Great discrepancies are often encountered between the distance fixation and the near-fixation esodeviations and exodeviations. They are all attributed to either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. We report a case with pseudoconvergence insufficiency and another one with pseudoaccommodative convergence excess. In both cases, conv./div. excess and insufficiency were erroneously attributed to anomalies of the AC/A ratio or to anomalies of the fusional amplitudes. Our purpose is to show that numerous factors, other than anomalies in the AC/A ratio or anomalies in the fusional conv. or divergence amplitudes, can contaminate either the distance or the near deviations. This results in significant discrepancies between the distance and the near deviations despite a normal AC/A ratio and normal fusional amplitudes, leading to erroneous diagnoses and inappropriate treatment models. The eponyms of convergence (conv.) excess and divergence (div.) excess, conv. insufficiency and div. insufficiency not only were each used to describe two totally different entities, one with excess or insufficiency of the fusional conv. amplitude, or fusional div. amplitude, and one with anomalies (high or low) of the AC/A ratio, but also were erroneously used to describe clinical entities with large significant discrepancies between the distance and near deviations, completely unrelated to anomalies of fusion or to the AC/A ratio.The purpose of this presentation is to show that conv. excess as well as div. excess results in identical clinical features in esotropia and in exotropia: more esotropia at near and less exotropia at near. Similarly conv. insufficiency as well as div. insufficiency also results in identical clinical features in esotropia and exotropia: less esotropia at near and more exotropia at near. In our paper we will also demonstrate that numerous factors , in addiWe report a case with pseudoconvergence insufficiency and another one with pseudoaccommodative convergence excess, both erroneously attributed to anomalies of the AC/A ratio or to anomalies of the fusional amplitudes.R. D., a 22-year-old medical student, was seen in April 2013 with the chief complaint of severe ocular and systemic symptoms occurring after only ten minutes of reading, obliging him to discontinue all near work. He was already on propranolol  for his migraine for over one year. His neurological exam including MRI of the brain was normal. Prism cover test showed 1 to 2 pd (prism diopter) of exophoria (XP) at distance and 12 pd of XP at near. Using the hand Risley rotatory prism, his fusional conv. and fusional div. amplitudes were normal.His cycloplegic refraction showed emmetropia and his AC/A ratio, using the gradient method with −2:00 s at a fixed distance, was normal. Following orthoptic training by a certified orthoptist, his fusional conv. amplitude increased substantially but his ocular symptoms remained the same. He was last seen in December 2013. He was still complaining of asthenopia, visual fatigue, blurred vision, and intermittent diplopia at near after a brief episode of reading.This patient presents with clinical features suggestive of “conv. insufficiency” with however a normal AC/A ratio and normal fusional conv. and div. amplitudes. We believe his symptoms are related to the “oculocardiac reflex”: his effort to overcome the near exophoria is transmitted through the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve to the brain whereby its link with the vagus nucleus precipitated his oculogastric symptoms. We are tempted to speculate that propranolol, with its anxiolytic effect, has precipitated his near exophoria.S. H., a six-and-a-half-year-old girl, was first seen in May 2011 because of esotropia first noticed at the age of two years. Her deviation was 6 pd of esotropia at distance and 18 pd at 33 cm. The refractive errors were right eye, +1.00+1.50 × 85, and left eye, +1.75+1.00 × 90. Following occlusion therapy for her left eye amblyopia, her corrected visual acuity was 20/20 and 20/40, respectively, in her right and left eye. Her last cycloplegic retinoscopy showed refractive errors of +3:00 s in both eyes. Prism Cover Test with full optical correction showed esodeviation of 3 pd at distance and 16 pd at 33 cm. Following monocular occlusion, no change was seen in her esodeviation. With +3:00 s lenses used at 33 cm before both eyes, her near esodeviation decreased to only 6 pd at times and to only 9 pd at other times. By this gradient method of measuring an AC/A, that is, by the difference in accommodation (+3:00 lenses) divided by the difference in phoria (a difference of 10 pd at times and 7 pd at other times), this patient's AC/A ratio is (10/3) 3.3 to (7/3) 2.3, that is, normal to low. Following left medial rectus recession to 10 mm from the limbus, her esodeviation was 3 months postoperatively 1 to 2 pd of esotropia at both distance and near fixation.This patient illustrates a case of esotropia with the clinical features typical of high AC/A ratio suggesting the eponym of accommodative conv. excess. Using the gradient method with +3:00 s at 33 cm, her AC/A was found to be normal to low. We believe the significant discrepancy between her near and distance deviations was due to one or more of the factors that can contaminate the distance and/or near deviations beside AC/A and fusional anomalies. Surgery dissipated these factors and normalized the AC/A ratio.The clinical features of conv. insufficiency and div. insufficiency are identical, increasing exotropia at near fixation in exodeviations and decreasing esotropia at near fixation in esotropia.In exodeviation, the insufficiency of fusional div. amplitudes decreases the distance exodeviation since divergence concerns mainly distance fixation and the insufficiency of the fusional conv. amplitudes decreases the near esodeviation since convergence concerns mainly near fixation. So the resulting clinical features are identical in conv. insufficiency and div. insufficiency in exodeviations: more exodeviation at near fixation than distance fixation.In esodeviations, the insufficiency of fusional div. amplitudes decreases the exodeviation at distance and therefore increases the distance esodeviation since div. concerns mainly distance fixation and the insufficiency of the fusional conv. amplitude decreases the near esodeviation since conv. concerns mainly near fixation. Again, the clinical features of conv. insufficiency and div. insufficiency are identical in esodeviations: less esotropia at near fixation than at distance fixation.Measurement of the AC/A ratio by the gradient method consists of placing various convex or concave sphere(s) over the patient's refractive errors and determines the change in accommodative conv. exerted at a fixed distance. The AC/A ratio is then evaluated by taking the difference in accommodation and dividing it by the difference in phoria values. The AC/A ratios determined by the gradient method often do not correlate with the values determined by the heterophoria method where the changes in the stimulus to accommodation are produced by changing the distance of the object of regard.In conv./div. insufficiency, due to a low AC/A ratio, results of the gradient method correlate with those of the heterophoria method; that is, the use of −2:00 spheres at a fixed distance will show minimal decrease of exotropia and the use of +3:00 spheres at a fixed distance will show minimal increase of exotropia . The fusional conv. and div. amplitudes are normal.When the AC/A is low, the accommodative conv. is lower than the total amount of conv. required for bifixation at a given distance. Therefore there will be a considerable amount of conv. deficiency at near fixation  at near). So, this entity of more exotropia at near is not caused by weakness or insufficiency of conv., but many still call it conv. insufficiency.These patients have essentially no deviation or only 1 to 2 pd of exophoria at distance fixation and a small to moderate exophoria at near fixation of around 10 to 15 pd. They complain of severe symptoms of ocular discomfort starting few minutes after near-fixation working or reading, such as eyestrain, sensation of tension in or around the globes, blur after a brief period of reading, and occasionally intermittent diplopia. Headaches and gastric symptoms often compound the picture. This syndrome can be caused either by a decrease of fusional conv. amplitude which increases the near exodeviation or by a decrease of the fusional div. amplitude decreasing the exodeviation at far fixation. Symptoms improve remarkably following orthoptic training increasing their fusional conv. amplitude or increasing their fusional div. amplitude.A low AC/A ratio with more exodeviation at near fixation than at distance fixation can be artificially produced by a combination of peripheral mechanisms including superior oblique (SO) muscles' overaction, medial rectus (MR) muscles' underaction (slipped or scarred MR muscles), or lateral rectus (LR) muscles' entrapment or restrictions…. These factors create a decreased efficiency of the MR action resulting in decreased amount of conv. for every unit of accommodation. This type of conv. insufficiency is based on mechanical rather than innervational factors. In this condition, fusional convergence and fusional divergence amplitudes are also reduced.The fusional conv./div. amplitudes are normal. The AC/A ratio is low by all means of testing. When the AC/A ratio is low, the conv. reflexively stimulated by each diopter of accommodation is less than the accommodative convergence stimulated by a normal AC/A ratio. Therefore there is more deficiency of conv., hence less esotropia at near fixation. This entity is rare.The decreased fusional conv. amplitude decreases the near esodeviation and the decrease of fusional div. amplitude increases the distance esodeviation for the reasons cited above. Therefore, the clinical features of conv. insufficiency and those of div. insufficiency are also identical in esodeviations: less esotropia at near than distance fixation. The AC/A ratio here is normal by all means of testing.As stated above, decreased MR(s) action or increased LR(s) action, from whatever cause, results in a significant insufficiency of conv. at a given near fixation since the MR muscles are primarily involved in convergence. Being underacting, each diopter of accommodation will result in less than the normal amount of accommodative conv. This low AC/A ratio is based on mechanical rather than innervational factors. In this condition, fusional convergence and fusional divergence amplitudes are also decreased.The clinical features of conv. excess and div. excess are identical, decreasing the exotropia at near fixation in exodeviations and increasing the esotropia at near fixation in esodeviations.In esodeviations, the increase of the fusional conv. amplitude increases the near esodeviation and the increase of the fusional div. amplitude decreases the distance esodeviation by increasing the distance exodeviation for the same reasons stated above.In