AbstractScolytus Geoffroy was revised based in part on a molecular and morphological phylogeny. Monophyly of the native species was tested using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear  genes and 43 morphological characters in parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Parsimony analyses of molecular and combined datasets provided mixed results while Bayesian analysis recovered most nodes with posterior probabilities >90%. Native hardwood- and conifer-feeding Scolytus species were recovered as paraphyletic. Native Nearctic species were recovered as paraphyletic with hardwood-feeding species sister to Palearctic hardwood-feeding species rather than to native conifer-feeding species. The Nearctic conifer-feeding species were monophyletic. Twenty-five species were recognized. Four new synonyms were discovered: Scolytuspraeceps LeConte, 1868 , Scolytusreflexus Blackman, 1934 . Two species were reinstated: Scolytusfiskei Blackman, 1934 and Scolytussilvaticus Bright, 1972. A diagnosis, description, distribution, host records and images were provided for each species and a key is presented to all species.The Nearctic bark beetle genus  Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). The Scolytinae is comprised of approximately 6,000 species in 225 genera and 26 tribes  and Neotropical regions and some Palearctic Scolytus species have been introduced around the world to the Nearctic, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and temperate South America , conifer-feeding Scolytus are restricted to the occurrence of host trees in western mountain ranges including the Rocky Mountains. Scolytuspiceae has an expansive range from the east and west coasts of North America and from northern California and Colorado north to beyond the Arctic Circle. Invasive Scolytus species are found throughout the US, northern Mexico and southern Canada , Scolytusmultistriatus , Scolytusrugulosus , and Scolytusschevyrewi Semenov, 1902). America . In the PageBreakScolytus species occur either in conifer or hardwood hosts , Fagaceae  and Juglandaceae (Carya Nutt.), respectively  shaped depending on the species because there are no resin canals to avoid , Scolytusreflexus Blackman, 1934 [reported as Scolytusmonticolae] and Scolytusunispinosus LeConte, 1876 . The entrance can be identified by peeling off the bark flakes with a knife and searching for white to tan-colored boring dust or by close examination of the lateral and ventral sides of trunks and branches of smooth barked hosts. In Pseudotsuga, the entrance tunnels of Pseudohylesinus Swaine, 1917 can be easily confused with those of Scolytus, but Scolytus entrance tunnels are at a steeper angle and the boring dust is reddish rather than white. Some Scolytus species, including Scolytuspiceae, Scolytusmonticolae and Scolytussubscaber LeConte, 1876 typically attack shaded out branches on standing trees. Yellowing needles are indicative of an infested tree. Scolytus females typically conceal their entrance tunnels under bark flakes  or in rough patches of bark .Conifer-feeding pecifics . Attracthevyrewi . Scolytucubenene . At endete, 1868 , and thete, 1876 . While SPageBreakScolytus species are sexually dimorphic. Sexually dimorphic structures are typically on the frons and epistoma . Blackman also suggested that the specimen given to LeConte might have been incorrectly labeled with the ‘California’ locality. This species has been intercepted to the United States on numerous occasions but has never become established ; Scolytusabietis Blackman, 1934 and Scolytusopacus Blackman, 1934; Scolytusreflexus and Scolytuswickhami Blackman, 1934; Scolytusfiskei Blackman, 1934 and Scolytusunispinosus. Scolytus. A third revision by Scolytusabietis, Scolytuswickhami and Scolytusfiskei. However, Scolytusabietis Blackman, was recently removed from synonymy because of such differences , Scolytuslaevis Chapuis, 1869, Scolytusmali, Scolytusmultistriatus, Scolytuspygmaeus , Scolytusratzeburgii E.W. Janson, 1856, Scolytusrugulosus, Scolytusschevyrewi, Scolytusscolytus, Scolytussinopiceus Tsai, 1962 and Scolytussulcifrons Rey, 1892 were selected as outgroups. Scolytuspropinquus Blandford, 1896, a Neotropical species, was selected as the root taxon. These outgroup taxa were chosen based on the results of a large Scolytini phylogenetic analysis  which found Neotropical Scolytus sister to Holarctic Scolytus. The following entomological collection abbreviations AMNH; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California (David Kavanaugh)CASC; California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, California (Andrew Cline and Jacqueline Kishmirian)CSCA; Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada CNCI; C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (Boris Kondratieff)CSUC; Cornell University Insect Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (James Liebherr)CUIC; Donald E. Bright, Jr. Collection, Fort Collins, Colorado , to be housed at the CNCIDEBC; Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California (Cheryl Barr)EMEC; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois (James Boone)FMNH; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida (Paul Skelley)FSCA; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Pol Limbourg)ISNB; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Philip Perkins)MCZC; Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (Gary Parsons)MSUC; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria NHMW; Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon OSAC; Robert J. Rabaglia Collection, Annapolis, Maryland (Robert J. Rabaglia)RJRC; Santa Barbara Museum of Nature, Santa Barbara, California (Michael Caterino)SBMN; Snow Entomological Museum, Lawrence, Kansas SMEC; Thomas H. Atkinson Collection, Austin, Texas (Thomas Atkinson)THAC;PageBreak William F. Barr Entomological Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (Frank Merickel)WFBM; Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Mark O’Brien)UMMZ; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Including Stephen L. Wood Collection) USNM; Zoologische Institut der Forsliche Hochschule, Eberswald, GermanyZIFH; University Museum of Bergen, The Natural History Collections, Bergen, Norway ZMBN.www.tropicos.org).Additional distribution records were compiled from the following publications: Scolytussulcatus and Scolytuscalifornicus LeConte, 1868 were not physically examined. Type images were examined from the MCZC type database (http://insects.oeb.harvard.edu/mcz/) and the synonymy of these species was confirmed. Scolytuscalifornicus was not included in this revision because it is a synonym of Scolytusscolytus, a species not established in the New World.Specimens were examined using either a Leica  MZ125 or MZ16 compound microscope and illuminated with a SCHOTT  150W halogen light source (model ACE®1). Images were taken with a Visionary Digital Passport II system  using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II, 58.0 mm Canon Macro photo lens, Canon Speedlite transmitter ST-E2, two Canon Speedlite 4303X II flashes and a Stack Shot . Montage images were assembled using Helicon Focus Mac Pro 4.2.8 . Measurements were made using an ocular micrometer on the same microscope and light source as listed above and calibrated with ROK  150.0 mm digital calipers (model DC-122A) following the protocol of PageBreakture terminology followed Scolytini characters were also scored . Ten morphological characters were coded from the head, two from the thorax, ten from the elytra, one from the metepimeron, and 17 from the venter. Three ecological characters were also coded. Consistency and retention index values from the morphological phylogeny : (0) weak; (1) moderate; (2) strong.Male epistomal process : (0) absent; (1) present.Male frons shape : (0) convex; (1) flat; (2) impressed.Male frons vestiture distribution : (0) glabrous; (1) uniform; (2) predominately on margins; (3) epistomal region.Male frons vestiture length : (0) less than width of eye; (1) equal to width of eye; (2) greater than width of eye.Male frons sculpturing : (0) coarsely aciculate; (1) weakly aciculate; (2) rugose-reticulate; (3) smooth.Male frons punctures : (0) small, fine; (1) small, coarse; (2) impunctate.Female frons shape : (0) flat; (1) impressed; (2) convex; (3) excavated.Female frons sculpturing : (0) coarsely aciculate; (1) finely aciculate; (2) reticulate.Female frons punctures : (0) small, fine; (1) small, coarse.PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPronotum length to width : (0) as long as wide (0.95–1.05); (1) wider than long.Metepimeron length : (0) less than half-length of metanepisternum; (1) half length of metanepisternum; (2) greater than half-length of metanepisternum.Elytral sides sub-parallel ; (0) glabrous; (1) sparse; (2) moderate.Interstrial impression : (0) not impressed; (1) faintly impressed.Interstrial width : (0) equal to striae; (1) twice width of striae; (2) more than twice the width of striae.Relative size of interstrial punctures : (0) equal to strial; (1) smaller than strial.Strial impression : (0) not impressed; (1) weakly impressed; (2) moderately impressed.Male elytral apex shape : (0) rounded; (1) subquadrate.Elytral apex emargination : (0) absent; (1) weak; (2) moderate; (3) strong.Apical margin of elytra serrate : (0) absent; (1) present.Punctures on elytral apical margin : (0) impunctate; (1) small, fine; (2) large, coarse.Venter appearance : (0) less than 1 diameter of a puncture; (1) less than length of segment 3; (2) greater than length of segment 3; (3) glabrous.Female second ventrite : (0) unarmed; (1) apical; (2) basal; (3) medial.Suture between first and second ventrites : (0) rounded, on vertical surface; (1) weakly elevated; (2) lip; (3) weakly produced; (4) strongly produced; (5) flush, not on vertical surface.Male second ventrite armature : (0) unarmed; (1) basal spine; (2) medial spine; (3) apical spine; (4) carina on basal half; (5) carina on apical half.Male second ventrite surface : (0) convex; (1) weakly concave; (2) strongly concave; (3) flat.Second ventrite punctures : (0) small, fine; (1) small, coarse.Male second ventrite setal tuft : (0) absent; (1) present.Second ventrite lateral spines : (0) absent; (1) present.Third ventrite lateral spines : (0) absent; (1) present.Fourth ventrite lateral spines : (0) absent; (1) present.PageBreakMale fourth ventrite armed medially : (0) absent; (1) present.Male fifth ventrite : (0) unarmed – lacking carina; (1) midpoint of carina closer to apex; (2) midpoint of carina closer to base; (3) midpoint of carina equidistant from base and apex.Relative length of male fifth ventrite compared to third and fourth : (0) 5 larger; (1) 3+4 longer; (2) equal.Male fifth ventrite setal patch : (0) absent; (1) present.Male fifth ventrite with median depression : (0) absent; (1) present.Male metatibial setae : (0) not conspicuously longer than those of other tibiae; (1) much longer and more abundant than those of other tibiae.Mating system : (0) monogamy; (1) polygamy.Gallery type : (0) vertical; (1) transverse; (2) epsilon; (3) multi-branched.Host : (0) Fabaceae; (1) Pseudotsuga; (2) Abies; (3) Picea; (4) Larix; (5) Tsuga; (6) Ulmaceae; (7) Rosaceae; (8) Fagaceae; (9) Cannabaceae; (A) Juglandaceae; (B) Betulaceae.Scolytus species to reconstruct phylogenies using DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes and morphology. The same Palearctic outgroup species used in the morphological analyses were included in the molecular dataset. As many Nearctic species as possible were included in the analysis. We were unable to collect fresh material for Scolytusdentatus, Scolytushermosus, Scolytusmundus and Scolytussilvaticus, which were therefore excluded from the molecular analyses. Sequences of Scolytusintricatus and Scolytusscolytus were obtained from GenBank and included in the analyses. To assess mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) intraspecific variation, we included 89 specimens  using the PCR primers listed in Table Scolytus specimens and have proven to be effective on a broad array of scolytine taxa . The 1495b and rev750 primers were used to create the Scolytus specific F215 and Rev453 primers, respectively for 5–20 years or older pinned specimens. All PCR cocktails consisted of a total volume of 25 µl and included 14.25–17.25 µl ddH2O, 2.5 µl 10X PCR buffer (Qiagen), 1.0 µl 25 mM MgCl2 (Qiagen), 0.5µl dNTP mix (Qiagen), 2–5 µl DNA temfig, 0.25 µl HotStar Taq DNA polymerase (Qiagen). PCR reactions were performed on a thermal cycler  under the following conditions: one cycle for 15 min at 95 °C, 40 cycles for 30 (COI)–45  sec at 94 °C, 45 sec at 50–58 °C  and visualized using an ABI 3730 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).DNA was extracted from freshly collected specimens preserved in 200 proof ethanol and from pinned specimens killed in sawdust impregnated with ethyl acetate and immediately pinned. Specimens were dissected by removing the head and thorax from the abdomen. DNA extractions were performed on the head and thorax using a Qiagen DNEasy blood and tissue kit  following manufacturer protocols except for the DNA elution procedure, which consisted of a single elution of 100–200 µl of buffer AE depending on the size of the specimen, with specimens measuring less than 5.0 mm in length receiving 100 µl and those greater than 5.0 mm in length receiving 200 µl. After the extraction process was completed, the body parts were rinsed in 70% ethanol, glued onto a mounting board, pinned, labeled and were vouchered in the MSUC. The resulting purihttp://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/seal/). Sequence length variation was only observed in 28S. Sequences of 28S were manually aligned in SE-AL using a scolytine-specific secondary structure model  to trim sequences, examine for ambiguities and create consensus sequences. Sequences were blasted in GenBank to examine for paralogous copies and other potential problems including contamination and pseudogenes. Sequences for COI, CAD and ArgK were aligned using SE-AL v.2.0a11 Carbon .Four Metropolis-Coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo searches  were performed for 10 million generations with sampling as described for the molecular dataset. PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakParsimony phylogenetic analysis. Intraspecific  by Thomas Atkinson (University of Texas) and are a combination of specimens examined as part of this study (black) and reported material examined by Atkinson and records gleaned from literature (white). A database of Atkinson’s localities is available at Scolytus literature that require clarification. The term ‘venter’ is regularly utilized. In general, the term refers to the entire ventral surface of an organism. However in Scolytus it only pertains to the abdominal ventral concavity, specifically ventrites 2–5. The length of ventrite 5 compared to ventrite 3 and 4 is another common misleading character in Scolytus literature. Rather than measuring the entire length of segment 5, only the distance from the basal margin to the subapical carinate ridge is measured and compared to the combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4. The following Glossary .PageBreakEgg gallery: a single extension of the adult gallery from the nuptial chamber (if present) along which eggs are deposited in niches.Egg niche: notches along the sides of the egg gallery excavated by females in which a single egg is deposited.Larval mine: the excavation tunnel produced by a larva as it feeds.Nuptial chamber: an enlarged area or short extension of the adult gallery at the base of the entrance tunnel that may be used for mating or as a turning niche.Pupation chamber: an ovoid or circular excavation at the end of a larval mine in which pupation occurs.Scolytusfagi, Scolytusmuticus and Scolytusquadrispinosus) and conifer species . The outgroup taxa were poorly resolved except for Scolytusrugulosus and Scolytussinopiceus, which were recovered as sister taxa. Scolytusfiskei was recovered as a distinct lineage separate from Scolytusunispinosus, of which it was considered a synonym. The relationship among Scolytusobelus, Scolytuspraeceps, Scolytusabietis and Scolytusopacus was unresolved and Scolytusreflexus, Scolytusvirgatus and Scolytuswickhami were strongly supported as monophyletic.The morphological phylogeny was poorly resolved and few synapomorphic characters were found Fig. . This reThe parsimony analysis of mitochondrial COI produced 2,958 most parsimonious trees with a length of 1,434 steps and 606 of 616 characters were parsimony informative  and a second clade of conifer-feeders  sister to Scolytusrugulosus.Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset recovered the native Nearctic ers Fig. . Bayesiaers Fig.  recovereScolytuspraeceps , Scolytusreflexus . Scolytusfiskei was recovered as monophyletic and is thus removed from synonymy with Scolytusunispinosus. Further detail regarding taxonomic changes is found in the remarks section for each species.Based on the results of our phylogenetic analyses, 25 species occur in the Nearctic. Several species were not recovered as monophyletic and had less than 1% difference in all genes sequences Table . These sScolytusaztecus Wood, 1967Scolytusdentatus Bright, 1964Scolytusfagi Walsh, 1867Scolytusfiskei Blackman, 1934, valid speciesScolytushermosus Wood, 1968Scolytuslaricis Blackman, 1934Scolytusmali  – IntroducedScolytussulcatus LeConte, 1868= Scolytusmonticolae Scolytusmultistriatus  – IntroducedScolytusmundus Wood, 1968Scolytusmuticus Say, 1824Scolytusobelus Wood, 1962Scolytusoregoni Blackman, 1934Scolytuspiceae Scolytuspraeceps LeConte, 1876Scolytusabietis Blackman, 1934, syn. n.= Scolytusopacus Blackman, 1934, syn. n.= Scolytusquadrispinosus Say, 1824Scolytuscarya Riley, 1867= Scolytuscaryae Walsh, 1867= Scolytusreflexus Blackman, 1934Scolytusvirgatus Bright, 1972, syn. n.= Scolytuswickhami Blackman, 1934, syn. n.= PageBreakScolytusrobustus Blackman, 1934Scolytusrugulosus  – IntroducedScolytusschevyrewi Semenov, 1902 – IntroducedScolytussilvaticus Bright, 1972, valid speciesScolytussubscaber LeConte, 1876Scolytustsugae Scolytusunispinosus LeConte, 1876Scolytussobrinus Blackman, 1934= Scolytusventralis LeConte, 1868Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeGeoffroy, 1762Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762: 309Bostrichusscolytus Fabricius, 1775.See Scolytus is easily distinguished from all other Nearctic scolytines by the unarmed protibia with a single curved uncus at the outer apical angle, by the flattened antennal club with 0–1 septate procurved sutures, by the seven-segmented funicle, by the slightly declivous elytra, the depressed scutellar notch and scutellum and by the abruptly ascending abdominal ventrites 2–5 (except Scolytusrugulosus).. Eye elongate, sinuate to shallowly emarginated, finely faceted. Antennal scape club shaped, shorter than four funicle segments; funicle seven-segmented; club larger than funicle, flattened, oval to obovate, minutely pubescent and with 3 strongly procurved sutures, suture 1 partially to completely septate and with or without a surface groove. Pronotum large, wider than long; lateral and basal margins marked by a fine elevated line; disc finely punctate. Scutellum triangular, deeply depressed below elytral surface. Elytra depressed around scutellum and along basal one-fifth to half-length of elytral suture. Elytra wider than pronotum, flattened; striae punctate; interstriate punctate, with or without setae. Venter either gradually ascending from apical margin of ventrite 1 to elytral apex, or ventrite 2 abruptly ascending, sexually dimorphic, with or without tubercules and/or carinae; remaing ventrite usually unarmed, may have various armature or elevated margins, especially in males. Procoxae narrowly separated. Protibia rectangular; sides straight, nearly parallel, without denticles; outer distal angle produced into a curved uncus.Species are redescribed and treated alphabetically by clade or group beginning with the introduced group, native hardwood clade and conifer clade. Common names listed are the official common names of the Entomological Society of America and Canada.PageBreakScolytusmali, Scolytusmultistriatus, Scolytusrugulosus and Scolytusschevyrewi) is not monophyletic and consists of a morphologically diverse group of Palearctic species that encompasses three formerly recognized subgenera  Bostrichusmali Bechstein, 1805: 882.Scolytusmali : Scolytussulcatus LeConte, 1868: 167. Scolytusmali For complete taxonomic history see Scolytusmali are distinguished by having ventrite 2 at an oblique angle to ventrite 1, by the aciculate frons, with most setae found just above the epistoma and on the lateral epistomal margins, by the smooth, shining appearance of the pronotum and elytra, and by the weakly rounded and smooth elytral apex.Both sexes of 3.2–4.1 mm long ; 2.1–2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, legs and antennae light brown, elytra brown to red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, moderately transversely impressed just above epistoma, longitudinally impressed near median line; densely, finely longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; sparsely covered by long, fine, erect, yellow hair-like setae, these as long as width of midpoint of eye, more abundant along epistoma. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to weakly rounded, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginate at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing sparse, long, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron greater than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly at an oblique angle to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface convex, unarmed; setae erect, short, about half of ventrite 3 length; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 unarmed; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent; median depression present.3.0–4.2 mm long ; 2.0–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, frons more strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye.111.Type material. Syntypes Bostrichusmali Bechstein (location unknown). Holotype Scolytussulcatus LeConte: male, labeled “[pink disc = Middle States ]; type 969" (MCZC).Non-type material.CANADA:ONTARIO: Hamilton, 14–21.VI.1981, M. Sanborne (CNCI-2), 23.VII.1980, ex. malaise trap (CNCI-1). Owen Sound, 27.V.[19]65, K.E. Stewart, ex. elm [= Ulmus sp.] (CNCI-1). Vineland Station, 8.VI.1949, W.L. Putnam, ex. apple [= Malus sp.] (CNCI-2). QUEBEC: Cantic, 11.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown, ex. apple [= Malus sp.] (CNCI-2). Cap-Saint-Ignace, VII.1970 (CNCI-1). Dunham, 2.IX.1998, Vignoble, L’Orpailleur, ECORC/CRDHAg-Cord (DEBC-1). Napierville, 2 mi N.E., 13.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). Noyan, 0.75 mi W., 15.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:CONNECTICUT: [Fairfield Co.]: Greenwich, 22.VII.1933, F.J. Dillaway, ex. in plum [= Prunus sp.] (USNM-2). New Haven Co.: New Haven, 25.VI.1956, C.W. O’Brien (EMEC-1). MAINE: [Androscoggin Co.]: Livermore Falls, 5.VIII.1975, ex. plum [= Prunus sp.] (USNM-1). MARYLAND:Montgomery Co.: Ashton, 4 mi S.W., 31.V.1986, G.F. & J.F. Hevel, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1). MASSACHUSETTS:Worchester Co.: 16.II.[19]53, ex. indoors (USNM-2). MICHIGAN:Allegan Co.: Fennville area, 30.VI.2003, P. McGhee, ex. apple trees [= Malus sp.] (MSUC-6). Genesee Co.: Richfield County Park, N43°100610, W-83°55810, 16.VI.2008, R. Mech, PI Anthony Cognato (MSUC-1). Ingham Co.: Lansing, 2 mi N., E. State Rd, N42.7842°, W84.5362°, 261 m, 2-18.VI.2007, PI Anthony Cognato, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1). Kalamazoo Co.: Gourdneck Lake State Game Area, 16.VII.2011, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex. Prunus sp. (MSUC-2). Oakland Co.: Farmington Hills, N42°27.668', W83°25.579', 2.VII.2004, B. Sullivan, ex. Lindgren funnel with multistriatus lure (MSUC-2). Saginaw Co.: St. Charles, 25.VI.1968, J.G. Truchan, ex. rotary trap (MSUC-1), 25.VI.1969 (MSUC-1). Wayne Co.: 20.VI.1960, G. Steyskai (USNM-2). NEW JERSEY: [Essex Co.]: Maplewood, 7.VI.[19]34, D. Fivaz, ex. on elm [= Ulmus sp.] (USNM-12). [Morris Co.]: Chatham, 25.III.[19]34, W.D. Buchanan (USNM-1). NEW YORK:Albany Co.: near Rensselaerville, Huyck Preserve, 3-10.VII.1967, R. & J. Matthews, ex. window pane trap (CNCI-1). [Suffolk Co.]: Cutchogue, [19]45, Tuthill, ex. in apple [= Malus sp.] (USNM-26). [Tompkins Co.]: Groton, 24.V.1942, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1), 23.VI.1946 (FMNH-2). [Westchester Co.]: Armonk, 5.VI.[19]35, H. Dietrich, ex. apple [= Malus sp.] (CNCI-2). OHIO:Medina Co.: 15.VI.[19]62, C.L. Griswold (DEBC-4). PENNSYLVANIA:Luzerne Co.: Nanticoke, 20.IX.[19]60, ex. Malus sp. (CNCI-1). Nuangola, 12.V-23.VIII.1983, S. & J. Peck, ex. forest intercept (CNCI-1). VERMONT:Rutland Co.: Castleon, 18-19.VI.1989, H.V. Weems (FSCA-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 5.IV.1983, E.R. Hodges, ex. on sweater of collector (USNM-1). Additional specimens:Czech Republic (MSUC-21) and Italy (MSUC-1).CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin Fig. .Malus spp. (apple), Prunus spp. (cherry), Ulmus spp. (elm), Pyrus spp. (pear) and Sorbus spp. (mountain ash).Large shothole borer.This species colonizes dying and weakened limbs of its host as well as fresh slash. Typical host material is 15.0–38.0 cm in diameter but branches as small as 8.0 cm are colonized .Scolytusmali has one generation per year although there are two generations per year in Europe .The senior author collected this species from an 8.0 cm diameter Scolytussulcatus LeConte. Scolytusrugulosus and did not mention the collection date of his specimens. Interestingly, no other specimens were collected until 1933, 65 years after the initial discovery from southeastern New York, northern New Jersey and western Connecticut. It is likely that like LeConte’s Scolytuscalifornicus (= Scolytusscolytus), Scolytusmali was collected in 1868 but populations never became established. The later collections may be the result of multiple introduction events Ipsmultistriatus Marsham, 1802: 54.Scolytusmultistriatus . Chapuis and Candeze 1853: 577.Scolytusjavanus Chapuis, 1869: 56. Scolytusmultistriatus For complete taxonomic history see Both sexes of the species are distinguished by the presence of lateral teeth on the apical margins of ventrites 2–4 and by a median conical spine on the basal margin of ventrite 2.2.2–3.9 mm long ; 2.0–2.6 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown, legs light brown, antennae yellow-brown, elytra usually dark red-brown but may be brown. Color not uniform and pronotal and elytral surfaces frequently contain patches of red-brown mixed with dark red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; smoderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, thinner on apical half, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two sharply arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing sparse, long, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron greater than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate, punctures small, coarse; surface flattened; basal margin armed with a long, smooth, conical spine with it’s base extending from basal margin to half length of segment; lateral margins of ventrites 2–4 armed with lateral tooth. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.4–3.3 mm long ; 2.2–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly entire, frons strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than the width of eye.165.Scolytusjavanus Chapuis: male, labeled “Java, Solier, Dejean” (ISNB).Holotype CANADA:PageBreakPageBreakALBERTA: Calgary, 19.VII.[19]94, T. Reichardt, ex. pheromone trap no. EBB XI (CNCI-2). ONTARIO: St. Catherines, 22.VI.1961, Kelton, Brumpton (CNCI-1). Toronto, 1970, ex. reared on elm [= Ulmus sp.] (CNCI-1). Queenston, 26.VI.[19]50, ex. elm [= Ulmus sp.] (CNCI-1). QUEBEC: Montreal, 14.VII.1977, E.J. Kiteley (CNCI-1); Île de Montreal, Île de Sainte Hélène, 12.VIII.1985, L. Lariviere (CNCI-1). MEXICO:Chihuahua: Cuidad Juarez, II.1987, I.C. Rodriguez (CNCI-2). UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA: [Alameda Co.]: Berkeley, 23.V.1962, ex. elm [= Ulmus sp.] (EMEC-2). Contra Costa Co.: Antioch [Dunes] National Wildlife Refuge, 10.X.[19]91, J.A. Powell (EMEC-1). Fresno Co.: 11.I.1950, N.J. Smith (SBMN-2). Inyo Co.: Big Pine, 4000 ft, V.1971, D. Guiliani, ex. black light (CASC-1), VII.1971 (CASC-1). COLORADO:Mesa Co.: Grand Junction, X.1979, D. Leatherman, ex. European ash [= Fraxinus sp.] (CSUC-1). Weed Co.: Briggsdale, 1.IX.198[sic!], D. Leatherman (CSUC-1). GEORGIA:Clarke Co.: Whitehall forest, 17-24.IX.1976, R. Turnbow, ex. window trap F-8 (CNCI-1). ILLINOIS:Alexander Co.: Horseshoe Lake, 28.IX.1968, T.E. Brooks (CNCI-4). KENTUCKY:Green Co.: 9.VII.1941, C. Cook (MSUC-1). MASSACHUSETTS: [Hampshire Co.]: Northampton, 10.VIII.1974, E.J. Kiteley (MSUC-1). [Suffolk Co.]: Forest Hills [= Boston], 3.VI.[?], W.M. Mann (USNM-1). MICHIGAN:Antrim Co.: Eastport, ca. 3 mi N., N45°08'30", W85°22'50", 3–5.VII.2003, F.W. Stehr, ex. UV light (MSUC-1). Cass Co.: Cassopolis, 2.VI.2007, A.D. Smith (MSUC-3). Genesee Co.: Richfield County Park, N43.100610°, W-83.55810°, ex. Lindgren with EtOH (MSUC-1). Ingham Co.: Lansing, 2 mi N., E. State Rd, N42.7842°, W84.5361°, 261 m, 16-30.VII.2007, PI A.I. Cognato (MSUC-1); G.L. Parsons, ex. UV light. & white lights (MSUC-1). East Lansing, 1.X.1957, R.C. Fox (MSUC-1), 2.X.1957 (MSUC-5), 3.X.1957 (MSUC-7), 4.X.1957 (MSUC-1), 5.X.1957 (MSUC-3), 6.X.1957 (MSUC-4), 10.X.1957 (MSUC-1), 15.X.1957 (MSUC-5); 25.VI.1981, R. Fischer (MSUC-1); N42°11.320', W84°27.867', 258 m, 16.IX.2011, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, I.A. Cognato, ex. Ulmus sp. (MSUC-7); Michigan State University campus, 17.VI.2011, D.G. McCullough (MSUC-3). Kalamazoo Co.: Gourdneck Lake State Game Area, 19.VI.2011, A.I. Cognato, ex. Ulmus sp. (MSUC-21). Kalkaska Co.: T27N R7W S18, 28.XII.1986, P. Waclawski, ex. basement wood (MSUC-1), 20.XII.1987 (MSUC-1), 3.I.1987 (MSUC-5). Lapeer Co.: Potter Lake, 19.VI.1967, Brivio (MSUC-2). Macomb Co.: East of Memphis, 3.V.1964, C. Brivio (MSUC-1), 17.VI.1965 (MSUC-1), 21.VIII.[19]66 (MSUC-2), 23.VIII.1969 (MSUC-1), 30.VIII.1969 (MSUC-1). Saginaw Co.: St. Charles, 30.V.1969, J.H. Truchan, ex. rotary trap at 6 ft height level (MSUC-2), 11.VI.1969, ex. rotary trap at 12 ft height level (MSUC-1), 16.VI.1969 (MSUC-3). Sanilac Co.: Port Sanilac, 20.VI.1986, Brivio (MSUC-1). MONTANA:Choteau Co.: Great Falls, VII-VIII.1977, S. Kohler, ex. caught in flight, sticky trap, multilure bait (CNCI-1). Gallatin Co.: Bozeman, VII-VIII.1977, S. Kohler, ex. caught in flight, sticky trap, multilure bait (CNCI-1). NEW YORK: [Westchester Co.]: Yonkers, VIII.1935, H. Dietrich, ex. elm [= Ulmus sp.] (CNCI-3). OKLAHOMA: [Oklahoma Co.]: Jones, 13.VI.1957, D. Alexander (USNM-1). TEXAS: [El Paso Co.]: El Paso, 045483, 17.VII.[19]94, lot 94 07975, ex. Mexico–in log of Prunus sp. (USNM-10). WYOMING:Carbon Co.: Medicine Bow National Forest, VI-VIII.1999, ex. Polyphorusvolvatus [= Cryptoporusvolvatus (Peck) Shear] (CSUC-1). Additional specimens:Czech Republic (MSUC-2), Italy (MSUC-8) and Russia (MSUC-22).CANADA: Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan. MEXICO: Aguascalientes, Chihuahua. UNITED STATES: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming Fig. .Ulmus spp. including Ulmusamericana L. (American elm) and Zelkovaserrata (Thunb.) Makino.All native and introduced Smaller European elm bark beetle and the European elm bark beetle.Scolytusmultistriatus colonizes cut, stressed, weakened and diseased elm trees (Ulmus spp.) -4-methyl-3-heptanol, (-)-2,4-dimethyl-5-ethyl-6,8-dioxabicylo[3.2.1]octane (α)-multistriatin and (-)-α-cubebene (us spp.) . It seldus spp.) . Scolytucubebene .PageBreakPageBreakwood. Twenty-four to 96 eggs may be laid singly along the egg gallery. Larval mines lightly score the sapwood and radiate perpendicular to the egg gallery. Larval galleries later meander often at an oblique angle to the grain of wood, forming a fan shaped pattern. Larvae construct pupal chambers in the bark  Melin & Nannf in North America. This beetle vectored disease killed 50–75% of the elms population in northeastern North America prior to the 1930s Bostrichusrugulosus Müller, 1818: 247.Scolytusrugulosus : Scolytusrugulosus For complete taxonomic history see Scolytusrugulosus are distinguished by the rounded elytral apices, by the serrate and deeply emarginated elytral apex, and by the oblique ventrite 2.Both sexes of 1.9–2.6 mm long ; 2.1–2.7 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red brown, antenna yellow-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, finely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to strongly rounded, moderately serrate apex; apex strongly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed and equal in width to striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant short, semi-erect yellow-brown hair-like setae; striae not impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, flush with base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly at an oblique angle to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull finely punctate; punctures small, coarse, shallow; surface flattened, unarmed; setae abundant, erect, long, greater than length of segment 3; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent, median depression present.2.0–3.1 mm long ; 2.1–2.8 times as long as wide. Similar to male except frontal setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye.102.Syntypes: . None examined.CANADA:BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver, 5.VII.1975, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2). NOVA SCOTIA: Middleton, 11.VI.1938 (CNCI-2). ONTARIO: Brimley, 17.VII.[19]21 (CNCI-1), 30.VII.[19]22 (CNCI-1). Ottawa, 21.VIII.1999, A.T. Howden, ex. wild grape [= Vitis sp.] (CNCI-1). Simcoe, 3.IX.1931, J.A. Hall (CNCI-2). Smith Falls, V.1940, H.S. Fleming (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA: [Cochise Co.]: Green Canyon, 26.IX.[19]98, Sequeira and Jordal, ex. Fraxinus sp. (ZMBN-1). CALIFORNIA: [Los Angeles Co.]: San Marino, 25.VI.[19]42, G.P. Mackenzie (FMNH-1). [Orange Co.]: Santa Ana, 1.IV.1943, L.R. Gillogly, ex. bait traps (USNM-1). [Placer Co.]: Penryn, 1.X.1929, A.T. McClay (FMNH-2). DELAWARE: [Kent Co.]: Camdem, XII.1940, J.M. Amos (FMNH-1). INDIANA:Madison Co.: 10.VIII.1937, ex. apricot [= Prunusarmeniaca] (FMNH-2). Porter Co.: Jackson Township, Maple Knoll Farm, 6.IV.[19]60, C.C. Gregg (FMNH-10). Tippecanoe Co.: 7.VI.1956, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2), 1.XI.1978 (FMNH-1). MICHIGAN:Allegan Co.: Fennville area, 30.VI.2003, P. McGhee, ex. on apple trees [= Malus sp.] (MSUC-1). [Cass Co.]: Edwardsburg, 30.VIII.1928 (MSUC-6). [Ingham Co.]: [East Lansing], Agriculture College [= Michigan State University campus], 1.I.1917 (MSUC-3). Isabella Co.: 16.IX.[19]55, R.R. Dreisbach (MSUC-1). [Kent Co.]: Grand Rapids, 17.X.[19]11 (MSUC-6). [Lenawee Co.]: Adrian, 20.VII.1900 (MSUC-7). Livingston Co.: Howell, 214 Inverness St, N42.61678°, W84.92810°, 23.V-7.VI.2007, R. Mech, ex. Lindgren trap with EtOH + alpha (MSUC-1). Midland Co.: 24.VII.[19]46, R.R. Dreisbach (MSUC-1), 14.IX.[19]56 (MSUC-1). Oakland Co.: A.W. Andrews (MSUC-1); 28.VI.[19]47, B. Summerville (MSUC-1). [Washtenaw Co.]: Manchester, 21.V.1913 (MSUC-4), 31.V.1913 (MSUC-7). NEW YORK:Onondaga Co.: Syracuse, X.1987, R.J. Rabaglia, ex. mountain ash [= Sorbus sp.] (RJRC-1). [Tompkins Co.]: Ithaca, ex. peach [= Prunus sp.] (CASC-1). [Ulster Co.]: Oliverea, 20.VI.[19]18 (USNM-1). Wayne Co.: 26.VI.1950, Shumaker (USNM-1), 8.VIII.[19]51 (USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: (CASC-2). PENNSYLVANIA:Allegheny Co.: Upper St. Clair Township, 28.VIII.[19]59 (EMEC-1). [Philadelphia Co.]: Philadelphia, 20.V.[18]98 (USNM-1). UTAH: [Utah Co.]: Vineyard, 6.IX.[19]23, T. Spalding (USNM-1). WASHINGTON: [Whitman Co.]: Steptoe Butte State Park, 9.VII.1971, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 26.VII.1943, L.J. Bottimer, ex. on Prunus sp. (CNCI-2). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS:Brazil (MSUC-21), Czech Republic (MSUC-1), Hungary (MSUC-1), Morocco (MSUC-1) and Italy (MSUC-2).CANADA: British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island. Greenland. MEXICO: Durango. UNITED STATES: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Washington D.C, West Virginia, Wisconsin Fig. .Malus spp. (apple), Pyrus spp. (pear), and Prunus spp. (cherry) and is less common in Crataegus (hawthorn), Sorbus (mountain ash) and Ulmus spp. (elm).Stone and pome fruit trees including Shothole borer.Scolytusrugulosus primarily attacks and kills small twigs and branches but may kill whole trees through the process of excavating adult galleries and larval feeding. Twig injury is the result of feeding activity at the base of the bud. Attacks can begin near an injury or on a healthy tree   .Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeSemenov, 1902Scolytusschevyrewi Semenov, 1902: 265.Scolytusschevyrewi For complete taxonomic history see Scolytusschevyrewi male most strongly resembles that of Scolytuspiceae because in both species the spine on the second ventrite never attains the apical margin. Both sexes can be distinguished from Scolytuspiceae by the subapical carina on ventrite 5 located just before end of segment. Males are further differentiated from those of Scolytuspiceae by the laterally compressed spine with a bulbous apex, which frequently has a longitudinal groove and by the banded appearance of the elytra. The female is further differentiated from that of Scolytuspiceae by the banded pattern of the elytra and by the low median carina (variable and may be absent) that does not touch either margin on the second ventrite.The 2.8–3.5 mm long ; 2.0–2.2 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red brown. Elytra of most specimens appears banded with a characteristic dark brown band on reddish colored elytra, but may also be solely dark brown or red-brown without a band. Antennae yellow-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing impressed when viewed laterally; moderately, coarsely reticulate punctate to weakly longitudinally aciculate; punctures dense, small, coarse; moderately covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width midpoint of eye, setae on lateral and dorsal margins longer, thicker, incurved. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, thinner on apical half, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum and two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger, coarser, deeper and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to moderately rounded, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Scutellar notch densely covered in recumbent white setae (may be abraded). Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, equal in width to striae; interstrial punctures uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing sparse short, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 flush with base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface convex; densely covered with semi-recumbent, long setae, as long as length of ventrite 3 or less; surface armed with median laterally compressed spine (rarely absent) that has its base close to basal margin but does not touch it; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.3–3.6 mm long ; 1.7–2.4 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, frons flattened when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma and longitudinally impressed in median area. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Second ventrite armed with low median carina (variable and may be absent) that does not touch either margin.24.Holotype, male (location unknown).UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA:Los Angeles Co.: Whittier, Whittier Fertilizer, 7.IX.2006, A. Sanchez, ex. Lindgren funnel + ETOH & alpha pinene (DEBC-1). COLORADO:Adams Co.: Aurora, wood recycler, N39°807', W104°994', 9.VII.2003, P. McPherren, ex. funnel trap with Ips lure (MSUC-11), 15.IV.2003 (MSUC-1), 26.IV.2003 (MSUC-1), 2.V.2003 (MSUC-1), 29.V.2003 (MSUC-1). MICHIGAN:Ingham Co.: 42.736501 -84.464670, 258 m, 16.IX.2011, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, I.A. Cognato, ex. Ulmus sp. (MSUC-1). Wayne Co.: Trenton-Woodhaven, 26.VII.2004, T. Dutton, ex. Lindgren funnel alpha-pinene Trap WY4 (MSUC-1). UTAH:Weber Co.: Ogden, Ogden Nature Center, 13.VII.2003, ex. funnel trap with alpha pinene & ethanol lure (MSUC-6).CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan. UNITED STATES: Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming Fig. .Ulmus spp. including Ulmusamericana L. (American elm), Ulmuspumila L. (Siberian elm), Ulmusthomasii Sarg. (rock elm) and Ulmusprocera Salisb. (English elm).Banded elm bark beetle.Scolytusschevyrewi locate a suitable host via host tree volatiles  to the entire dorsal surface being reddish with dark brown margins (uncommon form) .PageBreakPageBreakScolytusfagi, Scolytusmuticus, and Scolytusquadrispinosus) is monophyletic. The sexual dimorphism of the native hardwood clade differs from the introduced group and the conifer clade as both the males and females have an impressed frons that is strongly longitudinally aciculate, except Scolytusfagi in which the males have a faintly longitudinally aciculate frons and the female frons is granulate punctate. This group arguably has the strongest degree of sexual dimorphism with Scolytusquadrispinosus and Scolytusmuticus each possessing a strongly excavated second ventrite numerous spines and teeth or a large setal patch on ventrite 5 respectively. The abdominal venter of Scolytusfagi is identical in both sexes.The native hardwood clade (2.2–5.6 mm long) ; 1.96–2.75 times as long as wide. Color dark red-brown to black, antenna light brown. Pronotum typically same color as elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma and along median line; rugose-reticulate, strongly punctate; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, thinner on apical half, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctulate, punctures moderately abundant, larger, coarse and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to weakly rounded, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, punctures bearing short recumbent yellow setae slightly longer than size of a puncture (may be abraded); striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures large, fine, shallow; surface flattened; setae semi-recumbent, short, about half length of segment 3 or less; apical margin unarmed; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 unarmed; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent, median depression present.3.9–5.6 mm long ; 1.9–2.8 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally strigate-punctate, setae shorter, less than width of eye and sparse; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma and between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed.74.Scolytusfagi Walsh: male, labeled “Galesburg, Illinois, Liebeck Collection” (MCZC). Neotype designated Neotype CANADA:ONTARIO: Point Pelee National Park, 27.IX.1989, K. Dunster, ex. Celtistenuifolia (CNCI-9). UNITED STATES:MISSISSIPPI: [Sharkey Co.]: Rolling Fork, VIII.1976, J.D. Solomon, ex. Nuttall oak [= Quercus sp.] (USNM-1). PENNSYLVANIA:Cumberland Co.: Roadway Dr @ Schneider Dr, 40.229030°N, 77.111580°W, 26.VI.2009, L.R. Donovall, (MSUC-25), 29.V.2009, ex. Lindgren-alpha pinene/EtOH (MSUC-4), 29.V.2009, ex. Lindgren-EtOH (MSUC-1). Dauphin Co.: Wildwood on Industrial Rd, 40.316325°N, 76.888783°W, 6.VIII.2009, S.-E. Spichiger, ex. Lindgren-EtoH (MSUC-2). Lancaster Co.: 7031 Elizabethtown Rd, 40.182583°N, 76.498783°W, 23.VII.2009, ex. Lindgren-BEBB/EtOH (MSUC-1). York Co.: 400 Mundis Rd, 40.030170°N, 76.705330°W, 10.VI.2009, S. Rebert, ex. Lindgren-alpha/EtOH (MSUC-4). TEXAS: [Colorado Co.]: Columbus, [18]88 . [Unspecified county]: (USNM-3). Fort Worth, 31.VII.[19]12, ex. bred from hackberry [= Celtis sp.] (USNM-4).CANADA: Ontario. UNITED STATES: Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas Fig. .Celtisoccidentalis L. (common hackberry), Celtistenuifolia Nutt. (dwarf hackberry), Celtislaevigata Willd. var. texana Sarg. (Texan sugarberry), Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh. (American beech), and Quercus spp. (oak).The gallery has been reported as very confused and undecipherable. Larvae were reported boring in the wood. In addition, the species did not appear to colonize healthy trees . Smith aScolytusfagi but the species likely occurs throughout the eastern US associated with its host trees.This species is very rarely encountered. Most museum collections occurred in the early 1900’s and most recent collections have been from Lindgren funnel traps. There are many gaps in the known distribution of Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeSay, 1824Scolytusmuticus Say, 1824: 182.Scolytusmuticus are differentiated from other Scolytus species by the presence of long, erect hair-like setae on the elytral interstriae and on the abdominal venter. The male is further distinguished by a pair of strongly elevated areas on the basal two-thirds of ventrite 5, each densely covered with abundant fine, long hair-like setae.2.2–5.3 mm long ; 1.75–2.6 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, legs and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae yellow-brown, elytra usually dark red-brown but occasionally red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma moderately, broadly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing strongly flattened when viewed laterally; densely, finely, longitudinally aciculate; aciculations converging at epistoma; impunctate; setae on lateral and dorsal margins covered by long, thick, incurved, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye, median areas covered with sparse, shorter and thinner setae. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, three very sharply arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger, coarser and dense laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc reticulate, shining; interstriae faintly impressed, equal to width of striae, interstrial punctures large, uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant, long, semi-erect, yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface reticulate, shining, densely, coarsely punctured; punctures large, coarse; surface flattened; setae moderately abundant, longer than length of ventrite 3; apical margin unarmed; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 unarmed; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; median depression absent; pair of strongly elevated areas on basal two-thirds, each densely covered with abundant fine, long hair-like setae; apical third strongly impressed.3.1–5.1 mm long ; 1.96–2.45 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons less strongly flattened when viewed laterally, finely, narrowly longitudinally aciculate, setae shorter, less than width of eye and less abundant; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed. Ventrite 5 without a pair of strongly elevated areas on basal two-thirds or setal patches.214.Holotype: male, Missouri .CANADA:ONTARIO: Pelee Island, 29.VI.1940, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). Point Pelee National Park, 23.VI.[19]31, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1); 27.IX.1989, K. Dunster, ex. Celtistenuifolia (CNCI-1), 2.VIII.1990 (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:COLORADO:Jefferson Co.: Evergreen, Upper Bear Creek Rd, 11.IX.1980, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). ILLINOIS:Alexander Co.: Pleasant Valley, 15.VI.1979, B.C. Weber, ex. Trap 6, Ht. 2 (USNM-1), 22.VI.1979, ex. Trap 14, Ht. 4 (USNM-1). Champaign Co.: 28.X.1960, ex. hackberry [= Celtis sp.] (EMEC-4). Sangamon Co.: Springfield, 29.V.2003, C. Helm (CUIC-1). Stephenson Co.: Freeport, 4.VII.[19]17 (USNM-1). INDIANA:Tippecanoe Co.: 6.VI.1971, N.M. Downie, ex. Celtisoccidentalis (USNM-6). IOWA: [Story Co.]: Ames, 18.VIII.1926, H.H. Harris (DEBC-2), 1.IV.1936 (DEBC-1), 22.V.1939, E. Polderboer (DEBC-1); 22.V.1939, C. Vocom (USNM-2); E. Snead (USNM-1). KANSAS:Douglas Co.: Lawrence, 5 mi N.E., Kansas University Natural History Research Station, 9.VII.1982, D.H. Wahl (CNCI-1). Lawrence, 10.VI.[19]20, M.W. Blackman (USNM-8); 5.IX.1950, S.L. Wood (USNM-4). Riley Co.: G.A. Dean (DEBC-1); Popenoe (DEBC-1). [Unspecified County]: Manhattan, 1.VI.[19]29, F. Kruger (DEBC-1); 5.VI.[19]29, T.N. Winburn (DEBC-1); 8.V.1968, G. Hevel (USNM-1). KENTUCKY:Christian Co.: 15.VI.1960, J.M. Campbell (CNCI-1). LOUISANA:Jefferson Parish: New Orleans, 4.XII.1975, emerged II.1976, S.G. Wellso, ex. Celtislaevigata wood (MSUC-13). Saint Bernard Parish: J.N. Knull, ex. reared from Celtismississippiensis [= Celtistenuifolia] (USNM-3). MARYLAND: [Cecil Co.]: Port Deposit, 26.VI.1977, D. Jump (USNM-1), 13.VII.1977 (USNM-1), 9.VI.1979 (USNM-2), 3.VII.1979 (USNM-1). Montgomery Co.: Bethesda, 25.V.1981, W.E. Steiner (USNM-1). Plummers Island, II-III.1912, E.A. Schwarz, ex. branch of Celtis sp. (USNM-30). MICHIGAN:Ingham Co.: East Lansing, Agriculture College [Michigan State University] (MSUC-8); S21 T4N R1W, VII.1970, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-12). East Lansing, IV.1972, D.K. Young (MSUC-4); 15.VI.1970, S.G. Wellso, ex. emerged from Celtisoccidentalis (MSUC-7). Okemos, 12.VIII.1969, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-1), 5.VI.1976 (MSUC-1); 28.V.1970, S.G. Wellso, ex. Celtisoccidentalis (MSUC-2), 10.VIII.1969 (MSUC-1). Kalamazoo Co.: Gourdneck Lake State Game Area, 19.VI.2011, A.I. Cognato, ex. funnel trap with EtOH (MSUC-1). Wayne Co.: Grosse Ile, Pke [sic! = Parke] lane, N42.17060°, W84.14496°, 23.V–7.VI.2007, R. Mech, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1), ex. Lindgren trap with EtOH + alpha (MSUC-1), 20.VI-6.VII.2007, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1), 7-20.VI.2007 (MSUC-5). MISSISSIPPI: [Unspecified County]: 19.V.1920, M.W. Blackman (CNCI-1). MISSOURI: [Boone Co.]: Columbia, 24.IV.1954, P.J. Spangler (USNM-1). NEBRASKA:Dixon Co.: Ponca, Ponca State Park, 42.607161°N, -96.73223°W, 23.VIII.2007, T.P. Miller, ex. funnel trap with PSB alpha-pinene (MSUC-1). Knox Co.: Crofton, Lewis and Clarke Lake, 42.8321983°N -97.575555°W, 5.IX.2007, T.P. Miller, ex. funnel trap with Sirex (MSUC-1). [Lancaster Co.]: Lincoln, 29.VIII.[19]53, R. Roselle, ex. elm [= Ulmus sp.] (USNM-1). Sarpy Co.: Fontenelle Forest, 41.171478°N -95.9068166°W, 30.V.2006, N. Haxton, ex. funnel trap with ethanol lure (MSUC-1), 7.VII.2006 (MSUC-1). NEW JERSEY: [Burlington Co.]: Riverton, 12.II.1934, Wadley, ex. on Hackberry [= Celtis sp.] (USNM-1). [Essex Co.]: Newark (USNM-1). [Somerset Co.]: North Branch, 9.III.1937, C.H. Hoffman, ex. from gallery made in honey locust [= Gleditsiatriacanthos] (USNM-1). NEW YORK: [Tompkins Co.]: Ithaca, 18.VI.[19]59, ex. in Celtisoccidentalis (CUIC-11). NORTH CAROLINA:Mecklenburg Co.: Charlotte, 15-20.VI.2006, J.F. Cornell, ex. FIT in vacant lot (MSUC-1). NORTH DAKOTA: [Ransom Co.]: Mcleod, 5 mi N.W., 4.VII.1968, H.F. Howden (CNCI-1). OHIO: [Franklin Co.]: Columbus (USNM-1); 11.V.[19]14 (DEBC-2). [Hamilton Co.]: Cincinnati, 6.VI.[?] (USNM-1), 24.VI.[?] (USNM-1), 9.VII.[?] (USNM-1). OKLAHOMA:Latimer Co.: V.1982, K. Stephan (USNM-2). PENNSYLVANIA: [Allegheny Co.]: Allegheny [= Pittsburgh], 7.VIII.[18]95 (CUIC-12). [Dauphin Co.]: Harrisburg, T.H. Hubbell (CUIC-1). Hummelstown, 26.VI.[19]37, J.N. Knull (CUIC-6). TEXAS:Brazos Co.: College Station, 13.IV.1964, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-1), 26.IV.1964 (MSUC-1). [Unspecified County]: Dallas, Hopk. U.S. 9929-X, F.C. Bishop, ex. hackberry [= Celtis sp.] (USNM-5). VIRGINIA:Clarke Co.: Boyne, 2 mi S., U[niversity of] Virginia Blandy Experimental Farm, 8-18.VI.1990, D.R. Smith, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1), 19-30.VI.1990 (USNM-1), 1-12.VII.1990 (USNM-1). Essex Co.: Dunnsville, 1 mi S.E., 37°52’N, 76°48’W, 29.V-9.VI.1993, D.R. Smith, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1); 24.VI-9.VII.1992 (USNM-1). Fairfax Co.: Mount Vernon, 27.VI.1915, ex. Cornusstricta (USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: Falls Church, 4.III.1921, E.A. Chapin (USNM-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 21.V.1908 (MSUC-5). WEST VIRGINIA:Morgan Co.: near Great Cacapon, 25.V.1985, G.F. & J.F. Hevel (USNM-2). Wood Co.: Hopk. U.S. 6675, ex. Celtis (USNM-1).CANADA: Ontario. UNITED STATES: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia Fig. .Celtisoccidentalis L. (common hackberry), Celtistenuifolia Nutt. (dwarf hackberry), Celtislaevigata Willd. (sugar hackberry) and Gleditsiatriacanthos L. (honeylocust).Hackberry engraver.Scolytusmuticus prefers to colonize dead, dying or felled trees and the broken, dead and dying branches of live hackberry , the apical margin of ventrite 4 armed by one median tooth, ventrite 1 apically descending, ventrite 2 deeply concave, with the basal margin produced and bearing a median tubercle. The female is distinguished by the flattened and moderately, finely longitudinally aciculate frons, bearing long, fine, incurved setae on the lateral and dorsal margins.The 2.8–4.8 mm long ; 1.8–2.25 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process strongly produced, moderately elevated, smooth, shining; median area above mandibles bearing a dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing strongly flattened when viewed laterally; strongly, densely, coarsely, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; surface moderately covered by long, fine, yellow, erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye, setae on lateral and dorsal margins longer, thicker, incurved. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, golden setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to weakly rounded, serrate apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures.. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, twice width of striae, punctures large, uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, interstrial punctures bearing sparse, long, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 descending, strongly, acutely produced; ventrite 2 deeply concave, basal margin produced, bearing median tubercle. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely, obscurely punctate with small, fine, shallow punctures; apical margin armed with broad median denticle, occasionally absent. Apical margin of ventrite 3 armed by three acute spines ; apical margin of ventrite 4 armed by one median tooth. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to basal margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; median depression absent, apical half of segment pubescent.2.9–5.0 mm long ; 1.8–2.4 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, frons less strongly flattened when viewed laterally, moderately and finely aciculate, setae shorter, less than width of eye and uniformly distributed. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 surface flattened, nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; setae erect, short, about half length of segment 3. Venter unarmed.143.Scolytusquadrispinosus Say: male, Missouri . Holotype Scolytuscarya Riley, location unknown. Holotype Scolytuscaryae Walsh, location unknown.Holotype CANADA:ONTARIO: Queenston, 15.VII.1938, D.F. Patterson, ex. Caryaovata (CNCI-2); Z17 E464 N4820, 20.VII.2004, Seaforth, ex. handpicked from eastern white pine [= Pinusstrobus], 04-5-0265 (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:GEORGIA: 1.IX.[19]45 (CASC-4). ILLINOIS: [Cook Co.]: Edgebrook (CNCI-2). [Unspecified County]: Willow Springs, 21.VIII.[19]04 (FMNH-1), 13.V.[19]05, A.B Wolcott (FMNH-4). KANSAS: [Shawnee Co.]: Topeka, 16.VI.[?], Popenoe (USNM-1). MASSACHUSSETS: [Unspecified County]: (CASC-1). MICHIGAN: [Ingham Co.]: East Lansing, 15.VII.1932, (MSUC-4). Wayne Co.: Detroit, 18.VIII.1902 (MSUC-3). [Unspecified County]: Lansing, 9.IX.1929 (MSUC-36). MISSOURI:Dent Co.: 28.VIII.1973, M.P. Rolling (USNM-1), 31.VIII.1973 (USNM-3). [Unspecified County]: (FMNH-1). MINNESOTA: [Sherburne Co.]: Elk River, 8.VII.1959, E.J. Kingsley (CNCI-2). Mississippi: [Madison Co.]: Canton, 16.VI.[19]04 (CUIC-1). [Oktibbeha Co.]: [Starkville], Agriculture College of Mississippi [= Mississippi State University], 15.IV.1922, F.M. Hull (CUIC-1). New jersey: [Middlesex Co.]: Dunellen (CUIC-1). NEW YORK:Onondaga Co.: 10.VI.1942, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2), 14.VII.1946 (FMNH-1). Syracuse, C.J. Drake, ex. Hickoriaglabra [= Caryaglabra] (USNM-1). [Orange Co.]: Highland Falls, 20.VI.1920, F. Schott (CUIC-1). Middletown (CUIC-1). [Queens Co.]: Long Island Aqueduct, 14.VII.1912 (MSUC-4). [Tompkins Co.]: Groton, 7.VII.1946, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). Ithaca, 4.VIII.1928, P.P. Babiy (CUIC-1). [Westchester Co.]: Mount Vernon, VII.1913, ex. from hickory [= Carya sp.] (CASC-14). Yonkers, 28.V.1935, P.A. Readio, H. Dietrich, ex. taken on air trap (CUIC-1). [Unspecified County]: New York City, 15.V.1912, (CNCI-1), 13.V.1912 (CUIC-1). north carolina: [Buncombe Co.]: Asheville, Bent Creek, 17.VI.[19]29 (FMNH-1). Pennsylvania: [Allegheny Co.]: Allegheny [= Pittsburgh] (FMNH-3), 24.VI.[18]93 (CUIC-1). [Armstrong Co.]: Ford City, 28.VIII.[19]11 (USNM-1). [Blair Co.]: Tyrone, VII.[19]12, lot 367, ex. Fraxinusalba [= Fraxinusamericana] (CASC- 7). Cumberland Co.: Roadway Dr @ Schneider Dr, 40.229030°N, -77.111580°W, 26.VI.2009, L.R. Donovall (MSUC-1). [Dauphin Co.]: Harrisburg, 19.IV.1911 (CASC-1), VI.1911 (CASC-3); 1.III.[19]11, emerged 7.IV.[19]11, Champlain (CASC-12); Hopk. U.S. 10935-E, 13-14.VII.[?], W.S. Fisher, ex. Hicoria [= Carya sp.] (CUIC-1). Hummelstown, 20.VI.[19]15 (CUIC-1). Linglestown, 8.VI.1912, W.S. Fisher . [Philadelphia Co.]: Angora [= Philadelphia], IX.[19]15, H.A. Kaeber, ex. Hickory bark [= Carya sp.] (USNM-7). [Westmoreland Co.]: Jeannette, H.G. Klages (CASC-2). TENNESSEE: [Hamilton Co.]: Chattanooga, 2.VI.