Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global healthcare, and inadequate education has been identified as a major challenge by the WHO. The human , animal and agricultural sectors contribute to the emergence of AMR. Gamification has emerged as an innovative tool to improve knowledge and change behaviours. Our study provides an overview of the literature on existing games in prescribers’ education across the One Health sectors, with a particular focus on the impact of gamification on learning.Using the PRISMA guidelines, we searched Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar for articles related to gamification for future prescribers of antimicrobials from inception until 28 March 2023. Retrieval and screening of articles was done using a structured search protocol with strict inclusion/exclusion criteria.A total of 120 articles were retrieved, of which 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. High-income countries had the most studies, with one global study incorporating low- to middle-income countries. All games were evaluated in the human sector. Board and card games, featuring scoring and point systems, were the most prevalent game types. Most games focused on improving knowledge and prescribing behaviours of medical students, with bacteria or antibiotics as the only content. All studies highlighted the significant potential of gamification in mitigating AMR, promoting antimicrobial stewardship, and improving retention of information compared with conventional lectures.Our review found an absence of studies in the animal and environmental sectors, disproportionately focused on medical students with questionable sample size, inadequate assessment of game content and effectiveness, and opportunities for game developers. Recognizing the potential of gamification in addressing AMR, this systematic review aims to examine the existing body of literature on games that assess educational interventions related to AMR. By evaluating the gamification of AMR as an educational tool, this study aims to shed light on the current state of the field and pave the way for the design and implementation of evidence-based, effective and impactful gamified tools for education for future prescribers of antimicrobials in the One Health context.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global health crisis where antimicrobials no longer effectively treat infections, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and economic burdens worldwide.34 A search strategy was developed using PubMed (Table JAC-AMR Online) and was fixed across all databases and grey literature. The search terms  Figure .33,34 A ms Table  were use31Full-text articles addressing the use of gamification or game elements in education for future prescribers addressing AMR were used for the review. Future health professionals were defined as students who will be responsible for prescribing antimicrobials such as medical, dental, veterinary and agricultural students. We excluded studies that (i) were targeted to the public, patients’ education or students not classified as future prescribers; (ii) did not include the effect of the intervention; (iii) only mentioned gamification but did not assess the impact; (iv) only mentioned digitalization of information; (v) mentioned game theory but did not employ game elements; and (vi) were not written in English. There were no limitations on the types of games assessed, nor timeframe for our search since game elements were used in studies before ‘gamification’ was an official term.36 and uploaded the articles used for the review. Articles were initially screened independently by seven reviewers  to determine eligibility. Each article was reviewed by at least two reviewers and conflicts were resolved by a third author. All authors then read the full text of all eligible articles to determine eligibility for inclusion. In cases of uncertainty, articles were discussed and independently screened by senior authors (V.S.P. and A.W.A.).A.A.N. and K.A. formatted REDCap36 The data extraction was independently done by M.M.M., C.S., K.A., K.P., B.D. and S.L., and verified by A.A.N. Articles that met the inclusion criteria and reported the impact of the intervention in the form of a game were included in the review. The data extracted from the articles included general information: author, year of publication, country/site, publication source and channel; geographic distribution and prevalence of articles; content of the game , infectious disease (ID), clinical microbiology (CM); context of the study: human, animal, environmental or a combination of these before that was identified as a One Health paper; intervention: game format used  intervention: game elements used ; benefits and limitations of the intervention; aim of the game: knowledge, attitudes, behaviour change, entertainment etc. and key messages  2022.The research questions were adapted to an extraction form using REDCap.es Table . Papers n = 45), Cochrane (n = 12), Scopus (n = 10) and Google Scholar (n = 43)] from inception of the database to March 2023. An additional 10 articles were identified through searching reference lists, websites and recommendations. Only two duplicates were found and removed before screening. Four articles were not retrievable. A total of 120 articles were screened for eligibility based on the title and abstract contents. Overall, 96 articles were excluded due to non-relevance. Twenty-four articles were assessed for eligibility, with six articles meeting the inclusion criteria for this review. Table The initial search identified 110 articles .The countries that reported numerical and statistically relevant results are shown in Figure 35 However, there was relatively less emphasis on AMS, with only two games (33%) addressing this crucial aspect.33 One study, by Castro-Sanchez et al.,40 explored patient expectations, the role of behaviours in stewardship, and the multidisciplinary roles of professionals to mitigate AMR by evaluating the setting in which games are deployed. Another study, by Tsopra et al.,42 focused on the role of prescribing practices of healthcare professionals in reducing AMR. Only one game43 introduced the concept of AMR, encompassing aspects such as AMR and stewardship introduction, proper application of antibiotics, prevention and control of infections, as well as stewardship and surveillance. No reviewed games included other microorganisms or addressed the interlinkage between human, animal and environmental sectors in the context of AMR.Each study had assessed at least one game, with multiple topics being highlighted. Among the studies assessed, three out six studies (50%) highlighted games that aimed to educate players about bacteria and antibiotics, including medication names and modes of action against bacteria.Most of the studies in the healthcare setting were conducted on medical students. Each of these studies employed varied definitions and incorporated ‘students’ within this framework, encompassing those specializing in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, pharmacy and medical studies. Only three studies focused on medical students specifically, while others included them alongside specialists and physicians. No studies were found for veterinary or agricultural students. Additionally, there are no games that addressed AMR across all sectors.et al.39 evaluated two existing card games and a board game, while other studies evaluated their own developed game: one mobile case-based game,40 one card game,44 one board game,41 one online case-based interactive game42 and one online board game.43 Physical board games and card games  were the most popular type of game to be employed as information tools for students. Ashiru-Oredope et al.43 evaluated an online board game. Two games were based on case-based clinical scenarios on an online platform.42 The games were evaluated in isolated, one-time settings such as at a planned educational evening (game night) for residents,39 at workshops at conferences40 and university settings.41Ghelfenstein-Ferreira 42 was an exception as it incorporated more than two game elements and mechanics. This game employed points, rewards, storylines, roleplay, progress bars and leaderboards through an online platform, creating a multifaceted gaming experience. It is also noteworthy that card and board games primarily made use of scores and points as their primary gaming elements, while online games had the flexibility to incorporate a variety of game mechanics. For instance, the online games, even in the context of clinical case scenarios, included animated characters to represent the users, enhancing the user experience.The game elements employed in the reviewed AMR games exhibited variation across different games. However, a notable trend emerged in that most of these games primarily utilized a common concept of points and scoring as the main incentive to encourage user engagement and progression within the game. This observation highlights that, while gamification as a concept encompasses a wide range of elements, such as leaderboards, challenges and feedback mechanisms, these specific approaches were less frequently employed in the context of AMR games, as indicated in Table 44 It is important to note that the ‘post-tests’ all occurred immediately after the game, and not after a longer period. The post-tests showed an increase in correct answers and increase in scores after the intervention (game),44 and some studies included a qualitative component evaluating the game entertainment, usefulness and thoughts if included in the curricula. Most studies showed that the games were considered ‘fun and enjoyable’, the ‘pictures were nice’, and that it could be a ‘valuable intervention for improvement of intellectual skills, improve knowledge and enhance leanings’. Davies’s findings44 showed that while students enjoyed the game, it would be better suited as a revision aid compared with a standalone lecture. Some of the limitations across all games were that there was not a large enough sample size to correlate the retention of memory with the game, and a suggestion was to introduce gameplay across several weeks and assess the effects of the game over a period. Some of the games had to be played under supervision of an ID specialist or clinical microbiologists39 to get a better understanding of the game. Davies’s feedback44 included that the game was fun but not useful to learn, it was too fast paced, and the details of the microorganism or antibiotics were not the main point of attraction, rather the focus was on how ‘good’ the statistics on the card were. Other challenges that the studies highlighted include the need for tutorials for students in early years of medical school, poor sample size to make claims of whether the intervention was considered successful in retaining knowledge, games as a potential distraction from learning, and lack of detailed accounts of replicable implementation, adoption or evaluation.The benefits and limitations of each game are summarized in Table et al. 39 reported positive outcomes, with participants demonstrating improvements in their knowledge of ID and CM as well as progress in their professional training. Students responded positively to the study, considering the information obtained from the game to be valuable. In contrast, Davies’s study44 found that the students’ scores remained unchanged before and after the intervention, and although some students found the game enjoyable, they did not perceive it as a useful tool for learning. This perception was primarily influenced by the game’s fast-paced nature and the requirement of prior knowledge. Valente et al.41 observed significant improvements in knowledge, as evidenced by a higher number of correct answers and a decrease in unknown answers after the intervention. Participants praised the intervention for its clear design and its effectiveness in enhancing learning. However, Valente et al.41 also noted that the games did not provide opportunities for the acquisition of practical or manual skills. Castro-Sánchez et al.40 raised concerns about potential challenges that may arise when implementing gamified approaches. Although they recognized the potential of gamification in enhancing our understanding of AMR, they emphasized the requirement for additional research to validate its legitimacy and effectiveness when contrasted with conventional learning approaches. Tsopra et al.’s evaluation42 primarily focused on players’ reactions to the game rather than their learning abilities. The game was primarily seen as a revision aid for microbiology. Ashiru-Oredope et al.43 found that participants exhibited a positive experience and improved knowledge retention regarding AMR after playing the game. However, they noted that the game demonstration was rushed, making it difficult to assess its true potential. Additionally, participants mentioned challenges related to cross-talking among players and excessive facilitator involvement. The comments and aims of the game can be found in Table The aim of all the games, across all six studies, had very similar overall objectives, namely to (i) improve knowledge, (ii) provide entertainment, (ii) address prescribing practices and (iv) change behaviours. Ghelfenstein-Ferreira This systematic review is the first to examine the current evidence of existing games in the education and training of future prescribers in the healthcare setting , animal sector (veterinarians) and the environmental sector (agriculture science). The majority of the studies included in this review were both qualitative and mixed-methods studies located in HICs. All the studies reported an increase in knowledge scores upon evaluation of their interventions, except for one study where the scores remained unchanged.Our review highlights a small number of articles that evaluate gamification of AMR, with a predominance in HICs. Furthermore, none of the games addressed the interlinkage between the three sectors: human, animal