exodeviations, similarly, the increase of the fusional conv. amplitude decreases the near exodeviation and the increase of the fusional divergence amplitude increases the distance exodeviation. So the end-results of the clinical features of conv. excess and div. excess are identical: in esodeviations, conv. excess and div. excess result in more esotropia at near than distance fixation. In exodeviation, conv. excess and div. excess result in less exotropia at near fixation than distance fixation.The greater near esodeviation is due to a high AC/A ratio, proven to be high by all means of testing. The use of, say, −2:00 spheres at a fixed distance shows a significant increase of the esotropia, and the near esodeviation is effectively reduced with plus lenses at near such as bifocals. The accommodative conv. reflexively stimulated by a high AC/A ratio is way above the normal. The fusional amplitudes of conv. and div. are normal.The strong fusional conv. amplitude in esodeviation increases the near esotropia since conv. concerns mainly near fixation and the strong fusional div. amplitude increases the distance exotropia since div. concerns mainly distance fixation. Therefore, more esotropia at near fixation can be due to either increased fusional conv. amplitude or increased fusional div. amplitude. The AC/A ratio here is normal by all means of testing.The excessive convergence at near fixation is brought by an increased accommodative effort due to a reduction (primary or secondary) of the near point of accommodation (NPA). Such reduction of accommodation can occur in conditions such as decreased accommodation in amblyopic eyes , decreasA high AC/A ratio with more esotropia at near fixation than distance fixation can be artificially induced by iatrogenic or spontaneous overaction of the MR muscles or underaction or the LR muscles resulting in an increased efficiency of the MR's action with more conv. induced by a unit of accommodation than normal. In this artificially induced high AC/A ratio, the fusional convergence amplitudes are increased.In exodeviations, the excess of conv. or the excess of div. will result, respectively, in less exotropia at near fixation or more exotropia at distance fixation.The AC/A ratio is proven to be high by all means of testing done after an hour of occlusion of one eye in order to dissipate fusion or any other factor that may mask substantially the distance fixation or near-fixation exodeviation. The use of −2:00 spheres at a fixed distance shows a significant decrease of the exodeviation and +3:00 spheres at near will increase significantly the near exodeviation. Measured fusional conv. amplitude and fusional div. amplitude are normal.The strong fusional conv. amplitude in exotropia decreases the near exodeviation and the strong fusional div. amplitude increases the distance exodeviation for reasons described above. Therefore, the lesser exodeviation at near fixation in exodeviation can be due to either strong fusional conv. amplitude or strong fusional div. amplitude. The AC/A ratio in this condition is normal by all other means of testing.As stated above, a high AC/A ratio resulting in less exotropia at near fixation than distance fixation can be artificially induced by primary or secondary MR(s) overaction or LR(s) underaction resulting in more conv. per diopters of accommodation. This increase of the AC/A ratio is based on mechanical rather than innervational basis.However, LR muscles overaction/contracture may exaggerate the distance exodeviation due to increased LR muscles' action, resulting in more exodeviation at distance than at near, mimicking a high AC/A ratio. Surgery, obviously, will normalize the AC/A ratio.In addition to the above-listed innervational and mechanical causes of anomalies of fusion and anomalies of the AC/A ratio, there are numerous other factors that may contaminate the distance or the near deviation resulting in significant discrepancies between the distance and near deviations, mimicking conv./div. excesses or insufficiencies, and making the eponyms of conv./div. excess and conv./div. insufficiency inappropriate and misleading.The awareness of nearness resulting normally in few pd of additional conv. at near can be altered and exaggerated  and respAttention, sharp fusional contours, better structured peripheral field, stereoscopic vision, and so forth are often diminished at distance fixation especially if the distance fixation involves not only 20 feet but also 200 or more feet . These pThe dual antagonistic innervation, sympathetic and parasympathetic, of the ciliary muscle suggests the presence of a remote divergence. There has been an argument against div. being an active force. However, electromyographic findings and the presence of fusional divergence prove unequivocally that an active divergence mechanism does exist . This acA unique characteristic of most patients with intermittent exotropia is the power of control and awareness of their eye position which enables them to align their eyes at all distances without the sensory stimulus of accommodation and fusion. Accommodation was proven not to be the essential part in refusion as well as in the break of fusion mechanisms in intermittent exotropia. Hence, occlusion of one eye, during prism cover test, frequently does not result in the dissipation of vergence. That accounts for the masked diagnosis of intermittent exotropia in many subjects, a pitfall known to every strabologist . This poIt is probable that patients with intermittent exotropia have an exaggerated blink-conv. relationship capable of initiating the refusion of considerable amounts of exodeviation or exaggerating a considerable amount of esodeviation . This blLight exerts tonus on the body musculature as well as on the ocular muscles . In diss“Adduction fixation preference” seen in normal healthy infants following bright illumination of an eye is another example of the LTE on the oculorotatory muscles , 14 wherThe well-known “Bielschowsky phenomenon”  also illThis link between light and oculorotatory tonic innervation may cause distance/near discrepancy of the deviation with usually more deviation at distance than at near fixation mimicking conv.-div. anomalies. LTE can be reduced or annulled by monocular occlusion or with +3:00 spheres used at near.Dissociated deviations may be unilateral or may involve either eye asymmetrically. They consist of concomitant outward or inward, manifest or latent, deviations of one amount when one eye is fixating but a different amount when the other eye is fixating. Variability in the amount of deviation is characteristic, with a wide range from orthophoria to 60 pd, hence the difficulty to reach a clear endpoint during prism-neutralization –11. ThisMoreover, dissociated deviations may, uncommonly, show a combination of exotropia and esotropia either with eye fixing or even in the same eye. Finally, in the same patient, the dissociated component may be associated with a nondissociative component such as DHD with exotropia . All theThe accommodative convergence response does not depend on the accommodative response, that is, on the change of refraction of the eye (“response AC/A ratio”), but depends on the stimulus to accommodation, that is, the effort or impulse to accommodation. When the stimulus to accommodation is great such as in presbyopia or following instillation of a cycloplegic substance in the eyes, the associated conv. response will be greater accordingly, even though in presbyopia there is no change in refraction of the eye because of hardening of the crystalline lens and because of momentary paralysis of the ciliary muscle under the cycloplegic effect. Conversely, if lesser stimulus is necessary to achieve sharp retinal imagery such as in uncorrected myopia or the use of +3:00 sphere at near or under a spasm of the ciliary muscles, less innervation will be sent to the EOMs resulting in conv. insufficiency from “disuse.” During assessment of the distance/near amount of deviations, any factor increasing or decreasing the stimulus to accommodation can alter the near deviation resulting in distance-near discrepancies and fictitious conv.-div. anomalies. So, since the impulses exerted by a subject to accommodate can be adequate, excessive, or weak, hence a lesser or greater convergence response, the values of the AC/A ratio will change accordingly mimicking conv.-div. anomalies.This mixture, so frequently employed under normal circumstances in changing from distance to near fixation, is centrally integrated and programmed.Pure accommodative conv. only occurs when one eye is occluded, deeply amblyopic, or blind or strabismic, since in these situations there is an absence of any fusional vergence stimuli. The speed of accommodative conv. alone is too slow to keep up with the demands for changing fixation between distant and near targets, if it were the sole vergence available. Fortunately, under real life visual conditions, the more rapid fusion-stimulated movement is available to reach the goal of fusion. The fast movement of fusional bifixation comes in to assist the slower accommodative conv. .Pure fusional conv. occurs only when accommodation is completely neutralized with plus spheres thus preventing any stimulus from accommodating and therefore any accommodative response.Could a change in the amount, the ratio, the speed, and the need of either the accommodative conv. or fusional conv. alter the near deviation and create distance-near discrepancies in the deviations?All above cited factors, therefore, can masquerade conv./div. excess or con/div. insufficiency without the effects of AC/A anomalies and without the effects of conv./div. anomalies. They also , 12 makeMoreover, we believe the cited factors are responsible for the so-called True Divergence Excess described by Burian  in his cAdditionally, these factors are also responsible of the so-called Nonaccommodative Conv. Excess described by von Noorden and Avilla  where thFollowing monocular occlusion of around one or two hours we commonly observed a decrease (not an increase) of the exodeviation . OcclusiWe also noticed an inconsistency and a variability of the results of the two standard clinical tests of occlusion of one eye , as well as the use of +3:00 spheres at near done immediately after occlusion of one eye (to rule out high AC/A ratio). We often observed in many patients that the near exodeviation was unchanged with monocular occlusion but increased with +3:00 D at near. Repeated days or weeks later, monocular occlusion increased the near exodeviation to the level of distance deviation. Should we classify these patients as high AC/A intermittent exotropia or intermittent exotropia with strong proximal fusional conv.? Either can be wrong , 19. TheA significant difference in the amount of esodeviations or exodeviations between the distance fixation or the near fixation does not necessarily indicate either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. It can be due to several other factors that contaminate the distance fixation or the near-fixation deviations.


