III, 1; TbIII, 2 and DyIII, 3) chelate synthesis and their effective grafting onto MWCNT surfaces with high magnetic bistability retention. The magnetic anisotropy of an Ln-CNT hybrid molecular system by replacing the central ions in the hybrid complex was studied and it was found that system 1 exhibited a magnetization reversal from positive to negative values at 70 K with quasi-anti-ferromagnetic ordering, 2 showed diamagnetism to quasi-ferromagnetism and 3 displayed anti-ferromagnetic ordering as the temperature was lowered at an applied field of 200 Oe. A further analysis of magnetization (M) vs. field (H) revealed 1 displaying superparamagnetic behavior, and 2 and 3 displaying smooth hysteresis loops with zero-field slow magnetic relaxation. The present work highlights the importance of the selection of lanthanide ions in designing SMM-CNT hybrid molecular systems with multi-functionalities for building spin valves, molecular transistors, switches, etc.There is an immense research interest in molecular hybrid materials posing novel magnetic properties for usage in spintronic devices and quantum technological applications. Although grafting magnetic molecules onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is nontrivial, there is a need to explore their single molecule magnetic (SMM) properties post-grafting to a greater degree. Here, we report a one-step chemical approach for lanthanide-EDTA (Ln = Gd Recently, the focus has shifted towards single lanthanide ion-based molecular systems, in which the SMM character is evident at a single-ion level [S + L) and crystal field effects (CFE), lanthanide ions show large magnetic anisotropy and therefore large anisotropic energy barriers, paving the way for slow magnetic relaxation [Single molecule magnets (SMM) are compounds that display magnetic properties of purely molecular origin, which are different from their bulk compounds where magnetic properties arise from collective long-range magnetic moment ordering . Primarion level . Primarilaxation . Lanthanlaxation ,17. Morelaxation ,19,20.3 defect on a single-walled CNT via nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate has shown a long coherence time of 8 μs, thus having the plausibility of quantum control operations through a one-dimensional (1D) molecular platform [Contemporarily, the idea of synthesizing a hybrid molecular complex that involves grafting SMM onto carbon nanotubes and accessing the quantized magnetic state via CNT electrical conduction properties is being explored to a great extent ,22. Carbplatform . A detaiplatform . HoweverIII, 1; TbIII, 2 and DyIII, 3)-grafted MWCNT molecular system. We have chosen Gd—4f7 (8S7/2), Tb—4f8 (7F6) and Dy—4f9 (6H15/2) as our ideal SMM systems since they display isotropic and oblate-shaped electronic distribution systems, respectively  is a chelating agent that is widely used to trap metal ions for diverse industrial applications . It has Ln-EDTA chelate is prepared via the solvothermal synthesis method, followed by slow evaporation of the solvent under ambient conditions to obtain high-quality single crystals. The crystal structure of Ln-EDTA complexes shown in Intramolecular distances and intermolecular distances between Ln atoms play a significant role in magnetic relaxation dynamics. Here, we find that the intramolecular distances (Tb…Tb distance is 6.071 Å) likely influence the interactions between the spin carriers, in contrast to the interactions between the chains (Tb…Tb distance is 9.437 Å) see . The pac2SO4/HNO3—3:1 ratio); this ensures the removal of catalytic metal particles (Fe) and the introduction of carboxylic groups to the surface of the nanotubes. Traditionally, two synthetic chemical routes were employed in attaching SMMs to the CNT surface; first, covalent bonding between the functionalized CNTs and the molecular complex; and second, non-covalent attachment via electrostatic interactions and/or π–π stacking of molecular complex on the CNTs. It is envisaged that the non-covalent attachment of the molecules preserves the integrity and electronic character of the carbon nanotubes. There are, however, studies reporting the successful covalent attachment of molecules to CNTs without hindering the electronic properties of the CNTs [Before the grafting of the Ln-based SMMs, the MWCNTs were pretreated in an acid mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid . The EDAX results show that 0.5 wt%, 0.8 wt% and 1 wt% of Gd, Tb and Dy, respectively, were doped onto the MWCNTs. This further allows us to study the single-molecule magnetic behavior of the respective lanthanide molecules.rity see b and fur1-molecular system  magnetic susceptibility measurements from 2–300 K with an applied dc field of 200 Oe were carried out to study the static magnetic behavior of the Ln-EDTA grafted MWCNTs. Zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetic measurements reveal a one-dimensional hybrid molecular system displaying high magnetic anisotropies a,b. The r system a showed  lowered b, signalr system b showed r system a, χm remexchange  and weakT) was analyzed  of the 2-molecular system remains constant up to 35 −1 with decreasing temperature is observed. This is characteristic of a typical quasi-ferromagnetic behavior. Thus, the Tb-MWCNT system undergoes a symmetry-breaking transition from a disordered to a magnetically ordered state. At higher temperatures, thermal fluctuations are relatively stronger than the magnetic ion  interactions. However, when lowering the temperature, at the onset of a certain temperature  and zero-field splitting parameter (D) with a negative value. Often the superexchange interactions between the magnetic ions combined with magnetic anisotropy results in a large energy barrier for magnetization reversal between the two magnetically polarized states (negative and positive moment). Slow relaxation in the magnetization is the result of this large energy barrier formation and this property can be used for high-density data storage applications. It is worth noting that, in our work, all three compounds showed a hysteresis loop at low temperatures; more considerably the 2 and 3 molecular hybrids showed a large hysteresis loop, respectively  of all three molecular hybrids was analyzed  of the applied field at 2 K. This indicates that there is an energy barrier for the molecules to reverse magnetization when the external field is swept in cycles between positive and negative fields. Further, it can be observed that these step-like positions concerning the magnetic field vary for 1, 2 and 3, which correlates with the varied relaxation energy barrier due to varied magnetic anisotropy by replacing the central metal ion in the Ln-EDTA and effective exchange interactions with the π electrons of the MWCNTs. It also becomes evident through the dM/dH plots that slow relaxation is absent at higher temperatures. It can be noted that the step-like sharp peaks are absent and merge as a single sharp peak seen at zero field, indicating a faster relaxation of magnetization at temperatures > 20 K , shown in system 3 c, the ma−1 for the Gd-, Tb- and Dy-MWCNT systems are shown in , respectively. It is worth noting that the M vs. HT−1 curves for all three molecular systems do not superimpose onto a single master curve, confirming the presence of magnetic anisotropy. To obtain further complementary information on the Ln-MWCNT hybrid molecular complex, we performed M/Ms plot fitting with theoretical Brillouin curves for different values, respectively  as follows:Finally, an effective magnetic moment can be derived by substituting the J = 8 and J = 7.4 for molecular systems 2 and 3, respectively. However, we could not fit the molecular system 1 and this might be due to the presence of metal impurities or to defective sites opened on the CNT surface during acid treatment. Following Equation (5), we find the effective magnetic moment 2 and 3, respectively. These experimentally derived values were compared with the theoretical values 3 shows anti-ferromagnetic ordering.We considered the best-fitting values and found er value . This fu1, 2, and 3, were grafted onto the CNTs via EDTA ligand, respectively, and the controlled attachment led to the grafting of 0.5–1 wt% of magnetic metal ions onto the CNT surface, confirmed through EDAX results.The introduction of magnetic molecules onto a conducting surface such as a CNT will enable accessing spin degrees of freedom where condensed matter phenomena interactions such as spin–spin exchange, spin–phonon coupling and spin correlations can be realized to build a variety of molecular electronic devices. Through careful control of the chemical functionalization of CNTs with magnetic molecules, we can realize enhanced magnetic properties in the compound molecule. All three magnetic ions, 3+ ions on the CNT surface are lower, it can be inferred that the CNT hybrid molecular system is grafted with isolated Ln3+ ions rather than a bulk chain of molecular magnets. Therefore, the enhanced magnetic properties observed are due to superexchange interactions. Furthermore, the steps seen in 3+ ions, which effectively reduces the QTM-type relaxation and therefore gains slow relaxation.Since the concentrations of Ln2 and 3 gained a magnetization reversal energy barrier ) since QTM-type relaxation is dominant. A theoretical model was developed in understanding the different dominant relaxation mechanisms involved when an SMM is attached to a conducting surface [ surface . ParticuAll reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were used without further purification. Carbon nanotubes were grown using the catalytic chemical vapor deposition technique at the Nano-Scale Transport Physics Laboratory (NSTPL), School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand. MWCNTs were further subjected to acidic treatment to remove the metal impurities and to promote hydrophilic nature.3.6H2O (0.186 g), 1, DyCl3.6H2O (0.188 g), 2 and TbCl3.6H2O (0.186 g), 3, respectively) was added. 