How antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk is communicated in news media can shape public understanding and the engagement of different sectors with AMR. This study examined online news media attention for AMR risk and analyzed how AMR risk was communicated using a global sample of English and Chinese news articles.A total of 16,265 and 8335 English and Chinese news relevant to AMR risk, respectively, published in 2015–2018 were retrieved from a professional media-monitoring platform, to examine media attention for AMR and its drivers, of which, 788 articles from six main English-speaking countries and three main Chinese-speaking territories were drawn using constructed-week sampling for content analysis.Media attention mainly fluctuated around official reports or scientific discovery of AMR risks or solutions but seldom around reports of inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU), and not consistently increased in response to World Antimicrobial Awareness Week. The content analysis found that (1) heterogeneous medical terminologies and the ‘superbug’ frame were most commonly used to define AMR or AMR risk; (2) a temporal increase in communicating microbial evolution as a process of AMR was identified but communication about inappropriate AMU in general consumers as the cause of AMR remained inadequate; and (3) the multifaceted consequences of AMR and individual actions that can be taken to tackle AMR were inadequately communicated.The media should be encouraged or reoriented to communicate more about actions that can be taken by general consumers to enable collective actions and the multifaceted conseuqences of AMR to encourage one-health approach for tackling AMR. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important global health concerns, posing threat to human and animal health, food and environment security, and global economy . AMR is Existing studies on news media representations of AMR mainly focused on English news media from high-income countries –8 but seThe aim of this study was to provide an analysis of news media representations of AMR risk, focusing on both English and Chinese online news articles published in 2015–2018 globally. English and Chinese are the two most popular languages spoken by the world’s population. Therefore, including both the English and Chinese news can provide a more comprehensive picture regarding the global representations of AMR risk in news media and enable comparative analysis across the two media contexts to inform how cultural, political, and other social contexts shaped media representations of AMR risk and subsequently solutions to AMR. News articles of other languages in which our research team were not competent were not included. We chose a timeframe of 5 years from 2015 to 2018 to enable analysis of the temporal trend in media attention to AMR risk and allow examination of how the One Health approach was implemented since it was urged in the World Health Assembly for the global action plans on AMR . The speNews articles were retrieved from the platform provided by Meltwater, a professional media-monitoring company that enables access to ~ 250,000 online newspapers globally  and has The retrieved news articles published by the top 25% media agencies ranked by Reach  were included for eligibility screening. Two research assistants independently screened for the eligibility of the retrieved news based on the pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria . In communication context, framing is defined as a process to ‘select certain aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient’ . The aspAMR frames , cause , social actors , consequence , and controllability and solution , based on analysis of a random subset of 100 eligible news articles. Framing on AMR was analysed based on articles’ headlines, which may substantially impress readers about what AMR is, while other aspects of AMR were analysed based on examination of the full content of the reports. Two research assistants were trained to reliably use the coding scheme to analyse all articles selected using CWS, while maintaining open to allow new codes emerging during coding. The coding scheme was constantly refined during the coding process based on regular discussions among the research team  including general medical terms  and drug-specific  or pathogen-specific medical terms , followed by the ‘superbug’ frame  (Table 23/788 in2(1) = 13.18, p < 0.001). Two important causes—inappropriate AMU  and microbial evolution as a process of AMR  were identified. Communicating microbial evolution as a process of AMR was more common in 2017–2018 than in 2015–2016 (χ2(3) = 16.82, p = 0.001), but when microbial evolution was communicated, only 25.9% (48/185) mentioned human behaviours of inappropriate AMU as a cause to accelerate the AMR process. When communicating inappropriate AMU as a cause, most referred this to inappropriate AMU in animals for which farmers, food companies and veterinarians were blamed , followed by inappropriate AMU in the health sector for which patients, doctors and hospitals were blamed  while only 8.6% (68/788) blamed inappropriate AMU among general consumers  communicated the causes of AMR, which was more common in Chinese news (χ2(1) = 5.22, p = 0.022). Most communicated the health consequences of AMR  while 7.4% (58/788) communicated the economic consequences  communicated the consequences of AMR, which was more common in Chinese news (χes Table c.victim (for whom AMR risk is relevant) emerged as a new theme in the analysis of consequences of AMR. Vulnerable individuals  were more commonly mentioned as the victim of AMR than the general public (Table 2(3) = 7.36, p = 0.0061). Mainland China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia and the US were more likely to communicate the general public as the victims of AMR than other sites  used a positive tone such as “successfully harness”, “17”, and “hope” (of new solutions) while 86 (10.9%) used a negative or pessimistic tone for the controllability of AMR , “untreatable”, “difficult to control” and “uncontrollable”). While Mainland China, Taiwan, South Africa and Australia tend to use a positive tone for controllability, the US tend to use a negative tone for controllability Fig. e.Solutions were the most frequently communicated aspects of AMR risk, of which, technoscientific solutions   were most common, followed by appropriate AMU  , and political/organizational solutions  . Around 23.0% (181/788) mentioned personal hygiene  as the solution and several mentioned vaccinations . There was an increase in frequency of communicating technoscientific solutions by year (χ2(3) = 28.88, p < 0.001). Australia, Canada and Taiwan were the three sites that most frequently reported the technoscientific solutions, while Hong Kong, Canada and the US more frequently reported the political and organizational solutions, and Mainland China, South Africa and UK more frequently reported appropriate AMU as the solutions compared with other sites  is important to raise public awareness, it is equivalently important to frame AMR as something controllable and actionable to empower the public in taking actions on it.Our study has several limitations. Firstly, our analysis only included English and Chinese news due to resources restriction. The English news merely included six countries for which English was the official language or one of the main official languages. For countries with multiple official and other native languages such as India and South Africa, our findings may reflect only the partial picture of media representations of AMR risk in these countries. It is possible that our results may be subject to biases if representations of AMR risk differ by English and non-English news media in these countries. Secondly, the news articles were