Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a serious public health and neglected zoonotic disease responsible for 147,000 human cases and 12,500 deaths annually. This study assessed knowledge, risk perceptions, and preventive practices regarding bTB among occupationally exposed abattoir workers and drivers for transmission in slaughterhouses.Using a pre-tested questionnaire, we surveyed a cross-section of workers in five main abattoirs in North-central Nigeria between 2018 and 2019. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and univariable/multivariable logistic regression analyses at a 95% confidence level.All recruited respondents (n = 422: 77.7% meat processors and 22.3% meat and sanitary inspectors) participated and 10.4% had no formal education. About 44.0% and 27.0% of workers knew about bTB occurrence at the abattoirs and its transmission to humans, respectively. Less than one-third use personal protective equipment (PPE) during meat handling, only a few workers correctly practised routine handwashing, and 21.8% sterilized meat handling tools. A few participants (6.4%) had BCG vaccination against tuberculosis. Demographic characteristics  significantly influenced the perception and practices about bTB. A few workers perceived raw meat and milk, direct contact with infected carcasses, organs and contaminated fomites, contaminated environment through infected blood, dirty slaughtering floor, and aerosols of contaminated faeces as high-risk bTB transmission routes. Perceived drivers that influenced bTB transmission at abattoirs include unhygienic meat processing  and non-enforcement of abattoir standard operating systems .The workers have low knowledge levels, perceptions, and practices toward bTB emergence. These demand the workers’ education on hygienic meat handling to mitigate the menace of the disease. Surveillance and preventive preparedness considering the identified drivers through the ’One Health’ approach are recommended. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected zoonotic disease of public health importance and responsible for high morbidity and mortality among humans in Africa. This study assessed knowledge, risk perceptions, and preventive practices regarding bTB among occupationally exposed abattoir workers and drivers for transmission in slaughterhouses. We found low knowledge levels and preventive measures of bTB among abattoir workers. Important drivers of bTB in the study area were also identified. This study contributed to the epidemiological findings on bTB, which will be helpful as guidelines for developing and implementing preventive measures. Institution of awareness programs and training abattoir workers will improve their knowledge of bTB and other zoonotic diseases. Mycobacterium bovis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). The MTC comprises M. tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, and M. canettii, M. africanum, M. pinnipedii, M. microti, and M. caprae [M. tuberculosis and M. africanum have been isolated from cattle in Nigeria [Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected zoonotic disease of cattle, wildlife, and humans, caused by . caprae ,2. bTB i. caprae –5. M. tu Nigeria . The dis Nigeria –9.Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious diseases responsible for human mortalities ,11. MostM. bovis infection is a significant challenge among human populations because humans and animals share a similar microenvironment. Approximately 8.5–9.2 million TB morbidities were documented, with 1.2–1.5 million mortalities in 2010 [M. bovis [In developing countries,  in 2010 . In AfriM. bovis . FurtherM. bovis . ConsumpM. bovis .M. bovis infection [M. bovis strains detected in two of the seven TB cases from these occupational exposure individuals [In Nigeria, bTB is detected mainly by meat inspection in slaughterhouses and less rarely by bacteriological techniques . Herdersnfection ,20,21. Aividuals .Information on the One Health risks and preventive practices regarding bTB among occupationally exposed workers in meat handling places is scarce. Understanding the threat of bTB infections is crucial, particularly in poor resource countries experiencing a high disease burden. These are also required for designing control programmes toward achieving the World Health Organization’s ‘END-TB’ agenda of curbing human TB as a public health concern by 2035. However, One Health risk and disease mitigation strategies can be verified using the Health Belief Model’s (HBM) "Perceived Vulnerability" construct, which asserts that people choose healthier behaviours when they sense personal risk or susceptibility. The stronger the risk perception of an illness, the more likely people are to participate in behaviours that reduce the disease’s risk ,24.The study objectives were to assess bTB risk at the human-animal-environment interface and preventive practices towards bTB among abattoir workers, risk routes for spread, and identify perceived drivers of bTB occurrence among the occupationally exposed meat handlers. We hypothesized that the demographic characteristics of the workers could not influence their perceptions of the risks of the disease. Outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to the surveillance and control information on the WHO’s ‘END-TB’ plan of eliminating all forms of human TB by 2035.Participation in the survey was voluntary, and respondents were allowed to exit the study without prejudice. The respondents provided informed consent orally before the commencement of the interview. The confidentiality of the participants’ information was strictly maintained. No incentives were provided for participation. The Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Research Ethics Committee approved the study (Ref: MLF/NGS/728).The research was conducted at five municipal randomly selected abattoirs in North-central Nigeria: Bida, Kontagora, Minna, New-Bussa, and Suleja . The abaA questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected workers in five municipal abattoirs in North-central Nigeria between January and December 2018. The workers were aged 20 years and above and available at the study sites during the survey. They were made up of meat processors (butchers and meat traders) and meat and sanitary inspectors. Workers under 20 years old, with a few years of experience on the job, and those with limited contact with slaughter animals were excluded from the study.2 p (1—p)/d2 [2 is the standard deviation, 1.96; p is the expected response from the target populations, 50%; and d is the desired absolute precision, 5%. The open source epidemiologic statistics for public health (OpenEpi) version 2.3.1 software [The sample size was calculated using the simple random formula, n = Z(1—p)/d2 . In thissoftware  was usedthe Hausa language for respondents without formal education. The survey tool was pre-tested with 30 respondents in a slaughterhouse, demonstrating similar features to the surveyed abattoirs. The slaughterhouse was consequently excluded from the main survey. A final adjustment was made to the survey tool before data collection. The questionnaire administration was interviewer-administered. Only English and Hausa local language speaking questionnaire trained administrators were involved in data collection.A structured hard-copy questionnaire  was utilData obtained from the completed questionnaire in hard copies were entered into Microsoft Excel 2019  and coded before being subjected to statistical analysis. We summarized the data collected using descriptive statistics. A numeric scoring system was used to identify the knowledge levels of the abattoir workers. The outcomes were computed as binary responses of ‘No’ for incorrect answers and were scored ‘0’ and ‘Yes’ for correct responses and scored ‘1’ in which the total points were expressed as 100%. Univariable analyses (the Chi-square/ Fisher’s exact tests) were performed to determine a significant relationship between risk perceptions and transmission pathways, demographic variables and risk perception, and drivers of bTB transmission among abattoir workers. The risk perception on bTB transmission pathways was further categorized as low (<35%), moderate (35–65%), and high risk (>65%) and as binary–satisfactory (>50%) and poor (≤50%) to determine association with demographic variables. The greater the score, the greater the perception-preventive behaviour levels of the abattoir workers based on the HBM. The impacts of the independent factors (demographic variables and abattoir workers) on risk perception and drivers of bTB transmission (outcome variables) in the abattoir were then investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Variables included in the model were those with p-values less than 0.05 at the level of the univariable analysis. The least significant variable was excluded at each round of backward stepwise regression until the model comprised only those significant components at the confidence interval of 95%. Statistical analyses were performed using EpiInfo version 3.5.3 , with statistical significance defined as a p-value of less than 0.05. The model’s quality of fit was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.A total of 422 abattoir workers participated in this study. The preventive measures practised by abattoir workers against bTB risks at abattoirs in Nigeria are presented in Abattoir workers’ demographic characteristics of age, gender, occupation, and formal education significantly influenced risk perception about bTB . Older rAs reported by abattoir workers at the slaughterhouses, several perceived drivers that significantly influenced bTB emergence and transmission were identified . Meat inTo achieve the World Health Organization’s ‘END-TB 2035’ goal using the One Health approach, adequate knowledge, perceptions, and practices towards bTB among the occupationally exposed individuals are crucial. This is particularly important as bTB contributes to human TB cases. Thus, an approach at the human, animal, and environmental nexus must be effectively adopted as launched by the tripartite WHO/FAO/OIE  roadmap This study focuses on testing the knowledge and perception of abattoir workers in Nigeria on bTB and their level of effective practices adopted to prevent this disease. This study elucidated that about 44% of the surveyed workers knew bTB as a disease. A study in Zamfara, Nigeria  showed bThe finding that only 26.8% of the respondents were aware of the zoonotic potential of bTB is disturbing, considering that over 50.0% of them lacked adequate knowledge of bTB despite their high exposure to this disease. This is slightly lower than the knowledge level 30.5%) of abattoir workers in Zamfara, Nigeria , and a b.5% of abOn bTB preventive practices, our findings showed that the surveyed abattoir workers do not practice optimum preventive practices, further exacerbating their risk of contracting the disease. Although 70.0% reported adequate meat cooking before consumption, all other practices were below average. Aduloju et al.  reportedThe current low adoption of preventive practices in this study is of great public health concern. This can be due to a lack of awareness of the disease by the workers and a lack of training PPE usage and other preventive measures. These findings are similar to low preventive measures adopted by some abattoir workers as described by Ismaila et al. , AdesokaWe found that few workers significantly perceived consuming raw meat as high-risk behaviour. Earlier studies in Nigeria and central Ethiopia showed that most abattoir workers in Nigeria do not perceive the consumption of raw or undercooked meat as a means of bTB transmission to humans ,32,38. SAge, gender, occupation, and formal education significantly influenced risk perception about bTB. The demographic characteristics associated with risk perceptions about bovine tuberculosis showed satisfactory risk perception levels among respondents with higher age categories, especially among the males, meat and sanitary inspectors, and those with higher educational levels. This is expected in African countries as males are always at the forefront of tasking events due to social masculinity and have more active years than females. Meat and sanitary inspectors significantly had higher knowledge than meat processors. Abattoir workers with secondary and tertiary education significantly had more