Mediated facial expressions do not elicit emotions as strongly as real-life facial expressions, possibly due to the low fidelity of pictorial presentations in typical mediation technologies. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which stereoscopy amplifies emotions elicited by images of neutral, angry, and happy facial expressions. The emotional self-reports of positive and negative valence  and arousal of 40 participants were recorded. The magnitude of perceived depth in the stereoscopic images was manipulated by varying the camera base at 15, 40, 65, 90, and 115 mm. The analyses controlled for participants’ gender, gender match, emotional empathy, and trait alexithymia. The results indicated that stereoscopy significantly amplified the negative valence and arousal elicited by angry expressions at the most natural (65 mm) camera base, whereas stereoscopy amplified the positive valence elicited by happy expressions in both the narrowed and most natural (15–65 mm) base conditions. Overall, the results indicate that stereoscopy amplifies the emotions elicited by mediated emotional facial expressions when the depth geometry is close to natural. The findings highlight the sensitivity of the visual system to depth and its effect on emotions. An observer is able to infer the mental state and intentions of a person based on facial expressions. For example, a smile might invite interaction, while a frown signals the opposite. Deciphering facial expressions is an aspect of mentalizing, or theory of mind, that is, the process of inferring the mental states of others. Emotional facial expressions have received substantial attention in a number of research fields due to their role in avoiding threat e.g.,  and theiIn mediated communication, however, the other person’s mental state is less relevant to the observer’s immediate behavior. Although a picture of a face might evoke the same cognitive representation as a live face, the observer is simultaneously aware of the medium, for example, aware that the face is presented as a picture on a computer display. Photographs of facial expressions have been used in human emotion research for over a century , and staSimilar to motion, the stereoscopic presentation of faces might modulate the interpretation of facial expressions because stereoscopic vision supports more accurate perception of the three-dimensional structure of a face. In both stereoscopic imaging systems and live situations, the visual system fuses the images from the two retinae of the observer into a single three-dimensional cyclopean percept. The internal representations of faces include three-dimensional information , which mSurprisingly, the literature has neglected the role of stereoscopy in perceiving and responding to pictures of emotional facial expressions. In the present study, we investigate the connection between stereoscopy and the emotions elicited by emotional facial expressions. Our primary hypothesis is that stereoscopy amplifies the emotional response elicited by facial expressions due to the addition of three-dimensional cues and increased presence. In addition, we explore the effect of depth magnitude on the emotions elicited. Because the illusion of nonmediation is at a maximum at the natural depth magnitude, our secondary hypothesis is that the benefit of stereoscopy peaks at the natural camera base.Stereoscopic photographs of two females  and two males  professional actors served as experimental stimuli. 2. The display device was a 24-inch autostereoscopic display SL2400  positioned 80 cm in front of the participants. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory setting with controlled lighting. The display area surrounding the stimulus photograph and the wall behind the display were gray and had a luminance of 15 cd/mSD = 9.5). The participants were of the same ethnic origin as the actors depicted in the stimuli. All participants exhibited normal or only slightly impaired visual acuity based on the Lea Numbers Test . For four participants, visual acuity was below 20/20  but above 20/40 (0.5). Near phoria was tested using the Maddox Wing test ; all participants measured less than 10 prism diopters horizontal and less than 2 prism diopters vertical phoria. All participants exhibited normal or only slightly impaired stereoacuity. Four participants failed the TNO stereo test  but performed well on the RANDOT stereo test . The mean interpupillary distance at the 80 cm viewing distance was 60.4 mm (SD = 2.7 mm). In addition to visual screening, participants completed the balanced emotional empathy scale , and the mean TAS score was 45.3 (SD = 9.2). The present study adhered to the tenets of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical principles established by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity (http://www.tenk.fi/en/).Twenty males and twenty females participated in the experiment; the mean age of participants was 28.1 years ; the stereoscopic trials lasted longer  than the monoscopic trials .Participants evaluated photographs that were displayed on the screen. No explicit time limit was imposed on the evaluations. Participants used a stationary tablet computer that was positioned in front of them to record their responses to the 9-point self-assessment manikin (SAM) valence and arousal scales . They wep values. The predictors used in all the models were stereoscopy, camera base, facial expression, participants’ gender, gender match (same/opposite), BEES score, and TAS score. The last four variables were used to control for potential confounds in the results because evaluations of emotional facial expressions have been found to be influenced by gender  = 54.9, p < .001, positive valence, F = 108.4, p < .001, and arousal, F = 7.83, p < .001. Contrasts between the facial expressions confirmed that the self-reported emotions were consistent with the presented facial expressions. As expected, angry expressions elicited higher negative valence than neutral and happy expressions, and happy expressions elicited significantly higher positive valence than neutral and angry expressions. Neutral expressions also elicited higher negative valence than happy expressions. Angry expressions elicited higher arousal than happy and neutral expressions, and happy expressions elicited higher arousal than neutral expressions. We defined valence ambiguity, on a scale from 1 to 9, as the minimum of positive and negative valence ratings .  ratings . None ofF = 1.80, p = .030. The LMM analysis for negative valence revealed a significant three-way interaction between stereoscopy, camera base, and facial expression, We used planned comparisons to assess the extent to which differences in the camera bases influenced the effect of stereoscopic compared with monoscopic presentation. All comparisons were made to the 65 mm camera base, which was expected to provide the most natural depth percept because it was closest to the mean participant interpupillary distance. For the neutral expression, stereoscopy significantly increased the negative valence of all the other camera bases compared with the 65 mm camera base . For theF = 8.5, p < .001. Neutral and angry expressions elicited significantly higher negative valences in female participants compared with male participants. Gender match also exhibited a significant main effect, F = 19.6, p < .001. Actors of the opposite gender elicited lower negative valences than actors of the same gender. Furthermore, facial expression exhibited significant two-way interactions with the BEES score, F = 12.2, p < .001, and the TAS score, F = 10.1, p < .001. Higher BEES scores predicted higher negative valences for neutral facial expressions, and higher TAS scores predicted lower negative valences for angry and neutral expressions. Although the main effects of camera base and facial expression were also significant, we interpret the effects of those predictors only within the significant interactions in which they were involved (see above).Participant gender exhibited a significant interaction with facial expression, F = 1.1, p = .377. However, significant two-way interactions were found for stereoscopy and camera base, F = 2.6, p = .009, and for camera base and facial expression, F = 2.0, p = .045. Because the interaction between camera base and facial expression was inexplicable in itself and three-way interaction contrasts were planned, we analyzed the three-way interaction rather than the two-way interactions. z = −1.87, p = .062. For the happy expression, the 115 mm stereoscopic condition elicited significantly lower positive valence than the monoscopic condition, z = −2.8, p = .005. The contrasts for the 15, 40, and 65 mm camera bases in the happy expression also warranted further inspection. A post hoc contrast of the happy facial expression revealed that the combined positive valence of the three smallest camera bases  was significantly higher in the stereoscopic condition than in the monoscopic condition, z = 2.22, p = .026. For the happy facial expression, stereoscopy increased the positive valence most at the 40 mm camera base. The planned comparison of contrasts using the 65 mm contrast as a reference yielded only a single significant difference following Holm–Bonferroni adjustment  = 11.2, p < .001, and between facial expression and TAS score, F = 32.2, p < .001. Higher BEES scores predicted higher positive valence ratings for neutral expressions, whereas higher TAS scores predicted lower positive valence ratings for happy expressions. The interaction between gender match and facial expression was significant, F = 5.6, p = .004. Angry expressions of the opposite gender elicited significantly higher positive valence compared with those of the same gender. The interaction between participants’ gender and facial expression was also significant, F = 39.8, p < .001. The happy facial expression condition elicited significantly higher positive valence in female participants compared with male participants.There were significant interactions between facial expression and BEES score, z = 2.49, p = .038, and between the 40 mm and 115 mm conditions, z = 5.13, p < .001. There was a significant interaction between facial expression and BEES score, F = 10.21, p < .001. Higher BEES scores predicted lower arousal ratings for happy facial expressions. There was also a significant interaction between facial expression and TAS score, F = 6.16, p = .002. Higher TAS scores predicted lower arousal ratings for neutral expressions and higher arousal ratings for happy facial expressions.We tested the hypotheses that stereoscopy enhances the emotional responses elicited by facial expressions, and that natural depth maximizes these effects. Stereoscopy significantly increased the negative valence elicited by angry facial expressions, and the increase was highest for photographs taken at the 65 mm camera base. Similarly, stereoscopy increased the arousal elicited by angry facial expressions most at the 65 mm camera base. The results were less distinct for happy facial expressions. Stereoscopy subtly increased the positive valence of happy expressions in photographs taken at the 15, 40, and 65 mm camera bases compared with the monoscopic photographs. The combined contrast of the three camera bases was statistically significant between the stereoscopic and monoscopic conditions, but the individual contrasts were nonsignificant. In contrast to angry expressions, the arousal elicited by happy expressions was amplified by stereoscopy only at the extreme 15 and 115 mm camera bases.Stereoscopy might enhance the emotional response of observers through two mechanisms. First, similar to motion, stereoscopy provides additional visual cues for the recognition of facial expressions. Earlier research has demonstrated that face recognition benefits from stereoscopic presentation , possiblThe stereoscopic characteristics of the media present a challenge when assessing the effects of stereoscopy on emotions or presence. First, several artefacts  appear oIn interpreting the results of the present study, it is important to note that in addition to the fundamental difference between the stereoscopic and monoscopic conditions, the negative media characteristics identified above might contribute to the emotions elicited by stereoscopic stimuli. Research has demonstrated that increasing binocular disparity increases the self-reported arousal elicited by stereoscopic images , possiblIn the present study, participants’ gender and gender match as well as alexithymia and emotional empathy traits were included as potential confounding factors. Our results indicated that for female participants, angry and neutral expressions elicited stronger negative valence, and happy expressions elicited stronger positive valence. Because both angry and neutral expressions elicited negative emotional reactions , these rFurther studies are needed to confirm the mechanisms through which stereoscopy amplifies emotions. Including a live condition in the experimental setup in future studies would provide a baseline against which the stereoscopic and monoscopic conditions could be compared. Additionally, the combined effect of stereoscopy and dynamics is the next logical research focus in the endeavor to understand the gap between a picture and the reality that it represents.The present article presents evidence that stereoscopy amplifies self-reported emotions, but only when depth is natural. Stereoscopy increased the negative valence elicited by angry facial expressions and the positive valence elicited by happy facial expressions. Moreover, for angry facial expressions, the amplification in arousal caused by stereoscopy reached a maximum in the natural depth condition. We propose that stereoscopy amplifies emotional responses through two mechanisms. First, the additional visual cues provided by stereoscopy enhance perception of the facial expression. Second, stereoscopy increases the illusion of nonmediation and thus renders facial expression stimuli more self-relevant to the observer.Our findings have implications for fields involving pictorial facial expressions, such as human–computer interaction, nonverbal communication, emotion psychology, and emotion neuroscience. The currently ongoing proliferation of head-mounted virtual reality displays appears to have generated a new boom in stereoscopic displays. Our findings should thus contribute to maximizing the emotional impact of stereoscopic content and increase popular acceptance of the new technology. Furthermore, the study findings provide an opportunity to revisit investigations of emotional facial expressions that were performed using pictorial stimuli.