retrospectively retrieved and thus access to some news articles was lost over time. Thirdly, merely the textual contents of online news articles were analysed and thereby some of the nuances surrounding the understanding about representations of AMR news by print media, social media and other forms of media data were lost. Furthermore, while our study focused on how AMR risk was communicated in news media to infer their influences on public mental representations of AMR risk, future studies are needed to test how different representations of AMR risk affects public mental representation of AMR risk.To conclude, an overall increasing trend in media attention given to AMR issues was identified from 2015 to 2016–2017 but media attention for AMR risk appeared to decline in 2018. The representations of AMR risk in English and Chinese news media in 2015–2018 can shape public perceptions of the centrality of the roles of scientists, government and commercial organizations, rather than general consumers in the agenda of AMR. Our study also indicates the insufficient implementation of the One Health approach and intersectoral collaboration in AMR surveillance, impact assessment and communication across countries. The implementation of the One Health concept in tackling AMR requires intersectoral engagement and collaboration. First, the WHO should play a crucial role in helping countries particularly low-resources countries for establishing the AMR surveillance systems not only for the health sector but also for the animal and environment sectors. This may require both funding and technical support with the coordination of the WHO. Second, individual countries should establish or refine their national action plans including strengthening surveillance of AMR and AMU in animal and environment sections and establish a platform for sharing AMR  and AMU data across sectors. AMR and AMU data can also be shared with the media to facilitate AMR risk communication. Local media should reflect their communication strategies about AMR risk upon the One Health principle, local AMR and AMU data, and the global media discourse and strategies in the issue of AMR to urge policy decision making and reshape research direction in local countries. The communication should reflect the multifaceted consequences of AMR, responsibilities of multi-level sectors rather than one single sector, and the controllability and actionable measures to facilitate engagement of multi-sectors and collective actions for tackling AMR.


Primary congenital hypothyroidism is a disease associated with low serum thyroxine and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The processes of screening and treating congenital hypothyroidism, in order to prevent neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in newborns, have been well investigated. Unlike term infants, very preterm infants (VPIs) may experience low thyroxine with normal TSH levels (<10.0 μIU/mL) during long-stay hospitalization. In the current literature, thyroxine treatment has been evaluated only for TSH-elevated VPIs. However, the long-term impact of low thyroxine levels in certain VPIs with normal TSH levels deserves more research. Since July 2007, VPIs of this study unit received screenings at 1 month postnatal age (PNA) for serum TSH levels and total thyroxine (TT4), in addition to two national TSH screenings scheduled at 3–5 days PNA and at term equivalent age. This study aimed to establish the correlation between postnatal 1-month-old TT4 concentration and long-term NDI at 24 months corrected age among VPIs with serial normal TSH levels. VPIs born in August 2007–July 2016 were enrolled. Perinatal demography, hospitalization morbidities, and thyroid function profiles were analyzed, and we excluded those with congenital anomalies, brain injuries, elevated TSH levels, or a history of thyroxine treatments. In total, 334 VPIs were analyzed and 302 (90.4%) VPIs were followed-up. The postnatal TT4 concentration was not associated with NDI after multivariate adjustment . To attribute the NDI of TSH-normal VPIs to a single postnatal TT4 concentration measurement may require more research. The importance of thyroid function screenings (TFS) in newborns has been extensively researched ,2. InfanUnlike full-term infants, very preterm infants  may display false-negative screenings at birth due to the incomplete development of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis . Two forConcerning this result, which potentially affects the brain development of long-hospitalized very preterm infants, several thyroxine-replacement studies have been conducted. However, the results are inconclusive in terms of improving the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome ,13,14,15In brief, most scholars seem to agree on the need for an extra screening during admission . HoweverIn Taiwan, all newborns receive TSH screening after birth, and preterm infants are requested to attend a second TSH screening at term equivalent age . In addiAge at admission greater than 7 days old;Death at discharge;Severe brain injury, such as severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), confirmed by serial cranial ultrasounds or magnetic resonance imaging, which was related to the poor neurodevelopmental outcome;Congenital anomaly or syndromic gene anomaly;Any event of elevated TSH (≥10 μIU/mL) at serum or blood spot test;Infants treated with L-thyroxine during admission;T4 and TSH data not simultaneously available during admission.The study aimed to identify the relationship between TT4 concentration and long-term outcomes for VPIs, born at a gestational age (GA) equal to or less than 30 weeks. The data of VPIs were retrospectively collected by reviewing medical records in January 2019, when the participants had all completed the routine 24-month corrected age follow-up. The study analysis was undertaken in April 2019. The exclusion criteria are listed below:This study unit was a 20-bed tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Tainan, Taiwan. The annual care volume of this unit is approximately 350–400 neonatal admissions, including approximately 60 VPIs. Two neonatologists, two residents, and one nurse practitioner are regularly in charge of the admitted infants each month .The thyroid functions of VPIs in this study were screened in three stages, as follows.Stage I: all admitted newborns receive first national thyroid screening at PNA 3–5 days, along with a TSH concentration screening. TSH concentration is measured by heel blood sampling filter paper cards via a tandem mass spectrometer in the national laboratory ..18].The use of TT4 for screening, as opposed to FT4, may be a limitation of this study. This is because this study was based on the detection of delayed TSH elevation. The use of a single set of TT4 data, instead of multiple TT4 datasets, might be another limitation; however, a serial TSH level < 10.0 μIU/mL might imply a normal thyroid status in those VPIs. Future studies should aim to take multiple measurements of serum FT4 in VPIs at 4–6 weeks postnatal age.The high follow-up rate (90.4%) of infants at 24 months corrected age was a strength of this study. Furthermore, obtaining the morbidities of preterm infants and the exact PMA provides more information regarding the relationship between TT4 and NDI.Thyroid function screening is important for VPIs. However, a single 1-month-old serum TT4 concentration measurement may not be sufficiently clearly associated with long-term neurodevelopmental impairment in neurologically intact VPIs, who have already undergone three normal TSH screenings. The morbidities of prematurity were related to long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. To be able to attribute the NDI of TSH-normal VPIs to a single postnatal TT4 concentration measurement may require more investigation.


