Plasmodium falciparum in children 2–10 years in 2015–2016. While children report the highest rates of clinical disease, adults are thought to be an important reservoir to sustained transmission due to persistent asymptomatic infection. The 2015–2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey was a nationally representative household survey which collected dried blood spots from 15,125 asymptomatic individuals ages 15–54 between October 2015 and February 2016. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction on 7,393 samples, detecting an overall P. falciparum prevalence of 31.1% (SE = 1.1). Most infections (55.6%) had parasitemias ≤ 10 parasites/µL. While 66.2% of individuals lived in a household that owned a bed net, only 36.6% reported sleeping under a long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) the previous night. Protective factors included urbanicity, greater wealth, higher education, and lower environmental temperatures. Living in a household with a bed net  and sleeping under an LLIN  were not protective against infection. Our findings demonstrate a higher parasite prevalence in adults than published estimates among children. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of asymptomatic infection is essential for targeted interventions.Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi, with an estimated 18–19% prevalence of  Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent of the malaria species, giving rise to 98% of infections in-country1. While children report the highest proportion of clinical disease2, adults are thought to be an important reservoir to sustained transmission due to persistent asymptomatic infection. Underlying infection is unlikely to be diagnosed and treated as individuals often do not exhibit signs and symptoms of disease and consequentially do not seek care. Even if an individual is tested, parasite densities in asymptomatic infections are usually low and may be undetectable by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT)4, further reducing the likelihood of diagnosis and treatment. Asymptomatic infections can persist for months and older age is associated with an increased duration of persistent infection, allowing the parasite the opportunity to transmit for a prolonged period of time5. The annual P. falciparum parasite rate was estimated to be 18–19% in children ages 2–10 years in Malawi in 2015–20166, however, little is known about the prevalence of adult asymptomatic P. falciparum infection.Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi, with an estimated 7.0 million confirmed cases reported in 20189. Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) are Malawi’s primary vector control strategy10, with bed nets given to all households with pregnant women, newborn babies, and to the general population every three years through mass distribution campaigns11. ITNs act as both a physical and chemical barrier to repel and kill mosquitoes which land on the net12. Bed net use has been shown to have protective individual and community-level associations with P. falciparum infection in children under five living in Lilongwe, Malawi13, and more broadly across Africa14, however these relationships have not been established among Malawian adults. In addition, malaria vectors have varying levels of resistance to different types of insecticide used on ITNs, such as alpha-cypermethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin15, however, the effect of ITN insecticide type on malaria prevalence has not been assessed at the population level.Malaria is geographically and temporally heterogenous. In Malawi, malaria risk has been found to be modified by several environmental factors, including elevation, rainfall, temperature, and proximity to active agricultureP. falciparum, due to demographic, environmental, and spatial risk factors in Malawian adolescents and adults ages 15–54 years. Using dried blood spots collected from the 2015–2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016 MDHS), we conducted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect parasitemia. We then identified risk factors for infection using data taken from the 2015–2016 MDHS and other spatial and environmental information sources18. A particular focus was placed on ownership and self-reported use of bed nets. Understanding the prevalence and spatial distribution of underlying infection is essential for implementation and evaluation of future interventions. Molecular surveillance of P. falciparum in adults can be an important tool for Ministries of Health to supplement ongoing collection of clinical data through national health management information systems and periodic national household surveys of malaria prevalence among children.The objective of the current analysis is to characterize and identify changes in the prevalence of asymptomatic 19. In addition to household and individual interviews, women ages 15–49 and men ages 15–54 were also asked to contribute dried blood spots (DBS), collected on filter paper, to measure HIV prevalence. Of the 15,125 eligible individuals who contributed DBS for HIV testing, 7393 (48.9%) unique DBS cards were subsequently located and found to have enough sample remaining for use in the current study. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals and/or their parent or legal guardian for participation in the 2015–2016 MDHS, collection and storage of DBS, and additional testing of their samples. Ethical approval for our analysis was obtained from Institutional Review Boards through the National Health Sciences Research Committee at the Malawi Ministry of Health (#19/08/2381) and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (#19–2882), and all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.The 2015–2016 MDHS was a cross-sectional, nationally-representative survey enrolling 26,361 households, 24,562 individual female participants, and 7478 individual male participants, from a total of 850 clusters between October 2015 and February 2016, during the annual transition between dry and rainy seasonsP.f. lactate de-hydrogenase gene (pfldh) to identify individuals with P. falciparum malaria infection, our primary outcome20. Samples amplified with a PCR cycle threshold (CT) value above 39 were considered negative. Sensitivity analyses considered a range of CT value cut-offs to determine the impact of altering the sensitivity of the assay , LLIN insecticide type, living in a household with at least 1 net per 1.8 household members, and anemia (women only). Cluster level covariates included region, urban/rural place of residence, elevation, month of data collection, landcover, the proportion of a cluster with bed nets, and the proportion of a cluster that slept under an LLIN. As transmission intensity is seasonal in Malawi, with peak transmission between January and May due to greater rainfall24, we also examined environmental variables at the cluster level including current month’s average daily maximum temperature, and the prior month’s precipitation. Modeled monthly precipitation and monthly average daily maximum temperature raster files, created from both in-situ weather station data and satellite imagery, were acquired from the Climate Hazards Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara17. Clusters were assigned precipitation and temperature values by averaging raster cells which fell within the 2 km and 10 km buffers surrounding urban and rural clusters, respectively, similar to DHS methodology for ecological variables25. Land cover estimates were obtained from satellite imagery classified by the Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development and SERVIR-Eastern and Southern Africa into settlement areas, forest, grassland, cropland, wetland, and other land cover types18. Clusters were assigned the majority land cover value within the 2 km and 10 km buffers surrounding urban and rural clusters.Individual and cluster level risk factors were selected based on directed acyclic graphs and known associations from relevant literatureP. falciparum. To power findings within subgroups of interest, the DHS two-stage sampling design selects population clusters with unequal probability, followed by households within clusters, violating the independence of observations assumption in standard regression. Weighting individual observations is required to appropriately specify individual and group-level variation. We accounted for the 2015–2016 MDHS complex sample survey design when estimating bivariate and multivariate associations using 2015–2016 MDHS HIV sample weights incorporated into linear risk regression models fit using generalized estimating equations. As the subset of DBS used in this analysis was not a simple random sample , using the survey  and sf  packages.We estimated prevalence differences to quantify the associations between demographic and environmental risk factors and the probability of being infected with P. falciparum, and 5268 were negative. After incorporating survey weights, the weighted P. falciparum prevalence was 31.1% (standard error = 1.1) among adolescents and adults ages 15–54   Table . PrevaleP. falciparum infection in the general population.After adjusting for age, sex, wealth, and household size, there was no difference in the prevalence of infection between households with and without bed nets  or between individuals who reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night and those who did not  Table . After aT values of 37 and 38 found similar relationships between covariates and P. falciparum prevalence in bivariate and multivariate analyses  among children in 2014 and 201728, the highest malaria prevalence was found in the Central region, followed by the Southern and Northern regions, although results are likely influenced by regional data collection during different months of the year , however of those who slept under LLINs, 43.6% of pregnant women used nets treated with alpha-cypermethrin or deltamethrin, compared with 35.2% in the general population. Additionally, 49.0% of the nets used by pregnant women for sleeping were less than one year old, compared with 37.2% in the general population. While the general population receives bed nets every three years as part of regular mass distribution campaigns, Malawi’s National Malaria Control Programme has given out free LLINs to pregnant women through antenatal care clinics since 200611 with 79–87% of pregnant women who attended antenatal clinics receiving LLINs in 2015–1611. Although WHO recommendations allow for up to three years between mass distribution campaigns34, field research in Benin, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Tanzania suggests that ITNs have a limited lifespan of two years before protection is compromised by holes, insecticide-resistance, and reduced concentrations of insecticide39. In Burkina Faso, a third of people had stopped using LLINs within a year of distribution40. Pregnant women in our study appear to have been the recipients of relatively newer nets which might have greater effectiveness, while households without pregnant women would have primarily received nets through Malawi’s first national mass distribution campaign in 2012, or through limited follow-up mop-up campaigns in six districts in 201441. In areas where nets are used at night, there is also evidence to suggest that long term use of insecticides inside the home can shift Anopheles spp. mosquitos from indoors to outdoors host seeking behavior, increasing the likelihood of an individual becoming infected, and perhaps contributing to reduced effectiveness of LLINs against malaria43. Bed net durability and mosquito biting behavior were not measured as part of the 2015–2016 MDHS, but could have contributed to the lack of association found between net ownership and use, and malaria prevalence among our study population.Bed net ownership and use indicators were not associated with P. falciparum, a pool of infection which is likely contributing to sustained transmission in Malawi. The results presented can serve as baseline assessment; repeated use of DHS samples over time can create a picture of shifting trends across the entire country while using resources cost-effectively to supplement intermittent MIS iterations estimating malaria prevalence among children. Characterizing the prevalence of P. falciparum among adults and identifying key target groups will be informative as the Malawi Ministry of Health designs future mass distribution campaigns and other interventions against malaria.The major strength of this study is the efficient use of a large