To investigate the prevalence and correlates of risky drinking in Chinese elderly people aged 80 and over.Data were obtained from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2018. A total of 10,141 respondents aged 80 years or older were included in this analysis. Risky drinking was defined as drinking > 2 drinks per day. The participants were divided into no risky drinking, past risky drinking, and current risky drinking groups. The prevalence of risky drinking, daily dosage, and type of alcohol beverages were assessed. The correlates of risky drinking were analyzed using logistic regression.The prevalence of past and current risky drinking was 6.2 and 4.4%, respectively. A total of 12.2% of males and 2.1% of females reported past risky drinking, and 8.9% of males and 1.4% of females reported current risky drinking. The median of the daily dosage of the past risky drinking group was 4.5 and 4 drinks in males and females, respectively, and were 4 and 3.3, respectively, of the current risky drinking group. Strong liquor was the most popular alcohol beverage in all groups. Men who were older or had white-collar work were less likely to be past risky drinkers, while those with smoking in past or current or heart disease were more likely to be past risky drinkers. Women who smoked in the past were more likely to be past risky drinkers. Men with older age or living in the urban areas or with heart disease were less likely to be current risky drinkers. Women with higher education or with heart disease were less likely to be current risky drinkers. Women with current smoking were more likely to have current risky drinking.Our findings indicated that risky drinking among the oldest-old was not rare in China. The correlates of past and current risky drinking were different. Men and women had various correlates of risky drinking as well. Those with higher socioeconomic status seemed less likely to be risky drinking. More attention should be given to risky drinking among the oldest old, and sex-specific intervention may be needed. China is facing great challenges in aging, as it has the largest and fastest aging population worldwide . In 2019At the same time, rapid economic development and urbanization in China have also resulted in the increased alcohol use over the past 40 years . It is wIt is globally agreed upon that men are more likely than women to be risky drinkers due to cultural values, norms, and drinking patterns , 12. ChiThe Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) is a national community-based cohort study with the largest sample of oldest-old individuals in China. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of risky drinking and to explored its correlates based on the CLHLS 2018 survey.In this study, we obtained data from the CLHLS 2018 survey. The CLHLS is a national, ongoing cohort study of community-dwelling Chinese older adults from 1998. Follow-up occurred every 2–4 years, and the most recent (eighth) survey was completed in 2018. It is conducted in 866 highly diverse counties and cities selected from 23 of China's 31 provinces and covers ~85% of China's older population . The CLHGiven that the present study focused on the current prevalence and correlates of risky drinking among the oldest-old, the data used were from the CLHLS 2018 survey. Participants who were aged 80 and over and completed the questions relating to alcohol drinking  were included. Participants who were younger than 80 and had no information about drinking were excluded.First, participants were grouped into never drinking, past drinking and current drinking groups according to their drinking status based on the question “Do you drink in the past?” and “Do you drink at present?”. Second, the past and current drinkers' daily dosage of pure alcohol consumption was calculated by multiplying the alcohol content  and the amount drunk per day . Third, the daily dosage was transferred into standard drinks, that is, per 10 g of pure alcohol equivalent to one standard drink . Finally2, normal weight-BMI > 18.5 to 23 kg/m2, overweight-BMI between 23–24.9 kg/m2, and obesity-BMI > 25 kg/m2 .The descriptive results of sociodemographic variables, behaviors and health status, prevalence of risky drinking, daily dosage and type of alcohol were presented as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables and means and standard deviations (SDs) or medians  for continuous variables according to the distribution of the variable. For group comparisons, one-way analysis of variance or non-parametric test was used for continuous variables, while the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The factors with a analysis . Odds raOf the 10,141 old adults, 4,077 (40.2%) males and 6,064 (59.8%) females, and the mean (SD) age was 92.32 (7.75). Overall, 55% lived in urban areas, 77.4% were not in marriage (never married/widowed/divorced), 76.8% were living with families, 63% had no schooling experience, and 53.3% had worked in agriculture. For the behavior and health status, 37% of the sample reported currently doing exercises, 12% were current smokers, 17% were obese, 25.3% had fall experience, 40.2% had hypertension, 7.7% had diabetes, 17.5% had heart disease, 11.3% had cerebrovascular disease, 49.4% had depressive symptoms, 11.6% had anxious symptoms, and 2.9% did not have good sleep. Compared to females, males were more likely to live in urban areas, be in marriage, live with others, be educated, be white-collar workers and have better financial status, do exercises currently, smoke, have a higher BMI, suffer cerebrovascular disease and Parkinson's disease but less likely to experience falls, suffer hypertension, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and sleep trouble see .P < 0.001)  .Among past risky drinkers, the daily dosage was 4.5  drinks for the total population, 4.5  drinks for males, and 4  drinks for females. Among current risky drinkers, the daily dosage was 4  drinks for total population, 4  drinks for the males, and 3.3  drinks for females. Among past risky drinkers, 481(77.0%) drank no <4 drinks per day, 390 (78.2%) for males and 91 (72.2%) for females. Among current risky drinkers, 310 (69.2%) drank no <4 drinks per day, 268 (74.0%) for males and 42 (48.8%) for females. The past risky drinking group drank more than the current group .Among those who drank in the past or at present, the most preferred alcohol beverage was strong liquor in all groups, which was 46.9, 46.4, and 46.6% in the no risky, past risky, and current risky drinking groups, respectively, as well as in males and females .Compared with no risky drinkers, males  and people who smoked  or had cerebrovascular disease  were more likely to have past risky drinking. In males, people with older age  and white-collar occupations  were less likely to have past risky drinking, but with heart disease  and smoking  were more likely to have past risky drinking. In females, those with past smoking were more likely to have past risky drinking  .Compared with no risky drinkers, people who were older , living in urban areas , having schooling experience  and having heart disease  were less likely to have current risky drinking. Men  and people who smoked  were more likely to have current risky drinking. In males, those of older age , living in urban areas , and heart disease  were less likely to have current risky drinking. Males who smoked  were more likely to have current risky drinking. In females, those with higher education  and heart disease  were less likely to have current risky drinking. Females with current smoking were more likely to have current risky drinking  .In our study, there were 6.2% past risky drinkers and 4.4% current risky drinkers. A total of 12.2% of males and 2.1% of females were past risky drinkers and 8.9% of males and 1.4% of females were current risky drinkers. Compared with females, males were more likely to have both past and current risky drinking. Among past and current risky drinkers, males had higher daily alcohol dosage than females. Except for female current risky drinkers, most risky drinkers drank no <4 drinks per day. Males of older age and white-collar occupation were less likely to have past risky drinking, but were more likely to have past risky drinking if they smoked or had heart disease. Females were more likely to have past risky drinking if they smoked in the past. Males of older age, living in urban areas, and having heart disease were less likely to have current risky drinking, but were more likely to have current risky drinking if they smoked. Females with educational experience were less likely to have current risky drinking, but if they smoke in the current, they were more likely to be current risky drinkers.In our study, 11.6 % of elders were current drinkers and the prevalence of current risky drinking was 4.4% for all participants, 8.9% for males, and 1.4% for females. In a Chinese adult study, 68.2% were current drinkers, and 15% were risky drinkers . The preIn our study, the median number of drinks consumed by the oldest-old was 4.5 and 4 in the past and current risky drinking groups, respectively. It was found that among risky drinkers, most elders drank at higher dosages , which wIn this study, older men were less likely to be risky drinkers both in the past and in the current, which is in line with similar findings from previous community-based studies , 28. OneIn our study, it is shown that males living in urban areas and having been white-collar workers and females with schooling experience were less likely to have risky drinking. This was in accordance with another study of CLHLS, which showed that males living in rural areas were more likely to be drinkers . Data frSmoking, whether in the past or at present, showed a strong association with risky drinking, which has been well-documented in other studies , 32, 33.The strengths of this study are as follows: (1) To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prevalence and correlates of risky drinking among the oldest-old in China, with the largest representative sample of community-dwelling people aged 80 and over. (2) We divided risky drinking into past and current risky drinking, which provided the opportunity to describe and explore their correlates, respectively, and our results supported the necessity of this classification. (3) We have analyzed abundant possible correlates of past and current risky drinking.There were several limitations in this study. The findings of this study could not be generalized to all populations except for community-dwelling oldest-old individuals. Moreover, the information was collected by self-report, which may result in recall bias, especially for past drinking dosage. However, previous evidence supported the validity of this self-report method . AdditioRisky drinking of elders aged 80 years and over was not rare, especially in males. The correlates of past and current risky drinking were different. Men and women had various correlates of risky drinking as well. Those with higher socioeconomic status were less likely to be risky drinking. This study has filled the gap of risky drinking among the oldest old in China. More attention should be given to the issue of risky drinking among the oldest old, and sex-specific intervention may be needed.https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/DSDR/studies/36179.The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-13074). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.YQ and XL designed concept, analyzed data, interpreted data, and prepared manuscript. XY designed concept, interpreted outcome, and reviewed manuscript. TW, YZ, HW, and BL interpreted outcome and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript and ensure that this is the case.This study was supported by Self-exploration Project of National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital (No. NCRC2020M10). The funding bodies had no role in the design of this study, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and writing of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Coexisting Forms of Malnutrition (CFM) refers to the presence of more than one type of nutritional disorder in an individual. Worldwide, CFM affects more than half of all malnourished children, and compared to standalone forms of malnutrition, CFM is associated with a higher risk of illness and death. This review examined published literature for assessing the prevalence, trends, and determinants of CFM in neonates, infants, and children.A review of community-based observational studies was conducted. Seven databases,  were used in December-2021 to retrieve literature. Google, Google Scholar and TROVE were used to search for grey literature. Key stakeholders were also contacted for unpublished documents. Studies measuring the prevalence, and/or trends, and/or determinants of CFM presenting in individuals were included. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools for prevalence and longitudinal studies.The search retrieved 14,207 articles, of which 24 were included in this review. The prevalence of CFM varied by geographical area and specific types. In children under 5 years, the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity ranged from 0.8% in the United States to over 10% in Ukraine and Syria, while the prevalence of coexisting wasting with stunting ranged from 0.1% in most of the South American countries to 9.2% in Niger. A decrease in CFM prevalence was observed in all countries, except Indonesia. Studies in China and Indonesia showed a positive association between rurality of residence and coexisting stunting with overweight/obesity. Evidence for other risk and protective factors for CFM is too minimal or conflicting to be conclusive.Evidence regarding the prevalence, determinants and trends for CFM is scarce. Apart from the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity, the determinants of other types of CFM are unclear. CFM in any form results in an increased risk of health adversities which can be different from comparable standalone forms, thus, there is an urgent need to explore the determinants and distribution of different types of CFM.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13098-9. It cunctions , 4. Thusunctions . The Worunctions .Fig. 1MaCoexisting Forms of Malnutrition (CFM). Children with CFM, such as the coexistence of stunting with wasting, are more vulnerable to death than those with standalone forms of malnutrition [Malnutrition increases the risk of illnesses, treatment costs, hospitalisation, and deaths , 8. Worlutrition . CFM occutrition –15.The coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity and coexistence of overweight/obesity with micronutrient deficiency are the two common types of CFM in overweight/obese children. The management and prevention of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity and/or coexistence of overweight/obesity with micronutrient deficiency is more challenging compared to standalone forms of malnutrition because it requires simultaneous prevention and management of overnutrition and undernutrition/micronutrient deficiency [CFM is more complex, challenging to control and is associated with increased health risks compared to standalone forms of malnutrition , 17., Mcficiency –21. FurtThis scoping review examined the current evidence for existing gaps in the knowledge about the prevalence, trends, and determinants of CFM worldwide in neonates, infants, and children.The protocol for this review was drafted following PRISMA guidelines and finalised through consultation and review with all authors and an experienced librarian . The PRIThis study considered official reports from the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nation’s Children Emergency Funds (UNICEF), Centre of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Global Nutrition Report (GNR), Demographic & Health Survey (DHS), Scaling up Nutrition (SUN), and various community-based descriptive and observational epidemiological studies which measured the prevalence, trends, and/or determinants of CFM in children aged between 0 to 12 years irrespective of the sample’s gender, geographical location, and the publication year , 24.Articles that were outside the scope of this review were excluded. These were community-based studies which solely discussed micronutrient deficiencies; studies that described only one type of standalone form of malnutrition; Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) at the household level ; reviews, experimental or intervention trials, institutional-based studies and genomic or molecular level studies; conference proceedings, policy briefs, editorials and book chapters and studies on special populations, such as children with Down’s syndrome, cleft palate, and refugee status due to the different growth trajectories of these children compared to normal children.thJuly, 2019 and 23rd December 2021. The key reports produced by the WHO, UNICEF, CDC, FAO, GNR, DHS, SUN and other relevant bodies were searched using Google, Google scholar and TROVE. In addition, key stakeholders working in epidemiological surveillance, prevention, and control of malnutrition among women and children were contacted for unpublished records and datasets. Altogether, 14,207 studies, including key findings were obtained, published over a 70-year period between 1st-November-1955 to 20th-December-2021. Of these studies, 14,184 were obtained from the aforementioned databases, while the remaining were extracted from the key finding reports of various organizations and governing bodies.Several databases including CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline (via EBSCOhost), PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to identify relevant studies. The literature search was carried out at various time points between 24children, coexisting forms, and malnutrition. From each keyword, synonyms were searched. In addition, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were searched from PubMed and Medline (via EBSCOhost). Keywords, MeSH, and synonyms used for different electronic database searches are presented in Table All members of the research team discussed and developed the search strategy for this review and identified three keywords from the primary research question: All studies obtained from different databases were imported to an EndNote library. Within the EndNote library, several functions, such as duplicate removal, title screening, abstract reading, full-text reading, and eligibility determination were performed sequentially by the primary author. Co-authors assisted the primary author to provide clarity through consensus if any studies were unclear. The number of studies included and excluded at each step is presented in Fig. study design ; study population ; study setting ; malnutrition assessment method ’ malnutrition assessment level ; malnutrition type  and malnutrition factors . These details were used to select studies for inclusion based on the predefined eligibility criteria.Studies whose title contained any keyword or synonym related to malnutrition, child, and coexisting forms of malnutrition Table  were con“Definition & Terminology” , “Prevalence” , “Trend” , or “Determinants” (studies that described risk or protective factors for CFM).Study populations, outcomes and statistical methods across the included studies were heterogeneous, so a narrative approach for the synthesis of results was adopted based on Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) guidelines . The resThe quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for prevalence and longitudinal studies. The validity and reliability of the tool have been previously evaluated , 27. TheA total of 14,184 research articles and 23 sources of grey literature were obtained. From those, 24 studies including both research articles and grey literature were included for review : coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity, and coexistence of wasting with stunting –43, and Twenty studies presented the prevalence of CFM. Of these, eleven studies discussed more than one type of CFM.n = 14) examined the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity, followed by wasting with stunting (n = 9); coexistence of underweight with stunting (n = 7) and underweight with wasting (n = 5). The coexistence of underweight with both wasting and stunting was reported by three studies [Most studies  or overnutrition (overweight/obesity). Iron Deficiency Anaemia was discussed as micronutrient deficiency in both studies , 38. Fonn = 76 of 110) reported CFM prevalence between 1 and 4.9%. Ukraine and Syria had the highest reported prevalence of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity in children . However, the highest prevalence of coexistence of wasting with stunting (9.2%) was observed in Niger, although the prevalence of coexistence of wasting with stunting over 5% was also reported for Bangladesh, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, India, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, and Yemen. The geographical distribution of CFM and its two major types  is represented in Figs. The 2021 Global Nutrition Report only presented the country-wise prevalence of two major types of CFM: the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity and the coexistence of wasting with stunting. The highest prevalence of CFM was reported for Ukraine, Syria, Equatorial Guinea, and Djibouti. Most countries  reported no association between CFM and childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory tract infection, and fever. Compared to vaccinated children, the non-vaccinated children have almost two-folds higher odds of coexistence of underweight with stunting, the coexistence of underweight with wasting, or coexistence of underweight with wasting and stunting . Roba, eZhang, et al., (2016) found no association between health insurance and the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity .Islam & Biswas (2020) found no significant association between antenatal consultation visits and CFM .Zhang, et al., (2016) reported that maternal education provided a protective effect against the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity . SimilarSecondary analysis of data from the BDHS 2011 showed no association of maternal working status with the coexistence of underweight with stunting, the coexistence of underweight with wasting, or coexistence of underweight with wasting and stunting in children under 5 years of age . However.Some studies reported no relationship between parental obesity and coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity in children , 33. YasA study conducted in Mexico by Fernald & Neufeld reported that children of mothers aged below 18 years were at increased risk of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity . Yasmin,A complicated relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) with different forms of malnutrition was evident. Islam and Biswas found that low SES was significantly associated with the coexistence of underweight with stunting, the coexistence of underweight