Representation of under-represented minority (URM) faculty in the health sciences disciplines is persistently low relative to both national and student population demographics. Although some progress has been made through nationally funded pipeline development programs, demographic disparities in the various health sciences disciplines remain. As such the development of innovative interventions to help URM faculty and students overcome barriers to advancement remains a national priority. To date, the majority of pipeline development programs have focused on academic readiness, mentorship, and professional development. However, insights from the social sciences literature related to “extra-academic”  barriers to URM persistence in higher education suggest the limitations of efforts exclusively focused on cognitively mediated endpoints. The purpose of this article is to synthesize findings from the social sciences literature that can inform the enhancement of URM pipeline development programs. Specifically, we highlight research related to the social, emotional, and contextual correlates of URM success in higher education including reducing social isolation, increasing engagement with research, bolstering persistence, enhancing mentoring models, and creating institutional change. Supporting URM’s success in the health sciences has implications for the development of a workforce with the capacity to understand and intervene on the drivers of health inequalities. In the United States (US), the reduction of persistent health inequalities based on race and ethnicity remains a significant public health priority. The current landscape of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with the coronavirus pandemic further underscores the urgency of addressing health inequalities in this country. To illustrate, in the past 10 months, more than 267,000 Americans have died as a result of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus. Of those, Blacks account for 22.9% of all COVID-19 deaths while representing only 13.4% of the total US population [There is an ongoing and critical lack of diversity in the biomedical and health sciences workforce . The inaThe development and dissemination of effective interventions to help URM students overcome barriers to enrollment and matriculation in health science disciplines remain a national priority. To date, the majority of pipeline development programs have focused on academic readiness, mentorship, and professional development . HoweverThe purpose of this article is to synthesize research findings from the social sciences literature that can inform the design of health sciences pipeline development programs for URM students and scholars. The sections below highlight research associated with social, emotional, and contextual factors deemed relevant for improving pipeline development programs including reducing social isolation, increasing engagement with research, bolstering persistence, enhancing mentoring, and creating institutional change. By highlighting the contributions from the social sciences, we seek to move beyond individual-level approaches that too often focus on the academic deficits of URM students and fail to address the complex nature of academic systems that maintain and reinforce inequalities.The lack of representation of URM students and faculty in health-related majors and careers often leads to social and professional isolation. Compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts, URM students at all levels of higher education and training often express higher rates of social isolation and distress associated with the psychosocial impact of “being the only one” . Social To attenuate the experience of being the “only” or “one of a few” that URM students face in health sciences programs, it is imperative that recruitment and retention efforts reach a level of “critical mass” . StudiesA holistic review and admission process occurs when universities aim to assess the “whole” applicant inclusive of contextual factors that may inform their likelihood of program success . HolistiPromoting a sense of community by creating a cohort of URM students with similar backgrounds can be effective in reducing social isolation . One exaIn addition to increasing the representation of URM students in higher education , it is also important to encourage engagement among URM and non-URM students to improve the quality of the experience in the training program. The contact hypothesis  suggestsMany health sciences training programs for URM students typically offer a combination of academic development opportunities such as social support, mentoring, stipends, tutoring and exam preparation, graduate school advising, summer bridge experiences, research opportunities, and career and skills development activities . These lStrategies to reshape the perceived relevance of research training and careers for URM are required in pipeline programs. These strategies can include the following: exploring the important contributions of URM faculty in community-engaged research, expanding theoretical approaches to critically understand the role of structural violence, racism, and other social determinants on health disparities, and expanding community-based service-learning (CBSL) research opportunities. The rationale for the inclusion of each of these topics into traditional pipeline development programs is discussed below.The contributions of URM researchers have expanded and enhanced our understanding of health disparities. URM researchers can bring about different perspectives concerning theory and practice, which effectively challenge existing views on health inequality. For example, Crooks et al., 2019  has deveDespite the recognized importance of diversity in the health sciences, there is a lack of literature that focuses on the contributions of URM scholars  in reducPipeline development programs in the health sciences should also seek to expand the training curriculum to focus on non-biological drivers of health inequalities. The extent to which individual behaviors are embedded in external context is now well documented in the social determinants of health literature , with thLastly, the inclusion of community-based service-learning (CBSL) CBSL opportunities is recommended along with other traditional forms of research training. CBSL training gives students the opportunity to learn applied research skills. A growing body of literature suggests that CBSL provides a means by which the community and students mutually benefit through an exchange of knowledge . CBSL isWhile there has been a range of institutional approaches aimed at increasing persistence among URM health science students, retention remains a significant problem. Early research on educational persistence among URM students placed a heavy emphasis on the academic disadvantage due to historical structural and systemic racism experienced by URM . GrowingTraining curriculums should include information about these internalized barriers to the advancement of non-traditional students in the health sciences including women, URM, and first-generation students. In addition, resiliency frameworks, rather than deficit models, should guide strengthening URM student persistence interventions . ResilieMentorship as it relates to gaining knowledge about academic culture, developing research skills, teaching, and service, and overall career advancement is essential to the success of URM students and scholars in higher education . AlthougInstitutional level policies are critical to improving the URM pipeline in higher education. While the need for institutional level climate change has been documented , effortsThe issue with the “leaky pipeline” indicates URM scholars are less likely to enter into higher education academic careers, which then continues to be “leaky” at all stages of academic education, training, promotion, and leadership development. One of the frameworks explaining the causes of such leaky pipeline is the idea that the practices of already privileged groups promote maintaining their status and limiting opportunities for outsiders. This process of drawing boundaries and constructing identities around the social