number of nationally collected samples from adolescents and adults, a population which is understudied in malaria transmission research. Using molecular and epidemiologic methods, we better characterized the reservoir of asymptomatic P. falciparum, we were not able to ascertain the presence of gametocytes within each infection, limiting the extent to which we can predict how these infections continue to sustain transmission. Results from elsewhere in Africa show that infection with P. falciparum gametocytes is associated with low asexual parasite densities and asymptomatic disease3. Comparisons between microscopy and PCR have found that microscopy can miss over 90% of gametocyte carriers due to limited sensitivity for low-density infections44, further highlighting the importance of molecular surveillance tools in understanding infection transmission dynamics in this population.The primary limitation of this analysis is the cross-sectional nature of available samples. The 2015–2016 MDHS captured DBS from participants at a single time point, allowing for estimation of marginal associations between risk factors and infection to identify groups at high risk, but limiting evaluation of causal relationships. Additionally, the samples used in the study were collected during the 2015–2016 MDHS survey period from October to February, limiting inference to the remainder of the year and hindering comparison with published prevalence estimates among children from different time periods; however, as the study period occurred during the transition from dry to rainy season, we anticipate that results are somewhat representative of a yearly average. We used inverse probability of selection weights to make our results generalizable to the broader DHS cohort, but additional bias could still result due to unmeasured confounding. Our analysis was also constrained by the aggregated geographical classification of individuals. As part of DHS methodology, individuals are geolocated at the center of their study cluster, which is then displaced up to 5 km for 99% of rural clusters and 2 km for urban clusters. There is an inherent lack of precision in land cover, temperature, and precipitation data, nonetheless, our methods attempt to account for geographic displacement by using average values falling within a cluster’s potential buffer area. Although our study measures presence of 45 and malaria accounts for 30% of all outpatient visits and 34% of inpatient hospital admissions11. Households often amass high direct and indirect costs due to clinical malarial disease, despite free diagnosis and treatment46. One of the primary goals of the Malawi Malaria Strategic Plan 2017–2022 is to achieve universal LLIN coverage for all households11. Research from Madagascar shows that while LLIN mass distribution campaigns may only provide community protection for one year, protection can be sustained when campaigns are followed by continuous LLIN distribution to eligible households, including recently married couples, immigrants, children of vaccination age, and homes with uncovered sleeping areas47. Malawi could benefit from education on consistent and correct use of bed nets, and through expansion of continuous LLIN distribution services to additional populations beyond pregnant women, targeting younger individuals living in rural areas with high prevalence of infection for more frequent net replacement. Treating malaria at the population level through mass drug administration can clear parasite presence and prevent transmission of gametocytes from asymptomatic infections. However, mass drug administration is only recommended in settings considering malaria elimination, and requires low malaria prevalence, effective vector control, access to treatment, and extensive community participation as prerequisites for implementation49.Despite existing limitations, this analysis provides valuable input into an understudied yet critical group to consider in efforts to interrupt ongoing malaria transmission. Malawi spent an estimated $82 million on malaria control in 2016P. falciparum infection among adolescent and adults in Malawi. Use of molecular and epidemiological surveillance methods in tandem demonstrates that demographic and environmental risk factors for infection parallel those found in children and among individuals with symptomatic disease. Within the current framework of mass distribution frequency and community education, presence of bed nets in the household and use of LLINs by the individual did not appear to provide protective benefits, regardless of insecticide type, most likely due to bed net age and low frequency of use. Results from this study provide valuable guidance to decision makers in Malawi as the National Malaria Control Programme designs bed net distribution programs following mid-term review of the 2017–2022 National Malaria Control Strategy. Future work to replicate this analysis following the 2021–2022 MDHS will enable assessment of changes in asymptomatic P. falciparum prevalence and other genetic markers in adolescents and adults across time.This study presents unique insight into the national prevalence of asymptomatic Supplementary Information 1.Supplementary Information 2.


Prompt diagnosis and effective malaria treatment is a key strategy in malaria control. However, the recommended diagnostic methods, microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), are not supported by robust quality assurance systems in endemic areas. This study compared the performance of routine RDTs and smear microscopy with a simple molecular-based colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) at two different levels of the health care system in a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya.Patients presenting with clinical symptoms of malaria at Rota Dispensary (level 2) and Siaya County Referral Hospital (level 4) were enrolled into the study after obtaining written informed consent. Capillary blood was collected to test for malaria by RDT and microscopy at the dispensary and county hospital, and for preparation of blood smears and dried blood spots (DBS) for expert microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results of the routine diagnostic tests were compared with those of malachite green loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MG-LAMP) performed at the two facilities.A total of 264 participants were enrolled into the study. At the dispensary level, the positivity rate by RDT, expert microscopy, MG-LAMP and RT-PCR was 37%, 30%, 44% and 42%, respectively, and 42%, 43%, 57% and 43% at the county hospital. Using RT-PCR as the reference test, the sensitivity of RDT and MG-LAMP was 78.1% (CI 67.5–86.4) and 82.9% (CI 73.0–90.3) at Rota dispensary. At Siaya hospital the sensitivity of routine microscopy and MG-LAMP was 83.3% (CI 65.3–94.4) and 93.3% (CI 77.9–99.2), respectively. Compared to MG-LAMP, there were 14 false positives and 29 false negatives by RDT at Rota dispensary and 3 false positives and 13 false negatives by routine microscopy at Siaya Hospital.MG-LAMP is more sensitive than RDTs and microscopy in the detection of malaria parasites at public health facilities and might be a useful quality control tool in resource-limited settings. Malaria remains a major public health problem and an impediment to social and economic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, of the estimated 219 million cases and 445,000 deaths attributed to malaria worldwide, approximately 90% of cases and deaths were in sub-Saharan Africa [Accurate parasitological diagnosis of a malaria case using either quality-assured microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and prompt treatment with effective artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) remains a key strategy in malaria case management and has played a key role in the reduction of the global malaria burden over the last two decades . In addipfhrp2/3 deletions [However, this is not supported by robust in-country quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programmes. This is evident from the findings of several studies that have evaluated the quality of diagnostic capacities in endemic areas, which have reported gaps in malaria microscopy ranging from shortage of trained personnel , lack ofeletions , storageeletions . Withouteletions . Nucleiceletions . Availabeletions  could beIn Kenya, parasitological diagnosis of malaria using microscopy or RDTs is recommended for all patients with suspected malaria . Since mThe main objective of the current study was to compare the performance of routine RDTs and microscopy against an easy-to-use and highly sensitive molecular diagnostic assay, malachite green loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MG-LAMP) at two government health facilities representing different levels of healthcare delivery in Kenya. Although the use of LAMP has been extensively evaluated for malaria diagnosis in areas of low malaria transmission and elimination settings, there is limited information on its use to support a QA/QC system in resource-limited settings.Plasmodium falciparum by slide microscopy is 28%, in children aged < 5 years, 42% in the 5 to 15-year old and 18% in those aged > 15 years (KEMRI-CDC unpublished data). Malaria is one of the leading causes of hospital visits and admissions in this area [Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus and entomologic inoculation rates are < 20 infective bites per person per year [The study was conducted at two health facilities , which are located in a malaria endemic area of western Kenya and serve mostly rural populations. Most of the residents in this area belong to the Luo ethnic group and live in scattered family compounds consisting of one or more houses surrounded by agricultural fields. The main occupation of the residents in this area include subsistence farming, fishing and small-scale trading. The community prevalence of his area . The priper year . MalariaBoth Rota Dispensary and Siaya County Referral Hospital Fig.  are goveStudy participants were recruited at the outpatient departments of the two health facilities if they presented with symptoms suggestive of malaria and were referred to the laboratory for malaria parasitological diagnosis. At Rota Dispensary, RDT  was used for diagnosis. Routine microscopy was used for diagnosis at Siaya Hospital as per the national malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Participants were enrolled into the study after obtaining written informed consent for participants aged over 18 years, parental/caregiver consent for those aged less than 18 years or written assent for emancipated minors. Participants were excluded if they presented with severe disease or reported use of anti-malarial drugs during the past four weeks. Participants found to be malaria positive were treated with artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as per the Kenya Ministry of Health national guidelines.Approximately 300 µL of capillary blood was collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) microtainers from enrolled participants. The whole blood was used for preparation of blood smears for expert microscopy, performing malaria RDT, performing MG-LAMP assay and preparation of dried blood spots (DBS) on Whatman® 903 protein saver filter paper  for RT-PCR. All samples were assigned a unique study identification number. Blood smears and DBSs were transported to Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI/CGHR) malaria laboratories, located about 6.1 km from Rota Dispensary and 56 km from Siaya County Referral Hospital, for storage and analysis.Rapid diagnostic tests were performed at Rota dispensary using 5 µL of blood according to manufacturer’s instructions. At the Siaya County Referral Hospital, malaria microscopy was performed by a laboratory technologist using the hospital standard operating procedure (SOP) and involved collection of finger prick blood, preparation of thick and thin blood smears using 6 and 2 µL of blood, respectively, staining with 10% Giemsa for 15 min and examination of slides under a microscope. A smear was considered negative if no parasites were detected in 100 high power microscopic fields.Plasmodium species identification) smears were prepared from 6 µL and 2 µL of whole blood sample, respectively. The smears were allowed to air dry and then stained with 3% Giemsa for 1 h. The slides were read at 100× objective lens under oil immersion using a compound microscope for determination of both asexual and sexual stage of parasites. A blood smear was considered negative if 100 microscopic high-powered