knowledge than others. Education level has been shown to impact knowledge of risk perception, and workers with post-primary education were more knowledgeable than those without formal education ,35.The reported perceived drivers influencing bTB emergence and transmission at abattoirs are comparable to other findings. Fekadu et al.  reportedAfrican countries, including Nigeria, are expected to prioritize One Health focusing mainly on challenges affecting human and animal health and the environment . Our obsAlthough this study gathered epidemiological data from abattoir workers in five municipal abattoirs in North-central Nigeria through a structured questionnaire, it has limitations. The main limitation concerns the use of a cross-sectional design which does not show a causal relationship among the abattoirs. However, using confidence intervals in our analyses has taken care of the imperfections possibly associated with sampling in the abattoirs. The study was conducted in one of the country’s six geopolitical zones. However, the findings from this study are generalizable to other abattoirs in Nigeria, as the structural conditions and enforcement regulations are the same across the country. This study also recruited more males than females reflecting the workforce distribution by gender across other slaughterhouses in Nigeria ,37,46–48The abattoir workers lack adequate knowledge about bTB as a disease and its zoonotic transmissibility to humans. They show a poor adoption level of preventive practices. A high knowledge level about bTB is expected from these workers saddled with the responsibility of ensuring food safety and adopting good practices to prevent harbouring and transmitting diseases to the general public. Thereby, different measures such as training on proper meat handling; enlightenment programs on bTB and other diseases; awareness of various zoonotic diseases pathways; occupational hazards and safety protocols to uphold as well as preventive practices have to be put in place to curb the menace that might arise from these challenges. Furthermore, surveillance and preventive preparedness that consider the perceived drivers through the ’One Health’ approach are urgently needed to contribute to the World Health Organization’s ’END-TB’ goal of eliminating all forms of human tuberculosis as a public health problem by 2035.S1 Text(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


Molecular biology holds a vast potential for tackling climate change and biodiversity loss. Yet, it is largely absent from the current strategies. We call for a community-wide action to bring molecular biology to the forefront of climate change solutions. Molecular biology has huge potential to help tackle climate change and biodiversity loss but is largely absent from current strategies. Community-wide action is needed to bring molecular biology to the forefront of climate change solutions. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges faced by humankind. Among its many effects, temperature rise and other anthropogenic impacts are causing biodiversity loss at an alarming rate, signalling the onset of a sixth mass extinction. The goal of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level requires an immediate and drastic change of societal and economic organization. While it was reassuring to see that physical and earth sciences were at the core of the COP26 meeting held in Glasgow in October and November 2021, life sciences were underrepresented, and molecular life science was alarmingly absent. In this Perspective, we call for a central role for molecular biology in providing solutions to climate and environmental challenges.2 capture and photovoltaic energy. While nature-based measures, such as those around conservation and agriculture, are receiving increasing attention, the molecular life sciences remain on the fringe, despite their vast untapped potential. Molecular biology, which enables understanding and engineering of life’s fundamental processes from the cellular to the planetary scale, can contribute not only to mitigating and adapting, but also to reverting the current worrying trends of temperature rise and biodiversity loss.The current focus for climate change mitigation and adaptation is largely on non-biological technologies, such as chemical COThat biological processes can profoundly impact planetary climate is well established. We owe the rich biodiversity on this planet to the massive oxygenation started by microbial photosynthesis circa 2 billion years ago. And, paradoxically, the fossil fuels, the use of which caused the current crisis, are themselves the product of photosynthesis. Although molecular biology has provided great insights into these and other essential processes of life, it is missing from the frontline strategies for climate change solutions. This is concerning, as molecular biology is essential to monitoring ecosystem health, development of optimal intervention strategies, and the invention of tools to implement them.To understand the key areas in which molecular life sciences can make an impact, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory recently hosted a scientific workshop under the All4Climate Italy 2021 programme. Existing and potential solutions were identified , which t2 flows could be restored by replacing chemical fertilizers with microbial solutions to boost direct N2 fixation. In polluted ecosystems, some of which are already pushed beyond their tipping point, engineered, or evolved microbial communities could be deployed to clear the pollutants.One of the key areas of potential impact is changes to current food and agricultural systems that can considerably mitigate greenhouse gas emissions . MoleculIn the fuel and chemical sectors, the vast biochemical diversity of organisms , 6 shoul2 and methane. This way, the gap between the carbon sequestering capacities of natural and planted forests could be reduced through model-guided promotion of biodiversity. Similar approaches could halt biodiversity loss in the ocean and promote CO2 fixation by phytoplankton and algae, with further capacity boosting through rational genetic engineering [Another opportunity for impact is a targeted ecosystem modulation. Molecular characterization of inter-species interactions and computational models built on these could help us predict complex ecosystem dynamics and guide interventions to counteract the negative effects of anthropogenic emissions. Plants and environmental microbiomes could be modulated to enhance their capacity to capture COineering , 10. Genineering . IntegraHow can we realize molecular biology solutions? First and foremost, we should aim, by working collaboratively across the globe, to put molecular life science firmly onto the agenda of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The potential of the solutions should be communicated in ways that are accessible to policymakers and the general public. Biologists should be introduced to opportunities in climate science, and climate scientists to the opportunities offered by molecular life science. This interdisciplinary research could be facilitated through creating dedicated programmes and funding schemes. A greater connection between research and industry is also needed, where industrial players are involved early on to help identify the most promising solutions, and to realize their potential by scaling up and integrating them into economic chains. For this to happen, the molecular life sciences need greater focus from governments and industry alike to develop the needed infrastructures and ambitious projects that link molecular and cellular researchers with those investigating planetary health.Many more and better ideas than discussed here will no doubt emerge as more scientists get involved in this mission. The immediate task is to call for a community-wide action; we hope that this Perspective will help to achieve this. All of us can start by conducting research in a sustainable way. We may also need to change the mode of research that we are comfortable with, yet what better cause can there be than the emergency presented by climate change, which threatens our very existence? The remarkable response to the COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated what can be achieved by investment into molecular life sciences, combined with industrial, political, and societal participation. Let us use this momentum and tackle the challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss head-on.


Molecular motorshave been intensely studied in solution, but lesscommonly on solid surfaces that offer fixed points of reference fortheir motion and allow high-resolution single-molecule imaging byscanning probe microscopy. Surface adsorption of molecules can alsoalter the potential energy surface and consequently preferred intramolecularconformations, but it is unknown how this affects motor molecules.Here, we show how the different conformations of motor molecules aremodified by surface adsorption using a combination of scanning tunnelingmicroscopy and density functional theory. These results demonstratehow the contact of a motor molecule with a solid can affect the energeticsof the molecular conformations. The rotation consistsof alternating photoisomerization and thermal isomerization steps.The photochemical step involves an energetically uphill cis–transisomerization step that causes the molecule to invert helicity beforean energetically downhill thermal process, known as the thermal helixinversion, then occurs. The kinetics of the relaxation depend stronglyon the steric hindrance between the rotor and stator portion of themolecule  calculations,it has been shown that, for molecular motors in solution, small differencesin the molecular conformation can affect the motor rotation.9Molecularmotors have attracted much attention in the last twodecades, due to their ability to transform energy from an externalsource into useful motion, for instance, a translation or rotationin one direction. While molecular motors are known in nature,molecule 1a.This 10 and molecular switches, based on isomerization processes11 or intramolecular proton transfer.12 Thus, for the case of the more complex Feringa-typemolecular motors, it is of great interest whether and how surfaceadsorption can alter their properties by modifying the different conformations.Here, we show that adsorption of molecular motors at a surface canchange these energies. A combination of single-molecule experimentsand DFT calculations reveal how the two molecular conformations beforeand after the helix inversion step are inverted in their thermodynamicstabilities.In general, the adsorption of molecules on surfaces is known tomodify potential energy surfaces and consequently molecular functions,as has been shown, for instance, in molecular gears16 but less commonly at well-defined surfaces,20 despite various advantages forsurfaces. First, the surface represents a reference point for motion,in particular when following single movements of individual moleculartrajectories, making the observations statistically distinct. Second,an isolated motor cannot do useful work as any directional motionis compensated by the conservation of angular momentum—usefulwork is only made possible when the molecule is influenced by a fixedsolid. Moreover, it is the presence of a solid that allows use ofscanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and thus imaging with high spatialresolution at the atomic level. Single-crystal surfaces of noble metalsare preferred, due to their highly defined periodic surface latticeand very low contamination under ultrahigh vacuum. Here, we have chosenCu(111) as the substrate, which has already been used for variousmolecular motors in the last years.19Synthetic molecular machines have been intenselystudied in solution22 Experimentally, this has been observed, for example, for azobenzenemolecules with the phenyl rings being attracted by the surface,23 such as in the so-called Lander molecules wherethe attraction of a polyaromatic board by the metal surface resultsin a distortion of sideways attached spacer groups.24 The Feringa motor, that we study here, contains aromaticrings and thus one can expect that the conformation of the moleculedeforms upon adsorption on a metal and therefore differs from thatin solution experiments.The adsorptionof functional molecules on a metallic surface canlead to different conformations as compared to the gas phase, dueto the molecule–surface interaction. This interaction dependson the molecular structure and is specific for different componentswithin the molecular skeleton. Aromatic ring systems tend to be adsorbedflat on metal surfaces to maximize their interaction with the surface.