boundaries is called social closure. The main purpose of social closure is to control resources.Concerning racial/ethnic inequality in higher education, social closure is a mechanism through which URM scholars are often excluded from resources and opportunities relations. Practices of closure could work in evaluation, resource distribution, and promotion. In particular, evaluation often works against URM scholars). While the academy is viewed as an institution of meritocracy, organizational decisions are influenced by implicit biases and stereotypes against minority scholars, which disadvantages URM in hiring and promotion. Social closure also limits access to resources and opportunities. This “opportunity hoarding” ensures the members of the privileged monopolizes resources and opportunities, while excluding the other. In the academy, URMs often experience limited access to resources, know-hows, and social networks that are critical to successful socialization and promotion due to implicit and explicit practices of social closure.These discriminatory practices become institutionalized, in part because organizational leadership often lacks minority representation, thus privileged preferences and stereotypes are reflected in URM evaluation, resource distribution, and social relations including mentorship and training opportunities. At the same time, because social closure prevents URMs from leadership roles, such practices are not challenged.Detracking in education is an argument against the practice of grouping students based on their academic ability levels, instead, detracking aims to create mixed classes with students of different abilities. In the tracking system, teacher’s expectations often differ for high track and low-track students. Furthermore, more resources are directed to high-track classes, while low-track classes tend to be low-income disadvantaged students in the first place, resulting in wider gaps between high and low performing students. Such a segregationist model of education may not reflect how students learn and interact with others. Detracking also challenges how people think about intelligence and stereotypes about race.In this article, we described concepts and strategies from the social sciences that may help to increase the overall effectiveness of pipeline development programs for URM students in health sciences disciplines. We have summarized several key areas of research that go beyond the traditional focus on academic endpoints that may serve to increase the effectiveness of pipeline development programs for the health sciences. Future research is needed that evaluates the added benefits of pipeline development programs that address the combined academic, social, emotional, and environmental barriers to academic success.


One of the vital challenges for cancer diseases is efficient biomarkers monitoring formation and development are limited. Omics data integration plays a crucial role in the mining of biomarkers in the human condition. As the link between omics study on biomarkers discovery and cancer diseases is deepened, defining the principal technologies applied in the field is a must not only for the current period but also for the future. We utilize topic modeling to extract topics (or themes) as a probabilistic distribution of latent topics from the dataset. To predict the future trend of related cases, we utilize the Prophet neural network to perform a prediction correction model for existing topics. A total of 2,318 pieces of literature (from 2006 to 2020) were retrieved from MEDLINE with the query on “omics” and “cancer.” Our study found 20 topics covering current research types. The topic extraction results indicate that, with the rapid development of omics data integration research, multi-omics analysis (Topic 11) and genomics of colorectal cancer (Topic 10) have more studies reported last 15 years. From the topic prediction view, research findings in multi-omics data processing and novel biomarker discovery for cancer prediction  will be heavily focused in the future. From the topic visuallization and evolution trends, metabolomics of breast cancer (Topic 9), pharmacogenomics (Topic 15), genome-guided therapy regimens (Topic 16), and microRNAs target genes (Topic 17) could have more rapidly developed in the study of cancer treatment effect and recurrence prediction. Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and other -omics studies involve comprehensive investigations , as a statistical technique, is available to capture and explain potential relationships between the high-frequently-used terms in recent scientific products with high precision through a layered aggregation system of words Hence, compared with traditional bibliometric research paper, this article is characterized by natural language processing of many title texts and predictive analysis based on time series. From this perspective, we summarize the scientific terms presented on MEDLINE over the past 15 years. Research topics are extracted, and then theme intensity is calculated based on the time segment of the month. From the perspective of topic modeling and the predictive correction algorithm optimization, our study provides specific methods for scientific researchers in the cell development field. It furnishes more followers with intuitive understanding and disciplinary analysis in the study of omics data integration to biomarkers.This study evaluates the “Omics data integration” in “Cancers” to explore the research topic's evolution. The research framework contains seven steps, which are mainly embodied in two stages. The first phase is data preprocessing and topic extractions , the number of circles represents the number of topics, and its size means the corpus belonging to the topic. The quadrants of circle distribution represent the clustering situation. The distance between circles represents the semantic distance between topics. The farther space is, the higher the discrimination between topics is.e time slice, in the document set, the number of documents is Ne, and the intensity of topic X, TX means the number of articles attributed to topic X:Topic intensity is a statistical attribute of topic, indicating the degree of concern of the topic. In our research, we employed the number of documents distributed to each topic to calculate intensity. The intensity index of each topic constitutes a series of time. Define in In our study, we use the time series model, the Prophet neural network, to predict the topic trend. Compared with the classical ARIMA model and LSTM model, the Prophet model can better predict the growth trend. It does not require extensive sample data for text training, so it is easier to achieve convergence than the LSTM method. Since the minimum unit for the journal publication cycle in the data sample is monthly. When predicting the size trend of each topic, we take it monthly, ignoring the influence of cycle factors and holiday factors.R2_score represents the deviation between the observed value and the real value, ranging from 0 to 1. This is used to evaluate the quality of the trend predictions. The case that R2_score is closer to 1 means the fitting effect is ideal. Besides, we compare Prophet-Liner and Prophet-Logistic results to examine whether the topic trend is linear or not. Intuitively, the Prophet-Liner result represents the direct prediction on linear trend, while the other is the direct prediction on logistic trend.The ECharts ThemeRriver diagrams are used in the series to represent changes in events or topics over time. The different colored river branches in the theme river encode various topics. The width of the river branch encodes the value in the original dataset. In Column 3 in From the overall development trend of the subject, the research achievements of omics analysis in cancer research increase year by year. Column 5 in Machine learning is an intelligent scientific tool to improve concrete algorithms in experiential learning  is a common and lethal disease with a high therapeutic need. In a range of protein, DNA, and RNA-based biomarkers under investigation for CRC, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation have been evaluated