Different visual perception characteristic saliencies are the key to constitute the low-complexity video coding framework. A hierarchical video coding scheme based on human visual systems (HVS) is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme uses a joint video coding framework consisting of visual perception analysis layer (VPAL) and video coding layer (VCL). In VPAL, effective visual perception characteristics detection algorithm is proposed to achieve visual region of interest (VROI) based on the correlation between coding information  and visual attention. Then, the interest priority setting for VROI according to visual perception characteristics is completed. In VCL, the optional encoding method is developed utilizing the visual interested priority setting results from VPAL. As a result, the proposed scheme achieves information reuse and complementary between visual perception analysis and video coding. Experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical video coding scheme effectively alleviates the contradiction between complexity and accuracy. Compared with H.264/AVC (JM17.0), the proposed scheme reduces 80% video coding time approximately and maintains a good video image quality as well. It improves video coding performance significantly. Due to the rapid growth of the multimedia service, the video compression becomes essential for reducing the required bandwidth for transmission and storage in many applications. The prospects of video coding technology are broad ranging from national defense, scientific research, education, and medicine to aerospace engineering. However, in the case of limited bandwidth and storage resources, new requirements have been raised for the existing video coding standard, such as higher resolution, higher image quality, and higher frame rate.In order to achieve low complexity, high quality, and high compression-ratio, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC) set up a Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) and released the next generation of video coding technology proposal High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , 2 in JaUp to now, many scholars carried out a lot of work on fast video coding algorithm or visual perception analysis, but few of them combine the two kinds of coding technique in a video coding framework to jointly optimize the performance of video coding , 7.Tsapatsoulis et al.  detectedOn the other hand, Kim et al.  reduced Therefore, there is important theoretical significance in using visual perception principle to optimize the computing resource allocation. The optimization further improves the computational efficiency of the video coding standard. In this paper H.264/AVC (JM17.0) is taken as the experimental platform, where we combine the visual perception analysis and the fast video coding algorithm to make the two respective advantages complementary to each other. The proposed method optimizes computing resource allocation more effectively by using visual perception principle and then proposes an efficient hierarchical video coding algorithm based on visual perception characteristics.Rapid and effective visual analysis which can effectively detect the visual region of interest is the key to optimize coding resource. We propose an efficient hierarchical video coding algorithm based on visual perception characteristics.On the ideal condition, foreground movement brings out a nonzero motion vector which is highly focused by HVS. Because background does not have relative movement, so it brings out a zero motion vector which is lowly focused by HVS. So the motion vector can be regarded as the temporal characteristics of visual perception analysis. While, on the real condition, due to external light change and inherent parameters change such as quantization parameter (QP), motion search strategy, and rate-distortion optimization, nonzero motion vector random noise in background will appear. In addition, the horizontal displacement of camera will bring out global motion vectors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate motion vector detection to filter motion vector random noise interference and translational motion vector error.Motion vector noise filter is put forward based on the following principle.Crr. If there exists nonzero motion vector Crr, then considering According to motion continuity and integrity, there is strong correlation of movement characteristics between the current coding block and the corresponding position blocks in the previous frame. We define the motion reference region consisting of the encoded macroblocks having position correlation with the current coding block in the previous frame, signed Therefore, how to define the reference region becomes one of the key factors of motion vector noise filtering results.Crr is defined as shown in In this paper, taking QCIF format encoded video sequence, for example, O as the initial search point, which has the same coordinates  as the current coding block, move ic macroblocks horizontally opposite to A. Then, take macroblock O as the initial point again, move jc macroblocks vertically opposite to B. After that, take macroblocks A and B as the starting points, make the extension of vertical directions and horizontal directions. respectively, and get macroblock C. As a result, obtain a rectangular region surrounded by four macroblocks O, A, B, C, namely, motion reference region Crr.In x, y) represents the position coordinates of the current coding block. i and j are defined asHere, , , , }, {, , , }, {, , , }, {, , , }, respectively, along the clockwise direction.Based on the current the movement direction of A, B, C is not in the encoding frame, which means it is beyond the border of the encoding frame, choose the macroblocks on the boundary as the coordinate points of motion reference region Crr.If any one of the three macro-blocks The method of detect motion vector random noise is defined asx, y) represents the coordinates of the current coding macroblock. Crr.In formula ,  Crr, there is no motion vector, vs is set to 0. M1 = 3, means vs is caused by motion vector random noise.If M1 = 2, means that the current macroblock has more saliency motion characteristics compared with neighbored macroblocks and it belongs to foreground dynamic region.If M1 is set to M2 and then the motion vector is going to be detected whether it is translational or not. The translational motion vector detection can distinguish the macroblock belonging to background region or foreground translational region which has the similar motion characteristics in neighbored macroblocks.Otherwise, Considerx, y) represents the coordinates of the current macro-block, s represents the pixel of the current macro-block, c represents the pixel of the corresponding macroblock in previous frame, and M and N represent the pixels number in the horizontal or vertical direction of the current macroblock, respectively.In formula ,  x, y) is larger, the difference of the corresponding macroblocks in neighbored frames is bigger. In this case the current macroblock belongs to foreground translational region in translational background, and then M2 is set to 1. In another case, the current macroblock belongs to background region, and then M2 is set to 0. Because the SAD is calculated in intermode decision and motion estimation, so the translational motion vector detection does not increase more computation, especially fits for limited calculation resources. In order to reduce the detection error, this paper sets up an adaptive dynamic threshold If the value of SAD = 3 represents motion vector random noise, and after motion vector random noise filtering M is set to 0. M = 2 represents foreground dynamic region. M = 1 represents foreground translational region. M = 0 represents background region.In formula , MIn this paper, the temporal visual characteristics analysis and detection are realized by preprocessing in two layers; the proposed algorithm flowchart is given in The current encoding frame is divided into different temporal visual perception characteristic regions according to Existing research results have proved that mode decision is accordant well to visual attention. The macroblocks choose subblock prediction modes in intraframe or interframe coding with high probability and attended highly by human eyes when spatial visual characteristic varies intensely or abundant image contents include more moving details. The macroblocks have been chosen by macroblock prediction mode in intraframe or interframe coding with high probability and attended lowly by human eyes when spatial visual characteristic varies slowly or abundant image contents include smooth movements , 20. In eP represents the predicted mode of the current macroblock in frame P. mod eI represents the predicted mode of the current macroblock in frame I.In formula , mod eeP chooses the intramode, S = 2 means the spatial visual characteristic saliency is the highest and belongs to sensitive region.If mod eP chooses the inter 8 mode  or mod eI chooses the intra 4 × 4 mode, S = 1, means that the spatial visual characteristic saliency is high and belongs to attentive region.If mod eP chooses the inter 16 mode  or mod eI chooses intra 16 × 16 mode, S = 0, means that the spatial visual characteristic saliency is low and belongs to nonsaliency region.If mod H.264/AVC has higher compression, but the video coding complexity is increased continually, so it is a huge challenge to obtain the real-time performance. Some researches have shown that prediction mode decision and motion estimation (ME) occupy approximately 80% calculation in encoder . DependiBased on the abundant video content and human visual selective attention principle, video sequences usually have temporal and spatial characteristics. The priority setting for visual region of interest is defined asx, y) represents the priority setting for visual region of interest, M represents the salient degree of temporal visual characteristic, S represents the salient degree of spatial visual characteristic, and  represents the coordinates of the current macroblock.In formula , ROI In Frame  formula ,.M = 2) or foreground translational region  = 1), the macroblock has temporal visual characteristics. S = 1 means that the macroblock chooses the inter 8 prediction mode and belongs to temporal visual characteristic saliency region.If the current macroblock belongs to foreground dynamic region  = 2, frame P chooses the intraprediction mode and belongs to spatial visual characteristic saliency region.If x, y) = 2.Cases M = 2orM = 1), the macroblock has temporal visual characteristics but does not belong to saliency region. S = 0 means that the macroblock only traverses the inter 16 prediction mode and skips the intra prediction mode.If the current macroblock has temporal visual characteristics  = 1.This case includes the middle human visual attention; the hierarchical video coding algorithm should perform the inter 16 prediction mode and the fast motion estimation algorithm with Layer 1 to Layer 3, and 3 reference frames: ROI = 0), the macroblock has spatial visual characteristics and belongs to spatial visual characteristic saliency region. S = 0 means that the macroblock chooses the inter 8 prediction mode.If the current macroblock does not have temporal visual characteristics  = 0.This case includes the lower human eye attention; the hierarchical video coding algorithm should perform the inter 8 prediction mode, the fast motion estimation algorithm with Layer 1 to Layer 2. and 2 reference frames: ROI = 1.(ii) In Frame I, according to formula , ROI = 0), the macroblock includes spatial details but does not belong to spatial visual characteristics saliency region. S = 1 means that the macroblock chooses the intra 4 × 4 prediction mode.If the current macroblock does not have temporal visual characteristics  = 0.This case includes the middle human visual attention; the hierarchical video coding algorithm should perform the intra 4 × 4 prediction mode: ROI The standard video sequence: see (ii) System configuration: PC hardware configuration: Pentium 4, 2G RAM, 1.6 GHz frequency;experimental software version: JM17.0, Visual C++ compiler, Windows 2003 operating system.(iii) Main experimental parameter settings: Video sequence formats: QCIF; encoded frames: 100; frame rate: 30 f/s; GOP structure: IPPP; entropy coding type: CAVLC; QP: 28, 32, 36; motion estimation search range: ±16 pixels; the most number of reference frames: 5; Hadamard transform: On; rate-distortion optimization (RDO): On.See The statistic results in Compared with the H.264/AVC standard algorithm, under various QP , the hierarchical video coding algorithm reduces 78.55%, 78.88%, and 79.22% coding time on average, the bit rate increases by 1.93%, 1.74%, and 1.27% on average (less than 3%), the PSNR-Y reduces 0.188 dB on average , in nonzero region with visual perception characteristics which is the human visual attention region, and the PSNR-Y reduces 0.153 dB on average . Compared with the human visual nonregion of interest, the hierarchical video coding scheme gives the priority to ensure the quality of the visual perception characteristics saliency region.In terms of bit rate control, the two rate-distortion curves are very close as shown in In terms of video image reconstruction quality, the proposed method ensures the average PSNR reduction to be less than 0.2 dB which is less than the perceived minimum human eyes sensitivity 0.5 dB. It maintains a good reconstructed video image quality.In terms of improving the coding computational speed, according to the statistical result as shown in A large number of experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical video coding scheme based on visual perceptual analysis can accelerate the coding speed under the condition of maintaining good subjective video image quality. The experimental results also proved the feasibility of the low complexity visual perception analysis method based on the coding information. The consistency between visual perception characteristic saliency degree and HVS indicates the rationality of the hierarchical video coding algorithm based on visual perception characteristics.This paper presents an efficient hierarchical video coding scheme based on visual perception characteristics. In order to achieve high coding performance, the scheme proposed video coding framework consisting of the video coding layer and the visual perception analysis layer. On one hand, the two layers can reduce the computation time greatly. The visual perception analysis layer uses the video stream information in coding layer to extract visual region of interest. On the other hand, the two layers can allocate the coding resource reasonably. The video coding layer uses the visual perceptive characteristics in perception analysis layer. The above technologies achieve a hierarchical video coding method and improve coding performance effectively. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can maintain good video image quality and coding efficiency; moreover, it can improve the H.264/AVC computational resource allocation. The proposed algorithm keeps the balance on good subjective video quality, high compression bit rate, and fast coding speed; also it lays the foundation for following the study of fast video coding algorithm in HEVC.