fields showed no parasites. If a blood smear was positive, malaria parasites were counted in 40 microscopic high-powered fields and parasite densities expressed per microlitre (µL). All blood smears were examined independently by two expert microscopists blinded to each other’s results. Where the two readings differed in results (one reader positive and the other negative), parasite species, or if the higher count divided by the lower count was ≥ 2 (for high and medium parasitaemia) and ≥ 10 (for low parasitaemia), smears were re-examined by a tie-breaker microscopist who was blinded to the results of the first two readers. All the microscopists were enrolled and had passed a quarterly external quality assurance programme administered by the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), South Africa.For endpoint analysis, malaria microscopy was carried out according to WHO basic malaria microscopy guidelines, 2010 . Thick SO4, 0.2% Tween-20, 0.8 M Betaine, 2,8 mM of dNTPs each), 0.004% MG, 8 units of Bst polymerase  and 5 μL of template DNA [Plasmodium genus-specific primers were used to amplify the DNA at 63 °C for 60 min using a simple heat block. The samples were allowed to cool for 15 min before being scored by three independent readers by visual inspection of color change. Positive  and negative (no template/DNA) control samples were included in each run. Positive samples retained a light green/blue malachite green colour while negative samples were colourless. For the purpose of quality control, 20% of the samples were randomly selected and retested at KEMRI/CGHR Malaria Laboratories.The MG-LAMP was performed at the health facilities by boil-and-spin method  using 50P. falciparum was used to detect the presence of P. falciparum. The Rougemont real-time PCR was performed using standard equipment and methods as previously described [P. falciparum positive sample) and negative (no template/DNA) control sample were included in each run. All samples were run in duplicates. A threshold cycle number (Ct) of 40 was used as the cut-off in order to consider a sample positive or negative: all samples which did not amplify and those that amplified after a Ct value of 40 were considered negative and all samples that amplified before Ct value of 40 were considered positive.The QIAamp DNA Mini Blood Kit  was used to extract DNA from DBS prepared from 50 µL of blood. Commercially available TaqMan Universal Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) was used. Species-specific probes corresponding to escribed . PositivAll data was collected using standardized forms and entered into Microsoft Excel . Data analysis was carried out using Stata version 14.2 . The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined for rapid diagnostic test (RDT), routine microscopy, expert microscopy and MG-LAMP, using RT-PCR as the reference standard. Sensitivity was calculated as (number of true positives)/ × 100, and specificity was calculated as (number of true negatives)/ × 100. The PPV was calculated as (number of true positives)/ × 100, and the NPV was calculated as (number of true negatives)/ × 100. Kappa coefficient was calculated to assess the agreement among the different diagnostic methods. P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant.A total of 416 patients presenting to the two health facilities with suspected malaria were screened for enrollment into the study. Two hundred and sixty-four were enrolled, 197 at Rota Dispensary and 67 at Siaya Hospital and one hundred and fifty-two participants were excluded for various reasons Fig. . The chaAt Rota Dispensary, where RDTs are used for malaria diagnosis, the malaria positivity by RDT, MG-LAMP, RT-PCR and expert microscopy were comparable, 37%, 44%, 42% and 30% respectively. Similarly, at Siaya Hospital where microscopy is used for routine diagnosis, there was no significant difference in positivity rate by routine microscopy, MG-LAMP, RT-PCR and expert microscopy (Fig. Table The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the different diagnostic tests are shown in Table The WHO recommends universal diagnosis of all suspected malaria cases using quality-assured microscopy and RDTs . Due to There was no significant difference in malaria positivity rate by routine RDT and microscopy at the two health facilities and the comparative diagnostic methods-expert microscopy, RT-PCR and MG-LAMP at the two health facilities. The malaria positivity rate by RDT at Rota Dispensary was slightly higher than the other diagnostics tests used in this study. This is similar to what has been reported in previous studies. In an analysis of 85,000 children enrolled in Demographic and Health Surveys and Malaria Indicator Surveys across 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the mean malaria prevalence was 24.5% by microscopy and 30.3% by RDTs . SimilarP. falciparum malaria can progress rapidly to severe and life-threatening forms of the disease [In this study, 29 and 13 patients at Rota Dispensary and Siaya Hospital, respectively, were negative by the routine diagnostic tests used at these health facilities but they were positive by MG-LAMP, RT-PCR and expert microscopy. This implies that these patients had malaria but were not treated. In the absence of differential diagnosis such as access to blood cultures or PCR to rule out causes of clinical symptoms at many public health facilities in endemic areas, especially in young children, untreated  disease . This ca disease . Additio disease . The stu disease . This re disease –37. Sinc disease , 38. The disease , 40. The disease . HoweverThere are several reports highlighting the challenges of malaria diagnostic tests in endemic areas –9, 41–43This study has several limitations. There was a selection bias since only patients who presented to the health facilities with symptoms suggestive of malaria were enrolled. However, since the main objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of routine diagnostic methods at two different levels of heath care system, these results could reflect the performance of the diagnostics tests evaluated at health facilities in malaria endemic areas. Another limitation is comparison of results using diagnostic methods that use different input samples, that is, extraction of DNA from DBS versus whole blood. However, these methods are well standardized and are used widely for malaria diagnosis for different objectives such as clinical management-RDTs and microscopy-research and in elimination settings-NAATs. Another limitation is the small sample size at the Siaya Hospital where only 67 participants were enrolled. Patients attending a referral hospital are typically more sick and likely referred from either a dispensary or health centre. Therefore, the results from the dispensary where a larger number of participants were enrolled compensates for the low numbers enrolled at the referral hospital. A major limitation of the LAMP assay is the inability to quantify parasite density. Since the objective of this study was to evaluate whether LAMP can be used as a reference method for RDTs and microscopy in a QA/QC programme, this might not be a major drawback since it is more sensitive than RDTs and microscopy.The MG-LAMP evaluated in this study is a simple and sensitive assay for the detection of malaria parasites compared to RDTs and microscopy, which are used for routine malaria diagnosis at health facilities in endemic areas. It could be an ideal and inexpensive reference test in a quality control scheme to monitor the performance of RDTs and smear microscopy in resource-limited settings. This will improve both patient management of suspected malaria cases and the quality of health facility surveillance data.


Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav. (Solanaceae), within which we recognise seventeen taxa (14 species with three infraspecific taxa). The genus is mainly distributed in Chile between the coast of the Atacama Desert and the southern temperate forests, while two species occur in the Argentinian Provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén. This taxonomic treatment is based on the analysis of herbarium specimens from 30 different herbaria. For each accepted species we provide details of type specimens and synonymy, key characters, habitat, distribution information and presence in public or private protected areas. We also incorporate a list of representative localities from examined material. We here described three new taxa: SchizanthusporrigensGraham ex Hook.subsp.borealis V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, subsp. nov., Schizanthuscarlomunozii V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, sp. nov. and its variety Schizanthuscarlomunoziivar.dilutimaculatus V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, var. nov., all of them from the coast of Coquimbo Region. We also recognise SchizanthuslitoralisPhil.var.humilis (Lindl.) V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, comb. nov., as a new combination.We present a taxonomic synopsis of the South American genus  Solanaceae, including rich and subcosmopolitan genera like Solanum L. and Lycium L., neotropical genera like Cestrum L. and Exodeconus Raf., Chile-Peruvian genera like species-rich Nolana L.f., and southern Andes endemics like Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav., Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. and Reyesia Gay , “flor del pajarito” (little bird flower), “mariposita” (little butterfly) and “orquídea del pobre” (poorman’s orchid). The first validly published species of the genus was S.pinnatus Ruiz & Pav., described in 1798  flowers (Schizanthoideae (Schizanthus diverged early from the rest of the Solanaceae (Schizanthus as an early branch and the sister clade of a group including Duckeodendron Kuhlm. (Brazil), Reyesia (southern Andes endemism) and the Goetzeoideae   .Schizanthus is thought to be the product of changes associated with adaptation to different groups of pollinators in Mediterranean and semi-desert habitats of Chile, and high Andean areas of Chile and adjacent Argentina . Collections were examined personally at BA, CONC, LP, SGO, SI and AMM, while the specimens from other herbaria were seen through high resolution images, available via the websites of each herbarium and Global Plants JSTOR (http://plants.jstor.org).For this taxonomic treatment, 1.612 herbarium records from 30 collections were reviewed . We mentioned the holotypes, lectotypes or neotypes of accepted names, even if these were inadvertent typifications in previous publications . We haveSchizanthus species have already been described but confused in many publications. We complement this work by adding a list of illustrations published in classic and widely available journals, giving the correct name for them . The label coordinates were also checked using the aforementioned sources. Habitat information was taken from herbarium specimen labels. As a proxy to conservation status, we list the names of the protected areas, public or private, where the presence of each taxon has been verified by herbarium specimens or photos published online. We have included protected areas cited by other publications although when we could not confirm the information. We cite geographically representative specimens to justify the distributional ranges mentioned on the text. The specimens have been alphabetically arranged by the corresponding country. Within each country the specimens are organized geographically from north to south, mentioning the second and third administrative units level, the last one between square brackets. At the end of the citation of each specimen we provide the herbarium code. The corresponding barcode or accession numbers are available from GBIF (https://doi.org/10.15468/82kgtm), which contains the list of specimens revised.Under key characters, we mention the morphological features that help to differentiate each taxon. Here we put much emphasis on the corolla colour and drawings, because the identification of sterile or fruiting specimens is very difficult due to similar leaf shape and size throughout the species. Measurements given in this section were made from dried herbarium material; other information like colour of the corolla and drawings were taken from herbarium specimens and images taken on fieldwork. The distributions of the recognised taxa were established by studying the localities on the labels from herbarium specimens and georeferenced photos from fieldwork. Using these data, distributional maps were constructed over the platform of the GIS ARCGIS 10.4 . Few samhttps://www.ipni.org/).Names of publications where the species are described, and their authorities follow the International Plant Names Index , Valparaíso (32–33°S), and Metropolitan Andes (ca. 33°S) Fig. . In ArgeTaxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae1.Sudzuki, Agricultura Técnica, Chile 5(1): 33. 