encoding polyprotein A. The po (FgHV2)  but was  (FgHV2) . MultiplHypoviridae, but BRHV1 was relatively distinct from other hypoviruses within the family Hypoviridae  and seven families  were firstly found in BNR and MNR, respectively.Our study represents in detail the first record of the putative mycoviruses associated with strains of BNR and MNR causing potato stem canker or black scurf in China and perhaps worldwide using metatranscriptome sequencing. In this study, putative mycoviruses belonging to eight families  and Betapartitivirus (RsPV6-BNR). Especially, RsPV12–15 were new species of the genus Alphapartitivirus.The family spovirus ,64. Recespovirus , Hubei pspovirus , and Hubspovirus  belongedspovirus  and Aspespovirus  belongedspovirus , Alternaspovirus , and Delspovirus , were stMitoviridae was newly established according to the ICTV report 2019, which contained a single +ssRNA genome with approximately 3000 nt in length, and could not assemble virus particles [Rhizoctonia clustered into clade II, such as Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 2, Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 11, Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 22, Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 34, and Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 35. In this study, 26 and 28 mitoviruses whose lengths are longer than 3000 nt or which can encode complete RdRp were found in BNR and MNR, respectively. Except for Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 1-BNR (Contig2511) which was clustered into clade I, the remaining 53 putative mitoviruses were clustered into clade II. Collectively, mitoviruses found in Rhizoctonia might evolve together with their host fungi, and thus major sequence divergence in mitoviral genomes might not be induced [The family articles ,71. Phyl induced .Hypoviridae was proposed to contain three genera, namely Alphahypovirus, Betahypovirus, and Gamahypovirus [The family ypovirus ,74, and ypovirus , Fusariuypovirus , and Fusypovirus , could nypovirus . In the Hypoviridae could affect the phenotypes of hosts, especially for decreasing the virulence, which made hypoviruses be considered potential biocontrol agents [Many members of the family l agents ,77,78,79l agents ,77,78,79l agents ,81,82. WOur study expands the acknowledgment of the diversity of mycoviruses present in BNR and MNR and provides the resources for investigating the evolutionary relationship of mycoviruses detected in BNR and MNR. The influence of mycoviruses found in this study on their hosts, and the interactions of mycoviruses and their host fungi need to be studied further.


Current transformer saturation affects measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect current transformer saturation, especially during inrush current conditions. Several methods have been proposed in the literature, but some are unsuitable for inrush currents due to their particular waveform. The proposed algorithm implemented on the smart sensor uses two time-domain features of the measured secondary current: the second-order difference function and the third-order statistic central moment. The proposed smart sensor presents high effectiveness and immunity against noise with accurate results in different conditions: different residual flux, resistive burdens, sampling frequency, and noise levels. The points at which saturation starts are detected with an accuracy of approximately 100%. Regarding the end of saturation, the proposed method detects the right ending points with a maximum error of a sample. The smart sensor has been tested on experimental online and real-time conditions  with accurate results. Unlike most existing methods, the proposed smart sensor operates efficiently during inrush conditions. The smart sensor presents high-speed processing despite its simplicity and low computational cost. Current transformers (CTs) are essential instrumentation elements between power systems and protective relays or measurement devices. The main purpose of a CT is to reduce a large primary current to a smaller secondary level suitable for connected devices. The accurate reproduction of the CT primary current is a relevant concern. When a CT saturates (due to core nonlinearity), it provides distorted signals that reduce the measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability . The satThere are several methodologies to recover the primary current from distorted CT secondary current ,9,10,11.In , an algoUsing the shape differences between the distorted and undistorted sections of CT secondary current,  proposesOther methodologies with similar approaches, based on detecting the abrupt changes of the saturated current waveform, have been proposed in ,16,17. HRecent algorithms with different approaches have been developed ,19,20,21A hybrid method based on a physical and a data-driven model is proposed in  to detecIn , the autA Savitzky–Golay filter is used in  to detecOther methodologies are based on the frequency spectrum of saturated current ,23. ThesThis work proposes the design of an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect CT saturation through the combined use of two simple time-domain features of the measured secondary current: the second-order difference function and the third-order statistic central moment. A smart sensor is useful monitoring system with high-performance instrumentation and online signal processing for true real-time monitoring ,25. A smOne of the most promising technologies for designing and implementing efficient smart sensors is the field programmable gate array (FPGA) because of their inherent parallelism, high performance, reconfigurability, and low cost . Its parRegarding the saturation detection algorithm, using