In the present report, we studied the thermodynamic effects of differential [Mg2+] on slicing (RNA silencing cycle) through molecular dynamics simulation analysis, and its subsequent statistical analysis. Those analyses revealed different structural conformations of the RNA duplex in Ago2, depending on Mg2+ concentration. We also demonstrate that cation effects on Ago2 structural flexibility are critical to its catalytic/functional activity, with low [Mg2+] favoring greater Ago2 flexibility  and less miRNA/mRNA duplex stability, thus favoring slicing. The latter finding was supported by a negative correlation between expression of an Mg2+ influx channel, TRPM7, and one miRNA’s (miR-378) ability to downregulate its mRNA target, TMEM245. These results imply that thermodynamics could be applied to siRNA-based therapeutic strategies, using highly complementary binding targets, because Ago2 is also involved in RNAi slicing by exogenous siRNAs. However, the efficacy of a siRNA-based approach will differ, to some extent, based on the Mg2+ concentration even within the same disease type; therefore, different siRNA-based approaches might be considered for patient-to-patient needs.RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by small non-coding RNAs , influences diverse cellular functions. Highly complementary miRNA-target RNA (or siRNA-target RNA) duplexes are recognized by an Argonaute family protein (Ago2), and recent observations indicate that the concentration of Mg RNA interference (RNAi) utilizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to mediate homology-dependent gene silencing in eukaryotic cells e.g., siRNAs) varies widely, depending on thermodynamic stability, target accessibility, structural features, and position-specific determinants 2+ is crucial for miRNA biogenesis 2+ ions inside Ago complex play an important role in RNA silencing by forming critical hydrogen bonds. This Mg2+ requirement argues that RNAi has another level of regulation  on its silencing efficacy of target RNAs.RNAi is increasingly being recognized as a potent therapeutic strategy 2+] affects miRNA/target mRNA binding patterns in highly (or perfectly) complementary duplexes. In these studies, the cleavage activity of highly complementary (near perfect) binding patterns negatively correlated with [Mg2+], with higher [Mg2+] corresponding to lower efficacy in silencing of target RNAs. That finding would suggest that the high-complementary binding pattern generally observed between siRNAs and their targets would prefer low [Mg2+] over high [Mg2+] Recent reports 2+) could affect small noncoding RNA-mediated target mRNA destruction by their modulation of ion-RNA duplex-Ago2 interactions. These effects could represent a new layer of regulation of target cleavage efficacy by specific siRNAs/miRNAs, thus affecting the various biological processes mediated by their target transcripts 2+] in miRNA processing is also shown in TRPM7 , being a lethal to HEK293 cells Cation effects have been examined primarily in studies of protein folding kinetics, all-atom computational simulations, and conformational states of RNA folding 2+ effects not only on ion-RNA interactions, but also on the whole RISC complex . We further provide structural insight into miRNA-mRNA binding and suggest potential usage of our structural biochemical results for translational applications. In particular, high complementary binding between a miRNA and its target showed better Ago2 slicing efficacy in the presence of low [Mg2+] versus high [Mg2+] 2+], with high concentrations favoring low duplex energy (thus indicating stabilization of the duplex structure). In contrast, we found that low Mg2+ concentrations favor structural flexibility of the miRNA-target RNA duplex, a condition necessary for the kinetic transitions of miRNA-target RNA slicing. Finally, we discuss the potential use of our results for biomedical siRNA therapeutics, which are physiologically affected by Mg2+ ions (even within the same disease subtype).In the present study, we provide a mechanistic framework for Mg2+ ion concentrations  complex in ∼2.5 ns  and those of the RNA phosphate groups. We inspected the amino acids close to  the additional intracellular 10 Mg2+ ions   of the various Ago2 alpha carbon (Cα) positions were obtained every 1 picosecond (ps) after its initial state. As shown in Fig. S2 in A duplex . FurtherA duplex  and 2a. A duplex , the paiA duplex , indicat2+, we measured the conformational similarity of the final structures of the Ago-high and Ago-low systems , possibly conferring enhanced catalytic activity.To examine structural differences due to Mg systems  by supertructure . Examinatructure . Also, ttructure  in Ago-htructure  and MID tructure  domains. 6.05 Å, , while t 6.05 Å,  between 2+ concentrations further showed the terminal ends of the duplex to be uncoiled, the extent of which was affected by Mg2+ levels. Thus, we further dissected the energy of local regions of the duplex for the different Mg2+ concentrations, using statistical analysis.Comparison of high  versus lTo investigate the effect of cations on the miRNA-target RNA duplex within the Ago2 protein, we measured the average base-pairing energy between the miRNA and the mRNA (target RNA) as a function of simulation time  in both Ago-low and Ago-high. However, Ago-high residues . This finding indicates that a higher Mg2+ concentration corresponds to more rigidity in the Ago2 movement. This Ago-high rigidity in protein motion would tend to oppose conformational changes required for the silencing cycle, resulting in low cleavage efficacy .To numerically quantify structural flexibility, we inspected how additional ions affect global Ago2 protein conformation by comparing the Cα positions between Ago-high and Ago-low structures. The Ago2 protein Cα residues  and disordered (RMSF≥0.3). Subsequently, the conformational entropy S of the backbone was obtained from the probabilities of the states see . The gre2+ ion gradient . We generated the additional systems according to the number of intracellular Mg2+ ions . The same molecular dynamics simulations set-up used in Ago-high  and Ago-low  was applied to the additional systems. Each system had four replicates. We show in Fig. S5 in 2R: 0.738), adding evidence that higher Mg2+ concentration cause rigidity in protein. This induced rigidity by additional intracellular Mg2+ ions could slow down conformational changes i.e., guide strand loading, nucleation, propagation, slicing , and target release 2+ can cause rigidity and causing delay in the RNA silencing cycle.We inspected Ago2 structural flexibility relating to intracellular Mg2+ ions could stabilize, in particular, the central region of the miRNA-target RNA duplex. The ions stabilize the duplex structure but simultaneously cause fewer degrees of freedom, which govern conformational changes. Given the low RNA silencing efficacy under high [Mg2+] conditions 2+] conditions) could be more favorable for conformational changes, than the RNA duplex structural stability, during the slicing cycle.Combining the energy and entropy analyses indicated that greater numbers of Mg2+ on target mRNA slicing by a miRNA. Mg2+ ions are imported into the cell by TRPM7, an Mg2+ channel protein TRPM7 correlates with a high intracellular [Mg2+] TRPM7 expression, a target mRNA (TMEM245) expression was altered by miR-378 in 95 various experiments from the Expression Atlas www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa). The binding pattern between the miRNA and its target was highly complementary (upper black box in 2+]) and B (high [Mg2+])  in , we obseg2+]) in .2+ channel gene, TRPM7, in 49 basal subtype breast cancer tumors found in the The Cancer Genome Atlas TRPM7-expressors and 37 low TRPM7-expressors  using trajectory analysis of molecular dynamics simulations. Stabilization of the Ago protein and the mRNA-miRNA complex at high [Mg2+] could weaken the slicing cycle due to the loss of degrees of freedom  that are necessary for slicing cycle-associated conformational changes. In other words, our study reveals that Mg2+ ions split the degenerate energy level of a high-complementary binding pattern (between miRNA and target RNA) into previously unexplored energy  states  states . Low  levels range from 0.25 to 1 mM 2+ ions in Ago-high induced greater structural RMSF decrease of PAZ than those of the other two domains . Considering that protein structural flexibility is a key for enzymatic kinetics 2+] is due to a loss of structural flexibility and equivalently, a loss of entropy.Recent computational and structural studies  domains . Due to 2+]. In addition, our results imply that siRNAs with high complementarity would not function effectively in a high [Mg2+] environment. Under high [Mg2+] conditions, introducing an internal mismatch to the central region of the siRNA Improper function of membrane proteins, including TRPM7 2+ ions in a cell system. This dependence indicates that Mg2+ chemistry affects miRNA-mediated target mRNA degradation by modulating the slicing cycle , leading to dys-regulation of multiple target mRNAs. In fact, the human body contains various intracellular free [Mg2+] levels ranging from 0.25 to 1 mM 2+], siRNA/target complementarity, etc.) of patients.Highly complementary binding patterns between miRNAs and their target mRNAs depends on the concentration of MgHowever, our study has a limitation of dealing with missing amino acids in the PDB ID 3HK2 structure. Although our computational analysis should be carefully interpreted, our analysis is one of few studies of the effects of intracellular cations (outside Ago2 complex) on Ago2 flexibility, in RNA silencing. Another limitation of our study is consideration of the effects of water on cleavage. Even though our molecular dynamics simulations considered a GBSW see  implicit2+ concentration. Those differential states suggest that consideration of individual-to-individual variations in ion chemistry could modulate the efficacy of RNAi-based therapeutic interventions, even in the same disease subtype.In summary, we have quantitatively demonstrated multiple thermodynamic states of RISC-associated RNA duplexes and RISC protein structural flexibility, in association with Mg2+ ions buried in the Ago2 protein. We modeled this complex system using the biomolecular simulation tool, CHARMM 2+-bound Ago protein. The sequences of the miRNA , the CHARMM-gui web server (www.charmm-gui.org) The Ago2 protein-RNA complex used in our analysis was composed of four parts: (i) Argonaute (Ago2) component (682 amino acids); (ii) mRNA (15 nucleotides); (iii) miRNA (15 nucleotides); and (iv) two Mg2+ ions  were simulated using an implicit solvation model, the Generalized Born model with a simple SWitch (GBSW) function 2+ was not available, we used the general radius for Mg2+ (1.5 Å).From the initial molecular model  of 664 Cα positions (18 residues are missing in PDB) were measured and separated by residue number to observe the structural flexibilities of the two (Ago-high and Ago-low) s77ystems. Each system, as mentioned earlier, had four replicates. For a given replicate, we binned the 664 RMSF values into two bins and considered each bin a conformational state. The bin with an RMSF less than 3 Å was considered an ordered state, and the bin with an RMSF greater than or equal to 3 Å considered a disordered state. Subsequently, we obtained the conformational entropy ip  is the probability of a system being assigned to the i-th state.Molecular dynamics simulations were run for 10 nanoseconds (ns), and structures sampled every picosecond (ps) for subsequent trajectory analysis. We performed four replicate molecular dynamics simulations  for the initial molecular models, Ago-low and Ago-high. Various structural properties were measured as a function of time, including the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the Cα position from that in the initial Ago protein, the number of MgTo inspect the local regional energy profiles of the two systems (Ago-high and Ago-low), we divided the miRNA:target-mRNA duplex into three factor levels, shown in www.drugbank.ca) e.g., drug, chemical) target genes, resulting in 3,540 targets that are considered potential therapeutic targets. Subsequently, intersecting the 3,540 genes from DrugBank and siRNA target genes from the Probe Database, we obtained 25 oncogenic kinases having siRNAs. These genes were inspected throughout TCGA datasets by using cBio Cancer Genomics Portal As of the time of manuscript preparation, the NCBI Probe Database File S1The material contains Fig. S1 through S5; and Table S1 through S37.(PDF)Click here for additional data file.


AbstractLiogluta Thomson are reported from Canada and Alaska. Three of these are described as new to science: Lioglutacastoris Klimaszewski & Webster, sp. n.; Lioglutamicrogranulosa Klimaszewski & Webster, sp. n.; and Lioglutapseudocastoris Klimaszewski & Webster, sp. n. The previously unknown male of Lioglutagigantea Klimaszewski & Langor, Lioglutaquadricollis (Casey), Lioglutawickhami (Casey), and female of Lioglutagranulosa Lohse are described, and illustrated. Lioglutaaloconotoides Lohse is synonymized with Lioglutaterminalis (Casey). New provincial and state records are provided for six Liogluta species. A key to species, revised distribution with new provincial records, and new natural history data are provided.Fourteen species of  Liogluta Thomson from British Columbia, Canada. Three of these were originally described in the genus Anepsiota Casey, and one in the genus Athetota Casey. Aleocharinae in North America and recorded four Liogluta species, three of which were described as new to science. Klimaszewski & Langor in Liogluta from Newfoundl and Labrador, two of which were described as new to science. Liogluta, 12 of which occurred in Canada and Alaska. Liogluta in Canada and Alaska. Since then, we have discovered three new species of Liogluta from Canada. There are presently 14 species in this genus occurring in Canada and Alaska.All specimens in this study were dissected to examine the genital structures to aid with identification. Extracted genital structures were dehydrated in absolute alcohol, mounted in Canada balsam on celluloid micro-slides, and pinned with the specimens from which they originated. Images of the entire body and the genital structures were taken using an image processing system .Morphological terminology mainly follows that used by Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada CNC The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA FMNH Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, R. Martineau Insectarium, Québec City, Quebec, Canada LFC New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada NBM Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Arthropod Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada NoFC Reginald Webster Collection, Charters Settlement, New Brunswick, Canada RWCPageBreakUniversity of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA UAM United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA USNMMuseum of Zoology, Helsinki, Finland ZMH – Alberta AB – British Columbia BC – Labrador LB – Manitoba MB – New Brunswick NB – Newfoundland NF – Nova Scotia NS – Northwest Territories NT – Nunavut NU – Ontario ON – Prince Edward Island PE – Quebec QC – Saskatchewan SK – Yukon Territory YTUSA state abbreviations follow those of the US Postal Service.bold type.New species and new jurisdictional records are indicated in Liogluta Thomson, 1858Genus Terminalis species groupLioglutaterminalis .1. Lioglutaaloconotoides Lohse, 1990. New synonymy.Lioglutarenominata . Synonymized by LB, NB, NF, NS, ON, QC, AB, YT, BC. USA: MT, NH.Lioglutaquadricollis . Canada: BC.2. Lioglutatrapezicollis Lohse, 1990. Canada: BC, YT. USA: AK.3. Lioglutawickhami . Canada: BC.4. Lioglutavasta . Canada: YT?. USA: AK.5. Nigropolita species groupLioglutanigropolita . Canada: LB, NF, NT, NU, QC, YT. USA: NH.6. Lioglutanitens . Canada: AB, BC, YT. USA: AK, OR, WA.7. Lioglutaapposita . Synonymized by Lioglutainsolens . Synonymized by Lioglutaresplendens . Synonymized by Granulosa species groupLioglutagranulosa Lohse, 1990. Canada: YT. USA: AK.8. PageBreakMicrogranulosa species groupLioglutaatriventris . Canada: BC.9. Lioglutacastoris Klimaszewski & Webster, NB, NS, QC.sp. n. Canada: 10. Lioglutaintermedia Klimaszewski & Langor, 2011. Canada: LB, NF, NS, QC, ON. USA: NH.11. Lioglutamicrogranulosa Klimaszewski & Webster, NB.sp. n. Canada: 12. Lioglutapseudocastoris Klimaszewski & Webster, NB.sp. n. Canada: 13. Gigantea species groupLioglutagigantea Klimaszewski & Langor, 2011. Canada: LB, QC, ON.14. Homalotaaemula Erichson, 1839: 102. Considered as Atheta (Liogluta) by Liogluta by Atheta by Atheta (Lamiota) keeni Casey, 1910: 17. Considered as Atheta (Liogluta) by Lamiota by Atheta by Atheta (Lamiota) achromata Casey, 1911: 82. Considered as Atheta (Liogluta) up to Lamiota by Atheta by Athetakeeni Casey.Atheta (Lamiota) profecta Casey, 1911: 83. Considered as Atheta (Liogluta) by Lamiota by Atheta by Athetakeeni Casey.Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraStaphylinidaeThomson, 1858LioglutaHomalotaumbonata Erichson, 1839, by monotypy. As valid genus:  Thomson, 1858: 35. Type species AnepsiotaAtheta (Anepsiota):  Casey, 1894: 321; AthetotaAtheta (Anepsiota) by Atheta (Liogluta):  Casey, 1906: 334. Synonymized with HypnotaAtheta (Liogluta) by  Mulsant & Rey, 1873: 591. Synonymized with PageBreakMale. Apical margin of male tergite VIII often with broad, variably-shaped rectangular projection, with edge entire or bearing crenulation or variably shaped structures, with two lateral teeth and sometimes with additional median tooth; integument of disc often with broadly distributed asperate punctation near apex AnepsiotaterminalisAtheta (Liogluta): Athetarenominata). Holotype : Canada, British Columbia, Glenora, Wickham; terminalis Casey; Type USNM 39472; Casey bequest 1925; Lioglutaterminalis (Casey) V.I. Gusarov 1998; cf. Lioglutaaloconoides (USNM). Examined. Casey, 1906: 339. As Atheta (Liogluta) renominataAnepsiotaterminalis Casey, 1906 in Atheta, not Athetaterminalis Gravenhorst, 1806 and Gyllenhal, 1810; synonymized by  Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 658 (nom. nov. for Liogluta (Anepsiota) aloconotoidesNew synonymy. Holotype : Canada, Labrador, L’Anse au Loup, 9.VIII.1972, J.M. Campbell (CNC). Paratypes: Canada, Labrador, Red Bay, 8.VIII.1972, J.M. Campbell . Lohse, in USA: Montana: Flathead Co., Glacier National Park, N Fork Flathead area, 1988, Red Bench Fire study; N Mud Lake, 3520 feet, lodgepole unburned T34N, R21W, Sec 1, 7.VI.1990, pitfall trap, M.A. Ivie . New Hampshire, Coos Co., Hwy. 16, 5–6 km S Gorham, 9.IX.1987, A. Smetana .PageBreakelytra at suture about as long as pronotum; basal three articles of metatarsus elongate, first longest, second about as long as third, fourth shorter than either of preceding articles; apical margin of male tergite VIII with broad, short, truncate projection with rounded lateral angles, apical margin smooth or slightly crenulate  from various forest types and on coastal limestone barrens in Newfoundland. Specimens from New Brunswick were collected from dung in a coastal red spruce forest, by treading sedges along a small lake margin, from a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in a rich Appalachian hardwood forest with some conifers, and from a pitfall trap  from Glenora, British Columbia, and compared it with the specimens of Lioglutaaloconotoides Lohse east of the Rocky Mountains. We found no external or genital differences between the holotype of Lioglutaterminalis and the other female specimens identified as Lioglutaaloconotoides and therefore we consider Lioglutaaloconotoides as a new synonym of Lioglutaterminalis.We have examined the female holotype of Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraStaphylinidaeLohse, 1990Liogluta (Anepsiota) trapezicollisHolotype : Canada, Yukon Territory, Dempster Hwy., Mi. 60, 3500 ft., 19.VII.1978, J.M. Campbell and A. Smetana (CNC). Not examined. Lohse, in http://dx.doi.org/10.7299/X79023ZM for the full data. USA: Alaska: Baranof Island , Chichagof Island , Dall Island , Haines, Flower Mountain , Hawthorne Peak , South Chilkat Peninsula . Excel file with locality data is available from LFC.Summarized for 146 specimens captured at 45 collection events from 6 major regions of Southeast Alaska, see PageBreakof forebody with meshed microsculpture moderately pronounced, surface moderately glossy; head about one-quarter narrower than maximum width of pronotum; pronotum transverse, narrower at base and widest at middle ; elytra at suture slightly shorter than pronotum; basal three articles of metatarsus elongate, subequal in length and each slightly longer than fourth article; male tergite VIII with apical margin truncate, bordered by two short lateral teeth, variably sculptured and ranging from smooth to crenulate, or denticulate along margin  and our persistent efforts to have these specimens returned to Canada have failed.We were not able to compare types of UAM were successfully DNA barcoded : UAM:Ento:145576, UAMIC2696–15; UAM:Ento:145623, UAMIC2740–15; UAM:Ento:152467, UAMIC2750–15; UAM:Ento:232527, UAMIC2677–15; UAM:Ento:232696, UAMIC2753–15. The DNA sequences for these specimens are all very similar  and fall within the same BIN (Barcode Index Number) (Five specimens in  Number) , BOLD:ACTaxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraStaphylinidaeAnepsiotaquadricollisAtheta (Liogluta): Holotype . Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Anepsiotaquadricollis; Type USNM 39471 (USNM). Examined. Casey, 1894: 330. As British Columbia: Hwy 5 at Juliet Creek, 25.IX.1994, Lot 2 [in forest under rocks in poplar stand], B.F. & J.L. Carr, J. & B. Carr Coll., bequested to CNC August 2000 .Canada: New description of male. Apical margin of tergite VIII with broad, obtusely triangular projection in almost middle half with rounded lateral angles AnepsiotawickhamiAtheta (Liogluta): Holotype : Canada, British Columbia; Stickeen River Canyon; Anepsiotawickhami; Type USNM 39474, Casey bequest 1925 (USNM). Examined. Casey, 1894: 331. As British Columbia: Mi. 56 Haines Hwy., Three Guardsmen Pass, 4.VII.1968, 3200 feet, J.M. Campbell and A. Smetana .Canada: New description of male. Apical margin of tergite VIII with very broad, short, subtruncate projection with rounded lateral angles, with apical margin faintly crenulate . Spermatheca is differently shaped in each species; Lioglutawickhami has smaller and differently shaped capsule with a deep apical invagination and has a shorter and differently looped posterior stem HomalotavastaAtheta (Liogluta): Liogluta: Lectotype : USA, Alaska: Sitka; Holmberg; Mus. Zool. H:fors, Spec. Typ. No. 2251, Homalotavasta Mӓkl.; Mus. Zool. Helsinki, Loan No. C98–138; Paralectotypus Homalotavasta Mӓklin, Lohse des. 1985, Gusarov rev. 2000; http://id.luomus.fi/GAC. 16963, UNITED STATES Alaska, Sitka, 57.1483N, 135.23W, Holmberg leg. Examined. We have added a new lectotype label (see discussion below) [there was no original label designated by Lohse]. Paralectotype : USA, Alaska: Sitka; Holmberg; Homalotavasta m. Sitkcha [Sitka]; Mus. Zool. Typ. No. 2250, Homalotavasta Mӓkl.; typus; Mus. Zool. Helsinki, Loan No. C 14527; Mus. Zool. Helsinki, Loan No. C 98; Lectotypus Homalotavasta Mӓklin, Lohse des. 1985, Gusarov rev. 2000; http://id.luomus.fi/GAC. 16962, UNITED STATES Alaska, Sitka, 57.1483N, 135.23W, Holmberg leg. Examined. We have added a new Paralectotype label (see discussion below) [there was no original label designated by Lohse]. Mӓklin, 1853: 183. As Lioglutawickhami, but in Lioglutavasta the forebody is less reddish, and the pronotum is more trapezoidal and narrowest at base . This species is very similar to ase Fig. ; the apiase Fig. ; the apiase Fig. .CNC cited by Lioglutavasta become available for study and the morphological variation is known, we will be able to understand the relationship of this species to other nearctic Liogluta species. Lioglutavasta is also similar to some specimens (with broad pronotum) of Lioglutatrapezicollis. A DNA comparison between Lioglutavasta and other Liogluta species is needed to clarify its identity and relationships.The female lectotype is missing the spermatheca. The spermatheca of the Yukon specimen in YT?. USA: AK.Canada: Homalotavasta Mӓklin, 1853 (ZMH) consists of two female specimens representing two different species in two genera, Atheta , no specimens of Lioglutavasta were found.It is noteworthy that despite years of intensive collections made primarily between 2008–2013 in southeast Alaskan lowland forests and alpine zones, including in and around Sitka, which have resulted in 22,029 specimens of Liogluta and it resembles some of the Atheta (Dimetrota) species with elytra distinctly wider than head and pronotum AthetanigropolitaLiogluta:  Bernhauer, 1907: 390. As LioglutanigropolitaSyntype : USA, New Hampshire, Mt. Washington (FMNH).PageBreakQuebec: Gt. Whale Riv., 5.IX.1949, J.R. Vockeroth . Northwest Territories: Yellowknife, 62.50714°N, 113.39443°W, 236 m, mesic habitat replicate #2, Yellow Pan Trap #2, 15–18.VI.2011, col. NBP Field Party .CANADA: Male. Tergite VIII with apical margin broadly arcuate, without teeth or crenulations HomalotanitensLiogluta:  Mӓklin, 1852: 307. As LioglutanitensAlaska: Sitcha [Sitka], Holmberg, coll Mӓklin; Homalotanitens Mkln., Sitka pr. Hlm. Berg (ZMH). Designated by  : USA, LioglutaappositaBC: Metlakatla]. . Synonymized by LioglutainsolensBC: Queen Charlotte Islands: Massett]. . Synonymized by LioglutaresplendensBC: Queen Charlotte Islands]. . Synonymized by Alberta: 28 km NW Hinton, 0.5 km S of Rock Lake Road, 53.524°N, 117.957°W, Ecosite Surrogacy Study, Ecoregion: UF, Ecosite C2, Stand C205, pitfall trap 2, 5, 14.V-4.VI.2004, J. Hammond et al. ; same data except: 30.VII-13.VIII.2004, pitfall trap 5 ; 23.1 km NW Hinton, W.A. Switzer Prov. Pk., 53.560°N, 117.808°W, Ecosite Surrogacy Study, Ecoregion: UF, Ecosite F2, Stand F214, pitfall trap 5, 31.VII-13.VIII.2004, J. Hammond et al. ; same data except: Stand F216, pitfall trap 4 ; 32 km NW Hinton, 0.5 km E Wild Hay Campgr., 53.529°N, 117.946°W, Ecosite Surrogacy Study, Ecoregion: UF, Ecosite F2, Stand F216, pitfall trap 3, 16–30.VII.2004, J. Hammond et al. ; same data except: pitfall trap 4, 30.VII-13.VIII.2004 ; 57 km N Hinton, 1.5 km W of J. Wright Rd., 53.921°N, 117.617°W, Ecosite F1, Stand F101, pitfall trap 2, 28.VII-11.VIII.204, J. Hammond et al. ; 62 km N Hinton, 5 km W of J. Wright Rd., 53.969°N, 117.668°W, Stand F105, 30.VI-14.VII.2004, J. Hammond et al. ; same data except: 53.921°N, 117.663°W, Stand F202, pitfall trap 1, 28.VII-11.VIII.2004, J. Hammond et al. .CANADA: Male. Tergite VIII with short subrectangular projection on more than half width of apical margin, with rounded lateral angles, apical margin smooth or micro-crenulate  were DNA barcoded  and they cluster closely with two specimens of this species DNA barcoded from Alberta, Canada.There is considerable variation in length and width of elytra in specimens from Vancouver Island, Oregon (having broader and longer elytra), and those with narrow and shorter elytra from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Alberta, and Alaska. The genitalic features were the same in those of the typical form with the longer and broader elytra, and those with narrower and shorter elytra. Therefore, we consider this as intraspecific