Nanofibers are long, wire‐like materials with nanoscale diameters and specific length diameter ratios. Nanofibers have porous reticular networks with remarkably high specific surface areas and significant interconnectivity between pores, allowing for the chemical modification and loading of drugs. Metallized nanofibers are novel materials that enhance the performance of attributes of conventional nanofibers by combining metals with nanofibers through electrostatic spinning doping, chemical modification, and loading approaches. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, metallized nanofibers are diverse, rapidly developed materials in the fields of physical chemistry, materials science, and battery preparation. To date, with improvement in advanced preparation techniques and biocompatibility levels for materials, metallized nanofiber applications are gradually expanding into the biomedical field due to their excellent thermal and electrical conductivities and unique metal properties. In this review, the applications of metallized nanofibers in biomedicine are summarized. It is suggested to prepare metallized multifunctional nanofibers for tissue engineering, drug delivery, tumor treatment, wound healing, and biosensing applications by taking safety and stability as the main material selection guidelines. Finally, the development of nanofibers for biomedical applications is summarized and discussed. Nanofibers are nanomaterials with remarkable high surface properties. With diverse modifications, nanofibers possess optical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, which can be widely applied in high precision fields. In this review, nanofibers based on metallic materials for biomedical applications are summarized for the first time. This review will allow researchers to better understand diverse applications of metallized nanofibers in biomedicine. With the development of the chemical and polymer material industries, a series of synthetic polymer fibers have been designed and synthesized; these fibers are not limited to clothing and home textiles, instead expanding to applications in the environment, energy, medicine, and other high precision technologies. In 1990, the first International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology was held to mark the official establishment of the field of nanotechnology. The rise in nanotechnology has led to the vigorous development and widespread application of nanomaterials, making nanomaterials an important force in the progress of science and technology. Nanofibers are one‐dimensional nanomaterials with remarkably high surface properties. With diverse modifications, nanofibers possess optical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, which can be widely applied in high‐precision fields, such as aerospace, national defense, environmental management, electronic energy, and biomedicine.Metallized nanofibers, which are new types of nanomaterial, have wide ranges of promising applications in the biomedical field. This vast applicability arises because metal ions have many unique physicochemical properties, such as large specific surface areas and good surface, magnetic, optical and electronic properties, providing them many unconventional uses in biomedicine. First, metal particles have large specific surface areas, making them very versatile for biomedical applications. For example, metal particles can be used in biosensors to detect biomolecules by detecting chemical reactions on the surfaces of metal particles. In addition, metal particles can be used for drug delivery, where the solubility and bioavailability of a drug can be increased by wrapping the drug on the surfaces of metal particles, thus improving its efficacy. Second, the surface properties of metal particles can be modulated by surface modification, thereby enhancing their applicability in biomedical fields. For example, surface modification of metal particles can improve their biocompatibility, enhance their stability, and change their surface charge. In addition, surface modification of metal particles can be used to prepare nanomaterials with specific functions, such as targeted drug delivery systems and bioimaging probes. Third, some metal particles have magnetic properties, making them very widely used in biomedical fields. For example, magnetic metal particles can be used in magnetic resonance imaging, where the magnetic properties of metal particles are controlled to image biological tissues. In addition, magnetic metal particles can be used for magnetic targeted drug delivery, thus improving the efficacy of drugs by guiding them to specific targets through magnetism. Fourth, some metal particles exhibit special optical properties, such as surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence, making them very versatile in biomedical applications. For example, metal particles can be used for cell imaging by controlling the optical properties of metal particles to image cells. In addition, metal particles can be used in biosensors to detect biomolecules by detecting the fluorescence signals on the surfaces of metal particles. Finally, some metal particles exhibit special electronic properties, such as the presence of quantum dots and electrical conductivity, making them very versatile in biomedical applications. For example, metal particles can be used for fluorescence imaging, in which biomolecule imaging is achieved by controlling the electronic properties of metal particles. In addition, metal particles can be used for electron transport by controlling the electrical conductivities of metal particles. Metal particles, as new nanomaterials, have many application prospects in the biomedical field. The physicochemical properties of metal particles allow them to be used in various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, cell imaging and biosensing. These applications should lead to innovation and development in the biomedical field.Much research progress in the field of nanomedicine has been devoted to nanofibers modified with metals. Various metal properties, such as ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity, dimensional stability, and high formation, can be used in numerous nanofiber applications. For example, metallized nanofibers exhibit excellent plasticity and antibacterial properties, and they can be utilized as nanofiber materials in the field of tissue engineering. In addition, modifying specific drugs on their nanofibers can be beneficial for local targeting and localization therapy. Another application of metallized nanofibers is drug delivery. The interactions between metals and materials can form a porous network structure; filling the pores with drugs can achieve localized and targeted release, thus improving drug efficiency while reducing the consequences of drugs on main tissues and organs. Due to the specific conductivities of metals, a series of sensors can be prepared to determine the contents of biomolecules. Therefore, metallized nanofibers are versatile and have far‐reaching implications in biomedicine.FigureIn this review, nanofibers based on metallic materials for biomedical applications are summarized for the first time. In general, the overall review is organized into five sections Figure1. The 2 Other materials have demonstrated potential applications in nanomedicine. Mondal et al. prepared biofunctionalized mesoporous titanium dioxide nanofibers for the relatively rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of esterified cholesterol. In this work, the authors enabled the detection of cholesterol by covalently modifying cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase biomolecules on titanium dioxide nanofibers . The ECM is a complex network of proteins and other molecules that provide structural support to cells and tissues. By mimicking the ECM, bioactive glass nanofibers can provide a scaffold for cells to grow and regenerate, thus forming new tissues. Metal ion‐doped bioactive glass nanofibers have many applications in tissue regeneration. Among their applications, these nanofibers can promote the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and nerve tissues. In bone regeneration, bioactive glass nanofibers have been shown to enhance the formation of new bone tissue, thus improving leading to improved healing of fractures and other bone injuries. In cartilage regeneration, the nanofibers can promote the growth of new cartilage tissue; this tissue can then be used to repair damaged joints. In nerve regeneration, nanofibers promote the growth of new nerve tissue, which can be used to repair damaged nerves. Metal‐glass nanofibers can mimic the structure and composition of a natural ECM, providing a scaffold for cells to grow and regenerate. Metal ions added to bioactive glass nanofibers significantly affect tissue regeneration, making them a versatile material for numerous applications. With further research and development, metal ion‐doped bioactive glass nanofibers can revolutionize the field of tissue regeneration and improve the lives of millions of people worldwide.Metal ion‐doped bioactive glass nanofibers have emerged as promising materials for tissue regeneration applications due to their unique properties and capabilities. These nanofibers are composed of glass doped with metal ions, allowing them to interact with biological tissues and promote regeneration. The metal ions added to the bioactive glass nanofibers include calcium, magnesium, and zinc, which significantly affect tissue regeneration. Ca4 The multitude of morphologies has diversified the compositions and expanded the applications of nanofibers.The application of metallized nanofibers is an emerging research topic in biomedicine. Researchers have designed and synthesized nanofibers and nanomaterials with different morphologies for highly specialized applications. Different functional nanofibers have been established according to their different morphologies, including metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal‐phenolic networks (MPNs) combined with nanofibers, nanofibers forming different hydrogel analogs, and nanofibers combined with nanoparticles.9 The 4.1π–π stacking. Because of these advantages, MOFs have been widely used in many applications, including gas adsorption and separation, sensors, drug mitigation, and catalytic reactions. The combination of MOF structures with nanofibers is useful for corresponding specialties, providing complementary advantages. Zhang et al. reported a new strategy for synthesizing one‐dimensional ZIF‐8 nanofibers using tellurium nanowires as a template, which can be transformed into