[19]19, Leach (FMNH-1).CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. UNITED STATES: Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachussets, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin Fig. .Carya spp. (hickory) including Caryaillinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (pecan). Incidental hosts: Juglanscinerea L. (butternut).Primary hosts: Hickory bark beetle.Scolytusquadrispinosus is one of the most destructive pests of hardwoods in the US and the most important pest of hickory , and consists of a single egg gallery . Eggs arg a host . There ig a host . See Goeg a host ,b for moScolytusquadrispinosus is lost  is monophyletic. The sexual dimorphism exhibited by species in the clade follows the general pattern outlined above except for the shape of the frons, which is quite variable. In some species, the frons is convex in both sexes with the female frons more strongly convex than that of the male . Scolytuslaricis males have a flattened and impressed frons when viewed from a lateral profile and that of the female is convex. In the remaining species, the male frons appears flattened when viewed from a lateral profile. Galleries of the conifer clade are in Figures The conifer clade (1.7–5.9 mm) ; 2.5 times as long as wide. Body dark red-brown to black, antennae light brown, legs light brown to dark red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma broadly, deeply emarginated; epistomal process weakly developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long yellow hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; surface moderately, coarsely longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures large, coarse and more dense medially above epistoma; surface moderately and uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, setae longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, almost subquadrate, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum as long as wide; apical margin broadly rounded, area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow and moderately abundant, larger, more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical, anterolateral and lateral margins bearing moderately abundant, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to rounded, serrate apex; apical margin of elytra produced between interstriae 1 and 2, deeply emarginated at interstria 3, produced on interstria 4 and deeply emarginated at stria 4; apical margin of elytral apices bearing large, coarse punctures; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae bearing short, sparse yellow hair-like setae spaced by length of a setae or less; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface rugose, coarsely, deeply punctate; covered with abundant erect setae that are greater than length of segment 3; surface convex; armed medially with laterally compressed spine with base extending from apical margin to ¾ of segment, apex rounded, shining, impunctate; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to basal margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.4.6–5.9 mm long ; 2.3–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly and broadly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparse, shorter, less than width of eye; frons weakly transversely impressed on lateral margins above epistoma and at vertex; median line on frons raised. Apical margin of elytra slightly produced between interstriae 1 and 2, emarginated at interstria 3, slightly produced on interstria 4 and emarginated at stria 4. Second ventrite unarmed.11.Scolytusaztecus Wood: female, labeled “27 mi E. Morelia, Mich., VI-4-1965, Mexico, 8,000 ft, S.L. Wood, Abiesreligiosa” (USNM). Paratypes: MEXICO:Michoacán: 27 mi E. Morelia, 14.VI.1965, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesreligiosa (USNM-3).Holotype MEXICO:DURANGO: Potreyo del Sauto y Cebadillas, 19.IV.[19]90, J. Tulio Mendez M., 935-A, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (THAC-4). Nuevo León: Santa Catarina, San Antonio de las Alazanas, 14.XII.2011, Gerardo Cuellar, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-3).MEXICO: Durango, Michoacán, Nuevo León Fig. .Abiesreligiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. (sacred fir), Abiesdurangensis Martínez (Durango fir) and Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir). Abies species are likely the preferred host.PageBreakPageBreakScolytusaztecus is an uncommon species and little is known regarding its biology. Scolytusaztecus colonizes both standing trees and felled trees ; 1.7–2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae light brown, legs dark red-brown to light brown, elytra light red-brown. Pronotum darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma moderately, acutely emarginated; epistomal process strongly produced, elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, not impressed; moderately, finely, longitudinally aciculate, coarsely punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctulate, punctures moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly produced, elevated above base of ventrite 2, ventrite base 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, dull, finely, obscurely punctate; punctures small, fine and shallow; surface flattened. Apical margins of ventrites 2 and 3 may be armed with median denticle, median denticle always present on apical margin of ventrite 4; lateral margins of ventrites 2–4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.3.4–4.6 mm long ; 2.2–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma less strongly emarginated, epistomal process less strongly produced and elevated, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly medially impressed between inner apices of eyes. Ventrites unarmed.95.Scolytusdentatus Bright: male, labeled “Calif: Monterey Co, Cone Peak, 6-29-[19]63, Abiesbracteata, C.J. Wray Collector” (CASC). Allotype, female, Scolytusdentatus, identical data as holotype. Paratypes: UNITED STATES:California:Monterey Co.: Cone Peak, 29.VI.[19]63, C.J. Wray, ex. Abiesbracteata . Carmel Valley, 15 mi S., 22.VII.[19]63, C.J. Wray, ex. Abiesbracteata, (CASC-4).Holotype UNITED STATES:California:Monterey Co.: Carmel Valley, 15 mi S., 23.VII.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesbracteata (CASC-2); 30.VII.1964 (CASC-2). Cone Peak, 29.VI.[19]63, C.J. Wray, ex. Abiesbracteata . Williams Canyon, Los Padres National Forest, 24.IV.1992, D.E. Bright, G. Ferrell, ex. Abiesbracteata limbs (CNCI-1).UNITED STATES: California Fig. .Abiesbracteata (D. Don) Poit. (bristlecone fir / Santa Lucia fir).Abiesbracteata, is restricted to the Santa Lucia Mountains of California. The tree is distributed in small patches in deep, moist canyon bottoms as well as dry, rocky slopes and ledges within Los Padres National Forest in Monterey County, especially near Cone Peak and Church Creek  and have the apical margin of male ventrite 1 strongly apically produced.Considerable variation is observed in the presence of median denticles on the apical margins of male ventrites 2 and 3. Frequently males only have a median denticle on the apical margin of ventrite 4 as those on 2 and 3 may or may not be present in the male. This species is related to Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeBlackman, 1934valid sp.Scolytusfiskei Blackman, 1934: 25.Scolytusfiskei is very morphologically similar to Scolytuslaricis and Scolytusunispinosus. Males of are distinguished from those of Scolytuslaricis by the frons flattened when viewed laterally, never deeply impressed, by the moderately abundant frontal setae (compared to dense) and by the host genus, Pseudotsuga. Males are distinguished from those of Scolytusunispinosus by the following combination of characters: abdominal venter shiny in luster, the base of the ventrite 2 spine extends from the apical margin to three-quarters the length of the segment and geographical distribution east of the Rocky Mountains. The female is distinguished from that of both species by the shining luster of ventrite 2.2.2–2.8 mm long ; 2.1–2.8 times as long as wide. Head, antennae, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown, elytra and legs yellow-brown to light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process present, moderately developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally from epistoma to vertex, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma to inner apices of eyes; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures large, sparse and coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two broadly arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; punctures bearing short, sparse, recumbent, yellow setae slightly longer than size of a puncture (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, 2 marked by weak carina. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; covered with sparse setae less than length of segment 3; surface convex; apical margin armed with laterally compressed, median spine with base extending from apical margin to ¾ length of segment, apex rounded; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge equidistant between basal and apical margins of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.2–3.5 mm long ; 2.1–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process weakly developed, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between epistoma and inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite apical margin armed with acute median denticle, with base extending from apical margin to half-length of segment.297.Scolytusfiskei Blackman: male, labeled “, Hopk. US 3959, W.F. Fiske Collector, Type No. 43840 USNM” (USNM).Holotype CANADA:PageBreakBRITISH COLUMBIA: Aspen Grove, 12.VII.1931, H. Richmond . Clinton, 6 mi N., 7.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-7). Creston, 8.VI.1958, H. & A. Howden (EMEC-1). Fort Steele, 14.VI.[19]26, R. Hopping (CASC-1). Indian Meadows, Midday Creek, 13.VII.1920, R. Hopping, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . Lumby, Creighton Valley, 3.VI.[19]22, R. Hopping (CASC-1). Merritt, Midday Valley, 27.VI.1926, W. Mathers (CASC-2). Trinity Valley, 24.VI.1928, J.R. Howell, ex. Pinusmonticola (CASC-1), 10.VII.1928 (CASC-1). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA:Pima Co.: Tucson, Mount Lemmon, 11.VI.1969, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-2). COLORADO:Boulder Co.: Nederland, 5–7 km N., 5.VIII.2009, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. branches of Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-4). [La Plata Co.]: Durango, Junction Creek Rd, 10000 ft, 12-17.VII.1968, E.C. Becker (CNCI-1). Larimer Co.: Roosevelt National Forest, Big Thompson Canyon, N40°24.456', W105°24.565', 7080 ft, 5.V.2010, S.M. Smith, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-36). IDAHO: [Adams Co.]: Tamarack, 10 mi S., 3.VII.1967 (WFBM-1). Boise Co.: Idaho City, 2.VI.1970 (WFBM-9), 1.I.1971 (WFBM-4). Lowman, Edna Creek, 6.VII.[19]72, A. Vaccares, G. Starr, ex. Douglas fir stump [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (WFBM-1). Bonner Co.: 6.VI.1986, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-7). Priest Lake, Indian Creek, 6.VI.1986, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-25). Priest Lake, 6.VI.1986, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-1). Boundary Co.: Parker Creek, 8.VI.1986, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-5). Clearwater Co.: Elk River, 12 mi S.E., Hopk. U.S. 58536, 9.VII–16.VII.1973, R.D. Oakes (WFBM-1), 30.VII-6.VIII.1973 (WFBM-1); Hopk. U.S. 58771, 25.VI-1.VII.1974, J.M. Wells, ex. in flight (WFBM-1). Custer Co.: Herd Lake, Hopk. U.S. 60796-A, 3.IX.1978, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-9). MacKay, 9 mi N.E., 19.VII.1985, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-3). Summit, W. of Pass Creek, 19.VII.1985, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-12). Latah Co.: Big Sand Creek, Hopk. U.S. 53545, 11.VI.1969, M.M. Furniss (WFBM-1), 20.VI.1969 (WFBM-1). Moscow, 20.XI.1961, R.E. Stecker, ex. reared from Doug fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (WFBM-33). Moscow Mountain, Hopk. U.S. 48869, 18.VII.1967, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-3). Viola, 21.VI.1985, S.J. Gast, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-2). Nez Perce Co.: Forest, III.1985, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-6). Shoshone Co.: Red Ives Ranger Station, V.1983, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-1). Valley Co.: Cascade, 7 mi E., 14.VI.1966, R.L. Furniss (WFBM-1). MONTANA:Lake Co.: Swan Lake, 28.VI.1963, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-1). Madison Co.: Alder, 18 km S.W., 8.IX.1978, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-6), Alder, 12 mi S.W. (WFBM-16). Park Co.: Livingston, 10 mi S.E., 23.VII.1988, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-2). NEW MEXICO:Otero Co.: Cloudcroft, 4.VI.1969, tree 53, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-2). Sierra Co.: Emory Pass, 24.VII.1974, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-1). WASHINGTON: [Whitman Co.]: Pullman, 23.VI.1951, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). WYOMING: [Teton Co.]: Jackson, A.D. Hopkins, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (USNM-1).CANADA: British Columbia. UNITED STATES: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir).Scolytusfiskei colonizes suppressed limbs and branches of Pseudotsugamenziesii as well as fresh slash ; 1.5 times as long as wide. Head, antennae, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown, elytra and legs yellow-brown to light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process weakly developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma and between inner apices of eyes; moderately, finely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, elongate, almost subquadrate, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, punctures bearing sparse, long, erect, yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 produced, forming carinate lip along basal margin of ventrite 2 that is twice as produced as thick, basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; setae moderately abundant, recumbent, short, about four times length of a puncture; surface weakly concave; apical margin armed with broad median denticle, occasionally absent; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.5–3.5 mm long ; 2.1–2.3 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons more strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Second ventrite unarmed.27.Scolytushermosus Wood: male, labeled “Tlaxco 11 mi N., 8900 ft, 9.VII.1967, S.L. W[ood], ex. Abiesreligiosa” (USNM). Paratypes: MEXICO: [Puebla]: Tlaxco, 11 mi N., 8900 ft, 9.VII.1967, S.L. W[ood], ex. Abiesreligiosa (USNM-21).Holotype MEXICO:CHIHUAHUA: La Magdalena, Hopk. U.S. 62081-B, 27.IV.1981, M.M. Furniss, ex. Abiesdurangensis (USNM-1). Nuevo León: Cerro Potosi, Hopk. U.S. 58615-C, 21.III.[19]74, M.M. Furniss, ex. Abies sp. .MEXICO: Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Puebla Fig. .Abiesreligiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham (sacred fir), Abiesdurangensis Martínez (Durango fir) and Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir). Abies species are likely the preferred hosts.Scolytushermosus has been collected feeding in the cambium of large Abies slash greater than 10.0 cm in diameter ; 1.8–2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown to black, elytra and legs light brown, antennae yellow-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process present, moderately developed and elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long yellow hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally from epistoma to vertex, moderately transversely impressed just above epistoma to vertex; strongly, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures sparse, large, coarse; moderately to densely uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing minute, recumbent setae length of interstrial punctures (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect, yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, marked by weak carina on ascendant part of venter. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; covered with sparse setae less than length of segment 3; surface convex; apical margin armed with laterally compressed, median spine with base extending from apical margin to ¾ length of segment, apex rounded, rarely a slightly elevated vertical carina (Oregon: Dixie Pass and Frog Lake) instead of spine; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge equidistant between basal and apical margins of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.6–4.0 mm long ; 2.1–2.9 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process weakly developed, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma. Second ventrite apical margin armed with a blunted median denticle, with base extending from apical margin to a third length of segment. Ventrite 5 length greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4.294.Scolytuslaricis Blackman: male, labeled “ Hopk. US 225d, 8636 m [sic!], 6-20-[18]99, Type No. 43839” (USNM).Holotype CANADA:BRITISH COLUMBIA: Canoe, 12.VII.1933, A. Thrupp, ex. Larixoccidentalis (CASC-3). Rossland, 21.IX.[19]61, D.E. Bright, ex. Larixlaricina (CNCI-2). UNITED STATES:IDAHO:Boundary Co.: [Idaho Panhandle National Forest], Robinson Creek campground, N48°58.197', W116°13.068', 2748 ft, 10.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, [A.R. Gillogly], ex. Larixoccidentalis, emerged II.2011, M.M. Furniss (MSUC-94). Clearwater Co.: Elk River, V.1981, M.M. Furniss, ex. Larixoccidentalis (WFBM-17), VII.1981 (WFBM-11). Elk River, 13 mi S.W., Hopk. U.S. 60361-A, 23.IV.1975, M.M. Furniss, ex. Larixoccidentalis (WFBM-4). Idaho Co.: Salmon Mountain, 18.VIII.1985, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Larixlyalli (WFBM-29). Kootenai Co.: Coeur d’Alene, Hopk. U.S. 16306-B, 2.VIII.1919, J.C. Evenden, ex. Larixoccidentalis (WFBM-9), 8.VIII.1919 (MSUC-11). Deception Creek Experimental Forest, Hopk. U.S. 58889-A, 10.VII.1968, M.M. Furniss (OSAC-4), Hopk. U.S. 53376, 11.VII.1968 (WFBM-2), Hopk. U.S. 60320, 25.VII.1968, (OSAC-2), Hopk. U.S. 50421-B,C, 1.VII.1975 (OSAC-2), Hopk. U.S. 60356, 30.VII.[19]68, M.M. Furniss, ex. Larixoccidentalis (WFBM-6). Latah Co.: Moscow, 2.VIII.1930, 2560 ft, P. Rice, ex. trap (WFBM-1). Moscow Mountain, Hopk. U.S. 53632-F, 23.VI.1964, M.M. Furniss, ex. in flight (WFBM-1), Hopk. U.S. 60421-A, 1.VII.1975 (OSAC-1). MONTANA:Missoula Co: Missoula, 35 mi N.W., 3.XI.[19]65, ex. Larixoccidentalis (WFBM-2). Nine Mile Creek, Hopk. U.S. 48830, 3.XI.1965, M.M. Furniss, ex. Larixoccidentalis . Ravalli Co.: [Bitterroot Mountains], Trapper Peak, 2.X.[19]88, M.M. Furniss, ex. Larixlyalli (WFBM-3). [Unspecified County]: Libby, 60 mi S.E., 30.VI.[19]72, D.E. Bright, ex. Larixlaricina (CNCI-7). OREGON:Crook Co.: Summit Prairie, 12.VI.1940, Schuh, Scott, ex. Larixoccidentalis . [Grant Co.]: Dixie Pass, Malheur National Forest, 23.VI.1961, S.L. Wood, J.B. Karren, D.E. Bright, ex. Larixoccidentalis . Jefferson Co.: Camp Sherman, T.O. Thatcher, ex. Larixlyalli limbs (CSUC-10), 9.VII.[19]66, [L. Edson], ex. Larixlyalli (CNCI-2). Suttle Lake, 4 mi N., 25.VII.1939, ex. Larixlyalli (CSUC-1); 28.VII.1939, F. Grey, J. Schuh, ex. Larixoccidentalis , W.J. Chamberlin, ex. Larixlyalli . Suttle Lake, 4 mi W., 15.VIII.1939, Schuh, Scott (MSUC-1). [Marion Co.]: Clear Lake, 17.VIII.