1 M of NaOH was added dropwise to promote ligand solubility. The suspension was stirred and heated to reflux for 3 h in an oil bath at a temperature of 70 °C assisted with a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate. After the addition of NaOH and within the first hour of stirring, the white-colored suspension started turning transparent. The suspension was filtered with a PVDF membrane (0.22 μm) using a reduced pressure technique. The collected suspension was left out to precipitate for the next 30 h. Ethanol was spread as a layer to promote the formation of crystals. The crystals collected were further resuspended in a 25 mL DCM solution to further remove the impurities.Ln-EDTA chelates were synthesized through the solvothermal evaporation method. First, 0.5 mM (0.146 g) of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was dissolved in 25 mL of DI water placed in a 250 mL round-bottomed flask. To this solution, 0.5 mM of Ln  group percentage through Boehm titration and Ln-EDTA chelate were weighed stoichiometrically in the ratios of 1:1 and were mixed in 50 mL of DI water. The mixture solution was magnetically stirred at room temperature for a period of 24 h with the intermittent step of ultrasonication to ensure the proper dispersion of MWCNTs across the liquid medium. The resultant mixture was subjected to centrifugation and decant was removed before filtering with a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane filter. Finally, the solid was vacuum dried under reduced pressure at a temperature of 100 °C for 6 h.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using JEOL JEM-2100 Plus operating at 200 kV accelerating voltage. Samples were prepared by casting drops of Ln-EDTA-grafted CNT hybrid molecular material suspended in Ethanol solvent onto a copper grid and left to dry in air.1 (λ = 0.71073 Å) radiation at 173 K using an Oxford Cryostream 600 cooler. Data reduction was carried out using the program SAINT+, version 6.02, and empirical absorption corrections were made using SADABS. Space group assignment was made using XPREP(Version 2014/2). The structure was solved in the WinGX(Version 2021.3) Suite of programs, using intrinsic phasing through SHELXT(Version 2018/2) and refined using full-matrix least-squares/difference Fourier techniques on F using SHELXL-2017(Version 2019/3). All C-bound hydrogen atoms were placed at idealized positions and refined as riding atoms with isotropic parameters 1.2 times or 1.5 times those of their parent atoms. All O-bound hydrogen atoms were in the difference Fourier map and refined as riding on their parent atoms with isotropic parameters 1.5 times those of their parent atoms. Diagrams and publication material were generated using ORTEP-3(Version 2020.1) and PLATON(Version 130720).Intensity data were determined on a Bruker Venture D8 Photon CMOS diffractometer with graphite-monochromated MoKαLow-temperature magnetic measurements were carried out using a DC-VSM (DynaCool 12T PPMS) magnetometer between the temperatures 2 K and 300 K at an applied field of 200 Oe. ZFC measurements were carried out by first cooling the sample from room temperature to 2 K under a zero magnetic field and later magnetization data were acquired in a warming cycle after applying a magnetic field of 200 Oe. FC measurements were carried out by cooling the sample from 300 K to 2 K at a magnetic field of 200 Oe and magnetization data were acquired during the warming cycle while keeping the field on.−7 emu. Both ZFC/FC and M vs. H measurements were conducted twice and the data collected were averaged to avoid discrepancies in the data, therefore increasing the confidence interval level of the data collected from the measurements.The resolution of the DynaCool 12 PPMS in the measurement of the magnetic moment is 0.5 × 103+ magnetic impurities onto a conduction channel such as a CNT, the superexchange interactions via the RKKY mechanism and extensive π-electron screening will influence the final magnetic properties. Molecular system 1 (Gd3+-MWCNT) showed superparamagnetic behavior, while 2 and 3 (Tb3+- and Dy3+-MWCNT systems) showed a clear characteristic of SMM behavior. It is noteworthy that system 1 changes its magnetization value from positive to negative as the temperature is lowered. Furthermore, we have shown that the characteristic properties of individual SMMs can be effectively transferred to the CNT hybrid molecular system through a careful grafting approach. Low-dimensional nanoparticles must show enhanced magnetic properties and the same is realized for all the Ln3+-grafted CNT hybrid molecular systems: 1  onto MWCNTs with a higher-order retainment of magnetic bistability. We have shown that intramolecular distances between the Ln-Ln interactions are dominant in an SMM 1D chain network and influence the spin–spin interactions, effectively influencing the magnetic properties. However, when introduced as isolated Ln


PLoS Medicine’s Special Issue dedicated to AMR, Balasubramanian and colleagues shed light on the global magnitude of hospital-associated infections due to hospital acquired resistant infections (HARI) [Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top ten global public health threats, demanding immediate attention and action . To effes (HARI) .One of the strengths of the study is the combination of data from hospital-based point prevalence surveys (PPS) with estimates of hospitalization rates, resistance prevalence, and country population size to predict the number of HARIs globally, across country income categories, and within nations. Using this approach, the authors estimated approximately 136 million HARI annually worldwide between 2010–2020. To our knowledge, these are among the first global incidence estimates of HARI. However, as acknowledged by the authors, results heavily rely on the availability of PPS data, which is limited in some regions and countries. According to the authors, only 11 low- and middle-income countries report this information, often based on small sample sizes, which may introduce bias and limit the generalizability of their findings. Additionally, the study relies on extrapolating country-level infection rates and resistance prevalence from available but scarce data at the hospital level, thus introducing uncertainties and assumptions that could impact the accuracy of the results. The heterogeneity of data from various sources and countries, with differences in data collection methods, diagnostic criteria, and reporting practices, could also affect the reliability of the estimates. Furthermore, due to the lack of available data, the study reports infections in an aggregated manner, without distinguishing specific infectious syndromes, which hampers the identification of more targeted syndrome-based interventions.Acinetobacter spp., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Shigella spp., and N. gonorrhoeae) and blood, urine, feces, and urethral and cervical swabs as priority specimen types for routine AMR surveillance and reporting to WHO [Recent AMR burden estimates indicate that in 2019, 1.27 million deaths were attributed to drug resistant bacterial infections . Comparig to WHO . These cg to WHO . A complg to WHO , althougpassive surveillance of AMR in clinical samples from patients with suspected infections and (2) actively conducting periodic nationally representative surveys to measure the prevalence and trends of AMR [The estimates from Balasubramanian et al.  further s of AMR .Continuous AMR surveillance models are typically passive necessitating regular reporting of event data by all facilities that consult patients or test specimens. Routine and continuous surveillance systems for AMR improve access to timely and appropriate treatment, rapid detection of outbreaks and real-time monitoring of trends and effectiveness of interventions. However, where capacity for high-quality and high- coverage is lacking, continuous surveillance may come with significant biases. Reporting to WHO GLASS shows that coverage of adequate microbiological diagnostic services varies greatly between countries and is often scarce in resource-limited settings . Other cActive AMR surveillance through periodic national AMR prevalence surveys offers a reliable, direct measurement of the prevalence of AMR for countries lacking high-quality and high-coverage surveillance systems. This is achieved through inclusion of a subset of surveillance sites selected using statistically meaningful probability sampling methods, to achieve national representativeness and data accuracy. Surveys are typically implemented following key scientific quality standards and standardized methods which ensure that the resultant data will be comparable within and between countries and over time. These surveys use the same active systematic syndrome-based approach for case finding and enhance national technical capacity, leading to improved patient management and development of robust continuous surveillance systems in the longer term. Alternative AMR surveillance options for countries that do not yet have continuous AMR surveillance systems of high-quality and high coverage, include the establishment of a sentinel system or lot quality assurance sampling. However, unlike the periodic nationally representative surveys, these approaches do not accurately measure the magnitude and trends of AMR in a country population and consequently do not fulfil the objectives of national and global monitoring of AMR. Finally, mathematical modelling can accelerate the availability of evidence on a global scale, but its value is contingent upon the quality and representativeness of the data used and the validation of its estimates.It is crucial to consider service coverage or the attrition in the “cascade” from diagnosis to cure, when interpreting AMR surveillance and evaluating the impact of AMR. WHO guidance on the methodological principles of nationally representative AMR prevalence surveys considers the patient pathway within the healthcare setting when measuring the prevalence of AMR , focusinWhile much work remains to be done to implement reliable and timely AMR surveillance systems needed to control this silent pandemic, the estimates being generated by Balasubramanian et al., and other investigators, are a valuable starting point. These data help communicate the urgency and gravity of the problem and hopefully motivate countries to implement robust surveillance systems for generating reliable data to inform public health action.


