AbstractCyrtonotaabrili, is described from the Antioquia and Caldas departments in Colombia. New faunistic data are provided for 87 species, including 16 new additions to the country’s fauna. A checklist of the known 238 species of tortoise beetles recorded from Colombia is given.A new tortoise beetle species,  Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, in the new sense excl. the tribes Cephaloleiini (= Imatidiini) and Spilophorini]  separates different lines.Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraChrysomelidaeBorowiec & Świętojańskasp. n.http://zoobank.org/84D93316-606F-4FC4-9E7B-2A307D0C5B65Colombia, Antioquia department, Envigado city, El Salado quarter, 1573 m a.s.l.Piperus sp. / Abr-1985 V.A. Cortés M.”; spotted paratype: “Colombia, Caldas, / Versalles / En: Pinnuspatula / Jun-1991 G. Abril R.” .Holotype: “Colombia, Antioquia, / Envigado El Salado / 1.573 m alt. / En: Maleza Oct-1991 / G. Abril R.”; two reticulate paratypes: the same data; spotted paratype “Colombia, Antioquia, / La Estrella 1.764 m alt. / En: PageBreakin the genus Cyrtonota. Cyrtonotaabrili belongs to the group of species with dorsum without metallic tint. The group was keyed by Cyrtonotaabrili lead to the couplet 13:Black antennae, rounded basal pronotal angles, large scutellum, indistinct sexual dimorphism, venter of pronotum without antennal grooves, short last segment of tarsi, short prosternal collar, antennae with five basal glabrous segments and antennomeres 4 and 5 approximately as long as antennomere 3 place this species Holotype: length 12.4 mm, width 10.6, length of pronotum 3.3 mm, width of pronotum 6.4 mm, length/width ratio 1.17, width/length ratio of pronotum 1.94; paratypes: length 11.3–13.7 mm, width 10.4–13.2 mm, length of pronotum 3.4–3.7 mm, width of pronotum 6.3–7.2 mm, length/width ratio 1.04–1.14, width/length ratio of pronotum 1.85–1.97. Body stout, elytra regularly rounded on sides, apex of elytra angulate but not elongate or acuminate .Little known. The holotype was collected from undergrowth, one paratype on Cyrtonotaabrili is easy to identify using the key presented above. Specimens with red reticulation can be misidentified with small specimens of Cyrtonotapavens (Spaeth), and maculate specimens of the new species at first glance are similar to Cyrtonotadeliciosa  but both relatives belong to the group of species with elongate or acuminate apex of elytra  or Stolaspellicula (Spaeth). Other characters such as general body shape, size, punctation, sculpture of surface, vestiture, shape of pronotum, and elytral convexity are the same in both forms.Acromissparsa Antioquia, Carepa, Granja Tulenapa, 28 m, 7°46'00"N/76°39'58"W, 13 IX 2001, 1 ex., R. Delgado; Cundinamarca, Guaduas, 1007 m, 5°04'12"N/74°35'52"W, 14 X 1995, 1 ex., S. Sánchez; Cundinamarca, Vega, 1215 m, 4°59'57"N/74°20'23"W, 8 VII 1976, 1 ex., F. Garcia; Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, 320 m, 7°53'N/72°30'W, 13 VI 1975, 1 ex., J. Yañez; Santander, La Belleza, Vrda. Los Naranjos, 1900 m, 5°51'57"N/73°58'02"W, 21 III 1997, 1 ex., H. Marin; Tolima, Flandes, 290 m, 4°17'N/74°49"W, 27 III 1975, 1 ex., A. Mendoza; Tolima, Mariquita, 328 m, 5°12'N/74°55'W, 9 VI 1972, 1 ex., M. Villamizar, 10 VI 1972, 2 ex., F. Mora.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; southern Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Venezuela.Agroiconotajudaica Antioquia, Cocorná, 1288 m, 6°03'25"N 75°11'07"W, VI 1977, 1 ex., R. Vélez; Antioquia, Concepción, 1862 m, 6°23'55"N/75°15'22"W, II 1997, 1 ex., F.J. Serna & J.G. Hurtado; Antioquia, Fredonia, 1317 m, 5°55'28"N/75°40'51"W, VIII 1985, 1 ex., P.E. Mejia; Antioquia, Medellin, 1486 m, 6°13'N/75°34'W, IX 1963, 1 ex., F. Gallego; Antioquia, Puerto Triunfo, Rio Claro, 115 m, 5°52'N/74°38'W, V 1985, 1 ex., A. Madrigal; Antioquia, Sabaneta, 1609 m, 6°09'11"N, 75°17'19"W, 17 VII 1968, 1 ex., G. Bustamante; Boyacá, Turmequé, 2404 m, 5°19'48"N/73°29'42"W, 10 IX 1995, 1 ex., T. Corredor; Córdoba, Ayapel, 22 m, 8°19'N, 75°09'W, 1 IV 1969, 1 ex., 4 IV 1969, 1 ex., 12 VI 1969, 1 ex., R. Abisambra; Cundinamarca, Agua de Dios, San Marcos, 600 m, 4°22'N/74°40'W, 10 III 2003, 1 ex., L. Moreno & F. Escobar; Cundinamarca, Caqueza, Girón de Blanco, 1740 m, 4°24'N/73°53'W, 15 IX 2003, 1 ex., F. Rodriguez; Cundinamarca, Fomeque, 1895 m, 4°29'22"N/73°53'54"W, 4 III 2005, 1 ex., N. Rojas; Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 1746 m, 4°20'49"N/74°21'53"W, I 1980, 1 ex., C. Rojas; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 V 1969, 1 ex., L.M. Rico & C. Cujia, VI 1969, 1 ex., A. Uribe; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, Vrda. Susumaco, ribera del Rio Negro, 1200 m, 4°13'40"N/73°48'59"W, 11 IV 1993, 1 ex., A. Diego; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal de Siquima, 1630 m, 4°52'N/74°28'W, 1 PageBreakV 1969, 1 ex., A. Silva; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N, 74°27'57"W, 27 X 1996, 1 ex., S. Olarte; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Laguna Pedro Palo, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N, 74°27'57"W, 13 IX 1997, 1 ex., C. Bejarano, J. Diaz & E. Guzmán; Cundinamarca, La Palma, 1462 m, 5°21'51"N/74°23'51"W, 1 ex., A. Pinilla; Cundinamarca, Quétame, 1531 m, 4°19'N/73°50'W, VIII 1961, F. Gallego; Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'N/76°26'W, 20 X 1971, 1 ex., A. Coronel; Cundinamarca, Usme, 2960 m, 4°28'24"N/74°07'44"W, 8 X 1995, 1 ex., T. Corredor; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 16 III 1968, 1 ex., J. Quintero, 10 XI 2003, 1 ex. G. Herrera; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 20 VII 1976, 5 exx., J. López; Cundinamarca, Viotá, El Triunfo, 567 m, 4°26'N/74°31'W, 11 IV 1997, 1 ex., M. Mora; Meta, Cubarral, San Luis de Cubarral, Brisas del Ariari, 180 m, 3°47'N/73°52'W, 6 IV 2004, 1 ex., L. Ramirez & A. Vargas; Meta, La Macarena, 3°11'16"N/734°59'20"W, 10 IX 1996, 1 ex., O. Trujillo; Meta, Lejanias, 1000 m, 3°30'49"N/74°03'06"W, 15 V 1994, 1 ex., Peña & Martinez; Meta, Puerto Gaitán, 149 m, 4°19'04"N/72°03'17"W, 15 IX 2001, 1 ex., M. Rozo, 26 V 2005, 1 ex., J. Castro; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 10 V 1972, 1 ex., E. Daza, 22 VI 1974, 1 ex., E. Torres, 1 X 1975, 1 ex., O. Rodriguez, 15 VI 1979, 1 ex., W. Guevara, 8 XI 2002, 1 ex., J. Rodriguez, 500 m, 6 X 2003, 1 ex., J. Rodriguez; Meta, Villavicencio, Rio Tigre, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 21 XI 2003, 1 ex., A. Molano; Tolima, Honda, 229 m, 5°12'25"N/74°44'28"W, 15 VI 1971, 1 ex., L. Diaz; Tolima, Purificación, 310 m, 3°51'N/74°56'W, 9 IV 1972, 1 ex., D. Bonilla; Valle del Cauca, Caicedonia, 1000 m, 4°19'N, 75°50'W, 17 X 2001, 1 ex., C.M. Ospina; Valle del Cauca, Miranda, 1111 m, 3°15'19"N/76°13'54"W, 20 VI 1976, 1 ex., H. Durán.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; French Guyana; Guyana; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Surinam; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela.Agroiconotapropinqua Antioquia, Rionegro, 2137 m, 6°09'20"N, 75°22'58"W, 4 IV 1977, 1 ex., L. Zapata; Caldas, La Dorada, 178 m, 5°27'N/74°40'W, 11 XII 1965, 1 ex., Pieschacon; Casanare, Yopal, 350 m, 5°21'N/72°24'W, 12 X 2003, 1 ex., N. Pachón & R. Ospinañ; Chocó, Titumate, 12 m, 8°18'N/77°04'W, IV 1980, 1 ex., E. Urueta; Cundinamarca, Agua de Dios, 552 m, 4°22'04"N/74°40'26"W, 2 X 1998, 1 ex., S. Serna; Cundinamarca, Anapoima, 698 m, 4°33'18"N/74°32'13"W, 20 XI 1993, 1 ex., P. Numpaque; Cundinamarca, Apulo, 421 m, 4°31'18"N/74°35'58"W, 7 IV 1968, 1 ex., F. Santacruz, 4 III 1981, 1 ex., M. Ortega & G. Cavalier; Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 2620 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 14 III 1981, 1 ex., 19 XI 1981, 1 ex., Vargas; Cundinamarca, Cachipay, Insp. Pol. Anolaima, 5°16'22"N/74°34'22"W, 13 III 1991, 1 ex., G. Castiblanco; Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 1746 m, 4°20'N/74°21'W, 8 V 1975, 1 ex., R. Puentes; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 281 m, 4°18'18"N/74°48'08"W, 12 X 1992, 1 ex., A. Escobar; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'40"N/73°48'59"W, 15 III 1969, 1 ex., P. Corzo, 24 VI 1973, 1 ex., R. Madero, 13 V 1974, 1 ex., C. Sierra; PageBreakdinamarcaCun, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N, 74°27'57"W, 19 IX 2003, 1 ex., M. Pinzón; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Laguna Pedro Palo, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N, 75°11'7"W, 21 XI 1997, 1 ex., M. Camargo; Cundinamarca, La Vega, 1215 m, 4°59'N/74°20'W, 15 V 1996, 1 ex., J. Ardila; Cundinamarca, Tena, 1384 m, 4°39'33"N/74°23'28"W, 18 VIII 1998, 1 ex., S. Serma; Cundinamarca, Tocaima, 400 m, 4°27'40"N/74°38'10"W, 8 V 1972, 1 ex., Valero & Saldaña, 23 III 1994, 1 ex., N. Pinzón; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 23 V 1968, 1 ex., A. Duarte; Magdalena, Pivijai, 7 m, 10°27'N/74°36'W, VI 1985, 3 exx., A. Madrigal; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 20 VI 1967, 1 ex., E. Peralta; Tolima, Ambalema, 285 m, 4°47'N/74°46'W, 17 III 1983, 1 ex., Franco & Rodriguez; Tolima, Guamo, 323 m, 4°02'05"N/74°58'25"W, 10 V 1994, 1 ex., M. Peñafort; Tolima, Ibagué, 1285 m, 4°26'N/75°14'W, 6 V 1998, 1 ex., J. Jaramillo, 10 IV 1999, 1 ex., Trisdt; Tolima, Prado, 321 m, 3°45'11"N/74°55'59"W, 26 XI 1989, 1 ex., M. Beltrán; Tolima, Saldaña, 310 m, 3°56'05"N/75°01'13"W, 2 IV 1997, 1 ex., A. Ariza & L. Ferrucho.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto Rico; Venezuela.Canistraosculatii Guérin, 1855Risaralda, Pereira, 2137 m, 4°49'02"N/75°41'54"W, 27 XI 1996, 1 ex., R. Humberto.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.Charidotellabalteata Antioquia, San Antonio de Prado, 1955 m, 6°11'N/75°39'W, IX 1981, 2 exx., G. Morales.Distribution. Panama. New to Colombia.Charidotellacarnulenta Caqueta, San Vicente del Caguan, Vda. El Tigre, 480 m, 2°07'N/74°46'W, 25 III 2002, 1 ex., J. Méndez & E. Garcia; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 24 V 1969, 1 ex., J.R. Alba.Distribution. Argentina; Bolivia; Colombia; Peru; Venezuela.Charidotellacircumnotata Antioquia, San Luis, 1050 m, 6°02'N/74°59'W, I 1986, VII 1983, 1 ex., G. Morale; Huila, Neiva, 442 m, 2°55'46"N/75°17'31"W, 13 IV 1967, 1 ex., H. Ramos; PageBreakSantander, Bucaramanga, 958 m, 7°07'17"N/73°07'33"W, 11 IV 1990, 1 ex., C. Sarmiento.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Costa Rica; Ecuador; French Guyana; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru. New to Colombia.Charidotellaglaucovittata Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 V 1969, 1 ex., L.M. Rico & C. Cujia; Meta, Puerto López, 181 m, 4°05'N/72°58'W, 4 X 1974, 1 ex., J. Britton; Valle del Cauca, Jamundi, 975 m, 3°15'N/76°32'W, 23 VI 1972, 1 ex., E. Leaño.Distribution. Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru. New to Colombia.Charidotellaimmaculata Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'N/76°26'W, 5 III 1971, 1 ex., L. Morales; Cundinamarca, Tibacuy, Ins. Pol Cumaca, 1647 m, 4°21'N/74°27'W, 18 XI 1994, 1 ex., Reina; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 804 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 17 VI 1966, 1 ex., E. Aponte; Huila, Timaná, 1010 m, 1°58'N/75°56'W, 25 VI 1971, 1 ex., L. Morales; Meta, Cubarral, San Luis de Cubarral, Brisas del Ariari, 180 m, 3°47'N/73°52'W, 9 IV 2004, 1 ex., L. Ramirez & A. Vargas; Tolima, Melgar, 323 m, 4°12'24"N/74°38'44"W, 19 III 1969, 1 ex, C. Forero.Distribution. Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Dominica; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Surinam; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela.Charidotellaincorrupta Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 1 X 1975, 1 ex., C. Rodriguez; Tolima, Espinal, 322 m, 4°09'N/74°53'W, 27 IV 1969, 1 ex., E. Orjuela.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Panama; Peru; Venezuela.Charidotellaliquida Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'N/76°26'W, 8 III 1975, 1 ex., A. Alarcón; Meta, Cubarral, Finca Brisas del Ariari, 180 m, 3°47'N/73°52'W, 21 XI 2003, 1 ex., L. Pérez.Distribution. Bolivia; Peru. New to Colombia.PageBreakCharidotellamoraguesi Borowiec, 2007bTolima, Carmen de Apicalá, Finca La Ponderosa, 328 m, 4°09'00"N/75°46'37"W, 23 X 1998, 1 ex., H. Parada.Distribution. French Guyana. New to Colombia.Charidotellapuella Antioquia, Carepa, Granja Tulenapa, 28 m, 7°46'00"N/76°39'58"W, 14 IX 2001, 1 ex., G. Morales; Antioquia, Puerto Triunfo, Rio Claro, 115 m, 5°52'N/74°38'W, V 1985, 1 ex., A. Madrigal, VI 1985, 1 ex., R. Vélez; Meta, Acacias, 522 m, 4°00'N/73°46'W, 19 VIII 1976, 1 ex., S. Rodriguez; Cundinamarca, Tocaima, 400 m, 4°27'N/74°38'W, 2 XI 1973, 1 ex., O. Barbosa; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 1 X 1975, 1 ex., C. Rodriguez; Tolima, Armero, 352 m, 4°57'N/74°54'W, 14 IX 1980, 1 ex., E. Maldonado.Distribution. Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; French Guyana; Mexico; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Venezuela.Charidotellasexpunctata Antioquia, Concepción, 1862 m, 6°23'55"N/75°15'22"W, II 1997, 1 ex., F.J. Serna & J.G. Hurtado; Antioquia, San Luis, 1050 m, 6°02'50"N/74°59'50"W, IV 1995, 1 ex., Silva; Cundinamarca, Apulo, 421 m, 4°31'N/74°35'W, 8 VI 1984, 1 ex., Morales; Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 2620 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 30 V 1990, 1 ex., B. Diaz; Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 1746 m, 4°20'N/74°21'W, 4 III 1990, 1 ex., A. Pagos; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 150 m, 4°30'N/75°45'W, 7 XI 1970, 1 ex., A. Suárez, 24 XI 2001, 1 ex., D. Moreno; Cundinamarca, Guaduas, 1007 m, 5°04'N/74°35'W, 30 VI 1966, 1 ex., M. Pelaez, no date, 1 ex., O. Moro; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 4°13'40"N/73°48'59"W, 14 X 1970, 1 ex., H. Hernández; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 10 IX 1994, 1 ex., A. Pinilla; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, San Javier, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 1 VI 1997, 1 ex., A. Alessandri; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Vda. San Joaquin, 670 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 17 IV 2002, 1 ex., J. Gómez; Cundinamarca, La Palma, 1462 m, 5°21'51"N/74°23'51"W, 28 IX 1973, 1 ex., A. Pinilla; Cundinamarca, Manta, 1924 m, 5°00'42"N/73°32'41"W, 3 V 1997, 1 ex., X. Medina; Cundinamarca, Silvania, 1470 m, 4°24'21"N/74°23'24"W, 2 XI 1994, 2 exx., C. Ferro, 15 III 1997, 1 ex., C. Bojacá; Cundinamarca, Villeta, Vda. Topacio, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 31 X 1970, 1 ex., L. Sánchez; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 6 VI 1989, 1 ex., F. Ramirez; Huila, Neiva, 442 m, 2°55'46"N/75°17'31"W, 25 V PageBreak1974, 1 ex., C. Reyes; Meta, Acacias, 522 m, 4°00'N/73°46'W, 1 V 1974, 1 ex., I. Oviedo, 28 III 1975, 1 ex., B. Correa; Meta, Guamal, 518 m, 3°51'N/73°45'W, 2 VIII 1968, 1 ex., S. Bobadillo, 21 V 1994, 1 ex., López & Rico; Meta, Puerto López, 450 m, 4°06'01"N/72°57'22"W, 27 V 2005, 1 ex., J. Castro, 26 V 2005, 1 ex., D. Rios; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 8 VI 1969, 1 ex., S. Martinez, 28 VI 1970, 1 ex., H. Osorio; Santander, Bucaramanga, 958 m, 7°07'17"N/73°07'33"W, 2 XI 1973, 1 ex., Castellano; Santander, La Belleza, 1900 m, 5°51'N/73°58'W, 28 III 1972, 1 ex., L. Angulo; Santander, Socorro, 1219 m, 6°25'N/73°14'W, 1 ex., L. Arenas & R. Lesmes; Tolima, El Guamo, 323 m, 4°02'05"N/74°58'25"W, 16 X 2001, 1 ex., A. Sarmiento; Tolima, Espinal, 322 m, 4°09'N/74°53'W, 19 V 2003, 1 ex., M. Capera & C. Jerez; Tolima, Honda, 229 m, 5°12'N/74°44'W, 3 IV 1974, 1 ex., E. Guevara; Tolima, Ibagué, 1285 m, 4°26'50"N/75°14'44"W, 30 I 1981, 1 ex., L. Lueñas; Tolima, Melgar, 323 m, 4°12'24"N/74°38'44"W, 1 X 1975, 1 ex, L. Méndez; Tolima, Purificación, 310 m, 3°51'N/74°56'W, 4 IV 1969, 1 ex., B. Vásquez; Valle del Cauca, Caicedonia, 1400 m, 4°19'25"N, 75°50'00"W, 16 X 2001, 1 ex., C. Prada.Distribution. widespread from Canada to northern Argentina, include Brazil.Charidotellatuberculata Meta, Granada, 450 m, 3°32'N/73°43'W, 20 IX 1989, 1 ex., G. Villalba; Tolima, Falán, 998 m, 5°07'35"N/74°57'18"W, 10 IV 1990, 1 ex., Y. Beltrán.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Venezuela.Charidotellavinula Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'59"N/76°26'15"W, 23 V 1967, 1 ex., E. Delgado; Cundinamarca, Viotá, El Triunfo, 567 m, 4°26'N/74°31'W, 10 III 1968, 1 ex., S. Sánchez; Valle del Cauca, La Unión, Fca. Grajales, 1250 m, 4°35'N 76°15'W, 14 X 2003, 1 ex., A. Molano.Distribution. Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Guyana; Mexico; Paraguay; Surinam; Venezuela.Charidotisbipartita Santander, Puerto Wilches, 75 m, 7°20'52"N/73°54'25"W, 15 I 1993, 1 ex., G. Vargas.Distribution. Brazil; French Guyana; Honduras; Panama; Venezuela. New to Colombia.PageBreakCharidotiscincticula Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 28 V 1990, 1 ex., R. Suárez.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Ecuador; French Guyana; Peru. New to Colombia.Charidotisvitreata Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, Calandria, 985 m, 6°55'N/75°04'W, 14 I 1998, 1 ex., J. Hurtado.Distribution. Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Guatemala; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru.Chelymorphacavata Boheman, 1854Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 V 1969, 1 ex., L.M. Rico & C. Cujia.Distribution. Colombia; Venezuela.Chelymorphamarginata Cesar, Valledupar, 182 m, 9°29'N/73°15'W, 5 IV 1972, 1 ex., J. Avellano; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 V 1969, 1 ex., C. Cujia, 11 V 1972, 1 ex., E. Daza; Cundinamarca, Medina, 431 m, 4°38'54"N/73°19'37"W, 14 X 1989, 1 ex., C. Franco; Cundinamarca, Tocaima, 400 m, 4°27'N/74°38'W, 17 V 1969, 1 ex., A. Guzmán.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Paraguay; Surinam; Venezuela.Chelymorphatestaceomarginata Boheman, 1854Boyacá, Sogamoso, 2569 m, 5°42'58"N/72°55'38"W, 8 VI 1967, 1 ex., Plazas; Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 2620 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 3 IV 1969, 1 ex., Plazas; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 281 m, 4°18'18"N/74°48'08"W, 6 XI 1989, 1 ex., E. Gonzáles; Cundinamarca, Guaduas, 1007 m, 5°04'N/74°35'W, 27 IX 1975, 1 ex., D. Moreno; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, San Javier, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 1 ex., Barbosa & Garcés,1110 m, 4°38'N/74°27'W, 2 IV 1972, 1 ex., G. Arguelles; Cundinamarca, Pacho, 1798 m, 5°07'57N/74°09'42"W, 20 V 1992, 1 ex., R. Chizaba, 8 IV 1995, 1 ex., P. Carlos; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 12 XI 1981, 1 ex., C. Orjuela; Huila, Neiva, 442 m, 2°55'N/75°17'W, 10 VII 1972, 1 ex., F. Gutierez; PageBreakMeta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 6 X 1975, 1 ex., J. Gómez; Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, 320 m, 7°53'N/72°30'W, 14 IX 1974, 1 ex., L. Ojeda; Tolima, Mariquita, 328 m, 5°12'N/74°55'W, 22 VI 1976, 1 ex., J. Nieto; Valle del Cauca, Buga, 969 m, 3°54'06"N/76°18'14"W, 20 IV 1994, 1 ex., Lizarrazo & Barriga.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominican Rep.; Panama; Venezuela, N Brazil. Probably many records of Chelymorphacribraria (F.) from northwestern part of South America belongs to Chelymorphatestaceomarginata Boh.Chersinellinaheteropunctata Córdoba, Monteria, Tres Palmas, 18 m, 8°29'N/75°56'W, VI 1973, 1 ex., R. Vélez; Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 1746 m, 4°20'49"N/74°21'53"W, X 1994, 1 ex., M. Ahumada.Distribution. Colombia; Panama.Cistudinellafoveolata Champion, 1894Guaviare, San Jose del Guaviaré, 240 m, 2°33'N/72°38'W, III 1996, 1 ex., C. Forero.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Panama.Coptocycla n. sp. Sekerka & Windsor, in prep.Coptocycladorsoplagiata Champion, 1894 (ex parte).Coptocyclarufonotata sensu Spaeth, 1936c: 255; Psalidonotarufonotata) all misinterpretations.Antioquia, Jericó, 1967 m, 5°47'39"N/75°47'23"W, 1996, 1 ex., C. Tamayo.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Panama; Venezuela.Coptocyclarufonotata Champion, 1893 and recent records of this taxon Cundinamarca, San Antonio del Tequendama, 1521 m, 4°37'04"N/74°21'15"W, 27 IV 1990, 1 ex., M. Fuentes; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 10 V 1966, 1 ex., P. Mendoza; Risaralda, Ucumari, vereda El Bosque, V 2000, 1 ex., J. Sáenz.Distribution. Colombia; Peru.Cyrtonotagoryi Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39"W, 24 V 1969, 1 ex., J.R. Alba.Distribution. known only from Colombia.Cyrtonotamoderata Caldas, Guática, 1820 m, IX 1994, 1 ex., A. Madrigal; Quindio, Armenia, 1483 m, 4°31'N/75°42"W, I 2000, 1 ex., A. Madrigal.Distribution. known only from Colombia.Cyrtonotasteinheili Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 5 IV 1994, 1 ex., H. Rodiguez.Distribution. Colombia; Peru.Cyrtonotatextilis Cundinamarca, Apulo, 421 m, 4°31'18"N/74°35'58"W, 16 IX 1995, 1 ex., Fredy; Cundinamarca, Bojacá, Vda. Bojacá, El Chilcal, 1950 m, 4°44'N/74°20'W, 5 V 2001, A. Osorio & C. Zuluaga; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Laguna Pedro Palo, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N, 75°11'7"W, 20 III 1993, 1 ex., P. Osorio, 2031 m, 4°41'07"N/74°23'50"W, 16 IV 1994, 1 ex., D. Moreno, 1298 m, 2 XI 1996, 1 ex., PageBreakA. Romero, 2031 m, IX 1998, 1 ex., J. Muñoz; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Laguna Pedro Palo, Quebrada Patio Bonito, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 1 ex., J. Martinez & D. Vegas; Cundinamarca, Pandi, 1024 m, 4°11'40"N/74°29'50"W, 12 X 1995, 1 ex., T. Corredor; Cundinamarca, San Antonio del Tequendama, 1500 m, 4°37'N/74°21'W, 1 V 2001, 1 ex., C. Martinez, J. Muñoz & J. Abello; Cundinamarca, San Bernardo, 1600 m, 4°11'10"N/74°24'31"W, 19 IX 1989, 1 ex., M. Pava; Cundinamarca, Soacha, 2568 m, 4°35'03"N/74°13'23"W, 2 IX 1989, 1 ex., A. Martinez; Cundinamarca, Tena, 1384 m, 4°39'33"N/74°23'28"W, 17 XI 1993, 1 ex., H. Rondón, 30 III 1994, 2 ex., A. Tovar; Cundinamarca, Villeta, Vda. Topacio, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 6 IV 2001, 1 ex., A. Afanador & C. Berdugo; Guainia, Puerto Inirida, 100 m, 3°49'N/67°52'W, 16 V 1992, 1 ex., S. Bernal; Huila, Neiva, 442 m, 2°55'46"N/75°17'31"W, 1 ex., H. Trujillo; Meta, Granada, 450 m, 3°32'N/73°43'W, 1 V 1994, 1 ex., N. Pinzón; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°9'N/73°39'W, 3 IV 1994, 1 ex., C. Páez; Tolima, Cajamarca, El Tigre, 1814 m, 4°26'N/75°25'W, 27 V 2002, 1 ex., J. Martinez; Tolima, Guamo, 323 m, 4°02'05"N/74°58'25"W, 20 V 1995, 1 ex., T. Rene; Tolima, Ibagué, 1285 m, 4°26'50"N/75°14'44"W, 18 IX 1998, 1 ex., A. Rubio; Valle del Cauca, Sevilla, 1612 m, 4°16'06"N/75°57'13"W, 3 I 1990, 1 ex., M. CaroDistribution. known only from Colombia.Delocraniacossyphoides Guérin, 1844Magdalena, San Sebastián de Buenavista, 25 m, 9°23'N/74°11'W, 27 II 1994, 4 exx. on Palma ornamental, A. Madrigal; Santander, Puerto Wilches, 75 m, 7°20'52"N/73°54'25"W, 2 VIII 2004, 1 ex., D. Ávila.Distribution. Brazil; Trinidad; Venezuela. New to Colombia.Deloyalafuliginosa Córdoba, Monteria, 19 m, 8°45'N/75°52'W, IX 1972, 1 ex., R. Vélez.Distribution. Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; El Salvador; Guatemala; Martinique; Mexico; USA: Texas; Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela.Deloyalainsubida Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, 1050 m, 6°55'N/75°04'W, 1997, 1 ex., J. Hurtado; Cundinamarca, Arbeláez, 1417 m, 4°16'N/74°24'W, 1 XI 1973, 1 ex., A. González; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 8 IV 1970, 1 ex., L. Moreno, 1 IV 1997, 1 ex., J. Camargo; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, via a Mesitas, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 19 VI 1998, 1 ex., C. Navas; Meta, VillaviPageBreakcencio, Puerto Lopez, 450 m, 3°08'N/73°45'W, 26 V 2005, 1 ex., D. Rios; Tolima, Armero, 352 m, 4°57'N/74°54'W, 10 XII 1965, 1 ex., Pérez; Tolima, Ibagué, 1285 m, 4°26'50"N/75°14'44"W, 25 IV 1978, 1 ex., G. Vargas; Tolima, Melgar, 323 m, 4°12'24"N/74°38'44"W, 31 III 1972, 1 ex, M. Acosta.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Panama; Venezuela.Discomorphaamazona Meta, Cumaral, 480 m, 4°17'N/73°33'W, 29 IX 1973, 1 ex., A. Vargas; Meta, Villavicencio, 469 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 14 X 1994, 1 ex., F. Montes; Santander, Oiba, Vda. Pedregal, 1452 m, 6°15'N/73°15'W, 4 VI 2003, 1 ex., J. Cárdenas.Distribution. Colombia; Peru.Discomorphabatesi Antioquia, Ituango, 1675 m, I 1989, 1 ex., D. Calle.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Peru.Discomorphabiplagiata Magdalena, Mompox, 9°21'44"N/79°59'8"W, IX 1982, 1 ex. on Tabebuiarosea, A. Madrigal.Note. The species is not associated with Tabebuiarosea and was most likely just sitting on the plant as Discomorpha is associated with Boraginaceae, dominantly the genus Cordia (L. Sekerka pers. comm.).Distribution. Known only from Colombia.Discomorphapanamensis Antioquia, San Luis, 1050 m, 6°02'50"N/74°59'59"W, 25 IX 1989, 1 ex., C. Rincón.Distribution. Panama. New to Colombia.Dorynotakiesenwetteri Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 1 XI 1974, 1 ex., A. Yañez.