and environmental, which are all relevant in the context of AMR.21 The WHO highlights the urgency for investment in infrastructure and resources that provide capacity building, and specifically innovative interventions for control of AMR.10 Despite these three subdisciplines  being distinct fields, there are several reasons why a combination and adoption as an interdisciplinary approach is vital to mitigate the spread of AMR. Approaching AMR, gamification and education of students as a merged field provides a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues. Gamification as an educational tool for AMR can enhance knowledge and engagement among students that will better antimicrobial stewardship and prevent overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in the long term.20 Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaborations can lead to innovative solutions that may not have been possible within a single field. By merging gamification, AMR and education, research findings can be translated into educational programs and games to promote awareness, change behaviours and establish better practices.22The six articles analysed were published in a variety of journals that focused on gamification, medical education and AMR. Gamification is a multidisciplinary innovative intervention that can be implemented to enhance education.46 It is noteworthy that a single study adopts a global approach; nevertheless, due to the low participant representation, with an average of one participant per country, caution must be exercised in drawing conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the game. Since AMR is a global issue, interventions from the Global North may not be applicable or implementable for the Global South, hence it is important to create an environment for students in the Global South.39 Similarly, interventions should be created and tailored for students in the Global South. Low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) have implemented game-based interventions, such as a web-based trivia game designed for emergency medical technicians,47 and a digital game-based intervention to improve adolescent mental health in schools in India.48The majority of published papers predominantly focus on studies and interventions conducted in HICs. This observation aligns with historical patterns of LLMICs tending to receive limited attention during the implementation of new interventions.40 however, studying bacteria addresses only one-quarter of the proposed problem of AMR, as microorganisms that contribute to the spread of AMR also include parasites, viruses and fungi.36 While games primarily focusing on antibiotics and bacteria address crucial aspects of AMR, it is important to acknowledge that AMR is a multidimensional issue that involves various factors beyond antibiotics and bacteria. Future game developers and researchers may consider expanding the scope of games addressing AMR to include additional aspects, such as stewardship practices, policy implications, One Health perspectives, societal behaviours, and the broader context of healthcare systems. By incorporating these additional dimensions, games can provide a more comprehensive understanding of AMR and promote a holistic approach to tackling the challenge.Antibiotics and bacteria play a central role in the development and spread of AMR;32 However, it is equally important to extend the scope of assessment to include other healthcare professions, such as dentists, who also contribute significantly to the responsible use of antibiotics. One study, excluded from this review due to the absence of dentist participation, underscores the significance of antibiotics in oral healthcare.20 Even though medical students were the main audience, there is still a limited number of studies that evaluated the gameplay and suggests a potential gap in understanding the effectiveness of gamification amongst students.Assessing the impact of games on medical students is of utmost importance, as they play a vital role as primary caregivers and are often the first point of contact for the public when it comes to prescribing antibiotics.Overall, the poor sample size and focus on the human healthcare sector is a fragmented approach highlighting the need for efforts in addressing AMR using an interdisciplinary approach to address the interconnectedness of AMR. To prevent AMR from worsening, this issue requires collaboration among medical, veterinary and agricultural sciences to promote a holistic understanding and implement effective strategies.42 However, while physical games have their advantages, they also have certain limitations: limited scalability and customization; need for physical components and repetitiveness.42 Digital games and online platforms offer unique benefits, such as scalability, customization, multimedia integration and real-time feedback/assessment.43 One of the main limitations of online and digital games is the reliance on internet access and suitable devices, and the need to maintain devices with updated versions, which may not be supported; these factors may pose limitations in areas with limited connectivity or inadequate technology resources.44Physical games like board and card games are considered the most popular games. Board and card games are familiar with a greater audience, decreasing the barriers to adoption and increases the likelihood of engagement.50 This discrepancy presents an opportunity for researchers to develop and introduce innovative game-based solutions in educational settings.While there are multiple gamification opportunities available to researchers and developers, the most effective tool for information retention and change of behaviours has not yet been established. Furthermore, a notable disparity exists between student preferences for popular games and the feasibility of creating and implementing games from a research perspective.46 This model can be used to support the link between elements and learning opportunities using attitudes and change of behaviours.46 The time spent on the game can be directly linked to the increase in the performance on the subject matter.Landers introduced a gamified learning theory that is founded by two frameworks: (i) a framework that describes game elements that have the potential to improve learning; and (ii) a theoretical model that links learning with gamification efforts.46 One aspect that can help goal-directed behaviours and better participation is setting clear rules and goals, such as needing to complete 90% of the game or attendance. This game element was not used exclusively in the reviewed games; however, it has been suggested to influence learning.46 Assessment game elements include points, scores, badges and leaderboards. While this is a good incentive for learning, not all participants react in the same way to these elements.47 Further research is required to gain a comprehensive understanding of how gamification elements precisely stimulate motivation, as varying perspectives on their effectiveness persist.52 This understanding is crucial for the appropriate implementation of these game mechanics, emphasizing the need for continued investigation.Some popular game mechanics and elements have been used in the development and feedback of the games in our review. Feedback and progression bars are a good tool to highlight areas needed for improvement by the student. When students receive feedback on their goal, they have the possibility to reinforce and refocus their learning efforts.30 Information is fresh in the mind right after the lecture, and one may have a better ability to recall details and concepts,48 therefore suggesting knowledge improvement is attributable to the game can be argued.Articles addressing gamification as a tool to mitigate AMR are lacking. Of the articles reviewed, there are some concerns about the quality of the evidence presented. Few papers provide detailed descriptions of the implementation and evaluation of the games.49 to fully assess the effect of the gamified intervention. One aspect of gamification that has not been fully explored is games as a potential distraction instead of learning.14 While Tsopra et al.42 had a good approach for evaluating the game, notably only the ‘reaction’ level was assessed, therefore there is a further need to evaluate the learning, behaviour and results aspects of the game, as suggested in the evaluation of training, to properly assess the effect of the game as a tool for education.50 Traditional lectures provide positive impact on students, promoting deontological education, and facilitating the formation of professional self-awareness and reflection;53 however, they also have drawbacks, namely the lack of engagement,54 passive learning,55 stagnation55 and inactiveness of students.56 With the increase in digital literacy, we need to provide innovative (gamified) ways of learning.It would be beneficial to assess how games were implemented, tested and reported in more than one setting, and with an additional comparator,51 In such settings, memory retention and understanding of the subject can be influenced by the desire to outperform others, leading to enhanced focus and engagement, but also potentially impairing learning if the emphasis is solely on winning.52 Specific social settings can influence game experience and memory retention by affecting collaboration, competition, social presence, peer influence, group dynamics and cultural/contextual factors. Without understanding these influences, there is a need to consider how to create a game with more effective learning environments and how researchers and game developers can enhance the overall educational value of games.Different social settings can have a significant impact on game experience, memory retention and understanding of a subject. While competition can be exciting and motivating, it may also lead to increased stress and pressure.21 Most of the studies used descriptive analysis, with no control groups; the effectiveness of games in curtailing AMR remains uncertain. The review also points out some challenges and limitations associated with gamification in AMR education. The use of gamification in addressing AMR, improving knowledge and changing behaviour is promising; however, these observations highlight the importance of carefully designing and implementing gamified interventions to maximize their educational impact. There is a lack of a theoretical model, and we should consider a pedagogical approach in making games more effective in delivering educational information.53Each of the articles focused on developing an intervention specifically designed for students with limited understanding of AMR. The findings of our review revealed that the implementation of gamification had a significant impact on the participants. At first, the positive response towards gamification can be misleading as there is a scarcity of articles and games related to AMR, and caution must be drawn when making strong conclusions justifying the use of games in education.24 All co-authors were involved in all stages of the review and each author independently performed stages from title/abstract screening to data extraction. All articles were double-checked by the corresponding author and senior author. The research team met at the beginning and end of each stage to voice concerns, ideas and discrepancies for conflicting articles. The senior authors, along with the first author, made final decisions based on discussion and agreements. All authors had full access to all the data in the study. All authors read and approved the submitted version.This review was conducted using a formulated protocol and used the PRISMA guidelines for conducting and reporting systematic reviews.54 Publication bias is possible as studies with negative outcomes are less likely to be reported or accepted for publication.54 It is possible that more unpublished evidence may exist. Furthermore, while there are online games available, the authors could not find any articles linking to the effectiveness of the game (e.g. Pharmageddon: Bugs versus Drugs).As a result of the number of studies included in this systematic review, it was not possible to do a meta-analysis of the results of the available studies. The variety of interventions and variety of reporting styles limited clear categorizations of these interventions. However, this was mitigated by using gamification elements. Additionally, since many interventions reported improvements in knowledge and skills, there is a potential for publication bias.Our review found that there is a lack of studies in the animal and environmental sectors, a disproportionate attention on medical students, a lack of interdisciplinary approach, inadequate assessment of game content and effectiveness, and potential opportunities for future game development. Of the games evaluated, no game addressed the concerns around the impact of AMR on animal health, agricultural practices and spread of AMR. Given that antimicrobials are used in animals and in agricultural practices, there is a need to explore educational interventions in these sectors as well.Our study reveals opportunities for future research and game development that can bridge the gap between opportunities for AMR education and effective gamification interventions. Developing educational interventions that encompass human healthcare, animal and environmental sectors, and incorporating gamification and interactivity elements could enhance knowledge transfer, collaboration and the overall understanding of AMR among healthcare professionals, students and researchers. We suggest the implementation of a universal module that may be applied to tackle AMR across all domains. By incorporating gamification within the framework of digital literacy, the educational sector can benefit significantly. This approach can foster student engagement and motivation, and encourage favourable behavioural changes among students.dlad130_Supplementary_DataClick here for additional data file.