variation. Additional studies, including DNA comparison, are needed to reveal the relationship between these two morphotypes. Two This group of species is characterized by: body medium-sized and subparallel Fig. , eyes laTaxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraStaphylinidaeLohse, 1990Liogluta (Liogluta) granulosaHolotype : USA, Alaska, King Salmon, Naknek R. Alaska, 6.VII.1952, W.R. Mason, No. 20313 (CNC). Examined. Lohse, in Yukon Territory: location EMAN Plot, Cadet Camp, EP-Yukon, 15.X.2001 ; Tombstone Mts., 64.60560°, 138.36413°, Rep. 1, mesic, yellow pan trap, 21–24.VI.2011, NBP Field Party .CANADA: Alaska: Quinhagak site G, 3 m elevation, 59.71035°, 161.89102°, dry tundra, between Rubus sp. hummocks, pitfall, 18–26, VIII.2014, V. Forbes  [submitted for barcoding]; Naknek, 58.73973°N -157.0636°W, 2–5 m elev., creekside/ocean beach confluence, under boards and driftwood 10.VI.2007, D.S. Sikes. UAM:Ento:29798  [DNA barcoded: http://arctos.database.museum/guid/UAM:Ento:29798].USA: PageBreakmicrosculpture; head about one-eighth narrower than maximum width of pronotum  in UAM was DNA barcoded (UAMIC2693–15), the first and only for this species so far.Only a few specimens of this species are known. Its distribution is nordic and the habitat is unknown. One specimen (This group of species is characterized by: body medium- to large-sized (length 2.8–5.4 mm), subparallel, eyes large and bulging, diameter of eye about as long as postocular area of head in dorsal view Figs , 79, 86;Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraStaphylinidaeKlimaszewski & Webstersp. n.http://zoobank.org/A0ED06AF-6A25-43A0-9B70-D714A3252642. Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche Co., Jacquet River Gorge P.N.A., 47.7361°N, 66.0778°W, 16.VIII.2010, R.P. Webster // beaver dam, among sticks and debris near an overflow area of dam (near flowing water) (LFC). Paratypes: same data as holotype ; Jacquet River Gorge P.N.A., 47.7357°N, 66.0774°W, 24.VII.2008, R.P. Webster// Margin of pond, among leaves and sedges near pond margin . York Co., Fredericton, 45.9361°N, 66.6747°W, 17.VIII.2009, R.P. Webster // Beaver dam, outer margin under overhanging sticks near water .Microgranulosa is a Latin adjective meaning microgranulate, in reference to the minute sculpture on the elytra of this species.Male. Apical margin of tergite VIII with very broad, very obtusely angular projection, with obtuse lateral angles and small tooth medially, margin often micro-crenulate  dams. Most were collected from among sticks and debris near an overflow area of the dam, another from under overhanging sticks on the outer margin of the dam. One individual was collected from among leaves and sedges near a pond margin. Specimens were collected in July and August.Nearly all adults from New Brunswick were collected from American beaver . Paratypes. York Co., same data as holotype except ; same data as holotype except: 17.VI.2005 // mixed forest in flight  [barcoded BIO]; same data as holotype except 23.IV.2008 // Mixed forest, in flight, collected with net between 15:00 and 18:00 h ; same data as holotype except 5.IV.2010 // Mixed forest opening, collected with net during evening flight between 16:30 and 19:00 h PageBreakPageBreak; Charters Settlement, 45.8456°N, 66.7267°W, 5.V.2010, 16.V.2010, beaver dam, among sticks and debris near overflow area of dam, near flowing water ; Charters Settlement, 45.8331°N, 66.7279°W, 20.V.2010, among sticks and debris near overflow area of dam, near flowing water . Saint John Co., ca 2 km NE of Maces Bay, 45.1161°N, 66.4560°W, 8.V.2006, R.P. Webster, eastern white cedar swamp, in sphagnum and litter near brook . Nova Scotia: Cape Breton H.N.P., North Mtn., 15.VIII.1983, J.E.H. & R.J. Martin ; Cape Breton H.N.P., Lone Shieling, PG729861, 19.VI.1983, Y. Bousquet, interception trap ; Cape Breton H.N.P., Lone Shieling, PG729861, 3.VI.1983, H. Goulet, Pans, Malaise . Québec: Gatineau Pk., near Mud Lake, 24.X.1967, A. Smetana .. Castoris is a Latin adjective derived from the name of the American beaver (Castorcanadensis Kuhl), in reference to beaver dams where some of the type specimens were captured.Male. Aedeagus with bulbus narrowly oval, median lobe with apical half of tubus slightly arched ventrad, apical part moderately broad in lateral view  net in a mixed forest opening during evening flights (between 15:00 and 19:00 h) during April and May. A number of individuals were collected from among sticks and debris near the overflow area of a beaver dam during May. One individual was sifted from sphagnum and litter near a brook in an eastern white cedar swamp in May. In Nova Scotia, specimens were captured in flight interception, pan, and Malaise traps during the months of June and August. The single specimen from Ontario was captured in October.PageBreakPageBreakNB, NS, QC.Canada: Known from Lioglutamicrogranulosa but in Lioglutacastoris the pronotum and elytra are more elongate and more reddish-brown . Paratypes. same data as holotype: : same data as holotype except 16.V.2010 ; New Brunswick: York Co., Charters Settlement, 45.8395°N, 66.7391°W, 3.V.2012, R.P. Webster, mixed forest opening, during evening flight between 16:30 and 19:00 h .. Pseudocastoris is the Latin prefix pseudo-, false, added to the species name castoris, reflecting the close similarity of the two species.Male. Tergite VIII broadly rounded apically, margin smooth  net in a mixed forest opening during an evening flight (between 16:30 and 19:00 h) during May.Known only from New Brunswick, Canada.Lioglutacastoris and Lioglutamicrogranulosa but in Lioglutapseudocastoris the body is darker, particularly the pronotum, the pronotum is strongly narrowed basally with more angular posterior angles : Canada, Newfoundland, Baie Verte Pen., 10 km SE Pumbly Cove, 49.68°N, 56.62°W, 3.X.2006, Site D, ex pitfall trap in riparian forest// NL Dept. Env. & Conserv., Riparian Biodiversity Study, Site D Trap C5, (LFC). Klimaszewski & Langor, 2011: 168. Newfoundland: Notre Dame Jct. Prov. Pk., 49.116°N, 55.079°W, pitfall trap, conifer forest, 27.VIII.2011, col. L. Pollett ; same data except: 20.VIII.2011 ; 13.IX.2011 . S-W Labrador: 40 km W Churchill Falls, Rt. 500, km 229, 53.373°N, 64.309°W, 12–26.VIII.2001, S. & J. Peck, carrion trap, elevation 550 m, Spruce-moss forest . Nova Scotia: Cape Breton H.N.P., Lone Shieling, 60 m, PG730860, 15.IX.1984, J.M. Campbell & A. Davies, sifting litter and moss ; Cape Breton H.N.P., 5 m, S. Ingonish Harbour, PG963674, 12.IX.1984, J.M. Campbell & A. Davies, tread flooded Carex and grasses ; Hants Co., Upper Rawadon, 21.VII.2009, J. Renkema, highbush blueberry field R3T5C ; same data except: 25.VI.2009, highbush blueberry field R2T4A . Québec: Scotstown, 15.V.2006, 2.X.2006, 9.X.2006, 22.X.2006, 23.X.2006, C. Levesque ; Venice, 45.45°N, 73.08°W, 19.IX.-11.X.1972, Dondale & Redner . Ontario: Moosonee, 51.24622°N, 80.67281°W, 17–20.VI.2010, NBP field party M1MP111 . USA: New Hampshire: Coos Co., 8 mi S Gorham Pinkham Notch, 2000 feet, 11.IX.1987, J.M. Campbell & A. Davies, sifting Alnus litter and Sphagnum near pond .CANADA: PageBreakPageBreakMale. Apical margin of tergite VIII with broad, moderate projection in middle three-fifth, with apical margin crenulate AthetotaatriventrisAtheta (Liogluta): Lectotype : Canada, Victoria, Vancouver Island; atriventris Casey; Type USNM 39475; H.F. Wickham, Casey Bequest 1925 (USNM). Present designation. Casey, 1906: 336. As Male. Apical margin of tergite VIII with broad, truncate projection in middle two-thirds bounded laterally by small tooth-like processes, apical margin crenulate . This species may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: small body size, length 2.8 mm; head and abdomen dark brown, pronotum, elytra and legs reddish-yellow Fig. ; integumate Fig. ; apical ate Fig. ; median ate Fig. . Female.Lioglutaatriventris may be distinguished from the other species of the granulosa group by the following combination of characters: body size small, length 2.8 mm; elytra slightly longer than pronotum : Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador, 75 km SW Goose Bay, Tr. 500, 53°02.6 N, 61°16.6 W, 13–26.VIII.2001, S. and J. Peck// Carrion trap, elevation 100 m, spruce-lichen forest, 2001-44 (LFC). Klimaszewski & Langor, in Québec: 4 mi W Masham, near Mud Lake, 24.X.1967, J.M. Campbell & A. Smetana, Berlese sample ex lining of deserted beaver lodge ; Gatineau Park, near Mud Lake, 24.X.1967, A. Smetana ; Ontario: Rondeau Pr. Pk., Marsh Trail, 4.VI.1985, A. Davies & J.M. Campbell ; Lake Superior Pr. Pk., Sand Riv., 6.VI.1973, J.M. Campbell & R. Parry .CANADA: Male (new description). Apical margin of tergite VIII rounded with broad crenulations and small rounded process at middle , and legs reddish-brown; forebody moderately glossy, with fine and dense punctation, short pubescence and meshed microsculpture Fig. ; head sudle Fig. ; apical dle Fig. ; median dle Fig. . Female.lar Fig. ; apical lar Fig. ; spermatlar Fig. .NF, QC, ON.Canada: Adults were collected in June, August, and October, in carrion-baited pitfall traps in spruce forests, and from a Berlese funnel extraction of the interior of a deserted beaver lodge.