Helicobacter pylori is a cause of stomach cancer and peptic ulcer. For prevention, improving the eradication rate of H. pylori is crucial. However, the association between eradication and lifestyle of infected patients, including alcohol consumption, remains unclear. We explored associations between failed primary eradication therapy and drinking status by sex. This study involved 356 patients who visited a pharmacy with prescriptions for primary H. pylori eradication therapy. We assessed drinking habits using a questionnaire. Data on patients with failed primary eradication were provided by the nearby local clinic. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of drinking habit and frequency of drinking on failed primary eradication by sex. The odds ratio of primary eradication failure in female patients with a drinking habit was 3.75 (P = 0.001), but that in male patients was not significant. The odds ratio tended to increase in relation to drinking frequency in women. Frequent consumption of alcohol is not only likely to affect eradication, but also has a large impact on the bodies of women, who are more susceptible than men to the effects of alcohol. Thus, women should take greater care in alcohol consumption. Pharmacists are indispensable in the medical field in their service to the local community. The concept of the ‘seven-star pharmacist’ where a pharmacist is described as a caregiver, communicator, decision-maker, teacher, lifelong learner, leader and manager was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) in 2000 . HoweverTo date, pharmacists have produced good research results, such as the Asheville Project  and the Helicobacter pylori, which is a cause of stomach cancer and peptic ulcer.In Japan, the need for collaborative research on the pharmacist's role in a pharmacy is recognised , but fewH. pylori, a cause of gastric cancer and gastric ulcer, is one of the most important factors in disease prevention [H. pylori is reported to protect against progression of premalignant gastric lesions [Improvement in the eradication rate of evention –9. Eradi lesions , inhibit lesions  and redu lesions . The pri lesions . Another lesions , althougH. pylori eradication, and have resulted in an improved eradication rate [H. pylori eradication.Potassium-competitive acid blockers are now commonly used in place of PPIs in ion rate . NeverthH. pylori infection. We therefore conducted stratified analysis using sex or frequency of drinking as parameters, to study the relationship between eradication status and drinking in patients taking primary eradication drugs for H. pylori in detail.To consider a possible reason for the decrease in the eradication rate, we investigated possible effects of patients’ lifestyle, focusing on the effects of drinking. Several reports have discussed the effects of drinking and eradication –18. HoweH. pylori  and then were then analysed. Patients were obliged to complete a questionnaire at their first visit to the pharmacy, meaning that it was possible to obtain data on patient attributes. Investigated attributes were sex, age, drinking status, frequency of drinking per week, smoking status and hay fever status. Exclusion criteria were non-response to these required attributes.Questionnaire data were collected from 356 patients who visited a pharmacy adjacent to a gastroenterology clinic between April 2013 and February 2014 with a prescription for drugs for primary eradication for 13C-urea breath test was mainly used to assess eradication, and values greater than the cut-off of 2.5‰ were taken to denote failed eradication. Endoscopic examinations together with the rapid urease test were generally carried out in patients 1 year after eradication.Two months after completing the 1-week course of primary eradication drugs, patients revisited the gastroenterology clinic for assessment of eradication status. The The study was conducted with approval by the ethics committee of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (No. 14-383). The purpose of the study was explained in writing, and we regarded completion of the questionnaire to indicate consent to participate.Comparisons in the patients’ drinking status were performed using the chi-square test . Becausevs. non-drinkers between men and women; 65.3% of men and 18.9% of women were drinkers. Furthermore, the percentage of smokers was significantly high among those who were drinkers. No significant differences were noted between the drinking and non-drinking groups in terms of age or hay fever status.Demographic characteristics of patients according to their drinking status are shown in Results of logistic regression analysis on drinking status and eradication status for each sex are shown in P = 0.028).Relationships between the eradication rate and frequency of drinking per week are shown in Results of logistic regression analysis on drinking frequency and eradication status for each sex are shown in H. pylori eradication and patient lifestyles in terms of drinking habit or frequency of drinking per week. This study revealed that eradication failed more frequently in women with a habit of drinking 5–7 days a week; the adjusted odds ratio was 18.13. There have been numerous studies on the association between H. pylori infection and alcohol, some of which report an inverse relationship between H. pylori infection and alcohol consumption [H. pylori eradication and alcohol, particularly in terms of sex.To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a relationship was demonstrated between sumption , 21. HowIt is well known from previous studies that gastric acid secretion is activated by alcohol consumption –25. DecrInterestingly, no relationship between drinking habits and failure in eradication was found in men, but a relationship was observed in women. In addition, a dose–response relationship, which is evidence strongly suggesting the relationship between frequency of drinking and eradication, was observed in women, as shown by a significant increase in the odds ratio.A previous study has shown that eradication using omeprazole, clarithromycin and tinidazole failed more frequently in women than in men . ClarithH. pylori eradication rate.Induction in cytochrome P450 including CYP3A4 is known to occur in response to regular, heavy alcohol consumption . This inH. pylori eradication.Furthermore, the female hormone oestrogen has been reported to suppress alcohol decomposition . AlcoholThere were four major limitations in this study. First, the frequency of drinking was self-reported by patients, but the volume consumed each time was not tracked. Nonetheless, the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan in 2015 shows cross-tabulation of drinking frequency and volumes of daily consumption, and volumes tended to be larger in people who consumed alcohol more often. Second, there were limitations in terms of cases of poor compliance with taking medication. The importance of compliance had been explained carefully to each patient by the pharmacist, duly informing them of the high risk of failure in eradication if medication is skipped. Third, the body mass index (BMI) was not tracked, so it was not taken into consideration in the analysis. BMI is an important risk factor for disease occurrence and has been shown to affect the sexes differentially . Fourth,H. pylori eradication in women. Frequent consumption of alcohol is not only likely to affect eradication, but also has a large impact on the bodies of women [Collaboration and sharing patient information between a pharmacy and nearby clinic helped to reveal new findings. This collaborative study has shown that a regular drinking habit may lead to failure of primary of women  who are


Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is known to be transmitted through close contact. However, epidemiological surveys of MERS in Korea indicated that some secondary patients were infected without close contact. Therefore, the possibility of other transmission routes must be identified. In this study, the possibility of MERS spreading through airflow was investigated on the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital. Computational fluid dynamics was used to analyse the indoor airflow and passive tracer diffusion during the index patient's stay. Six cases were simulated for different outdoor wind directions and indoor mechanical ventilation operations. When a passive tracer was released in ward 8104, where the index patient was hospitalized, the passive tracer spread through the indoor airflow, which was created by the outdoor airflow. Ward 8109, which had the largest number of infected cases and was far distant from ward 8104, showed passive tracer concentration in all cases. This result indicates that MERS may have spread through airflow. The study results do not imply that the infection pathway of MERS is airborne. However, the results show the possibility of MERS spreading through airflow in specific environments such as poor ventilation environments. In May The index patient was admitted to a ward on the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital on 15–17 May 2015, with fever and muscle pain . In addiet al.'s review [According to Oh s review  on MERS,s review , and dros review ,20. A pes review . The ress review ,22,23.SARS is known to cause super-spreading events through super-spreaders ,25. Cons2.2.1.Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital is a nine-storey building completely built in February 2015. The medical department is located from the first floor to the third floor, and the ward department is located from the fourth floor to the ninth floor. The eighth floor, where the index patient was hospitalized, is divided into a maternity ward department, which consists of a one-person ward, and a general ward department, which consists of a two-person ward and seven-person ward . The rooThe maximum airflow rate was designed as 200 cubic metres per hour (CMH) for a one-person ward, 250 CMH for a two-person ward and 500 CMH for a seven-person ward, and the ACH was approximately 5. However, the actual air supply and exhaust airflow rates during the period of admission of the index patient were not confirmed because of the adjustment of the ventilation system between the closure (29 May 2015) and reopening (6 July 2015) of the hospital.et al. [Kim et al.  analysedet al. [et al. We used CFD to analyse the indoor airflow and passive tracer diffusion path on the eighth floor, where the index patient was hospitalized.Sung et al.  performeThe eighth-floor ward can be naturally ventilated through the windows, so it was necessary to check the outdoor and indoor airflow conditions. Therefore, the facade and the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital were modelled and simulated to observe both outdoor and indoor airflow conditions.2.2.Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital is tilted approximately 5° eastward from the north direction. A survey of the surrounding terrain conditions  indicatea) at constant height of 1 m and indoor velocity data were extracted from window height (figure 4b). Realizable k–ɛ turbulence model [−1 for the west wind and 2.62 m s−1 for the west-southwest wind.CFD analysis was performed using STAR-CCM+, a commercial simulation program. The size of the domain used in the analysis was modelled to be 420 × 525 × 180 m . There wfigure 4ce model ,30 was uce model . The sidα should be selected. This value was chosen to be 0.22 (for regions where houses with a height of 3.5 m are concentrated or regions where middle-class buildings are scattered) according to the Korea Building Code [Wind blowing from outside the building is affected by the terrain of the surface and blockage of the building; the wind speed is lower at low height, and the wind speed increases with the distance from the surface. To employ these conditions in the CFD analysis, the wind speed at the height of 0–180 m was calculated using the exponential law  based oning Code .For indoor conditions, both the maternity and general ward departments were included in the CFD domain to observe the passive tracer diffusion on the eighth floor when the passive tracer was generated in ward 8104. As shown in The passive tracer was released from the mouth of a lying patient model. The model was set to exhale 5 l of passive tracer per minute, which is considered to be the average respiration rate of a person. Droplets from a patient evaporate and can rapidly turn into small particles. In this study, the airborne infectious particles were considered as gas-phase substances (refer to the previous studies –38).The CFD analysis cases  are baseThe average outside temperature in Pyeongtaek district was 17.8°C at the time of the index patient admission, so air conditioning was not required, and the survey results indicated that the air conditioner in ward 8104 was not operated most of the time. Therefore, in the simulation, air conditioning was not considered. In addition, due to the characteristics of the hospital building, where family members visit wards from time to time, medical staff frequently shift duties and the heat generation value of rooms change with time, specifying accurate heat generation value was impossible. However, non-isothermal simulation should be considered and compared with isothermal simulation. Thereby, average outdoor temperature of 17.8°C and heat generation values for patient and nurse were applied to the floor and ceiling light was applied to the ceiling for one case (caseW-1T) and was compared to isothermal simulation (caseW-1) results.3.−1 which was not significantly large. However, maximum difference of indoor velocity of the three meshes showed a difference. Coarse mesh and fine showed a maximum velocity difference of 0.1 m s−1 and medium mesh and fine mesh showed 0.06 m s−1 difference. Therefore, medium mesh with 6 million cell was considered independent and was selected for the simulation.As shown in In the case of the west wind, air mainly flowed through front (a) window to rear (a) windows. In the case of the west-southwest wind, compared to the west wind, the airflow through the front (a) window decreased and the airflow through the front (b) window increased. The air mainly flowed in through front (b) and flowed out through the side windows and rear (a) windows.The concentration in each ward is shown in The ACH was calculated by using the concentration of the passive tracer in the ward with the passive tracer generation rate. In cases W-1, W-2 and W-3, the ACH was 21.5, 21.1 and 22.6, respectively. No significant increase in the ACH was observed by operating mechanical ventilation in ward 8104. In cases WSW-1, WSW-2 and WSW-3, ACH was 31.0, 26.9 and 40.0, respectively. ACH increased by approximately 6 when machine ventilation was operated in ward 8104. In case WSW, most of the air flowed through the side opening of the awning window to ward 8104; therefore, the air from outside did not disturb the airflow from the supply vent and more volume of air was passing through the windows compared to case W. In case W, air mostly flowed through the under part of the awning window and less air volume of air was passing through the window due to window shape and disturbed air flow from the supply vent.4.a, except from 22.00 to 22.30. In the first day, the wind was relatively weak, with a maximum wind speed of 3.4 m s−1 and an average wind speed of 1.7 m s−1. As shown in figure 11b, on 16 May, east winds were blowing from 5.00 to 7.30, and there was a possibility that the passive tracer that spread because of the west-southwest wind might re-spread to the west-facing wards because of the east wind. As shown in figure 11a′, winds were continually blowing from the west southwest and west until 20.00; maximum wind speed was 5.5 m s−1, and the average wind speed was 2.2 m s−1. As shown in figure 11b′, on the following day (16 May), the west and east winds randomly blew from 21.00 to 3.00. East wind blew with an average wind speed of 1.2 m s−1 and a maximum wind speed of 2.1 m s−1. The passive tracer that spread because of the west-southwest wind on the previous day could have re-spread to the other wards before the patient was discharged.The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of distant propagation of droplets through airflow using CFD analysis on the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital, where the index patient was admitted. The wind speed profile was obtained and analysed based on the average wind speed values of the west, west-southwest and east winds, which were the dominant wind directions during the period in which the index patient was hospitalized. On the first day of hospitalization of the index patient (15 May 2015), the wind was mainly blowing from the west-southwest as shown in figure 11The passive tracer concentration in each room was analysed in terms of the door-to-door distance between wards. The passive tracer was detected in wards 8109 and 8112, which were 17.8 m apart from ward 8104, and in ward 8110, which was approximately 30 m away from ward 8104. The passive tracer concentration in ward 8109 showed the highest concentration when the west-southwest wind was blowing, indicating that MERS would have infected other patients through the airflow.In this study, cases were simulated with steady state which cannot implement change of wind direction and speed time to time. However, one transient simulation was conducted with case W-1 to observe passive tracer spreading time. To employ realistic emission characteristics, passive tracer was set to exhale for 0.5 s with amount of 1.2 l from patient's mouth, which is considered to be one coughing time and air mass –41. The et al. [et al. confirmed the diffusion of contaminants through mechanical ventilation systems in the ward using CFD. In Li et al.'s study, the contaminant concentration was higher than that in the present study. This is attributed to the different indoor environment parameters such as air recirculation in the mechanical ventilation systems and the simulation domain size. The passive tracer concentration shown in this study might be low. However, this does not mean that the risk of infection is also low.SARS is known to spread by close contact; however, Li et al.  suggesteThe concept of using passive contaminant to identify airflow rather than using particles might be different from each other. However, virus can be attached to various particle sizes and tracking of all size of particles using CFD needs extremely time-consuming process. Small size particles are more likely to travel with airflow. In the case of previous studies on SARS ,23, indoThe first infected MERS patient was admitted to a hospital ward that had no supply or exhaust vents, indicating that the testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) of the ventilation system was not properly carried out after the construction of the building. Especially, in the case of hospitals, it is essential to perform TAB after construction for infection control. Furthermore, it is necessary to carry out periodic TAB.According to previous studies ,42, natu5.— The wind data obtained for the hospitalization period of the index patient showed that the west and west-southwest winds were dominant. Therefore, the air dominantly flowed in through the west and west-southwest sides of the hospital. The passive tracer generated by the index patient in ward 8104, which is located on the west side of the building, spread towards the east-facing wards through the airflow.— Ward 8109 showed the highest passive tracer concentration when the west-southwest wind was blowing, and mechanical ventilation was not operated, which represented the actual environmental situation during the index patient's hospitalization. The most reported MERS cases were also in ward 8109, which indicates that MERS possibly spread through the airflow.— Real-time changes in the wind direction and wind speed were not considered in this study. However, the analysis of the wind direction and speed results showed that the passive tracer, which spread to the east-facing wards because of the west and west-southwest winds, could re-spread to the west-facing wards through the east wind.The study results do not imply that the infection pathway of MERS is airborne. However, MERS can be infected through the airflow in specific environmental situations such as cases with inadequate ventilation of wards, cases where natural ventilation is used in central corridor structures and cases where the patient is a super-spreader.The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of MERS propagation through airflow on the eighth floor of Pyeongtaek St Mary's Hospital, where the index patient was hospitalized. The CFD analysis results can be summarized as follows:


Some studies in Western countries have suggested that education and income are differentially associated with different drinking patterns. This study aimed to examine the associations of education and income with heavy drinking and problem drinking among community-dwelling Japanese men.A questionnaire survey was conducted in metropolitan areas in Japan from 2010 to 2011 among residents aged 25 to 50 years; valid responses were received from 2004 men. Drinking patterns were categorized as non-to-moderate drinking, non-problematic heavy drinking, and problem drinking. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether educational attainment or income was associated with drinking patterns, after adjustment for age, marital status, working status, income/education, self-rated health, and psychological distress.The study population included 84.4% non-to-moderate drinkers, 8.9% non-problematic heavy drinkers, and 6.7% problem drinkers. Lower educational attainment (high school or less) was significantly associated with increased risks of both non-problematic heavy drinking  and problem drinking , compared with university education or higher. Lower income (lowest tertile) was significantly associated with a lower risk of non-problematic heavy drinking , but not of problem drinking , compared with the highest income tertile.These findings indicate that education and income are differentially associated with alcohol drinking patterns among community-dwelling Japanese men. Harmful alcohol use is one of the world’s leading risk factors for morbidity, disability, and mortality. Approximately 3.3 million deaths  and 139 million disability-adjusted life years  are attributable to alcohol use [Alcohol-attributable health harm generally tends to be more prevalent in lower social strata, which is particularly the case for men . DrinkinIt is possible that some of the inconsistent findings may be explained by different social and cultural contexts across countries and variations in the assessment of SES and drinking patterns. National differences in the degree of inequality in alcohol use between different SES groups may result from the fact that social patterns of drinking are largely the result of cultural and environmental influences and of government policies in the countries concerned . EvidencThe aim of the present study was to examine the associations of education and income with heavy drinking and problem drinking among community-dwelling Japanese men.Data were obtained from the Japanese Study of Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood (J-SHINE), which has been described elsewhere , 16. TheParticipants were sorted into three categories according to educational attainment: high school or lower , college , and university or higher (university or graduate school). We calculated equivalent income as household income adjusted for household size, using the OECD-modified equivalence scale . For parshochu (white spirits), sake (rice wine), whisky, wine, and/or shochu highball. We assigned a score to each category of alcohol consumption frequency as follows: 7 for every day, 5.5 for 5–6 days/week, 3.5 for 3–4 days/week, 1.5 for 1–2 days/week, and 0.5 for a few times/month. The ethanol equivalent intake in grams was calculated as follows: 633 ml beer or shochu highball = 23 g of ethanol, 180 ml shochu = 38 g, 180 ml sake = 23 g, 60 ml whisky = 23 g, and 120 ml wine = 11.5 g. Finally, weekly ethanol equivalent intake was estimated by multiplying the amount of ethanol by the frequency score; daily ethanol equivalent intake was calculated by dividing these estimates by seven. Participants who did not consume alcohol in the past year were considered abstainers and were assigned 0 g/day.The frequency of alcohol consumption in the past year was classified into the following six categories: every day, 5–6 days/week, 3–4 days/week, 1–2 days/week, a few times/month, or seldom/can’t. Current drinkers (≥ a few times/month) were asked to report the types of drinks consumed and their average consumption per day: beer, gou’ of per day increases the risk of lifestyle-related disease for men [gou’ is equivalent to approximately 180 ml of sake, or 23 g of ethanol, and is the most common unit for measuring the amount of alcohol consumed. Heavy drinking for men in the present study was therefore defined as ethanol intake ≥46 g/day (≥2 gou/day).Several Japanese studies have demonstrated that ≥2 ‘ for men , 19. In gou/day were asked to complete the CAGE questionnaire [cut down on your drinking? Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)? These items are used to create a simple drinking problem scale, with each positive response given a score of 1; a higher score indicates the presence of an alcohol problem. While the CAGE does not provide standard Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnosis of alcohol dependence, a positive response on two or more questions indicates a high likelihood of the presence of problematic drinking [All participants who consumed alcohol ≥2 ionnaire , 21. CAGdrinking , 21. ProWe selected the following covariates: age, marital status , working status , self-rated health , 23, andWe compared characteristics of participants with analysis of variance for continuous variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables. Drinking patterns were categorized as non-to-moderate drinking (< 46 g/day of ethanol intake), non-problematic heavy drinking (≥46 g/day of ethanol intake and CAGE score of 0 or 1), and problem drinking (≥46 g/day of ethanol intake and CAGE score of 2–4). We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to examine the associations of education and income with non-problematic heavy drinking and problem drinking. For each outcome, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for education or income adjusted for age , as well as for marital status, working status, and income/education (model 2). We made further adjustments for self-rated health and psychological distress (model 3). Non-drinkers were also included in the reference group along with moderate drinkers, in accordance with previous Japanese studies , 28.P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.All analyses were conducted with Stata 14.0 . For all analyses, a two-tailed Table Table Table Psychological distress was significantly associated with a lower risk of non-problematic heavy drinking and an increased risk of problem drinking. Similar associations were observed for self-rated health, although these associations were not significant.We examined the associations of education and income with alcohol drinking patterns among community-dwelling Japanese men. Men with lower education had significantly higher risks of both non-problematic heavy drinking and problem drinking. In contrast, men with lower income had a lower risk of non-problematic heavy drinking, while income was not associated with problem drinking.Lower education was significantly associated with increased risks of both non-problematic heavy drinking and problem drinking; this result was consistent with previous findings , 29. EduFor non-problematic heavy drinking, distinct associations with education and income were observed: those with lower education had a significantly higher risk, while those with higher income were also more likely to be non-problematic heavy drinkers. Most studies in Japan have evaluated either education or income and have shown somewhat inconsistent results , 38–42. We found that high income was significantly associated with an increased risk of non-problematic heavy drinking. Evidence on the associations between income and drinking patterns is somewhat unclear; some studies found that heavy drinking was more prevalent among those with higher income , whereasIn contrast, equivalent income was not associated with problem drinking, defined as alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse as well as having alcohol-related problems. Some studies have demonstrated that the association between SES and drinking patterns was relatively larger for more extreme drinking behavior , 47, whiWe also found different directions of association between psychological distress and non-problematic heavy drinking versus problem drinking. Our findings suggest that those who are psychologically positive tend to drink heavily but without problems at social drinking events, whereas those with psychological problems tend to drink to the point of problem drinking to reduce these problems ; howeverThese findings have some implications for alcohol drinking policy. The present study showed that those with less education are more likely to report both non-problematic heavy drinking and problem drinking. Although the group that reported these behaviors was small, it may have a large impact on the social distribution of disease burden and health service use. It would therefore be beneficial to improve knowledge and literacy regarding the health hazards of alcohol use, as well as cultural capital and social networks enhancing health-promoting behaviors. In contrast, the lack of an association between income and problem drinking suggests that taxation and pricing policies may not be successful in reducing problem drinking. It would instead be beneficial to treat psychological distress and to increase knowledge and literacy to reduce problem drinking. Most preventive measures concerning alcohol-related harm reduction target society as a whole; comparatively little is known about effective measures to target those with low SES, and therefore new approaches are required .The present study has several limitations. First, the response rate was low. If non-respondents had lower SES than did respondents as mentioned in some previous studies, socioeconomic inequalities in drinking patterns may have been underestimated. However, the participants of the J-SHINE survey were comparable with the vital statistics of the target population in terms of age, sex, and educational attainment . Second,We examined the associations of education and income with heavy drinking and problem drinking among community-dwelling Japanese men. Men with lower education had significantly higher risks of both non-problematic heavy drinking and problem drinking. In contrast, men with lower income had a lower risk of non-problematic heavy drinking, while income was not associated with problem drinking. These findings imply that education and income are differentially associated with alcohol drinking patterns; these associations are important in designing interventions to reduce alcohol drinking inequalities in alcohol drinking among community-dwelling Japanese men.


The medium used to present lineup members for eyewitness identification varies according to the location of the criminal investigation. Although in some jurisdictions live lineups remain the default procedure, elsewhere this practice has been replaced with photo or video lineups. This divergence leads to two possibilities: Either some jurisdictions are not using the lineup medium that best facilitates accurate eyewitness identification or the lineup medium has no bearing on the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Photo and video lineups are the more practical options, but proponents of live lineups believe witnesses make better identification decisions when the lineup members are physically present. Here, the authors argue against this live superiority hypothesis. To be superior in practice, the benefits of live presentation would have to be substantial enough to overcome the inherent difficulties of organizing and administering a live lineup. The review of the literature suggests that even in experimental settings, where these difficulties can be minimized, it is not clear that live lineups are superior. The authors conclude that live lineups are rarely the best option in practice and encourage further research to establish which nonlive medium provides the best balance between probative value and practical utility. Consider the eyewitness identification procedures in the following selection of robbery investigations. In Mongan, and it would have been challenging to recruit people for a live lineup within hours of the crime in Soderstrom. But in reality, the primary determinant of the identification procedures in these cases was the jurisdiction of investigation: Groblersdal is in South Africa, where live lineups are the convention; Royal Victoria Hospital is in Northern Ireland, where police use video lineups; and Chilliwack is in Canada, where photo lineups are the norm. The next question, then, is why does the lineup medium vary from one place to another?Why did the lineup members appear live in the first case, on video in the second one, and in photographs in the third? A reasonable person might conjecture that although live lineups are usually preferred because they afford the best view of the lineup members, in some circumstances less optimal procedures are acceptable. After all, a hospital would have been no place for a live lineup in live superiority hypothesis: The belief that live presentation of lineup members yields the best eyewitness identification outcomes. There are theoretical grounds to predict that an eyewitness would fare best at a live lineup, where the lineup members are observed in their entirety and can even be seen walking or talking. Compare this to a photo lineup, normally composed of static mugshots, and the notion of live superiority seems all the more plausible. Even video lineups, as conventionally practiced, only show the lineup members from the shoulders up, neutrally posed, turning from side to side. To make the right decision, a witness might need access to cues available only at a live lineup. Nevertheless, in spite of its appeal to intuition, we have reservations about the notion of live superiority.There seems to be a conflict—or at least a perceived conflict—between choosing the lineup medium that best facilitates accurate eyewitness identification and choosing the lineup medium that is most practical to construct and administer. Unlike live lineups, which require the lineup members (and other relevant parties) to be physically present for the identification procedure, photo and video lineups can be conveniently constructed by recording an image of the suspect and then choosing fillers from a repository of similarly recorded images. Live lineups are nevertheless preferred in some jurisdictions, which seems to be the consequence of a We are confident that the live superiority hypothesis exists, but doubtful that it is true. Our review of five countries shows that all either once had or still have policies suggestive of live superiority. But our review of the research literature reveals that empirical tests of the hypothesis are scarce. And from the small corpus of experiments available to review, we find no strong indication that live presentation improves lineup performance. What we do find, however, are numerous factors that could compromise the reliability of eyewitness identification from live lineups.Perhaps the most glaring difference in eyewitness identification procedures around the world is the medium through which the lineup members are viewed. If people on the street were queried about their script for a lineup, they might describe a witness inspecting individuals in person, from either within the same room or behind a one-way mirror. Live lineups such as these are still routinely administered in some places, but elsewhere it has become standard practice for eyewitnesses to view lineup members as recorded images. Photo lineups, the most common procedure, comprise static physical or digital mugshots of the lineup members. A limited number of jurisdictions have also begun to use video