Dynamic crystalline materials have emerged as a unique category of condensed phase matter that combines crystalline lattice with components that display dynamic behavior in the solid state. This has involved a range of materials incorporating dynamic functional units in the form of stimuli-responsive molecular switches and machines, among others. In particular, it has been possible by relying on framework materials, such as porous molecular frameworks and other hybrid organic-inorganic systems that demonstrated potential for serving as scaffolds for dynamic molecular functions. As functional dynamics increase the level of complexity, the associated phenomena are often overlooked and need to be explored. In this perspective, we discuss a selection of recent developments of dynamic solid-state materials across material classes, outlining opportunities and fundamental and methodological challenges for their advancement toward innovative functionality and applications. Constructing crystalline materials with specific stimuli-responsive dynamics and controlled molecular motion affords opportunities for innovative functionality and applications. Here, the authors discuss recent developments in dynamic solid-state framework materials across a range of material classes, exploring key phenomena associated with such complex dynamics. Garcia-Garibay to describe condensed phases that combine crystalline order and liquid-like dynamics, built with lattice-forming elements linked to components that can undergo motion4. ADMs have emerged as a category of condensed phase matter incorporating dynamic functional units, including molecular switches and more complex molecular machinery, such as motors and shuttles5. As a certain degree of dynamic molecular functionality is preserved in the solid state, more generally, DCMs exhibit structural dynamics beyond conventional structural rearrangements in condensed matter, i.e., phase transitions or lattice deformations. Instead, they feature robust dynamics, a term coined by Stoddart and Yaghi to describe intrinsic dynamics within a static or rigid framework6. In contrast, Kitagawa defines such materials as soft porous crystals that can feature both deformable lattices and local, responsive dynamics of DCMs7. The research on DCMs develops at the intersection of several disciplines, including organic synthesis, solid-state chemistry, crystal engineering, reticular chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and molecular mechanochemistry, complemented with a vast array of synthetic, analytical, and computational tools to describe these systems both experimentally and theoretically which we do not review here in detail17.In crystalline materials, the function is conventionally perceived from structural, electronic, and compositional points of view. However, solid-state materials feature functionality beyond their static compositional arrangements through various mobile distortions that can lead to emerging functions. Such intrinsic dynamics in crystalline materials involve lattice vibrations, phonons, and other coupled structural degrees of freedom that can produce collective functional responses. This has been increasingly relevant across disciplines to design and control crystalline materials with specific stimuli-responsive dynamics and controlled molecular motion. Such efforts have led to a wide range of dynamic crystalline materials (DCMs) known by different terms. Amphidynamic materials (ADMs)18. In particular, we outline unique characteristics describing functional dynamics based on representative examples and consider methodological and other challenges for analyzing dynamic functions across length scales. Given the various existing terminologies, we describe these materials with responsive dynamic features and functionalities beyond lattice vibration and deformation as DCMs. We further address the importance of interdisciplinarity in providing a fundamental understanding of the pressing challenges, hoping to inspire researchers and new perspectives for this fascinating field.In this perspective, we discuss DCMs from the standpoint of criteria that define them and opportunities presented to realize functional dynamics across classes of different (molecular) framework materials18, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and coordination polymers (CPs), but also hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), zeolites, periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), and hybrid perovskites, among others, that have been underrepresented as prospective DCMs. These organic  and hybrid organic-inorganic  framework materials have attracted attention due to the capacity of their network structures to incorporate dynamic molecular components either within void space or into the framework backbone  framework materials defined by periodic assemblies of various nodes and/or (molecular) linkers that are relevant in this context Fig. 18, such one Fig. . To thisone Fig. . Finallyrandom motion comparable to the gas phase, although immobilized within a crystal lattice. As a result, crystalline networks can have domains of high order with low entropy  as well as low order and high entropy  interconnected within a multidimensional framework. For instance, Pallach et al. have recently demonstrated that flexible side chains in MOFs can act as dispersion energy donors that show solvent-like behavior, which enables drastic changes in the corresponding energy landscape of a MOF-5-type framework. As a function of temperature, the dynamic dispersive interactions can deform the static backbone of the framework in response to the intrinsic dynamics of the side chains17. Such functional dynamics based on random molecular motion is relevant for other hybrid organic-inorganic framework materials, such as hybrid metal-halide perovskites22. They have shown a unique capability to incorporate various organic species within their crystalline lattice that is otherwise primarily defined by the inorganic metal-halide framework23. As a result, the overall structural properties and functional dynamics could be controlled by an interplay of interactions between the organic and inorganic components in response to various external stimuli23. For instance, this enables reversible pressure-induced mechanochromism in these materials and, since recently, the integration of stimuli-responsive molecular components within the perovskite scaffold, opening a path towards multifunctional materials22. Similarly, cations in aluminum-rich zeolites exhibit dynamics within the cavities, blocking the transport of guest species.24. In addition, light-controlled zeolite membranes have shown dynamic solid-state functionality. For instance, azobenzene incorporation into the zeolitic cavities was used to tailor its permeation25, illustrating the capacity of other frameworks in realizing functional dynamics within pore cavities.In general, molecular systems exhibit intrinsic motion defined by the molecular degrees of freedom and their mobility is dictated by temperature. When embedded into a crystalline lattice, some degrees of freedom are constrained, thus drastically changing their dynamic nature and limiting intramolecular motion. However, if certain molecular constituents are not directly involved in the lattice formation, they may exhibit restricting certain degrees of freedom through molecular design and incorporation into the framework backbone. Among the most popular examples are molecular rotors predominantly based on para-substituted cyclic molecules  with low torsional barriers featuring restricted non-directional motion13. While intermolecular  interactions drastically enhance the barrier for rotation in densely packed molecular crystals, spatial separation of adjacent rotating molecules in molecular frameworks allows unrestricted rotational dynamics within a rigid 3D lattice26. For example, Perego et al. observed enhanced rotational frequency of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid even at temperatures of 2 K in a Zr-based MOF due to its threefold rotational symmetry that exhibits a geometric mismatch concerning the fourfold-symmetry of the framework-forming node27. Rotational motion is also observed in PMOs depending on the packing density of the rotors28. Similarly, intramolecular dynamics permits restricting molecular motion by mechanically interlocking two or more molecular species without any covalent intermolecular interaction. This leads to the formation of catenanes29 or rotaxanes30 that are known to exhibit rotational  or translational  motion even when embedded in the framework31. While this illustrates the effect of facilitating specific dynamics in the solid state, the underlying motion is dictated by the molecular structure of the dynamic unit and its surroundings, driven by temperature and only to some degree directional in its nature.Such complex materials and their intramolecular motion can be tailored to achieve specific functionalities by controlled non-directional motion, artificial molecular switches can be externally controlled through rational molecular design32. This can, for instance, be achieved by incorporating photoswitches into the framework backbone that change their structure in response to light. Incorporating azobenzenes is a typical example of allowing for dynamic control in MOFs33. However, the photoswitching mechanism strongly depends on the framework structure34 and the switching of azobenzene moieties might exhibit a different mechanism when the switch is embedded within the framework through noncovalent complexation as compared to being attached to the framework backbone35. Williams et al. showed that the photoisomerization of diarylethenes and spiropyranes could also be manipulated by the framework confinement36. In addition to photoinduced dynamics, the translational motion could be achieved electrochemically in bistable redox-active catenanes attached to the internal surface of a Zr-based MOF37.To achieve continuous (oscillatory) (uni)directional motion is a prerequisite for a system to perform work comparable to macroscopic machines38. Unlike the previous examples, these dynamic systems can transform specific energy inputs into unidirectional motion through a ratcheting mechanism38. Feng et al. showed that MOF-anchored rotaxanes39 could facilitate the unidirectional transport of rings onto a polymer strand via redox cycling40. Although these rotaxanes were attached to 2D MOF sheets rather than embedded into a 3D crystalline solid, and their translational motion is not unidirectional once threaded on the strut, the fundamental concept illustrates the feasibility of stimuli-responsive unidirectional motion in this context that can be extended to other material classes. Exemplary of such functionality are light-driven molecular motors, especially overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors. Light-induced isomerization followed by a thermal relaxation step allows for a ratcheting mechanism that results in unidirectional 360° rotation41. For instance, Danowski et al. embedded pyridine-functionalized motors into the backbone of MOFs while preserving unidirectional rotation43. This provides the only example of unidirectional continuous responsive motion in crystalline solids. However, recent work by Gao et al. and Kathan et al. demonstrated how unidirectional rotation can result in the winding of polymer strands, resulting in macroscopic contraction of the molecular or polymer species45. The underlying effects of such interlinked dynamics on a crystal lattice in DCMs and their functionality remain to be explored.While achieving stimuli-induced (non)directional motion is desirable in functional materials, bottom-up (self-)assembly of intrinsically dynamic building blocks in (molecular) framework materials is a promising strategy toward this goal. It can involve crystallizing dynamic molecular building blocks into molecular crystals while maintaining intermolecular dynamics2. Although many such dynamic molecular crystals are already known, their overall arrangement often lacks stability, and synthetically controlling their structure, porosity, and growth into extended functional materials remains challenging9. Materials such as MOFs, COFs, and hybrid perovskites have been considered as platforms in which dynamic building blocks can be co-assembled with secondary organic or inorganic components via coordination or covalent bonds to form robust 2D or 3D lattices. The framework structure can be predefined by the geometry of the building blocks, providing a vast structural space that can, to some degree, be predicted47. These frameworks often feature intrinsic porosity that facilitates intermolecular separation of building blocks for unrestricted dynamics and can also support host-guest interactions. However, porosity does not guarantee that unrestricted dynamics can occur. For example, Stähler et al. have incorporated light-driven molecular motors in the backbone of COFs which exhibit