–10 mbar) with a low temperaturescanning tunneling microscope (Createc) working at 5 K sample temperature.Imaging is done in the constant-current mode. Cu(111), which has alreadybeen used for various molecular motors in the last years,19 has been chosen as the substrate. After cleaning the metal samplewith sputtering and annealing cycles, molecules were deposited froma Knudsen cell onto the clean surface, kept at different temperaturesbetween 5 K and room temperature. For deposition with a constant molecularflux of about 1/2 monolayer (ML) per minute [1 ML is defined as onecomplete layer of molecules on the Cu(111) surface] and a typicalsurface coverage of about 0.1 ML, the Knudsen cell was always heatedto the same temperature (about 375 K with ∼0.22 W at the filament).After preparation, the sample was transferred into the STM chamber.Deposition of molecules at the lowest temperature was performed froma Si wafer (heated by ∼10 V and 50–100 mA for ∼5s) directly onto the sample in the STM stage (with a sample temperatureof 5 K).Experiments were performedunder ultrahigh vacuum ,28 which demonstrated toperform extremely well for the description of benzene adsorption onCu(111).29 Ultra-soft pseudopotentialswere employed as available in the SSSP library.30 The kinetic energy cutoff for the Kohn–Sham wavefunctions (charge density) was set to 35 (400) Ry. The molecule–surfacesystem was modeled by using an orthorhombic supercell correspondingto a 8 × 4 repetition of a 4-layer slab of Cu(111) (optimizedlattice parameter for bulk Cu: a = 3.59 Å).A vacuum region of at least 13 Å in the non-periodic direction was introduced to prevent interactionbetween periodic images, while the in-plane irreducible Brillouinzone was sampled with a 3 × 3 Monkhorst-Pack grid of k-points. The ground state configurations were reached througha standard total-energy-and-forces optimization, as implemented inthe pw.x code of QE. The atomic positions within the cell were fullyrelaxed until forces were less than 10 meV/Å. STM images of theoptimized configurations were simulated within the Tersoff–Hamannapproximation,31 where the STM contrastis proportional to the local density of states evaluated at the positionof a spherically symmetric (s-wave) tip.Ab-initio DFT simulations were carried out to investigatethe molecularadsorption on Cu(111) by using the Quantum ESPRESSO (QE) package,H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-1′-ylidene)-9H-thioxanthene molecule (named MM1 for molecularmotor in the following). It follows the design of the Feringa motors,8 consisting of a stator and a rotor unit  surface(kept at 5 K), individual molecules can be observed on the flat terraces1b in varB, and C 1c. They MM1 having eitherthe stator or the rotor  suggest the presence of concurrent van der Waals and π-electroninteractions. A similar effect takes place for the rotor in conformationC (C–Cu distance of ∼2.5–3.5 Å), while thestator adsorbs asymmetrically: One of the C-rings is flattening towardthe surface (C–Cu distance ranging between 2.9 and 3.5 Å)and the second C-ring is pointing upward  surface when the molecule landsin rotor-down configuration on the surface, that is B and C conformations,where the closest S–Cu distance is ∼2.4 Å, whileit is less relevant in A (S–Cu distance >3.4 Å). Second,we find that in all three cases, the aromatic groups tend to lie flaton the surface, a typical behavior on metal surfaces where the delicateinterplay between van der Waals and π-electron interactionsdetermines the actual registry on the metallic surface and the strengthof the adsorption.e top in 2, in agrThis methyl groupplays an important role in the adsorption: itpoints upward, that is, away from the surface, in conformation C,thus enabling the rotor to adsorb flatter and closer to the metalsurface. Instead, in conformation B, the methyl is pointing downwardand the rotor cannot adsorb flat on the surface, thus affecting themolecular stability on the substrate. Accordingly, C results as themost stable conformation, while A and B are ∼270 and ∼150meV higher in energy, respectively (see below). Hence, conformationsA and B, which are most abundant after sample preparation at 5 K 1c, are kFigures S2 and S3) shows that the majority (70%) of the adsorption energyof conformation A is caused by the stator–surface interactionthat is overall stronger than for conformations B and C , indicating effective adsorptionvia the π-electrons. In configurations B and C, the adsorptionenergy is equally distributed between the two components, rotor andstator. C is ∼0.15 eV more stable than B, an energy contributionthat again comes from increased π-interaction of the ratherflat rotor with the surface in conformation C ,but in contrast to lower temperatures, conformation B is never observedin isolated molecules. Instead, they are exclusively found assembledin dimers and particularly trimers -1, because this process includesheating of the molecules to about 375 K. The molecules remain in state(M)-1 in the gas phase and land on the metal surface, adopting eitherconformation A or B  surface and studiedat the single-molecule level to determine molecular conformationson the surface. We find that the presence of the metal surface stronglydistorts the potential energy landscape of the molecular motor states,inverting the stability of the characteristic states of the motormolecule. Specifically, the (M)-1 state, which is the most stableconfiguration in solution, becomes less stable for the benefit ofthe (in the gas phase unfavored) (P)-1 state. We anticipate that thisshould have a strong effect on the thermal relaxation step withinthe motor rotary cycle and might also affect the starting point ofthe cycle, which is always assumed to be the (M)-1 state (top leftin


Improving diversity in the healthcare workforce holds promise in improving the health outcomes of our diverse patient population. Attracting, recruiting, and retaining physicians from races and ethnicities that are historically underrepresented in medicine are vital in this effort. Increasing diversity at the graduate medical education level has the potential to positively reshape our physician personnel. In this editorial, we discuss the current state of diversity-oriented recruitment strategies for residency programs and present opportunities for future efforts. IntroductionHealthcare disparities are differences in access to medical care and variations in rates of disease between population groups defined by sociodemographic characteristics . It remaDiversity in the healthcare workforce has the potential to increase cultural competency, improve access for the underserved, and broaden research agendas . PhysiciAs residency training programs serve as the gatekeeper for our physician workforce, efforts at improving diversity at the residency level will directly impact the diversity of practicing physicians. National organizations understand this and stress its importance ,11. ReceWhat efforts have been successful? Focused Recruiting and Strategic Visibility on Interview Day Institutional buy-in is imperative for the success of diversity and equity initiatives. Once the commitment has been solidified, residency programs can then take specific steps with focused recruiting being at the forefront. An improved screening process, ensuring URM candidates meet current URM residents and continued mentoring, has proven successful for some residency programs to improve the diversity of their constituency. The Cardiology fellowship at the Ohio State University implemented several initiatives to improve diversity recruitment . They fiAnother example of positive changes is the Children’s Mercy Program in Kansas City. They identified that they lacked minority faculty representation on their resident selection committee and URM medical students were unlikely to meet a URM trainee or faculty member on their interview day . With URImplicit Bias Training for Programs and Program LeadershipIdentifying implicit bias on an individual level is imperative to achieve diversity and combat racism. Graduate Medical Education (GME) training for URM candidates is particularly demanding as they are frequently the targets of microaggressions and bias . BlanchaThe implementation of implicit bias training - in addition to changes in the recruiting process - can lead to impartments in residency diversity . The NatMentorship and Retention of URM ResidentsCommon themes for programs that have increased the number of URM residents is early engagement and ongoing mentorship . AttendaMentors should be approachable, honest, and available. A study of women in surgery that included URM students, residents, and faculty stressed the importance of early mentorship to facilitate increased diversity in their field . Shared Once applicants have transitioned to residents in training programs, institutions can prioritize ongoing support for URM trainees and faculty. The iDREAM (Incentivizing Diverse Recruitment for Equity in Academic Medicine) Program at the Indiana University School of Medicine is one example . The iDRWhat should we do next?Holistic Application ReviewIt is imperative that all candidates receive a holistic review of their application as opposed to solely relying on a single metric such as United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) performance as an interview screen . The hisThe Association of American Medical Colleges provides a framework on how to provide a holistic review of residency applications . The revUsing a holistic review of applications has been shown to increase the exposure and recruitment of URM into training sites. One Emergency Medicine program shared its experience after adjusting its application screening rubric to balance experiences across attributes . ExampleFaculty Development and Creating a Culture of AllyshipTraining institutions must teach and expect faculty, staff, and trainees to practice antiracism . There hIntegrating allyship training into GME training holds promise in promoting safe spaces where diversity can flourish. Nicole Asong Nfonoyim-Hara defines allyship as “when a person of privilege works in solidarity and partnership with a marginalized group of people to help take down the systems that challenge that group’s basic rights, equal access, and ability to thrive in our society .” The AlLeveraging Social Media as a Recruiting ToolSocial media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have allowed people of different backgrounds to connect and exchange information . It alsoDiscussionIncreasing diversity in our workforce requires strategic and deliberate efforts. Most importantly, diversity recruitment is not solely about increasing the absolute number of URM residents but providing meaningful long-term support. This includes providing an inclusive environment that enriches training experiences for all and improves patient outcomes. Additionally, when making program changes, it is important to note that the burden of responsibility is disproportionally placed on minority faculty - known as the “minority tax” - which is a major source of inequity in academic medicine . Taking Efforts to increase diversity must be ingrained in the culture of the department and have buy-in from non-URM residents and faculty. When DEI efforts are made by non-URM individuals it not only provides support for their URM colleagues, but it exemplifies a program’s commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Programs and institutions should support physicians who want to engage in antiracism work and consider hiring external experts to strengthen the cause, which would further decrease the burden on physicians of the color . DepartmDiversity in the healthcare workforce is imperative for us to reach equity in healthcare outcomes. Residency programs are one of the major pipelines for enhancing workforce diversity and they should look inward to identify modifiable factors to improve the recruitment and retention of URM candidates. A commitment to this work in recruiting practice and mentoring programs at the resident level can assist in making this a reality.