doped carbon nanofibers by calcination . Subsequently, zinc nitrate and 2‐methylimidazole are mixed in a methanol solution of TeNWs at room temperature. To preserve the 3D scaffold structure of ZIF‐8 nanofibers on a microscale, a freeze‐drying technique is utilized. The final step involves transferring the dried ZIF‐8 nanofiber powder to a temperature‐programmed furnace in the presence of nitrogen gas flow. Heat treatment is provided at 200 °C for 6 h, followed by pyrolysis at 1000 °C for 8 h, thus forming highly porous doped carbon nanofibers. Because the derived porous carbon and metal oxide materials are resistant to methanol crossover effects, they can be applied to various applications in physical chemistry and bioengineering. Another study involved a focus on the preparation of MOF‐based nanofibers for nonenzymatic glucose detection. Dey et al. reported Ni(PDA)MOF@CNF, which is an in situ self‐assembly of Ni‐MOFs loaded on carbon nanofiber mats  nanofibers to form TA‐Fe3+‐coated PCL nanofibers. MPN‐coated PCL nanofibers facilitate cell growth and tissue repair through the stable adhesion, free radical scavenging and ion‐releasing properties of MPNs. The MPN‐based nanofiber fabrication process is mature, simple, and fast, facilitating biomedical and clinical applications. First, MPN‐based nanofibers have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them promising for numerous biomedical applications. Second, MPN‐based nanofibers can modulate cell behavior by controlling the diameters and morphologies of the fibers, which is of great importance for certain fields, such as cell culture and tissue engineering. In addition, MPN‐based nanofibers can achieve selective adsorption and release of biomolecules by modulating the functionalized groups on the fiber surface, which has potential applications in the fields of drug delivery and biosensing. Finally, MPN‐based nanofibers can be used with other biomaterials  for many biomedical applications.Compared with MOFs, MPN materials have relatively soft structures. Metal ions and polyphenols can easily and rapidly self‐assemble into MPNs. MPNs have simple and green assembly preparation processes; additionally, they can be loaded and adhered to various entities. Therefore, MPNs have the great potential for applications in the fields of bionics, materials science, and biomedicine.13 Ele4.3 Mohiuddin Mohammed et al. fabricated a hydrogel‐based biodegradable material with tunable mechanical stiffness and biological functions  with a fluorinated benzyl group at its N‐terminal end, forming stable supramolecular hydrogels with a twisted nanoribbon morphology at a physiological pH level. The addition of Mg2+ stimulates the formation of hydrogels with twisted nanofibrous networks and enhanced mechanical properties, such as a storage modulus of 3.6 kPa. The hydrogel triggered by Ca2+ proceeds through strong metal ligand chelation with a high‐crosslink density nanofiber morphology, showing an increased storage modulus of 47 kPa. However, with Ba2+, the hydrogel shows weak mechanical properties with a gel modulus of 0.69 kPa due to the poor cross‐linking of metal ligands. The obtained hydrogels exhibit a loosely cross‐linked twisted nanoribbon morphology. All the hydrogels show good biocompatibility with two different cell lines, namely, human mesenchymal stem cells (3A6‐RFP) and mouse fibroblasts (L929).The hydrogel‐based nanofiber morphology enables its utilization for targeted applications. The advantages of hydrogel nanofibers include high water content, excellent biocompatibility, and low density. Hydrogel nanofibers are composed of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large amounts of water, making them highly suitable for several applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and biosensing. A key advantage of hydrogel nanofibers is their high surface area‐to‐volume ratios, allowing for the efficient delivery of drugs and growth factors to targeted tissues. Additionally, their high porosities and interconnected pore structures facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products, thus promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration. Hydrogel nanofibers possess excellent mechanical properties, enabling them to mimic the natural extracellular matrix of tissues and provide structural support to cells. Furthermore, these nanofibers can be easily fabricated into various shapes and sizes, allowing for customization and versatility in their use. Overall, the advantages of hydrogel nanofibers make them a promising material for several biomedical applications, and their potential for further development and optimization is significant. Thus, the development of hydrogel nanofibers is of significance for multiple biomedical application, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, and photoluminescence.15 Moh This study involved a simple, controllable, and versatile process. Copper‐silver bimetallic hydrogel nanofibers show good selectivity for reducing 4‐nitrophenol and high catalytic activity for reducing methylene blue. Hydrogel nanofibers can be used as biomimetic materials for various functions, such as enzyme catalysis and probe detection.Alloyed nanofibers can better utilize multiple metals rather than having only one metal function, such as enhancing the stability and activity levels of nanofibers. Zhai et al. reported a study on nanoalloys doped with copper and silver in electrospun hydrogel nanofibers.17 Thi4.4 An excellent method includes the electrostatic spinning of nanoparticles dispersed in polymer solutions into polymer nanofibers. The encapsulated nanoparticles should be well‐dispersed in the polymer solution and exhibit the ability to separate from the surfaces of nanofibers. Lamas‐Ardisana et al. designed and prepared LOx/PtNp‐CNF‐PDDA/SPCEs as disposable biosensors for lactate oxidase. The authors prepared the nanofibers in the following manner, which is described briefly. Platinum nanoparticles are chosen to decorate the carbon nanofibers, and the surfaces are modified by dispersion in the poly chloride solution. The obtained sensors are sensitive and cost controllable. By comparing commercial sensors with LOx/PtNp‐CNF‐PDDA/SPCEs for changes in lactate before and after exercise, the material is found to have comparable advantages to commercial options; therefore, the researchers believe that this sensor has far‐reaching implications for biomaterial applications. In addition, Guo et al. prepared Pd‐Ni alloy nanoparticle/carbon nanofibers for sugar analysis 2/Ni(acac)2 by heat processing. Figure m) and with varying concentrations. Within 2 s, the electrodes achieve a steady‐state current of 95%. The experimental results show that the Pd‐Ni/CNF‐based nanofibers have improved redox performance and markedly increased electrocatalytic activity for sugar oxidation, which is more favorable than the other detectors reported thus far.In recent years, researchers have explored numerous approaches for modifying the surface properties and improving the mechanical strengths of polymeric nanofibers to enhance the adsorption capacity.18 An 5 The images from this paper that are shown in a microscope exhibit the morphologies of nanofibers on one side and the uniform distribution of the metals modified on the nanofibers on the other side. Second, spectroscopic analysis, including Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, can determine the structural and group compositions of the synthesized metallized nanofibers. Third, the mechanical properties of the metallized nanofibers, including tensile strength, thermogravimetry analyses, Young's modulus, and elongation at break, should be characterized and determined. Finally, the diffraction pattern produced by the crystal can be measured by X‐ray diffraction experiments, reflecting the atomic distribution pattern inside the crystal. Of course, these characterization items are selected variously according to the different material compositions of metallized nanofibers and the function of the application.It is important to characterize the metallized nanofibers first to ensure the successful synthesis of the morphology and structure. To identify nanofiber morphology, researchers typically employ SEM, TEM, HRTEM and high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) for nanofiber characterization.21 The62O2, lactate, catechol, and sugar.Metallic nanofiber‐based composites have unique nanomorphologies and metallic functionalities and they are uniquely suited for numerous biomedical applications. In this section, we summarize the applications of metallized nanofiber materials in biomedicine through the following five points. 1) Metallic nanofibers can be prepared in a three‐dimensional porous form with large specific surface areas and good adhesion properties. This structure is similar to the natural extracellular matrix morphology, and it can fill the cell‐tissue interstices to achieve a strong linkage. 2) The porous structure and strong adsorption properties of metallized nanofibers can deliver drugs. Metals can achieve in situ imaging and provide therapeutic effects, thus complementing drugs designed to be encapsulated or absorbed to obtain superior theranostic integration. 3) Metallized nanofiber composites are uniquely suited for the tumor treatments. Researchers can achieve tumor targeting, combination therapy, and sustained release of drugs based on a unique group design. 4) The application of biomaterials in the field of wound healing is a unique advantage. Nanofibers can be formed by encapsulating metals with antimicrobial activities or coating them with antioxidant natural materials, thus preventing wound infection and promoting wound repair. 