pore sizes that exceed the diameter of the motor threefold48. Nonetheless, the stacking of 2D COF sheets in the third dimension could still prevent free molecular motion through interactions between the rigid building blocks of the backbone and adjacent dynamic moieties. These challenges stimulate ongoing investigations on controlling the assemblies of DCMs without compromising their functional dynamics.Achieving functional dynamics in a regular lattice necessitates controlling the bottom-up assembly and the stimuli-responsiveness of the framework materials. The external stimulation that enables functional response beyond temperature-controlled random motion and towards (uni)directional motion. To this end, different stimuli have been applied51, including chemical processes ,51 electrical charge37, light43, and mechanical pressure52. The resulting DCM response has predominantly focused on molecular building block dynamics, overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors in particular, without considering the impact on the extended material properties, especially in bulk materials. For example, in larger crystals or thicker samples of bulk films or powders, the effect of stimulation by electric or light bias strongly depends on the penetration depth. A recent analysis of the photoswitching in MOFs illustrated that the penetration depth is limited to only a few 100 µm or less, restricting the bulk material functionality35. However, incorporating a dynamic molecular species in an ordered lattice allows alternative ways to stimulate the resulting dynamics. For instance, Moggach and co-workers show that the rotational dynamics of linkers can be manipulated by hydrostatic pressure applied to a single crystal50. Similarly, two-dimensional (layered) hybrid perovskites incorporating various organic cations as spacers templating inorganic perovskite slabs feature reversible and anisotropic pressure-induced structural changes, as well as mechanochromism in moderate pressure up to 0.35 GPa52. The anisotropic nature of crystals also allows for specific stimulation via magnetic or electric fields53. However, it is still debated whether currently applied field strengths can drive fast dynamics of polar linkers in DCMs54. On the other hand, most framework materials' porosity allows molecular building blocks to interact with guest species, thereby enabling guest-responsiveness or chemical activation, such as via changes in pH51. Electrochemical switching was also demonstrated, which requires the transport of electric charge and ions to the dynamic building block, which can be facilitated by intrinsic porosity37. Similarly, Danowski et al. showed that energy transfer could stimulate framework-embedded light-driven motors via a secondary porphyrin linker excitation43. This interplay of two different organic linkers relies on the close spatial proximity of both species. It provides an alternative mechanism for perpetuating the stimuli-induced response in framework materials.While precise structural arrangements permit controlling molecular dynamics in DCMs, control over such motion is possible through cooperativity, particularly in amplifying dynamic responses toward macroscopic effects. Some of the earliest and most representative examples of solid-state molecular machinery with correlated motion are molecular gears transmitting motion from one element to another, including rotary arrays, molecular pumps, and motors3. Inspired by an imaginary “molecular clockwork”, Wilson et al. explained how a rotaxane and a rotor could interact when co-crystalized in a Zr-based 3D MOF to illustrate this approach55. Similarly, Gonzalez-Nelson et al. demonstrated coupled rotational dynamics of adjacent linkers in an Al-based MOF as a function of their functionalization56. Moreover, Perego et al. made a similar observation by investigating cascade dynamics in a MOF comprised of two different rotor linkers, which exhibit distinct rotational behavior after a phase transition of the flexible lattice and upon adsorption of carbon dioxide57. Given that MOFs and other related framework materials can exhibit structural transformations of the framework , the cooperative effects of the linkers provide the opportunity to control functional dynamics on the framework level that is relevant for macroscopic effects.Such interplay of molecular building blocks in DCMs allows for different levels of levels of complexity that need to be considered in the design, analysis, and application of dynamic framework materials, including their structure and composition  remains a pressing challenge for further advancement. Furthermore, other spectroscopic methods that assess optoelectronic properties and indirectly provide input on functional dynamics are relevant. This involves steady-state and time-resolved UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry, as well as transient absorption and THz spectroscopy for complementary inputsies Fig.  allows c38 and computational methods61 especially those that consider dynamics over longer time scales and complex assemblies beyond an individual dynamic molecule. In particular, this refers to the translation of basic thermodynamic and kinetic models to describe the complex landscapes and processes in molecules69 toward more complex materials on larger length scales, which might take inspiration from engineering disciplines but need to consider the underlying functional principles of dynamics at the molecular scale70. The capacity to monitor the dynamics in DCMs opens the path to exploiting other phenomena that can result in functionalities dictated by dynamics. This, for instance, involves dynamic host-guest properties. By comparing the rotational frequency of a rotor in a guest-free and guest-filled MOF, Jiang et al. could estimate the viscosity of the solvent in the pore71. Continuous threading of rings on a rotaxane grafted onto the surface of a Zr-MOF resulted in redox-responsive adsorption based on mechanical bonds, termed mechanisorption40. Recent works on photoswitching illustrate the possibility of manipulating permeability for membrane separation72 or guest uptake40. Gu et al. describe activated transport by pore window agitation via a molecular flip within a MOF that displays unique adsorption properties as a function of temperature74. Demonstrated in a computational study that incorporating dipolar gates might even allow to selectively open and close pore channels dynamically by using an electric field Tam et al.74. However, these phenomena are based on a molecular switching behavior without considering continuous  dynamics in DCMs that have only been the subject of computational investigations. In contrast, Kolodzeiski et al. investigated cooperative shuttling in a rotaxane-based MOF and the collective behavior that can arise from such a complex system75. However, among the most intriguing and thought-after properties is directed activated diffusion  via the rotational motion of molecular motors in porous frameworks. Evans et al. outlined the physical feasibility of such a process in a computational model and illustrated the decisive factors to realize it76. While these attempts have been made by demonstrating activated transport via the rotation of motors embedded in ion channels77 or MOFs78 directional molecular transport of guest species in porous hosts, e.g., via unidirectional rotation as predicted in simulations76 is yet to be discovered in real world.However, similarly to the structural analysis, one of the challenges for interpreting the experimental data is the lack of reliable theoretical modelsResearch on (amphi)DCMs has been gradually emerging over the last few decades, and its advancement requires an interdisciplinary approach considering both molecular and solid-state properties across material classes Fig. . The rep79. Moreover, theoretical tools to analyze, describe, and potentially predict dynamic properties across length and time scales are still limited61. While functional dynamics opens the way to unique phenomena, reaching beyond the conventional boundaries of research disciplines and material classes associated with solid-state dynamics is essential to overcome some pressing challenges80. Dynamic features present an intrinsic characteristic of any solid-state material and should be considered with equal importance compared to the underlying structure or composition of the material81. The sooner we consider dynamics holistically as functional aspects of a material, the better we will understand and exploit the underlying phenomena. We hope this emerging research area stimulates more collaborations across disciplines82 to address functional solid-state dynamics and realize its innovative potential.One of the limiting factors refers to the toolbox for analyzing dynamics in the solid state on the bulk, thin film, or single crystal level, especially from the perspective of in situ structural characterization methods in response to external stimuli such as lightPeer Review File


This design concept opens a pathway for developing new metamaterials with broadband EM wave stealth and also serves the wider range of new applications.Electromagnetic (EM) metamaterial is a composite material with EM stealth properties, which is constructed by artificially reverse engineering metal split resonance rings (SRR). However, the greatest limitation of EM metamaterials is that they can only stealth at a fixed and lower frequency of EM waves, and modern processing techniques still cannot meet the accuracy requirements to fabric nano‐size structural unit. Nano‐sized and even ultra‐small SRR at molecular level are promising arrays to realize the ability of EM stealth function at a higher frequency, although it has proven challenging to synthesize long, straight, connected molecular SRR, and also difficult to arrange those molecular SRR into a strict array. Here, the study overcomes this challenge and demonstrates that the fabric of polypyrrole molecular SRR achieves an ultra‐small inner diameter of 2.49 Å and realizes the arrays arrangement at molecular level. Furthermore, the study exploits the EM stealth function and verifies that such arrays of molecular SRR with 2.49 Å have the ability to reach high‐performance EM stealth in the range of 10 6‐1016 Hz.A challenging molecular‐level design idea for broad‐band electromagnetic (EM) stealth materials put forward. This breaks the limitation that modern technology cannot machine rings with the size of nanometres in traditional inverse engineering. The fabrics based on the array of polypyrrole molecular rings with 2.49 Å diameter can achieve EM stealth in the range of 10 Taking EM metamaterials as an example, the EM metamaterials can produce fascinating physical properties unavailable in naturally when permittivity and permeability of the material are simultaneously negative. These fascinating properties can allow metamaterials to be widely used in various fields such as wireless communication, radar stealth, and thermal energy conversion. Metamaterial technology can customize macroscopic physical field responses only through fine design of structural dimensions, which subverts the traditional natural material system's need to study component properties and find appropriate material synthesis methods, achieving on‐demand reverse design based on macroscopic physical field cognition. This magical feature is derived from the interaction of between artificial metal split resonant rings (SRR) arrays and EM wave, in which SRR are calculated according to the wavelength of working EM waves based on inverse engineering. That is to say, it is necessary to calculate the unit size, spacing distance and opening size of SRR according to the fixed working EM wave length, resulting in the most EM metamaterials can only resonate and produce stealth function under EM wave in a narrow range or fixed frequency.As the most magical color and the most exotic electromagnetic (EM) properties in the 21st century, metamaterials have become an exciting frontier science field of physics, material science, engineering, and chemistry.1, 2 Such as metamaterial of concave ring complementary structure resonator proposed by Huang et al., metamaterial of four strip resonators with different resonant modes proposed by Zhao et al., and metamaterial of single circular sector resonator proposed by Luo et al.. Despite improving the EM stealth of metamaterials over a range of frequencies, only for EM waves at low frequencies, resulting in a dire need for structure of SRR to match wider and higher EM wave frequencies.In response to this limitation, some novel EM metamaterials have been developed to achieve broadband EM work via combining several resonators of different sizes or vertically stacking multi‐layer subwavelength metal structures.35 SucGenerally, the size of the SRR cell should be designed to be much smaller than the operating wavelength. This makes it difficult to fabricate resonant rings with nano or even smaller dimensions using current