Nanotechnology has attracted great attention from researchers in modern science because nanomaterials have innovative and superior physical, chemical, and biological properties, and they can be altered and modified accordingly. As particles get smaller, their surface area increases compared to their volume. Electrospinning is one of the advanced techniques to produce ultrathin nanofibers and membranes, and it is one of the best ways to create continuous nanomaterials with variable biological, chemical, and physical properties. The produced fibers can be utilized in various domains such as wound dressing, drug release, enzyme immobilization, etc. This review examines the biomedical nanofibers/membranes produced by electrospinning techniques to investigate the effects of process parameters  on nanofiber characteristics . The solution parameters like (i) optimum concentration, (ii) higher molecular weight, and (iii) higher conductivity produce uniform nanofibers, smoother nanofibers, and a smaller and more uniform fiber diameter, respectively. In addition, process parameters such as (i) higher voltage and (ii) slower flow rate produce more polymer ejection from the nozzle and enhance the smoother fiber production, respectively. The optimum tip-to-collector distance is considered to be 13–15 cm. The ambient conditions such as (i) higher humidity and (ii) higher temperature produce thicker and thinner nanofibers, respectively. The controlled parameters through optimization process determine the size and quality of the fibers. The effects of each parameter are discussed in this review. The applications of nanofibers are also discussed. Recently, nanofibers have been used in a wide range of different applications because of their specific unique features, which include a low density, high surface area to weight ratio, high porosity, small porosity, improved membrane stiffness, and membrane tensile strength. Drawings, phase separation, self-assembly, synthesis of polymeric, and electrospinning are just a few of the ways that may be used to make polymer nanofibers. Only discontinuous nanofibers are formed during the drawing process. To produce fibers of a certain diameter, the template synthesis technique is used. Fewer polymers can be obtained through phase separation. A modest rate of fiber self-assembly is seen in the process. For continuous nanofiber production with variable fiber diameters, electrospinning (ES) is a better option. For aligned fiber, nonwoven fiber, patterned fiber, random three-dimensional structures and micron-sized springs, this procedure may also be utilized to manufacture them. It is possible to create fibers ranging in diameter from 2 nm to several micrometers by combining natural and synthetic polymers, ceramics, solid particle suspensions, liquid crystals, and emulsions. The ES technique used for fabricating nanofibers has attracted increasing attention in the scientific community across the globe. The nanofibers can be used in wider areas including medical, tissue engineering, food packing, water filtration, and so on ,4,5,6,7.In this paper, we studied the generation of polymer-free electrospun nanofibrous webs of vitamin-A acetate/CD inclusion complexes which have freestanding, flexible, lightweight, and foldable character, and we aimed to integrate the unique properties of both cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and the electrospun nanofiber to develop a new generation food/dietary supplements with orally fast-dissolving properties and nanofibrous web structure . FlexiblThe pump is situated parallel to the ground when using the horizontal electrospinning (HES) arrangement shown in Investigated  the ES pA metallic nozzle or needle injects a new polymeric liquid solution at a consistent feed rate. High voltages of 10 to 30 KV are used (positive or negative). When a sufficiently high voltage is supplied to the polymeric liquid, a charge accumulates on the hemispherical surface of the polymer droplet, forming a Taylor cone. A liquid jet from the charged polymeric is ejected from the freshly created new Taylor cone and attracted to the collector, fixed away from the metallic needle as the voltage increases. The solvents in the newly created clear polymeric solution evaporate during this process, leaving the collector with dry polymer macro- or nanofibers. A series of poly /chitosan (PVA/CS) electrospun nanofibers with different weight ratios of PVA and CS were fabricated by the electrospinning method.As a result of PVA and CS composition measurements, the electrospun nanofibers’ morphologies were mainly affected by the weight ratio of the polymer solution. When increasing the chitosan content in the blend solution, the electrospun nanofibers could hardly form. This result indicates that the electrospun nanofiber formation is enhanced by chitosan content . EarlierThe solvents used for various polymers with characterizations of prepared electrospun new polymers are listed in The primary classification of electrospinning parameters was divided into three categories and is illustrated in The solution parameters (i) of optimum concentration, (ii) higher molecular weight, and (iii) higher conductivity produce uniform nanofibers, smoother nanofibers, and a smaller and more uniform fiber diameter, respectively. Additionally, process parameters such as (i) higher voltage and (ii) slow flow rate produce more polymer ejection from the nozzle and enhance the smoother fiber production, respectively. The optimum tip-to-collector distance is 13–15 cm. The ambient parameters such as (i) higher humidity and (ii) increasing temperature produce thicker fibers and generate a thinner nanofiber, respectively. The controlled parameter through optimization decides the size and quality of the fibers.Fiber production in the ES process is greatly influenced by the freshly synthesized polymeric liquid solution concentration. (i) Micro- or nanopolymeric fibers are produced when the polymeric solution concentration is very low. (ii) On macro- and nanofibers, a combination of beads and fibers will develop because the polymeric solution concentration is somewhat greater. (iii) Smooth macro- and nanofibers may be generated when the optimal and most suitable polymeric solution concentration is used. (iv) Fibers and helix-shaped microribbons will be generated if the polymeric solution concentration is exceptionally high, as illustrated in The solution concentrations at the four different levels ((i) very low, (ii) a little higher, (iii) optimum, and (iv) very high) had different effects in the fiber that was observed in the microstructure images.Morphologies of newly synthesized electrospun nanofibers are influenced by the new polymers’ molecular weight and compared in The molecular weight of the polymeric solutions plays a vital role and revealed the following different effects from the varying range of concentrations: unstable and with a bead-on-string structure; fibrous structure which is stabilized; flat fibers; microribbon; helical fibers; and zigzag ribbon patterns.The viscosity of the freshly synthesized polymeric solution determines the structure and morphology of the newly generated fiber. The extremely (i) low viscosity of newly synthesized polymeric solutions could not produce continuous and smooth fibers. In comparison, the extremely (ii) high viscosity of newly synthesized polymeric solutions leads to the jets being rapidly ejected from the solution. When the solution has a viscosity sufficient for electrospinning, it is possible to regulate the viscosity of a freshly synthesized polymeric solution by altering the concentration of the polymeric solution.The viscosity, polymer content, and molecular weight of a polymeric solution are all related. Surface tension dominates in freshly synthesized polymeric solutions with low viscosity, resulting in beads or beaded fibers. A sufficient viscosity polymeric solution might provide continuous fibers. As the viscosity of a recently synthesized polymeric solution is directly proportional to concentration and surface tension ,25. The Electrospun product morphologies in ethanol, MC, and DMF were studied in relation to surface tension. In their research, they discovered that various solvents may have an effect on surface tension: i) reducing the surface tension of the solution to smooth out beaded fibers. The mass ratio of liquids and fiber morphologies can affect the surface tension and solution viscosity. The solvent affects the surface tension of the polymeric solutions and deviates the fibers’ shape and size.2PO4. The incorporation of ionic salts resulted in the formation of new nanofibers with a tiny diameter.The solution conductivity of newly produced polymeric solutions is determined by the polymer, the solvent, and the salt. In general, natural polymers are polyelectrolytic. Due to the increased strain created by the electric field, the ions boost the charge-carrying capacity of the freshly synthesized polymeric jet, resulting in inferior fiber production in comparison to the synthetic equivalent. Additionally, the polymeric solution’s electrical conductivity may be adjusted through incorporating ionic salts such as NaCl and KHIn the ES technique, the applied voltage plays a critical role. When the applied voltage surpasses the threshold voltage, Taylor-cone polymeric solution charged jets may form. Increased voltages may enhance the electrostatic repulsive force acting on the charged jet of polymeric solution, resulting in contraction of the diameter of the fiber.Electrostatic charges are affected by how much voltage is supplied to the polymeric solution. More polymeric solution is sucked from the needle tip as the voltage is raised, speeding up the ES jet. Because of the smaller and less stable Taylor cone that emerges from a set feed rate, the needle and the Taylor cone may eventually merge. Fibers were thinner because the polymeric solution was stretched more by the higher voltage . ResearcThe electric field intensity decides the diameter of freshly generated fibers ranging from several microns to nanometers. Through the optimization of the applied voltage, it could be achieved depending on the new solution of polymeric mixtures. Insufficient or inappropriate electric field intensity may lead to a kind of bead formation in the spun fibers or possibly to the breakdown of the jet formation. Observed that raising the voltage adjusted the geometry of the target surface at which the new formation of a Taylor cone and fiber jets are generated. However, when the applied voltage was raised, a reduction in the drop volume led to the formation of a Taylor cone at its tip; this was related to an increase in bead defects among electrospun fibers .The solution flow rate at which the newly synthesized polymeric new solution travels through the cylindrical syringe is also critical. The flow velocity of the newly synthesized polymeric solution is reduced to allow for polarization. High flow rates produce thick-diameter bead fibers rather than smooth filaments compared to Collectors were used to gather charged fibers during electrospinning. Although aluminum foil is utilized as a fiber collector, transferring the nanofibers to other substrates for usage is problematic. Diverse collectors, including wire mesh, have been created to transmit fibers to parallel or gridded bars, spinning rods, or wheels.The travel distance between the syringe tip and collector influenced the fiber diameter and morphology. In summary, too short a distance prevents the fiber from solidifying before nearing the collector. If the travel distance is too long, this results in bead fibers. Dryness from the solvent is a key physical element of electrospun fibers; thus, optimal distance is advised.Aspects of the environment may impact fiber diameters and morphologies . Due to the inverse connection between solution temperature and viscosity, polyamide-6 fibers benefit from a smaller fiber diameter. The 2.15 SEM pictures of electrospun PA-6-32 fibers at temperatures A and B are both 30 °C. A and B have sizes of 98 and 90 nm. Moisture content might completely dry the solvent and speed up its evaporation rate. Increasing humidity reduces the stretching pressures and causes thicker fiber diameters. The surface morphologies of electrospun PS fibers might vary depending on humidity. The rate of solvent evaporation rises with temperature. The second parameter is polymer solution viscosity, which decreases with temperature. The average diameter of electrospun nanofibers changes dramatically with temperature and humidity. RH can make nanofibers thicker or thinner depending on the polymer’s chemistry. The temperature change has two conflicting impacts on the average diameter. Solvent evaporation rate and solution viscosity both influence mean fiber