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Peru.Dorynotanodosa Sucre, El Piña, 237 m, 9°27'N/75°12'W, 10 VII 1998, 1 ex., E. Vergara.Distribution. Colombia; Panama; Venezuela.Dorynotarufomarginata Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 11 VII 1974, 1 ex., J. Pabón.Distribution. Brazil. New to Colombia.Echomaanaglyptoides Borowiec, 1998bCundinamarca, Bituima, 1412 m, 4°52'31"N/74°32'33"W, 16 V 1989, 1 ex., M. Buitrago, 2 V 1992, 1 ex., O. Bilvao; Cundinamarca, Nimaima, Inspección de Policia de Tobia, 1185 m, 5°07'44"N/74°23'20"W, 10 I 1990, 1 ex., J. Garcia; Cundinamarca, Pacho, 1798 m, 5°07'N/74°09"W, 4 XI 1989, 1 ex, en Melastomataceae, C. Berrio; Tolima, Chaparral, La Granja, Barrio Baltrán, 850 m, 3°43'N/75°29"W, 5 IV 2002, 2 exx., M. Segura; Tolima, Espinal, 322 m, 4°09'10"N/74°53'19"W, 3 VI 1989, 1 ex., J. Rodriguez.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; French Guyana.PageBreakEchomaclypeata Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 27 IX 1974, 1 ex., S. Vega.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Trinidad; Venezuela.Eugenysacolumbiana Boyacá, Otanche, 1050 m, 5°49'35"N/74°11'20’’, V 1994, 1 ex, A. Ortega; Caldas, Confines, Cariaño, 500 m, II 2002, 1 ex., E.E. Martinez; W Cundinamarca, Viani, 1498 m, 4°52'36"N/74°33'57"W, 24 IX 1985, 1 ex., Moro.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Panama.Eugenysamartae Borowiec, 1987Valle del Cauca, Calima, R. [= Río] Chancos, X 1990, 1 ex., L.C. Pardo-Locamo.Distribution. known only from Colombia.Eugenysaunicolor Borowiec & Dąbrowska, 1997Cesar, Aguachica, 162 m, 8°18'42"N/73°27'03"W, 10 VI 1972, 1 ex., J. Jiménez.Distribution. Eucador; Peru; New to Colombia.Eurypedusnigrosignatus Atlántico, Barranquilla, 68 m, 11°00'N/74°48'W, 7 VII 1967, 1 ex., Laverde; Caldas, Victoria, 700 m, 5°19'N/74°54'W, 2 IX 1974, 1 ex., M. Calderón; Casanare, Yopal, La Nieta, Maracaito, 350 m, 5°21'N/72°24'W, 16 IX 2003, 1 ex., J. López; Casanare, Yopal, Via La Chaparrera, 350 m, 5°21'N/72°24'W, 25 VIII 1997, 1 ex., H. Alvarez; Cundinamarca, Apulo, 421 m, 4°31’’/74°35'W, 5 X 1969, 1 ex., C. Pinzón, 24 IV 1993, 1 ex., I. Guarinmelgar; Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 2600 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 21 X 1966, 1 ex., J. Ortiz; Cundinamarca, Bogotá, Parque Simón Bolivar, 2620 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 20 XI 2001, 1 ex., W. Cañón; Cundinamarca, Choachi, 1927 m, 4°31'53"N/73°55'36"W, 20 III 2001, 1 ex., J. Valderama; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 281 m, 4°18'18"N/74°48'08"W, 15 V 1975, 1 ex., B. Guzman, 150 m, 4°30'N/75°45'W, 5 XI 1994, 1 ex., M. Beltrán, 24 XI 2001, 1 ex., D. Moreno; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal de Siquima, 1630 m, 4°52'N/74°28'W, 24 V 1964, 1 ex., N. Correa, 26 X 1969, 1 ex., C. Pinzón; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Vda. San Joaquin, 670 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 17 PageBreakIV 2002, 1 ex., J. Gómez, 17 IV 2002, 1 ex., A. Bejarano, 17 IV 2002, 1 ex., J. Cárdenas, 1700 m, 17 IV 2002, 1 ex., H. Duque; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Via Tocaima, 1298 m, 4°38'N/74°27'W, 3 IV 1993, 1 ex., C. Omar; Cundinamarca, Nariño, 400 m, 4°24'N/74°50'W, 27 III 1975, 1 ex., A. Mendoza; Cundinamarca, Pacho, 1798 m, 4°18'18"N/74°48'08"W, 2 V 1998, 1 ex., Amorocho & Gómez; Cundinamarca, Pacho, Los Algarrobos, 1798 m, 5°07'N/74°09'W, 21 X 1997, 1 ex., J. Gross; Cundinamarca, Tocaima, 400 m, 4°27'40"N/74°38'10"W, 15 I 1961, 1 ex., A. Enciso, 24 IV 1969, 3 exx., L. Rico & C. Cujia, 28 III 1984, 2 exx., L. Sarmiento; Cundinamarca, Útica, 497 m, 5°11'45"N/74°29'03"W, 2 IV 1966, 3 exx., 3 IV 1966, 2 exx., J. Ortiz; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 17 VII 1966, 1 ex., E. Aponte, 18 X 1969, 1 ex., C. Pinzón; Huila, El Hobo, 276 m, 2°35'17"N/75°27'13"W, 11 V 1998, 1 ex., Amorocho & Gómez; Huila, Neiva, 442 m, 2°55'N/75°17'W, 13 IV 1964, 1 ex., F. Ramos, 25 V 1974, 5 exx., C. Reyes; Meta, Acacias, 522 m, 4°00'N/73°46'W, 13 X 1973, 1 ex., B. Torres; Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, 320 m, 7°53'N/72°30'W, 3 IV 1969, 1 ex., 3 IV 1969, 1 ex., 4 IV 1969, 1 ex., R. Lemus, 16 VII 1974, 1 ex., R. Granados, 20 VII 1974, 2 exx., J. Gómez, 9 X 1974, 1 ex., C. Melo; Tolima, Espinal, 322 m, 4°09'10"N/74°53'19"W, 19 V 1966, 1 ex., H. Ayala, 1 III 1967, 1 ex., Bernal; Tolima, Espinal, Ins. Pol. Chicoral, 322 m, 4°09'N/74°53'W, 23 XII 1969, 1 ex., J.D. Moreno; Tolima, Guamo, 200 m, 3°45'N/76°54'W, 8 XI 1996, 1 ex., K.R., 8 XII 2001, 1 ex., D. Moreno; Tolima, Honda, 229 m, 5°12'25"N/74°44'28"W, 8 V 1966, 1 ex., E. Guzmán, 1 ex., A. González; Tolima, Mariquita, 328 m, 5°12'10"N/74°55'49"W, 24 VII 1966, 1 ex, G. Pedraza, 22 IX 1993, 1 ex., P. Bolivar; Tolima, Melgar, 323 m, 4°12'N/74°38'W, 20 VII 1966, 1 ex, H. Santos, 1 V 1967, 1 ex., G. Torrado, 1 X 1994, 1 ex., W. Valera.Distribution. Colombia; Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela.Helocassiscrucipennis Sucre, San Marcos, Santa Inés, 29 m, 8°40'N/75°08'W, 26 VI 2003, 1 ex., A. Diaz.Distribution. Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela.Helocassistestudinaria Antioquia, Santafé de Antioquia1567 m, 6°11'N/75°34'W, XII 1986, 3 exx., R. Vélez; Cundinamarca, Ricaurte, 287 m, 4°16'38"N/74°46'41"W, 29 III 1994, 1 ex., H. Gómez; Cundinamarca, Villeta, Vda. Guamalotal, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 25 IX 2000, 1 ex., Urrea & Tamara.Distribution. Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Panama; USA: Arizona, Florida; Venezuela.PageBreakHilarocassisbordoni Borowiec, 2002aCundinamarca, Girardot, 150 m, 4°30'N/75°45'W, 9 IV 1994, 1 ex., A. Silva; Cundinamarca, Guayabe tal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 IV 1969, 1 ex., C. Acosta; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 15 IX 1996, 1 ex., C. Pinzón; Cundinamarca, Mesitas del Colegio, Fca. Las Brisas, 1100 m, 4°35'N/74°26'W, 9 III 2002, 1 ex., A. Bejarano.Distribution. Venezuela. New to Colombia.Hybosagalbanata Boheman, 1855Caldas, La Dorada, 178 m, 5°27'N/74°40'W, 10 V 1971, 1 ex., 15 X 1971, 1 ex., J. Zapata.Distribution. known only from Colombia.Ischnocodiaannulus Cundinamarca, Bogotá, El Paraiso, 2620 m, 4°35'56"N/74°04'51"W, 9 IX 1997, 1 ex., M. Alape; Cundinamarca, Cachipay, Insp. Pol. Anolaima, Vrda. San Cayetano, 5°16'22"N/74°34'22"W, 23 VII 1997, 1 ex., S. Olarte; Cundinamarca, Caqueza, 1746 m, 4°24'30"N/73°56'58"W, 12 IV 1997, 1 ex., A. Alessandri; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Casco urbano, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 11 X 1997, 1 ex., E. Baron; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, San Javier, 1110 m, 4°38'N/74°27'W, 8 VI 1996, 1 ex., S. Dinas; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Vrda. Guayabal, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 7 X 1997, 2 exx., M.A. & D.R.; Cundinamarca, Paime, 960 m, 5°22'16"N/74°09'18"W, 2 V 1992, 1 ex., Y. Castro; Cundinamarca, San Juan de Rio Seco, 1203 m, 4°50'54"N/74°37'35"W, 19 VIII 1998, 1 ex., J. Gutiérrez; Cundinamarca, Ubalá, Vrda. El Puerto, 1962 m, 4°44'48"N/73°32'18"W, 20 I 1998, 2 exx, M. Garcia; Cundinamarca, Villeta, Ecopetrol, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 31 VIII 1997, 1 ex., R. Paredes; Meta, Cubarral, San Luis de Cubarral, Brisas del Ariari, 180 m, 3°47'N/73°52'W, 6 IV 2004, 1 ex., L. Ramirez & A. Vargas; Meta, La Macarena, 3°11'16"N/73°59'20"W, 26 III 1997, 1 ex., E. Bastidas; Norte de Santander, El Zulia, Rio Zulia, 220 m, 7°56'04"N/72°16'37"W, 2 XII 1998, 1 ex., F. Camacho; Santander, El Carmen de Chucuri, Vda. Dos Bocas, Fca. Playa Grande, 550 m, 6°46.514'N/73°38.408'W, XI 2003, 7 exx., L. Otero; Santander, La Belleza, Vrda. Los Naranjos, 1900 m, 5°51'57"N/73°58'02"W, 21 III 1997, 1 ex., H. Marin; Valle del Cauca, Buga, 969 m, 3°54'06"N/76°18'14"W, 14 X 2003, 1 ex., D. Quintana.Distribution. Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guyana; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Trinidad; Venezuela.PageBreakMicroctenochiraaspersa Antioquia, Cocorná, 6°3'25"N 75°11'7"W, 1286 m, VI 1977, 1 ex., R. Vélez; Antioquia, Concepción, 1862 m, 6°23'55"N/75°15'22"W, II 1997, 4 exx., F.J. Serna & J.G. Hurtado; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 150 m, 4°30'N/75°45'W, 13 VI 1967, 1 ex., Chavarriaga; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 1 V 1969, 1 ex., L.M. Rico & C. Cujia; Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'59"N/76°26'15"W, 1 V 1970, 1 ex., E. Morales, VI, 1 ex., Jiménez; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 1 V 1996, 1 ex., L. Sánchez; Magdalena, Sevilla, VIII 1942, 2 exx., F.L. Gallego; Meta, Cubarral, San Luis de Cubarral, Brisas del Ariari, 180 m, 3°47'N/73°52'W, 6 IV 2004, 1 ex., L. Ramirez & A. Vargas; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 28 IV 1989, 1 ex., J. Rodriguez; Santander, Lebrija, 1015 m, 7°06'59"N 73°13'13"W, 12 V 1977, 1 ex., L. Rivera.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Mexico; Panama.Microctenochiracumulata Antioquia, San Andrés, 1530 m, VII 1952, 1 ex., F. Gallego.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela.Microctenochirafairmairei Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, Fosforito, 945 m, 6°45'37"N/75°06'28"W, 10 VI 1997, 2 exx., J. Hurtado; Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, Santa Lucia, 1050 m, 6°46'34"N/75°06'18"W, 31 VII 1997, 1 ex., J. Hurtado; Antioquia, San Roque, Vda. La Mora, Alto El Cuatro, 1800 m, 6°29'45"N/75°01'54"W, X 2008, 1 ex., H. Paredes.Distribution. Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Panama; Peru.Microctenochiraflavonotata Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 11 VI 1989, 1 ex., A. Boada.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Surinam; Trinidad; Venezuela.Microctenochirafraterna Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, 6°55'N/75°04'W, 1050 m, 1997, 1 ex., J. Hurtado; Antioquia, La Estrella, 1764 m, 6°09'N/75°39'W, VI 1963, 1 ex., F.L. Gallego; PageBreakAntioquia, Santafé de Antioquia, 550 m, 6°33'N/75°49'W, III 1998, 1 ex., J.E. Jaramillo; Cundinamarca, San Cayetano, 2208 m, 5°18"N/74°04'W, 3 X 1970, 2 exx., A. Tobón; Cundinamarca, Tena, 1384 m, 4°39'33"N/74°23'28"W, 8 XII 1995, 1 ex., Porras; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 9 IV 1999, 1 ex., V. Contreras.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua; Panama; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela.Microctenochirajousselini Boyacá, Maripi, Vrda. Sánta Rosa, 800 m, 5°33'08"N/74°01'00"W, 12 IX 1999, 1 ex., C. Cortés.Distribution. Colombia; Trinidad.Microctenochiralindigi Antioquia, La Unión, 2479 m, 5°58'N/75°21'W, 18 III 1998, 1 ex., J.E. Jaramillo; Cundinamarca, Medina, 431 m, 4°38'54"N/73°19'37"W, 16 X 1999, 1 ex., M. Acosta.Distribution. Colombia; Bolivia; Ecuador; Venezuela.Microctenochirapeltata Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'59"N/76°26'15"W, 10 VI 1972, 1 ex., R. Arenas.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Ecuador; Peru. New to Colombia.Microctenochiraquadrata Antioquia, Anori, 1574 m, 7°04'N/75°09'W, 5 IV 1985, 1 ex., R.R.D; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'N/73°48'W, 15 III 1969, 1 ex., A. Avila; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 26 V 1979, 1 ex., O. Garzón; Meta, Granada, 450 m, 3°32'N/73°43'W, 17 VII 1979, 1 ex., Gutierrez.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; French Guyana; Guyana; Panama; Paraguay; Surinam; Trinidad; Venezuela.Microctenochirasemilobata Antioquia, La Pintada, 678 m, 5°44'N/75°35'W, X 1971, 1 ex., R. Vélez.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia.PageBreakMicroctenochirasemilunaris Boyacá, San Luis de Gaceno, 630 m, 4°49'21"N/73°10'13"W, 17 V 1972, 1 ex., S. Cubides; Cundinamarca, Arbelaez, 1417 m, 4°16'37"N/74°24'35"W, 13 VIII 1994, 1 ex., N. Rocio; Cundinamarca, Medina, Finca Mi Negro, 431 m, 4°38'54"N/73°19'37"W, 16 X 1999, 1 ex., M. Acosta; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'40"N/73°48'59"W, 12 III 1970, 1 ex., M. Garcia; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal de Siquima, 1630 m, 4°52'N/74°28'W, 15 VIII 1968, 1 ex., E. Gil; Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'59"N/76°26'15W, 26 V 1967, 1 ex., E. Delgado; Cundinamarca, Silvania, 1470 m, 4°24'21"N/74°23'24"W, 7 IV 1978, 1 ex., A. Sánchez; Cundinamarca, Soacha, 2568 m, 4°35'N/74°13'W, 26 IV 1975, 1 ex., R. Herrera; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'N/74°28'W, 1 X 1970, 1 ex., G. Garcia; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, IV 1969, 1 ex., Preciado, 19 IV 1969, 1 ex., L. Castiblanco.