processing techniques if metamaterials are required to exhibit stealth effects at higher frequencies. Therefore, it is a big challenge for a scientist to design advanced EM metamaterials with stealth function at higher and broader wave frequency.429 Hz (with wavelengths of 35 mm) in 2006. In 2023, the metamaterial unit structure composed of double‐groove rectangular annular patches, with a size of 3.05 mm × 2.85 mm, can achieve resonance at the frequency of 28 × 109 Hz. To date, the minimum diameter size of SRR unit can reach 500 nm by nanoimprint technology, which can only adapt to far‐infrared EM wave with wavelengths above 10 µm (about the frequency of 1012 Hz). To qualify the stealth function at EM wave with higher frequency or shorter wavelengths, the sizes of SRR units should not only be ultra‐small , but also perfectly aligned, which is almost impossible to achieve current processing technology.To address this challenge, various size of resonant rings were designed and fabricated according to inversed calculating. The most classical metamaterials for SRR reaches 3.3 mm to accommodate EM waves below 8.5 × 10 in 2006.29 In  electrocatalysis, and manufacturing electrodes due to its excellent electrical conductivity. It has three linkages structures, namely, α‐α, α‐β, and β‐β linkages. In α‐α linkage, it can be found that C—N—C forms a straight chain unit. In order for this straight chain to be in a plane, C=C—C=C conjugation ensures that C—N—C is in a plane, so that the circular unit composed of C=C—C=C enables each repeating unit to be in a plane, while keeping C—NH—C in a plane while maintaining the straight chain. This can only be satisfied simultaneously in the α‐α linkage of PPy.Here, we proposed a novel EM metamaterial with molecular‐level SRR of 2.49 Å diameter for broadband EM wave stealth using the unique molecular structure of polypyrrole (PPy). PPy is a conductive polymer that is widely used in the fields of sensing,54 ele and induction of hydrogen bonding, we addressed the issue of both the continuity of α‐α conjugate bond of the molecular chain and the co‐planarity of each molecular chain, leading to an orderly arrangement of all linear molecular chains in the same plane. In order to further improve the resonance effect of molecular SRR arrays with EM wave frequencies, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added as energy transfer bridges during the polymerization. These linearly arranged molecular chains can adaptively adjust their vibration based on the vibration of the external operating frequency, which results in the resonance rings on all molecular chains always maintaining the same frequency vibration as the external operating frequency, thereby achieving a wide band operating frequency. These super small molecular resonant rings were structurally designed like arrays in a connected net, which guarantee the resonant rings can work together efficiently at same frequency according to the working wave, and therefore demonstrated excellent stealth function of EM wave in the range of 106–1016 Hz. The design of this resonant ring is based on a molecular‐level design that has been unprecedented in other previous studies.By polymerization reactions under low temperature 59 and22.1Figure π‐conjugated conductive polymer PPy was scientifically analyzed, in which the five‐membered ring structure of PPy had the surprisingly similar structure of the metal SRR . Therefore, it is theoretically possible to design EM metamaterials composed of molecular resonant ring unit capable of stealth at high‐frequency EM wave (which can reach X‐rays frequency range).To implement the metamaterials specification in the above molecular resonant rings, the molecular structure with conductive chain, conductive split unit, and appropriate spatial structure of the polymer are well‐designed according to our hypothetic idea shown in R Figure . ImportaR Figure ,34]34Figuα‐α, α‐β and β‐β linkage modes, which results in an irregular random disorder arrangement of the resonance rings of the PPy molecule, so it exhibits no‐planar property  At the multi‐chains level, molecular resonance rings from different chains should be formed arrays in one plane. 3) At the inter‐chains level, the chains should be effectively connected to each other to ensure consistency with the operating frequency.However, compared with the arrays of metallic resonant rings, controlling the spatial arrangement of molecular resonant rings during polymerization is much more difficult. This difficulty mainly comes from pyrrole has three polymerization sites, including y Figure . To obtaOnly by solving the above three difficulties, the metamaterial designed according to molecular resonant ring principle can quickly respond to the operating frequency, and produce a resonance effect to achieve stealth function. We approached the preparation of planarized and regularized molecules resonance ring networks on the cotton fabric surface by using hydrogen bonding‐guided and low‐temperature polymerization methods. To make a clear understanding the relationship between the structure of PPy and the performance, the polymerization was processed step by step.α‐α linkages. The α‐α linkage promotes the formation of planarized π‐conjugate bonds, which makes the molecular chains less tangled and bent and more facilitates the propagation of EM wave along the main chain . Py polymerizes at low temperature to produce more linkages.60 Then Figure . AlthougSecond, polyacrylic acid (PAA) is introduced into the fabric for pyrrole polymerization (AAL‐PPy fabric), which realizes the combination of hydrogen bonding strategy and low‐temperature effect. Importantly, taking advantage of the orientational nature of hydrogen bonding, PPy molecular resonance rings from various PPy chains are likely to arrange as high order array in one plane on fabrics Figure , which wThirdly, to further improve the molecular rings on all different molecular chains vibrate at the same frequency, MWCNTs were brought as energy transfer bridges in the polymerization Figure . Therefo2.2α‐α linkages of PPy are beneficial for the formation of planarized π‐conjugate bonds and therefore formed orderly arrangement of molecular SRR. The content of α‐α linkages of PPy is strongly dependent on the condition of polymerization. First, the effect of reaction temperature and time on the content of α‐α linkages was investigated by the FTIR absorption peak intensity ratio at 785 cm−1 and 1540 cm−1 (I785/I1540)  is 48.25%, while data of PPy polymerized at low temperature (L‐PPy) increased to 77.43%, indicating the lower temperature and longer reaction time encourage to form higher α‐α linkage content of PPy.More Figure Furthermore, the hydrogen bond involving in pyrrole polymerization is an effective way to align PPy chains into ordered connection. The results of XPS in Figure α‐α linkage. The content of α‐α linkage of four samples, H‐PPy, L‐PPy, AAL‐PPy, and metafabric, is studied by FTIR, XPS, and XRD, respectively   Figure . The morα‐α linkage with ordered PPy molecular chainsstructure.The peak width of the XRD spectra clearly demonstrates that hydrogen bonding polymerization promotes the degree of order of PPy Figure . The pea2.3Figure ε with content of α‐α linkage and frequency of working wave is shown in Figure α‐α linkage of PPy, in which the permittivity of H‐PPy (content of α‐α linkage is 44.65%) are positive in the whole range of testing frequency, while the permittivity of L‐PPy, AAL‐PPy, and metafabric, possessing higher percentage of α‐α linkage as 76.64%, 95.79%, and 96.01%, respectively, showed obvious negative property. Therefore, the negative permittivity behavior stem from the plasma oscillation of delocalized electrons in the conductive polymer chains with higher content of α‐α linkage.To understanding the effect of molecular resonant structure on the EM properties of the obtained sample fabrics, the frequency dispersion of permittivity and permeability were measured shown in Figure 3a–c. The linkage.66α‐α linkage. The data of measurement showed that permeability has the relationship with the content of α‐α linkage. Compared with the H‐PPy fabric, the permeability of L‐PPy fabric and AAL‐PPy fabric decreased with an increase in the content of α‐α linkage. Notably, although the higher percentage of α‐α linkage is beneficial to the decrease of permeability values of sample fabric, the permeability values of L‐PPy fabric and AAL‐PPy fabric are still positive. Interestingly, the permeability values of metafabric dropped to the negative value obviously even the content of α‐α linkage of metafabric is maintain the same level with the AAL‐PPy fabric. Based on the real testing result, the negative permeability was attributed to the molecular rings from all different molecular chains of PPy can vibrate at the same frequency associated with the connected and structurally planar array of molecular resonant rings. This just shows that only metafabric has a more complete resonant ring structure. Therefore, the experiment verified that metafabric with both the permittivity and permeability are simultaneously negative and are successfully fabricated based on the design idea of molecular resonant rings. The metafabric is a flexible and molecular size‐based resonant ring design. It can adaptively adjust its resonant frequency according to the external working frequency to meet the application in a wide band range. This is beyond the reach of previous work.  sheet Figure 4a, and tm Figure . To excl  and the temperature changes inside the cube was measured at different times. The temperature rise curve inside the cube reveals that the inner part of the metafabric has the slowest temperature rise and shows better heat shielding properties Figure . As a reFigure As the PPy molecular resonant ring array structure is enriched on both side of the fabric, the EM wave propagation trajectory from either side of the fabric should reflect the properties of the metamaterial. Therefore, in order to observe the effect of metafabric on the radiant EM wave more visually, we changed the position of heat source and placed it inside the cubes with different fabrics. Then use infrared imager and thermocouple to observe the temperature change of the outer and the inner surfaces of the cubes Figure 5a,b. Sur36 ∼1016 Hz. Theoretically, the metafabric with the array of PPy molecular resonant ring of 2.49 Å diameter has the ability to stealth EM weak up to UV frequencies and even part of the X‐ray frequency range. Although it is not enough to measure the  EM stealth performance of metafabric at UV and X‐ray frequency with the limited characterization method, we are confident to find a suitable method to verify it in future work.In this study, we demonstrated EM metamaterial designed as connected array of molecular‐level SRR has stealth capabilities at wider frequency EM waves in 10Nowadays, although metamaterials have perfected absorption and shielding capabilities in aircraft stealth, satellite flat panel antennas, and mini base station radio frequency filters, there is still a need for continuous improvement in self‐response adjustment to accommodate variable frequencies, smaller resonant ring designs suitable for high‐frequency stealth and more accurate processing techniques. This research opens up new ideas for the development of metamaterials. This adaptive, molecular‐size resonant ring, which can be arbitrarily shaped, can be used in a number of applications such as solar radiation protection in space , multi‐band radar stealth coatings for aircraft, multi‐band counter‐information protection, thermal radiation stealth for man‐portable combat, UV protection for building, anti‐X‐ray coating protection, etc. This idea of molecular resonant rings and the exciting experimental results pave the way for metamaterials design of structure unit at the molecular level. Of course, there is still a lot of work to be done on metamaterials to achieve applications in these fields, such as 1) The adaptability and reliability of metamaterials under service conditions to be studied; 2) How to obtain metamaterial properties without sacrificing other properties is the key; 3) Metamaterials in low‐cost, multifunctional, and intelligent aspects to be developed.43 (Aladdin), Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate , Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes , Sodium hydroxide , Polyacrylic acid , Absolute ethanol (Aladdin), Cotton fabric .The raw materials for the preparation of the sample include Pyrrole , FeCl−1) solution for 30 min and then washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove the residual NaOH solution on the surface. Next, different cotton fabrics were soaked in a reaction vessel containing Py  dispersion for 30 min. Finally, FeCl3  solution was slowly added to the reaction vessel of the fabric and polymerized for 1–5 h at various temperatures (−15 to 60 °C). Specifically, the samples were named according to the polymerization condition shown in Table Before pyrrole polymerization on the cotton fabric, the fabric was soaked in NaOH  equipped with a dielectric detector  at the frequency of 1 MHz to 1 GHz at room temperature. Permeability properties were investigated by an LCR meter  equipped with a permeability detector  at the frequency of 1 MHz to 1 GHz at room temperature. The thermal expansion coefficient of the fabric was measured by TA TMA Q400. The temperature coefficient of fabric resistance is measured by RT module of PPMS (Quantum Design). Thermogravimetric measurement (TGA Netzsch TG 209 F3) was conducted at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 under airflow to demonstrate the thermal stability.