[19]51, R. Kangur, ex. larch [= Larix sp.] . [Umatilla Co.]: Tollgate, 28.X.1948, C. Chastain, ex. Larixoccidentalis (EMEC-1). [Wasco Co.]: [Mount Hood National Forest] Frog Lake [campground], 4S9 E17, 2.VIII.1951, R. Kangur (CNCI-3). WASHINGTON:Okanogan Co.: Disautel, 4.XI.1936, R.L. Furniss, ex. Larixoccidentalis (OSAC-3). [Pend Oreille Co.]: Metaline Falls, Hopk. U.S. 19905, 20.VII.1930, D. DeLeon, ex. Larixoccidentalis . [Stevens Co.]: Northport, 18.VII.1929, R. Hopping (OSAC-1). [Unspecified County]: Mount Adams, 7000 ft, Hopk. U.S. 53359-C, 2.VIII.1968, M.M. Furniss, ex. on snowfield (WFBM-1).CANADA: British Columbia. UNITED STATES: Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington Fig. .Larixoccidentalis Nutt. (western larch) and Larixlyalli Parl. .Scolytuslaricis prefers to colonize suppressed lower limbs of its host and fresh slash.Scolytus. Egg galleries are extended parallel to the grain of the wood. The adult gallery scores the sapwood more deeply than the cambium, and ranges in length from 6.4–11.5 cm. The female constructs widely spaced egg niches on both sides of each egg gallery. Larval mines extend against the grain of wood and gradually diverge before terminating at pupation chambers that deeply score the sapwood . The galleries on Larixlyalli are “shorter, less uniform, and with the entrance chamber often extended a short distance to the sides of the gallery” Eccoptogastermonticolae Swaine, 1917: 32.Scolytusmonticolae : Scolytusmonticolae males are easily confused with Scolytusreflexus males, especially those exhibiting the wickhami phenotype. They are easily distinguished by the size of male ventrite 5. In Scolytusmonticolae, ventrite 5 is equal in length to width of ventrites 3 and 4 combined. In Scolytusreflexus, ventrite 5 is equal in length to ventrite 4. Scolytusmonticolae lacks an epistomal process while Scolytusreflexus typically has a strongly developed epistomal process. Males are distinguished from those of Scolytustsugae by the following combination of characters: surface of ventrite 2 shining but minutely reticulate; elytral striae not impressed; basal margin of ventrite 2 more pronounced and produced laterally; elytral strial punctures small, spaced 2–3 diameters of a puncture. Females of Scolytusmonticolae are distinguished from Scolytusreflexus females by having the apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly produced, never rounded and the surface of ventrite 2 smooth and flat, and are separated from those of Scolytustsugae by elytral discal striae not impressed and ventrite 2 shining in luster.2.5–3.0 mm long ; 2.0–2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown, legs light brown, antennae yellow-brown, elytra usually dark red-brown but may be brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process weakly developed; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long yellow hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; weakly aciculate-punctate, medial area appearing shagreened; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; sparsely, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing minute, recumbent setae length of interstrial punctures (may be abraded); striae not impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2, more pronounced and produced laterally forming two cups. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface flattened, depressed above basal margin; apical margin unarmed; covered in recumbent setae twice width of a puncture; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.3–3.5 mm long ; 2.3–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, frons convex when viewed laterally, strigate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed. Length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4.123.Pinusmonticola, 2423, J.M. Swaine Coll, female” (CNCI). Lectotype designated Lectotype: female, labeled “, CANADA:BRITISH COLUMBIA: Merritt, Midday Valley, 27.VI.1926, W. Mathers (USNM-2), 4.IX.1926 (USNM-2). Trinity Valley, 4.VII.1954, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia (USNM-4). UNITED STATES:COLORADO:Custer Co.: Hillside, 6 mi W., Duckett Creek, FR331, Rita Alta Fuelwood area, 23.V.2000, D. Leatherman (CSUC-1). [Garfield Co.]: Glenwood Springs (CASC-1). Jefferson Co.: Buffalo Creek, 6.VIII.2004, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-2). IDAHO:Benewah Co.: St. Maries, Hopk. U.S. 618074, 28.VIII.1978, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (USNM-32). Boise Co.: Boise National Forest, Bogus Basin, Bogus Basin Rd, N43°44.347', W116°07.099', 6047 ft, 8.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-8). Bonner Co.: Priest River Experimental Forest, Hopk. U.S. 61809-A, 25.X.1978, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (USNM-26). Kootenai Co.: Coeur d’Alene, 30.VIII.1919, J.C. Evenden (MSUC-12); 7.VIII.1919, J.C. Evenden, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-4). Shoshone Co.: Coeur d’Alene National Forest, N47°25.708', W115°53.464', 3728 ft, 15.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-19). Prichard, 23.VII.1920, J.C. Evenden, ex. Abiesgrandis (MSUC-2). MONTANA: [Sanders Co.]: Trout Creek, 1.VIII.1981, J. Dunkel, ex. Douglas fir (USNM-2). OREGON: [Unspecified County]: Santiam National [State] Forest, 22.VIII.[19]14, W.J. Chamberlin, ex. Abiesamabalis (EMEC-1). WASHINGTON: [Kittitas Co.]: Easton (USNM-1). [Yakima Co.]: Cliffdell, 7.VII.[19]35, R.H. Beaner (USNM-1). WYOMING: [Park Co.]: Cody, Hopk. U.S. 34220-F, 10.V.[19]56, H.E. Ostmark, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-2).CANADA: British Columbia. UNITED STATES: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir).Scolytusmonticolae commonly infests the bole, suppressed branches and fresh slash of Douglas fir. Scolytusmonticolae  has been reported to kill drought stressed sapling and pole-sized Douglas fir trees in British Columbia . Scolytusmonticolae with Scolytustsugae, and later removed the species from synonymy ; 2.1–2.5 times as long as wide. Color dark brown to black, antennae red brown. Pronotum same color as elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, moderately, transversely impressed just above epistoma; strongly, coarsely longitudinally, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, fine; densely, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, setae longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, nearly subquadrate, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum as long as wide; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical, anterolateral and lateral margins bearing abundant, erect, long, dark yellow-brown, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; elytral apices slightly emarginated at interstria 3; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant long, erect, dark yellow-brown, hair-like setae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; covered with abundant erect setae greater than length of segment 3; surface flattened; apical margin armed with broad median denticle; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.3.3–4.6 mm long ; 1.8–2.6 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Apical margin of second ventrite armed by small broad tumescence.28.Abiesreligiosa.” (USNM). Paratypes: MEXICO: [Puebla]: Tlaxco , 11 mi N., 8900 ft, 9.VII.1967, S.L. W[ood], ex. Abiesreligiosa (USNM-21).Holotype: male, labeled “11 mi, N Tlaxco, Puebla, Mexico, SL W[ood], MEXICO: [Distrito Federal]: Desierto de los Leones National Park, III.1951, J.M. Miller, ex. Abiesreligiosa (OSAC-2). Hidalgo: El Chico, 31.IX.[19]77, E. Hernandez V., ex. Abiesreligiosa (CNCI-2). Oaxaca: Valle Nacional, 53 mi S., 10000 ft, 24.V.[19]71, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesreligiosa (CNCI-2). Tlaxcala: Villarreal Terrenate, 23.II.[19]78, E. Hernandez, ex. Abiesreligiosa .MEXICO: Distrito Federal, Estado de México, Hidalgo, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala Fig. .Abiesreligiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. (sacred fir).Scolytusmundus is a serious pest of Abiesreligiosa in Mexico and its life cycle and habits have been well-studied ; 2.1–2.9 times as long as wide. Color red brown to dark red-brown, antennae brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process weakly developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly, covered by long, fine, yellow, erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, ovoid, setose with partial septum, three arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, weakly serrate apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae not impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly, acutely produced, forming lip along base of ventrite 2, basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow, punctures varying in size, larger and more abundant near basal margin; surface weakly concave; apical margin armed with acute median denticle; setae short, recumbent, about three times that of a puncture in length; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.1.7–3.0 mm long ; 2.0–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Apical margin of ventrite 1 moderately elevated above base of ventrite 2. Second ventrite armed with median tumescence or minute denticle.138.Abiesconcolor, BLNO 001271” (USNM). Paratypes ScolytusobelusUNITED STATES:UTAH: [Beaver Co.]: Beaver, 22.IV.1950, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-4). Utah Co.: Payson Canyon, 14.V.1960, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-6), 25.VI.1962 (USNM-2).Holotype: male, labeled “Payson Canyon, UT, S.L Wood, 14 May 1960, United States:Arizona:Coconino Co.: Coconino National Forest, Arizona Snow Bowl, N35°19.593', W111°42.681', 9230 ft, 27.V.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abieslasiocarpa [var. arizonica] (MSUC-62). Jacob Lake, 12 mi S., 31.V.1969, W. Harwood, ex. Abiesconcolor branch (USNM-4). Graham Co.: Pinaleno Mountains, 15.VII.1968, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (DEBC-3). [Coronado National Forest], [Pinaleno Mountains], Mount Graham, Hospital Flat, 9050 ft, 19.VIII.1952, H.B. Leech, J.W. Green (CASC-1), 8950 ft, 3.VIII.1965, H.B. Leech (CASC-5). Yavapai Co.: Prescott, 1 mi S., 3.VIII.1962, S.L. W[ood] (USNM-1). Prescott, 9 mi S., 5 mi E., 7800 ft, 5.VI.1969, W. Harwood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-6). [Unspecified County]: Santa Catalina Mountains, 8500 ft, 31.V.1969 . COLORADO:Costilla Co.: near Fort Garland, Forbes Trinchera Ranch, VII-VIII.1976, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-4). Huerfano Co.: near Red Wing, 16.VII.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-2). NEVADA:Clark Co.: Mary Jane Falls, 7900 ft, 11.VI.1969, Harwood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-7). [White Pine Co.]: Baker, S9 T13N R69E, Mount Diablo Meridian, 17.V.1917, T.O. Thatcher, ex. Abieslasiocarpa, LCNM 39-12 . Mount Wheeler, 19.VIII.1974, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-9). NEW MEXICO: [Otero Co.]: Cloudcroft, 14-26.VII.[19]49, W.B.R. Stromberg, ex. fir tree [= Abies sp.] (USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: Sandia Mountains, 8090 ft, 29.V.1969, S.L. W[ood], ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-3), 30.V.1969 (USNM-9). UTAH:Utah Co.: Provo, Payson Canyon, VIII.1964, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-4). [Unspecified County]: Bryce Canyon National Park, Hopk. U.S. 35-043, 11.VII.1952, R. Washburn, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-2).UNITED STATES: Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah Fig. .Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (white fir) and Abieslasiocarpavar.arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon (corkbark fir). Incidental host: Pseudotsugamenziesii.Scolytusobelus is an uncommonly encountered species. The species prefers to colonize the limbs, tops and slash of its host. Infested material ranges from 3.0–10.0 cm in diameter ; 2.0–2.4 times as long as wide. Color dark red-brown, antennae brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process weakly developed; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures sparse, small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two strongly arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect, yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 not elevated above base of ventrite 2. Basal margin of ventrite 2 strongly thickened, lip-like; ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface weakly concave, weakly to strongly medially impressed just above base; apical margin unarmed; setae small, less than 1 diameter of a puncture; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.8–4.0 mm long ; 1.6–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma entire, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed, basal margin weakly thickened.96.Pseudotsugataxifolia, Hopk. US. 13399a, Type No. 43834 USNM” (USNM). Paratypes: UNITED STATES:Oregon: [Jackson Co.]: Ashland, Hopk. U.S. 14246-C, 10.III.[19]16, P.D. Sergent, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia (CNCI-2); II.[19]19, W.E Glendinning, Hopk. U.S. 1399-A (USNM-14).Holotype, male, labeled “Ashland Ore., May 20/19, Glendinning, WE Colr, UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA: [Del Norte Co.]: [Six Rivers National Forest], Gasquet R.S. [= Ranger Station], Hopk. U.S. 31722-H, 10.VII. R.L. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia (OSAC-23). Lake Co.: Middletown, 11.XI.1959, G.M. Thomas, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (OSAC-1). Los Angeles Co.: Angeles National Forest, Sawmill Mountain, 34.6926°N, 118.5499°W, V.28-VI.14.2007, Caterino, Chatzimanolis, ex. Lindgren trap (SBMN-4). Marin Co.: Alpine Lake, V.[19]57 (CASC-4). Mount Tamalpais 14.IX.[19]57, E.L. Smith, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (OSAC-1). Woodacre Creek, 9.VII.1951, P.S. Bartholomew (CASC-1). Napa Co.: Angwin, 2 mi N.N.E., N. side of Howell Mountain, 1300 ft, 16.VII.1974, H.B. Leech, ex. emerged from log of Pseudotsugamenziesii (CASC-1), 21.VII.1974 , 22.VII.1974 (CASC-1), 25.VII.1974 , 7.VIII.1983 (CASC-1), 12.IX.1983 (CASC-2). Callistoga, 5.X.1947, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia (USNM-2). Mount Saint Helena, Hopk. U.S. 15401-A, F.B. Herbert, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia (OSAC-1). Riverside Co.: Santa Barbara National Forest, Black Mountain Rd, 33.8395°N, 116.7306°W, 1.VII.2005, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). [Valyermo Co.]: Fenner Canyon, Hopk. U.S. 33853-A, 15.VIII.[19]51, A.D. Moore, ex. Pseudotsugamacrocarpa . OREGON:Benton Co.: Marys Peak, Corvallis Watershed, 9.VIII.1963, ex. rotary traps (EMEC-1). Jackson Co.: Ashland, Hopk. U.S. 13363-B, 26.VI.1918, W.E.G, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia, (OSAC-14). Mistletoe, Hopk. U.S. 15753-A, P.D. Sergent, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (OSAC-3). Rogue River National Forest, Rogue River Gorge viewpoint, N42°54.540', W122°26.733', 3489 ft, 21.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-3). Linn/Lane Co.: Blue River, 11 mi N.E., H.J. Andrews experimental forest, 5.VIII.1986, Log Decomp Study, Site 2, SE1/4 S15 T15S RSE, Trap 2WA (OSAC-1). [Tillamook Co.]: Woods, 18.XI.[19]38 (OSAC-1). Wasco Co.: The Dalles, ODA Port/Mill survey, Trap #65-01a, 14.VIII.1997, ex. Lindgren funnel with α-pinene & ethanol lure (MSUC-1).UNITED STATES: California, Oregon, Washington Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (= Pseudotsugataxifolia Britton) (Douglas fir) and Pseudotsugamacrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (bigcone Douglas fir).Scolytusoregoni colonizes large limbs and tops of its host and also fresh slash Eccoptogasterpiceae Swaine, 1910: 34.Scolytuspiceae : Both sexes are easily diagnosed by the large conical median spine on the surface of the second ventrite, the spine base never touches any margin, by the lack of lateral denticles on the apical margins of ventrites 2–4 and by the unicolorous elytra.2.5–3.0 mm long ; 2.3–2.7 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red brown, antennae yellow-brown, legs dark red-brown to yellow brown apically. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process present, moderately developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally from epistoma to vertex, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma to inner apices of eyes; moderately, coarsely longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures large, dense, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect, yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, marked by weak carina on ascendant part of venter, more strongly marked laterally. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface reticulate, shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow punctures; covered with sparse setae that are about twice size of a puncture; surface convex; armed with large conical median spine, apex rounded; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.3–3.0 mm long ; 2.3–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process weakly developed, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, less coarsely punctate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma. Second ventrite armed with smaller, rounded, median spine.467.here designated) Eccoptogasterpiceae, female, CANADA:QUEBEC: St. Anne’s, 21.VII.1907 (CUIC-1). Paratypes: CANADA:QUEBEC: Hudson, 191[sic!] (CUIC-4).Lectotype: male, labeled “St. Anne’s, Que., July 21, 1907” (CUIC). Lectotype designated CANADA:ALBERTA: Banff (CNCI-2); IX.1916 (CNCI-1); 7.IX.1967, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-1). Cypress Hills, 16.VII.[19]32 (CNCI-3). Edmonton, 16.I.1916, Carr (CNCI-1), 27.VIII.1916 (CNCI-1), 28.VIII.1916 (CNCI-1), 5.VII.1924, (CUIC-1); 6.XII.1916 (CASC-2); 15.VII.[19]24 (CASC-2); 29.VI.[19]16, J.W. Green (CASC-3), 2.IX.[19]16 (CASC-1). [Jasper National Park], Athabasca Falls, 9.VIII.1919, J.M. Swaine (CNCI-5). Medicine Hat, 2.IX.[19]26 (CNCI-2). Seebe, 7.VII.1966, D.F.J. Hilton, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-8). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Hixon, 9.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Picea sp. (CNCI-2). [Big Creek Provincial Park], Lorna [Lake], 6.VII.1924, G. Hopping, ex. Piceaengelmannii (CASC-1), 10.VIII.1924 (CASC-1), 22.VII.1925 (CASC-1), 14.VII.1926, ex. Pinuscontorta (CASC-1), 9.VII.1926 (CASC-1); 10.VII.1926, H. Richmond ex. Piceaengelmannii (CNCI-1), 14.VII.1926 (CNCI-1). Pine Pass, 11.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Picea sp. (CNCI-6). Trinity Valley, 21.VII.[19]30 (CNCI-1), 29.VII.[19]30 (CNCI-1), 13.VII.1928, J.R. Howell, ex. Pinusmonticolae (CASC-1); 23.VII.[19]28, H. Richmond, ex. Piceaengelmannii (CASC-1). MANITOBA: Aweme, 20.IX.[19]06, E. Criddle (CNCI-1); 1.VII.1916, N. Criddle, (CNCI-2) ex. bred from spruce [= Picea sp.], 2.VII.1916 (CNCI-4); 10.VII.[19]16 (CNCI-10) ex. spruce [= Picea sp.], 27.VII.[19]10 (CNCI-20), 14.VI.1918 (CNCI-2), 15.VI.1918 (CNCI-3); 5.VII.1916 (CNCI-3); 8.VII.1916 (CNCI-6), 9.VII.1916 (CNCI-1); 31.VII.1916 (CNCI-1); 9.VIII.1916 (CNCI-1); 10.IX.1917 (CNCI-10); 11.IX.1917 (CNCI-6); 9.VI.19[18] (CNCI-1). Brandon, 28.V.1940, L. Peterson, ex. Piceacanadensis (CNCI-2). Gillam, 21.VII.950, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). Glen Souris, 5.VI.[19]23, N. Criddle (CNCI-1). Grass River Provincial Park, 27.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Pinusmurrayana [= Pinuscontortamurrayana] (CNCI-7). Onah, 11.VII.1924, R.M. White (CNCI-3); N. Criddle, 25.VIII.[19]72 (CNCI-1). Telford, 24.VII.1963, ex. life table plot (CNCI-1), 2.VIII.1963 (CNCI-1). Winnipeg, Hanham (USNM-1). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac National Park, VIII.1977, D.E. Bright, Code-6224J (CNCI-1). McGraw Brook, 10 mi W., 7.VII.[19]70, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-1). NEWFOUNDLAND: Deer Lake, 12 mi N.E., 23.VII.[19]70, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceamariana (CNCI-11). NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton Highlands National Park, MacIntosh Brook, PG703866, 21.VII.1983, D.E. & J.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-7); 29.VII.1983, McKenzie, ex. Picea sp. (CNCI-10). Kejimkujik National Park, 16-17.VII.1967, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-14). ONTARIO: Carp, 5.VIII.[19]66, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceamariana (CNCI-2). Lake of the Woods, 1.VIII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Picea sp. (CNCI-7). Ottawa, 24.VI.1913, J.M. Swaine, ex. crawling on dying Larix sp. (CNCI-1). Rainy River District, 3.VIII.