as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarker in colorectal cancer  are short, non-coding RNA that negatively regulates gene expression and are differentially expressed in human cancers  (Gwak et al., To sum up, the recent development of omics and biomarker discovery technology in the past two decades has brought a burst inflection point in the above fields. The above eight topics will keep a rapid development in the future. Even though the remaining topics trends show decreases, it does not mean the related research are getting less. In The scientific panorama involved in studying the omics data integration toward the mining of biomarkers in cancers is described in the 20 extracted topics. Among the 2,318 sample studies, the core element from the current scientific discussion is the multi-omics analysis. For each topic, the Prophet model can better adapt to the evolution trend. In addition, all of the research topics are in line with the Liner trend, indicating a development stage for omics analysis in cancer studies. The research methodology proposed in this study is hoped to promote a different approach to conceptualizing and treating omics data integration study based on existing methods.From the perspective of the distance between topics and the evolution of distribution, the innovative technologies of biomarker discovery represented by genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are the actual contents of integrating omics data in cancer research. Genomics has done extensive research on cancer cells and cancer patients in different treatment stages. With the continuous development and update of international genome-related databases, traditional machine learning algorithms and deep neural networks are essential for data integration and disease prediction. In the future, innovative algorithms will be explored for biomarker discovery technology in different stages of different types of cancer diseases. There will be more research performing clustering optimizations in the development of multi-omics data integration.Metabolomics has made many achievements in the research of genitourinary tumors, lung cancer, and breast cancer, mainly reflected in the study of metabolic phenotype biomarkers in the metabolic pathway. It is also used in the research of cancer treatment and prognosis prediction. Vertically omics data integration among proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics is becoming more common in the study of cancers. To obtain biological information through omics technology and to discover the molecular mechanism related to cancers are the primary purpose of proteomics research. To detect new marker molecules and to improve the clinical treatment effect, the development of a multi-omics data platform and schema database together with the exploration of a multi-omics feature expression algorithm will have more practical significance.In omics research toward the mining of biomarkers in cancers, our study summarizes the existing evolution and predicts the future trends of researches. Specifically, the adopted topic model describes and forecasts the change of time segments, which helps track the research development. Additionally, as our results go beyond the original thinking of theory and framework, this study also helps scholars and readers to understand the hot spots and future opportunities regarding omics data integration in cancer studies.It is noted that there also exist some limitations. On the one hand, although we described the hot research issues and predicted the frontier research issues, there is still a shortage in natural language processing. Due to the variety of text language rules in different stages and different cancer diseases, the same substance can be expounded in several ways. In the process of document-level natural language processing, the expression differences of specific terms cannot be avoided. On the other hand, this paper's conclusion does not involve finding out the research deficiencies, technical challenges, and other omics research problems toward the mining of phenotype-specific biomarkers. Expert systems development and optimizing algorithms will be performed in the next study to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the research problems.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.LN wrote the manuscript. HH contributed to the modification of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Scanning Probe Microscopies and Related Methods in Biology is a timely research topic considering the wide range of their biological applications that have emerged in recent year. These methods measure and manipulate molecular interactions that dictate all processes in life at the single-molecule level. Progress in measuring and imaging such interactions keeps providing new insights into the complexity of life. The collection of contributions in this research topic give a view into the state-of-art of single molecule force spectroscopy and an insight into a diverse range of applications.Yang et al. as well as in practical aspects of its application Readers have shown a significant interest in learning about progress in instrumentation for single molecule force spectroscopy Liposomes become increasingly important not only in basic research but also as carriers of drugs or other agents such as m-RNA Vorselen et al.Therefore, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been used to characterize dimensions and mechanical of artificial liposomes and native vesicles over many years. An up-to-date protocol is a great help for an experimenter entering the field Devastating neurodegenerative disorder as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease are major challenges of molecular medicine. Since the development of AD relates to the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers, understanding the molecular mechanisms defining the conversion of physiologically important monomers of Aβ proteins into neurotoxic oligomeric species is the key for the development of treatments and preventions of AD. Similarly, understanding of alpha-synuclein misfolding and neurotoxicity is important. AFM has been used to characterize assembly of amyloid fibers by time-lapse series before Maity and Lyubchenko; Feuillie et al.Two original research papers now demonstrate how beneficial the use of AFM for the characterization of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers Gudzenko and Franz.In contrast to disease-inducing amyloid fiber formation, the fibronectin (FN) fibrillogenesis is an important process, e.g., in wound healing. It has also been analyzed by time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the course of such experiments, light was observed to impair the capability of FN to form fibers. A first systematic study of this phenomenon is presented in Zhu et al.Although crystal structures and modeling are the major tools in medicinal chemistry, molecular pharmacology experiments produced conflicting results on ligand binding sites in neurotransmitter/sodium symporters. A minireview on binding sites in the serotonin transporter sheds light on its allosterically linked binding sites. Again, single molecule force spectroscopy is the tool of choice to unravel the complexity of the transporter’s multiple binding sites Martín-González et al. could be adapted under safe conditions for assessing actions to eliminate Covid-19 contamination.In times of a pandemic catastrophe, the efficiency of anticontamination fluids is critical. High-resolution microscopies including AFM are excellent tools to assess the effect of different alcohol solutions by simple observations of the morphological changes of viral samples induced by the treatments. The experiments on Adenovirus On-going developments of AFM technology bring new imaging modes offering the acquisition of multiple parameters of the addressed biological structure or unprecedented time resolution for monitoring protein dynamics. Also, multifunctional hollow cantilevers have been designed for delivery or extraction of biomolecules to/from single cells. This progress is not summarized here, but may become an interesting research topic in the future.