with wasting, or coexistence of underweight with wasting and stunting . SimilarIn one study, the odds of developing coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity among Mexican children increased significantly by 1.16 (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.22) for each additional family member . In contTwo studies conducted in Ethiopia assessed the relationship of CFM with the source of drinking water. Roba, et al., (2021) reported over three times higher odds of coexistence of wasting with stunting in children who had a non-chlorinated water supply, compared to children having chlorinated water supply . Farah, High levels of urbanisation have been shown to reduce the risk of all types of undernutrition disorders, including the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity. In China, an increase in urbanization significantly decreased the risk of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity by 43% , whereasOut of twenty-four studies, twenty-one studies were selected for quality assessment, while all the global nutrition reports (Grey literature) were excluded from quality assessment because of a lack of methodological information  –43. AmonStudies that adequately defined sampling frame, sample population, sample size, study design and the data collected by probability sampling method in a defined study setting were defined as having an appropriate selection criterion. There were 16 studies, which had appropriately defined selection criteria , 53, 54.Fourteen studies had adequately defined reporting criteria , 48, 50.A total of nine studies reported response rates. The lowest response rate observed was 23%, where 173 out of 750 households of mother-infant dyad participated, and no attempts were made to reduce the low response rate . In fiveCoexisting forms of malnutrition (CFM) are a relatively novel concept of malnutrition, first identified in the 2014 Global Nutrition Report . As a reCFM represents the simultaneous presence of more than one nutritional disorder in an individual. This review identified more than 10 different types of CFM. There are certain types of CFM experienced by both children as well as by adults, such as undernutrition with MRM and overnutrition with MRM. MRM may exist in any individual irrespective of body weight and BMI –58. In tLike standalone forms of malnutrition, CFM can be assessed using conventional assessment methods, such as anthropometry, biochemical testing, clinical examination, and dietary recall –15. The This review identified various types of CFM in neonates, infants, and children using a variety of anthropometric indices, such as, HAZ, WHZ, WAZ, BAZ, BMI, MUAC, and skin folds. These nutritional indicators were also proposed by WHO, CDC, and the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project for assessing various types of malnutrition in children . Among dIn this review, the nutritional status of all children was assessed using manual anthropometric methods. Technological methods for the assessment of nutrition statuses, such as Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP), Computed Tomography (CT) scan, Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were not employed in any study. Technological methods are more reliable than the manual anthropometric methods for the assessment of nutritional status but are not suitable for large epidemiological studies due to cost and potential side effects . All theThe global prevalence of various forms of CFM is not evenly distributed. This review identified a high prevalence of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity in Europe, and high coexistence of wasting with stunting from Asian and African countries . WorldwiA limited number of studies described the trends of CFM over time. Most reported a decrease in the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity and coexistence of wasting with stunting, possibly due to the decreased prevalence of undernutrition, such as stunting, and wasting . In contMost of the studies included in this review assessed the determinants of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity, while the determinants for other types of CFM remain largely unknown. Findings from this review suggest that young maternal age and short maternal height may increase the risk of coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity , 74. EacCertain factors were found to produce a protective effect on the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity. It is evident from this review that urbanization reduces the risk of all types of undernutrition  and the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity. It has been previously established that urbanization is associated with overnutrition (overweight/obesity) while living in pastoral areas is linked with undernutrition  , 85. MosEvidence for the role of different food groups in CFM risk and protection is limited. This review identified two studies that assessed the relationship of various types of food and micronutrient supplementation with CFM. In general, no association of CFM with the intake of specific foods was reported. There is a global influx of overweight/obesity together with undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency at the individual, household, and community level, due to changes in the dietary habits from low fat and high fiber diet too high caloric, non-nutritious, low fiber and high-fat food , 87. StuTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first review, which has explicitly presented the evidence regarding the prevalence, determinants, and trends of CFM at an individual level. The current review used a range of databases for a systematic review of the literature, consultation with an expert librarian for the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategy (PRESS), and consultation with stakeholders for unpublished literature access. Most of the studies included in this review used WHO child growth standards, which has a reliability coefficient over 95% for most of the anthropometric indices .A limitation of this study is that only certain types of CFM were measured, because of the exclusion of studies that solely discussed the coexistence of micronutrient-related malnutrition (CMRM). Included studies examined MRM (anemia) with under/overnutrition, while other types of MRM were not discussed, such as deficiency/intoxication of vitamin-A, vitamin-D, folic acid, iodine, and calcium.In this review, studies conducted in an institutional setting were excluded to narrow the scope of the review. Therefore, the burden of CFM among individuals with other illnesses that resulted in hospitalisation has not been captured. This could mean that the true prevalence of CFM may be much higher than what has been reported in this review.Several types of CFM may exist at the individual level, but evidence regarding the prevalence, determinants, and trends for each type of CFM is scarce. Apart from the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity, the determinants of other types of CFM are unclear. Like standalone forms of malnutrition, CFM assessment should be incorporated into standardised reporting from national nutrition surveillance and demographic health survey programs. Efforts towards assessing the prevalence, trends, and determinants of various types of CFM in both children and adults, using similar assessment methods to that of standalone forms of malnutrition, could rapidly advance the capacity of global, regional, and local policy and health service responses for addressing the burden of CFM through targeted and effective strategies for their prevention and control.Additional file 1.Additional file 2.Additional file 3.Additional file 4.


An objective stereo video quality assessment (SVQA) strives to be consistent with human visual perception while ensuring a low time and labor cost of evaluation. The temporal–spatial characteristics of video make the data processing volume of quality evaluation surge, making an SVQA more challenging. Aiming at the effect of distortion on the stereoscopic temporal domain, a stereo video quality assessment method based on the temporal–spatial relation is proposed in this paper. Specifically, a temporal adaptive model (TAM) for a video is established to describe the space–time domain of the video from both local and global levels. This model can be easily embedded into any 2D CNN backbone network. Compared with the improved model based on 3D CNN, this model has obvious advantages in operating efficiency. Experimental results on NAMA3DS1-COSPAD1 database, WaterlooIVC 3D Video Phase I database, QI-SVQA database and SIAT depth quality database show that the model has excellent performance. With the gradual maturity of stereoscopic display technology, video has moved from plane to stereoscopic, and stereoscopic multimedia has entered the daily life of consumers . AccordiStereoscopic display technology not only enables the audience to enjoy the impact and immersion brought by vision, but also puts forward higher requirements for content and picture quality. At present, 3D video is mainly PGC. In the process of 3D image acquisition, professionals control the quality of video shooting professionally and strictly . HoweverThe application scenarios of three-dimensional video are rich and play an irreplaceable role in the industrial field. At present, the research on stereoscopic video quality assessment (SVQA) is gradually emerging, which has attracted the attention of many scholars . CompareIn this field, Yang et al.  used thrIt can be seen from the above content that the research on stereo video quality assessment has developed rapidly in the past decade, and the algorithms have also developed from artificial feature extraction to automatic learning of the quality perception mapping relationship using deep learning models. However, the traditional machine-learning-driven method is still the focus of research, because of the huge capacity of stereo video and the huge consumption of processing time and computing resources.Temporal modeling is the key to capture spatiotemporal distortion in video. Affected by camera motion, speed changes and other factors, video data have extremely complex dynamics in the time dimension. In order to effectively capture such diverse motion patterns, a temporal adaptive module (TAM) is proposed, which generates a video-specific kernel based on its own feature mapping. The TAM can learn and obtain short-term information from the local time window. This information is generated from the global view, and it pays more attention to long-term goals.The framework describes video frames from two parts: local short-term relation and global relation. This model can be flexibly embedded into any 2D CNN framework and can still use the pretrained backbone network parameters without significantly increasing the complexity of the model.Rich performance verification experiments are performed. From the results, the prediction of this model is in good agreement with the subjective quality. Moreover, compared with existing methods, the proposed method has a higher visual quality perception prediction accuracy in both symmetric and asymmetric distortion databases.We propose an NR-SVQA model in this paper, which extracts the time-varying characteristics of stereo video frames in the frequency domain while maintaining the original size of stereo frames. The significant contributions are organized as follows:According to the research route and theoretical basis of their algorithms, the existing stereo video objective