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken on a Phenom XL. FTIR spectra were recorded by an FTIR spectrophotometer (Nicolet iS50). XPS spectra were measured on an X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer . The spot size for XPS was 400 µm, the step size was 0.100 eV, and peak fitting method was performed using PeakFit software. XRD patterns were measured on a diffractometer (Rigaku Ultima IV) with Cu‐Ka radiation operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. The sample was scanned in the 22 size closed cube frame. A thermocouple thermometer is suspended in the middle to test the ambient temperature in the frame. Place the cube frame under a medium infrared lamp (0.76–5 µm), a solar simulator (AM1.5), and a heating table (100 °C). Emissivity and transmissivity spectra were measured in the 0.2–2.5 µm range using a spectrophotometer (SPC UV‐3600/UV‐3600 iplus) with an integrating sphere. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Nicolet iS50) equipped with an integrating sphere was measure the IR emissivity and transmissivity in the 2.5–25 µm range.The metafabric is pasted on a pair of wooden strips with certain spacing with polyimide tape, and the Al foil cut with the same size as the metafabric is pasted on the wooden strips with polyimide tape. Fix the two groups of wooden strips up and down. Attach polyimide tape to the thermocouple on the surface of Al foil, and the thermocouple thermometer (JK804) records its surface temperature. Place the assembled wooden strip on the heating table and set the temperature to 100 °C. Different fabrics are sewn with cotton thread into 10 × 10 cmReal materials were used to discuss the 3D situation, and EM waves and frequency‐domain physical fields were applied. And the left port input transverse current (TE), modulus was 10. The top and bottom boundaries were electrically insulated. It could be seen that ordinary fabrics have no shielding effect in terms of electricity and magnetism, and EM waves could directly pass through the cube fabric in the middle. The cube frame woven by metafabric can guide EM waves around the cube itself, and EM waves cannot enter the interior of the cube. With the progress of technology, the shielding effect was getting better and better, and the metafabric has the best EM shielding effect , bulbP is rated power of bulb (100 W). S is surface area of fabric receiving bulb. hT is surface temperature of heating table, toT is outer surface temperature of fabric. See Table Radiant heat radiated from the surface temperature of the heating table to the fabric:η), as shown in Equations Q is energy obtained by fabric (W m−2), ΔT is difference between internal temperature of fabric cube and ambient temperature (K), Q′ is theoretical energy required to cause the change of ΔT (W m−2), ΔP is the energy required by cotton fabric for every 1 K rise, which is taken as the standard for other conditional fabrics (K (W m−2) ‐1), sQ is energy of fabric shielding (W m−2).Due to the limited experimental conditions, only the shielding efficiency of fabrics with metafabrics and other polymerization conditions compared with cotton fabrics could be calculated, which is called the relative shielding efficiency of radiant heat (The authors declare no conflict of interest.Supporting InformationClick here for additional data file.Supplemental Video 1Click here for additional data file.Supplemental Video 2Click here for additional data file.


Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative neoplasia caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). It typically presents with mucocutaneous involvement, but it can be disseminated. Initial presentation with primarily pulmonary KS is rare. We present a case of a 32-year-old male with untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosed 1 year before presentation who developed progressively worsening cough and shortness of breath for 6 months. He was hospitalized twice and treated for unresolved pneumonia in an outside hospital. The patient concomitantly developed purplish nodules on his face, then the upper trunk, back, chest, and thighs bilaterally that gradually increased in size and number. Histopathology findings from skin lesions were consistent for KS. Bronchoscopy found multiple erythematous plaques throughout the tracheobronchial tree with telangiectasias and inflammation suggestive of pulmonary KS. His imaging findings and positive serum HHV-8 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were consistent with disseminated KS. He started antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat his HIV infection, followed by liposomal doxorubicin chemotherapy. But both ART and chemotherapy were interrupted due to adherence and insurance issues. The patient was readmitted with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation with multiple vasopressors that led to the patient’s demise. The late recognition of KS diagnosis and delayed treatment can lead to worse outcomes. Kaposi sarcoma is a multiorgan involving disease affecting the endothelial cells. Classic and iatrogenic KS presents as gradually worsening purplish macules, plaques, ulcers, and nodules with mucosal involvement. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated KS has been found to have more frequent gastrointestinal and pulmonary mucosal involvement with regression of the size of lesions on starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). At the onset of the AIDS epidemic, this newly discovered angiosarcomatous neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) frequently had pulmonary manifestations but decreased to a great extent in the post-ART era.Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and KS herpesvirus (KSHV) inflammatory cytokine syndrome are the spectrum of KSHV-associated diseases that are found in immunodeficient individuals.We hereby present a case of fatal disseminated KS where the diagnosis was delayed for several months and then revealed with the help of cutaneous manifestations and a subsequent bronchoscopy. Unfortunately, the aggressive course of the disease led to acute respiratory failure and the patient’s demise.A 32-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was diagnosed 1 year before the presentation but was non-adherent to ART and presented to the emergency department for evaluation of right thigh pain.The patient noticed the appearance of scattered purple-colored nodules on his face, then stomach, back, chest, and thighs for the last 2 months. The lesions on the thighs became progressively more painful, indurated, and larger in size .Pneumocystis jirovecii-induced (PCP) and treated with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim without improvement. The work-up during prior hospitalization, including viral nasal respiratory biofire panel, sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) PCR, sputum PCP-direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), urine legionella antigen, urine streptococcus pneumoniae antigen, urine histoplasma antigen, serum cryptococcal antigen, serum coccidioidomycosis antibody titers, and 1-3-beta-D-glucan, aspergillus galactomannan was unremarkable.This was associated with a productive cough with yellowish sputum, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and occasional non-bloody emesis due to repeated bouts of coughing for the last 6 months, which worsened over the last 3 to 4 weeks. One month before his presentation, he was hospitalized twice at another hospital for malaise, dyspnea, and cough with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia, presumptive 2 saturation 98% at room air. His laboratory findings are shown in He had a history of smoking cigarettes, 1.8 pack years, which he quit 6 months ago, drinking 6 beers per week “on special occasions,” and smoked methamphetamine for 5 years which he quit 1 year ago. He was also experiencing homelessness and had multiple incarcerations in the past. He had a history of having sex with men, and his last partner was HIV-positive. He denied using pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis. Initial vital signs were blood pressure of 128/72 mm Hg, heart rate of 118 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 18 per minute, and temperature of 36.6°C, OPCP, fluconazole to cover endemic coccidioidomycosis and cobicistat-boosted darunavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed moderate basilar posterior partially loculated pleural effusions, worse on the left, extensive scattered ground glass infiltrates, worse on the right, and scattered alveolar consolidations without any pulmonary embolus with small bilateral hilar lymph nodes and slight pericardial effusion  to cover for effusion . CT of teffusion  and D. DA diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis found dark bloody exudative pleural fluid with subsequent culture negative. Bronchoscopy revealed multiple erythematous plaques and lesions throughout the tracheobronchial tree with telangiectasias. These lesions were found in the trachea and down the bronchial tree. They were visually consistent with endobronchial KS . The mucThe positive serum HHV-8 PCR, supportive skin and bronchoscopic findings, and hypodense lesions in his kidney and liver were consistent with disseminated KS. Furthermore, the infectious work-up did not find another opportunistic infection. The patient was started on ART with cobicistat-boosted darunavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide followed by chemotherapy for KS with intravenous liposomal doxorubicin every 21 days.He missed his second cycle of chemotherapy and presented with worsening shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion after 1 month of the first cycle of chemotherapy. He quickly developed respiratory distress and shock and subsequently requiring endotracheal intubation and vasopressors. Repeat CT chest revealed worsening consolidation concerning for pneumonia or the progression of pulmonary KS . He was  Kaposi originally described as the classic or sporadic form that affects mostly elderly Mediterranean or Eastern European ancestry men and presents as dark purple-colored macules, patches, plaques or nodules on head and neck regions, upper and lower extremities, trunk, or oral mucosa. An endemic African form that presents mainly as lymphadenopathy in children was also found. In 1981, at the time of AIDS epidemic in New York, Alvin Friedman-Kien first described the epidemic or AIDS-associated KS in young homosexual men,7 a highly aggressive form of KS. Iatrogenic KS has also been described, particularly in post-organ transplant patients induced by immunosuppression. KS malignancy mainly affects endothelial cells and typically has cutaneous manifestations but may have visceral or mucosal involvement. AIDS KS is different from classic form, in that, it is more disseminated, rapidly progressive, and frequently fatal. AIDS -associated KS specifically affects viscera, including gastrointestinal tract and pulmonary.Kaposi sarcoma was first described by Moritz Kaposi, an Austro-Hungarian dermatologist in 1872.PCP pneumonia due to his HIV diagnosis without any improvement. His progressively increasing number of skin lesions were suggestive of progression of KS. Bronchoscopy revealed erythematous plaques that were typically found in previously described endobronchial KS. Our patient had pink bronchoalveolar fluid with reddish telangiectatic mucosal plaques in the endobronchus  have been shown to decrease the size and number of lesions and is recommended as first-line cytotoxic agents for AIDS-related KS as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, with response rates of about 50% to 60%.First-line therapy is to treat HIV in cases of AIDS-associated KS with the avoidance of systemic steroids. However, the patient may have flare-up of existing KS due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS),Forty-two years after its initial description during the AIDS epidemic, AIDS-associated KS is still a cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with HIV. The cutaneous KS could be the clue for diagnosing dissemination forms, such as pulmonary KS, which has a poor outcome. Prompt treatment with ART and chemotherapy could prevent fulminant life-threatening entities and even mortality.