Sepia officinalis) ink (CFI) was analysed in the present study. A model system consisting of minced seabream (Sparus aurata) muscle and different concentrations of an aqueous extract of CFI was subjected to a heat (50 °C) treatment for 12 days. The effects of the CFI content and the heating time on lipid oxidation (conjugated diene (CD), conjugated triene (CT), and peroxide values and fluorescent compound formation), hydrolysis (free fatty acid content) development, and changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile (polyene index (PI), unsaturated FA content, ω3/ω6 ratio) were determined. The addition of the aqueous extract of CFI led to a lower (p < 0.05) development of lipid oxidation  and to a higher (p < 0.05) retention of unsaturated FAs (PI determination). More important effects were found with increased CFI concentrations and at advanced heating times. However, a definite effect on lipid hydrolysis development  could not be inferred. A new approach for the beneficial use of cuttlefish ink is presented. According to the direct relationship between rancidity stability and nutritional and sensory values, the present study provides a new strategy for the quality enhancement of thermally treated seafood.The antioxidant effect of cuttlefish ( Seafood is reported to provide a high amount of constituents relevant for the human diet . Among sThe employment of compounds with antioxidant properties has revealed them to be valuable tools for inhibiting or partially avoiding the development of lipid oxidation in seafood. Due to human health concerns, there is currently great interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants with preservative compounds obtained from natural sources ,9. ThereCephalopods are considered a remarkable economic resource in a wide range of countries. As for other marine species, a great number of by-products  are generated during their technological processing ,15. In aAmong cephalopod by-products, ink sacs are commonly removed manually and thrown away without appropriate management. However, recent studies on this kind of by-product have revealed that they possess several properties beneficial to human health, such as a therapeutic effect against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis , suitabiSepia officinalis) ink. The basic objective was to analyse its antioxidant behaviour and properties in a heated fish muscle system. Complementary quality indices regarding the lipid damage  were measured during a heating process (50 °C for 12 days) carried out with minced seabream (Sparus aurata). The effects of the CFI concentration and the heating time were analysed.The present study is focussed on the use of cuttlefish (S. aurata)  were obtained in the fresh state from a local market and transported on ice to the laboratory. The fish specimens were then randomly divided into three (n = 3) groups (2 specimens per group). Within each group, the specimens were beheaded, eviscerated, and filleted; finally, the white muscle of the fish fillets was removed, minced, and homogenised.Seabream  ink was provided by Sepink . The ink exhibited the following proximate composition (g·100 g−1): 78.4 (moisture), 6.4 (protein), 0.1 (lipids), 9.0 (ash), and 5.6 .Commercial cuttlefish (g for 30 min at 4 °C). The resulting supernatant was then collected. This extraction process was repeated three more times. Finally, all four supernatants were pooled together and made up to 250 mL with distilled water.To prepare the cuttlefish ink (CFI) extract, a mixture of CFI (6 g) and distilled water (100 mL) was stirred (30 s), sonicated (30 s), and centrifuged (3500× Loligo formosana) [In the present study, an aqueous extract of CFI was employed. This choice was based on the results of previous studies which have shown that aqueous ink extracts obtained from different cephalopod substrates, such as splendid squid (rmosana) ,28 and crmosana) , exhibitrmosana) ,30, greermosana) , and redrmosana)  macroalgFor the preparation of the minced fish system, fish muscle portions corresponding to the above-mentioned homogenised groups were employed. In this system, 4 g portions of seabream muscle were mixed with 0, 2, 5, or 10 mL of the above-mentioned CFI extract. Next, 10, 8, 5, or 0 mL of distilled water was added to each respective mixture, resulting in Control (CTR), CFI-1 (low CFI concentration), CFI-2 (medium CFI concentration), and CFI-3 (high CFI concentration) batches.n = 3). Additionally, each chemical analysis was carried out in triplicate for each single sample.Mixtures corresponding to all batches were stirred (30 s), sonicated (30 s), and incubated (50 °C for 12 days). Sampling was carried out at 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 days of the heating time. At each sampling time, mixtures were cooled to room temperature (18–20 °C). Then, mixtures were centrifuged, the supernatant discarded, and the solid phase  subjected to the extraction of the lipid fraction. The study was carried out by means of three independent sets that were analysed independently  and the weight (mg) of the lipid extract measured, respectively.The formation of conjugated diene (CD) compounds was determined spectrophotometrically  at 233 nm  on the lA·V·w−1, where A is the resulting spectrophotometric reading and V and w indicate the volume (mL) and the weight (mg), respectively, of the lipid extract measured.The formation of conjugated triene (CT) compounds was measured at 268 nm  on the l−1 lipids.The assessment of the peroxide value (PV) was carried out spectrophotometrically (520 nm) on the lipid fraction. For it, peroxide reduction with ferric thiocyanate was carried out . The res−1 muscle.The assessment of the free fatty acid (FFA) content was carried out on the lipid extract of the seabream muscle following the Lowry and Tinsley  method. stF/F, where F is the fluorescence measured at each excitation/emission wavelength pair and stF is the fluorescence intensity of a quinine sulphate solution (1 µg·mL−1 in 0.05 M H2SO4) at the corresponding wavelength pair. The formation of fluorescent compounds was calculated as the fluorescence ratio (FR) between the two RF values: FR = RF393/463 nm/RF327/415 nm.The determination of the interaction compound formation produced by the reaction of oxidised lipids and protein-type molecules was carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy . Fluorescent compound formation was measured at 393/463 and 327/415 nm . The relorg) and aqueous (FRaq) phases obtained from the lipid extraction [To obtain a more complete detection of the interaction compound formation, two different substrates obtained from the ink extract/minced seabream system were considered. Thus, the fluorescence ratio was analysed in the organic  by employing an acid-catalysed esterification and transesterification method  . Then, tThe results regarding FA groups (saturated FAs (STFAs), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), ω3 and ω6 FAs) and FA ratios , total MUFAs + total PUFAs/total STFAs, total ω3 FAs/total ω6 FAs) were calculated considering the values obtained for individual FAs.org, FRaq, FFAs, and FA ratios) were subjected to the multifactorial ANOVA method (randomised-block design) to analyse differences as a result of two process or independent variables (the CFI concentration and the heating time) [p < 0.05). As expressed above, three independent groups  were taken into account in the present research. To carry out the comparison of means, the Fisher’s least-squares difference (LSD) method was employed. Statistical analysis was determined with the PASW Statistics 18 software for Windows . The 95% confidence intervals of each lipid parameter were calculated; for this calculation, the standard deviation of each sample and the number of replicates were considered.Values obtained for the different response or dependent variables  ; the ANOCorrelation analyses between lipid damage values and the heating times were performed according to the Pearson method. Correlation values corresponding to linear fittings are expressed; otherwise, the kind of fitting is expressed.The evolution of the CD content during the heating time is shown in p < 0.05) with heating time was detected for the CD content . A comparison among batches revealed an inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on the formation of this kind of oxidised lipids as a result of the presence of the CFI in the heating medium. This effect was shown to increase with the CFI concentration. Thus, fish muscle corresponding to the CFI-3 batch showed lower (p < 0.05) CD levels than its counterpart CTR batch for the 2–8-day period.In most cases, a progressive formation (r = 0.87–0.93) (p < 0.05) in CTR, CFI-1, CFI-2, and CFI-3 batches was detected after 5, 8, 12, and 12 days of the heating time, respectively. As for the CD formation, the presence of the CFI in the reacting medium led to lower average CT values. Notably, differences between the CTR batch and those including the two highest CFI concentrations  were found significant for the 5–8-day period.The formation of CTs also showed a progressive increase during the whole heating time (87–0.93) . An incrp < 0.05) PV was observed after 5 days of heating time. In the case of the CFI-treated batches, the highest peroxide contents (p < 0.05) were observed after an 8-day heating time. A comparison among batches showed the highest PV in control canned fish for the 2–5-day period. Later on (8–12-day period), the highest mean values were observed in fish samples corresponding to the CFI-1 batch, and the lowest ones were detected in fish corresponding to the CFI-3 batch.Peroxide formation in heated fish lipids can be observed in p < 0.05) in the lipid extract  was detected in all batches as a result of increasing the heating time (r = 0.86–0.94) (A marked fluorescence formation (86–0.94) .p < 0.05) for the 5–8-day period when compared to fish muscle subjected to the CTR condition. Additionally, fish corresponding to the CFI-1 and CFI-3 batches showed lower (p < 0.05) values on days 2 and 15, respectively, than their counterpart CTR samples.Additionally, the highest mean levels were observed in all cases at the end of the experiment. A comparison among batches revealed lower mean values in the CFI-treated muscle than in their counterparts