19454AB19997-0529-5BDD-87BD-42F08DDA16EAC. Muñoz & G.T. Johnson 2295 .Chile. Coquimbo: Hacienda Illapel, Caren, frente a El Vato [Bato], ca. 900 m alt., 20–24 Oct 1941, S.parvulus nov. sp. Sudzuki.”, while the second specimen lacks this information.In the protologue, the author indicates the holotype as being held at the national herbarium of the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago (SGO). At the same time, she mentions a duplicate at the herbarium of the Departamento de Genética y Fitotecnia del Ministerio de Agricultura. Today, both specimens can be found at SGO. In 2007, Mélica Muñoz identified one of the specimens as the holotype, as it has a label with the name of the species and the descriptor “Easily recognisable as having the smallest flower of the genus  and its conspicuous bilobed and brilliant element at the base of the upper middle corolla lobe, that exudes nectar. Corolla mostly burgundy and whitish only at the end of each acute lobe.Endemic to Chile, in the Region of Coquimbo . 100–900 m a.s.l.Schizanthusparvulus grows in coastal hills and interior valleys of semiarid xerophytic scrub, including small trees of Quillajasaponaria Molina (Quillajaceae), shrubs such as Spinolivailicifolia (Hook. & Arn.) G.Sancho (Asteraceae), Haplopappuspulchellus DC. (Asteraceae), Haplopappusvelutinus J.Rémy (Asteraceae), Pleocarphusrevolutus D.Don (Asteraceae) and herbs such as Loasaillapelina Phil. (Loasaceae), Calceolariacollina Phil.  and Chaetantheralimbata (D.Don) Less. (Asteraceae).Chile. Coquimbo: Las Chinchillas National Reserve, Cerro Santa Inés Natural Sanctuary.Chile. Coquimbo: [Choapa Province] Quebrada El Cobre, Parque Nacional Las Chinchillas, Auco, 31°31'S, 71°6'W, 567 m a.s.l., 1 Oct 2002, L. Suárez s.n. (CONC); Illapel, 24 km cruce Carretera Panamericana a Illapel, orillas de línea férrea, 21 Sep 1996, M. Muñoz 3781 (SGO); Cuesta Guenchigualleco, a 60 km al Oeste de Illapel, ca. 100 m a.s.l., 20–24 Oct 1941, C. Muñoz & G.T. Johnson 2273 (SGO); Vicinity of Illapel, 7 Oct 1914, J.N. Rose 19273 (US).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae2.Phil., Fl. Atacam.: 45. 1860806A3809-5C42-57F7-A498-5C9D33454F89Schizanthussanromaniisan romani”. Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 126. 1895, as “R.A. Philippi s.n. (holotype: SGO! [SGO000004524 acc. #055390]).Chile. Antofagasta: In deserto Atacama ad Hueso Parado, Dec 1853, S.integrifolius and S.candidus, this species shows a reduced lower lip as compared to the upper lip.In general, the corolla is entirely white, but it can vary from blue to lilac. Sometimes it has purple spots or veins on the upper lip or is purple throughout the corolla without any drawings. Leaves linear or lanceolate but lobed at margins. Like Endemic to Chile, in the coast of the Region of Antofagasta . 20–900 m a.s.l.Schizanthuslacteus is part of the lomas vegetation and grows in the fog (camanchaca) zone, on steep hillsides and among rocks alongside watercourses; in gravel soil or coarse sand.Chile. Antofagasta: Morro Moreno National Park, La Chimba National Reserve, Paposo Norte Natural Monument.Chile. Antofagasta: [Antofagasta Province] Península Moreno, cerro al O de Juan López, 23°30'S, 70°34'W, 600 m a.s.l., 18 Oct 1992, G. Baumann 25 ; El Rincón, just north of Paposo, along trail to old Paranas Mine, 7 Dec 1925, I.M. Johnston 5480 ; Bajada a Caleta El Cobre, 24°15'S, 70°33'W, 1 Oct 1987, S. Teillier 492 ; Cachinal, quebrada frente a la playa, 25°10'S, 70°25'W, 80 m a.s.l., 14 Sep 1994, L. Loyola 94-12 (CONC); Paposo, entrada a la Qda. Los Peralitos, 25°1'57"S, 70°26'30.3"W, 490 m a.s.l., 30 Sep 2005, M. Muñoz 4608 (SGO).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae3.Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 29: tab. 45. 184354F104F6-09A3-56AE-9A08-A8510A7D7402Schizanthusalbiflorus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 124. 1895.T.C. Bridges 1356  [E00089541]. The handwriting on the other specimens only states “Coquimbo”, which was (at that time) the name of the Province associated with the locality. In late 1843, the original Province of Coquimbo was divided into two new administrative units, the southern part maintained the name of the original Province (Coquimbo), while the northern section became the Province of Atacama . 20–200 m a.s.l.Schizanthuscandidus grows abundantly among the rocks over fine sand, in dry places or in seasonally wet quebradas with scattered shrubs; it is rarely found along the roads in open areas. It has been found growing with Leontochirovallei Phil. (Alstroemeriaceae), Cistanthegrandiflora (Lindl.) Schltdl. (Montiaceae), Chaetantheralimbata (D.Don) Less. (Asteraceae) and Seneciotroncosii Phil. (Asteraceae). Most abundant in rainy years associated to El Niño events, being a main element of the “blooming desert” ; [Huasco Province] Carrizal Bajo, Quebrada Oriente, 28°7'17"S, 71°5'57"W, 11 Oct 2002, A. Moreira 738 (SGO); Quebrada angosta al lado norte de entrada a Aguada Tongoy, entre Huasco y Freirina, 28°30'S, 71°6'W, 90 m a.s.l., 10 Sep 2011, M. Lazo & C. Stone 64 (CONC).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae4.Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 43: 530. 1873A7688415-CAF0-5B7C-A305-C1B7038530C8C. Gay 1174 bis (lectotype here designated: SGO! [SGO000004520 acc. #055382]).Chile. Atacama: In andis Copiapo, Dec 1841, en el interior de la provincia de Atacama, quebrada de Puquis, F. GEISSE (SGO 55382)”, but the SGO number 55382 corresponds to the specimen collected in the mountains of Copiapó by Gay. On the other hand, specimens from Quebrada de Puquios, gathered by Geisse have the numbers 55383 and 42901. Today, we cannot be sure if they selected the specimen from Puquios and annotated the number erroneously, or if they always wanted to lectotypify the specimen collected by Gay but did not realise it was from a different locality. In our opinion, the lectotypification by According to the protologue, the species was described using materials from two different collection: Andes de Copiapó by C. Gay (1174 bis) and Quebrada de Puquios by F. Geisse. The specimens from Quebrada de Puquios  have labels written by R.A. Philippi stating they were collected in 1865, and not in 1861, the year mentioned in the protologue. Most likely, Philippi confused the date of collection in the protologue.This species has a reduced inferior lip, compared to the upper lip and white flowers with a very long corolla tube which is two or three times longer than the calyx. The basal leaves have entire or dentate and undulate margins.Endemic to Chile, in the Andean mountains and valleys from the Regions of Atacama  to Coquimbo . 800–2800 m a.s.l.Schizanthusintegrifolius is frequent in rocky areas on hillsides and in screes. It grows better in well-drained soils, like coarse sand, but is less abundant when growing in clay soils. Other species in the community include Heliotropiumsinuatum (Miers) I.M.Johnst. (Heliotropiaceae), Enceliacanescens Lam. (Asteraceae) and Spinolivailicifolia (Hook. & Arn.) G.Sancho (Asteraceae).Chile. Atacama: Los Huascoaltinos Private Natural Reserve ; In Cachiyuyo, im Berraquilla-Tal, 800 m a.s.l., 21 Sep 1972, O. Zoellner 6122 (L); Potrerillos, camino a la mina El Hueso, 31 Oct 1995, S. Teillier 3697 (SGO); [Copiapó Province] Camino de Copiapó al Tranque Lautaro, 14 km antes del tranque, 26 Oct 1965, M. Ricardi, C. Marticorena & O. Matthei 1494 (CONC); In Jorquera Tal, 1500 m a.s.l., 12 Jan 1970, O. Zoellner 4258 (L); [Huasco Province] San Félix, al interior, 28°5'S, 70°28'W, 1250 m a.s.l., 11 Dec 2008, M. Rosas 6142 (CONC); Vallenar, Alto del Carmen,, ca. 800 m a.s.l., Nov 1923, E. Werdermann 151 ; Poco al W de El Tránsito, 3 Oct 1997, M. Muñoz 3831 (SGO); Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] A unos 10 km al sur de Vicuña en el camino a Hurtado, 800 m a.s.l., 13 Oct 1940, G. Looser 4305 ; Camino entre Vicuña y Hurtado, Hacienda Pangui, 800 m a.s.l., 13 Oct 1940, G. Looser 4305 (US).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae5.Poepp., Not. Natur- Heilk. 23: 291. 1829CB16B057-1C95-5E14-ADB3-90D8F22296D0Schizanthusalpestris Poepp. ex Benth., Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 202. 1846. nom. illeg. superfl.Schizanthusalpestrisvar.glanduliferusglandulifera”. Phil., Linnaea 33(2): 214. 1864, as “Schizanthusangustifolius Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 119. 1895.Schizanthusglanduliferus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 120. 1895.Schizanthuslaciniosus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 125. 1895.E. Poeppig 2  .Chile. Valparaíso: Rarius in glareosis ad confluentes Rio Colorado et Rio Chille, Dec, https://plants.jstor.org/) or at the herbarium catalogue of the institution (http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/chg/). Schizanthusalpestris was described and validly published almost 20 years earlier by th of December of 1827. We have found two specimens that can be related to this trip, but none of them are part of the Poeppig herbaria at W or at B and LE, where his samples were distributed by G. Kunze . On the other hand, the specimen at F [875198] has two labels: one of them contains the locality and date of collection (“Andes de Sa. Rosa. Chile. 1828”), data which do not agree the protologue. A second label refers to two different numbers given to the species on Poeppig’s diary . Those numbers are not to be associated to numbers of collection, which is different.A further two specimens collected by Poeppig were not considered as type material because of the following reasons: the locality cited on the specimen at P [P00477034] is insufficient to be linked to the protologue , external portion of the corolla lavender or lilac, upper middle corolla lobe narrowly oblong, with a bilobed apex, sometimes these lobes a little divided.Endemic to Chile, between the Regions of Atacama  and Valparaíso . 180–2800 m a.s.l.Schizanthusalpestris is abundant on stony hillsides, along railroads, roadsides, and watercourses; among rocks over loose soil. It has also been found in rocky areas, where it seems to be scarce. In these rocky areas, it grows with Puya sp. (Bromeliaceae), Flourensiathurifera DC. (Asteraceae), Echinopsischiloensis (Colla) H.Friedrich and G.D.Rowley (Cactaceae) and Proustiacuneifolia D.Don (Asteraceae).Chile. Coquimbo: Las Chinchillas National Reserve.Chile. Atacama: [Huasco Province] Incahuasi, 25 kms al sur, 10 Oct 1958, M. Ricardi & C. Marticorena 4902/1287 (CONC); Norte entrada de Los Cristales, cuesta ruta 5 entre Vallenar y llanos La Higuera, en ladera rocosa del cerro, 29°9'18.5"S, 70°59'57.9"W, 1010 m a.s.l., 8 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5049 (SGO); Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] Camino Paihuano – Rivadavia, 840 m a.s.l., 28 Sep 1948, F. Behn s.n. (CONC); Camino de Marquesa a Condoriaco, 3 kms antes de Talcuna, 500 m a.s.l., 18 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1514 (F); Cuesta de Andacollo, en mitad de la cuesta, 16 Sep 1957, C. Muñoz 4281 (SGO); [Limarí Province] Camino al Embalse de La Laguna, a 16 km del Embalse, 2500 m a.s.l., 5 Feb 1963, M. Ricardi, C. Marticorena & O. Matthei 730 (CONC); Pulpica, 30°53'S, 70°46'W, 9 Mar 2008, Fundación Philippi 366 (SGO); Combarbalá, 1000 m a.s.l., Sep 1936, C. Grandjot s.n. (SI); [Choapa Province] Cerro Gonzalo, cara N y W, 32°1'S, 71°6'W, 1740 m a.s.l., 5 Dec 2006, M. Rosas & M. Acosta 4294 (CONC); Cuesta El Espino, 31°21'39.2"S, 71°5'51.7"W, 1260 m a.s.l., 9 Oct 2004, M. Muñoz 4473 (SGO); Valparaíso: [Petorca Province] Petorca – Quebrada El Durazno, 32°12'7.58"S, 71°0'44.71"W, 1490 m a.s.l., 7 Nov 2017, J. Macaya, S. Teillier, P. Novoa & O. Fernández 370 (CONC); In Chincolco, 1500 m a.s.l., 28 Dec 1972, O. Zoellner 6741 (L); Las Tasas, Cajón del Pedernal, 23 Aug 1894, P. Germain s.n. (SGO); [Quillota Province] Cerro Caquis, ca. 15 km east of Melon, 1800 m a.s.l., 14 Dec 1938, J.L. Morrison 16879 (SI); Cordillera El Melón, subida al cerro Mosco Verde, cerca cumbre, 32°39'6"S, 71°2'50"W, 2049 m a.s.l., 18 Jan 2011, A. Moreira 1423 (SGO); [San Felipe Province] En el cerro Orolongo bei San Felipe, 2000 m a.s.l., 19 Nov 1972, O. Zoellner 6210 (L); [Los Andes Province] Aconcagua, Los Maitenes (Río Colorado), 2000 m a.s.l., 18 Nov 1970, O. Zoellner 4434 (CONC); In Maitenes bei Río Colorado, 2200 m a.s.l., 18 Nov 1970, O. Zoellner 4462 (L).