Accumulation of senescent cells is the prominent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), accelerating the progression of OA through a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Recent studies emphasized the existence of senescent synoviocytes in OA and the therapeutic effect of removing senescent synoviocytes. Ceria nanoparticles (CeNP) have exhibited therapeutic effects in multiple age-related diseases due to their unique capability of ROS scavenging. However, the role of CeNP in OA remains unknown. Our results revealed that CeNP could inhibit the expression of senescence and SASP biomarkers in multiple passaged and hydrogen-peroxide-treated synoviocytes by removing ROS. In vivo, the concentration of ROS in the synovial tissue was remarkably suppressed after the intra-articular injection of CeNP. Likewise, CeNP reduced the expression of senescence and SASP biomarkers as determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. The mechanistic study showed that CeNP inactivated the NFκB pathway in senescent synoviocytes. Finally, safranin O–fast green staining showed milder destruction of articular cartilage in the CeNP-treated group compared with the OA group. Overall, our study suggested that CeNP attenuated senescence and protected cartilage from degeneration via scavenging ROS and inactivating the NFκB signaling pathway. This study has potentially significant implications in the field of OA as it provides a novel strategy for OA treatment.  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis characterized by synovitis, articular cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation . About 8Cellular senescence refers to an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest, which is characterized by increased activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase  and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) . SASP alReactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and nitric oxide, are unstable and highly reactive due to their unpaired electrons . ROS couCeria nanoparticles (CeNP) have recently attracted great attention due to their unique antioxidant capacity ,21,22. CIn this study, we provide evidence that CeNP is effective in alleviating senescence and SASP of synoviocytes in vitro and in vivo, and that CeNP may serve as a new strategy for OA treatment.2k-DSPE. TEM showed that CeNP were uniformly spherical with an average size of 4.74 ± 0.59 nm . DPPH, a stable free radical capable of absorbing hydrogen atoms from antioxidants, is used to detect free radical scavenging activity [p < 0.01). These results suggested that CeNP possessed a great ability for ROS scavenging extracellularly.Next, we evaluated the SOD and CAT enzyme-mimetic activities conferred by Ceactivity . A DPPH p < 0.05). The results of the CCK8 assay revealed that CeNP did not affect the cell viability with concentrations below 100 μg/mL. Still, cell viability was significantly inhibited after the concentration increased to 200 μg/mL (p < 0.01). Combining the results above, we took 100 μg/mL as the subsequent intervention concentration and 24 h as the intervention time.We then explored the cytotoxicity of CeNP on primary rat synoviocytes. The primary synoviocytes featured as spindle-shaped under light microscopy a. Immuno2O2-elicited senescence model. DCFH-DA and SA-β-Gal staining results indicated that synoviocytes possessed a higher concentration of ROS and percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells after H2O2 treatment (p < 0.01). Additionally, higher expression of P16 and P21, the senescence biomarkers, were observed in H2O2-treated synoviocytes by Rt-qPCR (p < 0.01). These results indicated the successful construction of the senescent synoviocytes model. However, the changes induced by H2O2 were partially reversed by CeNP, revealing the effects of CeNP on attenuating senescence.The accumulation of ROS is involved in the occurrence of senescence and SASP . Accordi2O2 promoted the expression of iNOS, COX2, MMP3, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and TNFα on mRNA levels (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, western blot analysis showed that H2O2 elevated the protein levels of iNOS, COX2, MMP3 and ADAMTS5 (p < 0.01). The ELISA results confirmed the increased secretion of IL-6 and TNFα on H2O2-treated synoviocytes (p < 0.01). Expectedly, CeNP suppressed these alterations, indicating that CeNP could inhibit SASP in senescent synoviocytes. These results suggested that CeNP attenuated oxidative-stress-associated senescence and inhibited SASP through scavenging ROS synoviocytes.Then, to explore the role of CeNP treatment on SASP, we detected the mRNA level of SASP-related biomarkers iNOS, COX2, MMP3, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and TNFα by Rt-qPCR. We found that Hp < 0.01). Concurrently, CeNP reduced the expression of iNOS, COX2, MMP3, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and TNFα at mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.01). Therefore, CeNP also attenuated replicative senescence in synoviocytes.Subsequently, we constructed a multiple passaged synoviocytes model to simulate replicative senescence occurring in synovitis of OA, and the same experiments were conducted with similar results ,32. CeNPp < 0.01), and the expression of IκBα was decreased (p < 0.01), while CeNP significantly abolished the increased expression of p-IκBα and p-p65 in MP synoviocytes and reduced the degradation of IκBα. These results indicated that CeNP could dramatically inhibit the activation of the NFκB pathway in senescent synoviocytes.As previously described, excessive ROS promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes by activating the NFκB pathway in synoviocytes ,15,16. Tp < 0.01). The immunohistochemical images and quantitative analysis showed that the intra-articular injection of CeNP inhibited the expression of P16, P21, iNOS and COX2, indicating that the senescence of synoviocytes was attenuated by CeNP (p < 0.01). Likewise, the expression of SASP biomarkers ADAMTS5, MMP3, IL-6 and TNFα was suppressed after CeNP treatment in the ACLT group (p < 0.01). Collectively, CeNP could attenuate the senescence and SASP via removing ROS in vivo.Previous studies have reported that senescent cells accumulated in the synovium after ACLT . To manip < 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed in the levels of p65 in each group (p > 0.01). Finally, we performed HE and safranin O–fast green staining to evaluate the protective role of CeNP in articular cartilage. The result showed that cartilage erosions and proteoglycan loss occurred in the ACLT group, while the CeNP group exhibited more mild change and a lower OARSI score (p < 0.01). In summary, CeNP could inactivate the NFκB signaling pathway and protected cartilage in vivo.To assess the activation of the NFκB signaling pathway in vivo, we tested the protein levels of p65 and p-p65 on the synovium. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative results revealed that CeNP reduced the levels of p-p65 protein 3·6H2O), oleylamine, 1-octadecene (ODE), acetone, methanol, cyclohexane and anhydrous were purchased from Aladdim . NH2-PEG2k-DSPE, mPEG2k-DSPE and Cy5-NHS were acquired from Yuanye Bio-Technology .Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O  and oleylamine  were dispersed in 20 g of ODE. The mixed solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then heated under a vacuum at 80 °C for 1 h to remove water. The mixture was heated and maintained at 260 °C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere. After being cooled to room temperature, acetone and methanol were added to the mixture to precipitate CeNP. CeNP were washed with cyclohexane and anhydrous ethanol and collected by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 20 min. This washing process was repeated five times. Finally, CeNP were dispersed in chloroform.CeNP was synthesized according to previously reported methods . Briefly2k-DSPE through ultrasound for transferring into the aqueous phase. Then, mPEG2k-DSPE (30 mg) were added into 5 mL of CeNP/chloroform (2 mg/mL), and stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After evaporating the chloroform by rotary evaporation, mPEG2k-DSPE-modified CeNP were dispersed in 10 mL of ultrapure water by ultrasonic water bath for 30 min. CeNP were purified by filtration, ultracentrifugation and dialysis (MW cutoff = 8–14 kDa). An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer was used to calculate the molality of CeNP.The CeNP were decorated with mPEG2-PEG2k-DSPE (20 mg) were dissolved in 1 mL of DMSO, and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under Ar protection. Cy5-PEG2k-DSPE was purified by dialysis (MW cutoff = 500–1000 Da) and lyophilized for 24 h. Cy5-PEG2k-DSPE (5 mg) and mPEG2k-DSPE (25 mg) were added to 5 mL of CeNP/chloroform (2 mg/mL) and the above procedures repeated to obtain Cy5-labeled CeNP.For the synthesis of Cy5-labeled CeNP, Cy5-NHS (5 mg) and NHMorphology and elemental distribution of CeNP were detected by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the energy dispersive spectrometer in JEM-2100 TEM . The zeta potentials and particle diameters of the CeNP were measured by light scattering in Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series .The antioxidant capacity of CeNP was assessed by multiple assays according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit  and catalase (CAT) assay kit  were used to assess the SOD and CAT enzyme activities of CeNP. The free radical scavenging effect of CeNP was tested by hydroxyl free radical assay kit  and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity assay kit .2. For the multiple passaged senescent synoviocytes model, synoviocytes were subcultured for 6–8 passages till the growth rate decreased significantly [2O2-elicited senescent synoviocytes model, synoviocytes were treated with 500 μM H2O2 for 4 h [We isolated synovial tissues from Wistar rats  to isolate the primary synoviocytes. After mincing, synovial tissues were placed into DMEM/F12 medium with 0.2% collagenase II for 4 h at 37 °C. Synoviocytes were collected by filtration and centrifugation and maintained in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum  and 100 U/mL of penicillin–streptomycin  in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% COficantly . For the for 4 h .Synoviocytes were treated with 100 mg/mL Cy5-labeled CeNP for 24 h and washed three times with PBS. After being fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, nuclei were stained with DAPI. The fluorescence images were visualized using the IX73 inverted fluorescence microscope .To measure the cytotoxicity of CeNP, we seeded 5000 synoviocytes per well in a 96-well plate. After adherence, the medium was replaced by the fresh medium with different CeNP concentrations , and cultured at 37 °C for 24 h . Next, 1Intracellular ROS was measured by DCFH-DA  according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Synoviocytes were loaded with DCFH-DA by incubating with 10 μM of probe solution for 30 min at 37 °C. Then, the images were visualized by the IX73 inverted fluorescence microscope, and the mean fluorescence intensity was calculated by ImageJ (versions: V1.8.0).SA-β-Gal staining was performed by a SA-β-Gal staining kit  according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Synoviocytes were fixed with senescent cell staining fixative for 15 min. After washing three times, synoviocytes were incubated in SA-β-Gal staining solution at 37 °C for 24 h. The inverted fluorescence microscope was used to capture the images. SA-β-Gal positive synoviocytes were counted in three random fields per dish.