corresponding to the CTR condition. Thus, all tested CFI conditions led to lower values (aq) are shown in p > 0.05) after 2 days of heating treatment could be observed in any of the batches considered. However, a progressive increase (p < 0.05) with heating time was detected in all kinds of batches for the 5–12-day period (r = 0.93–0.95). A comparison among batches showed higher (p < 0.05) values in the CTR fish than in any of the CFI-treated samples during the 8–12-day heating time. The lowest mean levels were observed in fish corresponding to the CFI-1 batch for all the heating time.Data concerning the FR in the aqueous phase resulting from the lipid extraction  was detected in fish muscle corresponding to all batches. A remarkable correlation value with the heating time  was observed (p < 0.05) after a 2-day heating time. A comparison among batches showed some differences (p < 0.05); however, a definite trend in the presence and concentration of the CFI in the heating medium could not be concluded. Compared to the CTR fish, an inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on the FFA content was observed on day 2 (CFI-1 and CFI-3 batches), day 5 (CFI-2 batch) and day 8 (CFI-3 batch). Contrarily, fish muscle corresponding to the CTR batch showed the lowest average values at the end of the experiment.A strong FFA formation : 1.96 ± 0.01 (C14:0), 0.27 ± 0.02 (C15:0), 15.39 ± 0.07 (C16:0), 3.53 ± 0.02 (C16:1ω7), 0.37 ± 0.01 (C17:0), 4.32 ± 0.05 (C18:0), 31.73 ± 0.05 (C18:1ω9), 3.60 ± 0.01 (C18:1ω7), 24.38 ± 0.08 (C18:2ω6), 1.28 ± 0.01 (C20:1ω9), 0.87 ± 0.03 (C20:2ω6), 0.83 ± 0.06 (C20:4ω6), 0.32 ± 0.02 (C22:1ω9), 2.38 ± 0.03 (C20:5ω3), 0.26 ± 0.01 (C22:4ω6), 0.39 ± 0.02 (C24:1ω9), 1.86 ± 0.02 (C22:5ω3), and 6.27 ± 0.09 (C22:6ω3). When FA groups were taken into account, the following composition was observed : 22.31 ± 0.08 (STFAs), 40.85 ± 0.11 (MUFAs), 36.84 ± 0.06 (PUFAs), 10.51 ± 0.09 , 26.34 ± 0.05 , 0.56 ± 0.01 (PI), 3.48 ± 0.09 (MUFA + PUFA/STFA ratio), and 0.40 ± 0.00 (ω3/ω6 ratio).The FA profile of the starting fish muscle showed the following composition  ,38. Meanp < 0.05) for the CTR batch. A comparison among batches showed a protective effect (p < 0.05) on PUFAs on days 5 (CFI-2 batch) and 8 (CFI-3 batch) as a result of the CFI presence.The heating time led to very scarce changes in the PI of the fish muscle corresponding to all batches . In all p > 0.05) of the heating time and the CFI presence and concentration in the heating medium. Thus, values for both ratios were included in very narrow ranges . It is worth pointing out that the CTR batch did not show differences (p > 0.05) for both ratios during the heating time. Similarly, no effect (p > 0.05) of the CFI extract could be inferred.The analysis of the two other above-mentioned FA ratios  revealed no effect  in the first stages of the heating time (0–5-day period). However, as the heating time increased, the second factor  was shown to increase its influence on the primary oxidation development. Thus, a marked peroxide content decrease was detected in the CTR batch for the 5–12-day period and in all CFI-treated batches for the 8–12-day period. This decrease was found more important in the CTR batch than in those including the CFI extracts. This difference can be justified by the presence in the ink extract of antioxidant compounds that would lead to an inhibitory effect on the breakdown of the primary oxidation compounds.org and the FRaq values, both values increasing with the heating time. Notably, this FR increase was partially inhibited by the ink extract presence in the reacting medium; indeed, an increasing inhibitory effect was proven by increasing the ink extract concentration.According to the above-mentioned third effect , the present results have shown a strong interaction between oxidised lipids and nucleophilic-type molecules present in the fish muscle. This interaction could be proved in the FRScomber scombrus) (50 °C for 11 days)  [Thunnus thynnus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) (low peroxide content) [S. scombrus)  [Scomber colias) (low peroxide content) [Anguilla anguilla) (low peroxide content) [Salmo salar) pasta [Most research regarding heat-treated seafood has shown low values for primary lipid oxidation compounds, indicating a marked effect of the thermal breakdown on primary compounds. Such research has concerned heated–minced mackerel (ontents)  and diffcontent) , Atlantiontents) , Atlanticontent) , and eelcontent) . Howeverr) pasta .Regarding the determination of the fluorescent compound formation during the thermal processing of marine species, a relevant increase in the FR has been proved in a wide range of studies including fish model systems ,13 and corg and the FRaq determinations  contents, a decrease in the digestibility value, and a decrease in the sensory value  have been reported to be produced ,46,47. TClupeonella cultriventris)  [S. scombrus) (PI) [S. colias) (PI) [S. salar) pasta [S. scombrus) (50 °C for 11 days) [The present results have shown scarce effects of the thermal treatment on the FA parameters measured. In agreement with this conclusion, previous canning of brine-canned sprat  , water-pus) (PI) , and brias) (PI)  did not as) (PI) , in cookr) pasta , and in 11 days) .Loligo formosana) and proved that the highest antioxidant activity was found in fractions with molecular weight lower than 3 kDa; remarkably, the radical scavenging activity remained constant if the ink extract was subjected to heat treatment (90 °C up to 30 min). Based on thin-layer chromatography analysis, Senan [Sepia pharaonis) ink extract would be a peptide compound; this study also showed that the active principle was thermally stable (40–100 °C for 30 min). Similarly, previous research had already indicated that smaller-size peptides would be more stable in response to aggregation and high temperatures than bigger ones [Sepiella maindroni) ink. These three studies [The current study has shown a strong inhibitory effect of the ink extract on the lipid oxidation development of seabream muscle. Antioxidant properties of cuttlefish ink constituents and of other cephalopod species have already been reported, both in in vitro ,53 and fs, Senan  indicateger ones . Recentlger ones  proved t studies ,54,55 deS. officinalis) [Loligo duvauceli) [Sepia esculenta) [L. formosana) had antioxidant activity according to different in vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing power; additionally, this ink substrate showed a metal-chelating activity. Antioxidant properties  in melanin-free squid (Loligo duvaucelli) ink were also detected by Karim et al. [Taking into account all these characteristics of ink constituents, a wide range of previous in vitro studies have shown the antioxidant properties of cuttlefish and squid inks. The present results are in agreement with such inhibitory effects; however, CFI has not been employed previously with thermally treated seafood, to the best of our knowledge. Thus, based on the determination of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, a remarkable antioxidant behaviour was observed for cuttlefish  ,53, squivauceli) , and cutculenta) . Vate anculenta)  showed tm et al. .Rastrelliger kanagurta) during 15-day storage in ice by the presence of melanin-free ink obtained from splendid squid (L. formosana) [Loligo formosana) prevented lipid oxidation  in surimi gel sardine  during storage at 4 °C for 20 days. An increased shelf-life time during cold storage (15 days at 4 °C) was detected in squid (L. duvaucelli) by previous squid melanin-free ink soaking [S. officinalis) ink soaking was proven in cold-stored (12 days at 0 °C and 23 days at −2 °C) peeled shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus) [Sardinella aurita) during cold storage (4 °C for 35 days) was increased by previous soaking in cuttlefish  ink solution [Previous studies regarding the preservative effect of CFI extracts have also been focussed on non-thermally treated seafood. Thus, lipid oxidation (detection of peroxides and TBARS) was retarded in minced mackerel (rmosana) . Similarrmosana)  reported soaking ; additioathurus) . The shesolution ; additioIn the current study, the FFA content measured can be influenced by different factors. First, the thermal process can lead to the hydrolysis of higher-molecular-weight lipid classes such as triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs) ,9. SeconThunnus albacares) [S. scombrus) (50 °C for 11 days) [H. molitrix) [C. cultriventris) [T. albacares) [A. anguilla) [According to the present results, an increased FFA content has been described for thermally treated fish. This FFA formation concerns heated fish muscle systems such as cooked yellowfin tuna (bacares)  and minc11 days) . Regardiolitrix) ; sunflowventris) ; sunflowbacares) ; and sunnguilla) .Ulva lactuca or Fucus spiralis extracts to the packing medium of canned Atlantic Chub mackerel (S. colias) led to FFA values of 13.4 and 12.8 g·kg−1 lipids, respectively, that were found remarkably higher than in samples corresponding to the control condition (9.1 g·kg−1 lipids) [S. scombrus) system (50 °C for 11 days) [−1 lipids at the end of the experiment; this value was notably higher than that in the case of the control .No previous studies regarding the effect of ink extracts on the FFA content of thermally processed seafood are available, to the best of our knowledge. However, and contrary to the present results, previous research accounts for the FFA preservation in thermally treated seafood through the presence of antioxidant extracts obtained from other natural resources. Thus, the addition of macroalgae S. officinalis) ink were analysed and demonstrated in a heated fish system. The presence of an ink aqueous extract led to a lower (p < 0.05) development of lipid oxidation  and to a higher (p < 0.05) retention of unsaturated FAs (PI determination). Preservative effects were found more relevant with an increase in the CFI concentration and the heating times. Contrarily, a definite effect on the FFA content (lipid hydrolysis development) could not be concluded.The antioxidant properties of cuttlefish  and lipophilic (organic solvents) extracts is found necessary. With this purpose, the employment of advanced extraction procedures  ought to be addressed too.