diameter. Heat and humidity will impact other polymer systems . AchieviThe average CA nanofiber diameter rises with humidity, but the average PVP nanofiber diameter decreases. The average diameter of electrospun nanofibers changes dramatically with temperature and humidity . This reProper adjustment of factors may impact fiber morphologies. Any desired fiber morphology and diameter may be made by electrospinning. The exemplary processing conditions may produce uniform fibers with no beads, and electrospun fibers have a lower glass transition temperature than native polymer. Polymer molecular weight, solution concentration, and solvent system substantially influenced fiber diameters and morphologies . The effThe hydrophilic functional groups present in the outer surface of the newly formed nanofibrous scaffolds were efficiently changed by plasma treatment and AA grafting. They have a significant effect on proliferation and cell adhesion when tested in vitro .To repair the extracellular matrix that has been damaged, a wide range of scaffold-based tissue engineering technologies and materials have been developed. During the last decade, researchers have concentrated on creating biodegradable polymeric membranes that can be used to regenerate periodontal tissue . Due to A tissue substitute’s architecture has a significant role in regulating tissue development . For theControlled drug release using electrospun matrices, including antibiotics, DNA, and proteins, are possible for applications in tissue engineering. To regenerate cartilage, tissue engineering has employed collagen sponges, hydrogel scaffolds, and gelatin-based microspheres. A similar structure to the ECM in native cartilage has been explored in nanofibers made from synthetic, natural, and new combinations of polymers . ElectroClinically, tendon and ligament injuries, common in young athletes, provide a considerable difficulty because of their inherent inability to recover. As a result of the healing process, scar-like tissue often develops with inferior mechanical qualities. A new method for tendon and ligament regeneration is possible via tissue engineering. From the nanofibrous structure developed through the electrospinning process used for scaffolds, researchers have been able to mimic the collagen fiber bundles of natural tissues in the regeneration of ligaments and tendons . The mecA three-dimensional multilayered scaffold developed using polyethylene-glycol-based porous chitosan and nanofibrous mats . CompareFor a variety of cardiovascular illnesses, there is increasing need for tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) to repair or bypass damaged arteries. To create TEVGs from tissue skeletons, biopolymers and biodegradable synthetic polymers have been used. The inability to replicate natural tissue mechanical properties and the necessity for long-term patency and development needed for in vivo function remain unclear. Scaffolds are often made by electrospinning, which has the potential to alleviate these issues. TEVGs from humans have not yet been tested using this technique. The first human trials of tissue-created blood vessels for high-pressure arteries have been completed. Tissue-engineered scaffolds are injected into the urinary tract organs for reconstructive purposes through electrospun scaffolds in patients with a sick bladder who have lost their ability to operate as a compliant and low-pressure reservoir must undergo augmentation cystoplasty. It is possible to regenerate some lost bladder tissue using electrospun scaffolds as shown in Electrospinning is a simple and low-cost method for producing nanofibers. Inorganic materials, mainly metal oxides, may be created and electrospun to improve their conducting and ceramic characteristics, a massive boon for energy devices. Sustainable energy and habitats will be made possible in the future when it comes to advances in nanotechnology. Nanofiber-structured materials can be extremely effective in addressing energy, health, and environmental concerns. Innovative methods for harvesting renewable energy using cutting-edge technology are made possible by advances in nanotechnology. Semiconductors made from electrospinning nanofibers, in particular, are being touted as a potential solution to our energy woes. Electrospinning, a simple and inexpensive method for creating nanofibers, is an effective way to do so. It is also possible to create nanofibers from a wide range of materials, including organics and inorganics, using electrospinning .In electrospinning, a polymer solution is charged and ejected under a high-voltage electric field in order to create micro- and ultrafine fibers (in nanometers). Polymer solution is spun into yarn using an electrospinning process governed by electrohydrodynamic principles. Electrospinning’s basic setup may be seen in the image. Here, the polymer solution is held in a reservoir  and is applied to an electrode through the pump, high-voltage power source, and collection device described above . ElectroFibers with distinct structures and characteristics can be made by altering the spinneret or the solution. Using electrospinning in a number of ways is a viable option. Two solutions can be injected into the spinneret tip for co-axial electrospinning. The electrospinning jet’s Taylor cone’s sheath fluid is hypothesized to act as a carrier for the inner fluid, bringing it into contact with the outer fluid . To makeElectrospinning is a valuable technology for making micro- and nanoscale fibers in both laboratories and industry. Numerous polymers, including single and mixed polymers, are employed in electro-fiber production. Electrospinning’s intricate hierarchical structure under regulated calcination is one of its unique advantages . There aSARS-CoV-2 may be prevented from spreading from person to person by wearing a face mask made of ultrafine fibers with a diameter of a few tens of nanometers or less. For example, the electrospun ultrafine fiber filter can be antiviral, transparent, and degradable in addition to virus-blocking. This is an essential component in the battle against epidemics. Filtration performance and reusability of electrospun ultrafine fiber-based masks: a production technique ,57,58.Since the dawn of humans, we have relied on textiles for everything from clothing to shelter. On the other hand, fibers are the fundamental building blocks of these substances. According to this viewpoint, nanofibers, as active layers in face masks, may protect patients against the new coronavirus sickness (COVID-19). A few things should be known about these electrospun nanofiber face masks in particular, including how they work and how you may build your own at home, all in one short, but essential, letter. Fine tiny sieves, which operate as active layers in face masks, are what give them their functionality. A microscopic sieve is composed of entangled mats comprised of extremely fine fibers capable of providing complicated routes for airborne particles, viruses, and bacteria. Three distinct particles may be prevented from reaching the user via four different techniques while the face mask is in use. Micro-, macro-, and nanoparticles are all categorized independently in The three particle categories now include charged particles. Larger macroparticles (over 600 nm) cannot pass through the filters and are intercepted outside the masks. Microfine particles (300–600 nm) may pass through the mat pores of the mask sieve, but they are more likely to smash against the fiber walls (like any item traveling in a non-straight route at high speeds). The particle’s mass and velocity govern this, preventing it from reaching the wearer. This is called the impact/collision mechanism. Due to their tiny size, nanoparticles (below 300 nm) may readily pass through pores without interacting with the pore walls but are quickly assaulted by the air molecules surrounding them. Diffusion-based capture is used to capture such particles, which only occurs in finer fibers (nanofibers) and branching nanofibers.Electrospun nanofibers are more efficient here. However, small particles (300 nm) that do not obey the impact/collision process, or the diffusion-based capture method are difficult to filter in many face masks. To delay such particles and allow them to follow one of the processes, numerous layers of mats are required. Multiple filtration layers present a new technical challenge for the final product’s breathability. Engineers must handle the opposing needs of air filterability and air breathability to achieve the perfect performance of a face mask. With proper electrospinning process management, electrospun nanofibers offer the necessary equilibrium. By using electrostatic filtration, the last process, particles attracted by their negative charges are prevented from reaching the wearer by filtration mats that are charged .Two polyester/polypropylene nonwovens plus a fine-fiber filtration membrane make up a face mask’s three or more layers of composite structures shown in The skin contact layer should be made of soft nonwoven fabric that is hydrophilic and retains cough droplets. The outermost membrane may be a blood/liquid repellent. The middle layer membrane is a high-efficiency performance filter membrane with tiny pores . The reqSARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission is essential in COVID-19 dissemination. We created electrospun nanofibrous air filters for personal protection equipment and the interior environment to safeguard public health. The electrospun air filters featured substantially smaller pores than surgical and textile masks due to ultrafine nanofibers (300 nm) (a couple of microns versus tens to hundreds of microns). In prior investigations, coronavirus strains were utilized to create aerosols for filtering efficiency testing as shown in Melt electrowriting is a new form of an additive manufacturing (AM) process which is used to fabricate new thermoplastic microfiber scaffolds used in tissue engineering . It is pThe PCL melt fibers were a more suitable solution in fibers (Lian and Meng 2017). The morphological analysis revealed high porosity of solution/melt electrospun mats (94.78%). Higher filtration efficiencies were reached when both electrospinning techniques were applied simultaneously . The melMES is a new method for developing amorphous and water-soluble drugs. If the water contents were better controlled, then it would enable minimizing the MES operating temperature, significantly enhance the plasticization and develop extra pressure in a cylindrical syringe, which minimizes thermal depletion of the incorporated drug . The ME A random copolymer setup with controlled molecular weights and different compositions enables fabricating the well-defined structures . Melt elElectrospun wound dressings are among the most prominent. Wound-healing medications can be incorporated into these dressings in a variety of ways, depending on the patient’s specific needs . ElectroElectrospun nanofiber mats are capable of filtering even the tiniest particles or molecules, thanks to their extremely narrow pores. Because of this, they can be used in conjunction with other materials, such as those with antibacterial properties or high surface-to-volume ratios, to further treat the filtered material. Fine nanofiber mats are susceptible to mechanical damage; however, reinforcement options include inserting them in composites or attaching them to more mechanically stable layers. Stabilizing electrospun nanofiber mats by 3D printing hard polymer layers on top of them is generally feasible. In order to avoid delamination of the nanofiber mat and damage to it by the hot nozzle, here we report on the reversed process , which is more difficult to perform . The antThe different process parameters were studied and found their significant roles during the electrospinning process. The solution parameters play important roles such as optimum concentration (uniform nanofibers), higher molecular weight (smoother fibers), higher conductivity , and optimal viscosity (constant ejection from jet/needle). Additionally, process parameters control polymer ejection, fiber smoothness, and better connectivity as follows: higher applied voltage (14–30 kV), slow feed rate, and optimum tip-to-collector distance (13–15 cm). Ambient parameters such as operating temperature and humidity also play significant roles in controlling the thickness/thinness of the nanofibers. The nanofibers produced through electrospinning process could be used in wider areas including tissue engineering, biosensors, medical devices, wound dressing, cable for implantable devices, fuel cells, drug-coated stents, neural prostheses, artificial heart valves, air filters, water filters, engine filters, gas turbine filters, personal protective masks etc.