Progress of molecular meningioma characterization . Brain Pathology. Now, this gap is going to be filled, and the timing cannot be better. Both the understanding of the molecular alterations acting in meningiomagenesis, as well as the classification of the tumors by combining conventional histological features with a site of tumor growth, somatic mutations, and epigenetic characteristics has expanded our understanding of the biological landscape of this tumor previously regarded as “boring” to investigate and simple to treat. This evolution is reflected by the just recently updated WHO classification of brain tumors which includes molecular features as an important layer to classify and grade meningiomas [While meningiomas represent the most frequent primary intracranial tumor and, therefore, play an important role in daily clinical practice for neurosurgeons, neurooncologists, and neuropathologists, this tumor type has not been covered within the well‐recognized format of a mini‐symposium in ingiomas   can be detected as well. This amplicon‐based targeted meningioma panel might accelerate the introduction of genomic characterization in daily routine work.The paper of Berghoff and colleagues raises the question of how targeted molecular testing can be incorporated into neuropathological diagnostic. Therefore, the following article  introduces a concise, time, and cost‐efficient NGS panel which is sufficient to detect relevant somatic mutations. The proposed panel covers all genetic alterations essential for exact classification (for instance, Finally, a review with a special focus on brain‐invasive meningiomas covers the recent knowledge about the molecular mechanisms driving this process. While brain invasion has been established as a criterion for grade 2 meningioma, the relevance for future treatment decisions and recurrence rate estimation has been subject to discussion .We hope that this mini‐symposium will stipulate further research into the biological underpinnings of meningiomas and their diagnostic or even therapeutic application.There are no conflicts of interest to declare.Felix Sahm: writing, artwork. Christian Mawrin: concept, writing, artwork.


What, if anything, would be wrong with replacing the light postulate in Einstein’s 1905 formulation of special relativity with a ‘sound postulate’, stating that the speed of sound is independent of the speed of the source? After reviewing the historical reasons underlying the particular focus on light in the special theory, we consider the circumstances under which such a theory of ‘sonic relativity’ would be justified on empirical grounds. We then consider the philosophical upshots of ‘sonic relativity’ for four contemporary areas of investigation in the philosophy of spacetime: (i) global versus subsystem symmetries, (ii) dynamical versus geometrical approaches to spacetime, (iii) the possibility of a preferred frame in theories of quantum gravity, and (iv) spacetime functionalism. Since (u.c in the case of light).3Suppose that one is modelling the propagation of a sound wave, mentclass2pt{minimmentclass2pt{minimRelativity principle The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are not affected, whether these changes be referred to the one or the other of two systems of coordinates in uniform translatory motion.Light postulate Any ray of light moves in the ‘stationary’ system of coordinates with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a stationary or by a moving body. Hence lated in , Sect. 1—one can ask: what, if anything, would have been wrong with replacing the latter of these two principles with the following?:Sound postulate Any ray of sound moves in the ‘stationary’ system of coordinates with the determined velocity u, whether the ray be emitted by a stationary or by a moving body. Hence lated in , Sect. 1The speed of sound through a medium is, indeed, independent of the speed of the source: it is a function of the velocity of the medium in which the sound propagates. This is what gives rise to the familiar physics of e.g. sonic booms in supersonic travel. So: prima facie, the parallels between light and sound run deep. Why, then, Einstein’s focus on light in the 1905 paper?The wave equation for sound, as a description of a vibrating string, has been known since at least the seminal 1746 work of d’Alembert , when otall physical fields without media (in the case of light: the ether) should obey Poincaré invariant physical laws, with invariant speed given by c.The correct answer to this question—the answer which we will elaborate in detail over the course of this paper—is that, for any medium capable of transmitting sound, there are phenomena which depend on motion with respect to that medium. Thus, the sonic Poincaré symmetries in the acoustic case are broken when sound waves interact with other physical systems; this symmetry breaking manifests in empirically detectable effects . By contrast, there are no known phenomena which depend on motion with respect to putative medium of light—the so-called ‘luminiferous ether’. Thus, there are empirical grounds—accrued with painstaking care over the course of the nineteenth century—for believing in the existence of a sound medium, but not for believing in the existence of the ether; in this sense, light is ‘fundamental’, but sound is not . Having for this reason (based upon application of Occam’s razor) rejected belief in the existence of this ether, one can then understand the 1905 special theory as constituting the inductive base for a universal kinematical constraint that Articulating this account in full detail and rigour is the central goal of this paper. Our plan is the following. We begin in Sect. Consider Galileo’s famous ship thought experiment: in the first scenario, a ship is stationary with respect to the shore; in the second, the ship is moving uniformly with respect to the shore, with the motion “not fluctuating this and that” . When coyes: the propagation of the sound will proceed in exactly the same manner inside the ship in both cases, for in both cases is the observer co-moving with the medium in which the wave is propagating. Thus: if the medium of propagation is also subject to a Galilean boost, one does not expect violations of the Galilean relativity principle by a given wave.First, consider a sound wave propagating in the interior of Galileo’s ship. Assuming that the sound medium  is also subject to the uniform velocity boost , the answer to the above question is if the medium of propagation is not also subject to a Galilean boost, one does in general expect violations of the Galilean relativity principle by a given wave.Contrast this with a second example: an aeroplane emitting sound from its engines as it travels through the air. More specifically: consider two otherwise-identical planes, moving at different velocities through the air. In this case, the medium (the air) is not subject to a Galilean boost (which relates the two planes); since the velocity of the sound emitted by the planes is a function only of the speed of the medium , and  not of the speed of the source (the plane’s engines),Thus, if the medium is dragged along with the subsystem, as with Galileo’s ship, then Galilean symmetries will not be broken. Yet even when the medium is not dragged, and observers’ moving through a stationary medium causes Galilean symmetry-breaking effects, one might reasonably argue that these effects are simply a peculiarity of the easily-detectable and tangible medium of sound, rather than a fundamental issue with Galilean symmetries as a universal