Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly a neurodevelopmental behavioural disorder in children and adolescents. Mainly characterized by symptoms like lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, it can impact the overall mental development of the one affected. Several factors, both genetic and non-genetic, can be responsible for this disorder. Although several traditional treatment methods involve medication and other counselling techniques, they also come with different side effects. Hence, the choice is now shifting to alternative treatment techniques. Herbal treatments are considered one of the most popular complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) administered. However, issues related to the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies for the treatment of ADHD need to be investigated further. This study aims to find out the recent advancement in evidence-based use of herbal remedies for ADHD by a comprehensive and systematic review that depicts the results of the published works on herbal therapy for the disorder. The electronic databases and the references retrieved from the included studies present related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies. Seven RCTs involving children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD met the inclusion criteria. There is a fair indication of the efficacy and safety of Melissa officinalis L., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Matricaria chamomilla L., and Valeriana officinalis L. from the studies evaluated in this systematic review for the treatment of various symptoms of ADHD. Limited evidence was found for Ginkgo biloba L. and pine bark extract. However, various other preparations from other plants did not show significant efficacy. There is inadequate proof to strongly support and recommend the administration of herbal medicines for ADHD, but more research is needed in the relevant field to popularize the alternative treatment approach. ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental behavioral disorders characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness . It is fCAM has been increasingly popularized, especially for the treatment of ADHD in children. Holistic and individual treatment offered by CAM attempts to diagnose and heal the underlying etiologies. Different popularly used CAM treatment methods involve dietary modifications, nutritional supplements, and different phytotherapeutic techniques. Hence, they often prefer options over traditional drug therapies due to their lower side effects and low price . Herbal Diet, elimination diets, nutritional supplements , homeopathy, yoga, exercise, massage, and botanicals have been tested against ADHD . Both siThis systematic review aims to evaluate the safe and effective use of various herbal remedies that are potential candidates as CAMs for the treatment of ADHD.This review was conceptualized, organized, and executed according to the PRISMA  recommendations and the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines .(1) Firstly, all published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and open-label studies to evaluate the safe or effective use of herbal remedies for the treatment of ADHD were taken.(2) Then only the papers which had children and adolescents generally between 0 and 18 years of age who showed symptoms of ADHD, as suggested by established diagnostic criteria  and different standardized instruments for measurement, as participants were considered. There were no restrictions on participant sex, trial, or their comorbidity.(3) Only full-text publications in the English language have been included.(4) Trials involving the administration of oral mono-preparations, bi-preparations, and compound herbal preparations of any form, dose, and duration were counted. No intervention, pharmaceutical agents, and placebo were counted in comparison interventions.(5) Investigations with herbal formulations administered in homeopathic potency or botanicals administered merely in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) were excluded.(6) Review articles and articles older than 2010 were also not included to include only new and updated studies so that the meta-analysis can be performed.This review considered the following parameters as selection criteria for papers which have been shown in the form of a PRISMA flowchart :(1) FirsInvestigations that evaluated ADHD symptoms such as lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems as a primary or secondary outcome, were taken into consideration as eligibility criteria.(1) ADHD(2) Medicinal plants OR herbal medicine OR traditional medicine OR plant extracts OR herbal extract OR herbal formulations herb OR Ayurveda OR TCM OR CAM(3) Clinical trial OR open-label studies OR controlled clinical trial OR randomized clinical trial OR randomized controlled trial OR phase III clinical trial(4) 1 and 2 and 3Electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, JSTOR, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library were searched from 2010 to 2021  was calculated by the data provided in the publications and their supplementary files using Python 3.3. The Forest plot of the included studies was generated using Python 3.3 and MS PowerPoint based on these ratios. The Funnel plot was constructed by R 4.1.1. The Cochrane analysis was done using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs in Review Manager 5 software version 5.2.A total of 1990 non-redundant literature records were obtained through the literature search, out of which 796 were selected after the removal of duplicate studies. 601 articles were rejected following a random screening of the title and abstract where full texts in English were unavailable. 195 full texts were examined for eligibility, from which further 127 articles were excluded since these were not RCTs and did not involve children and adolescents under 18 years of age or were review articles. 68 studies were considered for general review. After excluding 61 publications due to various reasons like study date, symptoms not pertaining to ADHD, 7 studies were included in the evaluation. The PRISMA flow chart for the systemic review is shown in The forest plot of the individual studies is depicted in G. biloba is commonly found in China and is a tall tree highly resistant to harsh weather and has been used as a medicine for ages.Ginkgo biloba has been reported to prevent ischemia . Some executive functions, selective attention, and long-term memory were all enhanced by its extracts . It reliThe extracts of G. biloba contain Ginkgolide B, flavonoid-O-glycosides and terpene trilactone which controls H2O2/FeSO4-induced oxidative damage . It alsoG. biloba are included. G. biloba herbal preparation with methylphenidate against ADHD, whereas G. biloba and placebo as an additional treatment strategy with methylphenidate administration. Both of these studies had an overrepresentation of male participants. The average ages of the trial teams ranged from 9.12 to 38 and 7.83 years, respectively. Documented medication according to the participant’s mass was 80–120 mg for G. biloba and 20–30 mg daily for methylphenidate in both investigations. The ADHD rating system IV was used in these analyses to detect ADHD manifestations in caregivers and educators. Here, two studies involving G. biloba cohort during the study period. This result was constant for both parental and teacher judgements. Changes in the methylphenidate cohort proved to be considerable for both evaluation circumstances. Additionally, a contrast between the two groups revealed substantial variations in the remission of the disorder. Significant improvements were observed in the children who received methylphenidate but not in the children given G. biloba. When the children were given G. biloba along with methylphenidate, the conditions improved immensely  to 67% (psychosomatic characteristic). The number of cases who improved after a month of treatment ranged from 44%  to 74% . Only two of the 36 individuals (14%) had significant side effects and only one of them was related to the trial medicine. It was concluded that AD-FX medication may alleviate symptoms of ADHD and that more studies are needed on the utilization of components of ginseng and G. biloba.In the investigation by mmensely . The risCrocus sativus, was traditionally used for its allergy-relieving, antibacterial, analgesic, antitumor, and anticonvulsant properties  and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and are suggested to promote the restriction of dopamine and norepinephrine absorption  and safranal  are two chemicals found among carotenoids’ oxidation products . Active sorption . These csorption . They alsorption . It alsosorption .C. sativus according to body mass (20 mg/d for 66 lb and 30 mg/d for more than that) in a 1.5 months double-blind study (Fifty-four participants between the ages of six to seventeen who suffered from