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae6.Phil., Fl. Atacam.: 45. 1860F238C5E2-E1B6-5053-AD3B-1B93337A7902Schizanthusfallax I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 160. 1929.R.A. Philippi s.n.  . Some of these specimens suggest that S.fallax may represent a distinct species, but we do not have access to additional material and prefer to maintain the synonymy pending further study.Flowers dark violet or paler, upper middle lobe without a distinctive yellow area, but white and dotted with dark spots at the base. Lower lip of the corolla of similar length as the upper lip.Endemic to Chile, in the coast of the Regions of Tarapacá  and Antofagasta . 20–900 m a.s.l.Schizanthuslaetus grows in the fog (camanchaca) zone, on steep hillsides, in watercourse and alluvial fans; between rocks and in sandy and gravel soil (coarse sand). Within these places, it prefers wet areas with organic material. Forms part of Lomas vegetation where it can be associated with Echinopsisdeserticola (Werderm.) H.Friedrich and G.D.Rowley (Cactaceae) and Euphorbialactiflua Phil. (Euphorbiaceae).Chile. Antofagasta: Paposo Norte Natural Monument, Pan de Azúcar National Park ; Alto Punta Lobos, 21°2'S, 70°9'W, 430 m a.s.l., 1 Nov 1997, R. Pinto s.n. (SGO); Antofagasta: [Tocopilla Province] Tocopilla, steep hillside ca. 6 km north of port and approximately opposite Caleta Duendes, 18 Oct 1925, I.M. Johnston 3626 ; 1 km al N de la Planta Mantos de La Luna, a lo largo de la ruta costanera, ca. 5 km al N de caleta Buena, 22°22'27"S, 70°13'73"W, 150–300 m a.s.l., 18 Oct 2002, J.V. Schneider & M.L. Huertas 2851 (CONC); Cobija, Quebrada Aguada Cañas, 500–800 m a.s.l., 4 Dec 1949, W. Biese 3080 (SGO); [Antofagasta Province] Quebrada de Miguel Díaz, en Punta Miguel Díaz, suelo arenoso, ca. 350 m a.s.l., 12 Oct 1941, E. Pisano & R. Bravo 453 (CONC); Quebrada Miguel Díaz, en Punta Miguel Díaz, 350 m a.s.l., 12 Oct 1941, E. Pisano & R. Bravo 453 (SGO); Quebrada Guanillo , 50–500 m a.s.l., 14 Dec 1949, W. Biese 3303 (SGO); Paposo, entrada a la Qda. Los Peralitos, 25°1'57"S, 70°26'30.3"W, 490 m a.s.l., 30 Sep 2005, M. Muñoz 4606 (SGO).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae7.Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 1: 13. 1798A9C34FF1-BB2A-59C4-8C54-2BDA2CBD67A7Schizanthuspinnatusβ?gracilis Benth., Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 10: 202. 1846.Schizanthusgracilis (Benth.) Clos, Fl. Chil. [Gay] 5(2): 153. 1849.Schizanthusgayanus Phil., Linnaea 30(2): 198. 1859.Schizanthuslatifolius Phil., Linnaea 33(2): 214. 1864.Eutocapedunculosa Phil. Anal. Univ. Chile 65: 61. 1884.Schizanthushumilis Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 118. 1895.Schizanthusfloribundus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 119. 1895.J. Dombey s.n.  that agrees to the time when the collectors visited the localities mentioned in the protologue. It is also accompanied by the handwritten description and some drawings of the species. This specimen was identified as lectotype by F. Bellot in 1974 but he never appropriately published his findings. Later, the specimen at BM was cited as the lectotype of the species by Chili, Dombey”). We are not designating any of the additional 10 specimens we have seen as isolectotypes, because the lack of data on their labels does not allow us to verify if any of them are duplicates of the lectotype.We have found 11 herbarium sheets in five herbaria that correspond to this expedition . Most of the sheets mentioned only the country of origin, except for the specimens at MA [MA 815287] and P [P00477583], which mentioned a more detailed locality: “We do not know why This species has small flowers , with the lower lip a little longer than the upper lip. Corolla colour from purple to white, upper middle lobe oblong, white or pale yellow at the base, this area dotted with dark spots and surrounded by a regular or irregular purple stripe (sometimes absent). The upper lateral lobes also have dark spots, which are sometimes faint.Endemic to Chile, between the Regions of Valparaíso  and Los Lagos . 30–2000 m a.s.l.Schizanthuspinnatus can be found on dry hillsides and alluvial terraces of native forest and matorrals; in some areas it grows under plants of Acaciacaven (Molina) Molina (Fabaceae). Abundantly in harvested plantation of Pinusradiata D.Don (Pinaceae).Chile. Metropolitana: Altos de Cantillana Natural Sanctuary; O’Higgins: Alto Huemul Natural Sanctuary; Maule: Radal Siete Tazas National Park, Altos de Lircay National Reserve, Bellotos del Melado National Reserve, Cajón del Río Achibueno Natural Sanctuary ; Metropolitana: [Maipo Province] Cerro Challay, 2 Nov 1993, R. Peña 840 (SGO); O’Higgins: [Cachapoal Province] Rancagua, old road to Termas de Cauquenes S of Río Cachapoal, ca. 12 km E of Hwy. 5 (Panamericana), 34°15'S, 70°45'W, 6 Oct 1993, L.R. Landrum & S.S. Landrum 7900 (ASU); Cocalán (lad. exp. N), coord. UTM 300777E – 6213646N, 197 m a.s.l., 22 Nov 2005, N. García, F. Romero & P. Contreras 2948 (CONC); Ex Laguna de Tagua-Tagua, Valle o Rinconada de Huinca, desde las casas hasta 200 m alt, 10 Nov 1967, M. Muñoz 156 (SGO); [Cardenal Caro Province] El Espinillo, Poza El Encanto (ladera norte), coord. UTM 236051E – 6177258N, 33 m a.s.l., 29 Oct 2005, N. García, F. Romero & P. Contreras 2368 (CONC); Tanumé, Quebrada Honda (ladera exposición norte), coord. UTM 232675E – 6213295N, 262 m a.s.l., 25 Oct 2005, N. García, F. Romero & P. Contreras 2178 (CONC); [Colchagua Province] San Fernando, Fundo Los Alpes, Río Antivero, 26 Nov 1949, T. Gutiérrez 54 (SGO); Yaquil (plano inclinado exp. S), coord. UTM 299844E – 6167762N, 277 m a.s.l., 18 Nov 2005, N. García, F. Romero & P. Contreras 2740 (CONC); Maule: [Curicó Province] Reserva Nacional Radal Siete Tazas, 35°26'870"S, 71°2'298"W, 803 m a.s.l., 11 Dec 2004, A. Marticorena, A. Jiménez & A. Pauchard 37 (CONC); [Talca Province] Alto de Vilches, Laguna El Alto, a orilla de la laguna, 35°37'S, 71°1'W, 2050 m a.s.l., 31 Jan 2000, V. Finot & P. López 1886 (CONC); Constitución, 19 Oct 1942, R. Silva 224 (SGO); [Linares Province] Tranque Bullileo, 600 m a.s.l., 11 Jan 1952, P. Aravena 67 ; [Cauquenes Province] Santuario Reloca, 35°39'S, 72°35'W, 40 m a.s.l., 1 Oct 1999, M.T.K. Arroyo, J. Armesto, A.M. Humaña, F. Pérez, D. Rougier & R. Guevara 992712 (CONC); Ñuble: [Diguillín Province] Palomares, 36°34'4.23"S, 72°36'34.69"W, 57 m a.s.l., Nov 2008, A. Marticorena s.n. (CONC); Río Chillán, 36°38'S, 72°4'W, 120 m a.s.l., 2 Dec 2008, N. García 4332 (CONC); [Itata Province] Huechupín, Mar 1864, M. de Solís s.n. (SGO); Biobío: [Concepción Province], San Pedro, 18 Dec 1960, C.S. Takayama s.n. (CONC); [Biobío Province] Antuco, 21 Dec 1964, G. Montero s.n. (CONC); Los Ángeles, Antuco, 21 Dec 1964, G. Montero 7052 (IND); Nacimiento, Fundo El Tambillo, 12 Nov 1950, A. Pfister s.n. (CONC); [Arauco Province] Laraquete, 15 Dec 1950, A. Pfister & M. Ricardi s.n. (CONC); Arauco, Dec 1927, Bro. Claude-Joseph 5613 (US); Araucanía: [Malleco Province] Mininco, 10 Nov 1953, H. Gunckel 2285 (CONC); Fuera del Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, 1 Dec 1987, I. Meza & E. Barrera 1651 (SGO); Fundo Solano, Los Alpes, Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, 1200 m a.s.l., 18 Jan 1958, W.J. Eyerdam 10347 (US); [Cautín Province] Pucón – Lago Villarrica, Feb 1935, A. Pfister s.n. (CONC); Los Ríos: [Valdivia Province] Quinchilca, 70 m a.s.l., 20 Jan 1942, A. Hollermayer 557 (SGO); Puñire [Panguipulli], ca. 200 m a.s.l., Feb 1925, A. Hollermayer 694 ; [Del Ranco Province] Daglipulli, Feb 1835, C. Gay 176 (P); Los Lagos: [Osorno Province] In sepiis rarissimus Osorno, Mar 1835, C. Gay 177 (P); Ad flumen Pilmaiquen, D. Cueto s.n. (SGO).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae8.Gillies ex Graham, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 9: 176. 1830B66D2CF2-8229-5B83-A11D-C6A84B9D9C45Schizanthuscalycosus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 43: 529. 1873.Schizanthushookerivar.calycosus (Phil.) Reiche, Anal. Univ. Chile 125: 480. 1909.J. Gillies s.n. . These plants were raised from the seeds collected by Gillies “the sea” : 177. AtAndes of Chile et Mendoza”. As in other cases, we cannot be sure if this sample was seen or used by Graham before or while he wrote the description. Therefore, we do not consider this specimen as original material.During our search, we have not found cultivated samples of the species seen by Graham but one specimen at E [E00089582] collected by Gillies in “S.hookeri a sample at K [K000648571], which exhibits the protologue information on the label (where the seeds were collected). In this case, it is possible that the data on the label could be copied from the protologue. Here we recognise this specimen as a neotype because we could not find original material. The same specimen at K has been cited as a holotype by Delicate and slender flowers, corolla lilac to rose, with stamens protruding from the corolla tube. The lower middle lobe attenuated into two caudate apex.Southern Andean, endemic from Argentina and Chile. In the mountains of the Coastal range and the Andes. In Chile it grows from Coquimbo  to Biobío  and in Argentina it occurs in the Provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén. 900–3200 m a.s.l.Schizanthushookeri is abundant in well-drained screes, along stream sides, slopes next to roads and moraines. Within these places, it grows in fine sandy soil, among rocks. It seems to be less frequent in open areas, including sunny banks or north-facing slopes. Regarding the vegetation, it can be seen in forest of Nothofagus Blume, arborescent scrub of Chuquiragaoppositifolia D.Don (Asteraceae), Baccharisneaei DC. (Asteraceae) and Festucaacanthophylla É.Desv. (Poaceae).Argentina. Neuquén: Epu-Lauquén Protected Natural Area.Chile. Valparaíso: La Campana National Park, Río Blanco National Reserve, Serranía El Ciprés Natural Sanctuary, Juncal Andean Park; Metropolitana: El Morado Natural Monument, Cerro El Roble Natural Sanctuary, Yerba Loca Natural Sanctuary; Maule: Radal Siete Tazas National Park, Altos de Lircay National Reserve, Bellotos del Melado National Reserve; Ñuble: Los Huemules de Niblinto National Reserve ; Neuquén: [Huilliches Department] Reserva Laguna de Epu-Lauquen, 36°49'3"S, 71°4'51"W, 1470 m a.s.l., 2 Dec 2012, F.O. Zuloaga, L. Aagesen, M.V. Nicola & D.L. Salariato 15173 (SI);Chile. Coquimbo: [Limarí Province] El Maitén, 90 km al oriente de Ovalle, 1340 m a.s.l., 13 Nov 1943, R. Wagenknecht 149 ; Cord. Ovalle, Cerro Loica, 2200 m a.s.l., 18 Dec 1965, C. Jiles 4734 (CONC); Camino a Central Los Molles, km 13, 30°43'42.4"S, 70°31'28.6"W, 1700 m a.s.l., 21 Jan 2005, M. Muñoz 4535 (SGO); [Choapa Province] Cerro Curimahuida, 10 km east of Matancilla and 15 km northeast of Sánchez mine, 2600–2800 m a.s.l., 23 Nov 1938, C.R. Worth & J.L. Morrison 16671 (SI); Dpto. Illapel, La Polcura, 31°30'S, 70°40'W, 2400 m a.s.l., 16 Feb 1962, C. Jiles 4255 (CONC); Las Mollacas, Cord. d. Illapel, Jan 1888, Unknown s.n. (SGO); Valparaíso: [Quillota Province] Between abandoned copper mine and bronze memorial plaque to Darwin, near summit of La Campana (Bell Mountain), 10 miles east of El Granizo, ca. 1750 m a.s.l., 15 Dec 1957, W.J. Eyerdam 10087 ; Above Ramayama copper mine, Cerro Las Vizcachas, 1860 m a.s.l., 7 Dec 1951, P.C. Hutchinson 95 ; Cerro La Campana, cerca de placa de Darwin, 1600 m a.s.l., 25 Nov 1962, P. Weisser 390 (CONC); [San Felipe Province] Santuario Serranía El Ciprés, 32°39'12"S, 70°48'57"W, 1779 m a.s.l., 21 Dec 2013, A. Madrid & J. Larraín 186 (CONC); [Los Andes Province] Portillo, Caracoles, 32°50'S, 70°7'W, 2580 m a.s.l., 14 Feb 1995, K. Gengler 35 (CONC); Parque Andino Juncal, Sendero Las Canchitas, 32°55'17.5"S, 70°4'58.1"W, 2726 m a.s.l., 5 Mar 2011, M.F. Gardner, C. Morter & G. Ovstebo 273 (E); Minera Andina, Saladillo, bajando desde túnel principal, 33°3'41.5"S, 70°14'54.6"W, 2900 m a.s.l., 16 Jan 2002, M. Muñoz 4147 (SGO); Metropolitana: [Chacabuco Province] Altos de Chicauma, 33°12'S, 70°56'W, 2050 m a.s.l., 10 Jan 2003, N. García 3799 (CONC); Camino a cerro El Roble, portezuelo hacia mina de cuarzo, 11 Jan 2004, M. Muñoz 4413 (SGO); Estero Colina, en el lecho mayor del estero, 33°11'56.5"S, 70°35'30"W, 14 Nov 2009, V. Morales & F. Cornejo 9 (SGO); [Santiago Province] Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, ladera al NO del estero de La Yerba Loca, sector Qda. Agua Blanca, 33°17'S, 70°19'W, 2430 m a.s.l., 27 Feb 2000, M.T.K. Arroyo, M. Mihoc & C. Valdivia 202026 (CONC); Valle Nevado, 3 Km del cruce con La Parva, 33°21'34.5"S, 