constraint.detectable difference in the results of electromagnetic experiments at different times of the year [Now, in their investigations into light and electromagnetism in the nineteenth century, physicists made the (quite reasonable) assumption that, just as sound waves propagate in a medium (the air), so too should light waves propagate in a medium: this medium came to be known as the ‘luminiferous ether’.the year , 54.indistinguishability of the different states of the Earth’s motion around the Sun , physicists such as Lorentz and FitzGerald instead introduced dynamical contraction hypotheses: the physics governing the constitution of material bodies must (they hypothesised) cause them to contract in just such a way as to counteract the effects from the non-dragging of the ether, and lead, fortuitously, to no detectable differences under Galilean boosts of the Earth; of course, such hypotheses also faced the spectre of ad hocness.9As Ryckman puts it, though, “the idea that a body moving through a stationary ether partially drags along both the ether and the light propagating through it with a tiny fraction of the body’s velocity added yet another mysterious property to the ethereal substance” , Chap. 8not drag with the Earth’s motion, it was the particular nature of (the medium of propagation of) light which seemed to raise problems for the Galilean relativity principle.The foregoing well-known history goes a long way to accounting for Einstein’s particular focus on light in his 1905 paper on special relativity: given that, by the end of the nineteenth century, physicists had convinced themselves that the ether  does The special theory of relativity grew out of the Maxwell electromagnetic equations. But ... the Lorentz transformation, the real basis of special-relativity theory, in itself has nothing to do with the Maxwell theory. Rather, in the view of the later Einstein, the situation was this:The content of the restricted relativity theory can accordingly be summarised in one sentence: all natural laws must be so conditioned that they are covariant with respect to Lorentz transformations. Notwithstanding his reneging on the focus of light, though, and his later understanding of the role of special relativity as simply issuing a universal kinematical constraint of Poincaré invariance,could one arrive at the special theory of relativity using a sound postulate?Now, there are open questions regarding whether, with the completed theory of special relativity in hand, one need say that light plays a crucial role in this theory—or rather, just as with the equivalence principle of general relativity, it played the role only of ‘midwife’ in the construction of the theory.within the laboratory, Galileo-ship-type experiments; since the air is at rest in the lab, one would, within these individual experimental setups (now themselves within the laboratory), expect violations of Galilean relativity principles. If such violations were not observed, one could expect the history of special relativity to play out once more, but now with respect to sonic experiments in the lab: one might hypothesise either (a) that the air is ‘dragged’ after all, or (b) that there is some principle of ‘sonic dynamical contraction’ of the experimental setups to cancel the relativity principle-violating effects, or (c) (as per Einstein in 1905) that the entire hypothesis of a sound medium is redundant, and that one should understand sonic Poincaré invariance as a universal kinematical constraint.Suppose that one is in a laboratory, and that one is able to perform experiments using sound, but not using light. Moreover, suppose that there are (e.g.) no air conditioners, so that the air is stationary in the laboratory. In this situation, one could construct, Suppose one went for option (c) here. Then, mirroring Einstein in 1905, one could construct a theory of ‘sonic relativity’, based on the relativity principle and the sound postulate  it is reducible to oscillations in some medium, or (ii) it can be associated with a self-subsistent entity (say the electromagnetic field) which can in itself be reduced to some more fundamental physical entity.Why do we connect the fundamentality of waves with non-dependence on media? On the one hand, if a wave has a medium, then that medium must necessarily consist of qua kinematical constraint) is supposed to apply not just to electromagnetism, but to all fundamental physics . That is, Einstein’s 1905 paper can be understood as involving an implicit inductive extrapolation, from the Poincaré invariance of the laws governing light , to the Poincaré invariance of all fundamental physical fields. It is not at all clear that this extrapolation  are fundamental theories in this sense—unlike theories of sound propagation. This is significant, for, as already mentioned, the import of special relativity ( priori’ ) would band experimental binding to the medium of air, makes approach (c) above of eliminating the medium entirely untenable, at least when one extends the domain of inquiry beyond the ‘sonic laboratory’. As such, sound cannot qualify as fundamental, and is therefore inappropriate as an inductive base. On the other hand, there was for Einstein, and indeed still is, neither theoretical reason nor experimental evidence for implementing an ether in electromagnetism. In fact, Einstein’s radical act of eliminating the ether, which was a significant conceptual evolution beyond Poincaré and Lorentz, disconnected the effects of Poincaré invariance from any sort of matter or substance. Instead, he was arguing for a direct constraint on the electromagnetic field, now seen as fundamental, independent of possible idiosyncrasies arising from a medium. This legitimated the extrapolation to all fundamental fields the Poincaré symmetries as universal kinematic constraints. Transparently, sound is inappropriate for this role, given its inextricable ties to a medium.Sound, with its direct theoretical also constructed from fields which obey optical Poincaré invariant laws—i.e., one must extrapolate the Poincaré symmetries of the electromagnetic equations governing light to physical fields including those fields out of which the interferometer is constructed.Bringing these threads together, our point can be put like this. If a wave is taken to be non-fundamental in the sense that it is regarded as being an oscillation in some medium, then there must be some physical phenomenon that is a function of the state of that medium—for otherwise, one would have no empirical grounds for taking the wave to be non-fundamental. In turn, if there are physical phenomena that are functions of the state of the medium, then it cannot be the case that all physical fields are conditioned so as to obey the same symmetries as those of the wave under consideration—for otherwise, one would not observe these effects. Thus, if a wave is regarded as being non-fundamental, then one cannot thereby treat its symmetries as yielding a universal kinematical constraint on all fields. On the other hand, if a field is fundamental in the sense that it is regarded as being self-subsistent, rather than as being an oscillation in some medium, then there are no physical effects which are functions of the state of that putative medium, which means that one can legitimately make the inductive inference that all fields are conditioned so as to obey the symmetries associated with that field. Note, moreover, that this extrapolation is a necessary part of strategy (c) above. For example, in the case of the Michelson–Morley experiment, simply denying the