ADHD were arbitrarily medicated with 20–30 mg/d methylphenidate (MPH) or 20–30 mg/d nd study . At the C. sativus cohort and the MPH cohort did not differ significantly in alterations in both ADHD Rating Scale scores from baseline to the end of the trial. The occurrence of negative effects was comparable in both groups.The test was performed on 54 patients. The B. monnieri, also known as Herpestis monniera, water hyssop, and commonly abbreviated as Brahmi in India, has been employed in Ayurveda, an Indian holistic medical approach, for generations . ith ADHD .The active ingredient, Bacoside I has neuropharmacological characteristics and pseudo-jujubogenin units, also referred to as aglycone monomers (dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin). Bacosides inhibit Aß aggregation and fibril formation and protect neurons from Aß induced damage . BacosidB. monnieri extract (SBME) at a level of 225 mg/d. BacoMind  provided the SBME used in the investigation.The open-label trial included 31 children aged 6–12 years, who showed symptoms before the age of seven according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) for ADHD. For 6 months, the children received standardized The investigators used the Parent Rating Scale to assess ADHD symptoms at the beginning and the end of the 6-months study duration. Except for social issues, SBME dramatically lowered the subtest ratings of ADHD symptoms . In 93% Also known as maritime pine, the Mediterranean pine is a robust, medium-sized, rapid growing conifer found commonly on western Mediterranean coasts. Its aqueous extract Pycnogenol is used for medicinal purposes.It helps attenuate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by mediating the ERK SP1 pathway . It showPycnogenol improves memory and spatial learning in rodents  as well P. pinaster bark residues, is advertised as a treatment for a variety of ailments. It contains 70% procyanidin, a powerful antioxidant .Chen et al. in a randomized placebo (25 g cellulose) controlled test on 8 children between 7 and 16 years of age found that administration of capsules containing Two experimental periods were followed by a 2-week washout interval. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II) was used to assess neurocognitive function as well as monitor regular blood physiological markers and the level of antioxidants. In children and adolescents with ADHD, taking a polyphenolic isolate for 30 days may help with lack of attention and hyperactivity, while also lowering plasma lipid peroxidation concentrations.officinalis is a shrub native to southern Europe named after its lemon-like fragrance  and placebo groups. Apart from mild secondary effects such as headaches, there was no indication of any major health risks. Well-accepted CHP was shown in the treatment cohort to increase focus, intelligence, and pulse regulation, suggesting possibilities in children for therapy with ADHD.Valeriana officinalis is a perennial species which bears fragrant pinkish flowers. It is found in Asia, North America and Europe and is used for easing sleep because of its pleasant fragrance . In recent times, ADHD and comparable conditions characterised by restlessness have been shown to be relieved by this species, which is commonly used to manage diseases including stress and sleeplessness .Active components include Valerenic acid, Hydroxyvalerenic Acid, Acetoxyvalerenic Acid and Volvalerenone A . These cV. officinalis had any effect on the symptoms of ADHD. Two results were matched, one receiving an infusion of Valeriana officinalis and the other receiving a homoeopathic strength of this medication. A placebo decoction was used for the controlled group. Only the evaluation of the original infusion and placebo was considered relevant for the purpose of the review. The 30 participants ranged in age from 5 to 11, with males slightly outnumbering females. ADHD indicators were measured at the beginning of the study, followed by subsequent measurements for the next 2 weeks. The final measurement was taken 2 weeks after treatment. During the PSQ (Conner’s parent symptoms questionnaire), the CCT (children’s check task) and the Barkley and DuPaul teacher rating scale, personal and objective evaluations were discovered. No more observations were made. The existence of choice, productivity, recognition, and other bias created uncertainty.V. officinalis showed significant progress on the 9/14 subscales of the Barkley and DuPaul teacher evaluation scale. Only 2/14 questions were performed significantly better in the control group. The difference between the test and control groups was statistically significant. The authors reported no major adverse events or health consequences.With the exception of psychosomatic difficulties and behavior disorders, the PSQ demonstrated an increase in virtually all subscales compared to the control in both intervention groups. Advancements were observed after 2 weeks of medication, but not after the first week of follow-up. After the first and second weeks after the intervention, both test groups showed a significant improvement in the overall score and the pace score of the CTT evaluation. There was no considerable improvement in the control group. After 2 weeks of therapy, both cohorts receiving M. officinalis, B. monnieri, and V. officinalis improved many metrics in self-administered cognitive and psychometric abilities; however, the results in externally administered questionnaires were debatable. As a compound herbal remedy, M. officinalis and G. biloba were combined with Panax quinquefolius, but the results must be read more critically. Furthermore, C. sativus in ADHD therapy was nearly non-existent, while the infusion findings of G. biloba and pine bark were ambiguous. No potential adverse effects were discovered.Only a few herbal formulations were found to have little benefit evidence in a systematic analysis of 7 RCTs on herbal therapeutic approaches in 200 children with ADHD. The meta-analysis shows that the studies significantly favor the treatment with herbal medicines. Cochrane analysis shows there is overall a low risk of bias. Several therapy options involving The results of this study are consistent with those of a previous review of the literature that looked at the proof for herbal treatments in the management of ADHD. For the various herbal remedies, similar results were achieved .P. pinaster and G. biloba, most medicinal herbs have single publications.For any scientific work, there are various associated limitations. Similarly, here there are also different limitations to taking a note. Although the screening technique was thorough at first, there is still a chance that relevant unpublished articles or publications in languages other than English were overlooked inadvertently. As a result, linguistic and publication bias cannot be eliminated. Furthermore, the absence of data on inclusion criteria is a crucial constraint of this assessment. Except for a few herbs, such as G. biloba. Also, in most studies, there is an overrepresentation of male candidates, which does not portray a clear idea for both genders. Therefore, it is still too early to definitively conclude the efficacy and safety of the different herbal treatments at this time. Further investigation and detailed studies can provide conclusive evidence in this field.Furthermore, the limited sample sizes of the research must be deemed a drawback in M. officinalis as an element of a CHP. Bacopa monnieri, Matricaria chamomilla, and Valeriana officinalis from the studies evaluated in this systematic review to manage specific manifestations of ADHD. Both herbal preparations provided satisfactory results. Trials with these herbal therapies also point to the relative safety of the medicines with no severe side effects except for one side effect. In general, there are not enough RCTs looking into herbal therapies for ADHD, which does not allow for making any solid recommendations for use at this point.There is a fair and satisfactory indication of the effectiveness of M. officinalis as a constituent of a CHP, Bacopa monnieri, and Valeriana officinalis call for their recommendation for use as an alternative treatment. The funnel plot is asymmetrical and biased towards herbal treatment, and 6 out of 7 individual studies in the forest showed that treatment with plant-based medicines significantly decreased symptoms associated with ADHD. Hence, the meta-analysis concluded that herbal formulations could be an effective treatment for the control of ADHD.Nevertheless, obviously at this preliminary and exploratory point, the positive benefit-risk ratio involved Currently, there is not enough data to establish that herbal remedies are very effective as complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for minors affected by ADHD. Some of the featured trials had weak or ambiguous qualitative characteristics (with unknown risk of bias); therefore, more stringent, higher-quality RCTs are needed in this field. Additionally, it is necessary to learn more about the long-term tolerability and effectiveness of medicinal herbs for ADHD and the effects of various dosage, harvest, and manufacturing factors on health outcomes. As anti-ADHD treatment is mainly based on human samples, especially children, rigorous preclinical and clinical trials are needed in the anti-ADHD drug discovery program.