5) The development of biosensors is another important area for metallized nanofibers. Biomedicine requires dynamic monitoring of the body in different conditions, so many metal‐based nanomaterials have been derived. These metallized nanofibers are stable, sensitive and well suited for the real‐time dynamic monitoring of H6.1 Such functionalizable scaffolds can be used for various applications in the human body, and they have far‐reaching potential in the field of nanomedical biomaterials. Doench et al. designed and prepared nanofibers with nanoprofibrillated cellulose that can be used for viscous replenishment of nucleus pulposus. The design background of such nanofibers is based on the sol and gel states at the physical and chemical levels. This background suggests that the rheological behaviors related to the injectable sol state and the mechanically enhanced gel state of the fiber are included. In addition, in animal experiments, researchers have established pig and rabbit spine models and injected CNF/CHI formulations into the intervertebral disc to investigate the effects of the formulations on disc biomechanics. The experimental results show that with the injection of the preparation into the intervertebral disc to form a gel, the positioning is positioned at the injection site while restoring the disc viscoelasticity and restoring or increasing the disc height. The formulation support through the cell matrix can cushion a compressed nerve and provide therapeutic pain relief for patients. In addition, a TOCNF‐GN/PAA hydrogel with stretchable and conductive properties was prepared by Zheng et al.  and 4‐dibenzocyclooctynol, thus enabling the design and synthesis of novel functionalizable nanobased scaffolds.22 Suc6.2 The experimental results show that the cisplatin‐based micro/nanofibers can well release cisplatin at the tumor site in a timely and quantitative manner, improving the retention time at the tumor site. Furthermore, the side effects of cisplatin, including renal and auditory complications, nausea, and vomiting, are reduced. This delivery system can be used for postoperative local chemotherapy and as an implantable drug for lung tumors in the future. Published in 2023, the authors prepare nanofiber mats containing nanoparticles that appeal to clinicians and provide excellent control over microbial infections while treating cancer  loaded in the mat is released in a controlled manner for two weeks. Anticancer activity and apoptosis assays show that breast cancer cell lines are effectively eradicated by the release of ≈15% of the drug within 24 h and show profound cell viability against fibroblast cell lines. In addition, possible postsurgical microbial infections are strongly inhibited by the nanofiber pads. The fabricated nanofiber mats serve as promising candidates for drug delivery and tissue engineering implants. Figure Based on the porous structures of nanofibers, researchers have designed and developed various drugs for loading into delivery vehicles. By modifying the nanofibers, targeted drug delivery to the corresponding tissues and organs can be achieved. Implantable drug delivery systems, which is a class of controlled drug release systems that are surgically implanted or introduced subcutaneously, have received increasing attention and intensive research. Novel drug delivery modalities and their drug applications have expanded from reproductive health to various therapeutic areas, such as oncology treatment, ophthalmic diseases, insulin delivery, and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, research interest in implantable drug delivery systems has continued to increase with advances in medical technology. Based on an implantable drug delivery system, Chen et al. prepared cisplatin composite micro/nanofibers and first focused on the release mechanism and profile of cisplatin.25 The The experimental results suggest that the nanofibers can improve the stability of the ICG dye in the biological environment and the residence time in the specific tissue. Therefore, this ICG dye‐based nanofiller can be used as an advanced nanoprobe for clinical medical imaging applications. Intelligent drug design, controlled drug release, and medical imaging delivery systems can address the full range of clinical medical requirements, including early detection and late‐stage treatment. Composite nanofiber materials can be prepared with sensitive photo‐responsiveness and pH‐responsiveness for controlled release drug properties; their sudden release effect at the early stage of drug retardation is significantly better than that of other similar materials. In addition, based on the matrix diversity levels of fiber materials, nanofibers can possess excellent biocompatibility and are suitable for biomedical applications. Therefore, nanofibers have many excellent properties and far‐reaching application prospects in drug delivery.In addition to encapsulating drugs, nanofiber delivery systems can encapsulate small molecule contrast agents. Indocyanine green (ICG) has strong absorption in the near‐infrared region within 600 and 900 nm. The deep penetration of ICG is a very important advantage in imaging technology. However, when ICG dye is injected into the body through blood vessels, it binds to plasma proteins and is excreted from the body in a very short period. This feature becomes a disadvantage in targeted tissue imaging. Zeynep Rüya Eğe et al. encapsulated ICG dyes into biodegradable and biocompatible poly(ε‐caprolactone) polymers by a coaxial electrospinning method.27 The6.3 Basically, nanofibers that encapsulate chemotherapeutic drugs in porous nanofibers use the properties of metals for thermal and magnetic therapy and are prepared as patches for surface tumor treatment. Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup Sasikala et al. exploited the material to prepare magnetic nanofibers (BTZ‐MMNF‐MH) as carriers for chemotherapy and thermotherapy against tumors. The device consists of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) and the chemotherapeutic drug bortezomib, thus responding to the microenvironment. The IONP‐incorporated nanofiber matrix is prepared by an electrostatic spinning technique with poly. In addition, the bortezomib anticancer drug containing borates is bound by catechol metal in a pH‐sensitive manner. The high proliferation rates of normal cells on nanofibers indicate that nanofibers have excellent biocompatibility. The mussel‐inspired magnetic nanofiber has high cell proliferation relative to magnetic nanofiber and PLGA nanofiber. The employment of nanofibers attributed to polydopamine enhances the hydrophilicity of nanofibers to increase the adhesion of cells. In addition, in cellular experiments, synergistic antitumor treatment significantly increases apoptotic activity in the BTZ‐MMMF‐MH group, suggesting that this strategy is very promising for future clinical translational applications. The authors have successfully prepared implantable smart magnetic nanofibers that can combine thermal therapy and trigger drug release functions for tumor treatment. In clinical situations, smart nanofibers can be implanted near tumors by surgery, suggesting real‐time monitoring ability. Thus, these smart implantable nanofibers provide a safe route for the specific delivery of anticancer drugs to tumors and the retention of magnetic nanoparticles in the tumor environment for repetitive thermotherapy.In recent years, researchers have introduced many nanofibers for cancer therapy.28 Bas Rather than encapsulating the drug, the authors design modifies the nanofibers with an epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody to epithelial cell adhesion molecules; additionally, the design involves assembling electrode flexible electronic conduits composed of nanofibers and liquid metal‐polymer conductors, enabling nanofibers to specifically capture and kill peripheral cancer cells. The nanofibers established by the authors have many biomedical application scenarios to explore. The authors expect that they should try to establish a human‐derived tumor xenograft model in rabbits to investigate the roles of nanofibers in reducing the possibility of metastasis and recurrence. In addition to peripheral tumor cells, modifications of different antibodies may also enable nanofibers to function in the capture of different factors. Therefore, this study has wide application value.Wang et al. designed nanofibers for circulating tumor cells.30 Rat The thermotherapy patch consists of four main layers, which are the metalized Ag nanofiber network heating layer, PVA and PVP support layers, and the PDMS elastomer encapsulation layer  for the treatment of epidermal tumors.31 Ther Figure. The autr Figure. In addir Figure. These rIn addition, based on the unique properties of nanofibers, nanofibers can be used as carriers for antitumor drug loading and to form short fibers by freeze‐cutting or homogenization, resulting in injectable nanofiber dispersions. It is believed that in the future, diverse nanofibers based on tumor treatment can be designed and synthesized into diverse forms, bringing advances to biomedicine.6.4 Reza Eivazzadeh‐Keihan et al. prepared a CMC hydrogel/SF/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite scaffold with a hydrogel morphology that is cross‐linked with silk fibroin protein and antibacterial Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles  loaded with curcumin, promoting the wound exudate absorption, accelerated hemostasis, resisted bacterial growth, and inhibited inflammation. The authors established an in vivo wound infection model. The results indicate that 3D‐AgMOF‐CUR has superior antibacterial capabilities, dramatically promotes collagen deposition and tissue regeneration, accelerates wound healing, and has the potential to be an attractive alternative to conventional wound healing in future clinical applications. In addition, Pratibha Bhadauriya et al. synthesized carbon nanofibers dispersed with yeast extract and copper nanoparticles as a potential diabetic wound healing material (Cu‐CNF‐YE). Yeast has a role in promoting the function of the immune system and intestinal health of animals. In addition, the ethanol produced in the yeast fermentation process has disinfection and sterilization effects, with favorable application prospects. The authors demonstrate that the nontoxic Cu‐CNF‐YE has excellent antibacterial effects and can greatly improve wound healing in patients with diabetes. The innovation of the authors provides guidance for prospective applications of nanofibers in wound healing. Metal ion‐incorporated nanofibers for tissue regeneration, have many advantages. For example, Zn2+ ions can promote cell proliferation and differentiation, contributing to tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, Zn2+ ions have antibacterial properties, preventing infection and promoting wound healing. Mg2+ ions can promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells and contribute to bone tissue regeneration. In addition, Mg2+ ions can promote the repair and regeneration of soft tissues. Cu2+ ions can promote angiogenesis and cell proliferation, thus regenerating and repairing tissues. In addition, Cu2+ ions have antibacterial properties that can prevent infection. These metal ion‐conjugated nanofibers can modulate therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and amount of release, thus promoting tissue regeneration and repair. Furthermore, they have good biocompatibility and do not cause immune or rejection reactions. Overall, metal ion‐incorporated nanofibers have great