70°17'34.2"W, 2380 m a.s.l., 25 Jan 2003, M. Muñoz 4352 (SGO); Peñalolén, 1600–2300 m a.s.l., 30 Dec 1928, G. Looser 914 (SI); [Cordillera Province] San José de Maipo, Cajón de Morales: entre Baños Morales y las Panimávidas, 33°48'S, 70°4'W, 1850 m a.s.l., 22 Dec 2001, S. Teillier & C. Márquez 5255 (CONC); Bei Lo Valdés, 2500 m a.s.l., 2 Jan 1968, O. Zoellner 2561 (L); Cajón del Yeso, Termas El Plomo, 3000 m a.s.l., 20 Jan 1995, M. Muñoz, A. Moreira, I. Meza & J. Arriagada 3589 (SGO); O’Higgins: [Cachapoal Province] Camino de Caletones a Colón, km 2, 1700 m a.s.l., 17 Nov 1970, C. Marticorena & E. Weldt 661 ; Cajón del Río Claro, Rengo, 34°30'S, 70°41'W, 6 Nov 2003, Fundación Philippi 97 (SGO); [Colchagua Province] Quebrada camino V. del Flaco, Huertecillas, 1100 m a.s.l., 8 Jan 1951, M. Ricardi s.n. (CONC); Alto Huemul, coord. UTM 345976E – 6137905N, 1645 m a.s.l., 3 Jan 2006, L. Faúndez & B. Larraín 1289 (CONC); Maule: [Curicó Province] Hacienda Monte Grande, ca. 1700 m a.s.l., Dec 1924, E. Werdermann 509 ; Molina, Área de Protección, Radal Siete Tazas, camino hacia cerro El Alto, 29 Dec 1989, M. Muñoz 2514 (SGO): [Talca Province] Laguna del Maule, 36°1'S, 70°33'W, 2250 m a.s.l., 24 Jan 1990, M.F. Gardner & S. Knees 4473 ; Alto de Vilches, camino a Laguna El Alto, 35°36'S, 71°1'W, 1800 m a.s.l., 29 Jan 2000, V. Finot & P. López 1732 (CONC); [Linares Province] Reserva Nacional Bellotos del Melado, 35°51'S, 71°5'W, 1330 m a.s.l., 19 Dec 1999, M.T.K. Arroyo, P. MacPherson, M. Mihoc, A. Humaña & C. Valdivia 996027 ; Cajón de Ibáñez, 19 Jan 1938, Castellanos s.n. (BA); Ñuble: [Diguillín Province] Termas de Chillán, 1800 m a.s.l., 5 Feb 1936, A.L. Cabrera 3634 (F); Termas de Chillán, Sendero hacia fumarolas, sobre nivel del bosque, 6 Feb 1993, M. Muñoz 3239 (SGO); Cord. de Chillán, Los Moscos, 1700 m a.s.l., Jan 1937, C. Grandjot & G. Grandjot 2028 (CONC); Biobío: [Biobío Province] Orillas de la Laguna del Laja, 24 Jan 1969, M. Ricardi & C. Marticorena 5816/1977 .Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae9.Gillies ex Hook., Bot. Mag. 58: tab. 3044. 18317635BBA4-E3EB-561B-B6DF-FEC96DFBFA3BSchizanthusretusus Hook., Bot. Mag. 58: tab. 3045. 1831.Schizanthusgilliesii Phil., Linnaea 29(1): 28. 1858.Schizanthusaraucanus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 121. 1895.Schizanthusdiaziidiazi”. Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 122. 1895, as “Schizanthusgrahamiivar.araucanus (Phil.) Reiche, Anal. Univ. Chile 125: 478. 1909.J. Gillies s.n. , although, some of his types were moved to K when he was appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . We haveS.grahamii. We think this is not correct, as the holotype of the species corresponds to a cultivated sample.Here we accept the inadvertent neotypification made by S.hookeri, because of its geographical distribution and the corolla form. However, the flower has short stamens, that barely protrude from the corolla tube and the lower middle lobe is attenuated into two short pointed apex.The upper middle corolla lobe is almost completely yellow, except for the apex and it looks bigger than the other segments of the corolla. Often confused with Southern Andean, endemic from Argentina and Chile. In Chile it grows from the Metropolitan Region  to Biobío, while on the Argentinian side it inhabits the Provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén . 1200–2900 m a.s.l.Schizanthusgrahamii is abundant in areas close to watercourses, such as lakes, rivers or quebradas. It grows among rocks or in loose stony places, also located at the bases of hillsides, where it is common to find scree slopes and alluvial plains. It seems to grow very well in shady places (south-facing slopes), dominated by Acaenasplendens Hook. & Arn. (Rosaceae), Calceolariahypericina Poepp. ex Benth. , Calceolariadentata Ruiz & Pav. , Glandulariaberteroi (Schauer) Muñoz-Schick (Verbenaceae) and in places by thickets of Diosteajuncea (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Miers (Verbenaceae) and among low shrubby vegetation.Argentina. Neuquén: Epu-Lauquén Protected Natural Area.Chile. Metropolitana: Río Clarillo National Reserve, El Morado Natural Monument; Biobío: Laguna del Laja National Park ; RP 226, de Las Loicas a termas del Azufre, camino hacia las termas, 35°20'56"S, 70°17'44"W, 2002 m a.s.l., 19 Jan 2018, D.L. Salariato, L. Aagesen, J.M. Acosta & A. Martínez 100 (SI); Neuquén: [Huiliches Department] Lagunas de Epu-lauquén, 36°49'8"S, 71°3'10"W, 1520 m a.s.l., 26 Nov 2010, F.O. Zuloaga, D.L. Salariato, C.A. Zanotti & L. Zavala 12517 (SI) [Minas Department] Laguna Varvarco Campos, 36°25'27"S, 70°37'9"W, 1959 m a.s.l., 15 Feb 2007, J. Chiapella, G.E. Barbosa, F. Chiarini & M. Matesevach 1865 (SI);Chile. Metropolitana: [Cordillera Province] Along the Embalse El Yeso, along the access road 4 km upstream from the dam, 33°35–40'S, 70°10–15'W, 2510 m a.s.l., 14 Jan 1993, C.M. Taylor & R.E. Gereau 10927 ; Río Volcán – Cajón del Morado, 33°46'41"S, 70°2'32"W, 2580 m a.s.l., 29 Jan 2009, S. Teillier, F. Romero, I. Goic & X. Romero 5628A (CONC); Laguna Negra ribera Este, 33°38'51"S, 70°6'46"W, 2916 m a.s.l., 5 Dec 2008, A. Moreira 1107 (SGO); O’Higgins: [Cachapoal Province] El Teniente, rock-slides, near Río Coya, 2500–2700 m a.s.l., 26 Jan 1925, W. Pennell 12282 ; Cajón del Río Claro, Rengo, 34°30'S, 70°41'W, 6 Nov 2003, Fundación Philippi 84 (SGO); [Colchagua Province] Las Huertecillas, entre la Pava y Qda. San Andrés, coord. UTM 368224E – 6154259N, 1724 m a.s.l., 31 Jan 2006, N. García, F. Romero & P. Contreras 3427 (CONC); Termas del Flaco, inicio y base cerro Verde hacia huellas de dinosaurios, 34°57'7.5"S, 70°25'47"W, 1790 m a.s.l., 11 Jan 2006, M. Muñoz 4752 (SGO); Maule: [Curicó Province] Alrededores de la Laguna de Teno, 35°10'S, 70°33'W, 2560 m a.s.l., 29 Mar 1973, C. Marticorena, O. Matthei & R. Rodríguez 19 (CONC); Camino a Paso Vergara, pasado control policial, 35°8'45"S, 70°28'29"W, 1913 m a.s.l., 28 Jan 2003, M. Muñoz 4370 (SGO); [Talca Province] Por ruta nacional n115, ca. 17 km de la Laguna de Maule, viniendo desde San Clemente, 35°55'39"S, 70°38'16"W, 1424 m a.s.l., 9 Feb 2007, J. Chiapella, G.E. Barbosa, F. Chiarini & M. Matesevach 1660 (SI); SW del Descabezado del Maule, 1877, E. Williams s.n. (SGO); [Linares Province] Laguna Dial, 35°25'S, 70°55'W, 1520 m a.s.l., 25 Jan 1961, F. Schlegel 3671 (CONC); Ñuble: [Punilla Province] Cord. “San Carlos”, Feb 1925, E. Barros s.n. (CONC); Biobío: [Biobío Province] Los Pinos. Extremo sur de la Laguna Laja, 27 Feb 1951, F. Behn s.n. (CONC); Trapa-Trapa, Araucanía, 28 Jan 1887, C. Rahmer s.n. (SGO).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae10.(Phil.) J.M.Watson, Pl. Altoandinas Fl. Silv. Chile: 140. 1998E063D862-7D46-5BD4-A245-69F5B47AD6A5Schizanthusgrahamiivar.coccinea Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 121. 1895.L. Kunze s.n. .Chile. Metropolitana: Alfalfar, Dec 1887, In this case, we have found two sheets of the same collection that agree with the data given in the protologue. For this reason, we have designated the best preserved specimen as the lectotype.Upper lip bi-coloured; yellow in the middle lobe and the upper half of the lateral lobes, while the lower half is mostly reddish, that continues to the lower lip. Upper middle lobe almost two times longer than the lateral lobes.Endemic to Chile, in the Andean mountains of the Metropolitan Region . 2000–2900 m a.s.l.Schizanthuscoccineus has been found growing over loose soil; mostly along roadsides and in wet or flooded areas (vegas).Chile. Metropolitana: Río Clarillo National Reserve ; La Parva, 33°19'48"S, 70°16'57"W, 2860 m a.s.l., 25 Jan 2008, A. Moreira 1028 (SGO); [Cordillera Province] Tupungato, Río Colorado, Baños Salinillas, 1500 m a.s.l., 4 Jan 1930, F. Behn s.n. (CONC).Schizanthuslitoralis Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 118. 189511. Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae11a.1E65C7CE-3E99-5100-BECF-E0F5614BEAB5F. Philippi s.n. . The Fig. S.litoralis described by R.A. Philippi. In this case, the types of S.litoralisvar.litoralis were especially important, as some flowers still show a darker colour on the lower lip, a character not mentioned by R.A. Philippi but that is distinctive of the species.For years, the name of this species was wrongly associated with the new species th October). However, none of them can be discarded as type material, because the original description only mentions the year of collection (1884). The similarities between day and month (10 = October and 12 = December), make us think that the date could be erroneously swapped on the labels. Unfortunately, we cannot tell with certainty which was the true date of collection or if these specimens correspond to the same collection. Therefore, we decided to treat these two specimens as syntypes, conserving the lectotype chosen by Most of the data on the lectotype matches other two specimens at SGO , except for the day and month of the collection . Photos in Fig. Schizanthuslitoralisvar.litoralis has been seen growing on sandy soil and between the fissures of the coastal rocks. Forms part of the coastal scrubland.Chile. Valparaíso: Dunas de Concón Natural Sanctuary .Chile. Valparaíso: [Valparaíso Province] Dunas de Con Con, sobre las dunas a 100 m de la placa de Santuario mirando al mar, 32°56'36"S, 71°32'40"W, 30 m a.s.l., 7 Oct 2002, A. Moreira 688 (SGO); Road along the coast, S. of Cachagua, N of Quintero, 32°36'35"S, 71°25'57"W, 100 m a.s.l., 10 Nov 2006, E.J. Tepe, A. Marticorena & P.B. Pelser 1947 (CONC); N von Valparaíso, Oct 1967, O. Zoellner 1856 (L).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae11b.(Lindl.) V.Morales & Muñoz-Schickcomb. nov.F1FA07D0-A3A6-5087-AE6C-F70E82D0B166urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77210705-1Schizanthuspinnatusvar.humilis Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 18: T. 1562. 1833.Schizanthustricolor Grau & E.Gronbach. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 20: 143. 1984.H. Cuming 712  [E00089564]. Here we recognise all the specimens collected by Cuming 712 as a single collection and as isolectotypes.Regarding the type material, it appears that S.litoralisvar.litoralis because of the distinct purple venation at the base of each corolla lobe.It has a dark purple colour on the lower lip, but it differs from Endemic to Chile, along the coast of the Region of Valparaíso . This variety has been reported from the Dunes in Pichicuy and also in Cachagua . HoweverAmbrosiachamissonis Greene (Asteraceae), Solanumcoquimbense J.R.Benn. (Solanaceae) and Seneciobahioides Hook. & Arn. (Asteraceae).It grows within a narrow zone on the foredunes, associated with Chile. Valparaíso: Humedal de Pichicuy Protected Area.Chile. Valparaíso: [Petorca Province] Final sur Playa Pichicuy, 32°20'24.1"S, 71°26'50.3"W, 10 m a.s.l., 12 Aug 2008, M. Muñoz 5000 (SGO); Pichicuy, dunes behind beach, 32°20'35"S, 71°27'05"W, 2 m a.s.l., 9 Nov 2006, E.J. Tepe, A. Marticorena & P.B. Pelser 1886 (CONC); Zapallar (médanos de Cachagua), 25 Sep 1909, F. Johow s.n. (CONC).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae12.Sudzuki, Agricultura Técnica, Chile 5(1): 33. 1945584996AF-017B-5A8E-A39E-660ADFA2DE87Chile. Coquimbo: Llano de Los Loros, 10 Sep 1942, C. Muñoz & E. Pisano 3349 .Schizanthus.In the protologue, the author mentions the holotype as being held at the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago. Within the type collection at SGO, we have found two sheets of this species, which are duplicates. In comparing the label data with the protologue, we identified some differences. In the description, the author cited Muñoz & Johnson as collectors of the specimens, but without giving a date of collection. This was an oversight because the herbarium specimens were collected by Carlos Muñoz & Edmundo Pisano and they clearly show the date of collection. This oversight could have occurred because Sudzuki had access to the specimens before they were mounted, in order that she could complete her thesis on the genus S.litoralis. On page 136, the authors cited the type of S.splendens just giving the data from the protologue and without indicating the specimens as occurring at SGO. We are selecting as lectotype the specimen which has a label with the name of the species and the descriptor (“S.splendens nov. sp. Sudzuki”), while the second specimen was lacking this information.S.carlomunoziivar.carlomunozii as they exhibit a white halo around the yellow area but without any dark spots outside of it. The flowers are subsessile with peduncles up to 4 mm long, instead of 0.5–2.5 cm in S.carlomunozii.Flowers similar in form to Endemic to Chile, in the Region of Coquimbo . 