Here, the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG) discusses the strengths and weaknesses of remote assessment methods of children and adolescents with ADHD in a narrative review based on available data and expert opinions to highlight key recommendations for future studies and clinical practice. We conclude that going forward, despite remote working in clinical services functioning adequately during the pandemic, all required components of ADHD assessment should still be completed following national/international guidelines; however, the process may need adaptation. Social restrictions, including changes in education provision, can either mask or exacerbate features associated with ADHD and therefore assessment should carefully chart symptom profile and impairment prior to, as well as during an ongoing pandemic. While remote assessments are valuable in allowing clinical services to continue despite restrictions and may have benefits for routine care in the post-pandemic world, particular attention must be paid to those who may be at high risk but not be able to use/access remote technologies and prioritize these groups for conventional face-to-face assessments.The COVID-19 pandemic led ADHD services to modify the clinical practice to reduce in-person contact as much as possible to minimise viral spread. This had far-reaching effects on day-to-day clinical practice as remote assessments were widely adopted. Despite the attenuation of the acute threat from COVID, many clinical services are retaining some remote practices. The lack of clear evidence-based guidance about the most appropriate way to conduct remote assessments meant that these changes were typically implemented in a localised, ad hoc Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by pervasive (present in more than one setting), impairing, and developmentally inappropriate symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD typically begins during childhood and often persists into adulthood, although the manifestations may change, and the severity of hyperactivity can diminish with age. The prevalence of ADHD is estimated at 5–7%  in schoohttps://eunethydis.eu/eunethydis-initiatives/european-adhd-guideline-group/.The COVID-19 pandemic led ADHD services to modify their practice and reduce in-person contact as much as possible. Clinicians had to rapidly adjust and adapt their usual practice to reduce the viral spread and protect the health of their child and adolescent ADHD patients, their families, other healthcare professionals and the broader community. This situation disrupted ongoing care for existing patients, and reduced access to services for new ones, during a period where lock-down restrictions may have exacerbated the difficulties experienced by people with ADHD , 57. FurWe aim to highlight what we think are promising approaches as well as identify areas where remote assessments may currently be insufficient or unsatisfactory and where conventional approaches to assessment remain preferable. We also consider whether such approaches should continue to be used as part of routine care in a post-pandemic world. This is a rapidly developing area and so our goal is to present recommendations to assist remote ADHD assessment and research and provide examples of good practice and potential pitfalls.The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents, in general, appears to be multifaceted and substantial, with increases in anxiety and depression prevalence (rates of depression increased from pre-pandemic 2–6% to 12.9%) in a meta-analysis by Racine et al. , with hiSystematic reviews , 39, 41 Despite these observations, trajectories of ADHD, emotional, and behavioural symptoms during the periods of quarantine are less clear, with mixed and heterogeneous findings across studies and within study samples. For instance, a survey of parents of children and adolescents aged 3–20 years with ADHD early in the first lockdown in France showed an improvement in anxiety, less school-related problems and flexible schedules that adapted to the child together with improved self-esteem . AnotherIt is important to appreciate the likely consequences of repeated lockdowns or periods of self-isolation and uncertainty around future restrictions on the mental health of young people with ADHD alongside the impact of a less agile economy on the family unit . A recenReduced cognitive and social demands, and more readily available resources in the home environment during the COVID-19 period resulted in increased home participation in ADHD children compared to the pre-COVID-19 period , and parIn terms of impact on parents, psychological distress and burden have been reported to have increased in caregivers of children with and without special educational needs and/or neurodevelopmental differences (SEN/ND) six months into the COVID-19 pandemic, with greater challenges for caregivers of children suffering from ADHD or autism spectrum disorders (ASD), although they seem to be somewhat more resilient compared to caregivers of children without developmental disabilities (DD) . ADHD isThe aim of this section is to remind the reader of the core elements of an ADHD assessment as described in clinical guidelines such as those from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG)  and the https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/responding-to-covid-19/responding-to-covid-19-guidance-for-clinicians/digital-covid-19-guidance-for-clinicians)  , 16 and https://www.qualtrics.com) and the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) [https://www.hogrefe.com/us/testsystem) can be used in several healthcare settings in different countries. It is, however, important to ascertain whether the system selected has the ease with which routine care providers can obtain and engage with it and meets the appropriate privacy-compliance and level of confidentiality requirements necessary in the country of use. Providers should be aware of the impact that different technology platforms can have on patient-clinician rapport and communication. Remote assessments are typically supported by additional communication technologies such as e-mailed consultation information, patient portals, telephone, mobile devices, and electronic health records. Providers should have clear policies pertaining to communications with patients, which describe the boundaries around ways in which patients can communicate with a provider, using appropriate content that can be shared over different technology platforms, anticipated response times, and how and when to contact a provider [Remote assessment should be multidisciplinary, with input from parents/caregivers, children and young people, education and, where appropriate, social care. To assist in remote assessment, multiple platforms could be leveraged to obtain information previously gathered by paper and pencil measures. Systems such as the web-based survey tools Qualtrics ((REDCap)  and othe(REDCap) , 51 or tprovider .Wherever possible, it is important to offer choice in terms of how an assessment is conducted. It is possible to mix and match components, with some aspects  being done remotely using videoconferencing  and others  done in person, allowing direct observation. While online communication is increasingly familiar to the public, some families will continue to need support in using videoconferencing tools. We recommend enquiring about this in advance of the assessment. Disruptions in video conferencing technology would need to be considered when carrying out remote assessments as not all young people, their families or carers will have access to high-speed internet and cameras or the privacy needed for assessment. Both parents/caregivers and children require private space to be able to discuss things openly. Access to care and privacy and confidentiality may be more difficult in the overcrowded homes of disadvantaged families . MoreoveA recent study investigated whether telemedicine/telehealth were preferable to face-to-face consultations for 117 adults referred to an NHS Autism and ADHD Service during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to September 2020 . PatientInformation from teachers should include contextual information such as percentage rate of school attendance, periods of remote or virtual teaching, periods of lockdown, and degree of engagement in education, as it may be difficult to judge a pupil’s attention, activity level and impulsivity under these circumstances. School information can be gathered using a telephone interview such as the CHATTI . The valA pilot project