−ΔΔCt method, and β-actin was considered the internal reference. The primers used in this study are shown in The total cellular RNA was extracted by the RNA isolation kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The RNA concentrations were measured by Nanodrop . Approximately 1000 ng of RNA was reverse-transcripted to cDNA using a SweScript RT II Enzyme Mix , and Rt-qPCR was performed using the 2 × Universal SYBR Green Fast qPCR Mix  on LightCycler 480 . The fold change of targets was analyzed by the 2The total proteins from synoviocytes were extracted using RIPA buffer , to which PMSF , phosphatase inhibitors  and 50×Cocktail  were added. Synoviocytes lysis was performed for 20 min on ice, and ultrasonication and centrifugation were used to purify proteins. The concentration of proteins was measured by the BCA protein assay kit  according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Protein samples were reduced in SDS sample buffer, and were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE. After transferring to PVDF membranes and blocking, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against β-actin , iNOS , COX2 , ADAMTS5 , MMP3 , p65 , p-p65 , IkBα  and p-IkBα  overnight at 4 °C. Next, the membranes were washed three times with PBS and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies  for 1 h at room temperature. The ECL substrate  was used to visualize the protein bands on ChemiDoc Touch , and the semi-quantitative analysis of images was conducted using ImageJ software (versions: 1.8.0).The concentrations of TNFα and IL-6 in synoviocyte culture media were assessed using rat ELISA  kits according to the manufacturer’s protocols.Animal care and experimentation were consistent with the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare & Ethics Committee of the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University . Fifteen 8-week-old male Wistar rats were provided by SiPeiFu Biotechnology Co. Ltd. . OA was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), as reported previously . The joiThe paraffin-embedded tissue was cut into 6 μm thick sections using a rotary microtome . Then, the midsagittal sections were stained with safranin O–fast green. Microscope images were acquired with an inverted microscope . The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) system was used to evaluate the OA severity with two blinded pathologists .The sections were subjected to antigen retrieval in citric acid buffer . Nonspecific protein binding was blocked by BSA  in PBST for 30 min. Next, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies against P16 , P21 , iNOS , COX2 , ADAMTS5 , MMP3 , IL-6 , TNFα , p65  and p-p65  overnight at 4 °C. After washing with PBS, the sections were incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP  at 37 °C for 50 min. A DAB HRP substrate kit  was used for dye development, and hematoxylin was used as a nuclear counterstain. Microscope images were acquired with an inverted microscope . Image Pro Plus (versions: 6.0) was used to quantify the results by measuring the mean integral optical density.p < 0.05 was considered significant. All reported p values are calculated from two-sided comparisons.All data in this study were reported as means ± standard error of mean (SEM). The Shapiro–Wilk normality test was used to perform the normality test. For the data with normal distribution, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s test was administrated. For the data with non-normal distribution, we performed the Kruskal–Wallis H test, followed by Dunn’s test. A value of In summary, our study is the first, to our knowledge, to explore the therapeutic roles of CeNP in OA. We confirmed that CeNP attenuate synoviocyte senescence and SASP by clearing ROS and inactivating the NFκB pathway, which will provide a novel approach to the treatment of OA.


Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in China and globally, accounting for the fourth-prevalent cancer in women. Although numerous studies have confirmed prognostic value of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) molecular subgroups, it is unclear how they are combined with histological features. The main objective of this study was to compare ProMisE and TCGA classification for the rapid and accurate prediction of prognosis within EC patients, together with the provision of a revised strategy for individualized diagnosis and treatment of patients.Within this study, 70 patients with EC from Beijing Tsinghua Changgeng Hospital (affiliated to Tsinghua University) were retrospectively examined between July 2015 and December 2021. Samples were processed for determination of clinical markers, together with ProMisE and TCGA classification.POLE, Low-CN, High-CN, and MSI-H) and age, was statistically significant . There was no significant difference observed among the four TCGA types and FIGO stage, vascular invasion and depth of invasion, or lymph node metastasis and tumor area. There was no significant association between the expression of Vimentin, Ki-67, PTEN, MSH2, PAX-8, β-catenin, CD10, ER, PR, P16, MLH1, and PMS2 with the four TCGA types. In addition, p63 expression  and p53 expression  were statistically significant. Numerous models demonstrated that patients with POLE mutations and low-CN had higher progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), whereas those with high-CN had lowest values. The log-rank test revealed that the survival rate of PR-positive and ER-positive patients was significantly higher (p < 0.001).Comparative analysis across four TCGA types  and age was statistically significant.Comparison among the four TCGA types (POLE mutations and low-CN had higher PFS and overall survival, whereas those with high-CN had the lowest overall survival periods.Patients with The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-023-10706-8. Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with statistics demonstrating that EC incidence and mortality rates have increased over the past decade globally. In 2022 alone, 65,950 new cases and 12,550 deaths were recorded in the United States of America (USA), highlighting the alarming increase in this under-studied malignancy . AnotherIn 2013, a multi-agency project, initiated by the National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Institute, analyzed bioinformatics for the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, and reported the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic datasets collected from DNA sequencing, a combined DNA Methylation Reverse Phase Protein Array, together with data from microsatellite instability analysis, among 373 EC cases (306 cases of endometrioid carcinoma and 66 cases of serous / mixed carcinoma) . TCGA stAccording to the integrated results of somatic gene mutations, based upon microsatellite instability and somatic copy number change, EC is divided into four genomic types :POLE gene, is characterized by a high mutation rate . Witp = 0.585). However, PFS among the four groups was significantly different (p = 0.012). The PFS time and prognosis for the p53wt group were significantly lower than for MMR-d and POLE mutation groups. In addition, within ProMisE typing, it was found that results obtained by high-throughput sequencing of MMR IHC exhibited MLH1 and PMS2 downregulation. This phenomenon was previously linked to MLH1 promoter hypermethylation [37–38]. Another possible explanation for differing results of IHC and high-throughput sequencing is that existed an abundance of normal nuclei within selected EC tissue, with mutant MSI alleles not being detected through high-throughput sequencing.Within type I EC, TP53 was found to be upregulated, together with PTEN downregulation within higher EC grades . ConsequFollowing comparative analyses for TCGA and ProMisE molecular typing protocol performance in assessing the investigated EC cohort within this study, the TCGA revealed to have increased resolution and robustness in predicting OS and PFS timeframes, in comparison to the ProMisE molecular typing protocol. The added resolution for TCGA molecular protocol lies in the premise that also additional risk factors are taken into consideration when performing predictive evaluations for EC patients with the TCGA protocol.This study does have several limitations. Firstly, the patient cohort of 70 EC cases admitted to our institute, across a period of 6.5 years, is relatively small and can possibly not be fully representative for study outcomes. Secondly, the lack of an external validation cohort in our study is due to the fact that the use of ProMisE typing is still not widespread among most clinicians in China. Importantly, our study was conducted as a retrospective study, highlighted by its clinical relevance analysis in EC patients. In the future, we will supplement ProMisE subtyping analysis with large samples based on Chinese population. However, a follow-up study utilizing a second patient cohort is contemplated, in order to perform temporal validation of such study results. Thirdly, during the NGS investigation, a large number of samples were still not identified correctly due to the inherent challenges involved within immunostaining biopsy specimens using prolonged fixation time and the presence of differing tumor cell structures (extracted from IHC and DNA-extracted sections). This could also be linked to the difficulty of amplicon deep-sequencing method applied to all samples, in order to detect stop-acquisition / splicing mutations and large deletions / insertions, especially within endometrial biopsy samples. Finally, possible errors in establishing the difference between MMR and MSI could be due to the presence of too many normal nuclei  in order to detect microsatellite unstable mutant alleles through NGS.In essence, the main outcomes and inferences from this study are outlined below, namely:A)TCGA molecular classification has advantages over ProMisE classification for accurate diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.B)Comparison among the four TCGA types  and age was statistically significant.C)Patients with POLE mutations and low-CN had increased PFS and OS, whereas those with high-CN had the lowest overall survival periods.POLE mutation, MMR / MSI and abnormal p53 expression. The advantage of TCGA molecular subtype diagnosis method is that it can generate all datasets required by molecular subtypes and other genomic information apart from molecular subtypes, including β- Catenin mutation status, tumor mutation load (TMB) and other parameters, which can guide treatment. The survival analysis demonstrated that TCGA model is more beneficial than ProMisE typing when predicting patient prognosis. Nevertheless, ProMisE typing is less costly, easier, and provides rapid data access. The combination of these two methods provides additional unique information for the diagnosis and prognosis of prose subtypes, though are more valuable in the molecular classification of prose subtypes. Finally, TCGA molecular typing for EC has feasibility and application value within a clinical setting.Presently, diagnostic and classification protocols for EC are still evolving. Modernized, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic features certainly aid in the integration of molecular subtype diagnosis within clinical practice. Moreover, molecular subtypes are of undoubted predictive importance. Hence, it is particularly important to conduct auxiliary research on Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary Material 1: Table S1: Panel of immunohistochemical markers and associated diagnostic criteria