the third central moment of the secondary current helps the smart sensor to distinguish the abrupt changes in the inrush current produced by CT saturation from those abrupt changes caused by power transformer saturation, which the second-order difference function is not capable of doing. Another disadvantage of derivative-based approaches to detect saturation is that their accuracy decreases with noisy signals , but in The saturation detection algorithm has been tested offline with simulated signals of transformer energizations and fault currents contaminated with Gaussian noise. Then, the smart sensor was physically implemented and tested in online conditions using synthetic simulated signals with the help of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform, in order to verify if it can fulfill the real-time and noise immunity requirements of an industrial relay. The effectiveness of the smart sensor has also been tested at different sampling rates and against the use of an anti-aliasing low-pass filter, which can smooth the signal, affecting CT saturation detection.R2, and the inductance L2. In R2 are included the secondary winding resistance and the burden resistance, while L2 comprises the secondary leakage inductance and the burden inductance.u2, is given byi2 is the current through the secondary winding, which using the nodal rule can be expressed as a function of the primary current, i1, and the magnetizing current, im, asN1 and N2 are the primary  and secondary winding turns, respectively.The circuit of Lm, which has different values of inductance for different states of operation. It has a high value under normal conditions (it tends to behave as if it is similar to an open-circuit) and a low value (it tends to behave as if it is similar to a short-circuit) when the CT is saturated. The magnetizing current im is related to the flux by the saturation curve, a nonlinear function that characterizes the nonlinearity of Lm. For the saturation detection algorithm developed in this section, it is not necessary to know the CT saturation curve in detail, because the detection is based only on the shape of the measured secondary current. However, it is necessary to know the information about the core flux and its behavior.The magnetizing behavior of the CT core is represented by the nonlinear inductance, L2 because under application of modern numerical relays the burden can be considered fully resistive [Substituting Equation (2) in Equation (1) and neglecting esistive , the magAs stated in the previous section, there are two types of CT saturation: symmetrical and asymmetrical. The first one happens when the primary current is too large, so the secondary current is chopped (dropped abruptly to zero) during saturation intervals twice every cycle . The main interest in this paper is asymmetrical saturation, which happens when the applied primary current has high levels of DC offset, as is the case of the inrush currents in power transformers. With this type of CT saturation, the secondary current is saturated only once at each cycle and every during the same half cycle . X/R ratio of the analyzed system.It is important to highlight that even though the asymmetrical saturation is caused mainly by the DC offset, the magnitude current and other factors influence it. The time it takes for the CT to saturate, the duration of the saturation intervals, and the shape of the secondary current at the saturation intervals also depend on the impedance and type of connected burden, on the CT residual flux, and the X/R ratio of the power system in the case of a fault current, or by the transformer in the case of an inrush current. The inrush current magnitude is usually lower than fault current magnitude; however, its decaying time constant is larger.If there is residual flux with the opposite polarity of the current, more time is required for the CT to achieve saturation, while less time is required if they have the same polarity. The current magnitude also proportionally influences the time it takes for the CT to saturate: greater magnitude implies less time. The amount of time the CT is saturated is less at each cycle as the DC component decays, which is ruled by the Finally, the shape of the current during saturation intervals depends mainly on the burden. If it is purely resistive, the saturated current will drop abruptly to zero, but if the burden is also inductive, the saturated current has a slower decay. The development of saturation detection algorithms is essential because not all saturated waveforms are as evident as those shown in The proposed smart sensor is based on the second-order difference function to detect abrupt current changes and, therefore, when the saturation starts at each cycle.i2 at the n instant, can be obtained asn current sample and the last two previous samples.The second-order difference of the current As seen in A central moment is a statistic moment of a probability distribution of a random variable or discrete-time series about its mean; that is, it is the expected value of a specified integer power of the deviation of the random variable from the mean . A highem3, of a time-discrete series x(k) is defined as [N is the number of samples and moving version of the third central moment. If the window has a length of L samples, the moving third moment can be calculated asL − 1 samples between each adjacent window. The third central moment, fined as (6)m3=1NTH, equal to 0.05 pu;Set an initial threshold value, mTH3, equal to 0.003 pu;Set a third-moment threshold value, i2 and im2,3), with Equations (5) and (7), for the secondary CT current. To calculate im2,3, it must be considered an overlap L equal to 10 samples;Calculate in real time the two time-domain