In this study, a ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve was prepared by the hydrothermal method using coal gangue as the raw material and cellulose aerogel (CLCA) as the green templating agent, which not only reduces the cost of traditional molecular preparation but also improves the comprehensive resource utilization rate of coal gangue. Through a series of characterization methods , the crystal form, morphology, and specific surface area of the prepared sample were tested and analyzed. The performance of the adsorption process of malachite green (MG) solution was analyzed by adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm. The results show that the synthesized zeolite molecular sieve and the commercial zeolite molecular sieve are highly consistent. At a crystallization time of 16 h, a crystallization temperature of 180 °C, and an additive amount of cellulose aerogel of 0.6 g, the adsorption capacity of ZSM−5/CLCA for MG was up to 136.5 mg/g, much higher than that of commercially available ZSM−5. This provides an idea for the green preparation of gangue-based zeolite molecular sieves to remove organic pollutants from water. Moreover, the process of adsorbing MG on the multistage porous molecular sieve, which is spontaneous, conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. Water pollution is one of the world’s major challenges, especially when it is caused by organic dyes in printing and dyeing wastewater . The con2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposites were prepared for the degradation of methylene blue by using thermal decomposition and in situ methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the photocatalytic performance of AF-Bi2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposites was superior to that of Bi2Sn2O7 and AF-Bi2Sn2O7. Gnanamoorthy et al. [2 and CuNiO2/rGO nanocomposites by a hydrothermal method, which showed good photocatalytic properties for methylene blue. Bilgic et al. [Gnanamoorthy et al.  amine-fuy et al.  preparedc et al.  successfc et al.  chose foXinjiang is one of China’s largest coal fields, with an annual coal yield of nearly 400 million tons. Coal gangue (CG) is produced during coal preparation and mining, accounting for about 10–15% of the total coal production. The accumulation of CG reduces the utilization rate of available land resources, induces geological disasters, and pollutes the air and water, seriously threatening human health . For the2O3 and SiO2 [CG can be used as the material for molecular sieves because of the high content of Aland SiO2 . As the and SiO2 . After p3) was about 50%, and the adsorption rate of heavy metals Pb (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) was more than 70%. Jin et al. [2+. Zhang et al. [2+ and Cu2+. However, the synthesis process and conditions were not given. Sun et al. [2+), and the removal rate was as high as 100%. After five adsorption/desorption cycles, the removal rate was still over 63.71%. Zhao et al. [With corn starch as the pore-forming agent and CG and bauxite as the raw materials, Lu et al.  successfn et al.  preparedg et al.  studied g et al.  studied g et al.  synthesin et al.  preparedn et al.  and Ge en et al.  studied o et al.  preparedAccording to commercial zeolite molecular sieves, this paper provides a new method of using cellulose green template and solvent in the synthesis of solid waste CG-based molecular sieves. To realize the resource utilization of wastes, CG is used as the raw material to prepare molecular sieve environmental remediation materials, which greatly reduces the discharge of three wastes and improves the comprehensive utilization of solid wastes. By adjusting the ratio of silicon to aluminum in CG, the CG-based multistage porous molecular sieve material with high crystallinity was successfully synthesized by the method of hydrothermal crystallization-calcination. This study discussed the potential of CG with a high content of Al and Si as the raw material to prepare zeolite molecular sieves, and the optimum technological parameters for the synthesis of zeolite molecular sieves were determined. Through a series of adsorption experiments with different parameters , the interaction of the CG-based zeolite molecular sieve in the adsorption of malachite green (MG) in wastewater was determined, and the adsorption kinetics and isothermal model were studied. Finally, the application prospect of CG adsorption in dye-polluted environments was expounded.2 and Al2O3 were found to be the main chemical components, accounting for 64.49%. They are the basic materials for the preparation of various zeolite molecular sieves, indicating the great potential of CG as the material for synthesizing zeolite molecular sieves. Additionally, CG also contains a certain amount of other metal oxides, such as Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO, which may affect the surface chemical properties and adsorption properties of the material.After crushing the CG , it was analyzed and SiO2, NH3·H2O, CH3NH2, Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); and Malachite Green  are all commercially available materials and can be used directly in the sample preparation process.Cotton linter cellulose ; Sodium hydroxide ; Tetraethyl orthosilicate ; Sodium aluminate, ammonia, methylamine (NaAlO2O (7:12:81 by mass) and then placed in a refrigerator for 12 h. The samples were then allowed to thaw at room temperature, washed to neutrality with deionized water, and freeze-dried for 24 h to prepare cellulose aerogel (CLCA).Cellulose aerogels (CLCA) not only have excellent properties such as low density, high porosity, and specific surface area, but the hydroxyl functional groups on their surfaces can interact with silica-aluminum gels and act as structural guides, allowing for changes in the specific surface area and pore volume of the sample. For the reparation of CLCA, 4 g of cellulose powder was dispersed in NaOH/Urea/HReference . The steAn X-ray diffractometer  was used to analyze the characteristics of the crystal form and the crystallization of the sample. The test conditions are: the sample was powdered , Cu target Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å), scanning angle range of 5~40°, scanning speed of 5°/min (the grinding mentioned in the preparation process was mortar grinding). The purpose was to fully disperse the particles; cellulose aerogel as a template only plays a role in pore-making, and then the templating agent in the crystal needs to be removed by roasting. Therefore, it will not affect the crystallinity of the sample). The appearance of the sample was observed by the scanning electron microscope  test process: A trace sample was directly glued to the conductive adhesive, and the Oxford Quorum SC7620 sputtering coater was used to spray gold for 45 s at 10 mA. Then, the sample morphology was photographed at a 3 kV acceleration voltage. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer  was used to conduct the characterization analysis of the functional groups of the sample. The specific surface area and void distribution of the sample were calculated for the characterization analysis using the automatic specific surface area and porosity analyzer . The thermal stability of the samples was analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer  under the following conditions: The samples were measured at a temperature increase rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 800 °C. The morphology of the molecular sieve was analyzed using a high-power transmission electron microscope . The test was carried out by dispersing the sample powder in anhydrous ethanol, then dropping the suspension onto a copper grid and waiting for the ethanol to evaporate.Next, we explored the adsorption performance of ZSM−5/CLCA . The adsorption effects of the adsorbent on MG were investigated under different conditions, such as time, initial concentration of MG, temperature, and pH value. After adsorption, the 25 × 0.45 μm organic filter was used as a membrane to separate the adsorbent from the MG solution. The UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to record the absorbance of the solution before and after adsorption. The adsorption capacity and removal rate of the adsorbent from MG were calculated according to Formulas (1) and (2).Adsorption capacity:t is the adsorption capacity, unit: mg/g; C0 represents the initial concentration of MG solution, and Ct represents the concentration of MG solution at time t, unit: mg/L; V is the volume of MG solution, unit: L; W is the mass of adsorbent, unit: g; η represents the removal rate, unit: %.Removal rate:The relative crystalline pairs are calculated as a percentage of the sample’s (2θ) = 7.5–24° diffraction peak area to the reference sample’s 7.5–24° diffraction peak area. In this paper, a sample with good crystallinity  was chosen as the reference sample for the calculation of crystallization pairs, which were calculated as:As can be seen from XRD analyzed the ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve samples synthesized at different temperatures, and the XRD spectrum of The template plays an important role in the hydrothermal synthesis of molecular sieves, such as in structure orientation, skeleton space-filling, and the balance of skeleton charge. The amount of the template’s addition affects the physicochemical and adsorption properties of molecular sieves .As shown in −1, the characteristic skeleton vibration peaks of ZSM−5/CLCA appear. 1233 cm−1 and 1104 cm−1 represent the tensile vibration peak of the five-membered ring and the asymmetric stretching vibration peak of the Al-O-Si bond. At 800 cm−1, there is a symmetric stretching vibration peak of the Al-O-Si bond. 552 cm−1 and 448 cm−1 correspond to the typical characteristic peak of the double five-membered ring and T-O bond bending vibration of the MFI structure. This agreed with the results of previous studies [ studies .The thermogravimetric curves of the ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve (CLCA = 0.6 g) are shown in The SEM and TEM of the ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve at a crystallization time of 16 h, a crystallization temperature of 180 °C, and a CLCA of 0.6 g are shown in 2 and the molecular sieve is enhanced in micropores, leading to micropore filling at low relative pressure [pressure . At the pressure . Accordi2⋅g−1 and 0.1959 cm3⋅g−1, respectively, while those of ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve are 398 m2⋅g−1 and 0.2029 cm3⋅g−1, respectively. Through comparison, it is found that adding CLCA can increase the specific surface area and total pore volume of molecular sieves.The aperture distribution of ZSM−5 and ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieves was calculated using the BJH method. The specific data results are shown in MG is a kind of crystalline powder with a metallic luster. The color of its aqueous solution is affected by its pH value. When the pH value of the solution is less than 2.0, it is yellow-green. When the pH value is greater than 10.0, the color of the aqueous solution changes from blue-green to colorless, and MG is converted into the methanol-based molecular structure under the alkaline condition . Therefo+ will compete with cationic dyes for adsorption sites [+ decreases with the increase in pH