potential in tissue regeneration and can be used in various applications, such as wound healing, bone regeneration, and tissue engineering.By processing silver monomers or ions through nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles with particle sizes of 1–100 nm can be prepared. As a new inorganic antimicrobial material, Ag nanoparticles have excellent antimicrobial effects and safety levels that are significantly better than conventional antimicrobial agents. Ag nanoparticles have numerous antimicrobial activity, a long sterilization duration, and are nonresistant and safe. Furthermore, Ag nanoparticles have biological activities, such as antiviral and antitumor activities. To date, the preparation and application of Ag nanoparticles have become a popular topic for research on antibacterial materials. Karina Santiago‐Castillo et al. dispersed Ag nanoparticles in a chitosan matrix and immobilized their cubic structure after electrostatic spinning.34 The6.5 The carbon nanotubes are functionally modified by PDDA to carry a positive charge. Through electrostatic interactions, the negatively charged glucose oxidase is immobilized on the carbon nanotubes, resulting in the efficient electron transfer and improved reproducibility of the assay and stability of the complex electrodes. To obtain chemical sensors with high sensitivity and excellent performance, materials that can specifically interact with molecules in the gas or solution and produce changes in electrical or optical properties are generally selected. It usually includes the following two methods: 1) obtaining polymer blends of semiconductor oxides by electrospinning and then removing the polymer to obtain nanowires or nanoribbons of semiconductor oxides and 2) sputtering a layer of semiconductor metal oxides on the outer layer of polymer electrospinning, and then calcining at high temperature to remove the polymer, which can conveniently obtain hollow semiconductor fibers with a large length‐to‐diameter ratio. TableNanofibers possess smaller diameters, larger specific surface areas, and longer lengths than other metallic nanomaterials, which are suitable for applications in the fields of sensors. Biosensors generally consist mainly of a biosensitive element and a transducer, of which the biosensitive element is the most essential part. The advantage of utilizing high‐voltage electrostatic spinning as a biosensitive element is that the spinning material has excellent biocompatibility and can be used in various manners to self‐assemble spinning fibers with biological macromolecules and to achieve specific recognition of the measured object. Manesh et al. immobilized glucose oxidase on PMMA electrospun composite films dispersed with carbon nanotubes.37 The7 From the perspective of the chemical field, metallized nanofibers can store energy for development into solar cells. In addition, metallized nanofibers can be functionalized by various materials and thus applied to many catalytic and biomimetic fields. In this review, the preparation concepts and material applications of metallized nanofibers in the biomedical field are highlighted. First, we summarize the advantages of metals in nanofibers, including strong mechanical properties, providing a foundation for the subsequent construction of drug‐loaded imaging, medical devices, etc. Then, we introduce the preparation and modification of nanofibers based on biomedical applications, which require materials that are nontoxic, harmless, and bacteria‐free. Next, the morphological classification of metallized nanofibers and their basic characterization are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the biomedical applications of metallized nanofibers. As observed in many studies on metallized nanofibers, there are numerous developments in response to the needs of researchers, including metal‐organic framework‐based, metal‐phenolic networks‐based, hydrogel‐based, and nanoparticle‐functionalized nanofibers. Each of these metallized nanofibers has unique characteristics and active applications in nanopharmaceutical delivery, tumor therapy, wound repair, and biosensing. In addition, metallized nanofibers can combine the properties of various metallic materials, such as the thermal therapy of ferromagnetic materials, the multicombination treatment mode of nanogold, the antibacterial capability of metallic silver nanoparticles, and the flexibility to adapt to various different drugs and targeted peptides; these fibers can be extended to the development of various nanomedicines with different specificities and the treatment of different types of diseases. Finally, research on nanofibers is better developed in the detection section regarding the encapsulated drug efficiency, and the release process. Researchers still need to explore improved detection mechanisms for this section. Metallized nanofibers can be used to prepare various biomedical materials, such as artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels, and tissue engineering scaffolds. In addition, metal nanofibers can be used as biosensors and drug carriers, which are important for biomedical research and treatment.Metallized nanofibers are rapidly being developed.45 FroMetallized nanofibers are promising as materials with excellent properties in the biomedical field, and there are still some limitations. Therefore, future improvement in the preparation and application of metallized nanofibers can be considered from the following aspects. 1) The safety of metallic nanofibers cannot be ignored. Because of the biomedical applications concerned, the materials selected by the researchers must be nontoxic and nonhazardous, with particular attention to the side effects of the metal, the metabolic modalities, and the possible bodily immune response. 2) Further optimization of the synthesis method of metallized nanofibers and the modification of multiple sites is necessary. Nanofibers can be modified by specific functional groups  during surface modification to broaden the applications of metallized nanofibers. In addition, with the development of artificial intelligence, the preparation process can be combined with artificial intelligence for optimal selection. 3) The design of metallized nanofiber materials can be enhanced in various fields, including materials science, nanotechnology, pharmacy, and clinical medicine. Researchers need to expand their application field and focus on solving practical issues in the pharmaceutical industry. 4) Clinical translation has always been a challenge for nanomaterials. A method for producing metallized nanofibers industrially while ensuring that their products are stable, safe, and controllable is a major issue for researchers to overcome. Despite these drawbacks, metallized nanofibers still have promising applications as technology advances and the demand for applications increases.The authors declare no conflict of interest.


Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, occurring in warm low-salinity waters. V. vulnificus wound infections due to seawater exposure are infrequent but mortality rates are high (~ 18%). Seawater bacterial concentrations are increasing but changing disease pattern assessments or climate change projections are rare. Here, using a 30-year database of V. vulnificus cases for the Eastern USA, changing disease distribution was assessed. An ecological niche model was developed, trained and validated to identify links to oceanographic and climate data. This model was used to predict future disease distribution using data simulated by seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) which belong to the newest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Risk was estimated by calculating the total population within 200 km of the disease distribution. Predictions were generated for different “pathways” of global socioeconomic development which incorporate projections of greenhouse gas emissions and demographic change. In Eastern USA between 1988 and 2018, V. vulnificus wound infections increased eightfold (10–80 cases p.a.) and the northern case limit shifted northwards 48 km p.a. By 2041–2060, V. vulnificus infections may expand their current range to encompass major population centres around New York (40.7°N). Combined with a growing and increasingly elderly population, annual case numbers may double. By 2081–2100 V. vulnificus infections may be present in every Eastern USA State under medium-to-high future emissions and warming. The projected expansion of V. vulnificus wound infections stresses the need for increased individual and public health awareness in these areas. The global mean temperature has risen 1.2 °C since the pre-industrial period2. Despite the aim of the Paris Climate Agreement to limit this increase in global average temperature to “well below two degrees”3, 1.5 °C of warming may occur by the early 2030s1.Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are changing our climate4. These associations with climate have led to Vibrio species being collectively recognised as a “microbial barometer of climate change”5. Despite being endemic to subtropical regions (e.g. south-eastern USA6), Vibrio spp. infections have recently emerged at higher latitudes such as Delaware Bay, USA6 and the Baltic Sea7. The latter geographical shift has been formally attributed to climate change8. Recent modelling studies indicate that climate change will increase the suitability and distribution of pathogenic Vibrio species particularly at high latitudes9.Impacts may be especially acute on the world’s coastlines which provide a major interface between natural ecosystems and human populations and are a particular source of human disease. Vibrios are naturally occurring and commonly found Gram-negative bacteria in marine waters, which thrive in warm, brackish water and are highly sensitive to temperatureV. vulnificus infection which can occur from exposure to seawater through small skin lesions10 and can quickly turn necrotic, requiring urgent surgical tissue removal or limb amputation in around 10% of cases11. V. vulnificus is the most pathogenic of the Vibrio genus: wound infection mortality rates are as high as 18%12 and fatalities have occurred as soon as 48 h following exposure10. Alongside causing around 100 cases annually in the USA13, the economic burden of V. vulnificus wound infections is estimated at over US$ 28 million/year12. Overall annual costs associated with this pathogen are estimated at US$ 320 million, making it the most expensive marine pathogen in the USA to treat14.Of particular concern is V. vulnificus infection distribution, there are few attempts to quantify