Hordeum californicum , one of the wild relatives of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), harbors many desirable genes and isa potential genetic resource for wheat improvement. In this study, an elite lineND646 was selected from a BC4F5 population, which wasdeveloped using 60Co-γ irradiated wheat-H.californicum disomic addition line WJ28-1 (DA6Hc) as thedonor parent and Ningchun 4 as the recurrent parent. ND646 was identified as anovel wheat-H. californicum 6HcS/6BL translocationline using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH), and H.californicum-specific expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Furtherevaluation revealed that ND646 had excellent performance in several traits, suchas a higher sedimentation value (SV), higher water absorption rate (WAR), andhigher hardness index (HI). More importantly, it had more kernels per spike(KPS), a higher grain yields (GY), and good resistance to powdery mildew, leafrust, and 2,4-D butylate . Its excellent phenotypic performance laid thefoundation for further investigation of its genetic architecture and makes ND646a useful germplasm resource for wheat breeding. Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops inthe world and supplies food to at least one-third of the global population , one of the most important wild relatives of wheat, hasbeen valued as a donor of important agronomic and resistance traits, includingtolerance to cold and low-nitrogen conditions, resistance to powdery mildew and leafrust, more kernels per spike (KPS), and higher grain weight were acquired through a wide cross,  andone disomic substitution line (DS6Hc), were obtained  (Accession No. TA3443) was kindly providedby the Wheat Genetics and Genomics Resource Center, Kansas State University,Manhattan, Kansas, USA. Common wheat cv. CS, ‘Ningchun 4’, and ‘Hongtuzi’ weremaintained by the Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant andSpecial Crops in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. WJ28-1 is a disomic addition linedeveloped from a BC1F3 population made with CS as therecurrent parent and H. californicum amphiploid as the donorparent. WJ28-1 contains several excellent traits, such as more kernels per spike(KPS), higher grain yield (GY), and good resistance to powdery mildew.Wheat cv. CS-60Co-γ ray at a dosage of 20 Gray (Gy) and a dose rate of 0.5Gy·min-1 , fluorescence in situhybridization (FISH), and their molecular markers.The pollen of WJ28-1 plants at the booting stage were irradiated withGy·min-1 . The irrMetaphase I (MI) chromosome spreads from root-tip cells and pollen mother cells(PMCs) were prepared as described by H. californicum chromosome in ND646 (c-specific markers is shown in Four expressed sequence tag PCR (EST-PCR) primer pairs were used to identify theorigin of the in ND646 . Informa2. The plots were spaced 0.15 m apart. For each plot,approximately 3000 seeds were evenly planted. Grain yield-related traits wereevaluated at both locations. All the other traits, including disease andherbicide resistance, and grain quality traits, were only evaluated at theteaching experiment farm of Ningxia University.Field experiments were conducted at the teaching experiment farm of NingxiaUniversity  and the research station of the Institute of CropScience, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural-Forestry Sciences at Yongning, Ningxia in 2021. ND646 and Ningchun 4 were randomized at eachlocation as a complete block design with three replications. The plot size was12.87 mBlumeria graminis f. sp. tritici fromNingxia, China, was used to infect the susceptible wheat cultivar Hongtuzi andthe experimental plants at the elongation stage. The disease grades were scoredas 0 , 0-1 , 1-2 , 3-4, 5-6 , 7-8 , and 9 , according to Puccinia recondita f. sp.tritici isolates was used to infect plants at theelongation stage, and the disease responses were recorded with a 0-4 rating, inwhich 0-2 was considered resistant and 3-4 was considered susceptible , grain volume(GV), dry grain weight (DGW), and grain moisture (GM). The grain filling rate(GFR) was calculated according to H. californicum disomic additionline WJ28-1 showed excellent performance for several traits, including diseaseresistance, more spikelets per spike, and more kernels per spike. To createwheat-H. californicum translocation lines with small alienchromosome fragments, we irradiated the pollen of WJ28-1 with 60Co-γand pollinated them to an emasculated cultivar, ‘Ningchun 4’. The progeny werebackcrossed to ‘Ningchun 4’ for three generations to produceBC4F1 seeds. BC4F1 was thencrossed for four generations to produce BC4F5 seeds. Foreach generation of back-crossing and self-crossing, the progeny werecharacterized by GISH/FISH and 6Hc specific EST markers. ND646 is anelite line selected from the BC4F5 population , was analyzed using GISH/FISH. Based on themolecular karyotype of H. californicum and common wheat (cS/6BL translocationline (2n = 42)  . Meiosis2n = 42) d, and eac. To further verify the origin of alien chromosome fragments,6Hc-specific markers were used to amplify the total genomic DNAof CS, WJ28-1, ND646, and Ningchun 4. All the ND646 plants could be amplified bythe 6Hc short-arm specific markers but not by the 6Hclong-arm specific markers  weresignificantly (p < 0.05) higher in ND646 than in Ningchun 4 , SPS (21.50 vs.20.20), and GWPS (2.78 g vs. 2.04 g) in regional trial I. KPS , and GY (8614kg.hangchun 4 . The grangchun 4 .Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolates(Resistance of the adult ND646 plants to powdery mildew, leaf rust, and herbicidewere evaluated in the field. ND646 was resistant to powdery mildew, whereas itscommon wheat parent, Ningchun 4, was susceptible when infected with a mixture ofisolates. Furtherisolates. Whentrisolates. TherefoIn Ningxia, the grain filling of spring wheat occurs from late May to early July.During the late period of grain filling, the temperature could be higher than 25°C. The grain filling of many wheat cultivars in Ningxia is severely impacted bythis high temperature. To investigate the grain filling characteristics ofND646, the dynamics of different morphology traits, including the GV, FGW, DGW,GM, and GFR of ND646 and Ningchun 4, were monitored during grain filling stage.The dynamics of GV, FGW, DGW, and GM of Ningchun 4 and ND646 both showed “S”curves with an increasing trend in the first phase after anthesis followed by aplateau and then a decreasing trend .th day and 58.433 mL on the21st day after anthesis, respectively (st day after anthesis (th day and 44.207 g on the 41st dayafter anthesis, respectively (th day and 32.824 g onthe 21st day after anthesis, respectively (-1 onthe 21st-26th day and 2.255 g.d-1 on the16th-21st day, respectively (th-41stday after anthesis, while the grain filling of ND646 was fully completed on the41st-46th day after anthesis. By monitoring thedynamics of grain morphology traits during grain filling, we found that ND646had a longer grain filling period and a higher maximum GFR at the criticalfilling stage than Ningchun 4.The increases in GV, FGW, and GM during the first 21 days and DGW during thefirst 36 days after anthesis were higher in ND646 than in Ningchun 4 . The GV ectively .The FGWanthesis . The DGWectively . The GM ectively .The GFRectively .Grain fH. californicum has many potentially valuable traits, so it isvital to produce wheat-H. californicum translocation lines totransfer its useful genes to wheat for wheat improvement. A series ofwheat-H. californicum addition lines was created. WJ28-1 is oneof these lines and has been identified as DA6Hc by molecular markers(Ph-systems,and ionization irradiation (60Co-γ to create translocation lineswith small alien chromosome fragments. 60Co-γ irradiated WJ28-1 wasbackcrossed to Ningchun 4 for several generations to transfer the excellent aliengenes from WJ28-1 into the Ningxia wheat background. A stable translocation lineND646 was developed during this process.Transferring desirable genes from wheat wild relatives could be an efficient approachto broadening genetic diversity and boosting wheat genetic improvement . The cre markers. WJ28-1 adiation .TherefoH. californicum6HcS/6BL translocation line.Determining chromosome constitutions is a crucial step in the introgression of elitegenes into wheat. Sequential C-banding and GISH are extremely useful in identifyingwheat-alien introgressions . After tH.californicum chromosome 6Hc exhibited many desirable traits,such as more kernels per spike, higher grain yields, higher sedimentation value,higher water absorption rate, higher hardness index, and resistance to powderymildew, leaf rust, and 2,4-D. As a valuable germplasm for wheat breeding, ND646 willbe continuously evaluated in regional trials of Ningxia and regional trials of thespring wheat region in northern China. Although the wheat 6BS chromosome wasreplaced by the 6HcS chromosome, it had a good compensatory effect, andND646 showed excellent comprehensive agronomic traits. Due to whole 6Hcshort arm translocation in ND646, the loss of alien chromosome fragments willinevitably occur in the process of inheritance, resulting in instability of thetranslocation line. To eliminate the genetic burden of large chromosome fragments,we will further improve ND646 using homoeologous recombination induced by thePh mutant.Wild relatives of wheat are valuable resources for expanding the gene pools of wheatbreeding . Althoug


To The EditorRpl24Bst allele reduces gene expression by 40% and results in a white belly spot and kinked tail of variable severity and penetrance   to 4 (severe) for mice generated in our previous study  . Suppresnception . We therus study a. The cof 3 of 8 a. In com73A mice b.Figure Rpl24Bst and Eef2kD273A mutations on melanocytes using the Dct-lacZ system  promoter, allowing whole-mount visualization and quantification of melanocyte location. On embryonic day 13.5, melanocytes are transiting the forelimbs of embryos, with the fraction of melanocyte-positive forelimb a metric for changes in melanocyte migration. We observe a significant reduction in melanocyte migration in Rpl24Bst/+ embryos, consistent with their belly spots in adulthood, whereas the inactivation of eEF2K has no effect  when expected at 1 in 2 and Rpl24Bst/+Eef2kD273A/D273A mice even less frequently at 1 in 5 (20.7%) , we found this to be significantly different  a. Unexpeifferent a. Thus, ve eEF2K b. From tp53 in Rpl24Bst variants reversed belly-spot and tail defects while also reducing the ratio of Rpl24Bst/+ mice . Mice were maintained in open-top cages with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and free access to water and diet. Experiments were initiated on inbred C57BL/6J male and female mice aged between 6 and 12 weeks, without blinding or randomization.No datasets were generated or analyzed during this study.http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-5484John R. P. Knight: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6442Christopher G. Proud: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-1191Giovanna Mallucci: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-9254Tobias von der Haar: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2762-4724C. Mark Smales: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-8531Anne E. Willis: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-3010Owen J. Sansom: OJS reports funding unrelated to work in this project from Astra Zeneca, Novartis, RedX, and Cancer Research Horizons. The remaining authors state no conflict of interest.The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation or in the decision to submit the work for publication.Conceptualization: JRPK, OJS; Formal Analysis: Funding Acquisition: GM, TvdH, CMS, AEW, OJS; JRPK; Investigation: JRPK; Methodology: JRPK; Project Administration: JRPK, OJS; Resources: CGP; Supervision: OJS; Writing - Original Draft Preparation: JRPK; Writing - Review and Editing: JRPK, CGP, GM, TvdH, CMS, AEW, OJS