value, and the competition between MG and H+ weakens, resulting in an increase in the adsorption capacity and removal rate. With continuous adsorption, the active sites on the surface of the molecular sieve are gradually occupied, resulting in the adsorption capacity and removal rate reaching saturation and coming to equilibrium. At this time, the adsorption capacity of ZSM−5 is 132 mg/g, with an adsorption rate of approximately 79%; the adsorption capacity of ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve is 164 mg/g, with an adsorption rate of approximately 98%.The effect of pH on the adsorption performance of the adsorbent was investigated by varying the initial pH of the MG solution (100 mg/L) at room temperature with a fixed adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g. on sites . When thThis section focuses on the effect of different initial concentrations  on the adsorption performance of the molecular sieve. As can be seen from 2 is 0.99 and 0.96, respectively). The adsorption kinetic model is one of the important parameters in the adsorption process that can reflect the adsorption rate . Figure 2 (0.98) of the Langmuir isotherm model is greater than that of the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model (0.73 and 0.46), that is, the Langmuir isotherm model can better describe the adsorption of MG by molecular sieves, and the adsorption process of MG by molecular sieves is single-molecular layer adsorption. In addition, the correlation coefficient R2 of the Temkin isothermal adsorption model was also high, indicating the existence of electrostatic solids and ion-exchange chemisorption in the adsorption process. Furthermore, the E values calculated by the D-R isothermal adsorption model were all greater than 16 KJ/mol, also indicating the existence of an ion-exchange mechanism in the adsorption process [The adsorption isotherm model can reflect the relationship between the concentration of adsorbate in solid and liquid phases at a certain temperature. This paper uses the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model to fit the adsorption effect on MG. As shown in  process .A comparison of the adsorption capacity of ZSM−5/CLCA with other adsorbent materials for MG is shown in d as the vertical coordinate and 1/T as the horizontal coordinate to obtain The experimental data were linearly fitted to the data using lnK(1)Crystallization time, crystallization temperature, and the additive amount of template significantly affect the structure and properties of the ZSM−5/CLCA molecular sieve. When the optimum preparation conditions are: the crystallization time is 16 h, the crystallization temperature is 180 °C, and the additive volume of CLCA is 0.6 g, the adsorption of MG could reach 136.5 mg/g, which was much higher than the adsorption amount of the ZSM−5 molecular sieve for MG.(2)The results of the adsorption experiments show that the adsorption of MG by ZSM−5/CLCA is a spontaneous heat absorption reaction, which is in accordance with the quasi-secondary kinetic equation and the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. By calculating the Temkind isothermal adsorption model and the D-R isothermal adsorption model, it is clear that the adsorption process involves electrostatic interaction and chemisorption by ion exchange.In this paper, a ZSM−5/CLCA multistage porous molecular sieve was prepared using the hydrothermal reaction method with CG as the raw material and CLCA as the template. Through analyzing the synthesis conditions, the following conclusions could be drawn:


The stimuli-responsive nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have become an ideal stimuli-responsive material due to their large specific surface area and porosity, which can respond extremely quickly to external environmental incitement. As an intelligent drug delivery platform, stimuli-responsive nanofibers can efficiently load drugs and then be stimulated by specific conditions  to achieve slow, on-demand or targeted release, showing great potential in areas such as drug delivery, tumor therapy, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent trends of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers as intelligent drug delivery platforms in the field of biomedicine. Stimuli-responsive materials are a new class of intelligent materials developed based on the concept of bionics, which can respond to small changes in the environment, such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, light, and ultrasound, through significant changes in their chemical or physical properties , 2. Due Electrospinning can prepare polymer fibers nanometer diameter, and possesses the advantages of simple operation, extensive application range and high production efficiency , 14. EleTherefore, this paper reviews the recent trends of intelligent drug delivery systems constructed from stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers in the biomedical field Scheme . FirstlyElectrospinning is a process in which the charged polymer solution is stretched and deformed by the electric field force generated by high-voltage static electricity, and then the nanofibers are obtained by volatilization of the solvent , 23. TheThe materials used to prepare nanofibers by electrospinning are generally polymers. At present, more than 100 kinds of polymers have been successfully prepared as nanofibers, which can be divided into synthetic polymers and natural polymers. Synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyurethane (PU) and other materials have controllable mechanical strength and physical properties, and excellent spinning performance , 31. DueCommon solvents utilized in electrospinning include formic acid, dichloromethane, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), dimethylformamide (DMF), acetic acid, ethanol, trifluoroacetic acid, tetrahydrofuran and distilled water . The proElectrospun nanofibers have a large specific surface area and high porosity and can simulate the complex three-dimensional micro/nanofiber structure in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation, which is very attractive in the field of biomedicine. More importantly, electrospun nanofibers can efficiently load a variety of drugs , and then release the drugs through specific sites, specific doses, and timed to achieve better efficacy and lower toxic side effects. Further, by adding stimulus-responsive materials that can respond to external or internal stimuli, the nanofibers can be complexly regulated to release drugs. At present, the preparation of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers mainly includes blend electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning and post-modification of electrospun nanofibers Fig. b Figs. , 3.Blend electrospinning is to add components with specific stimulus response to the spinning solution and form stimuli-responsive nanofibers by electrospinning with a single nozzle . For exaCoaxial electrospinning is to spray two spinning solutions through a coaxial nozzle, and finally form core-shell nanofibers under the action of a high-voltage electric field . The addStimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers can also be obtained by post-modification on the surface of nanofibers. Ordinary electrospun nanofibers can immobilize stimuli-responsive substances on the surface of nanofibers through post-modification techniques . NanofibResearchers typically utilize a range of techniques to characterize the structure and properties of nanofibers. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been widely applied to observe the morphology of nanofibers, including a smooth surface, beaded structure, banded structure, multilayer structure, and rough surface . FurtherCurrent stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers can respond to stimuli including light, temperature, magnetic field, pH, or ROS . Table 12) irradiation, which was able to significantly kill HepG2 cancer cells in vitro [Light-responsive electrospun nanofibers can generate heat or release drugs in response to irradiation at specific wavelengths , with the possibility of non-invasive and remote spatiotemporal control . The prein vitro . Light-rin vitro .Temperature-responsive electrospun nanofibers require the addition of thermosensitive polymers to the nanofibers , 71. TheMagnetic field-response electrospun nanofibers move or generate heat when stimulated by a magnetic field . The suppH-responsive electrospun nanofibers have a broad prospect in disease treatment because abnormal pH changes in human tissue sites are closely related to pathological conditions , 81. pH-Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including tumors, chronic wounds, myocardial infarction (MI), and postoperative tissue adhesions . During Many researchers are designing electrospun nanofibers into multiple stimuli-responsive systems, such as light/temperature , pH/ROX The stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers can directly encapsulate drugs in the fibers, which have the characteristics of large loading capacity and high encapsulation efficiency , 111. In3) and the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in mesoporous silica and then blended with polylactic acid (PLLA) to obtain acid-responsive electrospun nanofibers. When nanofibers are delivered to the acidic environment of the tumor, NaHCO3 rapidly reacts with acid (H+) to produce carbon dioxide gas, and forms a channel inside the fiber to promote the release of DOX, which can effectively kill cancer cells [At present, the commonly used clinical cancer treatment methods include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and gene therapy, among which chemotherapy is still the main method for the clinical treatment of various cancers –116. Dueer cells .During wound healing, colonization of the wound site by bacteria and other microorganisms leads to inflammation and delayed healing. While most wound infections will heal on their own, untreated or poorly treated severe wounds can persist and become life-threatening. As a result, many wound dressings with antimicrobial properties have been developed , 127. BuThe development of tissue engineering scaffolds is of great significance for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues or organs. Nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have good mechanical properties, high surface-volume ratio and morphological characteristics similar to ECM, which are widely used for tissue regeneration such as nerves, blood vessels, bone and heart. To enhance the therapeutic effect of electrospun nanofibers, researchers endowed them with intelligent properties to develop stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers, which can intelligently release drugs and accelerate tissue regeneration . For exaRapid endothelialization and long-term anticoagulation are a key challenge in the development of tissue-engineered small-diameter vascular grafts . Therefo2) nanofibers membrane with photothermal properties for bone regeneration, in which MoS2 nanosheets were used as osteogenic enhancer and near-infrared photothermal agent [2 nanofibers membrane produced mild photoheat induced by near-infrared laser, which promoted the growth of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, repaired the tibial bone defect in vivo, and