this change, or to map the likely climate change effects. This is due to the lack of high-quality epidemiological data. Some studies have made future Vibrio spp. risk predictions based on the projected distribution of ideal environmental conditions  but these predictions indicate the probable presence of Vibrio spp. bacteria rather than disease risk13.Despite a changing V. vulnificus infections along the east USA coast using a unique 30-year V. vulnificus infection database. The study area includes the USA Gulf Coast, a global hotspot for V. vulnificus infection15, and the Atlantic coastline where reported V. vulnificus infections are increasingly common6. We then explore the influence of climate change upon the spatial distribution of V. vulnificus wound infections using an Ecological Niche Model (ENM), a common tool for predicting species distribution based upon biogeographic variables and increasingly used for modelling disease transmission16.Here, we produce a systematic assessment of the changing distribution of V. vulnificus wound infection distribution were predicted using the ENM and future data simulated by seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) which belong to the newest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)17. These GCM projections were available for different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)17 which enabled the influence of climate change in the V. vulnificus distribution to be assessed. SSPs offer an update to the previous Representative Concentration Pathways18 as they combine different socioeconomic “narratives”19, which shape trends including economic growth, population change and urbanisation with corresponding levels of greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the twenty-first century. We focus on scenarios SSP1-2.6 which is set against the SSP1 narrative of “sustainability” and is a low emissions scenario, and SSP3-7.0, which is set against the SSP3 socioeconomic backdrop of “regional rivalry”20 where resurgent nationalism and regional conflicts shift focus away from climate mitigation leading to medium-to-high emissions. These are referred to hereafter as SSP126 and SSP370. Analysis was based upon climate data (air temperature and precipitation) obtained from seven GCMs and oceanographic data  for one GCM  of cases has remained constant at the Mexican border and not shifted northwards (linear trend p = 0.237), whereas the mean case latitude has moved northward at 0.13° (~ 15 km) p.a. (linear trend p < 0.001). The 95th latitude percentile (henceforth northern extent) of V. vulnificus cases has extended northwards at 0.43° (~ 48 km) p.a. (linear trend p < 0.001). On Fig. The historical distribution of V. vulnificus infection distribution (presence-absence between the Mexican border and northern extent) were fitted using tenfold cross validation on 100 data subsets using generalised linear models  but each had a lower AUC (0.833 and 0.687). Sea surface temperature and salinity were considered but the coarse dataset resolution (25 by 25 km vs 5 by 5 km for air temperature and precipitation) meant that they were unable to capture conditions close to the coast  especially as the effective resolution  may be coarser. For example for every coastal grid cell (25 × 25 km) in the study area for every month, salinity values were never in the suitable range for V. vulnificus 21) , to represent different temperature variations. These models were used to predict the V. vulnificus infection distribution into the future, using air temperature projections from seven GCMs.Binary logistic regression models of the els see “”. Both m22. We focus on 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 to make our projection periods comparable with other impact modelling groups . Results for other SSPs and time periods are found in Supplementary Information  and SSPs . We focus on SSP126 and SSP370 to represent a range of likely socioeconomic trends and greenhouse gas emissionsn Tables –S9.V. vulnificus infection distribution to New Jersey (40.0°N) and southern New York state (40.9°N) by 2041–2060. Under SSP126, the projected distribution changes little from 2041–2060 to 2081–2100. Under SSP370 the distribution extends northwards to include the Connecticut (41.3°N), New Hampshire (43.0°N) and southern Maine (43.3°N) coastlines.Tmean and tmax were the strongest predictors of infection distribution, and projections of future distribution from both are compared in Figs. V. vulnificus infection distribution extends further northward into Connecticut (41.3°N) and as far north as Boston, Massachusetts (42.4°N). By 2081–2100, there is a notable between-scenario difference with little further change in the distribution under SSP126 but an expansion towards the southern Maine coastline (43.3°N) under SSP370. Under SSP370, the distribution of V. vulnificus infections encompasses every Eastern USA coastal state by 2081–2100.Under the tmax model Fig.  by 2041–V. vulnificus infections are currently present along ~ 10,000 km of the eastern USA coastline. Tmax produced a lower baseline of infection distribution estimate than tmean . In the near future , the length of the coastline where infections are present increases to between 10,800 and 10,900 km under all scenarios. After this increase, the coastline lengths where infections are present diverges depending upon SSP. By 2041–2060, V. vulnificus infections may be present along ~ 11,100 km (SSP126) to ~ 11,500 km (SSP585) of USA coastline. However, far future predictions indicate a ~ 2100 km difference in coastline where infections are present between SSP126 and SSP585. Under SSP585, the tmax model (2081–2100) indicates 14,400 km of coastline where infections are present and stretches as far North as the St Lawrence River. However, this is an unlikely worst-case scenario that is at odds with increasing clean energy use22.Figure 24 and for SSP370, this represents a reduction in the population at risk in spite of a larger coastline where V. vulnificus infections are present, due to a lower future population under SSP3 particularly in NE USA25.When the coastline where infections are present is combined with the SSP-specific population, the impacts diverge further between SSPs. These impacts combine climate change and population change. Under all SSPs there is a large increase in population at risk between baseline and 2021–2040 as New York and nearby states become incorporated. By 2081–2100 the population at risk varies between ~ 210 million (SSP585) and ~ 90 million (SSP370). The tailing off of population at risk for many SSPs between 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 is notable. This is due to reductions in population associated with these SSPsV. vulnificus infections and when the projected population aged over 60 is calculated large increases in this age group are observed across all models from 17% at baseline to 31% by 2041–2060, and over 40% by 2081–2100. When the estimated number of cases is calculated based upon current age specific case rates (20-year age bands) the results indicate a case doubling by 2041–2060 under most SSPs and models. By 2081–2100 cases increase again to more than 3 times baseline under SSP126. Under SSP370 by 2081–2100 there is a smaller increase over 2041–2060 numbers due to the smaller future population under this SSP. Currently the case fatality rate for V. vulnificus wound infections is around 18%12. The projections combine climate change and population change and in Table V. vulnificus distribution is held constant). For SSP126 around half the change in case numbers is associated with climate change and the other half population change. For SSP370 between 67 and 75% of the change is climate related.Aged populations are more susceptible to V. vulnificus infection distribution and population at risk have multiple strengths. They are based upon one of the most detailed databases of V. vulnificus cases to date (Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance [COVIS]26), which covers the Gulf and Atlantic USA coasts spanning 30 years (1988–2018). COVIS data trained and validated the models which were generated using 100 different samples of historical data and had strong predictive power. Each GCM produced similar V. vulnificus infection distributions and uncertainty is presented as the range between different GCMs.Our projections of Vibrio vulnificus is an increasingly recognized human pathogen with a low incidence but a high wound infection fatality rate of ~ 18%12. Here we show that in Eastern USA the total reported V. vulnificus cases have increased eightfold between 1988 and 2018, accompanied by a profound geographical expansion. In the late 1980’s infections were rare above Georgia (32°N) but by 2018 were regularly reported as far north as Philadelphia (40°N). On average the V. vulnificus infection distribution has been shifting northwards at ~ 48 km p.a. Our analyses confirm studies which have documented Vibrio infection emergence in new US locations6. Between 1988 and 2016 there have been over 1100 wound infections reported in the USA with 159 associated fatalities, highlighting the significant yet underappreciated impact of this pathogen.V. vulnificus infection distribution and number in Eastern USA, likely due to warming coastal waters favouring presence of bacteria and elevated temperatures leading to more coastal recreation. By 2041–2060 the coastline where V. vulnificus infections are present increases by over 1000 km under both SSP126 and SSP370 and both tmean and tmax models. This shift increases the population at risk into the densely populated coastal regions of New Jersey and New York. Alongside population growth and an increasingly elderly population, this translates into a doubling of cases by 2041–2060.Our projections indicate that climate change will have a major effect on V. vulnificus infections are present remains relatively static but increases in the elderly population under this ‘sustainability’ scenario led to further increases in the projected population at risk and cases. Conversely, under SSP370 the coastline where V. vulnificus infections are present increases by another 1000 km into southern Maine, to encompass every state along the Eastern USA coastline. However, this shift occurs into less densely populated areas, and within SSP370 there are population reductions under this ‘regional rivalry’ scenario. For context, the population within the current V. vulnificus disease distribution  is slower than the rate observed between 1988 and 2018 (0.43° p.a.). Potential reasons include steeper latitude-temperature gradients at higher latitudes or few reported