features  must be negative with an absolute value greater than the threshold value;If TH is negative, di2(n) must be positive and greater than the absolute threshold value;If To detect the first CT saturation inception at 6.TH value is updated with the third part of di2(n) value, corresponding to the first CT saturation;The 7.TH is positive, di2(n) must be positive and greater than the threshold. In addition, im2,3(n) or im2,3(n − 1) must be different from zero and with an absolute value greater than 3THm;If TH is negative, di2(n) must be negative and lower than the threshold value. Furthermore, im2,3(n) or im2,3(n − 1) must be different from zero and with an absolute value greater than 3THm.If The subsequent CT saturation inceptions are detected if:In order to detect a CT saturation inception due to a transient primary current, the following algorithm has to be accomplished:R2 values to obtain the CT flux. Because R2 scales the flux waveform, a pseudo-flux proportion to the actual flux can be obtained at the n time using the trapezoidal rule asIt can be assumed that at the saturation instant, the CT core flux is the same as when the saturation ends. According to Equation (4), the CT flux is proportional to the integration of the secondary CT current. It is necessary to know the residual flux pseudoflux magnitude falls below the magnitude corresponding to the saturation instant.Therefore, the end of the saturation interval can be determined when the instantaneous The block diagram of the general architecture of the proposed smart sensor is shown in measured CT secondary current signal.The primary sensor stage consists of a current sensor  connected to the secondary CT side. As explained in the The MicroLabBox incorporates analog to digital converters with a 16-bit resolution, a sampling frequency of 1 million samples per second (sps), and an input range from −10 V to +10 V. In this paper, the measured signal has been resampled internally in the DSPACE to reduce the sampling frequency to 4000 sps, which is in the range of the common sampling frequencies in digital relaying systems. The signal conditioning previous to the conversion includes a fully-differential isolation amplifier to obtain electrical isolation and a low-pass anti-aliasing filter, allowing the correct harmonic analysis.The FPGA-based processor is the smart sensor’s final stage, responsible for the CT saturation detection, performed by the two time-domain features processing cores, an integrator core, and a decision stage. All these cores are described in detail in the following subsections. This processor delivers the saturation indicator signal, which can be sent to another device so that an optional communication interface can also be implemented in the FPGA. The FPGA-based processor also includes the necessary drivers for proper communication with the DAS and the finite state machine (FSM), which is necessary to handle the operation of all the processing cores.The FPGA-based processor consists of two main stages. The first stage contains the two time-domain features processing cores and the integrator core, and the second stage decides whether there is saturation.These processing cores are fully implemented on a single FPGA (Xilinx Kintex-7 XC7K325T), and the authors fully developed them under Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) and the standard libraries from IEEE. Commercially available processing cores and libraries have not been used.x(n), STR, and SR, and two output signals, D2, and END. x(n) is the secondary CT current to be processed, a signal of 18-bit in a 2.16 fixed-point format. STR is a 1-bit indicator signal to start the calculation, and SR is a 1-bit signal to indicate to the processing core that a new x(n) sample is available to be read. D2 is the result of the processing core, an 18-bit signal with the same format as x(n). Finally, END is a 1-bit signal that indicates that a calculation has been finished and a new result is available to be read.x(n − 1) and x(n − 2). Each time a new sample is available at the input x(n), the two registers are enabled, so the last sample is stored, and the antepenultimate sample is discarded. There is another register to control the flow of the output result. The core also includes an FSM to control the enabling of registers and therefore the data flow. This FSM also handles the indicator signals .The processing core uses two parallel registers (Register 1 and Register 2) connected in cascade to store the last two input samples, L − 1 parallel registers connected in cascade to store the L − 1 last input samples. The input x(n) and the registers’ outputs, are connected through a multiplexor to a mean block. With the help of the multiplexor and a counter, the flow of current and past input samples can be controlled by the FSM. It is important to note that according to Equation (6), the mean of L input samples has to be subtracted from each sample, so the L samples must remain available until the mean calculation is finished. This is possible with the presented core design because the used FPGA has a base operating frequency (100 MHz) much larger than the sampling frequency. With two multipliers, the third power in Equation (6) is performed to finally obtain the mean again. The FSM handles all the indicator signals and the internal control signals for the mean blocks, registers, multiplexor, and counter.x(n) between the number of samples L, obtaining the mean . There is no division operator in the IEEE standard VHDL libraries, so it is necessary to design a digital structure for this purpose. The divider is based on a successive approximations register (SAR). This divider computes the division using a successive approximations approach. The SAR successively