promoted osteogenesis and bone healing in rats. This nanofibers membrane can be used as a light-responsive bone scaffold for the treatment of bone defects.Some studies have demonstrated that mild photothermal stimulation can effectively promote osteogenesis and bone repair. Therefore, Ma et al. designed PCL/molybdenum disulfide  to achieve slow, on-demand or targeted release, showing great potential in areas such as drug delivery, tumor therapy, wound dressing, and tissue engineering.Although several in vitro proof-of-concept of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers have been reported, no stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers have made it to the clinic. The toxicity of these smart drug delivery systems is uncertain and is influenced by a variety of factors, including composition, physicochemical properties, route of administration, and dosage. Their composition and drug release mechanisms are more complex than those of ordinary formulations, making their toxicity more difficult to determine accurately. In addition, the clinical efficacy of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers is uncertain, and the difference in response to these agents implanted in each individual may be significant. For example, the depth of the implant site may affect the intensity of light and magnetic field response, and the microenvironment  at the site of the disease is different for different people. It should be noted that the complexity of the architecture design leads to the high difficulty and cost of scale-up production of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers, which limits their development into clinical practice. Ensuring the industrial production and security of electrospun nanofibers in the human body is crucial to promoting their clinical trials. Although stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers have great clinical problems, their potential in disease treatment cannot be denied. In particular, stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers have unique advantages in targeting intractable diseases such as cancer and tissue repair.In the future, stimulus-responsive electrospinning nanofibers will evolve in the direction of multi-function and intelligence. For instance, the combination therapy of tumors can inoculate immune cells into stimulus-responsive electrospun nanofibers, and achieve a controlled release of drugs and immune cells at the same time after implantation in the body to jointly kill tumor cells . In addi


Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness, with cutaneous KS being a more common presentation. Visceral involvement, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, without cutaneous involvement, is rare. Consisting of generally non-specific symptoms, GI-KS can have potentially fatal outcomes, including hemorrhage or perforation, making prompt diagnosis and treatment imperative. Our case describes a 31-year-old male with AIDS who presented with a neck mass and purulent, bloody rectal drainage. The neck mass was biopsied and identified as caseated necrotic cervical lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). The patient presented with rectal drainage, and additional abdominal necrotic lymph nodes were discovered on CT. A subsequent colonoscopy was completed, confirming the diagnosis of visceral KS. Delayed diagnosis of visceral KS can lead to an extensive, widespread disease requiring adjuvant and prolonged treatment. Prompt diagnosis can reduce morbidity and mortality. This case aims to shed light on a rare presentation of a common disease state with potentially fatal complications and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an aggressive vascular tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) that can present with cutaneous or visceral manifestations. KS is typically known as an AIDS-defining malignancy, and it is the most common AIDS-associated tumor . KS affeVisceral organ involvement of KS without the presence of cutaneous disease is a rare occurrence that is highly aggressive and fatal if treatment is delayed. The most common sites of involvement of visceral KS in the GI tract are the stomach, colon, and small intestine; virtually any organ from the mouth to the anus may be affected . IdentifA 31-year-old male with a past medical history of AIDS (clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) count of 194; compliant with bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide therapy) and intravenous drug use presented to our institution with a right-sided neck mass. He reported noticing the mass one month prior to the presentation. He described associated pain and decreased range of motion. He also admitted to having purulent stools and rectal bleeding. He reported anoreceptive intercourse and constipation.Initial vital signs on presentation were as follows: blood pressure of 100/62, pulse rate of 98 bpm, temperature of 99.3°F, respiratory rate of 14 breaths per minute, and 100% oxygenation on room air. Laboratory tests included a chemistry panel that was within normal limits. A complete blood count showed normocytic anemia  testing was negative. A computed tomography (CT) of the neck soft tissues with intravenous contrast (IV) demonstrated bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy with areas of internal necrosis and caseation. On the right side, a lymph node conglomerate measured up to 7.3 centimeters Figure . On the A CT of the abdomen and pelvis was ordered due to the patient’s complaint of rectal bleeding and to assess for further lymphadenopathy Figure . The exaGastroenterology (GI) was consulted due to rectal bleeding and a possible colonoscopy. The GI team was unable to perform a colonoscopy as the patient was unwilling to complete the preparation. General surgery performed an inguinal lymph node excision and biopsy. Pathology later demonstrated a spindle-cell neoplasm consistent with Kaposi's sarcoma. Histologic sections showed areas of subcapsular spindle cell proliferation with HHV8+ and CD34 variables.The patient left the hospital against medical advice. He had an inconsistent outpatient follow-up but was able to make it to an oncology appointment and complete a positron emission tomography CT (PET CT) Figure . The PETThe patient returned to the emergency department approximately two months later with worsening abdominal pain. A CT of the abdomen and pelvis showed worsening bowel wall thickening and inflammatory changes in the rectosigmoid colon, extensive mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, and necrotic conglomerate lymphadenopathy in the left upper abdomen mesentery. The GI team performed a colonoscopy and found a mass lesion and ulceration 3 cm from the anal verge. Pathology results confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma. Oncology diagnosed Kaposi's sarcoma with cT1 , I1 (CD4150), and S1 (recent Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection), which correlated to poor-risk disease. He was started on liposomal doxorubicin (20 mg/m2) every three weeks. The patient has remained compliant with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) therapy and has tolerated chemotherapy; further follow-up is scheduled.A thorough evaluation of the lymphadenopathy in our patient allowed for a concurrent diagnosis of MAC and Kaposi's sarcoma. MAC is an acid-fast, slow-growing bacterium that is typically acquired through exposure to contaminated soil and water. Its ability to spread through water is due to its resistance to chlorine and biocides . The incMAC infections can present as pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, or lymphadenitis. MAC lymphadenitis typically affects the cervical chain and most often impacts children . It can KS is a tumor caused by the growth of infected lymphatic endothelial cells in patients with HHV-8 . KS is cClassic KS typically presents as purple, red, or brown-black plaques, macules, or nodules on the face that can spread to the trunk and lower abdomen. These skin lesions are a hallmark of this vascular tumor. In rare cases, classic KS can present without typical skin lesions, making it difficult to diagnose accurately . ClassicWhen considering differential diagnoses, it is important to consider KS in the setting of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (KS-IRIS). This differential is important to consider in a patient with worsening KS after starting ART. Patients may also present with a recurrence of previously treated opportunistic infections, symptoms, or inflammatory processes despite an earlier favorable response to ART . PulmonaVisceral KS can affect any organ, mainly lymph nodes, lungs, and the GI tract . The mosKS is a complicated lesion at the microscopic level: in the early stages, there are clusters of uneven spaces lined with endothelial cells surrounding normal skin blood vessels, along with a varying degree of inflammation (referred to as the patch stage). This is followed by the spread of spindle-shaped blood vessels throughout the dermis (the plaque stage), creating channels that hold red blood cells. The later nodular stage of KS is made up of layers of spindle cells, which make up much of the lesion and are believed to be the cancerous component. Most of the spindle cells in KS display markers of endothelial cells, including CD31, CD34, and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) .In patch-stage KS lesions, it is common to find sparse chronic inflammatory cells and red blood cells that have leaked out of blood vessels. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions also have a significant presence of macrophages filled with hemosiderin. This is expected, as iron is believed to play a crucial role in the development of KS. Iron staining can be used to differentiate KS from similar-appearing interstitial granuloma annulare lesions, which lack iron . The earThe primary goals for the treatment of KS are the alleviation of symptoms and minimizing the progression of the disease. The treatment options for Kaposi sarcoma range from simply monitoring the disease to local treatments to systemic chemotherapy using drugs like paclitaxel and anthracyclines such as doxorubicin and adriamycin. In AIDS-related KS, systemic treatment is centered around combined anti-retroviral therapy (ART), with the need for additional treatment depending on the extent of the disease . Local sIn extensive and rapidly progressive KS, both systemic chemotherapy and ART are indicated . LiposomOur case presents an interesting concurrent presentation of two different pathologies, MAC and visceral KS. Both diagnoses could have individually explained the lymphadenopathy seen in our patient. The enlarging neck mass raised concern for lymphadenitis, possibly related to TB. However, diagnostic investigation allowed the diagnosis of MAC infection. Due to concurrent rectal bleeding in the patient, further investigation and assessment of inguinal lymphadenopathy were pursued. The inguinal lymph node biopsy allowed proper diagnosis while the colonoscopy was initially delayed. Both disease states are important differentials when treating patients with AIDS. A thorough evaluation of HIV lymphadenopathy and knowledge of the significant overlap between these two pathologies is necessary, especially when treating immunocompromised patients.