cases early in the observational period (1988–2018) in mid-latitudes. This is plausible due to the rare nature of a V. vulnificus illness intersecting an area of lower population  and coastal recreation29. This approach contrasts to previous studies9 which focus on the ecological suitability for the V. vulnificus bacteria, which even if present, may not lead to human disease30. Therefore, within our current and future V. vulnificus disease distribution there will be coastal areas where conditions are unsuitable for V. vulnificus bacteria. However, it is worth noting that despite this limitation V. vulnificus infections currently occur along the USA coastline from Southern Texas to Maine , but different distance buffers could have been used. Projected cases were based upon current age-specific incidence rates, but these may change. The analysis used future downscaled climate data, bias corrected with current observational data, but future weather patterns may be different. We were unable to model changes to the V. vulnificus southern extent, but this bacterium has been isolated from oysters as far south as Tabasco (18.5°N)31.This work has uncertainties. Exposure case location was assumed as the nearest coastline to an individual’s home/travel county, but case location was only used to define the current V. vulnificus infection expansion stresses the need for increased individual and public health V. vulnificus awareness in these areas. This is crucial as prompt action when symptoms occur is necessary to prevent major health outcomes32. Individuals and health authorities could be warned in real time about particularly risky environmental conditions through marine33 or Vibrio-specific early warning systems34. Active control measures could include greater awareness programmes for at risk groups , and coastal signage during high-risk periods.The northward Vibrio Illness Surveillance database (COVIS) for the reporting of human cases of vibriosis and cholera. Laboratory-confirmed cases of V. vulnificus, where the transmission route was confirmed as non-foodborne, foreign travel was not reported, and the patient did not live in the Pacific Region of the US (or travel outside this Region) were extracted (1375 cases) for the years 1988–2018. For a few cases (69) a symptom date was not present, but in all but 3 cases one was generated by applying the modal lag between cases where a symptom date and specimen date were present.Since 1988 CDC has maintained the Cholera and Other V. vulnificus data from Canada were unavailable, and an absence of case reports in the literature strongly suggests negligeable incidence.An accurate location of exposure is important, and for most cases this was based on the city/county where the individual lived or travelled to in the days preceding symptoms. Cases were excluded (128) where the home/ travel location was coarser than city/county. A further 75 cases were excluded as the home/travel location was further than 200 km from the coast (> 2-h drive), introducing uncertainty into location of exposure which is predominantly coastal. The analysis proceeded with 1169 cases  which were matched to their nearest coastline. Equivalent Vibrio vulnificus is known to be affected by both sea surface temperature (SST) and seawater salinity. Gridded historical and future data sets of SST and salinity were downloaded for the Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI-CM-1-1-MR) at a spatial resolution of 25 km35. Historical data were downloaded between 2007 and 2014 (data were not available beyond 2014). Future data were downloaded for the years 2018–2100 under SSP126, SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585. For baseline and all future time periods  the mean monthly temperature for each calendar month during the period of interest was calculated. The mean and maximum salinity and mean and maximum SST were then calculated from these 12 values.28) but can also affect human behaviour and hence exposure to V. vulnificus. They are also known to influence coastal recreational behaviour29. Crucially they are available at finer grid resolutions. For baseline conditions, gridded historical monthly maximum air temperature (°C) and monthly total precipitation (mm) were obtained from the WorldClim database for the years 2007 to 2018. The air temperature data36 which has been bias corrected using WorldClim 2.137 to a spatial resolution of 2.5 arcminutes (~ 4.6 km), represents monthly means of the daily maximum air temperatures. Future maximum air temperature (°C) and total precipitation (mm) were obtained from the WorldClim ‘Future Climate’ dataset which had been downscaled and bias-corrected with the same WorldClim 2.1 baseline37. These data were available for four future 20-year time periods under four SSPs as gridded monthly averages across each 20-year period for January to December, respectively. Individual data were obtained for seven GCMs  downscaled at a spatial resolution of 2.5 arcminutes (~ 4.6 km)  for the historical period and 12 for a given future time period.From the air temperature data tmean was calculated as the average of 12-monthly values for each time period. The maximum of these values was also calculated. Using the monthly total precipitation, mean precipitation, and maximum precipitation variables were also calculated in the same way.39, at a resolution of 2.5 arcminutes (~ 4.6 km). These data were subdivided into 20-year age categories .Baseline population at risk and age distribution was calculated using 2010 subsets of Gridded Population of the World, Version 4: Population Count and Gridded Population of the World, Version 4: Basic Demographic Characteristics, respectively24. These data were subdivided into age categories using SSP-specific future U.S. County-Level Population Projections40.SSP-specific future population data were obtained at the same spatial resolution as annual projectionsTo assess whether the geographical distribution of cases has shifted over time, the mean latitude, 5th percentile (southern extent) and 95th percentile of latitude (northern extent) was calculated for the dataset in annual time steps. These data were plotted and trends assessed.V. vulnificus cases (presence:absence) was calculated using cases from 2007 onwards (n = 709) to ensure a contemporary distribution and because V. vulnificus became notifiable in 2007 . The northern extent of the distribution was set as the 95th percentile latitude of cases (39.93°N adjacent to Philadelphia). The distribution was assumed to extend southwards along the US coastline to the Mexican border . Grid cells directly intersecting the coastline were used to define presence:absence locations .The current spatial distribution of V. vulnificus. The oceanographic  and climate (air temperature and precipitation) data were assigned to each cell. Models were generated using oceanographic and climate data. For each model, the proportion of presence:absence points was kept constant and 10% of the data were set aside for model validation whilst the remaining 90% were carried forward for model creation and testing. From this remaining 90% of the data, 100 random samples were obtained which contained all the presence points and an identical number of randomly selected absence points to ensure that the models were not biased towards predicting either presence or absence. Each of the 100 random samples of data were split 70:30 into training and testing subsets whilst maintaining a 50:50 ratio of presence: absence points in both training and testing subsets. Binomial logistic regression models of V. vulnificus presence-absence were fitted using tenfold cross validation on each of the 100 training subsets using a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) method within the package ‘caret’41 in R version 4.0.242. Model predictive power was measured using the mean AUC calculated for each of the 100 model replicates on the corresponding testing subsets using R package ‘pROC’43. Multiple variations of oceanographic and climate variables were fitted as univariate models, and each was tested to check that the assumption of linearity between the predictor variable and logit of the outcome had been met. All coefficients and metrics of model performance were averaged over the 100 replicates. Each model produced this way  was used to predict on the corresponding 10% validation dataset which had been held out of the model creation process for each variable tested. A further AUC was generated to check the ability of the model to predict on unseen data, this is referred to as the ‘Validation AUC’.The creation of each model was based upon cells along the coast that were labelled as present/absent for V. vulnificus distribution. For the future time period the output from all 7 GCMs were averaged to generate a multi-model mean prediction of the distribution. The model outputs were the probability of V. vulnificus presence and these probabilities were converted into a binary map using the ‘PresenceAbsence’ package44 in R version 4.0.242. This package translates probability of occurrence into a binary (presence:absence) parameter based on a given ‘Required Sensitivity’. A required sensitivity of 0.85 (ReqSens85) was chosen to ensure that that no more than 15% of risk locations were missed whilst maintaining the highest degree of specificity possible. The ReqSens85 threshold meant that probabilities greater than or equal to 0.999 were classified as presence and probabilities below 0.999 as absences. A lower Required Sensitivity threshold was not applied as V. vulnificus is a rare infection and it is important not to misidentify true locations as absences45. Modifying this parameter made negligeable difference to the distribution due to the strong predictive power of the chosen models .After the final models were selected, predictors from the historical data set and from every future SSP / time period combination were passed through the model to produce estimates of current and future V. vulnificus infection was determined as the sum of the population that reside within a 200 km buffer surrounding these coastal cells and clipped to the maximum latitude of predicted risk . To estimate likely cases, the current case rates by 20-year age bands  were calculated using age data within COVIS. These rates were multiplied by the age profile in the risk zone (200 km buffer surrounding coastline where V. vulnificus infections are present) to estimate likely baseline and future cases.The sum of the coastline length within climate cells where presence was calculated for each SSP scenario and future time period. The population at risk of Supplementary Information.


The circulation of fresh agricultural products is related to the quality of consumption and agricultural development. This article takes the online reviews of fresh products as the research object and studies the comparative differences of consumer brand perception under the different sentiment and brand source classifications. The study was carried out with the aim to explore the influence mechanism of consumers’ different brand attitudes. Structural Topic Modeling (STM) method was used to classify online reviews for brand perception topics, and Gephi network visualization was used to analyze the influence relationship between different brand perception topics. The study also conducts comparative research on the differences in perceived attitudes between positive and negative emotion classifications, as well as self-operated and non-self-operated brands, and analyzes the moderating effect of sentiment scores on the perceived theme intensity of different brands. The circulation of fresh agricultural products has attracted intense attention from scholars and business managers in recent years. China Central Government report 2021 once again proposed e-commerce as an important means for the effective connection of production and consumption of agricultural products from villages to cities . According to one another survey, the mainstream platform-based e-commerce sales accounted for 74.8% of the fresh food e-commerce market in China, still occupying a dominant position in 2020 . This means that cooperation with platform e-commerce is considered the best choices sometimes for many fresh suppliers [Another fact is that China’s total import and export of fresh agricultural products across borders was 743-billion-yuan, accounting for 43.5% of the total import and export of agricultural products in 2020, and this status quo has continued to grow rapidly in 2021. Domestic fresh agricultural products occupy a large market share in the national agricultural import and export trade. With the improvement of residents’ living standards, consumers’ preference for imported fresh agricultural products is gradually increasing [In the context of the upgrading of the consumption structure, the quality and branding of agricultural products has become a new growth point in consumer demand. In present time e-commerce of agricultural products has gradually dependence on brands. It means that new enterprises should build a competitive attractive brand as the main path for e-commerce operation . Main diThe development of e-commerce has promoted the transformation of traditional agricultural product brokers (vendors) and many agricultural product producers into local e-commerce operators. The non-self-operated brand mainly operated by agricultural product brokers, or by farmers themselves. Due to all these it’s a big challenge for new companies to present multi-agent and complexity of network governance . This phDue to importance of online business, it is getting importance for online foods business as well. The theoretical research on fresh food e-business mainly focuses on fresh food logistics and operation models. To distribute fresh food, it depends on cold chain, city distribution, Internet of Things, communication technology, so scholars explore fresh food storage and transportation losses, logistics costs, distribution efficiency and other issues to solve strategies to improve fresh food logistics service capabilities.Zan (2020) annotated that the low level of standardization of fresh produce has resulted in an imbalance between quality and purchase costs, making it difficult to build fresh brands, and proposed that companies need to identify consumers’ preference for product characteristics and formulate product quality control Standard building brand elements . But relThis research chosen the STM model to classify and compare the topic of fresh food e-commerce review text. In the research method of topic classification model, the existing research mainly focuses on the topic classification model of LDA (Implied Dirichlet Distribution) . LDA andAfter carefully literature review, it is estimated that there is a need of comprehensive research on brand management of agricultural products, especially for fresh food e-business and brand strategies. Therefore, from the perspective of fresh food e-commerce brand building, this article takes consumer brand attitudes as the research object, through text mining on consumer online product reviews, compares the differences in consumer brand attitudes under different categories, and identifies fresh food e-commerce consumption preference characteristics, and then dig out the business strategy of brand growth and value appreciation of fresh e-commerce products. However, existing related research has not yet made a comparative analysis of consumers’ different sentiment and attitude differences under different brand sources. In order to deepen related theories, this paper applies the STM structure topic model to make up for the lack of research methods in this field, and classifies different sentiment. More specifically this research carried out with these research objectives,To study and analyze deep relevant theoretical research to carry out targeted and in-depth research.To use online customers feedback to classify the online reviews of online fresh food consumers, through comparative method study.To analyze why there exists consumer attitudes difference, and analyze the relationship between the consumers’ attitudes, thereby propose fresh food e-commerce brand management and development strategies.To promote the progress of fresh cold chain logistics and promoted the rapid development of fresh food e-commerce.Comparing to LDA model, the advantage of STM is that it introduces document-level metadata as covariates  to explain topic strength  and topic content , that is, topic prevalence and topic content are specified as any number of metadata covariates . That isThe Structural Topic Model (STM) is a form of topic modeling developed explicitly with social science research. STM entitle us to contain metadata in our model and uncover how additional documents might articulate the same underlying topic using various word choices. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is an example of a topic model operating to classify a document’s text to a particular topic. It creates a topic per document model and terms per topic model, modeled as Dirichlet distributions.According to the data and sample, in this study, the researcher chose cherries products as sample, and online consumers’ reviews of cherries products as experimental text data. According to the latest data from the General Administration of customs during 2020, China imported 214,400 tons of cherries (cherry), an increase of 405% over 2012, which is satisfactory data representation. The study applied a crawler program crawled a total of 41234 consumers’ reviews of cherries on JingDong (hereinafter referred to as JD) e-commerce platform from 2019 to 2021. The brand source contained cherries official flagship store which is operated by JD platform, and non-self-operated brand which were selected from top five by sales volume. Data were refined by deleting invalid comments and a total 34,340 were selected for present research. By using the python naive Bayes classifier, the sentiment classification of comments is carried out in the form of supervised learning, including 23329 positive comments and 4661 negative comments. Finally, the author applied RostEA software to calculate the sentiment value separately of the positive and negative reviews sentences one by one, and got the quantitative results of the sentiment value of each review. The RostEA method has been widely used to analyze user text content in Chinese, and the accuracy rate of cross-judgment for the results of the text sentiment mining test has reached 80.6%.According to the data clean and corpus prepare, R language were used to process the text data, including data segmentation, removal of stop words, and constructing corpus. Step 1: Reviews segmentation. The researcher applied the jiebaR word segmentation package, to segment each review sentence, and eliminated the stop words with two stop words dictionary from Harbin Institute of Technology and Machine Intelligence Laboratory of Sichuan University. Step 2: Building corpus. The researcher applied the corpus generation function prep documents that comes with the STM package to build a document-level corpus of the comment text afterword segmentation.According to calculation for the optimal number of topics, in order to determine the number of topics more accurately, the experiment completed the optimal number of topics  in 2 steps: Step 1: Diagnostic values. The author applied the search K function of the STM package, set the inspection range from10 to 22 of the K value with 1 as the tolerance, and performed iterative estimation. Roberts et al. (2016) believe that the optimal number of topics can be determined according to four criteria: held-out likelihood, semantic coherence, residual and lower bound. Among them, the first two indicators should be higher, and the latter two indicators should be lower. The experimental calculation results are shown in According to the covariate variable, the experiment selected 3 covariate variables to construct 2 topic strength calculation models, which are review text sentiment classification (sent.class), brand source classification (source) that include self-operated brand value 1) and non-self-operated brand , and sentence average sentiment value . The value of sent.class variable range is positive and negative; the sent.value value comes from the calculation result of each comment text by RostEA software, the value range is , and the maximum and minimum were deleted. The relationship between Topic Prevalence and sent. class and sent. value as in  and sentiment classification (sent.class) were used as covariate variables, and input to the STM model according to formula 1 with K range from 15 to 18 to estimate calculation. The STM model was run with the parameters above, and the results are shown in The third column of The STM model was used to calculate the effect of the customers’ feedback classification on the topic prevalence by including the sent.class as a covariate variable in the model, which as a character variable is assigned Positive and Negative by python naive Bayes classifier .The topic on the left of the dotted line indicates that the proportion of the topic appears in negative feedback is greater than that in positive feedback and vice versa. The author found that experience, communication, after-sale and truthfully description topics appear in the left domain of the For positive topics, the author can find that consumers have more positive attitude to logistic services like packaging, transportation, delivery and they seem to be willing to express more recognition for e-commerce platforms, such as trust, guarantee etc. For product characteristics, consumers mainly care about appearance, taste, freshness, such as color, granular, sweet, elastic.Topic correlation analysis. In order to deeply understand these topics, the author used topic correlation function from the STM package to explicit estimation of the correlation between the topics, which is an important distinctive feature of STM from other topic models. Gephi software was used to generate a network diagram of the correlation between the topics  on e-commerce platforms. For further analysis, the experiment set the covariates as brand source classification (source) and sentence sentiment value. The sentiment value  is brought into the STM model with the K = 16 value, and the topic distribution under the brand source classification (source) is calculated by topic clustering, as shown in To continue analysis the relationship between business service topics, the topic prevalence was checked. In this part, to compare the effect of business service between the self-operated and non-self-operated brands, so 8 business service topics are selected except platform topic . Before First, the author estimated the relationship between review sentiment value  and topic prevalence with regression analysis and it can be seen that the relationship under sales-promotion topic is not significant, and other topics are significant. Second, the author estimated the moderating effect of sentiment value, and the STM model allows us for interactions between the two covariates .after-sale, communication attitude, delivery, packaging, transportation, truthfully description, affordable. The moderating effect analysis reflects the changes of sent.value and topic prevalence of the seven topics related to business services under two brand sources. The author can find that after-sale, truthfully description, and communication attitude basically exhibit the same variation characteristics. When the sent.value is less than zero, the redlines is higher than the blue, and the sent.value less the redline higher. That means consumers complain more about after-sale, communication attitude and description for the non-self-operated brand compared with the platform self-operated brand.According to packaging both of them have the same change curves. It can be found that logistic service, that self-operated brand depending on, from the e-commerce platform has