lineups, which portray moving images of each lineup member.Photographs of suspects should never be shown to witnesses for the purpose of identification if circumstances allow of a personal identification. Even where a mistaken identification does not result, the fact that a witness has been shown a photograph of the suspect before his ability to identify him has been properly tested at an identification parade will considerably detract from the value of his evidence. Item 18, There was once a longstanding preference for live lineups in England and Wales. The London Met Police had been administering live lineups since at least 1860 , and livIn recent years, video lineups have become the preferred procedure in England and Wales. Police forces now have access to continually growing databases of videos depicting people who have volunteered to be recorded as fillers . The 15-In the United States, eyewitness identification policies have been conspicuously neutral on the lineup medium. American guidelines typically include separate provisions for live and photo lineups, with no hint at a preference between the two . NeverthOne exception is in New York, where a narrow reading of State legislation has kept photo lineup evidence out of the courtroom. Pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law, a “witness who has on a previous occasion identified such person may testify to such previous identification” . The key phrase here is “identified such person” , which NLegislative changes favoring photo lineups are currently underway in New York and have been successful elsewhere in the United States. Following a recommendation from the At the national level, photo lineups are likely to remain the predominant medium. In 2017, the Department of Justice issued a memorandum with detailed instructions on the administration of eyewitness identification procedures . As withCanadian eyewitness identification guidelines were once tilted in favor of live lineups. In a report prepared for the Law Reform Commission of Canada, This recommendation notwithstanding, photo identification has become the most widely used lineup method in Canada. Surveys show that Canadian police agencies from across the country all use photo lineups , 2011, aAustralia is unique in that live lineups are preferred in policy, but photo lineups are common in practice. The Although live lineups continue to be policy preference throughout much of Australia, there has been a shift to alternative methods in some states. In Moti was whether the procedural safeguards that have been built into the formal proceedings of a live lineup  would be as rigorously adhered to at an informal photo lineup. But fairness to the suspect may not be the only reason live lineups are preferred in South Africa. According to Rust and Tredoux, another senior state prosecutor likes them because they provide “more information and clues about the suspect’s behavior” (p. 201).Although photo lineup evidence has been admitted in South African courts, live lineups remain the common practice . In inteN = 30) reported that witnesses should be instructed to tap a lineup member on the shoulder to make an identification  may be partly to blame. If experimentation had revealed one medium to be consistently superior to the others, a more uniform approach might have taken hold. But in academic reviews of the lineup identification medium, the only consistency has been tentativeness in the conclusions.We know of only three review papers that give substantial consideration to the identification medium and its effects. In the first, which exclusively focused on the lineup medium, the authors ultimately concluded that “based on available research, there is no reason to believe that live lineups, videotaped lineups, or photo arrays produce substantial differences in identification performance” p. 181; . In moreLive lineups are a rarity in eyewitness identification experiments. Much like the trend toward nonlive procedures in criminal cases, eyewitness scientists have relied almost exclusively on photo lineups . The paucity of experimental research presents a challenge for the live superiority hypothesis; even if every experimental result supported it, the evidence would not be compelling. And in the compilation of identification outcomes listed in In the most recent review, Additional comparisons between video and live lineups can be found in the literature, but they are not particularly informative. A central concern with these additional experiments is that their lineups always included the target . WithoutAs we move now to comparisons between live and photo lineups see , the earOne observation from In summary, the experimental literature lends no empirical support for the live superiority hypothesis. If anything, the data converge on the conclusion that witnesses are less likely to identify any of the lineup members if they are observed in person than if they are viewed with videos or photos. Keep in mind, however, that the small number of empirical comparisons involving live lineups limits what can be inferred from this literature.To begin our discussion of photo and video comparisons, the most recent review of the identification medium requires some unpacking. Using meta-analysis, Contemporary experiments provide more straightforward comparisons between photo and video lineups, but even they do not isolate the identification medium’s effect. In research comparing U.K. videos with static photos, for example, the lineup members are always portrayed turning from left to right in the video condition, but only portrayed in frontal pose in the photo condition . Thus, tConfounds are pervasive in the lineup medium literature, perhaps for good reason. Rather than a single variable with different levels, each identification medium is a “constellation of variables” . In applResearchers must decide whether a gain in ecological validity is worth the loss in experimental control. To resolve this dilemma, imagine a pure test of the identification medium. The photo condition might display a frontal-view head shot of each lineup member, which could then be matched in the video and live conditions by arranging for only the heads of the lineup members to be visible and instructing them to face squarely forward and remain still. If the objective were to isolate the effect of the medium, this manipulation would seem to provide a reasonable method of achieving it. But would a null finding be enough to recommend that practitioners abandon video and live testing and opt for the more convenient method of photo testing? On the contrary, the findings would have little if any relevance to investigatory practices because it is the additional factors made possible through live and video lineups that underscores the appeal of these less practical medium types.OR = 2.56, 95% CI ) and also more likely to correctly reject the lineup if the target was absent . Seale-Carlisle and Mickes acknowledged that the many differences between the two procedures precluded causal explanations of the U.S. advantage, but pointed to two possibilities: (a) U.K. lineups were presented sequentially and (b) participants in the U.K. condition may have lost attention during the lineup presentation. We find the second explanation more compelling than the first.In a recent online study with photo and video lineups, OR = 1.42, 95% CI ).It seems unlikely that simultaneous presentation alone would cause such a robust advantage for the U.S. condition. Sequential presentation is known to reduce choosing, which, compared to simultaneous presentation, tends to correspond with a reduction in correct identifications in target-present lineups and an increase in correct rejections of target-absent lineups . But theThe duration of the U.K. lineup procedure, combined with the use of online data collection, seems like a more plausible explanation for the poor outcomes in the U.K. condition. We suspect that at the very least, real U.K. lineups would not perform as poorly as the online U.K. lineups. Take, for example, the dismal correct identification rate of 20% for the U.K. online lineup . This isOR = 3.94, 95% CI , and also found a smaller nonsignificant increase in correct identifications from target-present lineups favoring moving images, OR = 1.53, 95% CI . OR = 3.70, 95% CI , but in lineups with fillers matched to the suspect’s appearance the trend in correct rejections was in the opposite direction , OR = 1.21, 95% CI , and correct identifications in target-present lineups trended higher for still images regardless of how fillers were selected, OR = 1.41, 95% CI . In a study with child witnesses, When administered in the laboratory, comparisons between U.K. video lineups and photo equivalents have yielded mixed results see . ValentiOR = 1.06, 95% CI . OR = 1.80, 95% CI , but also found a trend in correct rejections favoring video lineups, OR = 1.56, 95% CI .Other lab experiments with video, but not the U.K. method of administration, have similarly provided no clear support for either photo or video lineups. In one of the earliest tests, participants who observed a live event identified the culprit from photo and video lineups at comparable rates, which were uniformly high—92% and 95%, respectively—and indicative of a ceiling effect . Anotherd = 1.08 , OR = 7.09 . Participants also performed better in the monochromatic video condition than in the color photo condition, though this difference was not significant, d = 0.70 , OR = 3.55 . In another early experiment, d = 0.61 , OR = 3.02 , an effect that was larger when targets were encoded in a video event  than in a slideshow event . In a more conventional implementation of video and photo lineups, d = 0.63 , OR = 3.15 . The advantage in correct rejections came at no cost to correct identifications in the target-present lineups, which were trivially higher in the video condition (31% vs. 29%), d = 0.04 , OR = 1.11 . One caveat in Cutler and Fisher’s experiment, however, is that the target-present and target-absent lineups contained different people and were not counterbalanced  to the mere act of browsing through a computer database filled with images. Once an image of the suspect has been obtained, the primary reason for live lineup cancellations—suspects not showing up—is no longer a concern. Witnesses are also more likely to appear if they do not have to be in the same proximity as the perpetrator. Photo or video lineups can also be presented with a computer, which could be used to deliver clear and consistent instructions, record the witness decision automatically, and visually represent response options that might not be obvious to the witness, such as “not here” or “not sure” . AlthougIn spite of their practicality, the use of nonlive lineups in some jurisdictions runs the risk that the evidence will be given less weight (or even excluded) at trial. Photo lineups are widely used in Canada and the United States because they are practical and judges in these jurisdictions have a history of accepting them as legitimate evidence. But in other jurisdictions, judges consider photo identification to be inferior to live identification. This preference for live lineups has been primarily supported by two overarching claims: (a) identifications from live lineups are more reliable than from nonlive lineups, and (b) live lineups are fairer than nonlive lineups. In the following, we review the merit of the arguments underlying these claims.There are intuitive reasons to believe that, all else equal, live presentation would be the best method to facilitate an accurate eyewitness identification. Live lineups can elicit cues of height, weight, voice, and motion not typically available in photo and video lineups . At a liIf a crime has been witnessed live, benefits may come from an identification procedure that is also administered live. When the cognitive processes at encoding and retrieval overlap, transfer appropriate processing is theorized to occur . From thThe availability of dynamic cues, in particular, may increase through live presentation of the lineup members. At a live criminal event, witnesses can encode dynamic motions from the perpetrator . Contrary to invariant