The precision health era is likely to reduce and respond to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our stewardship and precision efforts share terminology, seeking to deliver the “right drug, at the right dose, at the right time.” Already, rapid diagnostic testing, phylogenetic surveillance, and real-time outbreak response provide just a few examples of molecular advances we dub “precision stewardship.” However, the AMR causal factors range from the molecular to that of global health policy. Mirroring the cross-sectoral nature of AMR science, the research addressing the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) of AMR ranges across academic scholarship. As the rise of AMR is accompanied by an escalating sense of its moral and social significance, what is needed is a parallel field of study. In this paper, we offer a gap analysis of this terrain, or an agenda for “the ELSI of precision stewardship.” In the first section, we discuss the accomplishments of a multi-decade U.S. national investment in ELSI research attending to the advances in human genetics. In the next section, we provide an overview of distinct ELSI topics pertinent to AMR. The distinctiveness of an ELSI agenda for precision stewardship suggests new opportunities for collaboration to build the stewardship teams of the future. Does precision health encompass the advancement in mitigating the rise of antimicrobial resistance? Specifically, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a compelling candidate for the advancement of molecular technologies, including genomics. At the genetic level, variants that render bacteria, viruses, and fungi capable of withstanding some treatments have been dubbed the “resistome”. On top of the burdens of infection, resistance can thwart access to effective treatment. In this sense, the promissory nature of the genomic era shares a vision of precision with stewardship, to deliver “the right drug, at the right time, at the right dose” ,2,3,4. AAt the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic has also demonstrated the folly of neglecting social dynamics around infectious diseases. An emerging consensus states that AMR is best understood as a microbial and social problem. The result has been ongoing calls for increased investment in AMR social science, both within the United States (U.S.) and globally ,7,8,9,10Mirroring the cross-sectoral nature of the AMR literature, research addressing the ethical, legal, and social aspects of AMR remain scattered across wide-ranging areas of scholarship . The socThe NHGRI ELSI program was infamously borne of comments made by James Watson during a 1988 press conference announcing his leadership of the Human Genome Project . The HumA great deal of ELSI research effort has been directed toward ascertaining dynamic public attitudes toward advances in human genetics ,33. EthiFor AMR, public attitudes research has explored the knowledge of AMR and the attitudes toward AM use . Other sHuman genetic research takes place in the long shadow of eugenics, with ethicists seeking to provide lessons on how to avoid and actively undermine the racism and ablism of past policy as genetic research advances ,52. ELSIELSI scholars have often critically evaluated the ability of genomic science to deliver on the reduction of health inequities without a robust social policy companion. Human geneticists working in conjunction with ELSI scholars continue to grapple with how to appropriately disentangle social categories of race and ancestry genetics, a challenge that could exacerbate rather than redress inequity by reifying race as a biological construct . These cResearch on AMR equity and justice can take a leaf from the human ELSI playbook. Lack of access to basic medical care is inextricably linked to widely available over-the-counter antibiotics ,66,67. FAnother avenue to advance inquiry of how pathogen genomics and molecular epidemiology can advance equitably can start with regional and global distribution of laboratory and scientific capacity. Already, genomic surveillance activities are dramatically different depending on geography. Throughout global health, “helicopter” research has been critiqued for recapitulating colonial relationships, especially in access to high-quality research facilities and training. Laboratory capacity distribution is inextricably linked to efforts to increase personnel diversity, equity, and inclusion in the fields of microbiology, pathology, computational biology, pharmacy, and infectious disease. Places with innovative capacity will provide the training grounds for team science increasingly characteristic of largescale global collaboration.The genetic revolution coincides with the era of big data. The insights possible from large data sets, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), revealed heritable aspects of many conditions, including rare diseases. Questions of data governance from ELSI scholars accompanied these scientific advances. Among them, the increasing use of biospecimens in research led to examining whether broad consent to unspecified future research use was consistent with the ethical and regulatory standard of voluntary and informed consent. And while a full genetic sequence is often distinct to individuals, the common genes among blood relatives has challenged privacy norms and regulations governing the treatment of health information, as a single test result can bear implications for the health of third parties.As human genetics has moved from bench to bedside so, too, has ELSI research. The ability of genetic test results to inform patient care has led to in-depth social science analyses about processes of variant interpretation  which link to clinical actionability . IncludeMany of these same issues will impact the advancing science of AMR. Currently, governance discourse in largescale pathogen datasets is largely focused on scale and utility. Experts in resistome science and data curation appreciate its potential to improve stewardship efforts, and the need for an infrastructure that supports data-sharing. McArthur and Wright (2015) grapple with the phenotype-genotype gap if molecular epidemiology is to replace traditional susceptibility testing . They atELSI research in biorepositories for human samples and data has demonstrated that the scale needed to achieve comprehensive datasets can be difficult to balance with the inclusion of local voices in governance of how such data is used moving forward . MoreoveIf we are to understand the toll of rising AMR, suffering and loss of life must be assessed in both quantitative and qualitative terms. In the U.S., an estimated 2.8 million people per year are infected with AMR pathogens . In the Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections report mood disturbances; feelings of helplessness, shame, and dirtiness, as well as worries of susceptibility to repeat infections and hospitalization [Morbidity in and of itself also takes a toll. The experiences of patients and families grappling with resistant infections is also an area meriting new approaches to analysis, as burdens can be characterized through a variety of psychosocial lenses. Because AMR increases the length of stay for inpatients, it increases the burden of infection for patients and families while also increasing financial tolls on health systems. The broader national economic toll of AMR is sometimes estimated at $55 billion but redounds to individuals and those they financially support in a variety of ways. Rump and colleagues (2019) also reviewed the psychosocial toll of multidrug resistant infections, finding a variety of detriments including stigmatization, negative emotions, and interference with quality of care . In U.S.lization ,85,86.Explicit ethical analysis concerning how we ought to be, think, and act about AMR is dispersed across multiple disciplines and distinct research dissemination networks. Recently, Frid-Nielsen and colleagues 2019) documented a lag in social science research about AMR, especially when compared to similar studies attending to other infectious diseases . Meanwhi documentThe first challenge of AMR ethics is to define it as a problem, including its ethical, political, and social dimensions. While ethical and social analyses are often turned to for decisional frameworks and problem-solving, their analytic power lies partly upstream, in the theoretical grounding that explicates and critically examines assumptions about how we conceive challenges in the first place . At the Because of its inexact fit with public health emergencies, the rise of resistance is sometimes referred to as a “slowly emerging” or “silent” public health crisis ,89. SeveThe broadest framings of AMR acknowledge its cross-sectoral and ecological aspects, accompanied by corresponding normative proposed solutions ,91. For Distinctly, AM stewardship raises many questions of global justice. Like other pathogens, resistant organisms spread regardless of national borders, escaping the levers of national policy ,97. The Staphylococcus aureus infections—including MRSA—along migratory routes [One aspect of global health and AMR that merits special attention is the disparate impact of resistant infections in underserved communities, especially refugee and migrant populations. For example, widespread resistance to isoniazid is more common in (often latent) cases of tuberculosis (TB) affecting foreign-born persons than those born inside U.S. borders . This pay routes ,101. Sucy routes . When iny routes .Infectious disease surveillance is broader in scope than AM stewardship, in part because its goals are not limited to concerns about resistance and AM effectiveness. However, the two activities are programmatically combined. AM stewardship includes surveillance activities that encompass identifying how and where resistance is developing, predicting who is at risk for resistant infections, tracking down sources of resistant infections, and detecting emergent forms of resistance. In parallel, surveillance of prescribing practices seeks to identify patterns in who gives and who receives the most AMs, and how. The increasing use of AMR bioinformatics for surveillance purposes exemplifies the confluence of how genomic technologies facilitate new applications of the concept of public health surveillance. Surveillance is often defined as: (a) the systematic collection of pertinent data, (b) the orderly consolidation and evaluation of these data, and (c) the prompt dissemination to those who need to know and those in a position to take action . SurveilWith horizontal as well as vertical inheritance in the mix, phylogenetics provides insights into how resistance emerges and moves across both microbial and host populations. COVID-19 has demonstrated both the value of phylogenetic analysis and disparate geographic differences in pathogen surveillance capacity. The first global collaborative effort to develop shared AMR surveillance standards was launched with the 2015 Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) . Global Locally and regionally, advances in genomic surveillance have the ability to complement other sources of data, including community or hospital antibiograms . HoweverGenomic advances in precision infectious disease hold out the promise of dissolving some of the ethical challenges of AMR. Most of these ethical tensions are conflicts between clinicians’ fiduciary obligations to current patients and stewardship obligations to conserve AM usefulness for future patients. Current efforts to improve AM prescribing practices depend, in part, upon more efficient infectious disease diagnostics. The promise of “precision metagenomics” is to shorten the time it takes to gain crucial information about hosts, genes, and microbes, from days or weeks, currently, to mere hours . PrecisiIncreasingly rapid diagnostic technologies (RDTs) illustrate the potential of technological advances. For example, Bookstaver and colleagues (2017) report that including RDTs as part of an interventional bundle decreased time to de-escalation of AM therapy . HoweverHowever, the ability to tailor treatment to an infection is widely variable depending on the sensitivity and specificity of the test, the turnaround time, the nature of the infection, the impact of comorbidities, and the availability of treatment options. The