more advantage on fast response and convenient delivery service, comparing the third party logistic which non-self-operated brand usually cooperates with. For packaging, both of the two brand sources have the same service degree, such as using strong packing materials, adding ice packing. It can also find that logistic service can improve consumers’ positive attitude from the blue line rising with the sent.value becomes bigger. But the red line doesn’t rise, which means non-self-operated brand seller should improve their logistic service or strengthen cooperation with the third part logistics. The same condition occurs in the topic of affordable, and the author thinks the self-operated brand is more reasonable in product quality and pricing, also more promotion activities make its product more attractive, which can really improve consumer attitude.For delivery and transportation topics, the self-operated brand has received more positive evaluation of consumers compared with the non-self-operated brand, but for This paper applies the STM structure topic model to conduct text mining on fresh food e-commerce user reviews, and analyzes the consumption of fresh food e-commerce through topic classification, correlation analysis and moderating effect analysis with the perspective of fresh food e-commerce brand growth. To perceive to conduct subject classification research. When policymakers generate value generation and job development in dynamic sectors, it limits their ability to sustain digital entrepreneurs and tech start-ups. It eventually leads to profits of competitiveness for regional businesses. The paper further explores the characteristics of consumer demand preferences, and the results help companies identify brand competitiveness elements under fresh food e-commerce, rationally formulate brand marketing and development strategies, and further study platform corporate brands and third-party sellers through thematic comparison analysis Brands’ consumer attitudes are different, and the research results help third-party fresh food e-commerce sellers to effectively identify environmental risks and opportunities. According to the research results, particularly in the context of the current e-commerce platform’s leading agricultural Internet upgrade, it will be helpful to the platform enterprises and the third-party sellers to build a more cooperative and sustainable symbiotic relationship. However, this study chooses a single platform and online feedback of a single category of fresh products as the data source, leading to certain limitations in the experimental research results. In the future, horizontal comparison studies can be conducted on different platforms or different categories of products and at the same time, future research can be based on brand competition from the perspective of strength, quantitatively evaluate the competitiveness of different fresh food e-commerce brands, to further explore the influence mechanism of fresh brand competitiveness. These are implications of the present study.E-commerce platform companies need to further coordinate and optimize their relationships with third-party sellers to form a benign competition and cooperation status. Through the above comparative analysis, consumers have doubts about the quality of non-self-operated brand, and to some extent, they trust platform self-operated brand, especially in the after-sales links such as return and exchange of fresh products, platform-operated brands have more advantages. However, this competitive situation is not conducive to the construction and development of non-self-operated brand. Especially in the disadvantaged items of third-party sellers, platform companies can provide cooperation in after-sales service, return and exchange, and build a more open and inclusive empowerment platform for fresh food companies, making self-operated brand and non-self-operated brand form a benign competition and cooperation relationship.Non-self-operated brand sellers need to focus on highlighting the elements of brand personality. Compared with platform self-operated brand, third-party sellers have a lot of space in shaping the personality of non-self-operated brand, such as personalized packaging and product portfolios. Platform self-operated brand, due to its mature operating system and standardized operating procedures, is likely to cause consumers to generate brand trust, but they lack the elements of brand personality, and this area can become a source of competitive advantage for non-self-operated brand.The construction of fresh food brands in the e-commerce environment should not only focus on product quality but also provide good service. A good shopping experience can promote more repurchase and recommendation willingness of consumers, which is an important condition for establishing brand trust. The entire experience of all links after consumption, including delivery, packaging, logistics service quality, customer service communication, return and exchange, etc., and even e-commerce entertainment, which means that companies not only need to control product quality, but also need to improve comprehensive e-commerce service capabilities, and many fresh food companies tend to ignore the improvement of e-commerce service capabilities in their transformational operations under the e-commerce environment.affordable and promotion reflects that low-price promotion strategies are effective for fresh price-sensitive products. The pursuit of affordable is an important motivation for consumers to abandon offline consumption and switch to online shopping. The e-commerce circulation model can reduce the operating costs of intermediate links, but there is still a high degree of uncertainty in the conversion of cost advantages to price advantages. Especially between the platform self-operated brand and non-self-operated brand, there is a certain degree of homogenous competition, resulting in the lack of obvious price advantages for third-party sellers. Third-party sellers can adopt a relatively flexible price strategy to avoid price wars with platform brands and affect brand image.The theme of Fresh food companies should use online customer’s feedback to establish stable and benign communication channels with consumers. Through the collection of review texts, it can be found that there are a large number of invalid and low-value reviews in online reviews, and companies need to encourage consumers to provide more effective feedback reviews, such as allowing consumers to give corresponding thematic classification feedback according to the theme model. Online reviews not only contain a lot of business value information, but also an important way to build a company-consumer brand relationship. Many consumers’ dissatisfaction attitudes can be effectively handled through timely communication.S1 File(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


Despite the wide pharmacological action of polyphenols, their usefulness is limited due to their low oral bioavailability, which is due to their low solubility and rapid first-pass metabolism. Red vine leaf extract is an herbal medicine containing several polyphenols, with resveratrol and polydatin as the main compounds exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the first stage of the work, using the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach, the red vine leaf extract  was obtained, which showed optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In order to circumvent the above-described limitations and use innovative technology, electrospun nanofibers containing the red vine leaf extract, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were first developed. The optimization of the process involved the time of system mixing prior to electrospinning, the mixture flow rate, and the rotation speed of the collector. Dissolution studies of nanofibers showed improved resveratrol release from the nanofibers (over five-fold). Additionally, a PAMPA-GIT assay confirmed significantly better buccal penetration of resveratrol from this nanofiber combination (over ten-fold). The proposed strategy for electrospun nanofibers with the red vine leaf extract is an innovative approach to better use the synergy of the biological action of active compounds present in extracts that are beneficial for the development of nutraceuticals.  Resveratrol belongs to the group of polyphenols with a stilbene structure . The intPolygoni cuspidati radix has also been demonstrated . Mor. Mor9]. Finally, the intramolecular interactions between the extract, PVP, and HPβCD were analyzed using FTIR-ATR . From prThe purpose of creating nanofibers was to improve the ingredients’ physicochemical properties, i.e., resveratrol’s solubility and permeability. Therefore, in this part of the work, the influence of process parameters on the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the obtained form was assessed.The content of resveratrol was the first factor to be examined, as shown in A critical parameter that significantly affects the product’s effectiveness is the release of the active substance from the nanofibers , Table 7In addition, the kinetics of resveratrol release from the prepared nanofibers were evaluated . The mosIn addition, the oral mucosa are regarded as a desirable site for resveratrol administration due to the bypassing of the first-pass effect. As it has been shown, a significant increase in the rate of resveratrol release from electrospun nanofibers was obtained. This, in turn, can result in an increase in permeation through biological membranes. Therefore, using the PAMPA test, the permeability of resveratrol from the prepared extract and the nanofibers was assessed . No statBy showing an increase in the rate of resveratrol release at oral pH and an increase in the compound’s permeability through the membrane simulating the mucosa, the obtained data can be extrapolated to assess the increase in bioavailability of resveratrol.When evaluating the product in terms of the possibility of its use in the oral cavity, it is essential to keep the electrospun nanofibers within the oral cavity, precisely on the buccal layer for the precise time allowing the active compound to dissolve and penetrate. Thus, the rheological properties of the obtained electrospun nanofibers were assessed . No statFinally, we tested if the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were still present using the nanofibers created using the techniques outlined in the first section of the paper. Firstly, the results showed that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties remained at a level comparable to those of the initial extract, which confirms the lack of a negative impact of the process on the biological activity of the final nanofibers . SecondlSumming up all the relationships, it can be concluded that only the time of mixing the mixture before the process and the flow rate of the mixture were significant. While there is not much work on the effect of mixture preparation, the flow effect is widely reported in the literature. The flow of the polymeric solution via the needle tip determines the shape of the electrospun nanofibers. Beads may occur if the flow rate is increased beyond the critical point ,29. The All properties of the process and the obtained nanofibers were subjected to a correlation assessment using principal component analysis (PCA). A correlation was found between the nanofibers’ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and the resveratrol content. The essence of the optimized process was also indicated because in the case where the efficiency of the process was higher, a smaller diameter of nanofibers was obtained , which cIt was feasible to anticipate the statistical model and identify the ideal electrospinning process parameters using the completed research and statistical studies . The optUsing the DoE approach, it was possible to determine the optimal parameters of the vine leaves extraction process: 50% of methanol in the extraction mixture, temperature 70 °C, and three cycles per 60 min. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the obtained extract have been demonstrated, indicating the potential of the plant material’s health-promoting properties.The DoE approach was an effective technique to select the optimal electrospinning conditions. As a result, resveratrol-rich vine leaf extract-loaded PVP/HPβCD was successfully created for use as a novel, controlled drug delivery extract system. The data from the electrospun nanofibers with improved resveratrol solubility (over five-fold) and significantly better buccal penetration of resveratrol (over ten-fold) show the potential of buccal application to increase the bioavailability of resveratrol.The described DoE approach provides a flexible and modular design platform whose scope and size can be expanded or decreased depending on each case’s complexity and design goals. The DoE approach was successfully used in this case to optimize the process of extracting plant material and prepare electrospun nanofibers containing the previously obtained extract. A DoE-like approach is therefore suitable for characterizing and understanding extraction and electrospinning procedures. In addition, this approach can also be potentially used to create any material utilizing any other cutting-edge manufacturing method.