[19]24, J.F. Brimley (CNCI-1). QUEBEC: Aylmer, 12.VII.1924, B.B. Watson, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-1); 30.VII.1924, A.R. Graham (CNCI-1). Hudson, 191[sic!] (CNCI-52). Limbor/Touranine, 27.VI.1974, R. Sexton (CNCI-1). [Gaspésie National Park], Mount Albert, 28.VII.1954, W.J. Brown, ex. north base 650 ft (CNCI-1). St. Anne’s [Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré], 19.VI.[19]19 . South March, 19.VI.1958, S.D. Hicks (CNCI-1). SASKATCHEWAN: Big River, 23.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-1). Big River, 40 mi N.W., 22.VII.[19]72, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-1). Canoe Lake, 21.VII.1972, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-2). Christopher Lake, 5.VIII.1959, A. & J. Brooks (CNCI-1). Cypress Hills, 3.IX.1967, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-9); 24.IX.1964 (CNCI-2). YUKON: Old Crow, 28.VI.[19]81, D.E. Bright (CNCI-5). UNITED STATES:ALASKA: [North Slope Borough]: Prudhoe Bay Rd, 8 mi N., South Fork Koyukuk River, 67°13’N, 150°07’W, 1000 ft [sic!], 8.VII.1978, Smetana, Campbell (CNCI-1). Fairbanks North Star Borough: Fairbanks, 2.VIII.[19]55, W.F. McCambridge, ex. Piceaglauca (DEBC-7). CALIFORNIA:Siskiyou Co: Callahan, 7 mi N.W., 16.VI.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaengelmannii . Happy Camp, 18 mi N., 31.VII.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaengelmannii . COLORADO:Denver Co.: Denver, Union Pacific, 14.IX.2000, USDA APHIS, ex. Lindgren funnel APEtOH Lure (CSUC-1). Larimer Co.: Livermore, 10.IX.2009, K. Smith, USDA APHIS, ex. Lindgren funnel APEtOH Lure, (CSUC-1). Roosevelt National Forest, Chambers Lake, 11.VIII.[19]68, 9200ft, L.A. Kelton (CNCI-1). MAINE: [Oxford Co.]: Wilsons Mills, 9.VIII.[19]70, D.E. Bright, ex. Picea sp. (CNCI-1). MASSACHUSETTS: [Norfolk Co.]: Dover, 8.VII.1933, C.W. Collins, ex. reared from blue spruce [= Piceapungens] (USNM-11). MINNESOTA:Cook Co.: Superior National Forest, Hwy 12 nr. Seagull Guard Station, 48°6'29"N, 90°50'12"W, 23.VI–9.VII.2003, K.J.K. Gandhi, ex. Lindgren funnel trap in Pinusbanksiana, wind-disturbed-salvaged-logged, site D (CASC-1). Mille Lacs Co.: 2.VII.[19]36, H.R. Dodge, ex. under bark of tamarack tree [= Larix sp.] (CASC-2). MONTANA: Glacier National Park, 15.VII.[19]29 (CUIC-1). NEW MEXICO: [Taos Co.]: Red River, 3 mi W., C.C. Hoff (AMNH-1). NORTH DAKOTA:Bottineau Co.: S30 T162 R75, Hopk. U.S. 56561-A, 27.V.1973, A.D. Tagestad, ex. collected from Piceaglaucadensata (USNM-3). Rolette Co.: S15 T162 R69, Hopk. U.S. 56446, 19.V.[19]72, A.D. Tagestad, ex. collected from Piceapungens (USNM-2). OREGON: [Jefferson Co.]: Suttle Lake, 4 mi W., 3.IX.[19]39, Schuh, Gray, ex. Piceaengelmannii . [Unspecified County]: Blue Mountains, 13.VII.[19]14, W.J. Chamberlain, ex. Piceaengelmannii (CNCI-2). SOUTH DAKOTA:Lawrence Co.: near Leads, Brownsville Rd, N44.2922°, W103.7828°, 5650 ft, 27.VII.2004, K.P. Dole, ex. Piceaglauca (MSUC-14). [Unspecified County]: Black Hills, 7.VII.[19]75, D.E. Bright, ex. Piceaglauca (CNCI-5). UTAH: [Daggett Co.]: Mckee Draw, Ashley National Forest, 16.VI.1960, ex. Piceapungens (USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: Logan Canyon, S27 T13 NR4, 6.VII.1948, S.L. Wood, ex. Piceaengelmannii (USNM-8). WYOMING:Carbon Co.: [Medicine Bow National Forest], Mirror Lake, 4 mi W., 6.IX.2010, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. Piceaengelmannii branches (DEBC-1); [Medicine Bow National Forest] Snowy Mountains, WY130, Lake Marie, N41°19.965', W106°19.516', 3208 m, 26.VII.2011, S.M. Smith, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. emerged 1-5.IX.2011, ex. Piceaengelmannii (MSUC-36). Johnson Co.: Buffalo, 16 km SW, 20.VI.1968, S.L. W[ood], ex. Piceaengelmannii (USNM-1).CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon. UNITED STATES: Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming Fig. .Piceabreweriana S. Watson (Brewer spruce), Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Engelmann spruce), Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce), Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce), Piceapungens Engelm. (blue spruce), and Picearubens Sarg. (red spruce). This species rarely attacks Larix spp. (larch) and Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill .Most spruce species including Scolytuspiceae infests dead and dying limbs ; 2.0–2.9 times as long as wide. Color dark red-brown to black, antennae yellow-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma and along median line to upper level of eyes (may not be impressed in some specimens); moderately, coarsely, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae not impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly, acutely produced forming lip along base of ventrite 2, basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, finely punctate (obscurely punctate in some specimens); punctures small, fine, shallow; surface weakly concave; apical margin unarmed or armed with a longitudinal carina and blunt tubercle, appearing keel-shaped or a low median longitudinal carina; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.1.7–3.5 mm long ; 2.0–3.0 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process absent, frons more strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; entirely convex to weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Apical margin of ventrite 2 unarmed or weakly longitudinally tumescent.627.Scolytuspraeceps LeConte: female, labeled “Cali. , Type 967” (MCZC). Lectotype designated Scolytusabietis Blackman: male, labeled “8637iss , 6-20-[18]99, [A.D. Hopkins], Hopk. US 224, Type No. 43837” (USNM). Holotype Scolytusopacus Blackman: male, labeled “Ouray, Colo[rado], 7,500-8,000 ft., July 1-15, [18]97, HF Wickham, Type No. 43836” (USNM).Lectotype CANADA:PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakBRITISH COLUMBIA: [Big Creek Provincial Park], Lorna [Lake], 5.VIII.1926, H. Richmond, ex. Abieslasiocarpa (CASC-2). Duncan, Genoa Bay, 16.VIII.1928, W.G. Mathers, ex. Abiesgrandis (CNCI-10), 17.VIII.1928 (CASC-3). UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA:Alpine Co.: Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Hwy 88, N38°45.824', W119°51.498', 6262 ft, 24.VII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-3). El Dorado Co.: Georgetown, 10 mi E., University of California Blodgett [Experimental] Forest, VI.[19]62, R.W. Stark, ex. Abiesconcolor ; 30.V.1986, K. Hobson (EMEC-2), 1-2.VI.1986 (EMEC-2), 21-24.VI.1986 (EMEC-2), 1-7.VII.1986 (EMEC-9), 9-16.VII.1986 (EMEC-3); 2.VI.2003, K. Apigian (EMEC-2), 5.VI.2003 (EMEC-1). Ice House Reservoir, 25.V.2007, A.I. Cognato (MSUC-5). [Lake Tahoe], Fallen Leaf Lake, 6300 ft, 5.VII.1940, H.T. Reynolds (EMEC-2). Pacific House, 0.7 mi E., 2.VII.1989, F.G. Andrews, ex. flume (CSCA-1). Pacific House, 1 mi E., 1.V.1994, C.B. Barr, ex. seining El Dorado ditch (EMEC-1). South Lake Tahoe, 16.VI.1988, D. Adams, ex. reared from Abiesconcolor (CSCA-1). [Fresno Co.]: Huntington Lake, 23.VII.[19]19, F.C. Clark (CASC-52). Shaver [Lake], 14.IX.[19]08, Miller, ex. Abiesconcolor (CNCI-3). [Madera Co.]: North Fork, 22.VI.1935, R.P. Allen (EMEC-1). Marin Co.: Inverness, 8.VIII.[19]62, C.A. Toschi (EMEC-1). Mariposa Co.: Yosemite Valley, 7.VII.1921 (CASC-21). Mendocino Co.: Noyo River, VI.1896 (CASC-2). Modoc Co.: Alturas, Knox Mountain, 8.VII.1964, D.L. Dahlsten (EMEC-1). Warner Mountains, 4.VII.1919, G. Hopping, ex. Abiesconcolor . Monterey Co.: 30.VII.1964, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesbracteata (CASC-8). Carmel Valley, 15 mi S., 22.VI.1963, C.J. Wray, ex. Abiesbracteata . Williams Canyon, Los Padres National Forest, 24.IV.1992, D.E. Bright, G. Ferrell, ex. Abiesbracteata limbs (CNCI-22). Nevada Co.: Donner Memorial State Park, 10.IX.[19]87, S. Seybold, ex. collected on Abiesconcolor , 11.IX.[19]87 , 29.X.1987 . Nevada City, 28.V.1939, R.P. Allen (CNCI-5). Riverside Co.: Mount San Jacinto State Park, 33.807°N, 116.654°W, 15.VII.2003, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). Santa Rosa Mountain, 15.IX.[19]56, D.E. Bright, D.N. King, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-4). San Bernardino Co.: San Bernardino National Forest, E. of Arrowbear Lake, 34.2076°N, 117.0584°W, 29.V.2004, M. Caterino (SBMN-2); S. Fork Trail, 34.1297°N, 117.8426°W, 28.V.2004, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). San Bernardino Mountains, Dollar Lake trail, 10.VII.1956, R.W. Bushing (EMEC-2), 11.VII.1956 . Sierra Co.: Calpine, 2.3 mi N.W., 5200ft, 27.VIII.1961, H.B. Leech, ex. under bark of Abies sp. (CASC-9). Siskiyou Co.: McCloud, 14.VI.1961, S.L. Wood, J.B. Karren, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (DEBC-5). Mount Shasta, 28.VII.1980, A.J. Gilbert (CASC-1). Trinity Co.: Klamath National Forest, FR 41N16, 0.2 mi E. FR 93, N41°14.822', W122°53.562', 5081ft, 28.VII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-2). Tuolumne Co.: Cow Creek, 5 mi N. Strawberry, 18.VII.1964, C.W. O’Brien, ex. Abies sp. . Pinecrest, Hopk. U.S. 19192-A, 29.VII.1930, G.R. Struble, ex. Abiesconcolor (DEBC-3); IX.1966, emerged 28.III.1967, G.T. Ferrell, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-4). Sierra Village, 10.VII.1966, B.A. Tolden (EMEC-1). [Unspecified County]: Shasta [-Trinity] National Forest, Hopk. U.S. 21078, 10.V.1934, K.A. Salmon (DEBC-4). COLORADO:Clear Creek Co.: Idaho Springs, 12 mi S., 12.VII.2007, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. bole Abieslasiocarpa . Eagle Co.: Basalt Mountain, 20.VI.1996, D. Leatherman (CSUC-1). IDAHO: [Bonner Co.]: Sandpoint, 2.VII.1964, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). Clearwater Co.: Angel Butte thinning, T37N R3E, sec 3, ex. Abiesgrandis #86 (USNM-10). Kootenai Co.: Coeur d’Alene, 28.IV.1922, H.J. Rust, ex. Abiesgrandis (MSUC-3); 15.V.1951, 2157 ft, W.F. Barr, ex. Abiesgrandis (EMEC-3). Latah Co.: Moscow Mountain, 46.8042, -116.830183, 2713ft, 10.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, [A.R. Gillogly], M.M. Furniss, ex. Abieslasiocarpa, emerged II.2011, M.M. Furniss (MSUC-72). Lewis Co.: Nezperce, 3 mi N., 3.VII.[19]69, R.C. Biggum (EMEC-1). OREGON:Deschutes Co.: Deschutes National Forest, Black Butte Rd, Black Butte, N44°24.924', W121°38.323', 4212 ft, 31.VII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abiesgrandis (MSUC-91). Paulina Lake, 2 mi W., 12.VI.1940, Schuh, Scott, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-2). Douglas Co.: Diamond Lake, 9.VII.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Abies sp. (EMEC-7). Jackson Co.: Copper, 2 mi N., 3.IX.1970, W.G. Harwood, ex. Abieslasiocarpa, emerged 21.X.1970 (MSUC-7). [Klamath Co.]: Keno, 16.VII.[19]29, J.A. Beal, ex. Abiesconcolor (CSUC-2). Linn/Lane Co.: Blue River, 11 mi N.E., H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, 5.VIII.1988, log decomp study, site 2, SE1/4 S15 T15S RSE, trap 2WA (OSAC-1). [Umatilla Co.]: Tollgate, 6.VI.[19]49, C. Chastain, ex. Abiesgrandis . UTAH:Utah Co.: Hobble Creek Canyon, 14.VI.[19]60, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (DEBC-2). [Unspecified County]: (CNCI-1). 1952, T.O. Thatcher (CSUC-10). WYOMING:Albany Co.: Snowy Mountains, [Medicine Bow National Forest], Spruce campground, 6.IX.2010, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr coll., ex. Abiesconcolor branches (DEBC-2). [Carbon Co.]: Saratoga, Hopk. U.S. 31518-E, 1.IX.[19]38, ex. Abieslasiocarpa (CSUC-1).CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia. UNITED STATES: California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming Fig. .Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (white fir), Abiesgrandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir), Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.  and Abiesbracteata (D. Don) Poit. (bristlecone fir).Scolytuspraeceps prefers to colonize fresh slash but is also found in small limbs and tops of small standing trees ; 1.8–2.5 times as long as wide. Color dark red-brown to black, antenna brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly to acutely, deeply emarginate; epistomal process weakly to strongly developed and elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, longitudinally aciculate, deeply, coarsely punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, three sharply arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical, anterolateral and lateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing minute, recumbent setae less than length of a puncture; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, marked by weak carina on vertical surface of segment. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface rugose, shagreened, finely punctate; punctures small, coarse, shallow; surface convex; setae moderately abundant, long, erect and longer than length of ventrite 3; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 typically armed with strong, recurved, subapical, carinate ridge, occasionally modified and medially produced to form a slightly recurved and subrostriform ridge appearing “reflexed” . Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.5–4.0 mm long ; 1.87–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma entire, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed just above epistoma and between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed, setae sparse, erect, measuring length of three diameters of a puncture. Length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4, armed with apical strongly recurved subapical carinate ridge.358.Scolytusreflexus Blackman: male, labeled “Sta Catalina Mts, Ariz., Chrisman, M. Coll, Pseudotsugataxifolia, Hopk. U.S. 12210, Reared June 1-14 H.B. Kirk, Type No. 43831 USNM” (USNM). Holotype Scolytusvirgatus Bright: male, labeled “MEX., N.L., Cerro Potosi, V.2.71, 8500', D.E. Bright, Pseudotsugamenziesii, CNC No. 12604” (CNCI). Holotype Scolytuswickhami Blackman: male, labeled “Buena Vista, Col. H.F. Wickham July 1-6 ’96, 7,900-8,000 ft, Type No. 43832 USNM” (USNM). Paratypes ScolytusreflexusUNITED STATES:ARIZONA: [Cochise Co.]: Chiricahua Mountains, 18.VI.[?], Hubbard, Schwarz (EMEC-1). Pima/ Pinal Co.: Santa Catalina Mountains, M. Chrisman, reared 25.VI.[19]14, H.B. Kirk, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-1). Paratypes ScolytuswickhamiUNITED STATES:ARIZONA: [Cochise Co.]: Chiricahua Mountains, Hopk. U.S. 5558-A, 5.VIII.[19]07, J.L. Webb, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-1). NEW MEXICO: [Lincoln Co.]: Capitan Mountains, Hopk. U.S. 5674, J.L. Webb, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-1). Paratypes ScolytusvirgatusMEXICO:Nuevo León: Cerro Potosi, 8500 ft, 2.V.[19]71, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-4).Holotype MEXICO:PageBreakPageBreakCHIHUAHUA: San Juanito, 16 km N.E., 50 m, 19.VII.1960, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii . San Juanito, Hopk. U.S. 58592, 16.III.1974, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pinus sp. . DURANGO: Durango, Hopk. U.S. 58685, 24.III.1974, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (USNM-14). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA:Cochise Co.: Chiricahua Mountains, 21.VII.1916, C.R. Bruck, (DEBC-2), 29.IX.[19]47, D.J. & J.N. Knull (DEBC-4). Coronado National Forest, Chiricahua Mountains, N31°54.915', W109°16.040', 8196 ft, 20.V.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-7). Huachuca Mountains, Upper Carr Canyon, 7500 ft, 6–10.VIII.[19]52, H.B. Leech, J.W. Green (CASC-1). [Coconino Co.]: Jacob Lake, Kaibab National Forest, 19.VI.[19]66, [L. Edson], ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-3). Greenlee Co.: Hannagan [Meadows] campground, 12.VII.1968, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-5). Pima Co.: Tucson, Mount Lemmon, 11.VI.1969, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-1). Pima/Pinal Co.: Santa Catalina Mountains, 9000 ft, 6.VI.1926, R.B. Streets (CASC-1); 5.VIII.1968, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-1); Bear Wallow, 7800 ft, 11.VI.1969, S.L. Wood (USNM-5). Santa Cruz Co.: Carr Canyon, 8.VIII.1962, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (USNM-12). Yavapai Co.: Prescott National Forest, Mount Union, Lake. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-1). COLORADO: [Boulder Co.]: Boulder, Hopk. U.S. 17700-Y, 21.IV.[19]37, J.A. Beal, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . Chaffee Co.: N. of Poncha Pass, 25.VII.1997, D. Leatherman, ex. ponderosa pine [= Pinusponderosa] (CSUC-1). Clear Creek Co.: Idaho Springs, 7.5 mi S., 12.VII.2007, D. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. bole Pseudotsugamenziesii (DEBC-3). Lawson, 26.VII.1994, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-4). Near Lawson, 26.VII.1994, S. Kelley, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-2). [Garfield Co.]: Glenwood Springs, VII.[?] (CASC-1). Jefferson Co.: 1–15.VII.2010, Colorado Dept of Agriculture, ex. Lindgren funnel UHR EtOH & Ω-pinene conifer (CSUC-3). Buffalo Creek, 6.VIII.2004, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). Larimer Co.: Estes Park, 19.VI.[19]35, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (USNM-3); 28-VI-13.VII.2010, Colorado Dept of Agriculture, ex. Lindgren funnel UHR EtOH & Ω-pinene conifer (CSUC-3). Fort Collins, 29.VI.[19]35 (USNM-2). Mount Margaret trailhead, 4.VIII.1994, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). Pingree Park, 30.VIII.1995, D. Leatherman (CSUC-1). Poudre Canyon, 27.V.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). Rist Canyon, 28.X.[19]56, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (DEBC-1); S28 T8 NR70W, 3.III.1957, T.O. Thatcher, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (DEBC-7). Rist Canyon Picnic Area, 26.VI.2008, D. Leatherman, ex. fallen Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-3). Roosevelt National Forest, Big Thompson Canyon, N40°24.456', W105°24.565', 7080 ft, 5.V.2010, S.M. Smith, D.E. Bright, B.A Barr, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-2). Red Feather Lakes, 12.III.2003, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1), VI.2000 (CSUC-5). CR 63E, 2 mi S. off Hwy 14, 4.VII.2007, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-11). Mineral Co.: Wolf Creek Pass off US 160, Sheep Mountain, 25.VII.2005, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). Pueblo Co.: SR 165, 5 mi S.E. San Isabel Millset trailhead, 23.VI.2000, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-3). Teller Co.: Ridgewood Subdivision, 5.VIII.2004, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CSUC-1). NEVADA: [Lander Co.]: Austin, 12.VIII.[19]40, D.E. Hardy (USNM-1). NEW MEXICO:Otero Co.: Cloudcroft, 4.VI.1969, tree 53, S.L. Wood, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-14); 11-13.VII.[19]74, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-4). Lincoln National Forest, Apache Point Observatory, N32°47.046', W105°48.841', 9116 ft, 15.V.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-145). [Sandoval Co.]: Jemez Springs, Hopk. U.S. 37218-F, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (USNM-4); Hopk. U.S. 37214-D, 1.IX.