approximates the quotient value, comparing the quotient and divisor product, with the dividend until the product value is equal or very close to the dividend value.The mean structure, whose basic architecture is shown in x(n), the processing core stores the previous sample, which is added to the current sample and then multiplied by a factor of 0.000125, which corresponds to half of the sampling period, (t(n) − t(n − 1))/2. Finally, successive sums are computed with an accumulator to obtain the cumulative integral at any time.Finally, the decision stage is compounded by a simple peak detector and if-else decisions. L) and the word length of the samples . For a period clock of 10 ns and a sampling frequency of 4000 sps, it is clear that the FPGA-based processor is fast enough to accomplish the real-time requirement.The proposed algorithm to detect CT saturation has been validated by simulations using MATLAB  and Simulink (CT model). It has been tested with fault short-circuit currents on a 120 kV network. The CT is rated 2000 A/5 A, 5 VA. The primary winding, which consists of a single turn passing through the CT core is connected in series with a shunt inductor rated 69.3 Mvar, 69.3 kV (120 kV/sqrt(3)), 1 kA rms. The secondary winding consisting of 400 turns is connected to a resistive burden. In the case of inrush currents, the algorithm has been tested using a 150 MVA transformer with a rated voltage of 289 kV.ideal secondary current without saturation. Regarding the end of saturation, the proposal fails at most one sampling period (0.25 ms), detecting in some cases the end of saturation a period after the event, but never before. This occurs with more frequency when the burden resistance is smaller. Finally, the smart sensor has been tested in real-time conditions. As explained, a hardware-in-the-loop platform (Typhoon HIL) has been used to emulate a power transformer energization , and the measurement with a 2000:5 CT (with a different saturation curve than the one used in the simulations), and the signals are sent to the smart sensor implemented in an FPGA in a MicroLabBox dSPACE. In It has also been tested the influence of the sampling frequency . It has pseudoflux used in this paper. For this, it would be necessary to consider that the FPGA-based processor should be reconfigured for each power system.In this paper, a new methodology and its implementation into an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect the CT saturation mainly during inrush conditions is presented. The methodology and the smart sensor are tested and validated by changing next features for both simulation and real time scenarios: the burden resistance, the signal-to-noise ratio, the CT residual flux, and sampling frequency. Good results have been achieved in all cases, mainly to detect the initiation of CT saturation. Regarding the end of saturation detection, the methodology can be improved if the secondary winding inductance and the burden impedance are considered, in order to calculate an accurate core flux, instead of the Attention must be paid to choosing the correct values for the thresholds and the length of the sliding window in calculating the moving third central moment, depending on the sampling frequency used.Unlike most published CT saturation methodologies, the proposed algorithm shows effective results during inrush current measurement.It has also been demonstrated the potential of an autonomous FPGA-based smart sensor with the integrated capability of signal processing and decision-making. The processing cores use very low FPGA resources, showing that this technology is well suited for designing and developing high-performance signal processing methods for smart sensors. One of the main advantages of this smart sensor is its simplicity and low computational cost with high-speed processing. It can also quickly adapt to operate online with any relay or measurement system.


Telemedicine has been at the heart of healthcare system’s strategic response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Within psychiatry, there has been a surge of research and guidelines into the use of video-teleconferencing to replace face to face consultations across clinical settings. Clinical ward rounds are central to inpatient psychiatric care yet little guidance is available on how best to integrate telemedicine into the multidisciplinary work of inpatient psychiatry.We report on the introduction of video teleconferencing for psychiatric ward rounds on our acute inner-London psychiatric unit during the outbreak of COVID-19.In undertaking the rapid transition to tele-ward rounds, we had to reconcile the multiple functions of psychiatric ward rounds with the technological resources available to us.Tele-ward rounds helped simplify care delivery, facilitate multidisciplinary collaboration and improve accessibility for patients and relatives in a time of crisis. The transition to tele-ward rounds also brought about technical, operational and communication issues that may impact on the patient experience and quality of care including governance challenges, contextual dissonance and technological limitations.The routine use of newer technology in psychiatry ward rounds is unlikely to succeed on the basis of improvisation, particularly given the stream of technical innovations in telemedicine, and the multifarious quality of social interactions in our clinical setting. Staff training and the development of an adapted etiquette and code of communication are both essential. Patient participation in future developments will also help ensure tele-ward rounds continue to meet the standards of high quality inpatient psychiatric care beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.No significant relationships.