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Peru.Microctenochirasepulchlaris Antioquia, Caldas, 1768 m, 6°05'N/75°38'W, XI 1973, 1 ex., A. Madrigal; Antioquia, Concepción, 1862 m, 6°23'55"N/75°15'22"W, II 1997, 1 ex., F.J. Serna & J.G. Hurtado.Distribution. Colombia.Microctenochirasertata Antioquia, Chigorodó, 34 m, 7°40'13"N/76°41'00"W, VIII 1975, 1 ex., D. Gonzalez; Antioquia, Concepción, 1862 m, 6°23'55"N/75°15'22"W, II 1997, 1 ex., F.J. Serna & J.G. Hurtado; Bolivar, Monpós, Córdoba, 33 m, 9°14'00"N/74°26'00"W, XII 1994, 1 ex., J.A. Quiróz; Córdoba, Tierra alta, P.N.N. Nudo Paramillo, Cerro Murrucucu, 287 m, 7°59'24.27"N/76°07'44.29"W, IX-X 2004, 1 ex. J.E. Arango; Cundinamarca, Guayabetal, 1200 m, 4°13'40"N/73°48'59"W, 30 III 1972, 1 ex., R. Gómez; Cundinamarca, Sasaima, 1225 m, 4°57'59"N/76°26'15"W, IV 1977, 1 ex., Jaramillo; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 3 VI 1972, 1 ex., L. Barbosa; Cundinamarca, Viotá, 567 m, 4°26'31"N/74°31'33"W, 1 V 1996, 1 ex., L. Sánchez; Meta, Acacias, 522 m, 4°00'N/73°46'W, 1 V 1974, 1 ex., I. Oviédo.Distribution. Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guyana; Peru; Surinam; Venezuela.Omaspidesbistriata Boheman, 1862Valle del Cauca, B. Dagua-Esacalarete, VI 1990, 1 ex., L.C. Pardo-Locamo.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Panama; Venezuela.PageBreakOmaspidesnitidicollis Spaeth, 1937aCaldas, La Dorada, 178 m, 5°27'24"N/74°40'02"W, V 1994, 1 ex., M. GarciaDistribution. Colombia.Omaspidesspecularis Meta, San Martin, 419 m, 3°42'N/73°42'W, 29 IV 1989, 1 ex., C. Rincón.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.Parachiridasemiannulata Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 28 II 1980, 1 ex., Cifuentes.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Peru.Parachiridasubirrorata Córdoba, Monteria, Tres Palmas, 18 m, 8°29'N/75°56'W, VII 1976, 1 ex., A. Madrigal; Meta, Cumaral, 480 m, 4°17'N/73°33'W, 16 IV 1989, 1 ex., C. Caballero; Meta, Villavicencio, 400 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 8 XI 2002, 1 ex., G. González; Meta, Villavicencio, Jardin Botánico, 400 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 8 XI 2002, 1 ex.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Panama; Trinidad; Venezuela.Physonotaalutacea Boheman, 1854Cundinamarca, Girardot, 150 m, 4°30'N/75°45'W, 24 XI 2001, 1 ex., D. Moreno; Cundinamarca, Guaduas, 1007 m, 5°04'12"N/74°35'52"W, 6 V 1999, 1 ex., O. Higuera & R. Quevedo; Cundinamarca, San Francisco, 1570 m, 4°58'N/74°17'W, 1 VII 1970, 1 ex. ab. cyrtodes Boh., A. Moreno; Cundinamarca, Tocaima, 400 m, 4°27'40"N/74°38'18"W, 17 V 1969, 1 ex., A. Guzmán, 11 VII 1972, 1 ex., W. Toncel, 28 III 1994, 1 ex., L. Sarmiento; Guajira, Riohacha, 47 m, 11°33'N/72°554'W, 16 X|II 1974, 1 ex., A. Alarcón; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 18 XI 1994, 1 ex., G. González; Sucre, San Marcos, Santa Inés, 29 m, 8°40'N/75°08'W, 26 VI 2003, 1 ex. ab. cyrtodes Boh., A. Diaz; Sucre, Sincelejo, 200 m, 9°18'N/75°24'W, 12 V 1972, 1 ex., J. Vargas; Tolima, Melgar, 323 m, 4°12'24"N/74°38'44"W, 6 VI 1999, 2 exx., J. Arbelaez & F. Betancourt; Tolima, Purificación, 310 m, 3°51'N/74°56'W, 1 VI 1972, 2 exx., R. Arenas.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Trinidad; Venezuela; USA: Texas.PageBreakPhysonotapellucida Wagener, 1877Antioquia, Jericó, 1967 m, 5°47'39"N/75°47'23"W, 1996, 8 exx., C. Tamayo; Cundinamarca, Caqueza, 1746 m, 4°24'30"N/73°56'58"W, 5 XI 1994, 1 ex., T. Luis.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Nicaragua.Plagiometrionaboschmai Spaeth, 1937bAntioquia, Andes, Farallones del Citará, 1780 m, 5°45'33"N/76°03'42"W, 13 III 1999, 1 ex., D. Betancur; Antioquia, Andes, vereda La Siria, 2100 m, 24 IX 2000, 2 exx., S. Gomez; Antioquia, Andes, vereda Quebrada, Arriba, La Siria, 2200 m, 14 III 1999, 1 ex.; Antioquia, Frontino, 1317 m, 6°47'02"N/76°07'53"W, VI 1990, 1 ex., G. Morales; Antioquia, Urrao, 1790 m, 6°18'56"N/76°07'58"W, VI 1982, 1 ex., R. Bernal.Distribution. Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela.Plagiometrionalatemarginata Borowiec, 2001Antioquia, Frontino, 1317 m, 6°46'N/76°08'W, VII 1989, 1 ex., G. Morales & C. Mantilla.Distribution. Panama. New to Colombia.Plagiometrionapehlkei Spaeth, 1912Boyacá, San Pedro de Iguaque, 2750 m, 5°38'N/73°31'W, 7 V 1988, 1 ex., Lara; Boyacá, Villa de Leyva, Vda. Capilla, 2143 m, 5°38'N/73°31'W, 2 VI 2001, 1 ex., V. Quintero; Cundinamarca, Gachetá, “La Cima”, Fca. Bellavista, 1716 m, 4°55'N/73°51'W, 16 XI 2003, 1 ex., J. Lozano; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 14 III 1981, 1 ex., León & Garcia; Cundinamarca, La Mesa, Laguna Pedro Palo, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 2 XI 1996, 1 ex., A. Romero, 15 II 1997, 1 ex., P. Acosta, 16 XI 1997, 1 ex., D. Useche; Cundinamarca, La Vega, 1215 m, 4°59'57"N/74°20'23"W, 29 III 1994, 1 ex., D. Moro; Cundinamarca, La Vega, Vrda. San Francisco, 1215 m, 4°59'57"N/74°20'23"W, 28 IV 1999, 1 ex., D. Reynales; Cundinamarca, San Antonio del Tequendama, 1521 m, 4°37'04"N/74°21'15"W, 12 X 1998, 1 ex., G. Castañeda; Cundinamarca, Tena, 1384 m, 4°39'33"N/74°23'28"W, 1 ex., A. Tovar; Cundinamarca, Tena, El Ospicio, 1384 m, 4°39'33"N/74°23'28"W, 22 XI 1997, 1 ex., J. Martinez & D. Vanegas; Cundinamarca, Tibirita, 1980 m, 5°03'00"N/73°10'31"W, 22 XI 2003, 1 ex., O. Munar; Cundinamarca, Une, Puente Piedra Rosa, 2420 m, 4°24'N/74°02'W, 20 V 2001, 1 ex., D. Torres; Huila, Iquira, Potrerito, Finca La Victoria, 1123 m, 2°39'07"N/75°38'23"W, 29 VIII 2003, 1 ex., L. Martinez; PageBreakMeta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 1 V 1995, 1 ex., E. Losano, 4 XI 2001, 1 ex., M. Guillén.Distribution. Colombia; Venezuela.Plagiometrionaperroudi Boyacá, Villa de Leyva, Vda. Capilla, 5°38'N/73°31'W, 2143 m, 10 V 2001, 1 ex., V. Quintero.Distribution. Colombia.Polychalcaperforata Antioquia, Col. Bosque, 2150 m, 6°59'N/75°57'W, 22 X 2007, 1 ex., D.J. Restrepo.Distribution. Colombia.Polychalmamulticava Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, Calandria, 985 m, 6°46'49.61"N/75°05'53.1"W, 25 VI 1997, 1 ex., J.G. Hurtado; Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, Normandia, 1000 m, 6°46'15.9"N/75°06'11"W, II 1998, 1 ex., J.G. Hurtado; Caldas, La Dorada, 178 m, 5°27'24"N/74°40'02"W, 1 IV 1967, 1 ex., Alcaraz; Casanare, Nunchia, Paz, 440 m, 5°38'N/72°11'W, 1 IX 1967, 1 ex., E. Cotes; Cesar, Aguachica, 162 m, 8°18'42"N/73°27'03"W, 24 III 1989, 1 ex., M. Jiménez; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 842 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 2 V 1967, 1 ex., I. Giraldo, 15 VI 1967, 1 ex., A. Reyes, 16 IX 1973, 1 ex., M. Arevalo; Magdalena, Ciénaga, Cgto. Sevilla, 12 m, 11°00'N/74°15'W, 15 VI 1971, 1 ex., A. Martinez; Meta, San Martin, 419 m, 3°42'N/73°42'W, 28 IV 1989, 1 ex., C. Castillo; Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, 320 m, 7°53'N/72°30'W, 5 V 1973, 1 ex, A. Porras; Santander, Bucaramanga, 958 m, 7°07'N/73°07'W, 2 XI 1973, 1 ex., Castellano; Sucre, San Marcos, Santa Inés, 29 m, 8°40'N/75°08'W, 26 VI 2003, 1 ex., A. Diaz; Tolima, Mariquita, 328 m, 5°12'N/74°55'W, 12 III 1967, 1 ex., H. Reyes, 19 II 1971, 3 exx., 20 II 1971, 2 exx., G. Hurtado.Distribution. Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Panama; Peru; Venezuela.Stolasblanda Huila, Garzón, 828 m, 2°12'N/75°38'W, 4 I 1972, 1 ex., F. Ramirez.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador.PageBreakStolasephippium Santander, Landazuri, 1600 m, 6°13'N/79°45'W, VI 1984, 1 ex., Luengas.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Guyana; Nicaragua; Panama; Surinam.Stolashaematites Antioquia, Amalfi, Cañón del Porce, 1050 m, 6°46'N/75°05'W, 1997, 2 exx., J.G. Hurtado; Antioquia, Barbosa, 1308 m, 6°26'N/75°20'W, IX 1983, 1 ex., Barreiro; Antioquia, La Estrella, 1764 m, 6°09'N/75°39'W, XI 1981, 1 ex., B. Múnera; Antioquia, La Pintada, 682 m, 5°44'N/75°35'W, X 1971, 1 ex., R. Vélez; Cundinamarca, Mesitas del Colegio, 4°35'14"N/74°26'58"W, 7 X 1989, 1 ex., M. Beltrán; Norte de Santander, El Carmen, 761 m, 8°30'36"N/73°27'11"W, 15 III 1994, 1 ex.Distribution. Brazil; Colombia; French Guyana; Paraguay: Presidente Hayes; Venezuela.Stolaslebasii Valle del Cauca, Cali, 987 m, 3°26'N/76°31'W, 11 XI 1974, 1 ex., A. Contreras.Distribution. Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Trinidad.Stolasstolida Cacuetá, Florencia, 480 m, 1°36'N/75°37'W, 12 VIII 1968, 1 ex., J. Bobadilla; Cundinamarca, Cachipay, 474 m, 5°16'22"N/74°34'22"W, 13 V 1977, 1 ex., E. de León; Meta, Acacias, 522 m, 4°00'N/73°46'W, 12 III 1977, 1 ex., A. Cubides; Meta, La Macarena, 3°11'16"N/73°59'20"W, 23 III 1997, 1 ex., F. Villarmil, 26 III 1997, 1 ex., E. Bastidas; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 10 V 1967, 1 ex., H. Ramos, 20 VI 1967, 1 ex., E. Peralta, VII 1967, 1 ex., P. Pérez.Distribution. Colombia; Ecuador.Stolastachiraensis Borowiec, 2009bBoyacá, San Pedro de Iguaque, 2750 m, 5°38'N/73°31'W, 7 V 1988, 1 ex., G. Negret; Cundinamarca, Anolaima, 1726 m, 4°45'54"N/74°28'08"W, 15 IV 1992, 1 ex., I. Garcia; Cundinamarca, Anolaima, Carretera via a Anolaima, 1656 m, 4°45'N/74°28'W, PageBreak8 IV 1989, 1 ex., C. Garzón; Cundinamarca, Cachipay, Insp. Pol. Anolaima, 5°16'22"N/74°34'22"W, 30 VIII 1988, 1 ex., E. Rivera; Cundinamarca, Caqueza, 1746 m, 4°24'30"N/73°56'58"W, 5 XI 1994, 1 ex., T. Luis; Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 1746 m, 4°20'49"N/74°21'53"W, 15 III 1992, 1 ex., Ramos & Quiroga; Cundinamarca, Girardot, 281 m, 4°18'18"N/74°48'08"W, 28 XII 1985, 1 ex., Torres & Viña, 28 V 1992, 1 ex., L. Narvaez; Cundinamarca, Guayabal de Siquima, Vda. El Resguardo, 4°53'N/74°28'W, 1630 m, 2005, 1 ex., 1636 m, 2005, 1 ex., F. Cruz; Cundinamarca, Cundinamarca, La Mesa, 1298 m, 4°38'05"N/74°27'57"W, 24 V 1992, 1 ex., A. Ariza & L. Ferrucho, 4 II 1994, 1 ex., Ubaque, 1 IV 1997, 1 ex., J. Camargo; Cundinamarca, La Vega, 1230 m, 4°59'57"N/74°20'23"W, 2 IV 1967, 1 ex., Ardila; Cundinamarca, Mesitas del Colegio, San José, 983 m, 4°35'N/74°26'W, 16 III 1975, 1 ex., A. Martinez, 4 XII 2004, 1 ex., S. Cubillos; Cundinamarca, Quipile, 1444 m, 4°44'48"N/74°32'14"W, 4 V 1990, 1 ex., S. Suárez; Cundinamarca, Silvania, 1470 m, 4°24'21"N/74°23'24"W, 3 X 1996, 1 ex., S. Fuentes; Cundinamarca, Villeta, 804 m, 5°00'52"N/74°28'23"W, 3 VI 1967, 1 ex., M. Contreras; Meta, Humadea Insp., Pol. Guamal, 518 m, 3°51'N/73°45'W, 6 V 1999, 1 ex., O. Higuera & R. Quevedo; Meta, Villavicencio, 467 m, 4°09'N/73°39'W, 25 X 1988, 1 ex., P. León; Santander, Barbosa, Cite Las Delicias, 1600 m, 5°53'N/73°34'W, 28 VIII 2004, 1 ex., D. Mejia, 1 ex., E. Villarraga, 20 IX 2004, 1 ex., C. Soto; Tolima, Ibagué, 1285 m, 4°26'50"N/75°14'44"W, 1 ex., González & Nortua; Tolima, Mariquita, 328 m, 5°12'10"N/74°55'49"W, 14 X 1995, 1 ex., Carlos.Distribution. Venezuela. New to Colombia.Trilaccodeatomentosa Antioquia, Medellin, 1538 m, 6°13'N/75°34'W, IX 1944, 1 ex., F.L. Gallego; Boyacá, Duitama, 2530 m, 5°49'35"N/73°02'32"W, 15 IV 1996, 1 ex., S. Alfonso; Boyacá, Tibaná, 2090 m, 5°19’ 13"N/73°23'59"W, 20 IV 1996, 1 ex., 10 V 1996, 2 ex., B. Velandia; Valle del Cauca, Cali, 987 m, I. 1944, 1 ex., F. Gallego.Distribution. Colombia; Venezuela.Agroiconotajudaica  – Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*PageBreakAgroiconotapropinqua  – Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolivar, Caldas, Casanare, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Tolima*Agroiconotasodalis Spaeth, 1936a – [Rio Magdalena]*Aidoianubilosa Boheman, 1855 – Cundinamarca*Charidotellaamicula  – Valle del Cauca*Charidotellabalteata  – Antioquia*Charidotellabifasciata  – Norte de Santander*Charidotellacarnulenta  – Caqueta, Meta*Charidotellacircumnotata  – Antioquia, Huila, Santander*Charidotellaglaucovittata  – Cundinamarca, Meta, Valle del Cauca*Charidotellaimmaculata  – Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Tolima*Charidotellaincorrupta  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Meta, Tolima*Charidotellaliquida  – Cundinamarca, Meta*Charidotellamoraguesi Borowiec, 2007b – Tolima*Charidotellamyops  – [Colombia]*Charidotellaoblectabilis  – [Colombia]Charidotellapuella  – Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Meta, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Charidotellapurpurea  – [Colombia]*Charidotellasexpunctata  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Charidotellatuberculata  – Magdalena, Meta, Tolima*Charidotellavinula  – Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca*Charidotisaurofasciata  – [Colombia]*Charidotisbipartita  – Santander*Charidotiscincticula  – Cundinamarca*Charidotisdiscicollis Boheman, 1855 – [Colombia]Charidotisexigua Boheman, 1855 – [Colombia]*Charidotisfurva Boheman, 1855 – Norte de Santander*Charidotislanguida Spaeth, 1936b – [Colombia]Charidotisluteola Boheman, 1855 – [Colombia]*Charidotisvitreata  – Antioquia, Boyacá*Chersinellinaheteropunctata  – Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena*Coptocyclasp. nearrufonotata Sekerka & Windsor in litt. – Antioquia, MagdalenaCoptocyclarobusta Spaeth, 1936c – [Colombia]*Cteisellacentropunctata  [Colombia]*Cteiselladivalis Spaeth, 1926b – Cundinamarca, Tolima*Cyclocassissecunda Borowiec, 1998a – Norte de Santander*Deloyalafuliginosa  – Córdoba, Valle del Cauca*Deloyalainsubida  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Meta, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Helocassiscrucipennis  – Sucre*PageBreakHelocassistestudinaria  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Hybosagalbanata Boheman, 1855 – Caldas*Hybosaunicolor Wagener, 1877 – [Colombia]Ischnocodiaannulus  – Cundinamarca, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Metrionellaerratica  – [Colombia]*Metrionellaplacans Spaeth, 1932 – *Metrionellatumacoensis Borowiec, 2002b – Nariño*Microctenochiraarcana  – [Colombia – Nova Granada]Microctenochiraaspersa  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Santander*Microctenochirabifenestrata  – Cundinamarca*Microctenochirabogotana  – CundinamarcaMicroctenochiracumulata  – Antioquia*Microctenochiradiffinis  – Antioquia, Amazonas, Cundinamarca*Microctenochirafairmairei  – Antioquia*Microctenochiraflavonotata  – Cundinamarca*Microctenochirafraterna  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca*Microctenochiraimpolluta  – AntioquiaMicroctenochirajousselini  – Boyacá*Microctenochiralibidinosa  – Valle del Cauca*Microctenochiralindigi  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Meta*Microctenochiralugubris  – [Colombia]*Microctenochiranigrocincta  – Bolivar*Microctenochirapeltata  – Cundinamarca*Microctenochiraporosa  – Cundinamarca*Microctenochiraquadrata  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Meta*Microctenochirareticularis  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Putumayo*Microctenochirarubrocincta  – [Colombia]*Microctenochirasemifasciata  – [Colombia]Microctenochirasemilobata  – Antioquia*Microctenochirasemilunaris  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Meta*Microctenochirasepulchralis  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Microctenochirasertata  – Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, Valle del Cauca*Nuzoniaibaguensis Spaeth, 1912 – TolimaNuzoniamarginepunctata Borowiec, 2000 – Caldas, Valle del Cauca*PageBreakOrexitablattoides Spaeth, 1911 – [Colombia]*Orexitajustini  – Cundinamarca*Orexitaplagipennis Spaeth, 1911 – [Colombia]*Orexitasubgibbosa Spaeth, 1911 – Valle del Cauca*Parachiridaflavolineata  – Bolivar, Santander*Parachiridasemiannulata  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Parachiridasubirrorata  – Córdoba, Meta*Plagiometrionaaucta  – [Colombia]Plagiometrionabisbimaculata  – [Colombia]Plagiometrionaboschmai Spaeth, 1937b – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Plagiometrionabuqueti  – Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Tolima*Plagiometrionacolumbica Spaeth, 1937b – [Colombia]Plagiometrionafragilicornis Spaeth, 1937b – TolimaPlagiometrionaglyphica  – TolimaPlagiometrionalatemarginata Borowiec, 2001 – Antioquia*Plagiometrionanobilis Spaeth, 1937b – TolimaPlagiometrionapehlkei Spaeth, 1912 – Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Tolima*Plagiometrionapernix Spaeth, 1912 – Tolima*Plagiometrionaperroudi  – Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca*Plagiometrionaphoebe  – Antioquia, Boyacá*Plagiometrionaramosa  – [Colombia]Plagiometrionaresplendens  – CundinamarcaPlagiometrionasteinheili  – Norte de Santander*Plagiometrionazelleri  – Boyacá, Cundinamarca*Delocraniacossyphoides Guérin, 1844 – Magdalena, Santander*Dorynotaelecta  – Risaralda*Dorynotahastifera  – [Colombia]Dorynotainsidiosa  – [Colombia]*Dorynotakiesenwetteri  – Meta*Dorynotanodosa  – Sucre*Dorynotarufomarginata  – MetaDorynotatruncata  – [Colombia]*PageBreakAgenysaconnectens  – Antioquia, Huila*Agenysacrassicornis Spaeth, 1905 – Risaralda, Santander*Eugenysacolumbiana  – Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca*Eugenysamartae Borowiec, 1987 – Valle del Cauca*Eugenysaregalis  – [Colombia]*Eugenysaunicolor Borowiec & Dąbrowska, 1997 – Cesar*Miocalaspisgentilis  – [Colombia]*Chlamydocassisbicornuta  – [Colombia]*Goniocheniabuckleyi  – [Colombia]*Goniocheniaelocata  – Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Tolima*Polychalmamulticava  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Spaethiellacircumdata  – Bolivar, Cundinamarca*Spaethiellacoccinea  – Amazonas, Meta*Spaethiellaflexuosa  – MagdalenaSpaethiellalaevicollis  – Tolima*Spaethiellaminiata  – [Colombia]*Spaethiellapulchella  – [Colombia]*Spaethiellapurpureocincta  – CundinamarcaSpaethiellaquadrata  – Caquetá*Spaethiellarobusta  – Norte de Santander, Tolima, *Spaethiellasanguinea  – [Colombia]*Spaethiellasublaevis  – Valle del Cauca*Spaethiellavalida  – Valle del Cauca*MesomphaliiniTribe Acromissparsa  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Acromisspinifex  – [Colombia]*Acromisvenosa  – [Colombia]*Botanocharaordinata  – Santander*Chelymorphaalternans Boheman, 1854 – Nariño*Chelymorphaatomaria Boheman, 1854 – [Colombia]Chelymorphacavata Boheman, 1854 – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*PageBreakChelymorphacribraria  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Valle del Cauca*Chelymorphainfirma Boheman, 1854 – Huila*Chelymorphamarginata  – Cesar, Cundinamarca, Meta*Chelymorphapraetextata Boheman, 1854 – Boyacá*Chelymorphastygia Boheman, 1862 – CundinamarcaChelymorphatestaceomarginata Boheman, 1854 – Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Chelymorphavariolosa  – Antioquia*Cyrtonotaabrili Borowiec & Świętojańska sp. n. – Antioquia, Caldas*Cyrtonotabalyi  – Putumayo*Cyrtonotabergeali Borowiec & Sassi, 1999 – Valle del Cauca*Cyrtonotabugaensis Borowiec & Sassi, 1999 – Valle del Cauca*Cyrtonotacaudata  – Caldas, Cesar, Risaralda, Tolima*Cyrtonotacompulsa  – Tolima*Cyrtonotadissecta  – Cundinamarca, Meta, Risaralda, Tolima*Cyrtonotagibbera Borowiec, 1989 – Cundinamarca*Cyrtonotagoryi  – Meta, Tolima*Cyrtonotakolbei  – Huila*Cyrtonotalurida  – [Colombia]*Cyrtonotamoderata  – Caldas, Quindio*Cyrtonotapavens  – [Colombia]*Cyrtonotapyramidata  – [Colombia]*Cyrtonotasantanderensis Borowiec, 2009a – Santander*Cyrtonotaserinus  – Amazonas, Huila*Cyrtonotasteinheili  – Cundinamarca, Toledo*Cyrtonotatextilis  – Cundinamarca, Nariño*Cyrtonotatigrina  – [Colombia]*Cyrtonotatimida Sassi, 2008 – Nariño*Echomaanaglypta  – [Colombia]*Echomaanaglyptoides Borowiec, 1998b – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Echomaclypeata  – Antioquia, Meta*Echomasignata  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Hilarocassisbordoni Borowiec, 2002a – Cundinamarca*Hilarocassisevanida  – *Omaspidesaugusta Boheman, 1856 – [Colombia – Rio Tacana]*Omaspidesbistriata Boheman, 1862 – Valle del Cauca*Omaspideslimbipennis Spaeth, 1922 – MetaOmaspidesnitidicollis Spaeth, 1937a – Antioquia, Caldas, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Omaspidesspecularis  – Meta, Valle del Cauca*PageBreakParaselenisnupta  – Cundinamarca*Paraselenistersa  – [Colombia]*Stolasbioculata  – [Colombia]*Stolasblanda  – Huila, Meta, Tolima*Stolascoerulescens  – Antioquia*Stolasdecemguttata  – [Colombia]*Stolasdiscoides  – [Colombia]*Stolasephippium  – Antioquia, Santander, Valle del Cauca*Stolasexcelsa  – Valle del Cauca*Stolasextricata  – Bolivar, Valle del Cauca*Stolashaematites  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander*Stolasinexculta  – Risaralda*Stolaslebasii  – Valle del Cauca*Stolasnapoensis Borowiec, 1998a – Risaralda*Stolasniobe  – Risaralda*Stolaspertusa  – [Colombia]*Stolaspleurosticha  – Valle del Cauca*Stolaspuberula  – Huila, Risaralda*Stolasquinquefasciata  – [Colombia]*Stolasrubroreticulata  – Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Tolima*Stolasstolida  – Cacuetá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta*Stolastachiraensis Borowiec, 2009b – Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Meta, Santander, Tolima*Trilaccodeaexcisa  – [Colombia]*Trilaccodeatomentosa  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Valle del Cauca*Zatrephinalineata  – [Colombia]*Canistraosculatii Guérin, 1855 – Antioquia, Huila, Risaralda, Tolima*Canistravaricosa Erichson, 1847 – Valle del Cauca*Discomorphaamazona  – Meta, Santander*Discomorphabatesi  – Antioquia*Discomorphabernhaueri  – Valle del Cauca*Discomorphabiplagiata  – Bolivar, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima, Valle del Cauca*Discomorphabreiti  – [Colombia]Discomorphaconspersipennis  – Antioquia, Bolivar, Cundinamarca*Discomorphagaritana  – Norte de SantanderDiscomorphagiganteensis Borowiec, 2006a – Huila*Discomorphainstabilis  – Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima*Discomorphalanguinosa  – [Colombia]*PageBreakDiscomorphamandli  – Huila*Discomorphaminiata  – Antioquia, Huila, Putumayo*Discomorphanigropunctata  – Boyacá, Valle del Cauca*Discomorphanigrosanguinea  – TolimaDiscomorphanigrosparsa  – Caldas, Valle del Cauca*Discomorphapanamensis  – Antioquia*Discomorphaperuviana  – Meta*Discomorphasalvini  – [Colombia]*Discomorphaskalitzkyi  – [Colombia]Discomorphaspectanda  – Magdalena*Discomorphawaehneri  – Huila, Putumayo*Discomorphawingelmuelleri  – [Colombia]*Omoceruscasta  – [Colombia]*Omoceruscaucanus  – Valle del CaucaOmoceruscreberrimus  – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Omocerusreichei  – *Omocerusrelucens  – CordobaOmocerussmaragdinus  - Meta*Omocerustaurus  – [Colombia]*Omocerusviridicoeruleus  – [Colombia]Polychalcaperforata  – Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca*Cistudinellafoveolata Champion, 1894 – Guaviare*Eurypedusnigrosignatus  – Atlántico, Caldas, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Tolima*Physonotaalutacea Boheman, 1854 – Cundinamarca, Guajira, Meta, Sucre, Tolima*Physonotalutarella Boheman, 1856 – Boyacá, Valle del Cauca, Tolima*Physonotapellucida Wagener, 1877 – Antioquia, Cundinamarca*Physonotaplana Boheman, 1854 – CundinamarcaPageBreakcies of tortoise beetles were recorded respectively). The lists and catalogue cited above suggest that western Andean countries (from Colombia to Bolivia) might have several endemic species. Summarized data of distribution of Neotropical tortoise beetles in the web page by South America with approximately 2/3 of described world cassids is a centre of diversity of tortoise beetles . Until r


Suppression of pancreatic fibrosis upon administration of RA was confirmed based on reduction of histological damage, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and mRNA levels of β-catenin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-Rβ transforming growth factor (TGF)-βRII and collagen 1α1 in vivo. Wnt 2 and β-catenin protein levels were markedly down-regulated, while Axin 2 expression level was up-regulated in the presence of RA, both in vivo and in vitro. Nuclear translation of β-catenin was significantly decreased following RA treatment, compared with cerulein-induced CP in mice and activated PSCs. Furthermore, RA induced significant PSC apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, suppressed TCF/LEF-dependent transcriptional activity and ECM production of PSC via down-regulation of TGFβRII, PDGFRβ and collagen 1α1 in vitro. These results indicate a critical role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in RA-induced effects on CP and PSC regulation and support the potential of RA as a suppressor of pancreatic fibrosis in mice.Pancreatic fibrosis, a prominent feature of chronic pancreatitis (CP), induces persistent and permanent damage in the pancreas. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) provide a major source of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition during pancreatic injury, and persistent activation of PSCs plays a vital role in the progression of pancreatic fibrosis. Retinoic acid (RA), a retinoid, has a broad range of biological functions, including regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation, attenuating progressive fibrosis of multiple organs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of RA on fibrosis in experimental CP and cultured PSCs. CP was induced in mice by repetitive cerulein injection  Pancreatic fibrosis is a characteristic histological feature of CP and pancreatic cancer . Accumul2+, Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/protein kinase A pathways [Wnt proteins involve a family of 19 highly conserved, secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins that play a significant role in the regulation of diverse processes, including cell survival, proliferation, migration and polarity, specification of cell fate and self-renewal of stem cells . Activatpathways . Dysregupathways –21, inclpathways . Axin 2 pathways . Rennollpathways .While thpathways . Recent pathways –30. Our pathways .in vivo and lack of appropriate models in vitro. Progressive fibrosis of pancreas eventually leads to loss of pancreatic function and systemic complications, including malabsorption, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus and tumor desmoplasia [Despite increasing research on pancreatic fibrosis, the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, mainly because of the unavailability of histological samples moplasia . Effectimoplasia . Furthermoplasia . The commoplasia –38. In amoplasia . Many famoplasia . Severalmoplasia –41.in vivo and in vitro using a mouse model of cerulein-induced CP and a cellular model of mouse PSC.Here, we examined the hypothesis that RA can supplement loss of fat droplets during injury of the pancreas, ameliorate progression of pancreatic fibrosis in experimental CP, and inhibit PSC activation via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The effects of RA were investigated both ad libitum, fed standard laboratory chow, and allowed to acclimatize for a minimum of one week. The environment was maintained at a relative humidity of 30–70%. Mice with cerulein-induced pancreatitis were monitored as described above.All animal-related procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of The Tenth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University. This research was also approved by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (ID: SYXK 2007–0006) under the permit number 2011-RES1. Mice were maintained under a 12 h light–dark cycle at 22°C, provided water g at 4°C for 15 min, and serum stored at −80°C.Male Balb/c mice were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. . Mice (n = 40) weighing 20 ± 2 g were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 8 animals each. CP injury and pancreatic fibrosis were induced in mice via repetitive acute pancreatitis episodes . Acute pSerum levels of amylase and lipase were measured via enzyme dynamics chemistry using commercial kits on a Roche/Hitachi modular analytics system , according to the manufacturer’s protocol.Mouse pancreas histology was examined via hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining. A proportion of pancreatic tissue was fixed in 4% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde in 24 h, dehydrated via a graduated ethanol series, and embedded in paraffin blocks. Pancreas sections (5 μm) were dewaxed in xylene, hydrated through an upgraded ethanol series, and subjected to H&E and Masson trichrome staining. Morphological changes were examined under a light microscope by three pathologists who were unaware of the origin of the specimens. In brief, the severity of CP was assessed using a semiquantitative graded score: graded glandular atrophy (0–3), intralobular, interlobular and periductal fibrosis (0–3) and inflammatory mononuclear infiltrates (0–3) .Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were cut into 5 μm thick sections. Tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated with upgraded ethanol. For antigen retrieval, slides were boiled in EDTA  for 15 min in a microwave oven. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 10 min at room temperature. After rinsing with PBS, slides were blocked with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 30 min. Sections were subsequently incubated with mouse monoclonal α-SMA  and rabbit polyclonal β-catenin  antibodies overnight at 4°C. Antibody binding was detected with an Envision Detection Kit, Peroxidase/DAB, Rabbit/Mouse . Next, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. As a negative control, PBS replaced the primary antibody. Areas staining positive for α-SMA and β-catenin were observed in all specimens under a microscope by three pathologists who were unaware of the specimen origins .2. The next day and every 2 days thereafter, the culture medium was changed and treated with different doses of RA  or left untreated. Murine pancreatic acinar cell line 266–6  was cultured in DMEM/HIGH GLUCOSE supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% PS at 37°C, 5% CO2, the culture medium was changed every 2 days and administrated with or without 100 nmol/L cerulein for 5 days [PSCs were isolated from male Balb/c mice via digestion of pancreatic tissue and Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation, as described previously –46. Fresr 5 days , then trTM mounting medium  with 49, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) . Fluorescence analysis was performed using a confocal laser scanning microscope  and Zen 2011 software .Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were prepared as described above and incubated overnight at 4°C with a primary goat monoclonal antibody Ki-67 , and α-SMA (1:400 dilution). Freshly isolated mouse PSCs were cultured as described previously. On day 5, cells were collected, washed in PBS (3×5min), and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. After washing in PBS (3×5min), cells were blocked for 20 min with 5% BSA and incubated overnight at 4°C with Ki-67(1:100 dilution) and β-catenin antibody (1:200 dilution). The next day, cells and tissue sections were washed in PBS (3×5min). Cells followed by immunofluorescence detection using a donkey anti-goat antibody (1:400 dilution) conjugated with fluorochrome Cy3  and donkey anti-rabbit antibody (1:200 dilution) conjugated with fluorochrome Alexa FluorH488 , and tissue sections using a donkey anti-goat antibody (1:400 dilution) conjugated with fluorochrome Cy3 and donkey anti-mouse antibody (1:200 dilution) conjugated with fluorochrome Alexa FluorH488 for 1 h in the dark at 37°C. After washing in PBS (3×5min), cells and tissue sections were mounted in FluoromountTotal RNA was extracted from pancreas, mouse PSCs and 266–6 cells using TRIzol reagent  following the manufacturer’s instructions, and subjected to reverse transcription using the PrimeScript RT reagent Kit . Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed in triplicate for each gene of interest using the ABI Prism 7900 HT Sequence Detection System , according to the SYBR Premix EX Taq manual (TaKaRa). GAPDH was used as a separate endogenous control to which the gene of interest was normalized, and fold changes for gene expression calculated using the comparative CT (2−ΔΔCT) method. Primer sequences for biomarkers were designed with software are shown in g for 15 min at 4°C. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA method (Beyotime). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis  and transferred electrophoretically to membranes following the standard method. Non-specific binding was blocked with 5% low-fat milk at room temperature for 1 h in a covered container. Membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-α-SMA (1:400 dilution), anti-β-catenin (1:1000 dilution), anti-Wnt 2 , anti-Axin 2 , anti-Lamin A , anti-β-actin , and anti-GAPDH . The next day, membranes were washed and incubated with a secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody (1:2000) and goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP antibody (1:2000)  for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, membranes were washed and developed using the ECL detection system .For Western blot, mouse pancreatic tissues were retrieved from storage and rapidly ground in liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder or PSCs were lysed using a Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Protein Extraction kit (Beyotime) following the manufacturer’s protocol . Whole proteins of pancreatic tissues or PSCs were reconstituted in ice-cold RIPA buffer containing phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride  and a cocktail of protease inhibitors , and homogenates centrifuged at 12000 5 cells per well in 24-well plates and cultured as described previously. After 24 h, cells were treated as indicated and incubated for 3 days. Proliferation was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8  according to the manufacturer's instructions. For the BrdU incorporation assay, 30 mmol/L BrdU  was added to culture medium for incorporation into DNA of replicating cells. After 2 h of incubation, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and immunostained for BrdU using the manufacturer's protocol. Finally, proliferative cells were counted in 10 different fields at × 200 magnification in three independent experiments by three professionals.Freshly isolated mouse PSCs were seeded at a density of 2×106 cells in 25 cm2 coated plastic bottles and cultured as described previously. On day 5, cells were collected, washed in PBS (3×5min), mixed in 100 μL 1× binding buffer, and incubated at room temperature for 15 min with an Annexin-V/PI (BD Biosciences) double staining solution. Stained cells were detected using flow cytometry and the percentage of apoptotic cells calculated using ModFitLT software (Verity Software House). Apoptosis in mouse PSCs was analyzed using Hoechst 33342 staining (Beyotime). Briefly, cells were stained with 10 mg/ml Hoechst 33342 and examined directly using fl. Briefly, microscopy. Cells with nuclei containing condensed and/or fragmented chromatin were considered apoptotic [Freshly isolated mouse PSCs were seeded at a density of 2×10poptotic . Viable 5 cells per well in 24-well plates and transfected with 0.2 μg of TOPflash (a TCF/LEF-responsive reporter) or FOPflash (a negative control) reporter gene plasmids, and 0.01 μg of pRL-SV40  using Lipofectamine LTX/Plus Reagent . Then we performed our co-transfection experiments, cells were transfected with 0.2 μg of S33Y-β-catenin (a stabilized mutant β-catenin) plasmid or a control empty plasmid plus the reporter plasmid. After 12 h of incubation, we added different doses of RA  into each well. After 72 h, we evaluated the luciferase activity as described previously [The luciferase assay of TOPflash/FOPflash is widely used to evaluate the.transcriptional activity of β-catenin/TCF dependent signaling –49. PSCseviously . TCF/LEFResults were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) as a post hoc test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences in categorical values, followed by the Mann-Whitney U post hoc test. Data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.The levels of serum amylase and lipase, histology of pancreatic tissue and body weight changes were similar between Control and RA groups, indicating no adverse effects of RA on these parameters . No signin vitro  is not toxic to pancreas. In Cerulein, Cer+RA-A and Cer+RA-B groups, histological features of CP were evident at the time of sacrifice (week 6), including abnormal architecture, glandular atrophy, pseudotubular complexes, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. The Cer+RA-A and Cer+RA-B groups displayed less severe pancreatic damage, based on evaluation of histological scores . To explin vitro .Pancreas sections stained with Masson were analyzed to evaluate the degree of fibrosis. Pancreatic collagen content was obviously increased after induction of CP, which was ameliorated upon administration of RA . Areas oTo determine whether RA affects β-catenin expression, we examined the translocation of β-catenin via immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining results showed an evident increase in nuclear translocation of β-catenin in the Cerulein group, compared with the Control and RA groups, which was significantly inhibited in the Cer+RA-A and Cer+RA-B groups . In Westin vitro.Day 1 PSCs were incubated with or without RA at different doses  as described previously. Day 5 PSCs were collected and cell proliferation analyzed with CCK-8, a sensitive colorimetric assay. As presented in in vitro (Day 5 PSCs were collected as described previously for use in Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. RA induced marked down-regulation of β-catenin protein and mRNA expression, while Axin 2 mRNA level was up-regulated, supporting our finding that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was partly inhibited by RA . Howeverin vitro . The mRNin vitro .Day 5 PSCs were collected for immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses to establish the effects of RA on nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Treatment with RA significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of β-catenin as outlined using immunofluorescence analysis , furtherin vivo and a cellular model of mouse PSCs in vitro. Our findings showed that RA not only inhibits activation of PSCs but also ameliorates progression of pancreatic fibrosis in experimental CP.The molecular mechanism of PSC activation, an important step in the development of pancreatic fibrosis, is largely unknown. One of the main characteristics of activation is a progressive decrease in the size and number of retinoid-containing fat droplets, in parallel with transition of PSCs towards a myofibroblastic phenotype . RA exerin vivo, suggesting attenuation of the progression of pancreatic fibrosis induced by cerulein in CP mice. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Amylase and CK19 outlined that RA has a negative effect in ADM, implicating reduction of acinar cell differentiation both in vivo and in vitro.The mouse CP model involves repetitive administration of cerulein, an analog of the exocrine secretagogue cholecystokinin 8, leading to aggravated acinar injury, ECM deposition and fibrosis lesions. Along with progression of fibrosis, several mechanisms, including recruitment of immune cells and robust production of fibrogenic factors for tissue repair, are intensively elicited to prevent the pancreas from autodigestion of parenchyma . In our in vivo and in vitro. Since PSCs express α-SMA upon pancreatic inflammation or injury, we further examined the expression patterns of α-SMA. Our Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR experiments revealed that RA down-regulates α-SMA expression in cerulein-induced CP mice but has no effect on α-SMA in primary cultured PSCs in vitro, and the different results consistent with earlier research [in vivo and in vitro, further studies are necessary to investigate whether these discrepancies are due to specific experiment design, inherent PSC performance or other factors. Nevertheless, our findings also revealed that RA suppresses progressive fibrosis of pancreas through modulating pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, and supporting the utility of RA as a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic fibrosis.Myofibroblasts and cytokines, including TGF-β and PDGF, play a vital role in pancreatitis-associated fibrogenesis . PSC actresearch ,39. Earlresearch . In viewin vitro. Wnt 2 was the only Wnt protein displaying an obvious increase after PSC activation. Protein levels of Wnt2 and β-catenin were shown to be significantly up-regulated in cerulein-induced mouse CP in vivo, and activation of PSCs in vitro suppressed upon silencing of β-catenin [in vivo and in vitro, in accordance with previous data. Additionally, the expression of Axin 2 was significantly up-regulated in vivo and in vitro after RA adiministration. Notably, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was up-regulated in experimental CP mice in vivo and during PSC activation in vitro, which was inhibited by RA. Additionally, RA suppressed PSC activation and collagen synthesis, and treatment with RA markedly promoted apoptosis, while inhibited proliferation and TCF/LEF-dependent transcriptional activity in PSCs. RA has already been widely used for differentiating therapy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia and oral administration of this drug results in good compliance in clinical. However, there exists many controversies about the role of RA in treatment of fibrotic diseases[The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is well-established to be involved in regulating cell differentiation and proliferation . Kim and-catenin . On the  diseases. An exce diseases. The tea diseases–64, furtThe detailed mechanism of pancreatic fibrosis remains unclear at present. Data from our present study demonstrated that RA effectively exerts anti-fibrosis effects on CP induced by cerulein in mice. The profibrotic phenotype and proliferation of PSCs are inhibited and apoptosis of PSCs are promoted via suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Reduction of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediator levels, including TGFβRII, PDGFRβ and collagen 1α1, positively prevent the development of pancreatic fibrosis and activation of PSCs. In summary, RA could function as a suppressor of pancreatic fibrosis in mice.


In vivo, SMC p53 inactivation suppresses phenotypes caused by loss of β-catenin. Mechanistically, β-catenin C-terminal interactions inhibit Creb-binding protein-dependent p53 acetylation and p53 transcriptional activity, and are required for artery formation. Thus in SMCs, the β-catenin C-terminus indirectly represses p53, and this function is essential for embryogenesis. These findings have implications for angiogenesis, tissue engineering and vascular disease.Increased activity of the tumour suppressor p53 is incompatible with embryogenesis, but how p53 is controlled is not fully understood. Differential requirements for p53 inhibitors Mdm2 and Mdm4 during development suggest that these control mechanisms are context-dependent. Artery formation requires investment of nascent endothelial tubes by smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Here, we find that embryos lacking SMC β-catenin suffer impaired arterial maturation and die by E12.5, with increased vascular wall p53 activity. β-Catenin-deficient SMCs show no change in p53 levels, but greater p53 acetylation and activity, plus impaired growth and survival.  How p53 is restrained in arterial maturation during embryonic development is unclear. Here, the authors show that β-catenin C-terminal interactions inhibit CREB binding protein-mediated acetylation and activation of p53 in smooth muscle cells, and that this function is essential for artery formation. The p53 tumour suppressor plays a fundamental role in cell biology by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Increased p53 activity is incompatible with normal embryogenesis, a process characterized by active growth. Indeed, inactivation of the key inhibitors of p53, Mdm2 and Mdm4, causes embryonic lethality1Development of a competent vasculature reflects the integration of several processes, including vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, remodelling and vascular maturation. Despite recent advances in this areaβ-Catenin, the non-redundant component of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway and structural element of the cadherin–catenin cell-adhesion complex12161718in vivo, and found an absolute requirement for SMC β-catenin in artery formation and mouse embryogenesis. Here, we provide evidence that β-catenin signalling in SMCs is essential for artery formation. Loss of this activity, particularly that emanating from the β-catenin C-terminal interaction domain, results in an incompetent circulation that cannot support embryogenesis. Interestingly, β-catenin performs this function in part by inhibiting p53 activity.To address this question, we inactivated β-catenin selectively in SMCs and tested a series of β-catenin mutants Ctnnb1 (β-catenin) by crossing Tagln-Cre transgenicCtnnb1flox/flox miceTagln-Cre;Ctnnb1flox/flox  as early as E10.5  signs of cardiac dysfunction, such as oedema or pericardial effusion  difeffusion , (3) chaat E10.5  or (4) mat E10.5 —these ob1.5 ref. . In our SMβCKO embryos  repression and Ccnd1 (cyclin D1) induction have been associated with activation of β-catenin/TCF signalling and proliferation in cultured SMCs17Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl2l1, which have been related to β-catenin23Cdkn1a, Ccnd1, Bax, and Bcl2l1, but lower levels of Axin2, a known target of β-catenin , and hypothesized that β-catenin might restrain p53 function to promote SMC survival and proliferation. Using a p53 reporter assayWT SMCs treated with the same Ad-Cre protocol did not exhibit increased p53 activity  stress-induced p53 accumulation by several mechanisms, many of which affect the ability of Mdm2 to ubiquitinate p53, (2) release of p53 from the Mdm2- and Mdm4-mediated repression, and (3) recruitment and interaction with numerous cofactorsThese observations support the idea that β-catenin inhibits SMC p53 activity by a mechanism independent of effects on Mdm2 and Mdm4. Conceivably, this mechanism could limit p53 binding to DNA or decrease its recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. To separate these functions, we used a Gal4-binding domain-p53 fusion protein , and found that activity of this protein on a promoter driven via Gal4 response elements (pFR-Luc) was greater in β-catenin-deficient SMCs . Thus, β2930in vivo, we tested SMC expression of a known p53 target gene, Bax, in E11.5 embryos, and found that SMβCKO embryos exhibited higher expression than controls (Trp53 (SMp53KO mice), and with simultaneous inactivation of Trp53 and Ctnnb1 . SMp53KO mice developed normally (not shown), indicating that SMC p53 activity is not required for artery formation. To test if unrestrained p53 activity contributes to the phenotype seen with loss of SMC β-catenin, we compared SMβCKO and SMp53KO;βCKO embryos at E12.5, and noted differences in the degree of resorption. Among SMβCKO embryos, 21% were in an early stage of resorption, while 79% appeared advanced  in the first armadillo repeat that prevents binding to the N-terminal coactivator B-cell lymphoma 9/BCL9L, and exhibits decreased transcriptional activity; (2) Ctnnb1ΔC, a C-terminal truncation that changes codon 673 to a premature stop signal, abrogating interaction with several C-terminal interacting coactivators, and shows decreased transcriptional activity; and (3) Ctnnb1dm, a double-mutant with both the D164A mutation and the C-terminal truncation, which lacks any detectable transcription-inducing activity 10Ctnnb1 allelesCtnnb1dm/flox and Tagln-Cre;Ctnnb1flox/WT mice to produce SMβCdm , SMβCKO (complete loss of SMC β-catenin) and Ctnnb1flox/WT (wild-type β-catenin) littermates. Interestingly, we found no SMβCdm mice in postnatal screening  manner, might signal to SMCs for β-catenin stabilization and nuclear translocation during vascular maturation. This hypothesis remains to be tested.Our studies indicate the significance of SMC β-catenin signalling function SMC growth plays a pathogenic role in vascular disease60In conclusion, we have demonstrated that SMC β-catenin is essential for artery formation, in part by acting as a repressor of p53 and thereby promoting cell proliferation and survival. This novel role of β-catenin requires its signalling function, in particular, its C-terminal interactions. In addition to elucidating a critical function for β-catenin in development, these findings have implications for therapeutic angiogenesis, tissue engineering, tumour vascularization and vascular disease.Tagln-CreCtnnb1flox/floxTrp53flox/flox miceCtnnb1D164A/WT, Ctnnb1ΔC/WT and Ctnnb1dm/WT miceTagln-Cre mice (STOCK Tg(Tagln-cre)1Her/J, (C57BL/6 × SJL)F2) and Ctnnb1flox/flox (B6.129-Ctnnb1tm2Kem/KnwJ) mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Trp53flox/flox mice in a mixed C57BL/6 × 129 × FVB background  were crossed with Ctnnb1flox/flox mice for four generations before use in experimental breeding, and the Ctnnb1D164A/WT, Ctnnb1ΔC/WT and Ctnnb1dm/WT were kept on a C57BL/6 background. In general, test genotypes were compared with littermate controls. Male and female 8–16–week-old mice were used as breeders for timed mating. Embryos from E9.5 to E19.5 and 21-day-old pups, male and female, were studied. Noontime of the day of detecting vaginal plugs was designated as E0.5. Mice and embryos were genotyped using tail or yolk sac DNA, respectively, plus validated PCR protocols (see references for each mouse line). All animals were housed in pathogen-free conditions, the procedures followed the rules and regulations of the AAALAC and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Albert Einstein College of Medicine.Embryos from E9.5 to E12.5 were dissected under a Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope (Zeiss), fixed overnight with 4% formaldehyde in phosphate buffer , dehydrated through an ethanol gradient, treated with xylene and embedded longitudinally in paraffin. Cross-sections (5 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained cross-sections of hearts and arteries were photographed with a digital microscope . Morphometric analysis of PDAs and FDAs, heart and OT was performed using ImageJ software. Total cross-sectional and vessel lumen areas were measured, with the distance between the total area edge and