promise of better diagnostics cannot be fulfilled without access to subsequent care. On top of the implementation barriers for diagnostics, crucial bottlenecks continue to remain in drug development: a challenge encountered elsewhere in precision medicine  and thatAmong the many challenges of AM stewardship, one possible framing is in terms of intergenerational justice: how to appropriately balance the wellbeing of current and future patients . VariablWhole genome sequencing is also increasingly facilitating rapid hospital outbreak response ,134. ForNationally, AM stewardship program (ASP) teams are clinically assembled to reflect the multidisciplinary complexity of AM policy and practice across health systems. Pragmatically, stewardship activities are also undertaken by staff members who are available to shoulder additional responsibilities. Current guidelines prioritize advanced stewardship expertise, achieved either through leadership by a trained infectious diseases (ID) physician, or codirection by an ID physician and a trained clinical pharmacist . StewardAdvances in pathogen genomics will be situated within the team dynamics of IPC, ASP, and research projects . The relFrom an ELSI perspective, ASP teams also generate a set of questions that engage with role morality, or the enculturation process that orients professionals to distinct values , and theRecently, several calls to address the rise of resistant pathogens have emphasized the importance of social science to AM stewardship. AMR is a phenomenon whose causal factors range from the molecular to that of global health policy. As such, it requires solutions that span from microbiology to the most macro-policy levels. In this article, we consider how the longstanding U.S. NHGRI ELSI Program suggests one potential approach to organizing a social science and policy research agenda.The field of ELSI scholarship developed alongside the Human Genome Project. Decades of ELSI research explores how the implementation and use of genetics are shaped by, and in turn shape, U.S. policy, social dynamics, and values. Though long recognized, the crucial role of genetics in tackling the problem of AMR is increasingly informing new approaches to AM stewardship. Next generation sequencing has accelerated the understanding of human and pathogen genomes alike. Resistance develops through natural selection after exposure to AMs, creating environments that encourage the development and transmission of resistance genes. Rapid molecular identification methods include the use of genetic and other molecular techniques to speed the time of test results, promising clinicians new and improved diagnostics and timely information to improve their prescribing practices.The falling cost of microbial genetics has produced a companion rise of scientific publications in pathogen genomics, although the implementation of these technologies in clinical microbiology and laboratory medicine is not without its challenges. As in human genetics, a corollary ELSI agenda accompanying pathogen genetics invites multidisciplinary scholarship and innovation. New forms of collaboration provide an opportunity for novel approaches in AM stewardship.


In the wake of COVID-19, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become termed the ‘silent pandemic’, with a growing number of editorials warning that international momentum for AMR mitigation is being lost amidst the global turmoil of COVID-19, economic crises and the climate emergency. Yet, is it sufficient to now simply turn the volume of the pre-existing AMR policy discourse back up? Although existing AMR initiatives have previously achieved high levels of international attention, their impact remains limited. We believe it is time to critically reflect on the achievements of the past 7 years and adapt our AMR policies based on the substantial literature and evidence base that exists on the socioecological drivers of AMR. We argue that developing a more sustainable and impactful response requires a shift away from framing AMR as a unique threat in competition with other global challenges. Instead, we need to move towards an approach that emphasizes AMR as inherently interlinked and consciously hardwires upstream interventions into broader global developmental agendas. In food production, it also entails developing fair and equitable global commodity markets, reducing animal protein consumption and supporting sustainable food production.21 At the environmental level, ongoing advances in microbiology and One Health surveillance systems highlight the need to address antibiotic exposure and resistance selection in terrestrial and aquatic beyond farms and medical settings.22Fortunately, the last 7 years have provided us with an improved understanding of the biological and societal dimensions of the AMR challenge. In the social sciences there is now widespread acceptance that antimicrobials fulfil an essential infrastructural role within modern healthcare and food production systems. Structural dependencies on antibiotics mean that behavioural interventions appealing to the ‘rationality’ of individuals have limited effectiveness.21 have already begun this process by calling for the integration of AMR into the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and establishing a new SDG indicator (3.d.2), where the ‘Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms’ is used as an indicator of a country’s capacity to deal with human health risks.23 The joint framing of AMR as on par with other key planetary and developmental challenges is to be welcomed. However, more can be learnt from the climate community when it comes to communicating how the success of every SDG—ranging from poverty reduction to access to safe water—both influences and is dependent upon managing the threat that AMR poses to lives and livelihoods.Achieving these upstream AMR-sensitive interventions requires shifts in the way the AMR community frames policy challenges. Instead of emphasizing the distinctiveness of AMR or presenting resistance as a challenge of individual pathogens, particular settings, or communities, more efforts need to be directed at permanently embedding or hardwiring it into national and international sustainability and developmental agendas. At the international level, recent high-level reports25 we should acknowledge that low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have access to the same levels of antibiotic effectiveness that HICs relied on when they created—and subsequently exported—the modern health and food production systems that shaped international development frameworks. Richer countries have an obligation to assist and collaborate with poorer neighbours when it comes to strengthening local health and agricultural infrastructures while simultaneously reducing systems’ vulnerabilities to AMR. HICs also need to pay greater attention to the role of global supply chains in driving antibiotic-intensive consumption practices and displacing problems of overuse and AMR pollution to poorer countries, for example in the demand for low-cost animal protein.26–28 In the case of LMICs, greater effort needs to be made to convince leaders that AMR mitigation is an essential part of future-proofing societies—as well as accepting that solutions will inevitably vary from those in HICs.29Resource-pooling needs to accompany this process of policy hardwiring. As we have learnt from the 2015 GAP, new AMR indicators and frameworks remain powerless if they are not supported by robust and equitable finance schemes. The moral burden of creating these schemes falls on HICs. Similar to HICs’ ethical duty to make greater investments to offset historic carbon emissions,Throughout its existence, the AMR challenge has competed for attention and resources with other socioecological systems challenges. This has often led to narrow and overly specific antibiotic policy interventions. Rather than fearing dilution and overemphasizing AMR’s distinctiveness, the AMR community should embrace the systems dimension of AMR and focus on hardwiring it into broader developmental agendas. This contextual approach will not only unlock synergies across SDGs, but also open the door for a more upstream mode of engagement that openly addresses both the complex ecological dimensions of AMR and the unequal burdens of AMR mitigation.


Aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol are studied by small-angle neutron scattering over a broad range of polymer molecular masses and concentrations. The scattering data were modeled by a Gaussian chain form factor combined with random phase approximation, which provided good fits over the whole studied concentration range. The results showed that polyethylene glycol in the molecular mass range  Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the simplest water-soluble non-ionic synthetic polymer, having a broad range of applications from chemical technology to pharmaceutical and medical applications. It is used to cover the surfaces of colloidal particles in order to improve their biocompatibility, since the modified surface shows increased resistance to the adsorption of protein ,2. It isThe behavior of aqueous and non-aqueous PEG solutions is also an important topic of fundamental research in understanding polymer–solvent interactions. Light scattering, small-angle X-ray, and neutron scattering are the most efficient methods that provide structural information on the conformation and on the interactions of the polymer chains ,19,20. VThe purpose of the present work was to study the structure and interaction of PEG molecules in an aqueous medium in a wide range of concentrations and molecular weights and provide a reference that can be further used in structural studies of PEG-containing systems. Previously, we investigated the structure of dilute aqueous solutions of PEG of molecular weights in the range of 00 g/mol , as well00 g/mol . In thisThe neutron scattering measurements were carried out at the physiological temperature of 37 factants ,33,34 usfactants ,36,37.q range of 0.01–0.25 ÅPEG with nominal molecular weights or FRG-1  at Helmhof water , which wrtz cell .q range and the scattering data can be modeled by taking into account the structure factor.Experimental SANS data for aqueous solutions of PEG q values I(q)Three parameters were varied during the least-squares fitting to the experimental data, and the best fit values are collected in P decreased with increasing polymer concentration: In the semidilute solutions, the apparent values of the gyration radii of PEG 1 kDa, 10 kDa, and 20 kDa decreased with increasing concentration , indicatRg ∝ MwP . The expreported . Molecul solvent . More reth P=0.9 . In SANSc liquid .N ≈ 3.9, 9.9, 98.7, and 197.4  are the number of chain segments and In the dilute solutions, the radius of gyration can be related to the polymer chain length, by considering the non-interacting PEG molecules as ideal Gaussian coils, for which osimetry . This gaq < 0.2 nmThe experimental coherent forward scattering intensities, obtained by fitting the dilute solutions, were used to calculate the average molecular masses of the polymers, according to equation: A is related to the second virial coefficient, which describes the effective monomer–monomer interaction. As can be seen in A values  at temperatures 70–80 q and obtained satisfactory agreement with the data for all conditions of the polymer masses and concentrations in salt-free heavy water solutions. Our results showed that SANS data can reasonably be described well by this approach, more generally than the scattering from a plate such as aggregates suggested for PEG 8 kDa in dilute ammonium sulfate buffer solutions [The use of a Gaussian coil for the polymer chain form factor is based on the assumption that the theta condition is matched. For aqueous PEG solutions, different estimates of the theta temperature have been reported, ranging between 40 and 100 °C. In , Hammoudolutions . It can urements ; howeverThe structure of low- and medium-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols in aqueous solutions were studied at physiological temperature, 37