structures , which are stable, dynamic motions are subject to change and less reliable as cues to recognition. The supplemental information hypothesis proposes that although recognition via invariant structures is generally preferred, dynamic motions can facilitate recognition when invariant structures are deemed uninformative . Thus, iAnother potential benefit of live lineups is that the lineup members’ bodies are normally in view, whereas in photo and video lineups usually only the head and shoulders are visible. The most reliable cues for person identification are typically, but not always, located above the shoulders. Person-matching research indicates that removing the body from view leads to only a small decrease in identification accuracy, whereas removing the face causes a substantial decline in performance e.g., . Neverthlineup superiority, there have been few experimental tests even on the broader issue of live identification superiority. The benefits of dynamic cues and whole-body views have been tested almost exclusively with videos and photos, which leads us to the more fundamental question of whether live testing is required to reap the theorized benefits we have discussed. If viewing the bodies of lineup members were found to improve lineup identifications, this would not provide direct support for the live superiority hypothesis. Whole person views tend to be available in live lineups and head-and-shoulder views tend to be available in photo and video lineups; however this is a convention, not a necessity. There is nothing inherent about photo or video lineups that would preclude whole person views. Although dynamic cues are not possible in photo lineups, they are certainly possible in video lineups. Indeed, the standard experimental approach to test for benefits of dynamic cues has been through comparing static photos and dynamic videos  theAt first glance, the right to observe argument has intuitive appeal. A suspect who is present for the identification could conceivably make note of, or even prevent, elements of the procedure that could bias how the witness responds. This logic rings particularly true if the procedure is overtly biased; for example, a lineup with a suspect of different ethnic origin than that of the fillers. In this situation, most suspects would at least be aware that something is not right. A suspect would also be able to make decisions if present that would be more difficult or even impossible if absent. For instance, in many jurisdictions the suspect is permitted to choose their position in the lineup. Position effects have been demonstrated empirically  and if tAsh that this right does not extend to photo lineups. The distinction was justified on the grounds that legal representation is intended to protect suspects from disadvantages stemming from their lack of familiarity with the law or their inability to defend themselves against a professional prosecutor. Because the suspect is not present at photo lineups, these disadvantages were perceived as inapplicable. Although the majority opinion in Ash acknowledged that suggestion in photo lineups was still possible, it was considered far less likely than in a live lineup. And if suggestion did occur, it was argued that the suggestive element could be reconstructed at trial.In certain jurisdictions and under certain conditions, the medium used to present a lineup has direct implications on the suspect’s ability to observe. In the United States, following a Supreme Court decision , there have long been calls for lineups to be administered by someone who is blind to the suspect’s identity . ComputeThe flexibility of live lineups could also lead to unanticipated situations with implications for fairness. At a live lineup in England and Wales, for example, Code D stipulates that if a witness requests to hear the lineup members speak, the administrator should first advise the witness to make a visual identification if possible; however, if the witness continues to request information about voice, the administrator can ask the lineup members to speak. In some cases, auditory cues may facilitate accurate identifications  and, indThe suitability of fillers is central to the fairness of a lineup. Although common practice in the field is to select fillers who resemble the suspect in physical appearance , researcAttempts to quantify lineup fairness have tended to favor nonlive over live lineups. Filler quality can be empirically tested using a mock-witness paradigm . AlthougPreviously we considered whether live identifications might be more reliable than video or photo identifications, all other factors held constant. It is important to be mindful, however, that external factors are not held constant in the field and that in practice the lineup medium is inherently confounded. Here we examine three factors associated with live lineups that have implications for identification accuracy.First, live lineups are likely to increase witness stress and anxiety. Victims of violent offenses probably do not ever want to see the perpetrator again, but this is precisely what happens at a live lineup. Even witnesses who were not victimized may find live lineups stressful. In one experimental study, 76% of participants reported feeling nervous while taking part in a live lineup despite having been explicitly told that the incident they observed was staged . Beyond Although witnesses may feel threatened by the prospect of identifying the perpetrator irrespective of the medium, the thought of a live procedure seems to amplify such concerns. When live identifications were preferred in the United Kingdom, witness cancellations were more likely for male than female suspects and for suspects aged 16–40 than for suspects outside that age range, which may suggest witnesses were cancelling to avoid confrontation with stereotypically intimidating suspects . In a suThe second factor, which also has clear implications for memory performance, is cue consistency. Photo and video images provide a record of the suspect at the time of arrest, which may help to increase the consistency between the cues encoded at the event and those available at retrieval. Suspects who are released from custody have the opportunity to make an intentional appearance change prior to appearing at a live lineup. If a perpetrator who was observed with a beard decided to shave for the lineup, the likelihood of identification at a live lineup would be reduced. If the delay between the arrest and the lineup is long enough, the suspect’s appearance may even change without any deliberate effort. It may be possible to mitigate the issue of appearance change with photo or video lineups by preserving the appearance of the suspect at the time of arrest. It may also be the case that an eyewitness description of the perpetrator is inconsistent with the appearance of a suspect at the time of arrest, but is consistent with another available photo or video. Whether to use the most recently available image or the one that corresponds with the witness description may need to be decided on a case-by-case basis. However, the point here is that with live lineups, such options would not be available.Third, live lineups are particularly susceptible to long delays. When live lineups were the default procedure in England and Wales, 90% of police officers reported that delay was a common problem and almost 80% described the consequences of delay as “quite,” “very,” or “extremely” serious . ArchivaWe can draw three main conclusions from this review. First, international practices and preferences regarding the identification medium are anything but uniform. Our review revealed more differences than similarities. Video lineups are required by English policy unless an alternative medium can be justified. Live lineups are given the most weight at trial in South Africa and throughout much of Australia, but these two countries nevertheless differ in practice: the traditional practice of live lineups continues in South Africa, whereas the practical appeal of photo lineups has led to their adoption in Australia, particularly for high-volume crimes. In Canada and the United States, the two countries most closely aligned, live lineups are permitted but photo lineups are the norm. Yet even within the United States, variability in practice across jurisdictions is evident.Second, based on the current state of knowledge, the live superiority hypothesis at present is merely a belief—not a fact. The experimental literature provides no clear direction on which medium, if any, is inherently better than the others. Ignoring the obvious practical constraints of organizing a live lineup, we considered whether live identification tests would be superior to nonlive identification tests if all external factors could be neutralized. In spite of our efforts to be as charitable as possible to the live superiority hypothesis, we found little reason to support it. The empirical evidence is inconclusive, and most of the theoretical mechanisms that could be considered consistent with live lineup superiority, such as availability of body and motion cues, could be incorporated into modifications of current video lineup practices. For example, one might argue that a live advantage in the empirical literature has been missed because researchers tend to use short exposure durations and longer durations would be needed for witnesses to encode a perpetrator’s dynamic identity signature. But this line of argument would only explain why we have not found an advantage of live over photo lineups. If a video lineup were constructed to portray the same information as a live lineup, the detection of a dynamic identity signature should be no less likely than if the lineup members are physically present.Third, a policy preference for live lineups is untenable, due to (a) the lack of empirical support for the live superiority hypothesis; (b) the difficulties of administering a fair live lineup; and (c) the inherent practical advantages of nonlive procedures. Photo and video lineups are more practical, fairer, and seem to be no less reliable than live lineups. Live lineups are hard to organize and difficult to control. The inability to recruit suitable fillers or to prevent any of the lineup players from emitting unwanted cues could easily compromise the fairness of a live lineup. And the proposed safeguards that have been associated with live lineups  do not hold up to scrutiny. Contrary to the live superiority hypothesis, we identified several real-world confounds associated with live lineups that could reduce their reliability.We recommend against live lineups, but believe more evidence is needed before a preference between photo and video lineups can be established. Photo lineups are the most practical option, but the availability of dynamic information in video lineups may improve identification outcomes. More research is needed to determine whether video lineups lead to outcome benefits that justify their practical costs.One avenue for future research would be to modify existing video techniques to maximize their potential benefits. The type of head-and-shoulders clips that have been adopted in the United Kingdom may not be exploiting all the advantages that video lineups have to offer. There have long been calls to test video lineups that show the entire body and provide additional cues of gait or voice . AlthougUntil the science advances and clear superiority for one medium is established, we expect international variation in identification medium practices to continue. Photo and video lineups are unequivocally more practical than live lineups, but these nonlive techniques are up against the intuitive appeal of live lineups. In the absence of empirical falsification of the live superiority hypothesis, its proponents may be unwilling to sacrifice what they perceive as greater probative value in exchange for practical gain. This makes it imperative for eyewitness scientists to bring the identification medium back into the spotlight and strengthen the empirical foundation for a recommendation that will encourage all jurisdictions to adopt the medium that best facilitates eyewitness identification.