lumen edge indicating wall thickness. The total area of future left and right ventricles were measured, as well as the area of compacted and trabeculated myocardium in each ventricle. The ratio of myocardium area to total area was also calculated. The length of OT and OT wall thickness were also measured, and the latter was expressed as a fraction of the whole OT cross-section.Tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated, endogenous peroxidase activity neutralized and antigens retrieved by boiling in sodium citrate solution (Vector Labs H-3300). Sections were blocked in 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA)/10% normal serum (same species of secondary antibody) and avidin-blocking solution (Vector) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated with primary antibody in 2% BSA/10% normal serum and biotin-blocking solution (Vector) in PBS, incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody 1:500 (Vector), incubated with ABC (Vector PK-6100) or ABC-AP reagent (Vector AK-5000), incubated with DAB/substrate/chromogen system  or AP substrate kit I  and counterstained with hematoxylin (Vector H-3404). Specificity of staining was confirmed by omission of the primary antibody. Images were obtained using a digital microscope . Primary antibodies used included anti-β-catenin , anti-α-SMA , anti-Sm22α , anti-CD31  and anti-pHH3 .Tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated, and antigen retrieval performed by boiling in sodium citrate solution (Vector Labs H-3300). Tissues were blocked in 0.3% Triton X-100, 2% BSA and 5% normal serum (same species as secondary antibody) in PBS; incubated with primary antibody in blocking solution; incubated with fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes) in blocking solution; and stained with DAPI during mounting . Fluorescent signals were visualized with Axio Observer.Z1 microscope (Zeiss). Subsequent image processing was performed with ImageJ. Specificity of staining was confirmed by omission of the primary antibody. Primary antibodies used: anti-β-catenin , anti-α-SMA , anti-cleaved Caspase-3 , anti-pHH3 , anti-Ki67 , anti-Sm22α  and anti-Bax .in situ cell death detection kit with fluorescein readout (Roche) was used as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated, permeabilized by microwave irradiation in 0.1 M Citrate buffer (pH 6), labelled with TUNEL reaction mixture , and analysed by fluorescence microscopy . Sections incubated with label solution without transferase were used as negative controls. Sections incubated with DNase I before labelling procedures served as positive controls.An Ctnnb1flox/flox and Ctnnb1WT/WT mouse aortas using collagenase-elastase digestion−1  and Elastase 0.125  mg ml−1  in serum-free DMEM with antibiotics at 37 °C until most cells were in suspension; then, enzymes were inactivated by adding DMEM with serum, and the cell suspension was recovered and centrifuged at 400g for 5 min, the SMC pellet was washed with complete medium, and SMCs plated in Fibronectin-coated dishes. Mouse aortic SMCs were maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen) containing 20% fetal bovine serum , 100 U ml−1 penicillin, 100 μg ml−1 streptomycin and 1% L-glutamine, and subcultured weekly. Passages 2 or 3 were used for transduction with GFP- or Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad5.CMV-GFP or Ad5.CMV-Cre) to obtain control or cells lacking β-catenin, respectively, and passages 4 to 8 were used for experiments. To evaluate cell population growth, 0.2 × 105 cells of each group were plated in 35 mm dishes in triplicate for every time point, allowed to seed overnight, serum-starved for 48 h and then stimulated with and maintained in 20% FBS, and counted every 2 days using trypan blue exclusion and a hemocytometer. To evaluate cell population decline, 3 × 105 cells of each group were plated in 35 mm dishes in triplicate for every time point, allowed to seed overnight, maintained under serum starvation and counted every day.Primary SMCs were obtained from 5 to 6-week-old Whole-cell protein lysates were extracted from SMCs using RIPA buffer  with protease inhibitors . Protein concentrations were measured by a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce) and equal amounts of protein samples were loaded (20–60 μg), separated by 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto PVDF membranes . After blocking in TBST  plus 4% (w/v) non-fat milk or BSA, blots were incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies. Signals were detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and chemiluminescence . Equivalent protein loading was tested with anti-GAPDH . Primary antibodies used: anti-β-catenin , anti-α-SMA , anti-Sm22α , anti-p53 , anti-MDM2 , anti-MDMX , anti-Lamin A/C  and anti-CBP . All uncropped blots can be found in 6 cells) were incubated with 20 μM BrdU for 1 h, collected and fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol while vortexing, then washed and incubated with 2N HCl/0.5% Triton X-100, resuspended in 0.1 M sodium tetraborate and resuspended in 0.5% Tween 20/1% BSA/PBS. In all, 20 μl of Anti-BrdU-FITC (Cat. No. 347583) were added and cells incubated for 30 min at room temperature, then cells were washed and resuspended in 0.5 ml of PBS containing 10 μg ml−1 RNase A and 10 μg ml−1 of propidium iodide for fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis in the Flow Cytometry Core Facility at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Data were analysed with FlowJo 8.7 .SMCs (1 × 104) were plated on a 22 × 22 mm coverslip in triplicate for each condition, allowed to become a subconfluent monolayer and then treated with 20 or 0% FBS for 48 h. Dead and live cells were distinguished by adding 150 μl of combined LIVE/DEAD assay reagents   to each coverslip. The percentage of dead cells for each coverslip was determined as the mean of (100 × dead/(live+dead)) of 16 randomly selected epifluorescent photomicrographic fields . ImageJ software was used to count cells.SMCs (5 × 10SMCs were plated in chamber slides (BD Bioscience) 24 h before staining, washed with PBS and fixed with cold methanol, blocked with 3% normal goat serum/1% BSA/0.01% Triton X-100 in PBS, and incubated with anti-β-catenin , anti-CBP  or anti-Sm22α . Specific staining was identified with Alexa546 goat anti-mouse and Alexa488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Molecular Probes). Samples were counterstained with DAPI and signals visualized with Axio Observer.Z1 microscope (Zeiss). Subsequent image processing was performed with ImageJ. Routine control experiments included omission of the primary antibodies.4 cells per insert (upper chamber) in DMEM, as described before, containing either 0.2% or 20% FBS. The inserts were place into wells (lower chamber) containing either 0.2% or 20% FBS. After 8 h, cells remaining on top of the membrane were removed and cells that reached the bottom fixed and stained with Hema3 (Stat Pack Cat #123-869). The number of cells per high-power field ( × 200) was counted in 10 random fields per membrane. Triplicates for every genotype and condition were used every time.A 6.5 mm Transwell system with 8.0 μm pore polyester membrane insert (Corning 3464) was used. SMCs were serum-starved for 24 h, collected and plated at 5 × 104 per well) were electroporated with pCMV-β-gal (transfection control) and with pG13-Luc , pFR-Luc (Stratagene), M50 super 8 × TOPflash  or M51 Super 8 × FOPFlash . When indicated, pCMV-p53, pCMV-BD-p53, pcDNA3-β-cateninS33Y (constitutively active β-catenin), pcDNA3-β-cateninS33Y-dm, pcDNA3-β-cateninS33Y-ΔC, pcDNA3-β-cateninS33Y-D164A, pCΦC-X2 (Mdm2-expressing vector) or empty vector were also included in the electroporation protocol. Vectors expressing wild-type and mutant β-cateninS33Y have been previously validatedHindIII and NotI sites to facilitate cloning (F 5′- gatcaagcttgactgccatggaggagtc -3′ and R 5′- gagatcgcggccgctagtcagtctgagt -3′), and the product was subcloned into the pCMV-BD vector (Stratagene). The electroporation was performed using the Neon transfection system (Invitrogen). Electroporated cells were plated in antibiotic-free medium in a 24-well plate for 24 h and then switched to regular medium. Triplicates for every group and condition were used every time. Cell lysates were collected 72 h after electroporation and luciferase activity was determined using the Glo-lysis buffer system (Promega) and the Synergy 2 Microplate Reader (BioTek). Luciferase activities were normalized to β-galactosidase activity for each well to control for transfection efficiency. When indicated, cells were treated as follows: (i) with validated doses of XAV939 , RO-5963 , PKF118-310  or vehicle; (ii) serum-starved 24 h before collecting; (iii) transfected with Mdm2/Mdm4 or both, or control Ambion Silencer Select Pre-designed siRNAs using X-tremGENE siRNA transfection reagent (Roche 04476093001).Vascular SMCs  and used for first-strand cDNA synthesis . Quantitative PCR was performed using a SYBR Green qPCR kit (Stratagene) and Mx3000P Real-Time PCR system (Stratagene). mRNA levels were normalized to Rps13 and expressed as relative values in comparison with the specific control group using the comparative ΔΔCt method . Primer sequences were as follows: Axin2 , Bax , Bcl2l1 , Ccnd1 , Cdkn1a , Rps13  and Trp53 .Total RNA was isolated from SMCs by homogenization in TRIzol (Invitrogen), treated with DNase I , following manufacturer instructions. Briefly, total cell lysates were obtained, sonicated and protein concentration measured. Then, 100 μl of each sample containing equal amount of protein was added to a microwell coated with a p53 mouse monoclonal antibody and incubated at 4 °C overnight. The microwells were extensively washed, and an acetylated-lysine rabbit monoclonal antibody added for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing, an anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-linked antibody was added for 0.5 h at 37 °C. After washing, 100 μl of TMB substrate was added for 10 min at 37 °C. Then, 100 μl of STOP solution was added and absorbance at 450 nm read in a Synergy 2 Microplate Reader (BioTek). The magnitude of the absorbance is proportional to the quantity of acetylated p53. Triplicates for every genotype and condition were used every time. When indicated, cells were treated with 10 μM RO5963 , 50 μM of ICG001 (SelleckBio S2662) or vehicle (DMSO); or transfected with CBP siRNA (Santa Cruz sc-29243) or control siRNA (Santa Cruz sc-44231) using X-tremGENE siRNA transfection reagent (Roche 04476093001).6 SMCs were resuspended in hypotonic Lysis buffer NL. Then detergent was added and cells were vortexed to rupture the plasma membrane. Centrifugation was used to separate the cytosolic fraction (supernatant) from nuclei (pellet). The nuclear pellet was washed and incubated in a high-salt buffer. Centrifugation was used to separate the nucleic-acid-binding proteins (supernatant) from the nuclear debris (including genomic DNA). Extraction of the ‘insoluble' nuclear proteins was done by incubating nuclear debris with a buffer containing Benzonase, which digests DNA and releases proteins intimately associated with DNA.Control mouse aortic SMCs were collected by trypsinization, washed with ice-cold PBS and collected by gentle centrifugation. Isolation of cellular fractions was done using the Qproteome nuclear protein kit (QIAGEN 37582), following manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 5 × 10t-test, and between more than two groups by one-way or two-way ANOVA  followed by post hoc test when appropriate. Analysis of phenotypic categories and comparison of observed versus expected genotype frequencies was done by χ2-test or Fisher's exact test. Significance was accepted for values of P<0.05. All in vitro experiments were replicated at least three independent times. For developmental animal studies, no statistical method was used to predetermine sample size. In general, breeding strategies were designed to produce embryos with the genotypes of interest and controls within the same litter—thus littermates were compared—and no randomization was necessary to allocate animals in experimental groups. No embryos were excluded from the analysis, and investigators were not blinded.Comparisons between two groups were evaluated by two-tailed The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its How to cite this article: Riascos-Bernal, D.F. et al. β-Catenin C-terminal signals suppress p53 and are essential for artery formation. Nat. Commun. 7:12389 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12389 (2016).Supplementary Figures 1-8, Supplementary Tables 1-5