evaluated a school-based ADHD Telemedicine Clinic’s adherence to AAP guidelines using chart data before the COVID-19 pandemic . The stuQ Global, Q Interactive or the Hogrefe Testsystem are feasible, but patients may require considerable support to use them. One often requires two monitors and a cooperative participant. In clinic settings, such assessments provide an additional opportunity for direct observation, which is not possible during remote delivery of care. Parent ‘coaching’, often aimed at increased compliance, or environmental distractions can limit confidence in interpretation.Where cognitive or language evaluation is deemed important in the diagnostic process, assessments such as Basic physical measurements such as height and weight, pulse and blood pressure measurements are important as part of the assessment to rule out non-psychiatric medical factors, and as a baseline when considering medication. Families are usually able to report on height and weight, but pulse and blood pressure measurements may also need to be obtained by training families in the use of a digital blood pressure monitor. It is especially important to recognize that many families may not have a paediatric blood pressure cuff available at home. The general advice is to use age-adapted cuff size, take the BP at least 2 h after taking a dose, sit down for 10–15 min before taking the reading, taking the reading on the left arm, and take the lowest of three readings, approximately the same time on three separate days and send the readings, alongside the pulse values, to the prescribers .The psychological aspects of using a virtual environment and the lack of in-person contact in a physical therapeutic setting, alongside the potential loss of engagement, also need consideration. This lack of engagement could also pose problems for the quality of the diagnostic assessment. In addition, remote assessments can make it more difficult to identify child abuse and related ADHD-like symptomatology, self-harm, and tics, and hence one needs to have a low threshold for bringing patients in for a face-to-face assessment if one suspects child abuse or maltreatment. On the other hand, the lower cost  and higher flexibility  of Telemedicine/Telehealth may be an advantage, as the alternative may be no care, especially for underserved areas far from large metropolitan areas .Remote triaging: Despite limited validation of digital completions of generic symptom questionnaires  and ADHD-specific measures , cut-off scores may assist in identifying patients that require a detailed ADHD assessment [sessment .Diagnostic assessment: Digitally completed referral forms for specialist ADHD assessment can assist uniformity and could help reduce time to specialist assessments. A diagnosis of ADHD should not be made solely based on rating scales or observational data. However, ADHD-specific rating scales such as those listed above can be valuable adjuncts in establishing a baseline in terms of the severity of the symptoms, which can be tracked longitudinally, though one must understand the sensitivity and specificity of the measures. Sections of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents–Revised (DICA–R), the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K–SADS), and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) can assist in getting detailed systematic information about ADHD. Remote observations at home and while accessing remote education may be useful when there is doubt about ADHD symptoms. To supplement clinical diagnosis, different online platforms and ADHD assessment tools are available—these are not necessarily available in all languages but have been provided as examples. Completion of the ADHD and related modules of the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) which can be completed by multiple informants , including free text enquiries, and following clinician review, can often provide an accurate diagnostic assessment of ADHD [https://www.healthtracker.co.uk) and be used as would have been done previously with paper-based questionnaires. To supplement clinical diagnosis, the utility of the computerised QbTest for attention and activity  has been explored [ of ADHD  and co-mexplored , 26. Oneexplored . HoweverNodal ADHD re-assessment: A nodal ADHD re-assessment is undertaken when a patient is coming up to the age of the cut-off boundary for adult services. The purpose is to establish the need for continuing care and treatment into adulthood. Assessment at this point should consider personal, educational, occupational, and social functioning, and include an assessment for coexisting conditions, especially drug misuse, personality disorders, emotional problems and learning difficulties. The Transition Readiness Assessment Measure (TRAM), a web-based measure for transition readiness in young people in CAMHS, has been designed to guide transition planning and was developed as part of the Managing the Link and Strengthening Transition from Child to Adult Mental Health Care (MILESTONE) Project, which focussed on the transition of patients (including those with ADHD) from CAMHS to Adult Mental Health Services [Services . It may Follow-up symptoms and post-treatment monitoring: Information can be obtained using standardized questionnaires, through ecological momentary assessments by smartphones and/or digital platforms that can capture symptom change, side effects, QoL, impairment, and participation measures. The Children’s ADHD Telemental Health Treatment Study (CATTS) was a randomized controlled trial done in seven communities in Washington and Oregon, that demonstrated the superiority of a telehealth service delivery model for the treatment of ADHD with combined pharmacotherapy and behaviour training (n = 111) in reducing distress in caregivers of children with ADHD, compared with management in primary care augmented with a telepsychiatry consultation (n = 112). A diagnosis of ADHD was established with the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (CDISC), and comorbidity for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and anxiety disorders (AD) was established using the CDISC and the Child Behaviour Checklist. Telepsychiatrists used the Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project (TCMAP) for ADHD to guide pharmacotherapy. Psychoeducation, and caregiver behavioural training were also provided. The study showed that ADHD could be managed remotely in communities with poor access to specialised mental health services [services  and thatservices , with imservices . Existinservices .The various digital health strategies that have been proposed to help ADHD assessment and management are described below:It is important to acknowledge that remote assessments may also have limitations, as it may be more difficult to view the whole family on the screen, observe the parent–child interactions, and to keep the child in view as hyperactivity can lead to the child moving away from the camera, and some individuals may struggle to focus for the whole period. Privacy can be compromised as one cannot be certain about who is in the room, and if children (or one or the other parent) can speak openly and freely . BasavarTable Issues such as lack of secure space for confidential remote assessment, bad lighting, bad microphone, bad visualization, and audio, in general, can affect optimal remote interactions.Screen distractions, such as having emails flash or arrive at the same time can compromise confidentiality.Patients and families not being informed about security settings of the remote assessment—it is important to obtain participant/informant agreement/consent to proceed with the remote interview.Recording sessions without the knowledge of the other party (patient or clinician/provider), or not informing patient about the presence of others who are not visible on the screen.Using the same link for different patients can lead to breach of confidentiality and unacceptable practice.Performing telemedicine services while the patient is in a moving vehicle, for safety and liability reasons.In the US and many other countries, clinicians and providers should be aware of geographic limitations of their practice based on local licensure laws if seeing patients via Telemedicine.Here are a few examples of practice to be avoidedADHD assessments can be implemented remotely, most often maintaining high standards. There is a scarcity of research on assessment via telehealth and establishing evidence-based assessment via telehealth will be of increased importance . DiffereMoreover, there are challenges to overcome and improvements that need to be made. For example, physical assessment, including cardiovascular assessment remains a challenge when in-person visits are disrupted due to lockdowns. Before initiating pharmacotherapy for ADHD, vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate, alongside height and weight, are routinely measured. We have provided some recommendations for