[19]57, F.M. Yasinski, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (USNM-15). TEXAS:Culberson Co.: Guadalupe Mountains National Park, The Bowl, 17.VII.1974, Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-6). UTAH: [Utah Co.]: Wasatch National Forest, Mount Timpanogos, 13.VII.1957, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (DEBC-1). [Unspecified County]: Logan Canyon, 5000 ft, 31.XII.1945, S.L. Wood, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (USNM-3), 28.IV.1946 (USNM-2), 16.VI.1946 (USNM-4), 3.VII.1946 (USNM-4).MEXICO: Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León. UNITED STATES: Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (= Pseudotsugataxifolia Britton) (Douglas fir).Scolytusreflexus is relatively common throughout its range and is found in fresh slash and branches of Douglas fir  Douglas fir trees. This species was also reported killing Douglas fir in the Sacramento Mountains and Santa Fe National Forest of New Mexico, and was tentatively and incorrectly identified as Scolytusmonticolae (Scolytusmonticolae strongly resembles Scolytusreflexus (see diagnosis) but does not occur in New Mexico.The senior author has collected nticolae . ScolytuScolytusreflexus and Scolytuswickhami in synonymy with Scolytustsugae. Scolytusreflexus from synonymy with Scolytustsugae. In this publication he also listed Scolytuswickhami as a synonym of Scolytusreflexus and cited Scolytuswickhami was never removed from synonymy with Scolytustsugae and designated as a synonym of Scolytusreflexus.PageBreakPageBreakScolytusvirgatus, Scolytuswickhami or either a subspecies or variety. Scolytuswickhami a synonym of Scolytusreflexus, but as discussed above, never formally placed it in synonymy. All three species are here treated as one slightly morphologically variable species. We assessed intraspecific variation within these three species for four genes ; 1.8–2.7 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae light brown, legs dark red-brown to light brown, elytra red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma moderately emarginate; epistomal process strongly developed and elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately and uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two sharply arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, weakly serrate apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing minute, recumbent setae less than length of a puncture; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly, acutely produced forming lip along base of ventrite 2, basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shining, rugose, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface flattened, unarmed or with weak median tumescence on apical margin; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch or median depression is absent.PageBreakly developed and elevated, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed.2.2–4.1 mm long ; 1.9–2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process less strong143.Scolytusrobustus Blackman: male, labeled “Prescott N.F. Ariz., VII-24-[19]30, M.W. Blackman Collector, Abiesconcolor, Hopk. US 20410E, Type No. 43835 USNM” (USNM).Holotype UNITED STATES:ARIZONA: [Coconino Co.]: Grand Canyon North Rim, Kaibab National Forest, VI.[19]66, [L. Edson] (EMEC-4). [Graham Co.]: Pinaleno Mountains, Swift Trail, 3 mi, Lady Bug Saddle, 11.IX.1964, C.W. O’Brien, ex. Abies sp. ; Coronado National Forest, SR 366, N32°37.702', W109°49.472', 7896 ft, 24.V.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-2). COLORADO:Costilla Co.: near Fort Garland, Forbes Trinchera Ranch, VII-VIII.1976, D. Leatherman ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-1). Huerfano Co.: near Red Wing, 16.VII.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-4). Pass Creek, 20.VIII.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-2). La Plata Co.: Columbine Lake, 11.VIII.2004, D. Leatherman, ex. subalpine fir [= Abieslasiocarpa] (CSUC-1). NEVADA:Clark Co.: 19.VII.[19]29, C.C. Searl . Cathedral Rock, emerged 7-9.V.2002, R. Turnbow, ex. Abies sp. (WFBM-2). White Pine Co.: Baker, 17.V.1939, T.O. Thatcher (CNCI-2). NEW MEXICO:Bernalillo Co.: Cibola National Forest, Sandia Peak, 9.VII.[19]68, D.E. Bright (CNCI-1); NM536, N35°12.853', W106°24.743', 8753 ft, 10.V.2010, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-15), N35°11.655', W106°24.075', 8317 ft (MSUC-30). [Santa Fe Co.]: Santa Fe, Little Teseque Canyon, 14.VI.[19]35, Van Dyke (CASC-3). [Unspecified County]: Sandia Mountains, tree 9, 29.V.1969, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-13), tree 18, 30.V.1969 (MSUC-19). TEXAS: [Unspecified county]: San Antonio, Hopk. U.S. 3938, W.F. Fiske, ex. bred 15.VI.[19]07 (USNM-3). UTAH:Cache Co.: Logan (CNCI-1). [San Juan Co.]: Mount Navajo, 8500 ft, 10.VI.[19]36, McAbee (CASC-4). Utah Co.: Payson Canyon, 14.V.1960, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (CNCI-3); 20.V.1961, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-9). [Unspecified County]: Bryce Canyon National Park, 10.V.1981, M.M. Furniss, ex. Abiesconcolor (WFBM-10). UNSPECIFIED STATE: (CASC-1).UNITED STATES: Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah Fig. .Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr (white fir). Incidental host: Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt .Principal host: Scolytusrobustus is found in the limbs and tops of its host and fresh slash. Galleries are often initiated near limb bases  bark.Scolytusrobustus only occurs on Abies. In southeastern Arizona, Abies spp. and Scolytusrobustus are confined to high elevation sites on the sky islands. These Arizona populations are isolated from the New Mexico populations by large areas that are unsuitable for Abies. No specific geographic morphological differences were observed among the examined specimens.A relatively large amount of intraspecific variation (0.0537) was observed in mitochondrial COI sequences from specimens collected from Arizona and New Mexico and low variation observed between the two Arizona populations Table . ScolytuTaxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeBright, 1972valid sp.Scolytussilvaticus Bright, 1972: 1489.Scolytushermosus by having the apical margin of ventrite 1 produced, forming a carinate lip along the basal margin of ventrite 2 that is about half as produced as thick and by the host and is distinguished from the Scolytushermosus female by having a strongly developed epistomal process.The male is distinguished from other species by having the apical margin of ventrite 4 thickened, forming a broad carina with a blunt median tubercle. The female is distinguished from the morphologically similar male of 3.0 mm long ; 2.1 times as long as wide. Color dark red-brown to black. Pronotum same color as elytra.Head. Epistoma moderately, broadly emarginate; epistomal process weakly developed; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, erect, yellow-brown, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, almost subquadrate, setose with partial septum, two broadly arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, dark yellow-brown setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; bearing sparse, recumbent, long, dark yellow-brown setae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing abundant, long, erect dark yellow-brown hair-like setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 moderately elevated above base of ventrite 2, ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; setae small, about two diameters of a puncture in length; surface flattened; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 unarmed. Apical margin of ventrite 4 thickened forming a broad carina with blunt median tubercle. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.3.3–3.6 mm long ; 2.2–2.8 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistomal process more strongly developed, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparse, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eye. Second ventrite unarmed.4.Scolytussilvaticus Bright: male, labeled “MEX., N.L., Cerro Potosi, V.3.[19]71, 1100', D.E. Bright, Pseudotsugamenziesii, CNC No. 12603” (CNCI). Allotype, female, identical data as holotype. Paratypes, identical data as holotype (CNCI-2).Holotype None examined.MEXICO: Nuevo León Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir).Scolytussilvaticus is only known from a single collecting event from broken branches of Pseudotsugamenziesii ; 1.8–2.3 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae light brown, legs dark red-brown to light brown, elytra red brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma moderately, very broadly emarginate; epistomal process moderately developed and elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures minute, fine; moderately and uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, ovoid, setose with partial septum, three arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; punctures bearing short, sparse, recumbent yellow setae slightly longer than size of a puncture (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly, acutely produced forming lip along base of ventrite 2, basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, dull, finely and obscurely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface weakly concave; apical margin armed with broad median denticle; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.3.1–5.0 mm long ; 1.9–2.6 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process absent, frons more strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Second ventrite unarmed, surface weakly rugose, punctures larger, deeper.111.Scolytussubscaber LeConte: female, Vanc. , Type 968” (MCZC). Lectotype designated Lectotype UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA:Alpine Co.: Stanislaus National Forest, Hermit Valley, Hopk. U.S. 19193-A, J.M. Miller, ex. Abiesconcolor . Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Hwy 89, 6.6 mi E. NF 4188, N38°39.906', W119°38.540', 8011 ft, 24.VII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Abiesmagnifica (MSUC-3). El Dorado Co.: Echo Lake, Hopk. U.S. 18381-A, 27.V.[19]31, J.M. Miller, ex. Abiesmagnifica . Lake Tahoe, Fallen Leaf Lake, 22.VII.1930, A.C. Browne (CASC-1). Uncle Tom’s, 0.1 road mile W., 28.VII-12.VIII.1978, J.A. Benedictis, ex. from pheromone trap baited with E-11 tetradecenyl acetate (EMEC-1). [Madera Co.]: Bass Lake, Hopk. U.S. 19376-A, 2.VII.[19]32, G.R. Struble, ex. Abiesconcolor . Sugar Pine [community], 12.VIII.1920, E. Schiffel (CASC-1). Placer Co.: Lake Tahoe, 1 mi N., 3.VIII.[19]67, G.T. Ferrell (EMEC-3). Plumas Co.: LaPort, Hopk. U.S. 17933-A, J.M. Miller, ex. Abiesmagnifica . [Unspecified County]: Stanislaus National Forest, Hopk. U.S. 19818, J.M. Miller, ex. Abiesconcolor (OSAC-1). IDAHO:Clearwater Co.: Pierce, 4 mi W.N.W., 18.VII.1973, H.L. Osborne, ex. flight trap (USNM-1). Latah Co.: 1992, M.M. Furniss, ex. Abiesgrandis (WFBM-1). Flat Creek, 11.II.1995, M.M. Furniss, ex. Abiesgrandis (WFBM-4). Harvard, 3.5 mi N.N.E., 6.VIII.1973, H.L. Osborne, ex. flight trap (USNM-1). Moscow, 20.VII.[19]73, LC-1 (USNM-1), 24.VII.[19]73, LC-1 (USNM-2). Potlatch, 4 mi N.E., 3.VIII.1973, H.L. Osbourne, ex. flight trap (USNM-1). OREGON: [Benton Co.]: [Corvallis], Kiger Island, IX.1922, W.J. Chamberlain (USNM-1). [Klamath Co.]: Crater Lake [National Park], 11.VI.[19]33, Hopk. U.S. 18966-A, W.J. Buckhorn, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-4), 14.XII.[19]33 . WASHINGTON: [Chelan Co.]: Lake Wenatchee [State Park], VII.[19]69 (EMEC-1). [King Co.]: Seattle, 9.VI.[19]12 (OSAC-2). [Thurston Co.]: Olympia, 25.IV.[18]94 (OSAC-2).PageBreakPageBreakCANADA: British Columbia. UNITED STATES: California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington Fig. .Abiesgrandis (Dougl. Ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir). Incidental hosts: Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. , Abiesmagnifica A. Murr. (red fir).Principal host: Scolytussubscaber. Adults infest suppressed branches in the crowns of mature trees and are rarely found in slash  Harz. that kills the host cambium (in slash . Scolytu cambium .Scolytus species. They are epsilon (“ε”) shaped and deeply excavated in the sapwood Eccoptogastertsugae Swaine, 1917: 32.Scolytusmonticolae : Scolytustsugae most strongly resembles Scolytusmonticolae and the two species are easily and often confused. Both sexes are distinguished from those of Scolytusmonticolae by the impressed elytral discal striae, giving the elytra a corrugated appearance, by the dull luster of ventrite 2 and the host genus Tsuga.2.8–3.4 mm long ; 2.1–2.5 times as long as wide. Body dark red-brown and antennae light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; weakly longitudinally aciculate, moderately punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, erect, yellow, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, dark yellow-brown, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed, elytra with a corrugated appearance. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly, continuously elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface flattened; apical margin unarmed; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.2.3–3.5 mm long ; 1.9–2.8 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process present, moderately developed, low, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly strigate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes.369.Eccoptogastertsugae Swaine: female, labeled “Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Canada No. 2251, female, J.M. Swaine Coll., Lectotype CNCNo. 9239” (CNCI). Lectotype designated Eccoptogastertsugae (CNCI), [Unspecified locality]: 2251 , 2327 (CNCI-2).Lectotype CANADA:BRITISH COLUMBIA: Adams Lake, 8.V.[19]22, R. Hopping, ex. Tsugamertensiana (CASC-1). Bowman Creek, 10.VIII.1928, R. Hopping, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (CASC-2). Garibaldi, 7.VII.1988, R.J. Rabaglia (RJRC-1). Merritt, Midday Valley, 5.VI.1926, W. Mathers, 17134, lot 94, ex. Pinusponderosa (CASC-1), 11.VI.1926, 17190, lot 23 (CNCI-1). North Vancouver, Lynn Canyon, 1.VI.[19]23, 17003, N.L. Cutler, ex. Abiesamabalis . Pender Harbour, 17189, lot 1, 11.V.[19]26, G.R. Hopping, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (CNCI-9); lot 2, 12.V.[19]26 , lot 4, 29.V.[19]26 , lot 5, 1926 (CNCI-1), 13.VI.1928 (CASC-4). Terrace, Mrs. W.W. Hippisley (CNCI-1). Trinity Valley, 16.VIII.1927, J.R. Howell (CASC-2), 1722, lot 46, 10.VII.1928, (CASC-1), lot 50, 24.VII.1928 (CASC-1), 17339, lot 12, 19.VI.[19]30, (CASC-2); 16.VI.1927, 17213, lot 27, E.A. Rendell (CASC-1). Vancouver, 11.VI.1935, A. Graham, ex. Tsugamertensiana (CASC-2); 27.V.1939, W.G. Mathers, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (CASC-2), 31.V.1939 (CASC-5), 5.VI.1939 (CASC-3), 12.VI.1939 (CASC-3), 27.VI.1939 (CASC-5), 4.VII.1939 (CASC-1), 10.VII.1939 (CASC-2). UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA:Alpine Co.: Ebbetts Pass, 8730 ft, 13.VIII.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Tsugamertensiana . El Dorado Co.: , Blodgett [Experimental] Forest, 2.VI.2003, K. Apigian (EMEC-1), 30.V.1986, K. Hobson (EMEC-1). Pollock Pines, 22.VI.[19]48, A. Bartel (EMEC-1). Lassen Co.: Grassy Lake, 27.IX.[19]14, lot 142, ex. Tsugamertensiana (CASC-2). Nevada Co.: Tahoe National Forest, Sagehen Basin, Carpenter Ridge, 39.4149°N, 120.3109°W, 15.VII.2003, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). [Unspecified County]: Yosemite National Park, Hopk. U.S. 15727-A, 2.VII.1918, J.E. Patterson, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-4). IDAHO:Bonner Co.: Priest River Experimental Forest, Hopk. U.S. 61810, 28.X.1978, M.M. Furniss, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (USNM-8). Priest Lake, Reader Bay, 6.VIII.1985, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (WFBM-54). Boundary Co.: Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Roman Nose, N48°40.911', W116°34.345', 4353 ft, 12.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (MSUC-7). Kootenai Co.: Deception Creek Experimental Forest, Hopk. U.S. 58885-B, 10.VII.1968, M.M. Furniss, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (OSAC-1), 16.VII.1968 (OSAC-1), 24.VII.1968 (OSAC-4), 30.VII.1968 (OSAC-2), 8.VIII.1968 (OSAC-1). Magee, VII.[19]29, R.L. Furniss, ex. hemlock [= Tsuga sp.] (OSAC-4). MONTANA: [Unspecified County]: Glacier [National] Park, 8.VII.[19]49, D. Giuliani (CASC-1). OREGON: [Douglas Co.]: Diamond Lake, Hopk. U.S. 20959-A, VII.[19]31, R.L. Furniss, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-18). Hood River Co.: Mount Hood National Forest, Hwy 35, Sherwood Forest campground, N45°19.278', W121°37.104', 4293 ft, 2.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (MSUC-5). Klamath Co.: Crescent Lake, 6.VII.[19]60, ex. Tsugamertensiana (CASC-4). Crater Lake [National Park], Hopk. U.S. 18.916-A, 22.V.[19]30, W.J. Buckhorn, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-30), Hopk. U.S. 18,950-A, 16.VI.[19]31 (OSAC-44); Hopk. U.S. 18851-A, 14.VI.[19]31, J.A. Beal, ex. Tsugamertensiana ; Hopk. U.S. 20537-A, 17.VI.[19]33, F.P. Keen, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-19); 24.VIII.[19]62, D.E. Bright, ex. Tsugamertensiana (CNCI-1); 12.VIII.1984, M.M. Furniss, ex. Tsugamertensiana (WFBM-16); Hopk. U.S. 20807-A, R.L. Furniss, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (OSAC-2). Linn Co.: Santiam Pass 7.VII.[19]64 (EMEC-1). [Yamhill Co.]: McMinnville, 27.XI.1937, K.M. & D.M. Fender (OSAC-1). Washington:King Co.: Seattle, 27.V.[19]07 (OSAC-1), 10.IV.[19]12 (OSAC-2), 12.IV.[19]12 (OSAC-1). [Snohomish Co.]: [labeled King Co.] Mountlake Terrace, 20.VIII.[19]62, D.E. Bright, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (CNCI-4). UNSPECIFIED LOCALITY: Hopk. U.S. 13247-A, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-2). Summit Viola Trail, 9.IX.1910, J.M. Miller, ex. Tsugamertensiana (OSAC-1).CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia. UNITED STATES: California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington Fig. .Tsugaheterophylla Sarg. (western hemlock) and Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carrière (mountain hemlock).Hemlock engraver.Scolytustsugae attacks fresh slash, the main bole and large branches of hemlock . In their paper describing the biology of Scolytustsugae, Scolytusmonticolae. In their investigation the species studied was from Pseudotsugamenziesii rather than Tsuga spp. and created vertical instead of transverse galleries.For many years Taxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraCurculionidaeLeConte, 1876Scolytusunispinosus LeConte, 1876: 372.Scolytussobrinus Blackman, 1934: 23.Scolytusunispinosus is very morphologically similar to Scolytusfiskei and Scolytuslaricis. Males are distinguished from those of Scolytuslaricis by the frons flattened when viewed laterally, never deeply impressed, less moderately abundant frontal setae (compared to dense) and by the host genus, Pseudotsuga. Males are distinguished from those of Scolytusfiskei by the following combination of characters: abdominal venter dull in luster, the base of the ventrite 2 spine extending from the apical margin to half the length of the segment and by the geographical distribution. The female is distinguished from that of Scolytusfiskei by the dull luster of ventrite 2 and is distinguished from that of Scolytuslaricis by the finely aciculate-punctate frons; ventrite 1 joining base of ventrite 2 more obtusely, base of ventrite 2 not finely impressed, flush with ventrite 1; epistomal process weakly developed, almost indistinct.2.2–3.2 mm long ; 2.3–2.7 times as long as wide. Head, antennae, pronotum, and abdominal venter dark red-brown. Elytra and legs yellow-brown to light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process present, weakly developed, low; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing flattened when viewed laterally from epistoma to vertex, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma to inner apices of eyes; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures sparse, small, fine; sparsely, uniformly covered by long, fine, erect, yellow, hair-like setae, thesee longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; bearing short, sparse, recumbent yellow setae slightly longer than size of a puncture (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, marked by weak carina. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow, nearly obscure; covered with sparse setae that are less than length of segment 3; surface convex; apical margin armed with laterally compressed, median spine with base extending from apical margin to half length of segment, apex rounded; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.PageBreakPageBreakdeveloped, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between epistoma and inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite apical margin armed with acute median denticle, with base extending from apical margin to half-length of segment.2.2–3.0 mm long ; 2.3–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process feebly 654.Scolytusunispinosus LeConte: male, labeled “Or. [Oregon], Type 965” (MCZC). Lectotype designated Scolytussobrinus Blackman: male, labeled “Burke Colr, Kent, WA, Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii], Hopk. US 41900, Type No. 43838” (USNM). Synonymy: Scolytussobrinus Blackman UNITED STATES:OREGON: [Jackson Co.]: Little Applegate River, Hopk. U.S. 14238-B, J.E. Patterson (EMEC-6). Ashland, Hopk. U.S. 14264-T, F.P. Keen (EMEC-3). WASHINGTON: [King Co.]: Kent, Hopk. U.S. 4190-A, [H.E.] Burke, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-5).Lectotype CANADA:PageBreakPageBreakBRITISH COLUMBIA: Cloverdale, 28.XII.[19]22, N.L. Cutler, ex. Tsugaheterophylla . Duncan, Genoa Bay, 10.VII.1928, W.G. Mathers, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-1). Indian Meadows, Midday Creek, 13.VII.1920, R. Hopping, ex. Pinusponderosa (CNCI-1). Merritt, Midday Valley, 31.V.1926, W. Mathers (CNCI-1), 2.VII.1926 (CNCI-2); R. Hopping 3.VIII.1923 (CNCI-1), 15.VIII.19[23] (CNCI-1), 7.VII.1926 (CNCI-1). Nanaimo, [Pacific] Biological Station, 23.VI.1920 (CASC-1). Nelson Island, West Lake, 1701, 23.VI.1922, R. Hopping, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-12). Oliver, 25 mi N.W., 15.VI.1958, H. & A. Howden (EMEC-3). Pender Harbour, 30.VI.1928, G. Hopping, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-2). Squamish, Diamond Head trail, 3200 ft, 9.VIII.1953, G.J. Spencer (CNCI-1). Shuswap, 24.IV.[19]13, T. Wilson, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-1). Vancouver, 7.VI.1934, W. Mathers ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-1), 11.VI.1934 (CASC-2). Vanguard, 23.VI.[19]32, R. Hopping, ex. Pseudotsugamucronata [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . Vernon, 27.V.1932, R. Hopping (CASC-1). UNITED STATES:CALIFORNIA:Del Norte Co.: 3.VII.[19]24, E.B. Leach (EMEC-1). El Dorado Co.: , Blodgett Experimental Forest, 4000 ft, 26.V.1986, Hobson, Atkinson, ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin, H&L B.P. fractions, burned over area (EMEC-3); 27.V.1986, Hobson, Irving, ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin, untreated Oleo, burned over area (EMEC-2); 30.V.1986, Hobson, Atkinson, ex. Lindgren trap, unbaited, logged area (EMEC-1); 30.V.1986, Hobson, Atkinson, ex. Lindgren trap, unbaited, burned over area (EMEC-2). Placerville, Hopk. U.S. 33961-A, 26.III.[19]54, M.M. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-16). Pollack Pines, 22.VI.[19]48, R.C. Bynum (EMEC-6). Humboldt Co.: Blocksburg, 13.V.[19]34, B.P. Biven (CASC-2). Orleans, 15 mi N.W., 13.VI.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-7). Orick, 11 mi S., 11.VI.[19]62, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . Lake Co.: Whispering Pines, 14.IV.1964, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-1). Los Angeles Co.: Coquillett (EMEC-2). Madera Co.: 1.VII.[19]38 (EMEC-1). Marin Co.: Inverness, 11.X.[19]61, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . [Mariposa Co.]: [Yosemite National Park], Yosemite Valley, Hopk. U.S. 2810, Hopkins (EMEC-4). Mendocino Co.: (CASC-7). 14.VII.[19]22, E.R. Leach (CASC-4). Bransomb, CDFA#870697, 11.VII.[20]01, M. Garvin, ex. Lindgren funnel trap with ISP (CSCA-1), 25.VII.[20]01 (CSCA-3). Flynn Creek between Comptche and Navarro, 17.VIII.1953, P.S. Bartholomew (CASC-1). Mill Creek, 20.III.[19]59, R.E. Stevens, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-13). Noyo River, VI.1896 (CASC-14). Napa Co.: Angwin, 2 mi N.N.E., North side of Howell Mountain, 1300 ft, 24.V.1974, H.B. Leech, ex. emerged from log of Pseudotsugamenziesii , 7.VII.1974 (CASC-3), 20.VII.1974 (CASC-16), 21.VII.1974 (CASC-11), 22.VII.1974 (CASC-4), 23.VII.1974 (CASC-8), 25.VII.1974 (CASC-15), 26.VII.1974 , 27.VII.1974 (CASC-1), 28.VII.1974 , 1.VIII.1974 (CASC-3), 3.VIII.1974 (CASC-3). Callistoga, 26.V.[19]57 (CASC-4); 4.X.1947, T.O. Thatcher, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-3); 1.V.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-3). Nevada Co.: Grass Valley, 17.I.1961, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-2). Middleton [labeled as Lake Co.], Hopk. U.S. 37588-A, R.W. Bushing, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-3), G.M. Thomas (EMEC-3). [Placer Co.]: Colfax, 1 mi E., Hopk. U.S. 34068-A, 31.I.[19]37, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-4). Towle, 11.XI.1932 (EMEC-1). Plumas Co.: Walker Mine, 15.VII.[19]30 (EMEC-3). [San Francisco Co.]: San Francisco, Hopk. U.S. 8557, 11.V.[18]99, ex. on pine [= Pinus sp.] (EMEC-1), 15.V.[18]99 (EMEC-1). Santa Cruz Co.: 16.IV.[19]59, J.E. Henry (WFBM-16). Aptos, New Brighton Beach State Park, 13.IX.1986, D. Adams, ex. Pinusradiata (EMEC-54). Shasta Co.: Hat Creek, 17.VI.[19]62, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-2). Siskiyou Co.: Grass Valley, 16.X.[19]60, R.W. Bushing, emerged XI.1960, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-6). Sonoma Co.: (CNCI-1). Fort Ross, 2 mi E., 2.XI.1947, T.O. Thatcher, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-3). Mount Saint Helena, 3.VI.[19]31, E.C. Zimmermann, ex. digger pine [= Pinussabiniana] (EMEC-1); Hopk. U.S. 21,125-F, 3.IV.1934, R.L. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-4). Sebastopol, Hopk. U.S. 32638-A, 20.I.1940, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . Stillwater Cove, 12.V.1951, H.R. Moffitt (EMEC-1). Trinity Co.: 14.V.[19]23, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CASC-4). [Unspecified County]: (CUIC-7). Yosemite National Park, Hopk. U.S. 20953-B, 19.VI.1932, J.M. Miller, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-8). IDAHO:Bonner Co.: Sandpoint, 13.VI.931, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1), 9.VII.1977 (FMNH-1); 9.VII.1977 (FMNH-1). OREGON: [Benton Co.]: Corvallis, 17.IV.[19]16, W.J. Chamberlin, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-3); 8.VII.1946, K.R. Hobbs (EMEC-1). Coos Co.: Myrtle Point, 18.VI.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-10). Curry Co.: Agness, 6 mi S.W., 10.VII.1990, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-6). Brookings, 12 mi E.N.E., 12.VIII.1990, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-4). Illahe, 4 mi N., 9.VIII.[19]90, M.M. Furniss, J.B. Johnson, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (WFBM-2). Deschutes Co.: Deschutes National Forest, Black Butte Rd, Black Butte, N44°24.924', W121°38.323', 4212 ft, 31.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-44). Douglas Co.: Roseburg, W.J. Chamberlin, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] . [Grant Co.]: Dixie Pass, Malheur National Forest, 23.VI.1961, S.L. Wood, J.B. Karren, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (DEBC-5). Jackson Co.: Dead Indian Spring, 17.V.1962, J. Schuh (CNCI-1). Mistletoe, Hopk. U.S. 15753-A, P.D. Sergent, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-3), Hopk. U.S. 15753-B, 21.VIII.1918, P.D. Sargent . Pinehurst, 2 mi E., 18.VII.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii . Prospect, 10.VII.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii . [Klamath Co.]: Klamath Falls, 17.VI.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-2). [Lane Co.]: McCredie Springs, 19.VI.1961, D.E. Bright, ex. Tsugaheterophylla (CNCI-2). Vaughn, J. Pierce, ex. Douglas fir limbs [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (WFBM-4); 21.VI.1955, J.A. Rudinsky, J.R. Pierce, ex. Doug fir branches [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (WFBM-3). Linn Co.: Santiam Pass, 19.VI.1951, S.L. Wood, J.B. Karren, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (DEBC-1). [Malheur Co.]: Monument Peak, 25.IX.[19]53, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-3). [Marion Co.]: Clear Lake, 17.VIII.[19]51, R. Kangur, ex. Larch [= Larix sp.] . [Multnomah Co.]: Portland, Hubbard, Schwarz (EMEC-2). [Umatilla Co.]: Tollgate, 30.VI.1950, E.S. McClurskey, ex. on aluminum roof (CNCI-1), 1.IX.1950 (CNCI-1). [Unspecified County]: Detroit, 25 mi E., 17.VII.1939, Schuh, Scott, ex. Tsugamertensiana (FMNH-6). Middle Sister Mountain, 8000 ft, Hopk. U.S. 53349-G, 4.VIII.1968, M.M. Furniss, ex. on snowfield (WFBM-2). Portland, Wickham (CNCI-1). Tillamook burn, 18.VII.1941, R. Kangur (EMEC-1). Warm Springs Indian Reservation, 15.VIII.[19]51, R. Kangur, ex. Douglas fir [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-4). WASHINGTON: [Clallam Co.]: Port Angeles, Hopk. U.S. 130, A.D. Hopkins, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-1). Port Williams [Marlyn Nelson County Park at Port Williams], Hopk. U.S. 168-F, A.D. Hopkins, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-1). Cowlitz Co.: Castle Rock, 10 mi E., 27.VI.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii . [Grays Harbor Co.]: Humptulips, 28.V.1914, E.C. VanDyke (CASC-3). [Kittitas Co.]: Easton . Okanogan Co.: Disautel, 4.XI.1936, R.L. Furniss, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii . [Pend Oreille Co.]: Metaline Falls, Hopk. U.S. 21340, 17.VII.1931, W.D. Bedard, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (WFBM-15). Skamania Co.: Mineral Springs, 27.VI.[19]64, D.E. Bright, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (EMEC-9). [Snohomish Co.]: [labeled King Co.] Mountlake Terrace, 20.VIII.[19]62, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (CNCI-3). Thurston Co.: Olympia, 7-30.V.1996, E. LaGasa, ex. Washington Department of Agriculture port trapping survey (WFBM-1). Yakima Co.: Naches, 14 mi W., Dry Creek Ridge, Snoqualamie National Forest, 3.VII.1965, R.B. Hutt (DEBC-2). [Unspecified County]: Mount Adams, Bird Creek, 6000-7000 ft, 2.VII.1925 (CASC-1). Mount Rainier National Park, 21.VIII.[19]62, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (CNCI-6).PageBreakCANADA: British Columbia. UNITED STATES: California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington Fig. .Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) but also likely occurs in Pseudotsugamacrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (bigcone Douglas fir) in Southern California. Incidental in Abies, Pinus and Tsuga.Douglas-fir engraver.Scolytusunispinosus is very common . This paper was the main source of information regarding the biology of Scolytusunispinosus and served as the basis for describing the biology of the species in numerous publications ; 2.1–2.7 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae light brown, elytra and legs yellow-brown to light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process weakly elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, three arcuate sutures visible.Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface flattened; apical margin armed with broad median denticle, occasionally absent; lateral margins of ventrites 2–3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.PageBreakPageBreak2.2–4.6 mm long ; 2.1–2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between epistoma and inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed.324.Lectotype: male, labeled “[Washington Territory] Type 970” (MCZC). Lectotype designated CANADA:PageBreakPageBreakBRITISH COLUMBIA: Duncan, Genoa Bay, 30.VI.1928, W.G. Mathers, ex. Abiesgrandis (CNCI-4), 21.VI.1928 (CNCI-1), 23.VI.1928 (CASC-1), 24.VI.1928 (CASC-1), 16.VII.1928 (CASC-1), 13.VIII.1936 (CASC-1). Steelhead, 6.VII.1933, H.B. Leech, ex. Abiesamabalis (CNCI-1), 27.VII.1933 (CASC-1), 24.VII.1933 (CNCI-1), 26.VII.1933 (CNCI-1). Trail, 22 km S.E., 24.V.1991, J.E. Macias, ex. Abiesgrandis (CNCI-1). Vancouver, 10.VI.1935, K. Graham, ex. Abiesgrandis (CASC-12). MEXICO:Baja California: San Pedro Mártir, Hopk. U.S. 32716-A, 5.VI.1944, F.P. Keen, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-1). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA:Cochise Co.: Coronado National Forest, Chiricahua Mountains, 14.VII.2009, J. Hulcr, ex. Pseudotsugamenziesii (MSUC-3). CALIFORNIA: [Amador Co.]: Jackson, 31.III.[19]55, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-1). Calaveras Co.: Big Trees [State Park], VII.1930, F.E. Blaisdell (CASC-1). El Dorado Co.: Bijou at south end of Lake Tahoe, H.B. Leech, ex. Douglas fir log [= Pseudotsugamenziesii], emerged San Francisco, 18-20.V.1965, W.E. Kuhl (CASC-8). , Blodgett [Experimental] Forest, 30.V.1986, K. Hobson (EMEC-1), 11.VI.1986 (EMEC-1), 21–24.VI.1986 (EMEC-6), 25-27.VI.1986 (EMEC-1), 1–7.VII.1986 (EMEC-2), 9–16.VII.1986 (EMEC-4); 30.V.1986, Hobson, Atkinson, ex. Lindgren trap, unbaited over burned area (EMEC-3), ex. Lindgren trap, turpentine bait, logged area (EMEC-1); 27.V.1986, Hobson, Irving, ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin H&L B.P. fractions, logged area (EMEC-1), ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin, untreated oleo, burned over area (EMEC-1). Ice House Reservoir, 23.VI.[19]90, J.B. Johnson (EMEC-1). Pacific, 8.VII.[19]62, R.L. McDonald (CASC-1). Fresno Co.: Huntington Lake, 16.VII.[19]19, F.E. Blaisdell (CASC-5). Lassen Co.: Lassen National Forest, 20–25.VII.1994, S1/2 S35 T34N R7E, A.I. Cognato ; Black Mountain Experimental Forest, VII.1995, A.I. Cognato (MSUC-1). Near Loon Lake campground, 6300 ft, 28.VII–12.VIII.1978, J.A. De Benedictis (EMEC-1). Norval Flats, 5500 ft, 18.VII.[19]20, J.O. Martin, ex. Abiesconcolor (CASC-47). Uncle Tom’s, 0.1 road mile W., 28.VII-12.VIII.1978, J.A. De Benedictis (EMEC-1). Marin Co.: VI-VIII.[19]56, D. Giuliani (CASC-1). Mariposa Co.: Miami Ranger Station, 2mi S., 19.VII.1946, H.P. Chandler (DEBC-3). Miami Lodge, 17.VII.1946, G.R. Struble, ex. Abiesconcolor (CSUC-1). Mendocino Co.: Noyo River, VI.1896 (CASC-22). Modoc Co.: Modoc National Forest, Hwy 299, 5.3 mi W. Cedarville at creek near exit from ski area, 41°32.9’N 120°14’W, 9.IX.1995, J. Schweikert, ex. swept creek side plants (CASC-1). Davis Creek, 4 mi N.E., Sugar Hill, 6300 ft, 9.VI.1970, W. Middlekauff (EMEC-1). Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek Field Station, 39.4298°N, 120.2429°W, 12-18.VIII.2003, M. Caterino, ex. FIT (SBNM-1). Near Sagehen campground, 39.4344°N, 120.2808°W, 15.VIII.2003, M. Caterino (SBNM-1). Sagehen Creek, 20.VII.1966, W.J. Turner (EMEC-1). [Placer Co.]: Cisco (USNM-1). Plumas Co.: Bartle, 9 mi N., 12-15.VI.1974, L. Green (EMEC-1). Chester, 8mi N.W., Warner Creek, 5000 ft, 21.VI.1989, E.E. Lundquist (CNCI-2). Janesville, 15-21.VIII.[19]50, M. Wasbauer, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-1). Riverside Co.: Mount San Jacinto State Park, 33.800°N, 116.673°W, 15.VII.2003, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). Santa Rosa Mountains, 10.IV.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (EMEC-1). [San Bernardino Co.]: San Bernardino Mountains, Dollar Lake trail, 10.VII.1956, H.W. Michalk (CSCA-1). Siskiyou Co.: Happy Camp, 18 mi N., 31.VII.[19]63, C.J. Wray, ex. Piceabreweriana . Klamath National Forest, goosenest adaptive management area, 41.5°N, 121.9°W, 26.VII.2000, ex. pitfall 3-840 (SBNM-1). McCloud, 22.VI.1914 (CASC-23), 14.VI.1962, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, C. Hector (CASC-1). Tehama Co.: Mineral, 11.VIII.[19]35 (CASC-1). Trinity Co.: Carville, 30.VI.1913, ex. dug out of Abiesconcolor (CASC-1), 2400-2500 ft, 23.V.1934 (CASC-1). Nash Mine, 12.VI.1913 (CASC-1). Tulare Co.: Giant Forest, 6500 ft, VII.1908, Hopping (CASC-3). Kaweah, 100 ft, Hopping (CASC-1). Sequoia National Park, Redwood Canyon, 20.IX.1980, S.F. Muzzio (CASC-2). [Unspecified county]: COLORADO:Costilla Co.: Pass Creek, 17.VI.1976, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-4). Huerfano Co.: near Red Wing, 16.VI.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-1). Las Animas Co.: Monument Lake, 6.VII.1994, S. Kelley, ex. white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (DEBC-2). Pueblo Co.: SR 165, 5 mi S.E. San Isabel Millset trailhead, D. Leatherman, ex. burned white fir [= Abiesconcolor] (CSUC-6). IDAHO:Benewah Co.: Plummer, 4 mi S., 14.VIII.1956, W.F. Barr, E.C. Clark, ex. Abiesgrandis (FMNH-1). Boundary Co.: Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Hwy 95, Robinson Lake campground, N48°58.200', W116°13.067', 2696 ft, 13.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, ex. Abiesgrandis (MSUC-6). Kootenai Co.: Coeur d’Alene, 5.IX.1919, J.C. Evenden, ex. Abiesgrandis (MSUC-3). MONTANA: [Unspecified county]: Glacier [National] Park, 15.VII.[19]31 (CUIC-1). NEW MEXICO:Bernalillo Co.: Cibola National Forest, Sandia Peak, NM536, N35°11.655', W106°24.075', 8317 ft, 10.V.2010, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex. Abiesconcolor (MSUC-1). [Otero Co.]: Cloudcroft, 900 ft, W. Knaus (CNCI-1). Santa Fe Co.: Little Tesuque Canyon, 14.VI.[19]35 (CASC-1). Socorro Co.: VII.[?], Wickham (CASC-1). OREGON:Benton Co.: Corvallis, VIII.1919, W.J. Chamberlin, ex. Pseudotsugataxifolia [= Pseudotsugamenziesii] (EMEC-1), Kiger Island, VII.[19]22, W.J. Chamberlin (EMEC-2). Mary’s Peak, 14 mi W. Corvallis, XII.1958 (EMEC-2). [Deschutes Co.]: Bend, Hopk. U.S. 33,531-B, 8.VII.[19]58, W.J. Buckhorn, P.W. Orr, ex. Abiesgrandis (OSAC-8). [Klamath Co.]: Klamath Falls, Geary Ranch, 4.X.1962, J. Schuh, ex. Abiesconcolor . [Linn Co.]: McMinnville, 7.VIII.1951, R. Kangur (WFBM-2). [Wallowa Co.]: Wallowa Lake, 19.VII.[19]51, Quintus, ex. Abiesconcolor (WFBM-1). UTAH:Juab Co.: Mount Nebo, 20.VII.1958, D.E. Bright, ex. Abiesconcolor (CNCI-2). Utah Co.: Payson Canyon, 20.V.1961, S.L. Wood, ex. Abiesconcolor (USNM-18). WASHINGTON: [Jefferson Co.]: Quilcene, Hopk. U.S. 65564, 30.IX.1946 (OSAC-6). [Pend Oreille Co.]: Metaline Falls, Hopk. U.S. 21405, 17.VII.[19]31, W.D. Bedard, ex. flying (USNM-4). [Stevens Co.]: Northport, 1.IX.1930, R. Hopping (CASC-3). [Walla Walla Co.]: Walla Walla, VIII.1933, M.C. Lume (USNM-11). [Yakima Co.]: [Mount Baker], Snoqualmie National Forest, Dry Creek Ridge, 14 mi W. of Naches, 3.VII.1965, R.B. Hutt (DEBC-1).CANADA: British Columbia. MEXICO: Baja California. UNITED STATES: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming Fig. .Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (white fir), Abiesgrandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir), and Abiesmagnifica A. Murray (red fir). Incidental hosts: Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. .Principle hosts: Fir engraver.Scolytusventralis can cause significant fir mortality and is the most destructive conifer-feeding Scolytus species in the Nearctic  were useful in resolving the  studies . Overalltus Fig. .Scolytus were recovered as paraphyletic in two clades, native hardwood and conifer  and a setal patch on ventrite 5 (except Scolytuslaevis and Scolytusquadrispinosus). Several species in these groups also share the absence of a carina on male ventrite 5 .Nearctic fer Fig. . A group