As part of the study, two magnesium ionophores were compared (II vs. VI). Unfed animals displayed uniform transport of all ions along the intestine. Feeding resulted in elevated Mg2+ and Ca2+ transport when the gut lumen contained chyme however, under symmetrical conditions this increased transport rate was absent. Furthermore, zonation of divalent cation transport was present for both Ca2+ and Mg2+ under non-symmetrical conditions while the zonation remained for Ca2+ alone under symmetrical conditions. High dietary Mg2+ decreased absorption and induced secretion of Mg2+ in the posterior intestine. Uptake kinetics in the esophagus suggest large diffusive and/or convective components based on a linear relationship between Mg2+ transport and concentration and lack of inhibition by ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+-K+-ATPase. In contrast, kinetics in the rectum were suggestive of a low affinity, saturable carrier-mediated pathway. A decrease in Mg2+ and Ca2+ transport was observed in the posterior intestine  in response to ouabain. This impact was greatest for Ca2+ transport and when applied to the mucosal fluid and measured in everted preparations. In contrast a putative Mg2+ transport inhibitor, cobalt(III)hexamine-chloride, did not affect Mg2+ transport. This is the first study to use SIET approaches to study ion transport in the gut of teleost fish. This is also the first study to provide characterization of Mg2+ transport in the gut of C. auratus. Due to the limited selectivity of Magnesium ionophore II, subsequent studies of tissues bathed in physiological saline should be made using Magnesium Ionophore VI.An  Act. Act2+ ake , il2+ radioisotopes have short half-lives (11.9 sec for Mg23 and 9.8 min for Mg27) or are cost-prohibitive , 1514, 1e . Thus, 2+ and Ca2+. Indeed, SIET has been extensively used for characterizing NH4+, Na+, Cl-, K+, and H+ transport across tissues in several insect species, including the anal papillae in the common mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the midge  is a powerful tool for studying ion transport (explained in great detail in ). In brius; e.g. , 28). Thand Cl-; ). IntereD. rerio , 31, 32.2+, Ca2+, and H+ transport, as well as the impact of feeding, dietary treatment, and zonation of transport, along the GIT of Carassius auratus. We also used pharmacological agents and kinetics of Mg2+ transport to characterize transport in several areas of the GIT. The aim of the present study was to measure and compare the Mg2+, Ca2+, and H+ transport observed along the serosal and mucosal surfaces of the GIT from C. auratus in fed and starved individuals using SIET. We hypothesized active, carrier-mediated transport kinetics in the intestine  is the concentration of the individual buffer, Ka is the dissociation constant for the individual buffer, and [H+] is the concentration of the proton. The diffusion coefficient for MS-222 is not known, however as it was present at such low concentrations the impact of correction for the buffer is likely minimal.And2+ on ion transport rates was examined with a repeated measures two-way ANOVA (with section and feeding status as factors). Kinetic data was modelled using Sigmaplot for line of best fit with linear regression or Michaelis–Menten kinetics with single site saturation. The impact of inhibitors on the relative ion transport within each section was examined using a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA (inhibitor as factor). All were followed by a Holm-Sidak post-hoc test. Significance was assessed at p<0.05. Values are presented as mean ± S.E. .All statistical tests were carried out in SigmaStat 3 and plots constructed in SigmaPlot11 (Systat). Before running parametric tests, data was first examined for normality and homogeneity of variance. Zonation of transport and impact of feeding was examined using a repeated measures two-way ANOVA (with section and feeding as factors). The impact of dietary Mg2+ transport along the unfed GIT was similar in all sections, averaging an appearance in the serosal fluid rate of 29.9 ± 7.2 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 7) across all segments  showing a significantly higher appearance rate, decreasing 2 fold to 252.8 ± 52.2 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 7) in the post-ant, and thereafter remaining unchanged for an average transport rate of 167.0 ± 21.7 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 7) across all remaining segments ) and fed appearance rates generally exceeded unfed appearance rates in most chyme-containing sections (2+ transport rates (172±14 pmol cm-2 s-1(N = 4)) were significantly higher than the fed mid sections (ranging from 51 ± 6 pmol cm-2 s-1 at the post-mid to 75±8.9 pmol cm-2 s-1 at the ant-ant) as with Mg2+, in contrast fed Ca2+ appearance rates recovered in the post-post (187±38 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 4)) segment, before decreasing again in the rectum , mid (ant-mid and post-mid), and posterior  GIT segments was not significantly different between unfed and fed animals despite fed sections containing chyme  and post-ant (627±71 pmol cm-2 s-1) segments transport rates were significantly elevated from the fed ant-mid (427±82 pmol cm-2 s-1), post-mid (459±79 pmol cm-2 s-1), ant-post (445±85 pmol cm-2 s-1) segments  than the rectal tissues (122.7 ± 24.5 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 16); 2+ from the mucosal fluid by the esophageal tissue (-312.6 ± 18.7 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 16)) compared to the rectal tissue (-195.3 ± 18.7 pmol cm-2 s-1 (N = 16); 2+ content and feeding status did not affect the net transport of H+ into the serosal fluid, and both the non-everted esophagus and rectal tissues showed similar appearance rates averaging across treatments at 219.9 ± 13.9 pmol cm-2 s-1  and out of the mucosal fluid by everted preparations  correlated linearly with alterations in the mucosal concentrations of Mg2+  and y = -8.09x − 107.6 (R2 = 0.975) respectively; p< 0.05; 2+ transport rates in both preparations were not significantly correlated with increased luminal Mg2+ concentration ; everted: y = -0.04x − 36.7 (R2 = 0.043); + transport rates in both preparations were not significantly correlated with increased luminal Mg2+ concentration ; everted: y = -0.199x + 227.2 (R2 = 0.357); Mg2+ transport and Mg2+ concentration within the non-everted rectal tissue preparations was defined by the Michaelis–Menten equation f = 211.7.7x/(16.7 + x) ; everted: y = -0.424x − 53.7 (R2 = 0.344); + fluxes in both preparations were also not significantly correlated with increased luminal Mg2+ concentration ; everted: y = 0.7x + 139.4 (R2 = 0.497); The relationship between Mg2+ fluxes (to 49.9 ± 11.1% of control (N = 6)) in the rectal tissue ; + transport in either tissue ; 2+ flux rates (56.5 ± 12.1% of control (N = 6)) was observed with mucosal application of ouabain + Co3Hex ; 2+ fluxes in the espohageal tissue was apparent with the mucosal application of ouabain (32.9 ± 10.9% (N = 6)) and ouabain + Co3Hex (29.2 ± 10.0% (N = 6); + fluxes in the esophageal and rectal tissues  or in combination with Co3Hex (-1.3 ± 12.1% (N = 7); 2+ fluxes were similarly reversed in preparations containing ouabain, from absorption to secretion when applied to the serosal and mucosal salines of the everted tissues (-10.9 ± 10.7% and -51.2 ± 9.8% of control respectively (N = 7); 2+ fluxes were also reversed when both inhibitors were present, reversing to -28.8 ± 12.1% (N = 7) when applied to the serosal surface and -67.2 ± 9.3% (N = 7) when applied to the mucosal surface (+ fluxes decreased with ouabain + Co3Hex (to 33.3 ± 25.7% of control (N = 7)) when applied to the serosal surface of the everted tissues, but not the mucosal surface  were one quarter to one half of the values observed when measured with Magnesium Ionophore VI compared to Magnesium Ionophore II  and out of the mucosal fluid by everted preparations  correlated linearly with alterations in the mucosal concentrations of Mg2+  and y = -5.09x − 22.0 (R2 = 0.993) respectively; p< 0.05; 2+ transport and Mg2+ concentration within the non-everted rectal tissue preparations was again defined by the Michaelis–Menten equation f = 103.8x/(15.1 + x)  decreased with magnesium ionophore VI.Mg2+ ionophore II can also detect Ca2+ and H+ ions within the solutions. As such, changes in Mg2+ concentrations cannot be attributable to only Mg2+ unless all three ions are measured and show no interference with Mg2+ slope calculations as well as no change in concentration  is essential for the development and survival of freshwater fish [-1 [-1 [2+ is also detrimental, as Mg2+ rich diets (above 745 mg kg-1) decreased growth and survival rate and activity of Na+-K+‐ATPase and Mg2+‐ATPase in juvenile gibel carp [2+ absorption. The long-term regulation of a Mg2+ transporter, with a decrease in expression with low dietary Mg2+ and upregulation with high dietary Mg2+, was previously observed in the goldfish [2+ is genetically controlled in response to dietary Mg2+. This may potentially occur only in the posterior portion of the intestine  regardless of eversion  was, however, considerably higher, with an average rate of 212 pmol cm−2 s−1 in non-everted tissues compared to 520 pmol cm−2 s−1 in everted tissues  6 and 7; [+-dependent and ouabain-sensitive transcellular absorptive mechanism (e.g. [+/Mg2+ exchanger (NME) localized to the basolateral membrane [2+ across the apical membrane [2+ flux, possibly explaining the lowest transport at the rectum . Itsm (e.g. ). This pmembrane , 21. Recmembrane , 54, 55 membrane , 56. Intmembrane , 43 and membrane . A possimembrane , 57. Alttum Figs  and 8 an+ levels . The oua2+ fluxes , and exposed to a ~10 fold higher concentration of Co3Hex . Furtheechanism . It is phydrated , 35 as C2+ and Ca2+ transport and not H+ in C. auratus, supporting previous in vivo work in other fish species , with the benefits of SIET . Specifically, using this approach we provided the first indication of a zoned, functional role for the GIT in Mges e.g. , 10, 45), 452+ an


We studied the strategy preference of using the egocentric or the allocentric representation in individuals who have acquired the ability to use both representations. Fifty-seven children aged 5–7 years and 53 adults retrieved toys hidden in one of four identical containers in a square room. We varied the type of spatial representation available in four conditions: (1) only self-motion information (egocentric representation); (2) only external landmark cues ; (3) both self-motion and landmark cues ; (4) self-motion and landmark cues in conflict . We found that, compared with the allocentric representation, the egocentric representation approached maturity earlier in development and was exploited better in early years. More importantly, in the conflict trials, while both children and adults relied more on egocentric representation, still a small portion of participants chose allocentric representation, especially in the adult group. These results provided evidence that egocentric representation is generally preferred more in both young children and adults. As mobile creatures, it is crucial for us to maintain spatial information about our surrounding environment in daily life. Based on accumulating evidence, many researchers argued that there were two types of frames of reference in spatial memory: egocentric and allocentric representation e.g., . EgocentA body of developmental literature has examined the developmental time courses of these spatial representations. Some early studies suggested that egocentric response to spatial stimuli predominates in early childhood e.g., . There wThe ability to use allocentric frames in active search tasks emerges sometime in the second year. In a typical task, children went through a disorientation procedure, which prevented them from tracking changes in the egocentric relations as they move, and had to rely on external cues to retrieve the hidden object. It was found that 1.5- to 2-year-olds could use the rectangular shape of the testing room , 1996 asTo summarize, most previous research has focused on the separate developmental trajectories of different types of spatial representations, and revealed that egocentric representation developed and