350–1800 m a.s.l.Along roadsides and in flat areas; over clayed soil.Chile. Coquimbo: Fray Jorge National Park.Chile. Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] Cordillera de Ovalle, Cerro Tololo, 1800 m a.s.l., 26 Oct 1971, C. Jiles 6302 (CONC); Andacollo 5 km al sur, 33°15'S, 71°06'W, 1100–1200 m a.s.l., 1–6 Apr 2008, M. Mihoc 325 (CONC); [Limarí Province] Salida S de Ovalle, planicies, 22 Aug 1991, M. Muñoz 2566 (SGO); Carretera Panamericana, 19 km al norte de la Quebrada del Teniente, 16 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1440 .Schizanthusporrigens Graham ex Hook., Exot. Fl. 2: tab. 86. 182413. Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae13a.31D5FBF5-9724-5C74-81CB-5CB2231B3445Schizanthusporrigens Graham, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 11: 401. 1824.Schizanthustenuifolius Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 118. 1895.Schizanthustenuis Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 124. 1895.Schizanthusheterophyllus Phil., Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 125. 1895.United Kingdom. Scotland: Hort. Edin. [cultivated material at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh] .Schizanthusporrigens was first used by S.pinnatus, based on the smaller first emerging leaves . Hence, the specimen cited by Grau and Gronbach (“s.n. Graham (E)”), should be not considered as type of the name validly published by W.J. Hooker and illustrated by R.K. Greville.The name S.pinnatus, but represents S.litoralisvar.litoralis). S.porrigens.Studying the original description, it is clear to us that the species was described based on cultivated material. S.grahamii). At K, we could not find any specimens of S.porrigens but we found 15 samples at E (https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/). Of these, only five were labelled as S.porrigens . The first two sheets were identified as possible types of the name S.porrigens Graham by Gronbach in 1983. We think these two specimens are part of the same collection, as both have Greville’s handwriting and show complementary parts of an individual plant: the specimen E00089607 shows the inflorescence while E00089608 comprises a branch with several leaves. We think these specimens could have been used by Greville for illustrating the description. On the other hand, sheets E00089609, E00089610, E00089611 originated from GL and have the handwriting of W.J. Hooker . Additionally, we found two herbarium sheets at P that can be related to the description . The first one says “Schizanthusporrigens Hook. Fl. Exot. E Chile (misit Hooker 1824) 4733”. The second sheet has the same information, except for the name of the species “Schizanthuspinnatus”. Both labels were handwritten by Hooker, except for the annotation “misit Hooker 1824”, which could have been added by E. Drake, former owner of the collection, meaning that the specimens were sent to him by Hooker in 1824 . This data matches the year when Hooker described the species. Surely the specimens are duplicates and were part of an exchange of material between herbaria from the United Kingdom and France. We think specimens listed above should be treated as original material of the name Schizanthusporrigens Graham ex Hook. Following In trying to locate the type material, we searched for specimens at E and K, as these are the herbaria which hold most of the type specimens by W.J. Hooker . Sometimes, it has a purple irregular line above the yellow area. When the corolla is mostly white, the lower lip has a larger portion coloured light purple, but the same colour also occurs at the margin of the upper lateral lobes.Endemic to Chile, between the Regions of Coquimbo  and O’Higgins . 20–1800 m a.s.l.One of the most widespread species inhabiting from the coast to the cordillera, in different types of substrates; in shrubby and sclerophyllous communities.Chile. Valparaíso: La Campana National Park, BioParque Puquén-Los Molles Private Reserve, Acantilados Federico Santa María Natural Sanctuary, Palmar El Salto Natural Sanctuary, Serranía El Ciprés Natural Sanctuary; Metropolitana: Río Clarillo National Reserve, Cerro El Roble Natural Sanctuary, Yerba Loca Natural Sanctuary, Altos de Cantillana Natural Sanctuary.Chile. Coquimbo: [Choapa Province] Pichidangui, 32°9'S, 71°31'W, 15 m a.s.l., 18 Nov 1960, J. Petersen s.n. (CONC); Valparaíso: [Petorca Province] 3 km al S de Papudo, 32°31'S, 71°28'W, 50 m a.s.l., 10 Nov 2001, C. Aedo 6817 (CONC); Caleta Los Molles, inicio sendero al Puquén, 32°14'11.3"S, 71°30'59.7"W, 217 m a.s.l., 19 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5070 (SGO); [Quillota Province] Cuesta El Melón, 32°40'S, 71°15'W, 500 m a.s.l., 10 Feb 1990, C. von Bohlen 650 (CONC); Parque Nacional La Campana, sector Ocoa, sobre la cascada, 32°57'40.428"S, 71°3'13.86"W, 10 Dec 2000, A. Moreira 487 (SGO); [San Felipe Province] Cuesta Las Chilcas, 32°51'1.5"S, 70°51'32.8"W, 508 m a.s.l., 19 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5065 (SGO); Santuario Serranía El Ciprés, 32°41'12"S, 70°48'14"W, 1167 m a.s.l., 5 Oct 2013, A. Madrid & J. Larraín 79 (CONC); [Valparaíso Province] Viña del Mar  langs de weg, 11 Nov 1937, C. Andreas 24 ; Quilpué, Teniente Serrano – Poza Larga, coord. UTM 274802E – 6337967W, 19 Nov 2004, O. Fernández 1092 (CONC); Cuesta Zapata, 300 m a.s.l., 27 Oct 1990, C. von Bohlen 834 (SGO); [San Antonio Province] El Quisco, Nov 1976, H. Gunckel & H. Vergara s.n. (CONC); El Tabo, Quebrada de Córdoba, 33°25'S, 7 Oct 1980, C. Villagrán 2878 (SGO); Metropolitana: [Chacabuco Province] Altos de Chicauma, sector Loma Blanca, 33°12'S, 70°56'W, 750 m a.s.l., 29 Sep 2002, N. García, C. Valdivia & F. Salinas 3294 (CONC); Montenegro, UTM 19H 0327491-6351928, 12 Oct 2002, M. Muñoz 4155 (SGO); [Santiago Province] Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, laderas al borde del estero de la Yerba Loca, cerca de la confluencia con el río San Francisco, 33°19'S, 70°19'W, 1800 m a.s.l., 16 Dec 1999, M.T.K. Arroyo, C. Valdivia & P. McPherson 994740 ; [Cordillera Province] San José de Maipo, 12 Oct 1969, A. Cid 13 (CONC); La Obra, 820 m a.s.l., 20 Nov 1927, G. Montero 481 (F); [Maipo Province] Cerro Lo Chena, 780 m a.s.l., 26 Nov 1950, H. Gunckel s.n. (CONC); Fundo Cullipeumo, Cerro Cullipeumo, Champa, 21 Nov 1976, I. Gallardo s.n. (SGO); [Melipilla Province] Camino entre Chorombo y Casablanca, en la cuesta, 33°27'S, 71°19'W, 280 m a.s.l., 17 Sep 2009, I. Escobar 202 (CONC); Alhué, lado del río, 18 Nov 2002, A. Brinck s.n. (SGO); Cuesta de Barriga, between Marruecos and Los Cerrillos, 850 m a.s.l., 3 Nov 1948, E.P. Killip & E. Pisano 39675 (US); [Talagante Province] Talagante, Sep 1969, J Salas s.n. (CONC); Mallarauco, 31 Oct 1988, J.P. Schiappacase s.n. (F); O’Higgins: [Cachapoal Province] Palmería Cocalán, 2 Sep 2004, Fundación Philippi 89 (SGO); Angostura de Paine, 25 Oct 1969, O. Zoellner 3461 (CONC); Camino de Rancagua a Caletones, km 14, 1000 m a.s.l., 17 Nov 1970, C. Marticorena & E Weldt 639 (CONC).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae13b.V.Morales & Muñoz-Schicksubsp. nov.FC868D4B-8C4B-51B7-A04C-723AFD89B62Eurn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77210706-1subsp.porrigens in its uniform corolla colour, with or without one faint dark spot in the upper part of each lateral lobe . These spots do not reach the margin of the lobes. A white halo always surrounding the yellow area of the upper middle lobe.Differs from 29°40'10.5"S, 71°18'17.6"W, 184 m alt., 7 Dec 2008, M. Muñoz 5023 (holotype: SGO! [acc. #157830]).Chile. Coquimbo: norte La Serena-Cuesta Porotitos, N El Arrayán, Annual plant, glandular-pilose, with one or several stems arising from the same root, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves bipinnatifid, the blade 5.5–7.5(9) cm long, 1.5–2(2.5) cm wide; segments irregularly divided , diagonal or perpendicular to the midrib. Inflorescence 9–24 cm long, with basal peduncles up to 10–25 mm long and apical peduncles 4–7 mm long. Calyx hirsute-glandular, the divisions linear-spathulate of 4–6 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. Corolla with the tube shorter than the calyx, up to 3 mm long; limb bluish to lilac, 22–28 mm long, 15–20 mm wide; upper middle lobe 12–16 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or sometimes a little retuse, little dotted with dark spots over the yellow area and surrounded by a white halo; upper lateral lobes without spots or sometimes with a small spot in each side , these spots not reaching the upper margin of each lobe; lower middle lobe 7–9 mm long, 4–6 mm wide; lateral lobes 10–13 mm long, 2–3.5 mm wide, linear-spathulate, longer than the middle lobe. Stamens reaching half of the length of the lower middle lobe. Capsule as long as the calyx, glabrous.S.porrigens. This can be seen in their drawings . These spots do not reach the margin of the lobes.Endemic to Chile, in the coast of the Region of Coquimbo . 170–600 m a.s.l.Heliotropiumstenophyllum Hook. & Arn. (Heliotropiaceae), Sennacumingiivar.coquimbensis (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae), Ophryosporustriangularis Meyen (Asteraceae) and Lobeliapolyphylla Hook. & Arn. (Campanulaceae). Also present in grazed areas with a dominance of shrubby species of Asteraceae.Inhabits shady hillsides and ravines, rocky outcrops with large boulders. It can be found among dense vegetation dominated by Chile. Coquimbo: Santa Gracia Private Natural Reserve .Chile. Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] Road between La Serena and Vallenar, 4 Oct 1971, K. Beckett, M. Cheese & J. Watson 4060 (SGO); About 45 km N of La Serena along coast and ca. 10 km NW of the Panamerican (hwy 5) on road to Totoralillo, 21 Sep 1991, L.R. Landrum & S.S. Landrum 7514 ; Env. 30 km au N de La Serena, montée vers mine El Tofo, 29°35'S, 71°15'W, 500 m a.s.l., 23 Oct 1991, F. Billiet & B. Jadin 5320 (US); La Serena, 4,6 kms from Chungungo en route to El Temblador, 29°28'18.6"S, 71°17'19.8"W, 171 m a.s.l., 30 Nov 2004, P. Baxter, M.F. Gardner, P. Hechenleitner, P.I. Thomas & E. Zamorano 1765 ; Primera curva de bajada Cuesta Buenos Aires, 29°33'20.2"S, 71°14'53.6"W, 566 m a.s.l., 8 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5053 (SGO); Cuesta de Buenos Aires, cerca del portezuelo, 550 m a.s.l., 20 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1586 ; Al pié de la Cuesta de Buenos Aires, 18 Sep 1958, E. Bailey s.n. ; Cuesta Buenos Aires, 29°34'S, 71°14'W, 500 m a.s.l., 31 Oct 1991, R. Rodríguez 2786 (CONC); Subida S Cuesta Buenos Aires, 29°34'S, 71°20'W, 27 Oct 1991, M. Muñoz, S. Teillier, I. Meza 2639 (SGO); Cuesta Buenos Aires a Playa Temblador, primeros kilómetros, 28 Sep 1997, M. Muñoz 3808 (SGO); Quebrada Honda, 41 km N La Serena, 1km del mar, 40 m a.s.l., 26 Sep 1948, R. Wagenknecht 323 (CONC); Quebrada Honda, falda occidental del Cerro Juan Soldado, 200–300 m a.s.l., 4 Nov 1949, W. Biese 3021 (SGO); Panamericana Norte, entre La Serena y Caleta Hornos, antes Puente Juan Soldado, 3 Oct 1991, C. von Bohlen 1199 (SGO); C. von Bohlen 1191 (SGO); Km 495 al norte Cuesta Porotitos, 11 Oct 1992, M. Muñoz 3029 (SGO).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae14.V.Morales & Muñoz-Schicksp. nov.F0141176-B0D3-5920-891C-A6BEF063A1CEurn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77210707-1Differs from all other species in the genus in its large flowers with a very distinctive pattern on the upper lip of the corolla, where distinct spots cover the margins of the middle and lateral lobes.C. Muñoz & E. Sierra s.n. .Chile. Coquimbo: Carretera Panamericana, entre la Quebrada de El Teniente a Talinay, 21 Aug 1963, Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae14a.V.Morales & Muñoz-SchickCD2CF3AE-790A-5851-A0F0-5C3BCCFC0870Annual plant, glandular-pilose, with one or several stems arising from the same root, up to 45 cm tall. Leaves bipinnatifid, the blade 6.5–9 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide; segments irregularly divided  and perpendicular to the midrib. Inflorescence 15–28 cm long, with basal peduncles up to 30–40 mm long and apical peduncles 4–8 mm long. Calyx hirsute-glandular, the divisions 5–8 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, linear-spathulate. Corolla with the tube shorter than the calyx, up to 3 mm long; limb pale violet, sometimes whitish, 20–28(34) mm long, 18–30(40) mm wide; upper lip with distinct dark spots on the margins of the middle lobe and in the upper part of the lateral lobes ; upper middle lobe 10–18 mm long, 7–9(12) mm wide, oblanceolate, the apex obtuse to retuse, dotted with dark spots over the yellow area, sometimes surrounded by a white halo; upper lateral lobes with the upper segments a little rounded downwards and wider than the lower segments; lower middle lobe 7–8 mm long by 4–6 mm wide; lateral lobes 10–12(17) mm long, 2(4) mm wide, linear-spathulate, longer than the middle lobe. Stamens almost reaching the length of the lower middle lobe. Capsule as long or little longer than the calyx, glabrous.S.litoralis. We consider their description and figures include two different taxa and none of them correspond to the true S.litoralis; the abb. 24–27 in S.carlomunozii. All these drawings were based on samples collected in the Region of Coquimbo. This area corresponds to the distribution of this new species.Flores silvestres de Chile”  with a very distinctive pattern on the upper lip of the corolla, with one medium or large delimited spot in the upper part of each lateral lobe . These spots reaching the margin of the lobes. The upper middle lobe also with two small or medium dark spots on the margins of it.Endemic to Chile, along the coast of the Region of Coquimbo . 