This indicates that the molecular chains that bear the drawing stress also bear most of the applied stress during tensile testing of the resultant fiber. In addition, considering the drawing-stress dependence of the d-spacing and the molecular weight distribution of the fiber revealed that molecular chains with molecular weights over 23,000 g/mol bear the majority of tensile force applied to the fiber.The combination of laser irradiation heating and synchrotron X-ray sources has made it possible to observe the fiber-structure development that occurs at sub-millisecond timescales after necking during continuous drawing. Through wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of poly fibers of three different molecular weights drawn under equivalent stresses, a good correlation was observed between the  Poly (PET) fiber accounts for over half of all fibers currently produced. Because of this huge production, numerous studies have been conducted on the structure and properties of PET fibers. Recently, physical-property control has become strongly desired from an environmental viewpoint. Specifically, the tensile strength of the fiber must not only meet use requirements, it should also decrease as quickly as possible after disposal to minimize environmental damage, such as ghost fishing.6. Most of these assume few-nanometer-sized structures called microfibrils in which crystal and amorphous phases are alternately arranged along the fiber axis. According to these models, tensile force is applied intensively to the taut tie-chains in the amorphous phases connecting crystallites. The properties at small deformations, such as Young’s modulus and thermal shrinkage stress, can be accurately estimated by models using averaged structural parameters, such as crystallinity and molecular orientation. Conversely, the properties at large deformations, in particular fiber strength, are poorly estimated because the initial structure changes with tensile deformation until breakage. However, the amount of taut-tie-chains bearing tensile force is not changed much by tensile deformation. Therefore, we focused on the embryo of the taut-tie-chain, the intermediate so-called ‘smectic phase’7. The smectic phase has a fibrillar-shape with an aspect ratio of ~ 10 and is thought to be transformed into microfibrils in the resultant fiber by orientation-induced crystallization8. Because the smectic phase comprises bundles of oriented molecular chains, this phase mainly bears the tensile force during the fiber-drawing process prior to orientation-induced crystallization9, and these bundles of oriented molecular chains also bear the tensile force applied to the resultant fiber at breakage.Many structural models have been proposed for estimating the physical properties of fibers10, but excessively high molecular weights negatively affect molecular orientation along the fiber axis because of molecular chain entanglement. This poor molecular orientation decreases the amount of molecular chains bearing the tensile force applied to the fiber, decreasing the tensile strength of the fiber. Accordingly, an appropriate molecular-weight distribution is essential in the design of PET fibers with tailored tensile properties. Particularly, fiber strength is decided by the amount of molecular chains bearing tensile force through the entanglements, and high-molecular-weight chains tend to be those bearing tensile force. Therefore, the concept of a critical chain molecular weight able to bear tensile force would provide a guideline to optimize the molecular-weight distribution of fibers.High-molecular-weight polymer is generally used for obtaining high-tensile-strength PET fiber11 and drawing12. Furthermore, using the rapid and uniform heating available with CO2 laser irradiation on the continuous fiber drawing process, the necking point can be kept stationary. Thus, fiber-structure development can be observed using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns taken at different distances from the necking point. The time elapsed after necking can be calculated from the distance divided by the fiber running speed8. Moreover, recent improvements in both S/N ratio and diffraction angle resolution have been made possible using an ultra-bright beamline equipped with an undulator and a high-resolution SOPHIAS detector16, allowing structural changes in the smectic phase to be observed more precisely. Accordingly, good correlation between the amount of smectic phase and the tensile strength of drawn fibers has been observed16. Furthermore, the apparent modulus was obtained from the change in smectic d-spacing with drawing stress9. This indicates that the extension of the molecular chains can be quantitatively estimated from the smectic d-spacing. Therefore, the d-spacing can be used to estimate the fraction of molecular chains that can bear the tensile force applied to the fiber, and it can be used to examine the relationship with the tensile strength more precisely than the amount of smectic phase.The increased availability of synchrotron X-ray sources has made it possible to observe the orientation-induced crystallization behavior of fibers that occurs at sub-millisecond timescales during manufacturing processes such as spinningIn the present study, we investigated fiber-structure development in PET during laser drawing by simultaneous WAXD/SAXS measurement with a time resolution of 0.1 ms. To investigate the effect of molecular-weight distribution, three kinds of fiber produced by the polymers, H, M, and L  diffraction disappears, while the crystal WAXD diffractions and a four-point SAXS pattern develop. For the H polymer, a stronger smectic (001ʹ) diffraction and a longer elapsed time until dissipation than those for the L polymer are observed  of the smectic (001ʹ) diffraction obtained from the meridional SAXS profile . The weight fraction of each molecular-weight chain was used for the calculation because the fraction should coincide with the fraction of the chains included in a fiber cross-section. A value of Mc = 23,000 g/mol was determined by a least squares method. Figure Mc corresponds to a PET chain length of ~ 130 nm, and this is almost twice the maximum length of the smectic phase  supplied by Toray Industries, Inc. The polymers were melt-spun with extruding from a one-hole nozzle at a mass flow rate of 5.0 g/min and taken up at 300 m/min. The spinning temperature was 280 °C for L and M and 310 °C for H. The nozzle diameter and the length/diameter ratio were 1.0 mm and 3, respectively.21, and the absorption coefficient at laser beam wavelengths of 1.149 × 104 m−1 for PET were used to estimate the laser irradiation energy. The heat transfer coefficient was estimated using the experimental formula proposed by Kase and Matsuo22. The heat of crystallization was calculated from the heat of fusion of drawn fibers measured by DSC. The obtained temperature profiles are summarized in Fig. The drawing conditions are given in Table Mw) of the L, M, and H polymer fibers were 13,800, 20,900, and 28,300, respectively. Their molecular weight distributions are shown in Fig. The molecular weight distributions for as-spun fibers were measured by a Waters-Alliance-e2695 equipped with a ShodexHFIP806M column and a Waters-2414 differential refractometer detector. Measurement was conducted at 30 °C using hexafluoroisopropanol supplemented with 0.005 N sodium trifluoroacetate as the eluent at a concentration of 0.83 w/v% and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Narrow-molecular-weight-distribution polymethylmethacrylate was used as a standard. The obtained weight average molecular weights  was generated by a PIN-30R laser  and used to irradiate the running fiber from three different directions. The laser power for each draw ratio was determined to minimize fluctuations in the neck-drawing point. The drawing stress was calculated from the diameter of the drawn fiber and drawing tension, which was measured using a tension meter  with a 1-N pickup installed between the neck-drawing point and take-up roller.Fibers were drawn continuously owing to the speed difference between the feed and take-up rollers under heating by CO13.X-ray diffraction patterns of the running fibers were acquired at certain elapsed times after necking. The elapsed time after necking, determined by the distance between the X-ray irradiation point and necking point, was changed by moving the laser irradiation position. For elapsed times of less than 1.0 ms, the distance was measured accurately by video images acquired from the direction coaxial to the X-ray beam using a video camera  equipped with a telecentric lens  with × 2  magnification. In addition to the average distance, the necking point fluctuation width was determined using every tenth still image taken from the video images. A time resolution of 0.11–0.14 ms was calculated from the fiber running speed and the position resolution, which was obtained from the necking point length (0.16–0.29 mm), X-ray beam width (0.04 mm), and the aforementioned necking point fluctuation width (0.01–0.06 mm). This measurement method is described in more detail in a previous report24. This system had integrating-type pixels and was operated at 20 frames/s. To verify the measurement precision, every ten images were acquired, analyzed individually, and then the average and standard deviation were calculated.The ultrahigh-intensity synchrotron X-ray beamline of SPring-8 BL03XU (FSBL) equipped with an undulator was used in this study. The wavelength of the X-ray beam was 0.10 nm and the beam dimensions were 40 µm × 40 µm along the vertical and horizontal directions. For WAXD and SAXS measurements, the camera lengths were 96 and 393 mm, respectively, the exposure time for both measurements was 0.4 s, and the detector was a 1032 px × 1032 px flat panel detector (50 mm/px) and a direct-detection X-ray SOI-CMOS 2D detector , respectivelyθ0, I0, and β are the position, intensity, and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of each peak and halo, respectively. The equatorial intensity profiles were fitted well by the diffraction and halo profiles. The crystallinity index (Xc) was determined as the integrated intensity ratio of the crystal diffraction to the total. The obtained Xc shown in Fig. E-Xc values than those at 3.0 ms for the drawn fibers can be regarded as secondary crystallization that proceeds after the termination of primary crystallization. Accordingly, the primary crystallization rate (Kc) and the induction time of primary crystallization (t0) were estimated by applying Eq. , and persistence length (L) of the smectic phase were evaluated from the integrated intensity along the meridian (I), peak position, and widths of the diffraction peak9. The integrated intensity (I) was normalized by the X-ray irradiation volume. The peak position and width along the meridian were obtained by fitting of the Gaussian function  and integral widths along to the meridian (a) were used for the calculation.As shown in Fig. tion Eq. . The d, Birefringence for each fiber was measured using a polarized microscope  with a 546-nm monochromic filter. Tricresyl phosphate was used as the immersion oil. The average and standard deviation of the birefringence were calculated for every ten samples.The tensile properties of the drawn fibers were analyzed by tensile tests using an Autograph AGS-X instrument  equipped with a 50-N load cell. The sample length and elongation rate were 40 mm and 100%/min, respectively. The average and standard deviation of the strength, elongation, and Young’s modulus were calculated for every ten samples. The natural draw ratio (NDR) was defined as the draw ratio at which the tensile stress began to increase again with dissipation of the necking point.25 was used for calculations.Thermal and mechanical properties were also analyzed by TMA and DSC. TMA was conducted using a thermomechanical analyzer  to measure the thermal shrinkage factor and shrinkage stress at heating rates of 5 and 10 K/min, respectively. The sample length was 10 mm for both measurements. DSC was performed using a calorimeter  with a heating rate of 10 K/min. Short-cut fibers were used as samples for the measurements. The melting point and crystallinity were determined from the peak position and the heat of fusion in the DSC curve. The heat of fusion of a PET crystal (135 J/g)Supplementary Figures.


Among the many global health issues, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one that exemplifies the One Health approach, defined as a joint effort in which multiple disciplines collaborate to provide solutions for human, animal, and environmental health . Indeed,Hence, the theme of this Special Issue is very topical and of particular interest to the various stakeholders involved in the management of AMR in animals and at the human–animal–environment interface. Indeed, several studies have shown that the misuse and excessive use of antimicrobials in the human health care and livestock industries are the main drivers of AMR ,6,7. HowStaphylococcus aureus isolated from dog-derived superficial dermatitis samples and could, therefore, constitute a promising therapeutic option against this potential skin infection [Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and low toxicity to mammalian cells, suggesting that AgNPs could be used as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial skin infections, including infected wounds in animals [Among the possible solutions, research on alternatives to antibiotics for use in animals seems necessary to contain the threat of AMR. For instance, it has been reported that Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts present significant in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical strains of nfection . Likewis animals .The monitoring of AMR in animals and the characterization of the AMR patterns of certain indicator bacterial strains are of crucial importance for the development of policies that will ensure the responsible use of antimicrobials in animals. The development of standardized AMR testing methods and harmonized interpretive criteria in veterinary medicine are necessary to facilitate scientifically based stewardship and justified AMU in animals . It has Salmonella) remains problematic in some countries, with high rates of bacterial resistance to first- and second-line antimicrobials being reported, thus urging various stakeholders in animal production to implement effective policies to limit the spread of AMR [Moreover, AMR in zoonotic bacteria , the optimization of the therapeutic use of antimicrobials , which constitutes the key component of this concept, has not received the attention it deserves in animals compared to that seen in human medicine, and this aspect must be improved in future studies.