starting medications during the pandemic . As indiFuture studies should collect data on patient/family preferences and feedback regarding remote assessment for ADHD and other disorders. Identifying characteristics of patients, families, and clinicians who prefer remote assessments versus face-to-face assessments could help match the type of assessment to appropriate patient and clinician. Also, there is a need to collect health economic data to identify whether remote assessments lead to more cost-effective and/or faster response to patient need. Enhanced telemedicine and remote assessment training will need to become part of routine workforce training.Exposure to, and infection with, SARS-CoV-2 and its potential short and long-term impacts on ADHD and other mental health disorders has not been adequately explored and more evidence is needed to understand how viral exposure causes short term changes in mental health and what the longer-term impact of this will be. Moving forward in the post-COVID era, remote diagnostic assessment of ADHD for young people can form a vital component of the ADHD assessment ecosystem. However, as clinicians, we would need to be cognisant of the challenges of working in a virtual world, especially when it comes to clinical decision-making for young people with ADHD. Barriers to the use of telehealth platforms include the impact of the complexity and symptoms of illness, lack of face-to-face training, and clinician preference for training mediums . DespiteWith appropriate adaptations, ADHD assessments can be undertaken either remotely or by using personal protective equipment for in-person work. It is important that we continue to complete standard components of ADHD assessment.The preferences of patients, families and clinicians should be considered when deciding which approach to take.The clinician will have insight into the need for a face-to-face assessment for a particular individual, knowledge about the current covid-related risks to patients and clinicians, both of which should be considered when deciding on appointment type.If a traditional face-to-face assessment cannot be done due to restrictions, ADHD assessment should not be delayed and a remote assessment should be considered.Clinicians should be aware that ADHD may be a risk factor for difficulty complying with social and related restrictions, and this should be addressed during the diagnostic assessment. Such restrictions, including changes in education can either mask or exacerbate features associated with ADHD and, therefore, assessment needs to carefully chart symptomatic manifestations prior to as well as during the pandemic.Experience with remote ADHD assessment may also provide a useful template/paradigm for the assessment of other childhood psychopathology.While remote assessments are valuable in allowing work to continue despite restrictions and may have benefits for routine care in the post-pandemic world, it is important to ensure access for groups who are digitally disadvantaged. Those who may not be able to use/access remote technologies should be prioritized for conventional or other alternative assessments.It is likely that the delivery of medical care will evolve and involve blended models of needs-based face-to-face and remote contacts.Taking together all the above considerations we may conclude:


The present study used a 7-wave longitudinal design to examine how autonomous motivation is related to dietary goal progress in individuals (N = 222) transitioning to a veg*n  diet. We hypothesized that when people reported more autonomous motivation (compared to their own average) they would be more successful in reaching their dietary goals. We also explored the role of goal-facilitating behaviours in this process. We found no directional effects of relative autonomous motivation on goal progress or goal-facilitating behaviours, although the concurrent relations were significant. There were also no within-person effects of behaviours on progress. These findings shed light onto the relationship between autonomous motivation, behaviours, and goal progress both at the same time and over time, and highlight the importance of examining within-person fluctuations over time.Previous studies have consistently shown that autonomous motivation – pursuing goals because one  Plant-based diets  have received increased media coverage and popular interest in recent years . Campaigquality of motivation. Self-Determination Theory (wants to) to controlled . Monitoring nutritional needs is especially important for maintaining health and may thereby help people stick to their diet . RegularFor individuals pursuing a healthy diet, food choice is influenced by personal economic conditions: Eating a healthy, and environmentally friendly, diet often incurs financial costs  while fiSocial support from various sources  can positively influence goal attainment, including health outcomes . Social your own average will lead to greater goal progress).There is evidence that goal intentions  and behavia behaviours that facilitate goal progress at the within-person level.In the present research, we examined whether feeling greater relative autonomous motivation and engaging in more behaviours that facilitate goal pursuit predict dietary goal progress among individuals transitioning to a veg*n diet. Specifically, we were interested in assessing whether goal-facilitating behaviours mediate the relationship between motivation and progress. We hypothesized that: (A) When individuals have higher relative autonomous motivation than usual, they will experience a subsequent increase in dietary goal progress. (B) When individuals engage in more behaviours that facilitate goal progress than usual, they will experience a subsequent increase in dietary goal progress. (C) Individuals who have higher relative autonomous motivation than usual will engage in more behaviours that facilitate goal progress than usual; this will in turn lead to an increase in dietary goal progress. (D) There will be an indirect effect of relative autonomous motivation on goal progress age = 31.4, 40.5% had attempted a veg*n diet before, average time since beginning the current veg*n diet = 3.52 weeks) recruited from a variety of North American online sources . Participants were surveyed once a month for 6 months, starting with a baseline survey at sign-up. At each follow-up, participants were emailed to ask if they were still pursuing the diet. If they were not pursuing their diet anymore, they were directed to a separate survey regarding diet abandonment. If they were still pursuing the diet, they filled out a longer survey.https://osf.io/bhksj/. Sample size was determined by a-priori power analyses, with a sample of 200 participants required to detect a small-to-medium effect (f2 = 0.08) with 90% power at α = 0.05 level of significance . Our final sample consisted of 222 participants. Exclusion criteria were pre-registered, however due to an influx of scammers during initial stages of data collection, exclusion criteria were revised prior to analysis to remove fraudulent responses. Full details of the revised exclusion criteria can be found online at https://osf.io/bhksj/. The data were collected as part of a collaboration with Faunalytics (a non-profit organization), which has published two reports stemming from the full dataset  and autonomous motivation (α = 0.86–0.92) subscales was high.A 12-item adapted version of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire TSRQ;  was usedTo assess behaviours that facilitate goal progress, participants were provided a list of 44 items, divided into six subsections: social , convenience , cost , health , information , and cravings . The total of 44 items included one open-ended item in each subsection. All variables were binary, scored 1 = “Yes,” 0 = “No,” that participants engaged in over the past month. The open-ended item was a string entry and was recoded as “yes” if answered (and answer did not duplicate prior answers), “no” if unanswered. A total score for behaviours was obtained by summing total items checked for each month.We assessed dietary goal progress using two measures: subjective dietary goal progress and objective dietary goal progress.Dietary goal progress was assessed using a measure of perceived (subjective) goal progress. Participants were asked to rate how much progress they had made toward their dietary goal using a scale from 0%  to 100% (completely successful).goal diet at the initial time point and the actual diet at the given time point, both assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, a type of structured recall instrument often used in epidemiology research ?” Participants were provided with 5 food groups  and asked to rate each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = daily to 5 = not at all.Objective goal progress was calculated as a difference between the ch e.g.,  and morech e.g., . At baseactual diet were as follows: “In the past month, how often