20–350 m a.s.l.It grows under the shade of shrubs close to the sea; and along roadsides, sandy slopes and dry fields.Chile. Coquimbo: Fray Jorge National Park.Chile. Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] Fundo Juan Soldado, 7 km al norte de La Serena, 1 Oct 1941, R. Wagenknecht s.n. (CONC); La Serena (Punta Teatinos), Sep 1898, K. Reiche s.n. (SGO); Norte de La Serena, frente Transportes Depetris, en arenales cerca línea de tren, 29°50'39.4"S, 71°15'16.6"W, 18 m a.s.l., 8 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5057 (SGO); La Serena, Sep 1926, E. Barros 2373 (CONC); Las Tacas, 8 Oct 2000, A. Brinck s.n. (SGO); Carretera entre Guanaqueros y La Serena, 18 Sep 1983, M. Muñoz 1828 (SGO); Quebrada Tongoycillo, 19 Sep 1948, C. Jiles 859 (CONC); Depto. Ovalle, Guanaqueros, 13 Sep 1965, F. Behn s.n. (CONC); Guanaqueros, 30 m a.s.l., Sep 1965, C. Muñoz 5 (SGO); Camino interior Guanaqueros a Tongoy, primer km, 12 Oct 1989, M. Muñoz 2418 (SGO); Dpto. Ovalle, Carretera Panamericana, frente a Tongoy, 30°15'S, 71°30'W, 30 m a.s.l., 20 Sep 1961, F. Schlegel 3922 (CONC); [Limarí Province] Carretera Panamericana, 7 km al norte de la Quebrada Los Almendros, 17 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1468 ; Lagunillas, 21 Sep 1972, O. Zoellner 6198 (L); Prov. Elqui, Lagunillas, 30°6'S, 71°21'W, 100 m a.s.l., Sep 1987, F. Squeo 87067 (CONC); Idem, F. Squeo 87033 (CONC); Camino acceso Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, 30°38'1.4"S, 71°26'18"W, 305 m a.s.l., 11 Oct 2004, M. Muñoz 4484 (SGO); Fundo Las Garzas, entre carretera Panamericana y el Bosque Fray Jorge, a 5 km al poniente, 14 Sep 1957, C. Muñoz 4284 (SGO); Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, road between information center/gift shop and the Sendero interpretativo del Bosque Hidrófilo, 30°38'53"S, 71°40'0"W, 251 m a.s.l., 4 Nov 2006, E.J. Tepe, A. Marticorena & P.B. Pelser 1724 (CONC); Dpto. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, parte baja, 20 Sep 1952, M. Ricardi 2086 (CONC); Idem, M. Ricardi 2095 (CONC); Fray Jorge, 18 Sep 1970, O. Zoellner 4388 (L); Estancia Frai Jorge, 215 m a.s.l., 13 Aug 1917, C. Skottsberg 742 (F); Fundo Fray Jorge, 100 m a.s.l., Sep 1934, C. Grandjot & G. Grandjot 466a (CONC); Dpto. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, cerca de las casas, 30°40'S, 71°40'W, 180 m a.s.l., 22 Aug 1948, C. Jiles 751 (CONC); Dpto. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, 30°40'S, 71°40'W, 350 m a.s.l., Sep 1958, J. Kummerow s.n. (CONC); Dpto. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, 30°40'S, 71°40'W, 350 m a.s.l., 13 Sep 1961, B. Behn s.n. (CONC); Dep. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, ca. 300 m a.s.l., Nov 1925, E. Werdermann 912 ; Monte de Fray Jorge, Sep 1904, K. Reiche s.n. (SGO); Fray Jorge, 26 Sep 1935, C. Muñoz 268 (SGO); C Muñoz 240 (SGO); C. Muñoz 131 (SGO); Fray Jorge, 30 Oct 1956, M. San Martín 650 (SGO); Depto. Ovalle, Fray Jorge, 8 Oct 1947, B. Sparre 2903 (SGO); Ovalle, Fray Jorge, 15 Sep 1947, Ibáñez & Kuschel s.n. (SGO); Desembocadura Río Limarí, 12 Sep 1942, C. Muñoz 3417 (SGO); Dpto. Ovalle, Estancia Talca, 30°54'S, 71°39'W, 300 m a.s.l., 19 Sep 1949, C. Jiles 1435 (CONC); Faldeos del Cerro Talinay, 15 Sep 1957, M. Ricardi & C. Marticorena 4284/669 (CONC); 122 km al N de Los Vilos, 19 Sep 1991, C. Fernández & H. Niemeyer (91)183 (SGO); Más o menos al Sur de Mantos de Hornillos, alrededor del km 290, 21 Sep 1986, M. Muñoz 2072 (SGO); Unknown: Coquimbo, La Rinconada, 17 Sep 1952, E. Barros 10126 (CONC); Litoral de Coquimbo, Sep 1898, K. Reiche s.n. (SGO); Chili, 1828/1834, C. Gay 176 (P).Taxon classificationPlantaeSolanalesSolanaceae14b.V.Morales & Muñoz-Schickvar. nov.83893DE6-B6A3-577A-80C9-1ACD8C544835urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77210708-1S.carlomunoziivar.carlomunozii but differing in possessing three large and dark spots covering the distal portion of the upper lip. The colour of these spots fades from the bottom to the top.Similar to 31°55'17"S, 71°29'03"W, 6 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5020 (holotype: SGO! [acc. #157833]).Chile. Coquimbo: 1 km S Los Vilos, Annual plant, glandular-pilose, with one or several stems arising from the same root, up to 70 cm tall. Leaves bipinnatifid, the blade 4.5–7.5(13) cm long, 1.5–3.5(4) cm wide; segments irregularly divided  and perpendicular to the midrib. Inflorescence 5–30 cm long, with basal peduncles up to 30–40 mm long and apical peduncles up to 4–14 mm long. Calyx hirsute-glandular, the divisions linear-spathulate of 5–9(12) mm long, 1–2 mm wide. Corolla with the tube shorter than the calyx, up to 3 mm long; limb pink, lavender or lilac, sometimes whitish, 20–28 mm long, 15–25 mm wide; upper lip with three large spots of colour black to burgundy, which fade from the bottom to top. One of these spots occupies the total width of the upper half of the middle lobe, while the others two occupy the upper part of the lateral lobes; upper middle lobe 12–15 mm long, 7–9 mm wide, oblanceolate, the apex obtuse to retuse, dotted with dark spots over the yellow area; upper lateral lobes with the upper segments a little rounded downwards and wider than the lower segments; lower middle lobe 6–9 mm long, 4–6 mm wide; lateral lobes 10–12 mm long, 2 mm wide, linear-spathulate, longer than the middle lobe. Stamens almost reaching the length of the lower middle lobe. Capsule shorter or little longer than the calyx, glabrous.The name selected to this variety refers to the coloured dark spots, which fade from the bottom to the top and cover the distal portion of the upper lip.S.carlomunoziivar.carlomunozii in the size and corolla form but differing in possessing three large and dark spots covering the distal portion of the upper lip. The colour of these spots fade from the bottom to the top.Similar to Endemic to Chile, occurs along the coast between the Regions of Coquimbo  and Valparaíso . 20–350 m a.s.l.Centaureachilensis Bertero ex W.Bull (Asteraceae), Myrcianthescoquimbensis (Barnéoud) Landrum & Grifo (Myrtaceae) and Heliotropiumstenophyllum Hook. & Arn. (Heliotropiaceae).On dunes and in sandy soils, shady slopes and recently disturbed roadside verges. It grows under the shade of shrubs and is associated with Chile. Coquimbo: Fray Jorge National Park.Chile. Coquimbo: [Elqui Province] Panamericana, frente al Tofo, 9 Oct 1971, E. Kausel 5458 (SGO); m/m 40 kms al sur de La Serena, 15 Sep 1957, M. Ricardi & C. Marticorena 4330/715 (CONC); Carretera Panamericana, 40 km al S de La Serena, 15 Sep 1957, A.L. Cabrera 12587 ; 20 km norte de Guanaqueros, lado carretera, ladera exp. Oeste, 11 Oct 1987, C. von Bohlen 483 (SGO); Camino entre Guanaqueros y Coquimbo, 19 Sep 1980, M. Muñoz 1662 (SGO); Entre Las Tacas hacia Totoralillo, al Sur de Coquimbo por la carretera panamericana,15 Sep 1957, C. Muñoz 4168 (SGO); Idem, C. Muñoz 4174 (SGO); Depto. Ovalle, Quebrada Tongoicillo, 30°10'S, 71°21'W, 250 m a.s.l., 19 Sep 1948, C. Jiles 850 (CONC); Andacollo, Estación H/S Acueducto Andacollo, 750 m a.s.l., 12 Oct 1971, A. Flores & M. Flores 24 (SGO); A 5 km de El Peñón camino hacia Andacollo, 30°12'S, 71°9'W, 500–600 m a.s.l., 1–6 Apr 2008, M. Mihoc 438 (CONC); Camino Guanaqueros – Tongoy, 27 Sep 1997, M. Muñoz 3801 (SGO); Depto. Ovalle, Estancia Camarones, 30°20'S, 71°25'W, 75 m a.s.l., 19 Oct 1961, C. Jiles 3855 (CONC); [Limarí Province] Entre Panamericana y Fray Jorge (Coquimbo), 19 Oct 1963, A. Garaventa s.n. (CONC); Bosque Fray Jorge, Sep 1971, O. Muñoz s.n. (CONC); Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, 18 Oct 2000, N. Muñoz s.n. (SGO); Sur de Socos, 22 Sep 1991, I. Moreira 4 (SGO); Hacienda Talinay (Prov. de Coquimbo), 12 Oct 1961, A. Garaventa s.n. (CONC); Ovalle, El Parral, 500 m a.s.l., 4 Sep 1950, C. Jiles 1853 (CONC); Dpto. Ovalle, Las Tunas, 11 Sep 1952, C. Jiles 2152 (CONC); Dto. Ovalle, Quebrada Teniente, 19 Sep 1952, M. Ricardi 2048 (CONC); Al norte de Mantos de Hornillos, 1 km antes de la Quebrada del Teniente, 13 Oct 1963, C. Marticorena & O. Matthei 138 (CONC); Sur Bahía El Teniente, 270 m a.s.l., 22 Sep 1991, M. Muñoz 2577 (SGO); Corral de Julio, exclusión La Rojadilla, 150 m a.s.l., 6 Nov 1976, M. Muñoz 919 ; Dpto. Ovalle, Quebrada Amolanas, 31°12'S, 71°36'W, 260 m a.s.l., 3 Oct 1948, C. Jiles 985 (CONC); Idem, C. Jiles 921 (CONC); [Choapa Province] Dpto. Illapel, Caleta Oscuro, 31°25'S, 71°35'W, 5–50 m a.s.l., 2 Nov 1974, C. Marticorena, O. Matthei & R. Rodríguez 326 (CONC); Canela Baja, 11 Sep 1997, O. Zoellner 21985 (CONC); Canela Baja a 11 km de la Carretera, 310 m a.s.l., 5 Oct 1997, M. Muñoz 3846 (SGO); Salida camino Canela a Ruta 5 sur, 5 Oct 1997, M. Muñoz 3850 (SGO); Dpto. Illapel, Carretera Panamericana, 10 km al norte de Huentelauquén, 16 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1417 (CONC); Dto. Illapel, Quillaicillo, 18 Sep 1952, M. Ricardi 2019 (CONC); Altos Mincha-Illapel (Coquimvo), 17 Oct 1965, J. Lazcano s.n. (CONC); Dpto. Illapel, Huentelauquén, 31°35'S, 71°32'W, 75 m a.s.l., 20 Oct 1955, C. Jiles 2812 (CONC); Huentelauquén, quebrada, 31°35'S, 71°32'W, 1 Oct 1957, G. Monsalve 17 (SGO); Ruta 5N, N caleta Chigualoco Km 246, 31°44'15"S, 71°31'3"W, 113 m a.s.l., 9 Oct 2014, A. Moreira 2272 (AMM); Dpto. Illapel. Carretera Panamericana, 14 km al norte de Los Vilos. Quebrada El Pangue, 16 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1392 (CONC); 7.3 km on Panamericana N of Turnoff from Panamericana to Los Vilos, between the road and the coast on top of the coastal rocks, 0–40 m a.s.l., 11 Nov 1991, U. Eggli & B. Leuenberger 1673 (SGO); Más al Norte Quebrada Las Palmas, 18 Sep 1980, M. Muñoz 1659 (SGO); Quebrada Las Palmas, 22 Sep 1961, F. Behn s.n. (CONC); Prov. Aconcagua, Las Palmas, Dec 1976, R. Palma s.n. (CONC); Al llegar a la Quebrada de Las Palmas, donde se ven tres palmeras al lado izquierdo del puente, 21 Sep 1980, M. Muñoz 1686 (SGO); About 10 km north of town [Los Vilos], 31°55'S, 71°30'W, 20 m a.s.l., 3 Oct 1995, M.F. Gardner & S. Knees 5905 (E); Los Vilos, ca. 20 m a.s.l., 8 Oct 1965, G. Montero s.n. (CONC); Los Vilos, ca. 20 m a.s.l., 8 Oct 1965, G. Montero 7199 (IND); Los Vilos, Sep 1952, L. Peña s.n. (CONC); Los Vilos, 30 Oct 1976, O. Zoellner 9346 (CONC); Los Vilos, 27 Oct 1991, A. Brinck s.n. (SGO); Los Vilos, quebrada, 31°55'S, 71°32'W, Oct 1957, G. Monsalve 72 (SGO); Carretera panamericana, entre Pichidangui y Los Vilos, 12 Oct 1963, C. Marticorena & O. Matthei 78 (CONC); Carretera Panamericana, 1 km al sur de paso superior Palo Colorado, 15 Oct 1971, C. Marticorena, R. Rodríguez & E. Weldt 1352 ; Norte de Pichidangui, 32°5'21.1"S, 71°30'31.4"W, 54 m a.s.l., 6 Oct 2008, M. Muñoz 5019 (SGO); Peaje al norte de Pichidangui, 32°5'42.6"S, 71°30'19.2"W, 79 m a.s.l., 12 Sep 2008, M. Muñoz 5001 (SGO); 23.6 km south of Los Vilos on the Panamerican Hwy., 85 m a.s.l., 1 Nov 1990, T.G. Lammers, C.M. Baeza & P. Peñailillo 7678 (CONC); Valparaíso: [Petorca Province] Al Norte de Los Molles, 19 Oct 1984, M. Muñoz 1882 (SGO); Unknown: Chile, Jul–Aug 1856, W.H. Harvey 3898 (E); Chili, Jul 1912, Unknown s.n. (L); Without locality, Unknown 597 (US).Designations are listed in alphabetic order.Schizanthuscruikshanksii Kunze ex sched., Syn. Pl. Amer austr. Msc., nomen nudum = S.litoralisPhil.var.litoralis. Name only seen on the labels of three specimens collected by Poeppig ).Schizanthusrobustus Phil. ex sched., nomem nudum = S.alpestris Poepp. Name only seen on the label of herbarium specimens ). All these specimens are samples sent by R.A. Philippi to foreign herbaria.