reached maturity earlier than allocentric representation. To the best of our knowledge, only two studies have investigated children’s capacity to use or preference for the egocentric and the allocentric representation in location memory tasks. In Yet the methods used in these two studies have some deficiencies in comparing children’s ability to use egocentric and allocentric representation directly. In addition, a theoretically interesting question has not been investigated in previous research: When children have acquired the ability to use these two representations to encode locations, do they rely more on one of them when both are available? While egocentric representation receives priority in development, emerging earlier and being better used, does it also show a priority in spatial memory process when capacities of using these representations reach maturity?Despite a lack of direct empirical evidence on these questions, we can get some hints about the answers from some theories and studies. Figure 1A), so they could only use the self-motion information to update the egocentric relation between their body and the target location. In the allocentric representation condition, participants were disoriented before retrieval but a distinctive landmark was provided , so they could only use the allocentric relation between the landmark and the target location. We controlled the spatial relation involved in both conditions. In the egocentric condition, the target location was on the left (or the right) side of the participant’s initial heading direction, so they could form an egocentric representation of “on my left.” In the allocentric task, the target location was on the left (or the right) side of the landmark, so they could form an allocentric representation of “on its left.” In the dual representation condition, there was a distinctive landmark in the environment and participants only went through a 180° rotation before retrieval , so they could use either spatial reference frame to encode the target location. In the conflict condition, the learning phase was the same as the dual representation condition . However, when the participant was going through a 180° rotation with eyes covered, we unnoticeably changed the position of the landmark. That is, the landmark was moved from the AB side to the AD side in Figure 1D. As a result, in the testing phase, the egocentric and the allocentric representations were in conflict, indicating two different target locations. Based on the egocentric representation updated by the self-motion information, corner A would be the appropriate choice, while based on the allocentric representation of the location (the right side of the landmark), corner D would be the correct one. Therefore, participants’ searching behaviors would provide evidence about which representation they relied on.The present study was concerned with the developmental course of relative weighing of egocentric and allocentric representations in individuals who have acquired the ability to use both representations. We developed four conditions of hide-and-find task to examine participants’ ability to use each representation and their reliance on them. The basic task of our study was to retrieve a toy hidden in one of four identical containers in a square room. In the egocentric representation condition, there were no discriminable cues in the environment. Participants only went through a 180° rotation before retrieval , eighteen 6-year-olds , and twenty 7-year-olds  from Beijing, China took part in the present study. All parents gave written informed consent prior to the study. We also recruited 53 adult participants  from Beijing Normal University with monetary compensation and they all signed an informed consent. Six additional children were excluded from data analyses because they refused to complete the trials, and seven additional adults were excluded for guessing the purpose of this experiment.Nineteen 5-year-olds . Four identical opaque inverted containers served as potential hiding places, placed in the corners of the room, and a small stuffed animal was used as the hiding object.Participants were tested in a square room . Four walls and the ceiling of the room were covered with featureless white fabric, and the floor was covered with a homogeneous gray carpet, which did not provide any visual cues. Two luminous LED cubes (80 cm × 80 cm × 80 cm) were placed in the middle of each side of the room, whose color could be changed by a remote control , and watched while the experimenter took the toy to one corner  and hid it in the container. The participant was told: “You should remember where the toy is. Afterward, we will start the rotation. After the rotation, your task is to look for the toy.” After checking the participant’s memory of the hiding place, the experimenter stood behind the participant, covered his or her eyes using her hand, and spun the participant slowly until completing 180° rotation in the clockwise or the counter-clockwise direction. Finally, the participant’s eyes were uncovered and he/she was asked to find the hidden toy. Although the participants were allowed to search for the toy until they found it, only the first choice was scored for accuracy. After the toy was found, next trial proceeded.In this task, all cubes had identical green color. The participant first stood in the center of the room, facing a predetermined direction  and the direction a participant rotated (clockwise or counter-clockwise) in the four trials, and each combination occurred only once for each participant.Figure 1B). The experimenter first hid the toy in one container while the participant watched. The disorientation procedure then ensued as the participant faced the hiding place, his/her eyes were covered and was spun slowly by the experimenter until completing at least four full rotations in the clockwise direction and four full rotations in the counter-clockwise direction. After disorientation was confirmed, the experimenter faced the participant toward a predetermined wall. Then, the participant was asked to open his/her eyes and search for the toy, and only the first choice was scored for accuracy.In this task, there were red cubes on one side (AD) and green cubes on the other three sides of the room, so the red cubes could be used as landmarks . There were four trials in this task, the order of which was counterbalanced across participants. We varied the side a participant faced before rotation (AB or AD side) and the direction a participant rotated (clockwise or counter-clockwise) in the four trials, and each combination occurred only once for each participant.The apparatus was similar to the one used in the allocentric representation task, with distinct-color (red) cubes on one side and identical-color (green) cubes on the other three sides of the room, and the procedure was the same as the egocentric representation task . We recorded the first corner each participant searched after the rotation. Only one trial was conducted in the conflict condition.The apparatus and the basic procedure were the same as the dual representation task, with the following exception. When the participant was going through the 180° rotation with eyes covered, the experimenter changed the position of the landmark (red cubes) via a remote control  were all significantly above chance (25%), ps < 0.05 (one-sample t-tests).In the egocentric and the allocentric representation condition, we compared participants’ first responses with the accurate location where the toy was hidden, and calculated accuracy scores (percent of correct responses) for each participant. The average accuracy scores of these two tasks in each age group  = 5.08, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.13; allocentric representation condition, F = 18.08, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.34] although Games–Howell post hoc comparisons revealed that the difference did not specifically occur between any of the two groups in the egocentric representation condition (ps > 0.05). Meanwhile, in the allocentric representation condition, the 5-year-olds performed significantly worse than the 7-year-olds  and adults ; the 6-year-olds performed significantly worse than the 7-year-olds  and adults , and no other significant group difference was found.Analyses of one-way ANOVA revealed that the effect of age was significant in each condition [egocentric representation condition, t-tests showed that participants searched more accurately in the egocentric representation condition in all age groups, ps < 0.05.When comparing performance level between these two conditions, paired-samples Table 2. One-sample t-tests revealed that performance of each age group was all significantly above chance (25%), ps < 0.001. These results indicated that all groups were able to complete the searching task in which both egocentric and allocentric representations were available.The average accuracy scores of the dual representation condition in each age group were presented in M = 76.3 months, range = 58–89 months; six 5-year-olds, nine 6-year-olds, and eighteen 7-year-olds) and 50 adults met this criterion.In order to examine the preference between two representations, although all participants completed the conflict trial, we only analyzed the searching behaviors of those who succeeded in at least three out of four trials (accuracy rate ≥75%) in both the egocentric and the allocentric conditions. Thirty-three children (Table 3). The results showed that both children and adults preferred to choose corner A, which was consistent with the egocentric representation . Nonetheless, the Mann–Whitney test revealed a marginally significant effect of age group , which showed that a decreased tendency of selecting egocentric representation among adult participants.Participants’ choices in the conflict condition were distributed between corner A and corner D, so we calculated the proportions of these two choices in children and in adults, respectively  could be used to relocate the hiding location. The spatial relations exploited in these tasks were similar, namely, left/right sense of self and left/right sense of a colored landmark, which enabled us to compare the results of the two conditions. We found that the 5- and 6-year-olds searched less accurately than the older age groups in the allocentric representation task, while their performance did not differ from older groups in the egocentric representation task. Additionally, all groups achieved higher accuracy in the egocentric task than in the allocentric task. These results indicated that compared with the allocentric representation, the egocentric representation approached maturity earlier in development and was exploited better especially in early years. This developmental trajectory was consistent with other previous research demonstrating an advantage for employing egocentric representations to code locations in early childhood e.g., , and hasMore importantly, by incorporating both the egocentric and the allocentric representation into a novel transformational condition, we investigated which type of representation has priority for use when the ability to use these representations has matured. Only participants who succeeded in using both types of representations were included in the analysis. The results revealed that both children and adults relied on the egocentric representation more frequently than the allocentric representation, which indicated the predominant role of egocentric representation. The transformational approach has proven to be a valid measure of the relative weighing of different types of spatial cues (such as length and angular cues) in animals and human adults e.g., . In the Our results provide clear evidence that the egocentric reference frame, which is dominant in development, does have priority when the ability to use various spatial frames matures. What’s more, one thing to note is that indeed a small portion of participants preferred allocentric representation in both age groups. It is not likely that their performance could be attributed to random variation since they consistently chose the corner corresponded to allocentric representation, rather than the other two corners. These results are inconsistent with When comparing the performance of children