existence of an ether is insufficient to account for the observed null results: one must in addition assume that the interferometer is qua universal kinematical constraint, is to be understood as applying only to those fields for which we have independent reason to believe that the associated media do not exist. Since we do believe that the sound medium exists , it is not appropriate to formulate this theory on the basis of a ‘sound postulate’, rather than a light postulate.would become available, and—by exact analogy with the case of light—sonic relativity (featuring the sound postulate), understood as an inductive extrapolation of sonic Poincaré invariance, would be justified on empirical grounds ..qua univper the foregoing sections, that we take special relativity to be an inductive extrapolation of optical Poincaré invariance to all fundamental physical fields representing wave-like phenomena—i.e., to all such fields which we take to be self-subsistent, rather than to be oscillations in some medium.c? The answer to this question depends upon delicate interpretative matters regarding that theory.Suppose, M, coupled via the Einstein equation to matter fields with stress-energy tensor not apply to gravitational waves—i.e., we should not infer that gravitational waves propagate at c.As typically presented, the ontology of general relativity is represented by a Lorentzian metric field should apply—i.e., one should expect this wave to propagate at c.There is, however, another approach to understanding the ontology of general relativity. Typically, gravitational waves are modelled as perturbations c [In fact, however, one should not be too hasty in this reasoning. There is a rich history of debate in the foundations of gravitational wave theory regarding the extent to which the graviton field ate at c .) For thWe turn now to four foundational implications that arise from the above conclusions: implications regarding (i) emergent symmetries Sect. , (ii) dybroken in a subsystem: the latter are a proper subset of the former.In , WallaceV associated with this subsystem, such that it obeys [More specifically, Wallace takes a Newtonian theory set in Maxwellian spacetime, and considers a subsystem with either a finite number of particles, or, in the continuum case, finite mass (what he terms an ‘island universe’). He imposes a boundary condition on the gravitational potential it obeys , p. 202\superset of the global Newtonian symmetriesSonic relativity illustrates an important foundational point: that the reverse case—subsystem symmetries being a proper superset (rather than a proper subset) of dynamical symmetries—can also arise. In this situation, when one considers the global physics, there is a preferred frame: the rest frame of the medium . However, an observer within a subsystem does not have access to this privileged frame: subsystem physics is decoupled from this global degree of freedom. That such physics is not sensitive to these degrees of freedom means that it is subject to fewer constraints, and thus that its symmetries can be richer than those of the global theory , the focan construe along metaphysical lines our above point that subsystem symmetries can be a superset of global symmetries, if one is a certain stripe of ‘ontic structural realist’.Finally, we contend that one locus classicus, see [Does spacetime structure explain the symmetries of the dynamical laws governing matter, or vice versa? This question lies at the centre of the well-known debate between ‘dynamical approaches’ to spacetime  and ‘gecus, see , 42). Prcus, see ), or . For ancus, see ; for somcus, see .,34We wish to become embroiled in these debates in this paper only to the extent that we wish to point out that the scenario of the ‘sonic laboratory’—in which the ‘true’ laws have a preferred rest frame , but in which the ‘emergent’ subsystem laws have a larger symmetry group —appears to be grist to the mill of the dynamical approach: for it is another illustration of phenomenological dynamical laws identifying correctly neither theoretical spacetime  nor operational spacetime .33,3433global dynamical symmetries should be constrained by spacetime structure.Nevertheless, proponents of the geometrical approach might not see the case of sonic relativity as being problematic for the view. After all, these transformations hold only within a certain subsystem. A geometrician could therefore argue that only However, as  demonstrqua theory of self-subsistent waves is expected to be reduced to some deeper theory of physics , it is not fundamental.37In Sect. The thought model that we have presented shows that, as long as there are no direct experimental constraints on this elementary description, one should take care when postulating which aspects of the currently known ‘effective’ physics  should also be taken as fundamental in the elementary description . , p. 198Although we concur that the above concerns are reasonable, we do, however, wish to emphasise one possible disanalogy between the parable of the ‘sonic laboratory’ on the one hand, and the current state of play in theoretical physics on the other. This is the following: in the former case, we were only motivated to think that there is indeed a preferred frame when considering a perspective external to the laboratory. However, no such considerations are at play in the quantum gravity case, as theories such as QED are understood to hold (at the appropriate energy levels) not just of subsystems, but of the entire universe. Thus, there is a disanalogy, for in the former case we are considering the phenomenological physics laws that apply in a given subsystem—what de Haro would call ‘extendable’ theories—while in the latter case we are considering theories which hold of the entire universe—what de Haro would call ‘unextendable’ theories [39In our view, the above considerations do go some way to undercutting an insistence on Poincaré invariance when constructing theories of quantum gravity which could qualify as theories of everything—that is, when constructing physical theories which have the credentials to be truly fundamental. This reasoning should be congenial to authors who do, indeed, seek to break Poincaré invariance at the fundamental level: physicists such as Smolin  and Barbtheories . It is nTo summarise, then: there is a prima facie concern from sonic relativity that effective theories in some domain are compatible with base-level theories associated with a more structured spacetime. Insofar as theories such as QED are (just like sonic relativity) Poincaré invariant but non-fundamental (in the sense of this section), one might worry that our theories of quantum gravity need not, in fact, be Poincaré invariant, by analogy with the sonic relativity case.u were greater than the speed of light c—in spite of the former propagating in a medium, and the latter being self-subsistent.Suppose, hypothetically, that it were the case that the speed of sound qua kinematical constraint would be inappropriate in worlds such as that countenanced above, in which these two senses of the theory diverge.Now, we side with (at least the later) Einstein in understanding special relativity to be a kinematical constraint on fundamental fields (based upon an inductive extrapolation from the case of light).en vogue position of ‘spacetime functionalism’ , accord to Knox . That ismes  pick out the same spacetime structure. On the other hand, in worlds of the kind countenanced above in which the speed of sound exceeds the speed of light, the situation is more delicate—for one may obtain  made in , Sect. 6