have you eaten each of the following foods (including in other dishes or baked goods)?” Participants were provided with 5 food groups  and asked to rate each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = daily to 5 = not at all. A composite score was calculated by taking a difference between goal and actual diet for each food category and then averaging the scores for each participant. All participants who ‘exceeded’ their dietary goals  were calculated as having no difference between their goal and actual diet progress. Therefore, the range of possible scores is 0 to 4, with 4 representing the most progress.The instructions for reporting via behaviour with bootstrapped confidence intervals.All hypotheses as well as the analytical plan were pre-registered after data was collected but before data cleaning or analysis took place.r = 0.51 and r = 0.64 (see online supplement for correlations at each time point), under our pre-registered cut-off of r = 0.7. Consequently, we fit two models to the data, one with each measure of progress.As per the preregistration, we tested correlations between objective and subjective progress over time in order to determine whether an indicator variable would be created to measure goal progress. Shapiro–Wilk’s test was conducted to assess normality of data, and Spearman’s rho was used to calculate correlations due to the skewed nature of variable distributions. Correlations between objective and subjective progress ranged between In both models, longitudinal associations between relative autonomous motivation, goal-consistent behaviours, and goal progress (either objective or subjective) across seven time points were modeled using lavaan in R.In all analyses, full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimates were used to deal with missing data . We asseDescriptive statistics of the variables of interests are presented in 2 (202) = 406.76, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.07, 90% CI , although the SRMR = 0.13 was poor). Autoregressive paths for within-person relative autonomous motivation and behaviours were significant and moderate  – unsurprisingly, participants who had already made more progress at baseline made smaller additional gains at the first follow-up. Autoregressive effects were larger than other reported effects, suggesting that relative autonomous motivation and engagement in goal-consistent behaviours over the past month are best predicted by the same constructs at the previous time point. No cross-lagged effects were significant. Indirect effects of motivation on goal progress via behaviours were not significant .β = 0.23, p = 0.008), such that those individuals who reported engaging in more behaviours overall also made more overall progress,The RI-CLPM model examining within-person relative autonomous motivation, behaviours, and objective goal progress showed adequate model fit (χ2 (202) = 349.99, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.927, RMSEA = 0.057, 90% CI , although SRMR was poor at 0.11). Autoregressive paths were all significant , behaviours , and subjective goal progress  were significant and low to moderate in size. Autoregressive effects were larger than other reported effects, suggesting that relative autonomous motivation and engagement in goal-consistent behaviours over the past month are best predicted by the same construct at the previous time point.The RI-CLPM model examining relative autonomous motivation, goal-consistent behaviours, and subjective goal progress showed adequate model fit , suggesting a small positive relationship between subjective goal progress and motivation . Covariances between relative autonomous motivation and goal progress at the same time point were significant across waves . At the between-person level, the random intercept factors of relative autonomous motivation, behaviours, and goal progress had no significant correlations, suggesting that individuals who reported greater motivation did not necessarily report more behaviours or goal progress. Indirect effects of motivation on goal progress via behaviours were not significant .Effects for subjective goal progress on motivation were significant . Contrary to hypothesis B, when individuals engaged in more behaviours that facilitate goal progress than usual, they did not report greater subjective or objective dietary goal progress. Inconsistent with hypothesis C, individuals who had higher relative autonomous motivation than usual did not report engaging in more behaviours that facilitate goal progress than usual. Lastly, contrary to hypothesis D, there was no significant indirect effect of relative autonomous motivation on goal progress their own goals .Our findings add to a growing literature on veg*n diet transition that examines the role of motivations and behaviour in increasing veg*n diet maintenance . FurtherOur findings are partially inconsistent with empirical and theoretical work that identifies autonomous motivation as an important predictor of goal progress e.g., , so the We did, however, find that goal progress was positively related to subsequent reports of relative autonomous motivation. This aligns with research by In the present study, autonomous and controlled motivation were combined into one index measure of relative autonomy. This is a common practice, and in line with self-determination theory’s theoretical view that these forms of motivation are opposite ends of a continuum . Past remore goal-facilitating behaviours than one’s usual was not necessarily better than engaging in relevant goal-facilitating behaviours might be.In examining the effects of goal-facilitating behaviours on goal progress, we found no within-person effects of behaviours on progress. That is, even in those months that individuals used goal-facilitating behaviours, they did not report more progress than their own average. This may be reflective of an inconsistent link between behaviour monitoring and goal progress and attainment more broadly . In a meAdditionally, fit between behaviours and a person’s goals might be an important factor in the effectiveness of behaviours for meeting one’s goals. People respond differentially to behavioural interventions based on their personality , and a sIndeed, the within-person variance in behaviours was rather low, suggesting that some people regularly enacted more behaviours than others . It may be that people simply do not change their behaviour much month to month, especially if they find something that works. Alternatively, since we assessed number of strategies, it is possible that participants used the same number of strategies month to month, but the strategies themselves differed. When we focused on between-person effects, both in the CLMP model presented in online supplements,The measure of goal-facilitating behaviours used in this study has not been previously validated and contains numerous items which measure different constructs . Theoretical and empirical research has shown that progress and behaviour monitoring are not monolithic constructs . Rather,Additionally, lack of variability with regard to relative autonomous motivation may have influenced the present findings. Participants reported high autonomous motivation and commitment . Using different assessment intervals, and modelling the paths differently, may thus yield different results, although there is currently no reason to expect a different assessment schedule to be more appropriate than what was selected in the current study. Motivations, behaviours, and perceptions are all incredibly fluid and changeable; there is simply not enough research on these fluctuations to properly understand how frequently they may shift and should be assessed.A final limitation concerns the representativeness of our sample. As described in greater detail in our report on this sample, our participants could be considered representative of those who begin new veg*n diets in Canada and the United States with an initial high level of commitment . This meIn sum, the present study provides preliminary insights on associations between autonomous motivation, goal-facilitating behaviours, and dietary goal progress in individuals transitioning to a veg*n diet. In line with self-determination theory, autonomous motivation was related with greater progress, but this occurred only when progress was assessed at the same time point; no prospective effects were found. These findings shed light onto the relationship between autonomous motivation, behaviours, and goal progress both at the same time and over time.https://osf.io/zx4sf/.The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Carleton University Research Ethics Board-B. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.MK and MM came up with the research questions tested in this manuscript. MM and JA designed and conducted the overall larger study. MK conducted the analyses and wrote the manuscript with feedback from MM and JA. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This research was supported by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Partnership Engage grant to MM and JA, and a grant from Animal Advocacy Research Fund to Faunalytics.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Contact angle results indicated that surfactants adsorption made the carbonate reservoir wettability alteration. In the end, surfactants (with or without SiO2 nanoparticles) adsorption onto carbonate reservoirs mechanism were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results indicated that the surfactants molecules could adsorb onto SiO2 nanoparticles surface, and then the surfactants adsorption quantity onto carbonate rocks would decrease, which was in accordance with the experiments results.Surfactants adsorption onto carbonate reservoirs would cause surfactants concentrations decrease in surfactant flooding, which would decrease surfactant efficiency in practical applications of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Different surfactants could be classified as cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants according to the main charge, or be classified as chemical surfactant and bio-surfactant according to the surfactant origin. However, the research on different type surfactants adsorption on carbonate reservoirs surface differences was few. Therefore, five representative surfactants  adsorption effect onto carbonate reservoirs surface was studied. Owing to the fact that the salinity and temperature in underground carbonate reservoirs were high during the EOR process, it is vital to study the salinity effect and temperature effect on surfactant adsorption. In this study, different surfactants species, temperature and salinity adsorption onto carbonate reservoirs were studied. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Linear models, and the first three models fitting effect were good. The results showed that cationic surfactants adsorption quantity was higher than anionic surfactants, and the non-ionic surfactants adsorption quantity was the lowest. When the temperature increased, the surfactants adsorption would decrease, because the adsorption process was exothermic process, and increasing temperature would inhibit the adsorption. The higher salinity would increase surfactants adsorption because higher salinity could compress electric double layer. In order to decrease surfactants adsorption, SiO In recent years, enhanced oil recovery technology has attracted extensive attention,surfactants have been widely used in the enhanced oil recovery process . The surIn recent years, the behaviors of surfactants adsorption on the minerals surface have been widely studied . In receAlthough many researches focus on the behavior of surfactants adsorption on the minerals surface, there are still some shortcomings in the previous study, as was shown as follows: 1) In the previous, most researches were focused on the chemical surfactants adsorption onto carbonate rocks, but the research on biosurfactants adsorption behavior was few. Besides, the cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant adsorption differences were unclear. 2) Many researches were conducted at ambient conditions, but there exist high temperature and high salinity in actual surfactant enhanced oil recovery process, but the temperature or salinity effect on surfactant adsorption was less. 3) Most researches only focused on the surfactants adsorption behavior, but the methods to decrease surfactants adsorption was few. 4) Molecular dynamics simulation was used to simulate the enhanced oil recovery process . But the2 and TiO2 nanoparticles effect on decreasing surfactants adsorption; 3) to use molecular dynamics simulation to explore the nanoparticles effect on surfactants adsorption.The aim of this research was as follows: 1) to explore surfactants species, temperature, salinity effect on surfactants adsorption onto carbonate rocks surface, and the adsorption isotherms were fitted by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Linear models; 2) to study SiO2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich with 97.0% grade. The carbonate rocks were granule, and the calcium carbonate rocks were crushed, and then was sieved, the particles sizes were in the range of 500–700 μm, and then was washed by deionized water and dried.In this study, five surfactants  were used in this experiment. Chemical surfactants, CTAB, SDS, TX-100 were from Aladdin, Shanghai. Biosurfactants, sophorolipid and rhamnolipid were from Aladdin, Shanghai. The five surfactants structure was shown in Surfactants could be divided into chemical surfactants and biosurfactants. In addition, surfactants could also be divided into cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants. In order to explore the surfactants adsorption differences between chemical surfactant and biosurfactants, the differences among cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and non-ionic surfactants, we chose five surfactants CTAB, SDS, TX-100, sophorolipid and rhamnolipid. CTAB, SDS and TX-100 were chemical surfactants, and sophorolipid and rhamnolipid were biosurfactants. Besides, CTAB was cationic surfactant, SDS was anionic surfactant and TX-100 was non-ionic surfactant. The five surfactants included chemical surfactants  and biosurfactants . Besides, the CTAB was cationic surfactant, SDS was anionic surfactant, and TX-100 was non-surfactant. We want to explore the adsorption differences between chemical surfactants and biosurfactants. Besides, the cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant adsorption effect differences on the carbonate rocks surface. Therefore, we chose the five surfactants as the representative surfactant.The different surfactants were used to form the different concentrations of surfactants solution. The surfactants solutions were formed by dissolving the 0.1–5.0 g surfactants into the 1,000 ml deionized water into 1,000 ml-volumetric flask, and then the different concentrations surfactant solutions were formed.In this study, the surfactants adsorption experiment was conducted to study the surfactants adsorption onto the carbonate rock surface, and the adsorption isotherms and adsorption dynamics were studied . The detsolution (g) was the surfactant mass in the original surfactant solutions, and the c0 (mg/L) was the surfactant initial concentration after surfactant adsorption process, c (mg/L) was the surfactant concentration after surfactant adsorption process. In this study, every measurement was repeated at least three times, and the average value was chosen as the data. The experiment was conducted at 25°C.When the surfactants adsorption quantity remained stable, then the adsorption equilibrium has been reached. In our study, the surfactant adsorption time was within 48 h. Therefore, the surfactants equilibrium concentration and surfactant initial concentration have been explored, the surfactants adsorption quantity could be calculated by the After the carbonate rocks were treated by different surfactants, the morphology of the carbonate rocks was observed by SEM-EDS  method.In order to explore the surfactants adsorption rules, the adsorption models were used, and the four adsorption isotherms were fitted.e is the quantity of the surfactant adsorption at the equilibrium per unit mass of calcite (mg/g), Qm is the maximum uptake capacity (mg/g), Ce is the surfactant equilibrium concentration in solution (mg/L), KL is Langmuir constant related to the adsorption site (mg/L).Langmuir model was used to describe surfactants adsorption behavior onto calcium carbonate surface, which was expressed by as The Langmuir model assumptions were as follows : The calFreundlich model was based on the assumption that the calcium carbonate surface had a heterogeneous surface and different classes of adsorption sites covered the surface .e is the quantity of the surfactants adsorption at the equilibrium per unit mass of calcium carbonate surface (mg/g), Ce is the surfactant equilibrium concentration in solution (mg/L), KF Freundlich constants (L/mg), which showed the surfactants adsorption capacity, n is related to the adsorption intensity.Freundlich model is expressed by e is the quantity of the surfactant adsorption at the equilibrium per unit mass of calcium carbonate (mg/g), Ce is the surfactant equilibrium concentration in solution (mg/L), B is the Temkin constant, KT is the equilibrium binding (L/mg), respectively.The assumption of the Temkin model was that during the adsorption process the heat of adsorption decreases linearly and is not a function of logarithmic . The Teme is the quantity of the surfactant adsorption at the equilibrium per unit mass of calcium carbonate (mg/g), KH was the linear constant (L/mg), Ce is the surfactant equilibrium concentration in solution (mg/L),The Linear model was the most simplified model, which was expressed as The contact angle was measured to value the carbonate reservoirs wettability