and adults in the present task, we found that a higher proportion of adult participants selected the allocentric representation in the conflict situation. To conclude, although humans are able to represent locations egocentrically as well as allocentrically, they seem to prefer the exploitation of the egocentric relations. Apart from the findings consistent with previous research, the present study also provides clear evidence that allocentric representation is weighed more heavily by some individuals or in some cases, and this preference increases from early childhood to adulthood. These results raise a few valuable issues for future research about the role of egocentric and allocentric representations in spatial navigation and how they change over development. Future research may also explore the preference of children and adults to use these two representations in large and more complex environment.The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee at the School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University. For child participants, parents gave written informed consent prior to the study. Child participants gave oral assent prior to the study. Adult participants signed informed consent prior to the study.QH developed the study concept. QH and YY created the study design. YY performed testing and data collection. QH and YY performed the data analysis and interpretation. QH, ZH, and YY drafted the manuscript. YS revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Nonlinear phenomena emerging from the coupled behaviour of a pair of oscillators have attracted considerable research attention over the years, of which, amplitude death (AD) and phase-flip bifurcation (PFB) are two noteworthy examples. Although theoretical research has postulated the coexistence of AD and PFB upon variation of different control parameters, such an occurrence has not been reported in practical systems. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence of the coexistence of AD and PFB in a physical system, comprising of a coupled pair of candle-flame oscillators. As the strength of coupling between the oscillators is increased, we report a decrease in the span of AD region between the states of in-phase and anti-phase oscillations, leading up to a point of PFB. Understanding such a switching of phenomena between AD and PFB helps us to evade their undesirable occurrences such as AD in neuron and brain cells, oscillatory state in prey-predator systems, oscillatory spread of epidemics and so forth. Mutual coupling between oscillators can give rise to synchronization4 and amplitude death5 (AD). Synchronization is a universal phenomenon characterized by an adjustment of rhythms of coupled oscillators, whereas AD is the cessation of their oscillations. The transition from one synchronization state to another can occur gradually through an intermediate state of AD6 or with a sudden shift known as phase-flip bifurcation7 (PFB). To elaborate, during PFB, oscillators exhibit a sudden shift in their synchronized state from in-phase (IP) to anti-phase (AP) along with a jump in their frequencies8. Such coupled behaviours are of importance in various physical, biological, chemical, ecological, and engineering systems13. Although most of the theoretical studies indicate the individual or combined occurrence of AD and PFB17, an experimental evidence of their coexistence in a physical system has not been reported to the best of our knowledge.System of coupled oscillators has become an extensive area of research due to the emergence of various intriguing nonlinear phenomena20. The basic requirement for synchronization is the presence of self-sustained oscillators and the coupling between them4. Since such self-sustained oscillations are not exhibited by a single candle flame , a set of 3 or more candles, referred to as candle-flame oscillator, are ignited to form a single flame which exhibits self-sustained limit cycle oscillations21. Studies on mutual coupling between a pair of such oscillators have so far reported the presence of IP and AP states alone, when the distance between them is varied18. In the present study, we explore the transition from IP to AP in candle-flame oscillators, which can occur gradually through an AD state or by PFB. To demonstrate such transitions, control parameters such as the distance between the oscillators (d) and the number of candles in each oscillator (NC) are varied. Varying d serves as a mechanism to change the time delay between the oscillators, whereas NC aids in changing their amplitudes of oscillations and thereby their coupling strength. The transition with the presence of AD is described here in candle-flame oscillators consisting of four candles each.Here, we show the coexistence of AD and PFB for the first time in a physical system. The system presented in our study comprises of coupled candle-flame oscillators , they exhibit IP synchronization (see Supplementary Videos I1 and I2) fluctuates with nearly 0 deg phase difference  into a line having a slope of positive unity , both oscillators regain their oscillatory behaviour. However, at these distances both the oscillators exhibit AP synchronization (see Supplementary Videos d is increased further (beyond 5 cm), we observe desynchronization (DS)  of oscillations  between the signals   Fig. . If the ρ) Fig. , so does. ρ Fig. . Convers. ρ Fig.  and the one Fig. . When thone Fig. , the valero Fig. .NC) in candle-flame oscillators. Increase in NC, from 3 to 8, in an isolated oscillator leads to an increase in the amplitude and a small change in the frequency of oscillations  in a pair of candle-flame oscillators. From Fig. NC. At lower NC , AD is observed over a considerable interval of d, whereas at higher NC (e.g. 6 and 7), the likeliness of observing perfect AD becomes zero and only regions of transition states are observed. As NC is further increased to 8, we observe the phenomenon of phase-flip bifurcation (PFB), where the oscillators exhibit a sudden transition from a state of IP to AP oscillations, bypassing the intermediary AD state. During this transition, we observe a sudden jump in the relative phase between the oscillators from near 0 deg to 180 deg, at the bifurcation point . We demonstrate the experimental observation of the presence of AD in between IP and AP states along with PFB in the same physical system. AD can be achieved by various types of coupling such as diffusive, time-delay, conjugate and dynamic5. Among these, AD due to time-delay9 and indirect coupling 22 are often observed in physical systems, for instance, biological or chemical oscillators. Time-delay is intrinsic in such systems, as a finite amount of propagation time is required for transmission of the signal from one oscillator to another. In contrast, during indirect coupling, the oscillators are coupled through an intermediate medium (environment). Recent studies23 have shown that these types of couplings are also responsible for the manifestation of PFB. Since time-delay and indirect (through intermediate medium) couplings are the most important factors responsible for the demonstration of PFB along with AD17, we hypothesize that these coupling mechanisms could play a major role in the synchronization of coupled candle-flame oscillators as well. Such couplings are inherent in the oscillatory combustion of candle flames due to the difference in parameters such as the vaporization rate of wax, the chemical kinetics, and the time required for propagation of the thermal wave from one oscillator to another through a medium of oscillatory convecting current24. The increase in d further induces a delay in the coupling of these oscillators, which in turn, is responsible for the demonstration of different modes of synchronization.Here, we examine the coupled interaction of candle-flame oscillators by varying two system parameters  in ecological systems27, where an oscillatory phase would lead to the extinction of species in a long-term scenario. Thence, change in a control parameter leading to a switch from PFB to AD would help sustain various endangered species. The oscillatory transmission of measles epidemic in the United Kingdom in the 18th century which persisted up to 20th century was discovered to be IP at Birmingham and Newcastle, and AP at Cambridge and Norwich. The occurrence of AD state in such systems would have resulted in a drastic decrease in the spread of these diseases28. Furthermore, candle being a simple diffusion flame can also replicate phenomena observed in other large diffusion flames29. The application of coupled behaviour of oscillatory flames in a diffusion combustion system ranges from the propagation of natural fires resulting from accidents to human made combustion systems such as industrial, aircraft engine and rocket burners30.The coexistence of AD and PFB allows us to vary the appropriate control parameters in order to choose the most desired phenomena amongst the two. The situation of AD is undesirable in many biological systems, hence a change in a single parameter which helps us to bypass this situation by directly moving to a state of PFB might act as a solution to many non-curable diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseaseNC ≥ 3) were placed together in order to produce stronger self-sustained oscillations. These candles were tied to keep them intact and burnt after keeping their wicks close enough such that they burn to form a single flame that exhibits limit cycle oscillations. This set of candles is then referred to as a single candle-flame oscillator. We explore two scenarios; one in which NC is same for both oscillators (similar pair) and another in which NC is different in both oscillators (dissimilar pair). In the main text  between them . Here, d is varied from 0 cm to 2 cm in steps of 0.2 cm, and 2 cm to 8 cm in steps of 0.5 cm. The characteristic distance (d) at which various synchronization modes are observed may vary with ± 0.2 cm with experiments. An acrylic plate with hexagonal packing of drilled holes of 0.4 cm radius is fixed on each platform to ensure that the oscillators are held firmly in place. The traverse system, used to vary d by moving the platform, has a least count of 0.05 cm. The entire system is mounted on a raised platform (height 50 cm) to avoid ground effects on the dynamics of the candle-flame oscillations. All experiments were performed in a closed quiescent room with a completely dark environment.By moving the candle-flame oscillator placed on a movable platform against the stationary one, we vary the edge to edge distance  having a CH* filter  mounted in front of its lens. The data are acquired at 239 frames per second for 10 s for each d except during transitional states where the data are acquired for 30 s to have a broader view of the system dynamics. A waiting time of 20 s is enforced after each increment in d, to remove the transient effects and let the oscillators reach a steady state.High-speed imaging of the reaction zone of the flamesd is performed after cropping the portion of each frame in such a way that no two flames of the oscillators appear in a single cropped frame. The local chemiluminescence intensity values of such frames are summed up so as to get a global instantaneous value of the heat release rate for each oscillator in a single video frame. Thus, a time series of such heat release rate fluctuations for each candle-flame oscillator is obtained separately.The analysis of the data set acquired at every value of d) are characterized by calculating the instantaneous phase difference between their signals4, as shown in Fig. ζ(t)) thus obtained will have the original signal . This measure quantifies the linear correlation between two signals (I1 and I2) of coupled oscillators (as shown in Fig. I1 and I2, as shown in Fig. In order to calculate the amplitude correlation between the signals of coupled candle-flame oscillators, we use a measure of Pearson’s correlation coefficientSupplementary Video 1Supplementary Video 2Supplementary Video 3Supplementary Video 4Supplementary Video 5Supplementary Video 6Supplementary Video 7Supplementary Video 8Supplementary Video 9Supplementary Video 10Supplementary Video 11Supplementary Video 12Supplementary Video 13Supplementary Video 14Supplementary Video 15Supplementary Material