quality evaluation models can be divided into two categories, one is the plane extension model, the other is the stereo knowledge model ,11. In tThe stereo perceptual knowledge model does not rely on the existing image/video quality assessment methods, and focuses on constructing the stereo video quality assessment model directly. Jin et al. proposed a method based on block matching. Specifically, similar blocks in the left and right video frames were found and combined into 3D video blocks. When correcting PSNR, the mean squared error within the 3D discrete cosine change was used to measure the distorted video quality. Regarding the defects in accuracy and robustness of the planar extension method, Galkandage et al.  completeAccording to the importance of spatiotemporal characteristics to stereo video, a time-adaptive stereo video quality assessment model is proposed. The algorithm framework is shown in C is the look-around image, which is the simulated image, d is the parallax index of the The perception of binocular competition is not independent of the complete stimulus intensity of each perspective but related to the relative stimulus intensity of both. When the weighting coefficient is positively correlated with the stimulus intensity, this can be explained by a model based on biology. In this process, the left and right image stimuli are measured by the local energy of the response of a group of Gabor filters. Binocular competition is a local multiscale phenomenon, so the method of broadening the horizontal model is a common method to simulate the synthesis of look-around images. The stereoscopic view synthesized as a look-around image is parallax-compensated, and the view image is illuminated to the spatial coordinate system of the left view image. Therefore, the linear model is used to synthesize the panoramic image, which is expressed as:Three-dimensional convolution is a generalization of 2D convolution. In 3D convolution, the 3D filter can be moved in all three directions  to output 3D data. At present, 3D convolution is widely used in the field of video understanding to extract temporal and spatial features in video. Although this simple expansion reflects a certain usefulness, it also lacks a comprehensive consideration of the temporal characteristics of video data, and the cost of computing is high. The video data show complex temporal dynamic properties such as camera motion and speed change. Different from the shared convolution kernel in 3D CNN, a time-adaptive module with a video-specific kernel is introduced to solve this problem. The TAM can generate a dynamic time core flexibly and effectively based on video features, so that the time information can be aggregated adaptively according to motion content . The TAMC is the channel of features and T represents its temporal dimensions, H and W represent its spatial representation. A 2D convolution is used to capture spatial patterns, while the TAM is only used for temporal modeling. First, we use the global spatial average pool to compress the feature map:c is the channel, t is the time, j is the height and i is the width index; G is L is Specifically, for the feature map S is an important mapping, C is the number of channels of the input tensor and K is set to 3 and importance mapping is learned based only on local time windows. In order to speed up the convergence of the network, BN is applied after the first Conv1D, thereby reducing the channel from C to X, we readjust S to c is the channel, t is the time, j is the height and i is the width. The time-incentive mode is expressed as:The short-term characteristics of video vary with time, so it is necessary to obtain a position sensitivity image to describe the local time structure. Specifically, local branches are constructed by using ReLU nonlinear time-convolution layer sequences:c and F is a full connection (fc). Similar to the local part, the global part learns the adaptive kernel based on the compressed feature map The focus of global branching is to generate an adaptive kernel that combines global context information into the TAM based on long-term relationships and captures aggregated location-sharing weights. A dynamic kernel is generated for each video frame in the global branch and time information is aggregated by convolution. In order to generate dynamic kernel efficiently, an adaptive kernel is learned at the channel level. The adaptive kernel that expects model learning only considers time-relation modeling and ignores channel correlation. Therefore, while maintaining the number of input channels, the adaptive kernel learned by TAM convolves the input feature map in a channel-level manner. The learning adaptive kernel for a specific channel is as follows:T frame was sampled as input, and the score of the T frame after S is the quality score, W is the weight coefficient, n is the number of nodes and b is the offset coefficient.In the quality assessment task, we adopted ResNet50 as the backbone and added the TAM module. The TAM was embedded in the first Conv2D of the ResNet block. This embedding method did not change the topology of the network excessively, so that the ResNet block could be converted into a TA block efficiently and conveniently, and the weight of the ResNet block could be reused. The In this section, a large number of validation experiments are reported to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed method. The four databases involved in the experiment and several indexes used to measure the prediction performance are introduced in detail. A comparison with existing methods on the whole database is provided. Finally, the performance of this method on different distortion types is verified, and the effectiveness of each module of the model is proved.The experiment was carried out on some public international stereo video databases, including the QI-SVQA database , NAMA-3DThe Pearson linear correlation coefficient (PLCC), Spearman rank correlation coefficient (SROCC) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to measure the relationship between the objective prediction results and subjective evaluation scores, and then to verify the effectiveness of this method. The prediction accuracy and monotonicity of the prediction sample  were meaFirst, in order to prove the progressiveness of our method, we compared six models on the QI-SVQA database. PSNR, SSIM , MS-SSIMTo further prove that this method was also applicable and performed well in stereo video quality prediction, we carried out performance comparison experiments on three databases. In particular, on the NAMA3DS1-COSPAD1 database, nine most advanced methods including six FR methods and three NR methods were used. DeMo_3D(MS-SSIM) , StSD 33 and MNSWe compared seven methods on the WaterlooIVC 3D video phase I database, and the results are displayed in To comprehensively analyze the sensitivity of the proposed method to the quality degradation of different distortion types in stereo video, we designed experiments to test the prediction performance of different distortion types. In brief, 60% of a single distorted sample was used for training, 20% for the verification set and the remaining 20% for testing, which was the same as for the whole database. The relevant results are displayed in It is important to explore the overall functionality of the proposed approach, and the performance of each of its components is valuable. Since the impact of the TAM structure and the local and global parts of the TAM on the video quality perception of the model is unknown, in order to verify the sensitivity of the TAM model and TAM components to stereoscopic video quality, ablation experiments were designed, and the experimental results are shown in This paper presented an objective evaluation method of stereo video quality based on the time domain. In view of the difficulty in obtaining video time-domain features and the low computational efficiency of models specially proposed by 3D CNNs, this paper introduced a time-adaptive model in the field of video quality evaluation for the first time, to establish the correlation between stereo video frames, so as to realize the time-domain connection between frames. The model was composed of local and global parts and could extract the time-domain characteristics of video comprehensively. In addition, the model could be easily embedded into an existing 2D CNN backbone network without significantly increasing the network parameters. From the experimental results on the NAMA3DS1-COSPAD1 database, WaterlooIVC 3D video phase I database, QI-SVQA database and SIAT database, the prediction results of this model were very close and similar to the subjective evaluation quality score. Furthermore, we will develop representative sequences in the future and further tap its potential.


Short videos have quickly taken over the mobile screens of network users and established themselves as one of the most significant social platforms in the “Internet+era” as a new carrier of social culture. Short films have the qualities of high participation, strong engagement, high real-time, and quick propagation, which satisfy the needs of Internet users in interpersonal communication and reading or enjoyment in leisure time. This is against the backdrop of network big data environment monitoring. Based on this, the paper defines the fair use system of short video copyright, elaborates on its concept, examines the system's challenges and potential fixes in the context of networks, and develops a model for short video repeat detection using local key points. According to the experimental findings, this algorithm's short video repetition detection accuracy rate can reach 95.8%, and its recall rate can reach 94.5%. For the development of the fair use system of short video copyright in the current network environment, the video in some complex scenes can achieve good detection performance, which establishes a good data analysis foundation and provides a significant amount of assistance for the system to escape its predicament. From popular blogs to podcasts, from PC video websites to the new generation of short video social platforms, the evolution of mainstream entertainment has witnessed the changes in the expression of Internet content. Thanks to the development of mobile communication technology and the popularity of portable terminal equipment, short video, as a new carrier of social culture, has formed a blowout development in a short period of time, rapidly seizing the mobile screen of network users, and has become one of the most important social platforms in the “Internet+era” . During Short films have the qualities of high participation, robust engagement, high real-time, and quick propagation against the backdrop of Internet big data, which meets the needs of Internet users in interpersonal communication and reading or amusement in leisure time. By granting them the sole authority to regulate the dissemination of works, copyright laws safeguard the legal interests of copyright holders in the conventional setting. However, this power is not a total monopoly and needs to be constrained to a certain extent. The copyright law establishes a fair use system to maintain the equilibrium between the personal interests of copyright owners and the interests of the social public . It cannThe short video repetition detection algorithm based on local key points in the network big data environment is examined in this research, along with the challenges and solutions of the fair use system of short video copyright. Beginning with the definition and attributes. The video similarity measuring method's algorithm has been improved, and it now has good detection performance for videos with complicated scenes. For the creation of a short video copyright fair use system in the current network environment, it creates a solid data analytic base. In order to maintain the copyright of short videos, it can also offer a strong confirmation of detection findings.For the innovation of the topic selection, by combining the difficulties and solutions of the network big data environment and the fair use system of short video copyright, the traditional fair use system of copyright has been enriched. Based on this background, it is an innovation to explore the difficulties and solutions of the fair use system of short video copyright. This paper also analyzes the model and hopes that the discussion can help the fair use system of short video copyright out of the dilemmaIn this paper, we use the shot level comparison and the network video repetition detection method for reference. Firstly, a new global feature shot signature is defined at the shot level, and on this basis, a video repetition detection method based on accurate nearest neighbor search based on shot level comparison is proposed. This method can judge the similarity of videos by the ratio of matched shots between videosIn this paper, in order to further improve the speed of finding similar shots, on the basis of the video repetition detection method of accurate nearest neighbor search based on the comparison of local key points in the shot layer, the famous approximate nearest neighbor search technology is used to quickly find similar shots in the shot layer, and a short video repetition detection method based on local key points is proposedA short video repeat detection model based on local key points is created and examined by evaluating the backdrop of the conundrum and the solution of the fair use system of short video copyright in the network big data environment. The primary contributions and innovations of this paper are:With the quick advancement of digital technology, many academics have joined the debate over copyright protection for short videos. Lee M J et al. discussed the originality of short videos, the recognition of reasonable use and the legal liability of the communication platform, especially made a detailed statement on the original short videos, and believed that the copyright legal rules applicable to general film and television works could not be directly applied to the issues related to short videos . When ViThe virtual, paperless, and information-based characteristics of the network itself have created the complexity and diversity of the new challenges faced by the conventional copyright fair use system, despite the fact that some scholars have begun to investigate this aspect due to the network's rapid development. In addition, the study is not thorough, in-depth, and specialised, and the regulation is rigid, which makes it impossible for the fair use system to adapt to the advancement of contemporary science and technology. Currently, there are also few researchers interested. Scholars from both home and abroad are currently less involved in the development and operation of the network environment's fair usage system. As a result, the judge's discretion in actual court proceedings is constrained, copyright dispute cases are nonexistent, and there is no money available for their pursuit. Given this, the author thinks it is imperative to talk about the problem and solution of the short video copyright fair use system in the network context. This system is a significant development that affects the fundamental rights of copyright holders, users, and distributors as well as the state of intellectual property law and research. This paper explains the idea of fair use of copyright and defines and describes short videos based on the pertinent definition of this system. It examines the system's problems and potential solutions in the context of the network environment and builds a short video repeat detection model based on regional important points that significantly aids the system in overcoming its challenges.The common law nations are mostly those that use the fair use approach of copyright. The word “copyright limitation” is not typically used in civil law countries' legislation; instead, the system is described as such. In academic communities across the globe, the fair use system of copyright has always been a perplexing and contentious subject . This emAs for the definition of short video, there is no clear definition in the academic circles. At present, the definition of short video mainly includes the following: (1) short video refers to a new type of real-time video sharing form that is recorded, edited, and uploaded on some special short video platforms with seconds as the counting unit, and the audience plays on this platform. (2) Short video is different from long video; in that, it is played on new media, which is more convenient for dissemination and sharing, and the duration is usually within five minutes. (3) Short video refers to a new video format in which the video content is shorter than 15 minutes, which is more spread and photographed by Internet mobile intelligent terminals, beautified and edited by Internet mobile intelligent terminals, and the video is shared to social media platforms in real time . Other mCompared with the traditional long video, the short video is characterized by the following three points: first, the propagation speed is fast and the range is wide. The traditional long video transmission has a natural lag. However, the duration of the short video is usually controlled from a few seconds to a few minutes. In today's fast-paced and fragmented lifestyle, short videos break through the limitations of time, space, and people, acquire information in a more intuitive and convenient way, conform to the browsing trend of modern people, make full use of the fragmented time, and accelerate the dissemination of information. Second, the production threshold of short videos is low and the review process is simple. The production cycle of traditional long videos has become longer, and the production cost is high. In the process of uploading and publishing after the production is completed, the review of its content and quality is also relatively strict. The time to make a short video is short, and a mobile phone can complete the entire production process, and can shoot and share at any time, greatly reducing the threshold of video production. At the same time, the self-contained beauty, filter, special effects, and other functions of the short video application also make it easier and faster for users to express their personal ideas freely. Third, short video information points are prominent and in line with the current trend. The traditional long video does not refine the story enough. Due to the short time length and limited creative space, the short video makes the information content more focused and distinct, which can make the audience quickly understand the theme and easily resonate. For the current events, they can be conveyed in the form of short videos in a timely manner, which is conducive to the dissemination of current thoughts and emotions, and promotes the diversity of cultural communication.At present, there are many kinds of short videos, and there are many platforms. There are three common categories: first, according to the characteristics of content producers, short videos can be divided into UGC, PGC, and PUGC by using Internet terms. As shown in UGC is “user original content” or “user produced content”. The short video under this mode has a large number of users, high upload freedom, and strong flow adsorption, but the video content quality is uneven, the user viscosity is low, and the realization mode is unclear. Such platforms as Youtube, Tiktok, and Kwai are mostly producers of such content. PGC is “professional production video short video”, which refers to the video carefully produced by professionals with professional shooting knowledge and working experience. Compared with the UGC Internet short videos, the short video content created by them is of higher quality and professional. For example, Wanhe Tianyi, which is famous for its “wanwan unexpected series”, and Li Ziqi, whose team is characterized by displaying rural scenery, have formed their own brand effect, which can lay a foundation for subsequent drainage and realization, and thus become an important choice for seeking new business development in the “Internet+era”. A content production mode combining PGC and UGC is known as PUGC, or “professional users produce content.” The brief movie in this mode combines the two benefits of PGC and UGC, and it adopts the universality of PGC and professionalism of UGC as a defining technique to draw in and compel users. Examples of platforms that primarily produce this kind of material include dragonfly FM, watermelon video, good-looking video, and others.Second, according to the functional characteristics of the content, short videos can be divided into social, information, and tools. The social category is represented by “Tiktok”, “Kwai”, “Weishi”, and “Wechat video Number”. This type of short video has a large number of users, strong stickiness, and wide utilization rate. In addition to the main shooting functions, it also has the functions of attention, praise, making friends, and private messages, and has typical social attributes. Third, according to the characteristics of content originality, short videos can be divided into original and secondary creation. Most of the original videos are short videos created with practical skills, street interviews, short sitcoms, etc. in the selection and expression of materials, music, scenes, and subtitles, these short videos reflect the “personalized expression” of the producer, which brings different feelings to the audience and can be distinguished from other short videos. For example, the short video “Siping police incident” series stories. The secondary creation category is mainly short videos created with film review introduction, game interpretation, creative imitation, etc. such short videos are created on the basis of the existing works of others, such as the short video “Gu amo” series film review, by means of serial burning, mixing, and cutting, parody, etc.After the emergence of digital network technology, this situation has gradually changed. The large-scale unauthorized use of works on the Internet has greatly affected the interests of obligees, and to a certain extent led to the shrinkage of traditional video, books, and other industries. Therefore, both the copyright owner and the copyright industry must examine the traditional thinking mode. The traditional “closed” protection mode aiming at reducing illegal use should be changed to the “open” protection mode aiming at increasing legal use. Facing the massive short video works on the Internet, copyright owners and users need an efficient and low-cost way to authorize the use of works, which requires finding a way to market the large-scale use of short video works on the Internet. China's regulations on the protection of the right to information network dissemination states in paragraph 1 that “in order to protect the right to information network dissemination, the obligee may take technical measures,” while paragraph 2 states that “no organisation or individual shall intentionally avoid or destroy the technical measures, and shall not intentionally manufacture, import, or provide the public with devices or components that are mainly.” In actuality, copyright owners frequently abuse and overuse network technological measures, which significantly lowers the scope of reasonable use of copyright and prevents the public from sharing public knowledge.The fair use system's value objective is to advance scientific and cultural endeavours by balancing the rights of copyright holders, communicators, and the general public. Therefore, this approach has been formed in all nations' copyright laws or legal procedures.The legal principle is the core content and guiding element of the legal structure. It is the sustenance of the spirit and soul of the legal structure. It makes the legal institution itself more reasonable and perfect and more adaptable, and guides the creation and specific application of the legal rules. The social values and social situation will change under certain conditions, and the legal principles will be adjusted and changed accordingly. Therefore, in order to deal with various problems brought by entering the era of digital copyright, China's fair use system rules should follow the following basic principles when revising: first, the principle of balance of interests. Second, we should combine our national conditions, learn from foreign advanced technologies, and conform to the trend and principles of international copyright legislation. Third, appropriately expand the scope of reasonable use and improve the standards and principles for the identification of infringement of online works. In the specific process of improving the fair use system, China should take the above principles as the basis and guidance. These principles complement each other, are inseparable, and are indispensable. Only by correctly grasping these principles can we ensure that the rules formulated conform to the legitimacy and rationality, thereby injecting new blood into the traditional fair use system and withstanding the challenge of digital technology.For the duplicate detection model of short video, the user refers to a query seed video, and automatically queries the video database for similar or duplicate videos with the content of the seed video. The video data processing layer mainly includes three components: shot boundary detection, feature value extraction, and feature value matching. These three components provide corresponding interface calls for the server to complete the core work of the short video repetition detection algorithm. The video data processing layer in this system is written in language, and the technology used to complete the interaction between the server and the short video data processing layer. The data persistence layer mainly includes two databases: short video file database and system database. We know that the data volume of general video files is relatively large. If it is saved in the database, it will inevitably consume a lot of time and affect the efficiency during video reading. Therefore, this system uses the file system to save the video data. We only need to record other description information of the video file and the storage address of the video file into the system database. The overall framework of the detection system is shown in A practical application of the network video repetition detection algorithm is also an exploration of the development direction of the video sharing website. The project scope is small, and the database design of the system is not large and complex. Therefore, we choose MySQL database management system with small volume, high speed, and low cost as the database of the system. MySQL is a small relational database management system. The system includes four tables in total: user table, video information table, user video relationship table, and video shot feature table. We use the graph entity relationship diagram to describe the attributes of the table and the relationship between the tables, as shown in Hk =  to represent the color histogram of the second frame of the video. The distance between two adjacent frames is defined as:The general video is composed of multiple shots through splicing and editing. Shot is the smallest semantic unit of video data. It is a continuous frame sequence in time or space captured by a camera, representing a group of continuous actions. Shot is the basic unit of video and the basis for in-depth analysis of video. Shot boundary detection is actually to divide the video file into independent shots. We use SSi lens, d is the dimension of the lens feature, and SSjk represents the value of the k dimension of the lens feature value. The shot boundary detection method based on color histogram difference uses the statistical value of pixel color, does not consider the position information of pixels, and only focuses on the global distribution. Therefore, it has strong noise resistance and is insensitive to local object motion. The dimension feature vector is:The shot boundary detection algorithm based on color histogram is to use the characteristics between shots to project the value of each point of the video frame into a small discrete interval, then count the number of pixel points in each cell in the interval, and use the distance between two adjacent frames using European distance technology. If the distance is greater than the set threshold, the frame is considered to be at the shot boundary, and the sequence number of the video frame is returned as the starting position of the shot. Otherwise, the calculation continues. The distances between lens features are as follows:Once the features of each shot in the video are extracted, we can compare the similarity of the two shots. One of the main contributions of this paper is to determine whether they are duplicate videos by the proportion of all matched shots between two videos. The more matched shots between two videos, the more similar they are. For better analysis, we define the similarity of videos as follows: “error! Reference source not found” means any video in the database. The expression of its logical function is:Put the shots of all videos in the database together to build a new data set:Sqk ∈ Vq. And the threshold T. By matching an approximate nearest neighbor set (the shot in the entire data set that matches “error! No reference source found”), the shot is:(2) For each given query shot (point) Our method can calculate the similarity between the query video and each video in the database within the time complexity by using the technology on the entire data set to obtain the approximate repeated shot set of each shot of the query video. We then fuse these returned repeated shot sets in order to further accelerate the detection speed. This is the precise algorithm:Ak ⊂ Ds, a video sequence with continuity, and the difference of the estimated depth of the corresponding pixel points in the h-dimensional coordinate system should be the same as the difference between their real values. For the image sequence that has undergone time consistent super-pixel segmentation, we use the relative time error to measure the time continuity between the two images:Among them, The time consistent super-pixel segmentation algorithm generates a corresponding relationship in the time dimension on the super pixels of consecutive posts. If the corresponding super-pixel pairs marked by the time consistent super-pixel segmentation algorithm between consecutive gaps, the energy function can be expressed as:We can calculate the similarity between “error! Reference source not found” and any video in the database by the following method:Wherein,Vi∩Ak ≠ Θ means that there is at least one shot and seed video in the video in the database. If the Sqk distance of shots is not greater than the threshold value, there must be the most similar shot distance from Sqk to “video error! Reference source not found” not greater than the threshold value.The network video stream data used in the experiment are all captured by Wireshark 3 capture software in the campus network environment of Nanjing University of posts and telecommunications. The capture time are April 2022 and May 2022, and the capture time period includes morning, afternoon, and evening. This paper mainly collected seven kinds of video service data, including Tiktok short video, Kwai short video, Youku HD video stream, Microvision, Wechat video number, P2P video (Kankan video), and HTTP video download. A total of 840 video streams were obtained. Each video stream is 3-15 minutes long. Each video stream data is stored in the form of five tuples, including packet arrival time, source IP address, destination IP address, use the protocol type, and package size. The details of the short video data set are shown in After obtaining the video stream data, we use the net flow Analab data processing platform to extract the video stream features. The data processing platform is written and built by our team, mainly including batch processing tools (. Bat) and gawk scripts based on line processing text data. In addition, the main data analysis tools used in this paper are Weka and MATLAB 2018a. Weka is an open-source software based on Java programming language, which implements a variety of feature selection algorithms and classification algorithms. It is mainly used for data mining and can be used for data preprocessing, regression, etc. it is a very powerful data mining tool. For several typical statistical characteristics of short video streams, the qualitative analysis of seven types of short video streams is carried out in combination with their distribution maps, and the differences of these characteristics in different types of short video streams are expounded. These features include the mean value of the downlink packet size, the information entropy of the downlink packet size. The characteristic distribution diagram of the downlink average packet size of the seven short video types is shown in It can be clearly seen in In It can be seen from It can be seen from Rapid Internet development has created new opportunities for the production, consumption, and dissemination of human creations. Internet users can freely access large information resources in the flawless fair use regime of China's vast cyberspace. The fair use system has been significantly impacted by the development of network technology, which has also resulted in new copyright issues. The existence of the fair use system is founded on the demands of social and economic progress, thus this does not imply that its fundamental principles have changed. It must therefore be continuously developed in accordance with the requirements of modern development if its advantages in preserving the fair use system's equality and its creative zeal are to be fully realised. Therefore, based on the definition of the fair use system of short video copyright, this paper explains the idea of fair use of copyright and the definition and characteristics of short video. It also analyses the challenges and solutions associated with the fair use system of short video copyright in the network environment monitoring and builds a short video repeat detection model using local key points. According to the experimental findings, this algorithm's short video repetition detection accuracy rate can reach 95.8%, and its recall rate can reach 94.5%. Conclusion: Complex scene videos may successfully recognise objects, and they provide a solid data analysis base for the creation of a short video copyright fair use system in the current network context. It is helpful for resolving the fair use system of short video copyright issues in the present big data network environment.


Patients are increasingly relying on YouTube for health information. We objectively evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy YouTube videos available to patients. We further investigated the relationship between video content and video popularity.We identified 150 videos using the search term “sialendoscopy.” Videos were excluded if they were lectures for medical professionals, operating room (OR) recordings, unrelated, non‐English, or non‐audio. Video quality and comprehensiveness were evaluated using modified DISCERN criterion (range: 5–25) and novel sialendoscopy criterion , respectively. Secondary outcomes included standard video metrics and Video Power Index to measure popularity. Videos were classified binarily by uploader type as from an academic medical center or from other sources.p = .02). There were no significant correlations between video popularity and objective measures of quality or comprehensiveness.Twenty‐two (14.7%) of 150 videos were included for review, with 7 (31.8%) uploaded from academic medical institutions. One hundred‐nine (72.7%) videos were excluded as lectures for medical professionals or OR recordings. Overall mean modified DISCERN (13.45 ± 3.42) and NSC (3.05 ± 0.96) scores were low; however, videos uploaded by academic medical institutions were significantly more comprehensive (NSC mean difference = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.16–1.80, This study highlights the paucity and low quality of sialendoscopy videos for patients. More popular videos are not higher quality, and most videos are targeted more toward physicians rather than patients. As YouTube becomes increasingly used by patients, there is opportunity for otolaryngologists to produce more informative videos for patients while implementing targeted strategies to increase viewership.NA. Patients are increasingly watching YouTube videos as a means of educating themselves on their potential treatment options. YouTube videos available to patients on sialendoscopy are overall sparse and of low quality. Furthermore, more popular videos are not of higher quality. Recent data suggest that about 80% of Internet users look for health information online, and of these users, 56% look specifically for information on medical treatments or procedures.Sialendoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool used to manage sialolithiasis and sialadenitis refractory to first‐line, conservative treatment. It is a minimally invasive technique that has been shown to preserve function and spare excision of salivary glands in non‐neoplastic obstructive pathologies.Despite the growth in patient use of YouTube and clinical use of sialendoscopy, the quality of the information found in sialendoscopy YouTube videos has not been investigated. Given that YouTube videos are unregulated and often contain incomplete or inaccurate health information, there is growing concern over the quality of information that patients access on the website.2www.youtube.com” was searched using default settings for the term “sialendoscopy.”This research study received exemption from the Institutional Review Board at Thomas Jefferson University. Videos were searched using the Google Chrome web browser. To minimize user search result bias, browsing history, cookies, and cache were cleared before searching, and all videos were accessed via Google Chrome's private browsing feature. On March 26, 2021, “The first 150 videos were identified. A search of 150 videos is likely far beyond what a typical user would do, allowing for analysis of the entire breadth of sialendoscopy video content and proper powering of the study.Videos were classified based on their uploader as either from an academic medical institution (“academic”) or from any other uploader source (“other”). Other uploaders included private medical institutions, news and media agencies, and individual users. This video stratification is consistent with previous literaturePrimary outcome measures were scores from two video scoring criteria: a novel sialendoscopy criteria (NSC) score and a modified DISCERN score. Each video was independently scored by two authors. The authors created the NSC to evaluate the comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy information within a video. It was designed with input from other novel scoring criteria in the literature, and it represents the breadth of information an otolaryngologist would likely present to patients undergoing sialendoscopy.The DISCERN criteria are a validated scoring system developed to help health consumers judge information about treatment choices , and it has been previously used in the literature to evaluate the overall quality and reliability of health information in YouTube videos.Secondary outcome measures included: (1) audiovisual (AV) quality score, (2) reported video metrics, and 3) calculated video metrics. The AV quality score has previously been used to evaluate YouTube videos and ranges from zero to three, with higher scores indicating clearer, more professional editing  was calculated based on NSC and modified DISCERN scores from both reviewers, with ICC > 0.90 defined as “excellent” reliability.t‐test supplemented by Levene's test and Cohen's D measurement.All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27. Statistical significance was set at 3Of the 150 videos identified from the initial YouTube search, 22 videos 14.7%) met inclusion criteria. The 128 excluded videos included the following: 8 lecture‐format videos intended for a live audience, 9 non‐English videos, 101 surgical or OR technique‐specific videos, 7 irrelevant videos, and 3 videos without both audio and subtitles. Of the 22 included videos, 7 (31.8%) were uploaded from an academic medical institution, and 15 (68.2%) were uploaded from other sources. Other uploader sources included 10 videos from private medical institutions, 4 videos from independent users, and 1 video from a news/media organization . Academic videos scored significantly higher on the NSC score than other videos . There was no significant difference between academic and other videos in the modified DISCERN or DISCERN bias scores . Videos that were from other sources had significantly longer duration than those from academic medical institutions . There were no other significant differences in secondary outcomes between the two groups.AV quality score, reported video metrics, and calculated video metrics for all videos are displayed Table . AcademiR = .429, p < .05) but not modified DISCERN score. Neither NSC nor modified DISCERN scores significantly correlated with any other secondary characteristics. Within secondary characteristics, AV score was significantly positively correlated with like ratio  and negatively correlated with days since upload .Across all videos, AV score was positively correlated with NSC score  met inclusion criteria, highlighting the paucity of suitable sialendoscopy video content for patients. Users typically only click on videos found within the first search engine result page (SERP), with less than 1% of all user SERP clicks occurring beyond the first page and the likelihood of interaction significantly diminishing as search position increases.Given the paucity of videos for patients, it is important to consider who else may be using YouTube for information on sialendoscopy. One hundred‐nine (72.7%) of the initial 150 videos were excluded for being surgical technique videos/OR recordings or lectures for medical professionals that contained technical language or medical jargon. Of these excluded videos, 15 (60%) were in the top 25 search results. This suggests that physicians may be using YouTube to share sialendoscopy content with other physicians or medical personnel. Physicians frequently use online videos to study medical concepts: one study reported that 90% of polled physicians used online videos and, of these physicians, 86% specifically used YouTube.The overall low NSC and modified DISCERN scores indicate poor video comprehensiveness and quality, respectively. These findings are consistent with our initial hypothesis and reflect the findings of other surgery literature investigating the health information within YouTube videos.The videos included in this study were poor at discussing complications. None (0%) of the videos described intra‐procedural complications, and only three videos (13.7%) discussed any complications; these low reporting rates are consistent with our initial hypothesis and literature in other fields.The above findings highlight that YouTube may not be an ideal resource for physicians to recommend to their patients. Physicians seeking to use YouTube for sialendoscopy patient education may consider preselecting videos at their own discretion and providing their patients with weblinks. This would eliminate the need for patients to siphon through the large quantity of videos intended for medical professionals and encourage targeted selection of higher quality videos. Physicians seeking to create their own high‐quality videos may use the NSC as a reference for pertinent inclusion points.Viewers of online videos often perceive more popular videos as more credible sources of information.Growing bodies of literature studying online user behavior have outlined strategies to increase the likelihood of video viewership and can be implemented by otolaryngologists seeking to create content that is both highly informative and accessible. When a YouTube search is queried, the most popular videos appear at the top of YouTube's SERP.Videos uploaded from academic medical institutions had significantly higher AV quality scores. While AV quality score did positively correlate with like ratio, it did not correlate with any other metrics of user engagement, such as number of views or VPI. While this suggests that academic medical institutions can produce high AV quality videos, the patients cannot appreciate such quality if it is not viewed. These findings reiterate the importance of physicians engaging in strategies to maximize their position on YouTube's SERP.This study has potential limitations. Our small sample size may fail to represent the true extent of videos available to patients on sialendoscopy. However, as discussed previously, such a sample size is a finding itself that highlights the scarcity of videos available to patients on the topic. Furthermore, although we excluded videos that were not suitable for patients and found no difference in the DISCERN bias score between uploaders, we did not categorize videos by their intended purpose. Thus, it is possible that some of the remaining videos were not intended directly for patient education, potentially creating bias in certain discussion points based on the uploader's intentions. Future investigations should seek to evaluate video bias as it relates to the video's intended purpose . Additionally, while this study provides valuable insight into the quality and comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy YouTube videos, it does not evaluate videos uploaded outside of YouTube and it does not reveal the extent to which these videos may truly educate patients. Finally, although the modified DISCERN has been extensively used to evaluate online patient education, no validation studies specific to the modified instrument have been published. Further studies may seek to validate the modified DISCERN score against other previously validated reliability grading systems.5Our study highlights the overall paucity and low quality of videos for patients on sialendoscopy. More popular videos are not necessarily higher quality or more comprehensive, and videos uploaded on YouTube are targeted more toward physicians rather than patients. As YouTube becomes an increasingly used source of health information, there is opportunity for otolaryngologists to produce more informative videos for patients while implementing targeted strategies to increase viewership.This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not‐for‐profit sectors.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, conflicts of interest, or competing interests to disclose.


Video labelling is the assigning of meaningful information to raw videos. With the evolution of artificial intelligence and its intended incorporation into the operating room, video datasets can be invaluable tools for education and the training of intelligent surgical workflow systems through computer vision. However, the process of manual labelling of video datasets can prove costly and time-consuming for already busy practising surgeons. Twenty-five robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) procedures were recorded on Proximie, an augmented reality platform, anonymised and access given to a novice, who was trained to develop the knowledge and skills needed to accurately segment a full-length RARP procedure on a video labelling platform. A labelled video was subsequently randomly selected for assessment of accuracy by four practising urologists. Of the 25 videos allocated, 17 were deemed suitable for labelling, and 8 were excluded on the basis of procedure length and video quality. The labelled video selected for assessment was graded for accuracy of temporal labelling, with an average score of 93.1%, and a range of 85.6–100%. The self-training of a novice in the accurate segmentation of a surgical video to the standard of a practising urologist is feasible and practical for the RARP procedure. The assigning of temporal labels on a video labelling platform was also studied and proved feasible throughout the study period. Video labelling is the process through which different aspects of a video are assigned specific informative labels which a machine can utilise in machine learning and in the development of computer vision. Computer vision is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) which enables machines to develop a human-like understanding of different aspects of images and videos and enables the human-like learning of information from visual data. Machines to date can be taught to infer, analyse, and detect subtle data patterns and compute on their own through unsupervised machine learning, necessitating no explicit instruction .One application of video labelling in surgery is the automatic segmentation of surgical videos. This application could be employed in the education of surgical trainees with research supporting the utilisation of video-based educational interventions , 3. The Although automation in surgical procedures is likely to remain out of reach in the near future, there is potential in the synergy between computer vision in AI and automation of surgical video labelling. A difficulty in the training of machine learning algorithms for classifying features of visual data is the prerequisite for large quantities of pre-labelled data . Due to Research for crowd annotation with surgical video is scarce, and current evidence suggesting a strong corelation between crowd annotators and clinical experts remains inconclusive for tasks of higher complexity or the labelling of full-length surgical procedures . The estOver a period of 2 months, 25 RARP procedures performed on the Da Vinic Si HD dual console system were recorded on Proximie, a novel commercially available GDPR and HIPAA compliant augmented reality platform, approved by Guys and St. Thomas’ NHS trust (GSTT) IT department.The footage was captured in the endoscopic view, producing a library of two-dimensional (2D) full-length RARP videos which were deidentified and anonymised. This video set was accessible via a secure, online, cloud-based storage which only the study participants had access to.The student was trained on video labelling through self-directed learning, a review of the literature and reference to online video materials. Subsequently, a random video was selected from the dataset to be labelled on an online video labelling platform. This same video was then assessed according to an agreed pre-set checklist, on a 5-point Likert scale by four practising urologists experienced in performing RARP. The accuracy of video labelling was then calculated and documented.Patients were not involved in the design and conduction of this study. Prostatectomy patients at GSTT undergoing RARP completed a standardised consent form for the storage and usage of surgical video. Surgical videos were than obtained and accessed via Proximie, a GDPR and HIPAA compliant platform.The student was able to access the video through a secure online cloud-based storage with files protected by a 256-bit advanced encryption standard (AES). Patients had full knowledge of recording prior to the procedure and completed a consent form enabling the subsequent usage of the operative video. Videos were anonymised using an arbitrary numerical system deidentifying patients. A random number generator was utilised to select a video for assessment of video labelling accuracy .A comprehensive library of operative steps was outlined according to those previously defined in the literature, considering the steps which would be visible throughout operative video . The nine final steps assessed are outlined in Table Video labelling was performed on the VGG image annotator (VIA) platform  by the sFollowing the learning period, a video amongst the data set was randomly selected  to test See Table Of the 25 analysed videos, 8/25 (32%) videos were deemed incomplete/low quality, and these videos were not used for review or labelling by the student due to the operative video being less than 1 h in length (incomplete), missing significant steps or the video being pixelated and unclear to the viewer. Of the 17 videos which were deemed to be of sufficient quality for analysis, videos were time stamped by the student as part of the learning process (Fig. The annotated video then underwent review by the four participating urologists, who then quantified the accuracy of labelling of each procedural step, over a 5-point Likert scale. The mean accuracy of the labelled video across all steps was 93.06%, with a range from 85.6 to 100%. Refer to Table See Table This purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the feasibility of video labelling by a novice student, as an initial step towards the development of an AI algorithm, automating the process of video labelling in RARP as previously done for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy , laparosThe results of this study demonstrated the feasibility of a novice student to train in the labelling and accurate segmentation of operative video over a short-term period on a part-time basis; in this case, the robotic prostatectomy procedure performed primarily via a transperitoneal approach. A procedural video amongst the data set was then selected for review by four practising urologists. The results demonstrated an average of over 90% accuracy in the time stamping and video labelling of the procedural steps. The step which had the lowest accuracy score was step 5 (Bladder neck transection, see Table For the purposes of this study, the VIA annotation software  was not The fields of surgical education, robotic surgery, and innovation in surgical technology with artificial intelligence are constantly evolving in the light of new technological developments. The video labelling performed in this project has several applications. In the immediate context, the organisation of a video dataset into a cloud storage network and its segmentation into the constituting steps of the procedure can be used for: research purposes, increasing efficiency of post-operative review of surgeon performance, and educational purposes whereby clarity of video materials is possibly improved through the addition of time stamps . The eduLabelled video has multiple further applications, for example, the development of context aware operating rooms with surgical workflow analysis , 21–23, However, an inherent difficulty encountered with this process is the time and expertise investment due as part of the manual labelling process, often demanding the participation of expert surgeons or motivated trainees , 15, 24.Though this study has limitations. The results of this project may not be generalisable to all other endoscopic procedures. The results suggest promise in the ability of a student to learn to accurately identify the procedural steps within a surgical video, and subsequently label these. However, replicating this study for other procedures may demonstrate a difference in learning curves. Another significant feature of this study is that the data set was obtained from a single hospital, and the approach taken in performing RARP procedures in other hospitals may not be representative. It is known that there are several dissection techniques which may be done for RARP, with each differing in the anatomical structures encountered, the ability for labelling through different anatomical approaches was not tested in this study .The context in which this study was conducted was during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, where clinical responsibilities of the participant surgeons and contact restrictions limited the recruitment of a student cohort. Despite the limitations, this study serves as a pilot study for more comprehensive future video labelling research. A formalised educational process can be applied amongst a cohort of students, to determine interrater reliability for students who have undergone the same educational process.Advancements in AI and surgical technology have prompted further research studies. A barrier to the conduction of such studies can often be due to the requirement of high expertise and associated funding. This study has shown that a B.Sc. student, over the course of 2 months, was able to self-train in the understanding and accurate segmentation of the RARP procedure with no prior exposure to robotic surgery, having analysed and manually labelled an entire dataset. This could form the basis for an educational surgical video library, a reference point for assessors, however most applicable to this project, the use of video datasets in computer vision research and AI applications. Studies assessing the ability of students to perform such roles are scarce in the literature and may be of benefit to the scientific community due to the existent interest for research participation in students.


Two plasma filaments crossing above the target create a subwavelength window for terahertz microscopy that excludes any subwavelength probe in vicinity. Terahertz imaging with resolution in the order of microns provides great insights into carrier dynamics in semiconductors2, water content in biological samples3, and near-field interactions of artificial structures4, to name a few. Nonetheless, such a feat comes with great technical challenges as the spatial resolution of far-field imaging is always restricted by the diffraction limit, which is in the order of a wavelength. To put this into perspective, far-field terahertz optics at 1 THz can achieve around 300-micron resolution, or slightly less. Sample features below this scale are impressed upon evanescent fields that decay exponentially from the surface, leaving no trace available to a detector placed far away. It is therefore essential to access this information in the so-called near-field region, where the evanescent waves remain strong.The prospect of accessing a microscale world with terahertz waves has been attractive to researchers worldwide since the beginning of modern terahertz technology, which was spurred by ultrafast laser science5. Such a probe could be in the form of a subwavelength aperture1, a scattering tip7, a metamaterial fiber8, or, recently, a terajet microsphere9.Various near-field imaging techniques existed in the optical domain long before the advent of modern terahertz technology, and fortunately, scalability holds true for electromagnetics. This has made it possible to directly adopt those existing techniques in the terahertz range, albeit with some differences in the implementation details. The move in this direction is not unprecedented, as there have been strong ties to optics since the early days of terahertz technology. One prevalent microscopic imaging approach is to introduce a physical probe near to the surface of a target, so as to collect subwavelength information in the near-field10. Common terahertz sources for this purpose include an electro-optic crystal and a photoconductive antenna. Similarly, a sample can be placed nearby a terahertz detector that is gated by an optical signal with a relatively small spot size to resolve subwavelength sample features. All of these approaches require microscale proximity of a sample to some physical structure, which is cumbersome, and could potentially damage the sample surface. To address this, an unorthodox approach known as laser terahertz emission microscopy11 locally converts ultrashort optical pulses to terahertz pulses via a nonlinear process within the target itself. However, although no physical structure is introduced near the target, this approach is only applicable to biased semiconductors.Other techniques involve conversion between terahertz and optical waves to exploit the higher spatial resolution offered by shorter wavelengths. Specifically, a sample can be positioned near to a terahertz source where an emerging terahertz wave converted from an optical excitation is deeply subwavelengthLight; Science & Applications, X. Wang and his colleagues from Capital Normal University, Beijing, and the Xian University of Technology present a demonstration of air-plasmas for terahertz near-field imaging12. Unlike an earlier air-plasma terahertz microscopy13, the sample under test is not exposed to terahertz waves generated by a plasma filament, which could cause damage. Rather, two pulsed 0.3-mJ femtosecond laser beams are focused tightly, and cross each other a few tens to hundreds of microns above the sample surface, as shown in Fig. 14, but with air as a replacement. In this way, the authors successfully circumvent the issue of a physical structure in proximity to the sample. To validate its generality, this near-field microscopy was trialled with various types of samples.In this issue of At this stage, the spatial resolution is limited to half a wavelength. Nonetheless, there is room for improvement on this front to follow this pioneer work. The authors pointed out tradeoffs between the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and laser pulse energy that could damage the sample surface. It is anticipated that further optimization of the setup will lead to an air-plasma terahertz microscope with sub-micron resolution.