alteration by different surfactants adsorption. Calcite surface was used to represent the carbonate rocks. Five surfactants with different species, concentration, temperature and salinity were used to treat the calcite surface for 3 days. Then the water drop was dripped onto the calcite surface, and the initial contact angle was the static contact angle. When calcite surface was immersed into the aqueous phase, the oil drop was injected into the calcite surface, and then the contact angle alteration with time was measured, which was the dynamic contact angle.2 nanoparticles (0.5 wt%) solutions were measured by the programmable tensiometer  at 298 K by the Du Noüy ring method. Every experiment was repeated three times, and the average value was the surface tension.In this study, the five surfactant solutions (2000 ppm) and five surfactants (2000 ppm)-SiOEtotal) could be divided into two parts: valence terms and nonbond interaction terms  adsorption behavior onto the carbonate rocks surface. In recent years, calcite was used to represent the carbonate rocks during the molecular dynamics simulation process . The simon terms . The val3 thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics basis (1) Cleave the calcite (1 0 4) surface as the calcium carbonate surface. Then the calcite (1 0 4) surface was conducted the energy optimization and structure optimization, so as to obtain the stablest conformation, and fixed the calcite surface (1 0 4). The Ca atom and C atom were spatially constrained to avoid distortion or deformation of the slits walls, which was because of CaCOcs basis .a = 72.86228 Å, b = 29.940008 Å, and the corresponding interfacial angle was α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°.2) Build the corresponding supercell, and the vacuum layer thickness was 50 Å. Besides, the periodicity changed from the two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The corresponding cell parameters were 3) Put twenty surfactant molecules into the amorphous cell, then run the COMPASS field of force. The COMPASS forcefield was used in the whole simulation section, and the surfactants adsorption process, surfactants-nanoparticles adsorption was conducted using COMPASS forcefield .4) Build layers, layer 1 was calcite surface, layer 2 was surfactants unit cell, and surfactants were used to adsorb onto the calcite surface, and the adsorption time continued 2000 ps, the step was 1fs. The simulation process conditions were as follows: run module was Forcite, NVT ensemble, COMPASS force field, cutoff distance 12.5 Å, 298 K, Berendsen thermostat.2 nanoparticles were added into the simulation, and the simulation procedure followed the above process. Then the surfactants-nanoparticles system was conducted. The diffusion coefficients and concentration profile of surfactants molecules were analyzed. The diffusion coefficients of surfactants molecules onto the calcite surface are calculated by 2), N is surfactants molecules number, Ri(t) is the coordinate of atom i at time of t, and Ri (0) is the initial position of atom.5) Then the SiOEinteraction energy is the interaction energy between the surfactant molecules and calcite surface, Etotal is the energy of the system, including the surfactants and the calcite surface, Esurfactant is the energy of the surfactant molecules without calcite surface, Ecalcite is the energy of the calcite surface without oil molecules, respectively. The interaction energy between surfactants and nanoparticles at different simulation time was calculated by Einteraction energy(surfactant/nanoparticles) is the interaction energy between the surfactant molecules and nanoparticles, Etotal is the energy of the system, including the surfactants and the nanoparticles, Esurfactant is the energy of the surfactant molecules without nanoparticles, Enanoparticles is the energy of the calcite surface without nanoparticles, respectively.6) The interaction energy between surfactants and calcite surface at different simulation time was calculated by The detailed surfactants adsorption behavior was as follows:m parameter of the CTAB, SDS, TX-100, sophorolipid and rhamnolipid were 28.12 mg/g, 24.81 mg/g, 13.45 mg/g, 7.18 mg/g, 43.57 mg/g, respectively, which means that the surfactants adsorption quantity onto the calcite surface followed the rule: rhamnolipid > CTAB > SDS > TX-100 > sophorolipid. Besides, the R2 of the five surfactants for Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin was well, but the R2 for the Linear fit was bad, which means that the Linear model was not fitted the surfactant adsorption. The B for Temkin model by the five surfactants were 11.9857 (rhamnolipid) >9.015(CTAB)> 6.818(SDS)> 6.818 (TX-100)> 1.7207 (sophorolipid), which was in accordance with the surfactants adsorption quantity. In other words, when the B value was higher, the surfactants adsorption quantity would increase.The calcite surfaces after surfactants adsorption were shown in m would decrease, and the corresponding rate would decrease.Due to the fact that the enhanced oil recovery was conducted at reservoir environment, therefore the temperature effect on surfactants adsorption was studied . Figure R2 of the Langmuir fit for the five surfactants were good, which means that the Langmuir fitness was good, and the surfactants adsorption were more suitable for the Langmuir model.The salinity effect on surfactants adsorption was shown in i represent the i ion concentration (mol/kg), and zi was the ion charge. Debye-Hückel theory calculated the activity quotient, shown in + and z− were the anion ions and cationic ions charge, A was 0.509 mol0.5kg0.5 (25°C). For 1 wt% NaCl solution, the ionic strength was 0.171 mol/kg, and the 2 solution, the ionic strength was 0.270 mol/kg, and the 2+ showed higher ionic strength, and could compress the electric double layer higher than Na+, and then the calcite surface charge change was higher than the Na+ of five surfactants adsorption onto the modelled calcite surface were shown in 2 nanoparticles calcite system. As was shown in 2 nanoparticles) system. The temperature change rate for the five surfactants (with and without SiO2 nanoparticles) was low. The potential energy, kinetic energy, non-bond energy and total energy change rate were also low.2/TiO2 nanoparticles, and the reason was because the SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles would adsorb onto calcite surface, regardless of the surfactants adsorption. Therefore, although surfactants adsorption would decrease, the contact angle would still decrease.The static and dynamic contact angle experiment device diagram was shown in The dynamic contact angle was shown in 2 nanoparticles and calcite surface. As was shown in 2 nanoparticles would increase, which means that the surfactants adsorbed onto SiO2 nanoparticles surface.2 nanoparticles effect on surface tension was 2 nanoparticles could further decrease the water surface tension, and the corresponding surface tension was 38.9 mN/m, 37.8 mN/m, 26.4 mN/m, 30.2 mN/m, 30.8 mN/m, respectively. The results indicated that surfactants adsorbed onto the SiO2 nanoparticles surface, and then surfactants and SiO2 nanoparticles could synergistically decrease the water surface tension.The five surfactants and surfactants-SiO2 nanoparticles could decrease the five surfactants adsorption onto the carbonate rocks, and the simulation results verified the results.1) The experiment results showed that the SiO2) For the three chemical surfactants, the adsorption quantity order was CTAB > SDS > TX-100, and the simulation results were in accordance with the experiment results, the mean square displacement order of the chemical surfactants was as follows: CTAB > SDS > TX-100.3) The contact angle measurements showed that the surfactants adsorption would make the carbonate surface more hydrophilic, and the simulation results verified the experiment results.The experiment results could be verified by molecular dynamic simulation, and the detailed similar results from experiment and simulation was as follows.1) CTAB, SDS, TX-100, sophorolipid and rhamnolipid adsorption onto carbonate rocks could be well fitted by Langmuir model, Freundlich model and Temkin model. Cationic surfactants adsorption quantity was higher than anionic surfactants, and the non-ionic surfactants adsorption quantity was the lowest.2+) could make the surfactants adsorption quantity higher than monovalent ion (Na+).2) When the temperature decreased or salinity increased, the surfactants adsorption would increase. Higher salinity could compress electric double layer which increased the surfactants adsorption. In addition, divalent ions  TiO2 nanoparticles surface, and the surfactants adsorption was decreased.4) The molecular dynamics simulation results showed that the surfactants molecules adsorbed onto the SiOIn this study, we studied the surfactants adsorption onto carbonate surface by experiment and molecular dynamics simulation, and the detailed conclusions were as follows: