This research paper is the result of observations made during tests according to various standards carried out on behalf of industry. The article presents diffusion coefficient values calculated according to the thermodynamic migration model for twenty different concrete mixes and some selected mixes of the codified approaches known as ASTM 1202, NT BUILD 443, NT BUILD 492, ASTM 1556. The method used here, according to the thermodynamic model of migration, allows determination of the value of the diffusion coefficient after short studies of the migration of chloride ions into concrete and was described in earlier works by one of the authors. Unfortunately, when using standard methods, the values of diffusion coefficients differ significantly from each other. In each concrete, diffusion tests were carried out in the conditions of long-term natural diffusion to verify the values determined by standard methods and according to the thermodynamic model of migration. The analysis conducted for this research paper reveals that the chloride permeability test method according to the standard ASTM C1202-97 has an almost 2.8-fold greater dispersion of the obtained results compared to the thermodynamic model of migration. It was observed that the standard NT BUILD 492 has a 3.8-fold dispersion of results compared to the method with the thermodynamic model of migration. The most time-consuming method is the standard method NT BUILD 443. The largest 3.5-fold dispersion of values concerning the reference value are observed in that method. Moreover, a method based on a thermodynamic migration model seems to be the best option of all analyzed methods. It is a quite quick, but laborious, method that should be tested for a larger number of concrete mixes. A great advantage of this method is that it is promising for a wide range of concrete mixtures, both plain concrete and concrete with various additives and admixtures, as well as high-performance concrete. Due to the long duration of some experimental investigation methods, some other methods use an electric field to accelerate the penetration of chloride ions into concrete. In the method according to the standard ASTM C1202 [– ions. The other disadvantages of this method include the fact that measurements are made before the steady state is reached in the migration process and that the applied high voltage leads to an increase in temperature [The rate of chloride ion penetration into fully and partially saturated concrete is described by diffusion parameters. The process of chloride ion penetration into concrete is described by Fick’s diffusion equations and the Nernst–Planck equation in the migration process ,2. ThereTM C1202 , the eleTM C1202 . This meperature . The valperature . Accordiperature , an acceperature . Howeverperature  also conperature  is that The method of testing chloride migration through concrete, described by Tang and Nilson ,12,13, wEach method has different test conditions , and the results of diffusion or migration coefficients obtained with different standard tests differ from each other when testing one concrete . Now ariAdditionally, when determining the diffusion coefficient with one method in samples with different maturation times, it was observed that the value of the diffusion coefficient changed with time. Thus, the diffusion coefficient is not a constant value but one that varies in time. The change of the diffusion coefficient was determined by introducing an exponential dependence aging factor whose value is determined experimentally for a given concrete and was introduced by Tang ,21,22 an3A, C4AF) can lead to changes in concrete porosity due to the formation of corrosion products such as: Friedel’s salt, basic calcium chloride, and, in the case of reaction with monosulfate, ettringite. Chloride binding could decrease concrete porosity as a result of a filling effect. These processes, by binding free chloride ions, slow down the rate of chloride ion penetration into the concrete. However, when unfavorable conditions occur, such as carbonation of concrete, as a result of which there is a decrease in the pH of concrete, these products decompose, releasing bound chloride ions. These products, as a result of increasing their volume, may also contribute to the formation of microcracks and damage to the concrete structure [Changes in the diffusion coefficient are, on the one hand, related to the processes of hydration and concrete maturation, i.e., improving its porosity and protective properties over a longer period of use. On the other hand, the interaction of chloride ions with the cement matrix  with a similar composition were tested, differing in the type of cement used. In the second series, three ordinary concretes (C6–C8) with a slight difference in composition were tested. Additionally, the C8 concrete has a sealing admixture according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Self-compacting concretes (SCC1–SCC4) were used in the third series. Self-compacting concretes (SCCS0–SCCs100) modified by different volumes of the granulated imperial smelting process (ISP) were used in the fourth series. The fifth series consists of concretes (CP1–CP2) used in prestressed structures. Concrete CP1, which is used for the production of HC-500 floor slabs, was tested. The experimental results for concrete CP1 were partially published in reference  comparin3) and natural rounded aggregate at 0–2 mm (800 kg/m3), as well as gravel at 2–8 mm (800 kg/m3), was tested.Concrete CP2, which is used for the production of concrete lintel beams, was tested. Concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.3, based on portland cement CEM I 42.5 R , 3), −1), L is sample thickness (m), V is electrical potential (V), A is cross-sectional area of a sample (m2), and t is time (s).For selected concretes, the chloride permeability test through concrete was carried out using the electric field adopted as a standard test in the standards AASHTO T 277 . It is mThe value of the measured load and the diffusion coefficient values calculated on their basis for selected concretes, mean values of these coefficients, and standard deviations are presented in Another method used was described in the Norwegian NT standard BUILD 492 . It is m3, and after about 15 min, the depth of chloride penetration + and Cl−. The area containing low concentration of chloride or no chloride turns into brown due to the formation of Ag2O from the reactions between Ag+ and OH−. Following the NT BUILD 492 [After the test, one of the three tested discs was divided into two parts along its axis and then sprayed with a 0.1 M solution of silver nitrate AgNOUILD 492  standarddx value from which the migration coefficient was calculated according to the formula given in this standard. It can therefore be assumed that the error of measurement is 0.001 m, and therefore, the error of the coefficient determined is 0.06 × 10−12. A large discrepancy can be observed between the values of the chloride penetration depth read based on the color change of the tested concretes and the actual chloride concentrations determined at a given depth as presented in 3 solution, and volume of pore solution have effects on measured chloride concentration at the color change boundary. An incorrectly read value of the chloride penetration depth using the colorimetric method may lead to large errors when determining the value of the diffusion coefficient according to NT BUILD 492 [The maximum value to which chloride ions penetrated was observed using a 1 mm graduated scale and was taken as the UILD 492 . The conUILD 492 .3), and silver nitrate solution determined dx depth of chloride ion penetration, as mentioned above.All tested profiles were presented in data set . The DT Then, in the two samples remaining after the test described in point t is time (s).The applied test, marked as NSC1, is based on the procedure for the diffusion coefficient proposed in . ComputaThe In addition, in the last stage, the value of the diffusion coefficient was determined using the relationship between the diffusion and migration coefficient proposed by Andrade  applied The test, marked as CPT, was carried out following the standards NT BUILD 443  and ASTMD coefficient according to the methods included in the Norwegian standard NT BUILD 443 [The value of the UILD 443  and the c is chloride ion concentration that was measured during the test at a distance x (mm) from the edge of the element (%), t is time (s), n is the number of concrete layers in which the chloride concentration was determined. The determined values of the diffusion coefficient are presented in To determine the best fit calculation of the diffusion coefficient complying with the results of the experiment, the mean squared error is calculated based on the formula:t1) and TD2 (for t2). However, a modified test stand  in After the penetration and the evaluation of the chloride profile, the chloride ion concentration distribution was determined using the method described in t1 = 24 h and t2 = 48 h. NaCl solution was replaced every 24 h. During the whole period of tests, the temperature of the solution was constant at about 20 °C. After the chloride migration tests were completed, the source solution tanks were disassembled, and the elements were dried for 72 h under laboratory conditions. The layered grinding of concrete was carried out with a specialized device called the Profile Grinding Kit by Germann Instruments using the method described in Modified tests, marked herein as TDX, were carried out on the test stand shown in − and OH− and cations Na+, K+, and Ca2+ are the components involved in this process. The concrete specimen was exposed to the electric field and chloride ions, which migrate in the aqueous solution. The electrodes connected to the source of direct current and applied to the specimen of height h cause the one-way migration of ionic components in the pore solution under the voltage U. After transformations, the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions D1 = 1/Q, which is the reverse of the diffusion resistance of the entire tested concrete zone with the range [The thermodynamic model of chloride penetration into the concrete ion flows in the pore liquid, marked as TDX, was analyzed by thinking out any representative volume element X. This element contains the concrete matrix, pores, and the aqueous solution. In the model, the matrix and water particles (solvent) are assumed to be the inert component α = 0, which is not directly involved in the process. The anions Clhe range .(6)D1=j− at midpoints of consecutive intervals B = 0). In this expression, z1 is the ion valence, R = 8.317 J/moL·K is the universal gas constant, F = 96 487 C/moL is the Faraday constant, U is the voltage between the electrodes, and h is the specimen height.In this expression, According to the relations (6), the contribution of the nonstationary influence was estimated proportionally to the component expressing the stationary part. By inserting the proportionality factor with a range of ω = 0.1–0.5 into the equation, the value of the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions was estimated, taking into account the nonstationary course of the migration. For this paper’s purpose, the value of B = 0 and the value of the diffusion coefficient without the influence of process nonstationarity were selected. Based on the mass density of chloride ions determined on the thickness of the concrete cover at two different test times for the migration of chloride ions in the concrete, the values of the diffusion coefficient were determined according to Equation (6). The method is described in detail in reference . The detEach time after carrying out the tests described in points The diameter of the abraded surface is 73 mm and is limited due to the use of a special grinding support plate (1). The material is collected by abrasion using a grinding machine with a high-performance grinding diamond bit (18 mm in diameter) (2). The set for collecting concrete layers consists of a grinding machine placed in a special handle cover with flange and counter nut (3), which enables precise adjustment of the abrasion depth to the value of 2.0 mm. The station (4) serves to hold the concrete sample (5) while grinding its surface. The view of the station is shown in In order to obtain sufficient mass of material necessary for chemical tests and in order to obtain average properties of the tested material, crushed concrete was combined from appropriate layers of a set of three samples tested under the same conditions. Water extracts were made from fragmented concrete, representing the averaged properties of individual layers of tested elements.3). Taking into account that during the grinding of concrete, part of the concrete dust is lost, the volume 3) was determined based on its volume weight The values of chloride ion concentration c1 in model solutions obtained based on chemical analyses were assigned to the interval location of concrete taken from samples. The tests were carried out with the CX-701 multimeter of the brand “Elmetron” using an ion-selective electrode for determining the concentration of chloride ions. The mass density 3), percentage of chloride content to the cement mass 3) [The mass density  (kg/m3)  was dete3), m1 is the mass of chloride ions in the volume, mlV is the mass of the of the model liquid (g), Vc is concrete volume (m3), 3), and 3) in terms of water volume weight.It is worth mentioning that there are advanced methods that allow detection of chloride content in a complete section of concrete samples, such as the X-ray fluorescence technique  and lasThe “Proove’it” of brand “Germann Instruments” was used in the six-hour test under the electrical potential of 60 Volts. The resulting passed charges that indicate the resistance to chlorine penetration for the concretes C6, C7, C8, SCC1, SCC2, SCC3, SCC4, CP1, and HSCC1 are given in As can be seen in However, this information is very general; therefore, based on the determined electric charge, the value of the diffusion coefficient was also calculated using the Nernst–Einstein Equation (1). Since the calculations are based on the values of the measured charge, it is not clear if this charge is transferred by chloride ions only or by hydroxide ions; hence, the obtained values of diffusion coefficients do not determine the rate of chloride ion penetration.3)2, may increase the conductivity of the pore liquid due to the addition of ions from the admixture.Additionally, in reference , there wU ≈ 60 V. After the test, the discs were split into two parts along their axis, then sprayed with 0.1 M AgNO3 silver nitrate solution, and after about 15 min, the depth of the chloride penetration xd was measured using the colorimetric method . The chloride migration test was carried out for 96 h at the applied voltage of The concentration level of chloride ions in the water extract obtained from concrete collected with layers was also determined as described in From the diagram of chloride concentration obtained in the migration tests lasting 96 h, it can be roughly predicted that for C6 concrete, the chloride penetration depth  = 0.38% a. For C7d = 0.1% b.Similar inconsistencies were observed also in the case of other concrete mixtures, as can be seen in A large discrepancy can be observed between the values of the chloride penetration depth read based on the color change of the tested concretes and the actual chloride concentrations determined at a given depth. Therefore, all tested profiles were presented in the article. These differences may result from the different chemical compositions of the cement used and the different porosity of the tested concretes, much like in references ,40. An it1 = 35 days with the use of source solution 16.5% NaCl. Then, by adjusting the obtained concentration curves to the values obtained from the tests, the values of the diffusion coefficient were determined based on the lowest mean square errors. s mean square error, based on which the data of the values of the coefficients and R2 coefficient of determination for the following curves were determined. The values of the diffusion coefficients for all concretes are given in s mean square error, based on which the data of the values of the coefficients and R2 of determination for the following curves were determined.Most studies were conducted at two different times. Then, by adjusting the obtained concentration curves to the values obtained from the tests, the values of the diffusion coefficient were determined based on the lowest mean square error, similar to the method presented in both the NT BUILD 443  and ASTMD was determined based on diffusion tests carried out according to the standard NT BUILD 443 [1 was determined based on migration tests, and Equation (6) was determined from the thermodynamic migration model (TDX).C1202-97  after apUILD 492 , was comUILD 492 . EquatioUILD 443  and deteThen, the analysis of the computed values was carried out by comparing, for each concrete, a percentage related to the value of the diffusion coefficient It is worth mentioning that detailed chloride profiles and chloride penetration depth are available as a data set .on model . This moUILD 443  for the 1 (TDX) determined after short migration tests based on the thermodynamic migration model [t2 (TD2) determined after a longer diffusion time using the curve fitting method NT BUILD 443 [on model  in relatUILD 443  for the t2 (TD2) is large and amounts to nearly 200%. On the other hand, observed results for concrete mixtures C3 and C7 were circa 50% that of the TD2. Similar performance was observed in the case of four concretes, C2, C4, SCCs100, and C8 (t1 (TD1) also had a large percentage ratio to the value of diffusion coefficient determined with time t2 (TD2), which amounts to nearly 200%. In the case of nine concretes, C1, C2, C4, SCCs0, SCCs25, SCCs50, SCC1, SCC3, and HSC1, with the values of the diffusion coefficient determined based on the thermos diffusion model [t1) (TD1), the percentage ratio is equal 100%. To summarize, in As observed from , and C8 . The difon model  (TDX), tThe large deviation of the coefficient obtained in the case of C2, C4, and SCCs100 concretes should be attributed to the instability of the process in the shorter test time. This instability may be caused by differences in the microstructure of the concrete samples and different chemical composition of the pore liquid. This diversity is due to the difference in the cement used in the case of C2 concrete  and in C4 concrete . On the other hand, the fact of replacing the total content of fine aggregate with slag in the SCCCs100 concrete could have caused a delay in the reactions of combining this slag with a smooth surface, which caused the process instability in the first phase of the experiment.N-E (RCPT1), DT (RCPT2), and D (CPT) determined according to the ASTM C1202-97 [t2 (TD2), which was determined for the concretes C6, C7, C8, SCC1, SCC2, SCC3, SCC4, CP1, CP2, and HSC1 after a longer diffusion time using the curve fitting method.C1202-97 , NT BUILC1202-97 , and NT C1202-97  standardAs can be seen from Of the methods considered, the most accurate method, while very time-consuming, is the natural penetration-based method for computing the diffusion coefficient, a curve fitting method for results obtained from a diffusion test lasting 60 or 180 days or longer (360 days) in the case of highly compact concretes (TD2). This method is the best representation of the natural diffusion process, and the diffusion coefficient values can be used in numerical methods modeling the phenomenon of chloride ion diffusion into concrete.○However, it is an indirect method obtaining the value of the diffusion coefficient based on correlation with the charge passing through the concrete.○Although the method is faster, it can be used only for concretes for which the results are confirmed by using another long-term standard method.○In this method, there is an almost 2.8-fold greater dispersion of the obtained results compared to the thermodynamic model of migration . A high The quickest and least labor-consuming method (RCPT1) used in the research is the chloride permeability test method according to the standard ASTM C1202-97.○The colorimetric method of determining the depth of chloride ion penetration may lead to large errors in concretes containing various types of cement, raising serious doubts.○There is also no clarity regarding the coefficient that was computed, as the standard specifies that it is a nondiffusion migration coefficient; therefore, it is not useful in the context of using the diffusion coefficient in models that allow prediction of the durability of reinforced concrete structures.○Additionally, a 3.8-fold dispersion of the results compared to the method with the thermodynamic model of migration was observed.○Standard deviation can be a result of using a method based on Equation (4), which was determined empirically by Tang and Nillson ,12,13 baThe standard NT BUILD 492  method  is the standard method NT BUILD 443 .○Unfortu○In this method, the smallest average positional deviation, which is 21% of base values, was also observed.○By using an electric field in the test method and solving a thermodynamic migration model , the val○It is based on two measurements that allows one to obtain the mean diffusion coefficient value and to include the effect of diffusion process nonstationarity related to the capacity of chloride ions to bind in the cement matrix .○It requires a greater amount of labor than other rapid migration methods (RCPT1 and RCTP2), but thanks to the use of an electric field, it is shorter than natural penetration-based approaches .○It is a relatively fast testing procedure.○A great advantage of this method is that it is promising for wide range of concrete mixtures, both plain concrete and concrete with various additives and admixtures, as well as high-performance concrete, even though it was tested on a relatively low number of mixtures.○Even though there were three more significant differences from 20 mixture designs observed between the thermodynamic model and the base model, the overall match was better compared to the ASTM 1202, NT Build 493, or 492 standards.The next method (TDX) is utilized according to the thermodynamic migration model . Thus, tThe evaluation of the performance of the procedures for the diffusion coefficient for chloride penetration was conducted on twenty different concrete mixtures. The study is accompanied by an evaluation of selected concretes according to codified methods  and compared with the reference method and the proposed approach based on the thermodynamic migration model. The overall findings are summarized below:It is important, both in the process of designing the concrete composition of new constructions and in assessing the protective properties of the concrete of existing structures, to correctly determine the value of the diffusion coefficient. One should be aware that the use of very easy and fast methods of determining the value of the diffusion coefficient from the measurement of the charge or the measurement of the depth of penetration of chloride ions may entail the possibility of committing gross errors. It is therefore a great challenge to find a method faster than the classic diffusion test but more universal and applicable to a wide range of concretes. Concretes are currently modified with various additives, and thus, the future effects of them are difficult to predict.The material parameter describing the concrete resistance against chloride penetration was evaluated. The tests were performed according to various standards and complemented with reference thermodynamic models and natural diffusion tests.(1)The values obtained using standardized accelerated chloride penetration methods differed from each other, and it was difficult to find the relationship between them.(2)The results of thermodynamic model matched with the model based on longer natural penetration better comparing to codified approaches.(3)Moreover, the time needed for the thermodynamic test was in the order of days, making it of great importance in the preparation of an appropriate recipe for concrete used in the production of reinforced concrete structures.(4)The presented results confirmed doubts about the application of standardized approaches for the fast evaluation of chloride diffusion coefficients.(5)It is important to keep in mind its limited range of applications compared to traditional long-term penetration tests, adding therefore to the already mentioned concerns.(6)Since each of the indirect methods might need calibration based on the material content, further research might be focused on the evaluation of the mixture design on the results of the indirect determination of the chloride migration coefficient.It was observed that:Structural design taking into account the appropriate value of the diffusion coefficient will allow for longer durability and savings related to repairs and failures of such structures.


Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid state 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy confirmed their chemical structures. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that, among these three systems, the POSS-Th POIP possessed the highest thermal stability , presumably because of a strongly crosslinked network formed between its OVS and Th moieties. Furthermore, the specific capacity of the POSS-TPTh POIP (354 F g−1) at 0.5 A g−1 was higher than those of the POSS-Th (213 F g−1) and POSS-OXD (119 F g−1) POIPs. We attribute the superior electrochemical properties of the POSS-TPTh POIP to its high surface area and the presence of electron-rich phenyl groups within its structure.In this study, we synthesized three hybrid microporous polymers through Heck couplings of octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS) with 2,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD-Br They have recently gained popularity in the field of porous materials because of their low density, high porosity, and excellent thermal stability ,7,8,9,10ectively . Herein,2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and OVS were purchased from Alfa Aesar. 4-Bromobenzoyl bromide, hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2·H2O), methanol (MeOH), thiophene (Th), 1,4-dioxane (DO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, and DMF were procured from Acros. Benzeneboronic acid [PhB(OH)2], palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) [Pd(PPh3)4], copper iodide (CuI), and Et3N were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich .Potassium carbonate  in CHCl3 (50 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. NH2NH2·H2O (0.28 mL) was added and then the mixture was stirred for 10 h. The resultant white solid was washed sequentially with water and 10% NaHCO3 and then dried in an oven for 24 h  and Et. 1H NMR : 10.67 hydrazine  and POCl3 (74 mL) were heated at 80 °C for 24 h. The mixture was poured into cold water. The white needles were collected and washed with cold EtOH and water to afford OXD-Br2 (85%) (−1. 1H NMR (13C NMR (A mixture of r2 (85%) . FTIR (Fr2 (85%) : 3086  was added slowly to a solution of Th  in CHCl3 (15 mL) at 0 °C and then the mixture was heated under reflux for 8 h. NaOH solution  was added and then the mixture was heated under reflux for 8 h. The solid was filtered off and washed with water and EtOH to give Th-Br4 as a white powder (80%) (−1): 1636 (C=C). 1H NMR  . FTIR , Pd(PPh3)4 , 4-phenylboronic acid , and K2CO3  was degassed three times under a flow of N2. DO (50 mL) and H2O (10 mL) were added and then the mixture was heated at 90 °C for 48 h. The solution was placed in ice-cold H2O and neutralized with HCl (2 mL). The solids were filtered off, washed with water and MeOH, and dried to produce a white powder  in CHCl3 (40 mL) was cooled at 0 °C (ice bath) for 4 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was washed with EtOH to give a yellow solid (85%)  and Brid (85%) . FTIR (K85%) −1, : 3047.382  [or Th-Br4  or TPTh-Br2 ], anhydrous K2CO3 , and Pd(PPh3)4  in DMF (50 mL) was heated under reflux for 48 h at 120 °C under N2. The resulting solid was collected, washed sequentially with MeOH, acetone, and THF, then dried in an oven to afford the POSS-OXD POIP  [or the POSS-Th  or POSS-TPTh  POIPs].A mixture of OVS , OXD-Br2 through the reaction of N,N′-bis(4-bromobenzoyl)hydrazine with POCl3 at 80 °C (4 through the reaction of Th with Br2 in CHCl3 at 0 °C (4 with PhB(OH)2 in toluene in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 and K2CO3. Bromination of TPTh in CH2Cl2 in the presence of Br2 afforded TPTh-Br2 as a yellow solid 4, Et3N, and K2CO3 at 120 °C for 48 h. These POSS-POIPs  was higher than those of the POSS-Th (605 m2 g−1) and POSS-OXD (94 m2 g−1) POIPs. The pore diameters of the POSS-OXD, POSS-Th, and POSS-TPTh POIPs were 2.34, 1.96, and 1.88 nm, respectively  and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed  that the2 at 298 °C  surface area being higher than those of the POSS-Th and POSS-OXD POIPs.We tested these three porous POSS materials for their ability to capture COt 298 °C . The POSWe employed cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements to examine the electrochemical behavior of our three POIPs in aqueous 1 M KOH, using a three-electrode configuration. We recorded the CV profiles of the POSS-OXD, POSS-Th, and POSS-TPTh POIPs at various scan rates between 1.00 to 0 V a–c. The −1, respectively, at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Furthermore, the specific capacitance gap remained large when measured at a higher current density of 20 A g−1, where the POSS-OXD, POSS-Th, and POSS-TPTh POIPs had specific capacities of 16, 15, and 30.4 F g−1, respectively. We suggest that the structure of the POSS-TPTh POIP was responsible for its relatively outstanding performance, with its electron-rich phenyl rings and S heteroatoms allowing the electrolytes to approach the electrode surface more rapidly than in the POSS-OXD and POSS-Th POIPs. The specific capacitances of all three porous POIPs decreased upon increasing the current density from 0.5 to 20 A g−1, presumably because of insufficient time for ion transportation at higher current densities. Moreover, the energy density of the POSS-TPTh POIP (176.75 W h kg−1) was also higher than those of the POSS-Th (106.59 W h kg−1) and POSS-OXD (59.57 W h kg−1) POIPs  POIPs b. −1  was higher than those of the POSS-OXD and POSS TPTh POIPs. N2 isothermal profiles and electrochemical analyses indicated that POSS-TPTh POIP had the highest BET surface area (682 m2 g−1) and an excellent specific capacity (354 F g−1) when compared with those of the other two POIPs. The superior energy storage performance of the POSS-TPTh POIP was due to its high surface area and electron-rich phenyl groups, which were not present in the POSS-OXD and POSS-Th POIPs. In addition to this, we evaluated the electrochemical performance of a symmetric supercapacitor two-electrode device which exhibited great potential for energy-storage. These findings suggest that the POSS-TPTh and POSS-Th POIP materials, with their high surface areas, might find application in wastewater treatment and in Li and Li-S batteries.In conclusion, we used Heck reactions to synthesize the hybrid OVS-based POIPs POSS-OXD, POSS-Th, and POSS-TPTh. TGA revealed that the thermal stability of the POSS-Th POIP (T


Antimicrobial reistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Country-level knowledge is needed to understand options for action.To review AMR in Russia and any initiatives addressing it. Identifying any areas where more information is required will provide a call to action to minimize any further rise in AMR within Russia and to improve patient outcomes.Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, were identified. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines commonly used locally for specific CA-RTIs  were also reviewed, plus local antibiotic availability. Insights from both a local clinician and a local clinical microbiologist were sought to contextualize this information.National AMR initiatives, antibiotic use and prescribing, and availability of susceptibility data, in particular for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens Russia launched a national strategy in 2017 to prevent the spread of AMR and the WHO reports that as of 2020–21, it is being implemented and actively monitored. Reports suggest outpatient antibiotic use of antibiotics is high and that non-prescription access and self-medication are very common. Antibiotic susceptibility studies in Russia include PeHASus, a multicentre epidemiological study focusing on susceptibilities of community-acquired respiratory pathogens and international studies such as Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR), Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) and SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. International guidelines are used to support the development of local guidelines in Russia, and for the common CA-RTIs Russian clinicians use of several country-specific local antibiotic prescribing guidelines. A standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Russia, could make guideline use more locally relevant for clinicians. This would pave the way for a higher level of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improved adherence. This would, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve patient outcomes. Even if new medicines are developed, without behaviour change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major threat’.3 The first paper in this Supplement included details about the multiple factors which can drive a rise in AMR along with the global initiatives that are in place to address this threat.2 Each country and/or region must also play their part through local initiatives.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to public health throughout the worldStreptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines for CA-RTIs, specifically community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute otitis media (AOM) and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), commonly used by healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Russia were also reviewed, along with how these link to local antibiotic availability. Insights from a clinician and a clinical microbiologist were sought to contextualize this information. In addition, we aimed to identify areas where more information is required and present a call to action to improve clinical outcomes for patients and to minimize further rises in AMR within Russia.In order to identify how AMR can be addressed in Russia in the future, it is necessary to review what is happening now. In this paper, we present the current situation in Russia, determined by using published information  to ascertain any national initiatives to address AMR in Russia, antibiotic use and prescribing, and availability of susceptibility data, in particular for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens 4 many countries began to develop their own National Action Plan (NAP). Following global movements to tackle AMR, Russia launched a national strategy in 2017 to prevent the spread of AMR. In a similar way to the GAP on AMR, the Russian plan emphasizes the importance of addressing the misuse of antibiotics in healthcare practices and overprescribing of antibiotics by HCPs and recognizes the need for behavioural changes amongst antibiotic users and prescribers.6 Current NAP status, as reported by the WHO for 2020–21, shows that for Russia the AMR NAP is being implemented and actively monitored through a monitoring and evaluation framework.7Following the formulation by the World Health Assembly in 2015 of a Global Action Plan (GAP) for AMR,8 Other reports suggest that the outpatient use of antibiotics is high and that non-prescription access and self-medication of antibiotics are also very common in Russia.9The consumption of antibiotics in Russia is reported as 14.82 DDD per 1000 people per day, lower than the median consumption of antibiotics for the WHO European region (including 45 countries and Kosovo) which is 17.9 DDD per 1000 people per day.9 A prohibition on the over-the-counter (OTC) sale of antibiotics without a prescription has been in place in Russia since 2006, but no mechanisms existed for its enforcement. In 2017, the federal government introduced several regulation changes relating to drug circulation, and the prescription of antibiotics by doctors became obligatory. Surprise inspections of pharmacies were implemented to enforce control of OTC sales of medications, including antibiotics. Pharmacists were also obliged to collect and file patient prescriptions for inspection purposes.5A survey carried out in 2015 in Saint Petersburg found that self-prescription of antibiotics, usually for respiratory tract infections (RTIs), was common amongst pharmacists, raising concerns about the inappropriate use of antibiotics in infections such as coughs and colds.S. pneumoniae isolates collected between 2014 and 2017 are shown in Figure 10 The susceptibility of 185 isolates of H. influenzae collected from centres between 2014 and 2017 was also investigated in this study. Isolates mostly showed a high susceptibility to all antibiotics tested (excluding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (96.7% susceptibility by EUCAST breakpoints). The prevalence of susceptibility to amoxicillin alone was 84.9%. These data demonstrate the importance of using β-lactam+β-lactamase inhibitor combinations to treat H. influenzae infections , a multinational antibiotic surveillance study, ongoing in an expanding range of countries since 2002. The study aims to collect and make available in published, peer-reviewed papers, antibiotic susceptibility data, specifically for 14 Two international organizations define breakpoint values: CLSI and EUCAST. Due to variation in criteria for their definition, there are some differences between CLSI and EUCAST in the clinical breakpoint values for certain bacteria for some antibiotics and this can impact susceptibility interpretation of clinical isolates.15 EUCAST breakpoints are dose-specific and use the EMA-approved doses that are included in the Summary of Product Characteristics of an antibiotic. This means that by application of breakpoints for higher doses, the effect of using a raised dose on the clinical efficacy of a particular antibiotic can be predicted. Currently, both CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints are used in clinical microbiology laboratories in Russia. The international application of the EUCAST breakpoints is expanding16 and the EUCAST dose-specific breakpoints can also be used retrospectively to calculate the susceptibility of previously collected isolates to show the susceptibility levels that would have been achieved at higher doses.Clinical breakpoints are cut-off MIC values used to classify microorganisms into the clinical categories susceptible (S), intermediate (I) and resistant (R) to assist in the prediction of the clinical success or failure of a specific antibiotic.S. pneumoniae, the most isolated respiratory pathogen18 for infections such as CAP, AOM and ABRS, has over time become less susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in some countries since the MIC of some isolates has increased. When treating infections, it is important to be able to eradicate bacterial pathogens with raised MICs to optimize clinical outcomes while at the same time minimizing the risk of selecting variants with even-higher MICs. This is possible because β-lactams, unlike many other antibiotics, have time-dependent killing properties. Their efficacy depends on the amount of time the drug concentration is present at the site of action. Although increasing the concentration at the infection site over a particular concentration will not have any effect on the efficacy, the use of higher doses and/or more frequent dosing allows for successful eradication of infections caused by pathogens with higher MICs because the time above the MIC is increased.19Use of the EUCAST dose-specific breakpoints shows the effect of increasing the antibiotic dose on the susceptibility of a pathogen, providing additional information so the prescriber can decide if a higher dose would be of benefit. For example, S. pneumoniae isolates (n = 279) were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 92.8% to amoxicillin  from Russia demonstrated a high susceptibility (100%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid using CLSI criteria  . Susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolates was lower to the macrolide erythromycin  being between 61.7% and 73.4%, but was high for the fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin (98.6%–100%).The Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) database is a global AMR surveillance programme that is fully searchable, available for general access and covers susceptibilities of a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens to a bank of antimicrobials.21The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, another long running study, was established in 1997. SENTRY monitors worldwide pathogens and the changes in resistance patterns over time through centralized testing, utilizing reference susceptibility methods.S. pneumoniae  and H. influenzae  isolates between 2015 and 2019  surveillance at the national level.24 GLASS data is analysed based on CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Russia is participating in the GLASS initiative and according to the early implementation report for 2020, the National AMR Surveillance network comprises about 50 laboratories that provide microbiological services for more than 65 medical facilities. The central laboratory of the Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy annually collects clinical isolates from each participating medical centre.25In 2015, the WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). GLASS is the first global system to collect national AMR data for selected bacterial pathogens that cause common infections. The aim is to monitor the prevalence of AMR among major pathogens in clinical settings to provide the supporting data required to ensure that countries can design cost-effective, evidence-based AMR response strategies.Most guidelines suggest a first-line antibiotic or antibiotics along with alternatives and then a second-line antibiotic or antibiotics, also with alternatives. The first-line antibiotic is the recommended initial choice that should be prescribed by the clinician following diagnosis of the infection, supported by the criteria defined by the organization or committee; alternatives may be provided for use in particular circumstances. For example, if the first-line antibiotic is a penicillin then alternative suggestions would be for use in the case of penicillin allergy. The second-line antibiotic is for use if the first-line antibiotic does not achieve the anticipated outcome, and again alternatives may be included for specific circumstances.For the management of the common CA-RTIs, Russian clinicians make use of several country-specific local antibiotic prescribing guidelines, examples of which are shown in Table H. influenzae β-lactamases. A higher dose regimen (90 mg/kg/day twice daily) is recommended where there is the risk, or presence, of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.26 In adults with CAP, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg/125 mg three times daily or 875 mg/125 mg twice daily) or ampicillin/sulbactam are recommended as first-line for non-severe CAP patients with co-morbidities, in those who have taken antibiotics for more than 2 days in the previous 3 months, and in those who have other risk factors.29 For ABRS in both adults and children, the guideline recommends, amoxicillin as the first choice empirical therapy and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as an alternative option. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is considered as a starting empirical therapy where there is a risk of antibiotic resistance or failure of initial therapy with amoxicillin, in patients with comorbidities, immunosuppressive conditions or aged >65 years.28 In adults and children with AOM, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is recommended where there are risk factors for the presence of resistant isolates of H. influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis and failure of initial treatment with a 3 day course of amoxicillin, and if there is combination of symptoms of otitis media and conjunctivitis, if antibiotic therapy was carried out during the previous month and in children who are often ill or attend kindergartens. Intravenous amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is also proposed where parenteral therapy is necessary.27Local Russian guidelines are approved by the Russian Ministry of Health and are available for the management of CAP, AOM and ABRS. For CAP in children aged 3 months to 5 years, amoxicillin is the first-line treatment and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is an alternative option  where there is mixed infection or suspicion of it in a patient who has received β-lactam antibiotics in the last 3 months, or if there is a risk of 31Access to antibiotics may be an issue for patients in low- and middle-income countries due to cost and insufficient government expenditure or support in this area. Drug supply chains may also contribute to the problem. Limited access to the most appropriate antibiotic to treat a specific infection may result in raised mortality from treatable bacterial infections, and the use of suboptimal amounts of antibiotic facilitates resistance development and allows resistant strains to persist.29 In children with CAP, 45–50 mg/kg/day amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (as amoxicillin component) is recommended in the presence or suspicion of mixed infections, in those receiving β-lactam antibiotics in the last 3 months, or where β-lactamase-producing H. influenzae are present or suspected. The ‘high dose’ regimen, 90 mg/kg/day (as amoxicillin component) in two divided doses is recommended where there is a risk or presence of S. pneumoniae resistance to penicillin.26 In ABRS, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is recommended as an alternative empirical starting therapy where there is a risk of β-lactamase-producing pathogens or in patients with comorbidities or immunosuppression or patients >65 years old or failure of initial therapy, in the following regimens: 625 mg three times a day or 1000 mg twice a day. In children, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 45–60 mg/kg/day in 2–3 doses is an alternative for empirical therapy and the ‘high dose’ amoxicillin regimen 90 mg/kg/day is recommended where there is a risk of antibiotic resistance.28 In AOM in children, the guidelines recommend the standard dose regimens  of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 45–60 mg/kg/day given in 2–3 doses (based on amoxicillin dose) for use where there are risk factors for resistant isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis and failure of initial antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin. The ‘high dose’ (14:1 ratio) regimen of 90 mg/kg/day (amoxicillin component) given twice or three daily times daily is recommended where there is a risk or identification of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.27Using amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as an example, within Russia, a range of formulations currently available are mentioned as first- or second-line recommendations by the National RTI management guidelines. For example, in the CAP guideline for outpatients, the following regimens of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: 500 mg every 8 h or 875 mg every 12 h are recommended as the first-line treatment for non-severe CAP in outpatients with comorbidities, other risk factors or who have taken antibiotics for more than 2 days in the last 3 months.32 Since poor-quality antibiotics are unlikely to contain the full dose needed to eliminate all the infecting pathogens this would encourage resistance to develop and allow resistant strains to survive and be transmitted.33Substandard poor-quality or falsified antibiotics promote AMR and the spread of drug-resistant infections.34 The GSMS aims to work with WHO member states to improve the quality of reporting of substandard and falsified medical products, and, importantly, to ensure the data collected are analysed and used to influence policy, procedure, and processes to protect public health, at the national, regional and the global level. Use of substandard or falsified antibiotics not only compromises clinical outcome but also risks increased AMR. The most recent summary (2013–17) reported substandard and falsified medicines in 46 member states (including Russia) and antibiotics represent 16.9% of all products reported, second only to malaria drugs (19.6%).33The quality of medicines, specifically antibiotics, is an important consideration for countries worldwide. The WHO launched a Global Surveillance and Monitoring System (GSMS) for substandard and falsified products.From a clinical microbiology perspective, a steady increase in AMR dictates the need for surveillance to identify resistance trends. AMR monitoring may include a specific healthcare facility or cover multiple participating centres. The first case refers to the local level, and the second, depending on the geographical location of the centres, nationwide or global. The importance of each type of monitoring is undeniable. Local surveillance, however, enables a more rapid development of action plans reacting to locally detected deviations in the aetiological structure and susceptibility profile of pathogens.35 The prevalence of multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria remains high throughout the world, including in inpatients in Russia. According to the AMRmap, there is a universal distribution of nosocomial strains of Enterobacterales producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, limiting options for empirical antimicrobial choice. At the local level, it may be challenging to organize effective interdisciplinary teamwork comprising the clinician, the epidemiologist and the microbiologist. Potentially the impact of the microbiologist’s role on decision making in antimicrobial usage will be supported by introduction of the new clinical specialty of ‘medical microbiologist’ in Russia in 2020. Another potential challenge is sharing reliable surveillance data with the medical community. After development of the AMRmap web platform this issue may be considerably diminished by providing an easy tool to submit up-to-date resistance rates of the most common microorganism, thus enabling in-depth analysis and visualization of AMR data collected from local and national microbiological surveillance programmes in Russia.Continuous local surveillance may, in a timely way, identify the scope of the local resistance problems, provide data to develop or modify local strategies for the prevention and treatment of infections and provide the background to decrease resistance selection pressure. The situation with AMR has become more critical and significant during the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing.The Russian Federation has developed a system for informing doctors about the level and dynamics of AMR. The system includes professional journals and AMRmap.An important issue for clinicians is the development of national management guidelines for a range of human diseases. National guidelines have a significant impact on the spread of resistance. The growth of pneumococcal resistance to macrolides, which began in Russia at the end of the 20th century, was partially associated with the positioning of these antibiotics as drugs of choice for the treatment of respiratory infections in many recommendations. Thus, in the 2010 national guidelines for the treatment of CAP, macrolides were positioned as drugs of choice along with β-lactams.The situation has now improved significantly. In the management guidelines for infectious diseases, there are sections on antibiotic therapy. Recommendations are created by professional organizations based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, taking into account data on resistance, international experience and ensuring that these recommendations are thoroughly reviewed.Personal experience shows that during recent years, many doctors have improved their professionalism in prescribing antibiotics, but there is no reliable evidence of how accurately the developed recommendations are implemented in practice. The surge in antibiotic consumption during COVID-19 in Russia, in common with the rest of the world, is of concern. As a feature, a sharp increase should be noted in the consumption of not only azithromycin, but also levofloxacin.In an era of rising AMR throughout the world, this paper aims to define areas where action is required to tackle AMR by analysing and understanding the current situation within a country or region. Information is presented for Russia concerning antibiotic use and prescribing, approach to AMR, availability of local susceptibility data, use of international and/or local antibiotic prescribing guidelines and how these link to antibiotic availability. To our knowledge this is the first time this information has been reviewed and presented in detail by country.Until recently, the outpatient use of antibiotics was high, with non-prescription access and self-medication popular in Russia, despite there being a regulation preventing the OTC sale of antibiotics since 2006. In 2017, the sale of antibiotics with a medical prescription was made obligatory and methods were applied to enforce this and attempt to change behaviour and attitudes to the use of antibiotics and to reduce antibiotic resistance. Following global movements to tackle AMR, the Russian government approved a strategic plan in 2017 to prevent and restrict the spread of antibiotic resistance that emphasized the need for public education and surveillance.In terms of surveillance, there are two large country-wide projects that include respiratory isolates, the AMRmap and PeHASus, which allow access to surveillance data. The view from the clinical microbiologist expert opinion is that there is a steady increase in AMR and this dictates the need for surveillance to identify resistance trends. Several global surveillance studies also include data on isolates from RTIs for Russia including SOAR, ATLAS and SENTRY. The WHO GLASS study will also provide useful data in the future. For the management of the common RTIs, CAP, AOM and ABRS in Russia, clinicians make use of several country-specific local antibiotic prescribing guidelines that need to be updated frequently based on available national/international antibiotic surveillance data. The view of the clinician included within this paper is that development of national management guidelines for a range of human diseases is an important issue for clinicians, since it is felt that national guidelines have a significant impact on the spread of resistance.2 This would pave the way for improved adherence and a higher level of appropriate antibiotic prescribing in CA-RTIs within Russia which could, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve clinical outcomes for patients.A standardized inclusive approach is needed to develop local country-specific guidelines These guidelines would be based on up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections which would make them more locally relevant for clinicians, reiterating the Consensus Principles as described in the introductory paper to this Supplement.


The infection of surgically placed implants is a problem that is both large in magnitude and that broadly affects nearly all surgical specialties. Implant-associated infections deleteriously affect patient quality-of-life and can lead to greater morbidity, mortality, and cost to the health care system. The impact of this problem has prompted extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigation into decreasing implant infection rates. More recently, antimicrobial approaches that modify or treat the implant directly have been of great interest. These approaches include antibacterial implant coatings , antibacterial nanostructured implant surfaces, and antibiotic-releasing implants. This review provides a compendium of these approaches and the clinical applications and outcomes. In general, implant-specific modalities for reducing infections have been effective; however, most applications remain in the preclinical or early clinical stages. Infection is a large and impactful problem that affects nearly every surgical specialty. With implants, infection may be a particularly devastating complication. Implant infections can lead to hospitalization, the need for intravenous antibiotics, the surgical removal of the implant with multiple subsequent operations, and implant-specific complications. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections are well known to substantially increase morbidity and mortality . With reGiven the burden of this problem, there have been multiple approaches to limit implant-associated infections. These include preoperative antibiotics , preoperTreating the implant surface with antimicrobial material or modifying the implant surface is an obvious step to solving this problem. This approach focuses on the bacterial–implant interface and aims to either prevent biofilm formation, stop bacterial growth, or induce bacterial death.Antifouling coatings work by limiting bacterial adhesion . The mosAntifouling coatings have been applied clinically, most notably with urinary catheters, where hydrophilic catheters have been shown to reduce urinary tract infections among patients who require frequent intermittent catheterization . It has Whereas antifouling coatings aim to prevent bacterial adherence, antibacterial coatings are designed instead to be either bacteriostatic or bactericidal. To accomplish this, a variety of antibacterial agents can be used to coat the implant. Notably, some of these coatings release the material into the implant microenvironment, while stable coatings keep the active compound bound to the implant. The less chemically stable coatings have the benefit of treating a larger area with the antimicrobial material; however, these coatings can cause local inflammation and have poorly controlled drug-release kinetics . The antImplant coatings engineered with antibacterial medications have been heavily investigated for medical devices. In general, this typically involves loading a synthetic polymer, such as poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), with an antibiotic drug . By the PLGA has been broadly applied with and without antibiotics in many different surgical procedures. One of the most common clinical applications of PLGA is its use as a resorbable implant in craniofacial surgery . PLGA haAntibiotic coatings have also been applied to stents for a variety of applications. Sinus stents, used to treat chronic infections, have been coated with ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin–ivacaftor, and ciprofloxacin–azithromycin and all have been shown to provide controlled antibiotic release, reduced bacterial load, and the limitation of biofilm formation . Drug-elVascular graft infections are a rare but devastating complication. As such, some vascular prosthetics have been coated with slow-release antibiotics. This has been achieved by treatment with collagen, albumin, and gelatin to cross-link the antibiotics. In these coated devices, much of the antibiotic is released in the first 48 h, with elution continuing up to 7 days after placement, thereby providing antimicrobial protection in the immediate as well as acute recovery phase postoperatively ,36,37.Triclosan-eluting ureteral stents are another application of antibiotic-coated stents specifically aimed at reducing infection and other device-related complications. Triclosan, a polychloro phenoxy phenol with both phenol and ether functional groups, acts as a biocide at high concentrations and a bacteriostatic agent at lower commercial concentrations through the inhibition of bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Interestingly, in a clinical trial studying triclosan-eluting ureteral stents, no significant impact on infection was appreciated; however, the antibiotic stent reduced patient symptoms, including abdominal pain and urethral pain upon urination ,39. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis growing on surgical suture was noted by Henry-Stanley et al. to resemble bacterial biofilm [Surgical sutures have also been adapted and coated with antibiotics to limit bacterial colonization and to prevent infection . Of note biofilm , and tri biofilm . A recen biofilm . ImportaStaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [Aside from these prefabricated, manufactured constructs integrating antibiotics, the coating of orthopedic implants with antibiotic cement is commonly performed by many orthopedic surgeons intraoperatively. Most frequently, vancomycin, gentamycin, and/or tobramycin is mixed into cements ) as it is formed. As the cement dries, naturally occurring imperfections containing the antibiotic release the compound into the local environment. However, controversy exists surrounding the pharmacokinetics of antibiotic delivery. While some studies have found the inadequate delivery of antibiotics from the cement and limited antimicrobial effect clinically , other rhia coli . Antibiohia coli . Additiohia coli . Notablyhia coli .Finally, other alternatives to antibiotic cement have been explored for orthopedic implants. Specifically, ceramic coatings that contain hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate have also been used to deliver antibiotics. This has the dual effect of antibiotic delivery as well as a rigid scaffold ,48,49. HEscherichia coli on contact, and although the mechanism of action is not well elucidated, it remains a promising implant coating for broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. Nonetheless, like zinc, copper coatings can be readily found commercially in various non-medical-grade devices, but clinical application with implants has yet to be described.Silver, zinc, and copper are all metal ions with known antibacterial properties ,50,51. IPaenibacillus polymyxia which bind to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, thereby increasing cell permeability, leading to death [Streptomyces roseosporus and inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis [Staphylococcus aureus and 88.1% of Escherichia coli after 2.5 h of incubation [S. aureus after 7 days in rabbits [Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a component of the innate immune system and possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity . Over 30to death . Daptomyynthesis . Both haynthesis . Other oynthesis . Notablycubation . In vivo rabbits . Importa rabbits . Nanostructures are constructs that range between 1 nm and 100 nm and therefore exist on the molecular scale in at least one dimension. Alterations at the nanostructure level have been shown to impart the beneficial antibacterial properties of many materials. Interestingly, naturally existing nanostructures have served as inspiration for designing surfaces with antimicrobial function, with examples coming from the lotus leaf and cicada wing. Nelumbo nucifera) is superhydrophobic, possessing a water contact angle greater than 160° and a sliding angle less than 5° to prevent the collection of water droplets, dirt, and debris [Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [The lotus leaf  is a synthetic mesh envelope composed of large-pore tyrosine-based polymer filaments designed to hydrolytically degrade over nine weeks and impregnated with minocycline and rifampin antibiotics, which are released during this process. Use of TYRXc device ,83,84. Bications . Other cications , this haications . Preclinenvelope .The infection of implants that are in continuity with the central nervous system can lead to devastating complications, including encephalitis and meningitis. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion for the treatment of hydrocephalus is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures . VentricS. aureus-infected murine wounds managed with ampicillin-releasing silk microspheres were noted to have a significantly greater reduction in bacterial colony-forming unit counts [Silk-based biomaterials have similarly been explored for their use as antibiotic delivery devices. Silk microspheres have been loaded with antibiotics such as ampicillin and have been found to be effective in treating murine infected wounds. In a study by Pritchard and colleagues, compared with the direct injection of ampicillin, t counts . Correspt counts . These fFinally, crosslinked polymeric hydrogels for antibiotic delivery have been developed using a wide variety of synthetic and biologically occurring substances. Natural polymeric materials frequently employed in hydrogel preparation include collagen, tendon, chitin/chitosan, alginate, and hyaluronic acid (HA). Hydrogels are highly absorbent, maintain their structure, are biocompatible, and can be loaded with many medications which can be steadily released ,94,95,96Nanoparticle-loaded biological hydrogels are three-dimensional structures with the capacity to hold a set amount of liquid and particle. Cross-linkage of the hydrogel materials prevents degradation and maintains stability in a dynamic and aqueous environment. Hydrogel antibiotic delivery is performed via two methods: bulk-loaded hydrogels and antibiotic-carrying microspheres suspended within the hydrogel. Bulk-loaded hydrogels provide a rapid release of antibiotic while microsphere hydrogels allow for more controlled and sustained release ,97. S. aureus triggers the release of vancomycin, and this has been shown to prevent bone infections in a rabbit model [S. aureus infections. Furthermore, sustained amikacin release was observed, with high local antibacterial activities still detected two weeks following hydrogel injection [S. aureus and P. aeruginosa [2O2, reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha [Antibiotic-loaded hydrogels are an exciting development with a broad scope of application ,99. Li eit model . Smart hit model . Importanjection . The evonjection ,103. In ruginosa . Of noteor-alpha . Collect® hydrogel  loaded with 5% gentamicin and 5% vancomycin was spread over the new implant surface prior to placement, and mean follow-up at 3.1 years revealed no clinical or radiographic signs of recurrent infection [® hydrogel, compared with six cases of post-surgical infection in the control group [Over the last decade, the clinical use of antibacterial hydrogels has been increasingly reported . In the nfection . This confection ,106. Theol group .® hydrogel, this second hydrogel consisting of absorbable poly  matrix with incorporated gentamicin sulphate is already directly applied to the implant during production [A second commercially available antibiotic-loaded hydrogel has also been described for use with the ETN PROtect intramedullary tibial nailing system . In contrast to the DACoduction ,110. Stuoduction . Clinicaoduction .P. aeruginosa [N-carboxyethyl chitosan and aniline conjugated hyaluronic acid hydrogels and this has been observed to kill both S. aureus and Escherichia coli in infected mouse wounds [Lastly, it is worth noting that a considerable amount of work has been carried out with respect to the wound dressings engineered with antimicrobial properties. Hydrogels, by themselves, are already in routine use for wound care, but the availability of dressings loaded with antibiotics or AMPs has the potential to revolutionize the management of many wounds. While a full review of this topic is far beyond the scope of this review, we note, however, that hydrogels in particular are especially promising as both a wound dressing and as a vehicle for antimicrobial or cellular therapies ,114. Usiruginosa . Likewise wounds . Antibioe wounds . These sInfection after surgery, especially with implants, can have a devastating impact on patient quality of life and remains a large burden on the US health care system. In light of this, a wide variety of methods have been developed by which to impart antimicrobial properties to surgical implants. The majority of these methods are still well within the pre-clinical phase. However, there are promising data to suggest that more effective modalities than are currently available will be developed for preventing surgical and implant-related infections. The strategies that have been applied clinically have had a mixture of outcomes, but in general appear to be effective in reducing the infectious complications of surgery. Ultimately, using these materials clinically at this stage will require a patient-specific approach and careful consideration.


The proportion of cephalosporins consumed increased from 54.29% in 2019 to 64.92% in 2020 (p = 0.011). Among those aged 35 years and older, the proportion of antibiotics obtained from medical facilities increased, while the proportion obtained from retail pharmacies, homes, and other sources decreased . The COVID-19 outbreak changed antibiotic use patterns in this study population (Eastern China) significantly. More efforts to monitor and enhance antibiotic stewardship activities at the community level are needed in future. There are growing concerns that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may change antibiotic use patterns and accelerate antibiotic resistance, but evidence from the community level is lacking. This study aims to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the antibiotic use patterns among a community population in Eastern China. A self-administered medicine diary was used to collect information on antibiotic use from July 2019 to June 2021 among a rural community in Eastern China. We analyzed the changes in antibiotic use patterns over five months from August to December 2019 and the corresponding months in 2020. The risk of antibiotic use and its changes were measured with the incidence rate (IR) and relative risk (RR). In total, 1111 participants were eligible for the final analysis (440 in 2019 and 671 in 2020). After the COVID-19 outbreak, antibiotic use increased by 137% (5.43 per 100 person months in the 2019 vs. 12.89 per 100 person months in the 2020), and after the adjustment of covariates, the adjusted RR was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.10~2.34). It was higher among those who were women (RR = 2.62), aged 35–59 years old (RR = 2.72), non-farmers (RR = 2.75), had less than six years of education (RR = 2.61), had an annual household income over CNY 100,000  (RR = 2.60), and had no history of chronic diseases (RR = 2.61) (all  Both antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and COVID-19 are currently challenging global public health ,3,4. It Antibiotic use is one of the key drivers in the development of antibiotic resistance, with community and hospital settings being equal ecological niches of its emergence in human health ,24. At tMoreover, emerging studies have highlighted the contribution of the COVID-19 pandemic to the escalation of AMR from multiple perspectives, such as extensive hospital antibiotic overuse and misuse ,36,37,38A total of 1111 eligible participants (440 in 2019 and 671 in 2020) had similar general characteristics between 2019 and 2020. More than half were female, with an average age of 59.17 ± 14.07 years. Most of them were non-farmers, had less than six years of education, and reported no history of chronic diseases. Moreover, more than half had an annual household income over CNY 100,000 . Compared to 2019, the participants in 2020 had a significantly higher proportion of participants that were 60 years and older (55% vs. 48%), but a lower proportion of farmers (35% vs. 41%) and an annual household income over CNY 100,000 (43% vs. 63%) .p < 0.001). After the adjustment of covariates, including gender, age groups, education levels, farmer, annual household income, and chronic disease history, the adjusted RR was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.10~2.34) in the Cox regression model. There was a greater increase among those who were women, aged 35–59, farmers, had less than 6 years of education, had an annual household income over CNY 100,000 , and had no history of chronic diseases. However, this increase was not found among the participants aged 15–34 years old , but quinolones also increased, and macrolides and lincosamides decreased without significance (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed that among females aged 60 years and over, the proportion of antibiotics obtained from medical facilities increased (p = 0.013), while the proportion obtained from homes (p = 0.035) and other sources (p = 0.031) decreased, whereas males showed no significant changes in any age group (p = 0.005). Lower proportions were reported for treating flu-like symptoms (65.10% in 2019 vs. 60.34% in 2020) and inflammation (17.92% in 2019 vs. 8.96% in 2020), while higher proportions were reported for treating diarrhea (1.89% in 2019 vs. 2.13% in 2020) and other symptoms (15.09% in 2019 vs. 28.57% in 2020) after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the top two reasons were treating flu-like symptoms and inflammation  suggests that a person’s actual use of antibiotics is best predicted by their intentions, which are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control . Given tIt was found that the proportion of cephalosporins increased significantly in this study population in 2020 compared with 2019, which was supported by previous studies ,50. A reMedical facilities were the main source of antibiotics in both study periods. Compared to 2019, the proportion of antibiotics accessed from medical facilities increased in 2020, while the proportion obtained from retail pharmacies, homes, and other sources decreased among those aged 35–59 and 60 years and over in this study. A previous study revealed that 57% of retail pharmacies sold antibiotics without a prescription in the Zhejiang province in 2017 . HoweverTo our limited knowledge, this was the first study to describe the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the antibiotic use patterns among the community population by analyzing the findings from self-administered medicine diaries. This study has several strengths. First, it was based on a community population and covered prior- and post-COVID-19 outbreak periods in China. Secondly, a self-administered medicine diary may more comprehensively reflect the individual and household antibiotic use in the context of sharing antibiotics with families or friends and more accurately document antibiotic access from non-medical facilities in rural China . However(1)Study design: This study was from research carried out in a rural community in Eastern China in June 2019, as presented in our previous paper . Data co(2)Sampling method: Based on the population cohort previously established in Deqing County of the Zhejiang province in China, one village was selected as the study site using the rapid cluster sample survey methodology , and a t(3)Sample size estimation: According to a study in the United States, the antimicrobial use prevalence was 8.2% ; we cons(4)The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) aged 15 years old and over, (2) lived in the study sites for no less than six months, and (3) consented to inclusion in the study. (5)Ethical statement: All participants read a consent form  and received clarification if requested before giving their oral consent to participate in the study. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Public Health, Fudan University, China (number IRB#2019-03-0733). Two surveys in June 2019 and July 2020 using the same questionnaire through a face-to-face interview were carried out to collect information on the demographic variables  and the history of chronic diseases in the same site. The details of the questionnaire were described in our study protocol paper . The eduTo describe the patterns of antibiotic use in the population, a structured self-administered diary was used to collect the medicine use (antibiotics and chronic disease medicine) and individual health status in each participating household over a 12-month period, as described in our study protocol paper . The datAntibiotics were subsequently categorized using the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification codes . The stut-test.For the descriptive statistics, the variables were described as percentages for the categorical variables and means ± SD for the continuous variables. The categorical variables were compared over the groups using the Chi-square test, and the continuous variables were analysed using the Student’s p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed in R software .Given that the risk of antibiotic use varies with the length of time for observation, we applied the incidence rate (IR) to estimate it in this study, and the difference between the subgroups was estimated with the relative risk (RR). The IR and RR of the antibiotic use were defined as the following:fference . After cIn conclusion, this study identified an increase in the risk of antibiotic use, although the proportion of antibiotics obtained from medical facilities  increased among this rural community after the COVID-19 outbreak. It suggests that there was a window for improving antibiotic management during the pandemic. To ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics and to control AMR, more efforts need to be forged to monitor and improve antibiotic stewardship activities at the community level. More education and awareness campaigns and activities may be worthwhile, especially for older and less well-educated rural Chinese women who are otherwise healthy, since this group were found to be more likely to use antibiotics.


Enhancing concrete's mechanical properties has become a prominent field in recent years. Numerous studies investigated the possibility of enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete by adding additive materials. Few studies investigated the effects of copped CFRP on the tensile strength of normal-strength concrete (NSC) and low-strength concrete (LSC). In this study, the effects of Chopped Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CCFRP) on the mechanical properties of LSC and NSC were investigated. The method of the study was experimentally investigating the effects of CCFRP on the mechanical properties of LSC and NSC. Different volume fractions  of chopped carbon fibers were added to the concrete mix for the 13 MPa and 28 MPa concrete grades, and five mix trials were conducted to achieve concrete with 13 MPa and 28 MPa. The ratios (1:1.5:2.5) for the normal strength mix and (1:2.6:4.1) for the low strength mix were chosen. Three tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of chopped CFRP on the mechanical properties of concrete: compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. A total of 120 pieces were cast, including 24 beams, 48 cubes, and 48 cylinders. The casted cubes were 15 × 15 × 15 cm and the cylinders were 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length. Prism beams with a 15 × 15 cm cross-section and a 56 cm length were tested under a single point load. The samples were tested at 7 and 28 days of age, and the sample density was recorded. The results revealed that adding 0.25% CCFRP increased the compressive strength of LSC from 9.5 MPa to 11.2 MPa which is about 10% enhancement and slightly affected the compressive strength of NSC by about 5%. On the other hand, adding 0.25% CCFRP to both LSC and NSC increased split tensile strength from 2.5 MPa to 3.6 MPa which is about 44% enhancement for NSC and 16.6% for LSC. Similar improvements were made in flexural strength of normal strength increased from 4.5 MPa to 5.4 MPa. Whereas the effects on LSC were unremarkable. As such, this study recommends 0.25% CCFRP fiber as the ideal dosage. ConcretSteel fiber was the most popular concrete additive material over the last two decades. For the best results, the percentage of steel fiber concrete should be between 1% and 2%. Steel fiber acts as secondary reinforcement used in conjunction with traditional steel bars or prestressing strands as the main reinforcement. Several factors influence the effects of steel fiber on concrete strength, including type, shape, length, cross-section, strength, fiber content, steel fiber bond strength, matrix strength, mix design, and concrete mixture. Steel fiber has several advantages, including enhanced tensile strength, reduced initial cracking and flexural cracking, and increased ductility .PET and PP are other additives to concrete that may enhance its strength. Many researchers have studied the effects of PET and PP on the mechanical properties of concrete in the last two decades . This tyResearchers are searching for novel construction materials to produce concrete with high tensile strength in order to decrease structural cracking and lengthen the life of structures. One of these novel materials is CCFRP. This material is newly provided by the CFRP manufacturer as it is chopped from various carbon fiber roving types. It offers superior properties such as high tensile strength, excellent corrosion and abrasion resistance, good conductivity, and resilience to high temperatures ,20. CCFRKulikova, Sliusar , investiAziz and Taha  investigIn contrast, Aziz and Taha  investigGenerally, adding natural and synthetic fibers to reinforced concrete structures can increase their toughness, durability, and ability to decrease permeability, shrinkage, and creep ,28. SuchIn most cases, the microscopic morphology of the chopped carbon fibers in the concrete can be examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Li et al.  observed2.Mechanism of CCFRPCCFRP is a novel additive fiber that demands additional investigation into the mechanical properties of not only high-strength concrete as presented in the literature but also NSC and LSC which is considered as the presented research novelty. Moreover, the main aim of the current work is to identify the optimum dosage of CCFRP fibers in LSC and NSC. Thus, the effects of CCFRP on the mechanical properties of NSC and LSC are examined and the optimum dosage of CCFRP in concrete is illustrated.CCFRP is a novel construction material, which has been the subject of limited studies about its actual effects on the overall characteristics of concrete. In general, adding fiber to concrete results in an increase in the tensile strength of concrete. Similar to conventional concrete fibers, CCFRP fibers provide high resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking and drying shrinkage cracking, as well as maximum resistance to damage from heavy impact. The mechanism of crack formation is slightly altered by the presence of fibers. The bridging of fibers can help some tensile loads pass through the fissures. As a result, the tension in the concrete is caused by both bond stress and fiber bridging. Less bond stress is required to achieve the same cracking stress when the fibers' contribution is taken into account. Fibers are pulled out and the benefit from fiber bridging is reduced due to the breakdown of the link between the fibers and concrete under high stress ,31.The high tensile fibers emerge in the concrete matrix and begin a tendency to redistribute stresses evenly throughout the matrix and contribute to the post-cracking strength and restraining of the cracks in the concrete. This led to an increase in concrete tensile strength. This process requires extra water compared to concrete without fibers and results in a significant reduction in concrete workability. Adding fibers to concrete reduces concrete permeability and, thus, reduces the bleeding of water .Under load, fiber-reinforced concrete performs better than conventional concrete because the uniformly distributed and randomly aligned fibers improve the initial breaking load by improving the tensile strength of the concrete. This mechanism will also increase the flexural strength of concrete, however, the primary reason for adding fiber to concrete is not to add strength but to prevent cracking from drying shrinkage or plastic shrinkage, 2All essential experimental work has been performed and illustrated in this publication.2.1The following materials were utilized for concrete production.2.1.1C150 [In this research, OPC I-42.5 R cement was used, which was manufactured by the Lafarge factory-Iraq. The physical and chemical composition of cement studied and depicted in C150 , BS EN 2C150 , BS EN 2C150 , IQS 198C150 .Table 1C2.1.2C136 [C33 [C127 [In this experiment, coarse-grained, naturally occurring clean river sand was collected from the Alkhazer quarry and employed as fine aggregate. C136 , ASTM C3136 [C33 , ASTM C133 [C127 , and IS-33 [C127 .Table 2F2.1.3C127 [As a coarse aggregate, crushed stone with a maximum size of 10 mm sourced from the Alkhazer quarry was utilized. C127 , and IS-C127 .Table 3C2.1.4Tap potable water at laboratory temperature was utilized to wash coarse aggregate, mix concrete, and cure samples throughout this investigation in accordance with ASTM C 1602.2.1.5Chopped carbon fiber reinforced polymer fiber was used in this research. The fibers had a length of 3 mm and a tensile strength of 4.5 GPa 2.1.6C494 [Table 5.To improve workability, a high range water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer) with the trade name Sika ViscoCrete 5930 was added to the mixtures. According to the manufacturer, the dose range for the blinder should be between 0.2% and 0.8% by weight. This form of admixture conforms to ASTM C494 . The key2.2The method of the study was preparing the required material to obtain two concrete grades using trial mix procedure. Then required samples were casted to do compression, split tensile and flexural tests. Result then discussed and a conclusion and recommendations were illustrated 2.3Seven trail mixes were undertaken to obtain two different concrete grades of 13 and 28 MPa without CCFRP. For each mixture, a set of six 150 × 150 × 150 mm cubes were cast and tested after 28 days. The samples were cured at the laboratory temperature for 28 days. Two mixture proportions were selected as listed in 2.4Three major tests were performed in this study: compression, split tensile, and flexural. Slump test and density were also recorded. A total of 48 cubes, 48 cylinders, and 24 prisms were cast in this study 2.5The density of samples was measured and recorded to demonstrate any change in density caused by the addition of CCFRP. The density was found by dividing the mass of a cube by its volume.In addition, the total density of the cubes was determined by measuring the mass of the cubes after pulling them out of the water tank and leaving them for 60 ± 5 min to allow the curing water to expel. Furthermore, each of the cube dimensions  was measured three times and the average was used in the calculation.2.6This test was in accordance with BS 116–1983 , BS 12392.7.Split tensile strength testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM C 496 , with cy2.8A flexural test was carried out in accordance with ASTM C 293 . This st3The results show that CCFRP enhances the strength properties of concrete when used in low dosage and degrades concrete strength when the dosage is increased. 3.1Despite the use of water reducer ViscoCrete 5930, the presence of CCFRP had a substantial impact on the slump test findings. When 0.5% CCFRP was added to LSC, the slump test value decreased from 140 mm to 20 mm. On the other hand, when CCFRP is introduced to regular-strength concrete, the slump decreases from 190 mm to 30 mm.3.2The density of dried samples was measured and shown in 3.3,When a 0.25% CCFRP ratio was added to the mix, the compressive strength of 28-day samples of NSC and LSC rose by approximately 6% and 10%, respectively as agreed to Sbahieh, Tahir . As the Fig. 83.4,Adding 0.25% CCFRP to the concrete mix increases split tensile strength by approximately 44% for normal strength samples tested at 28 days and by around 17% for LSC. The behavior was similar for 7 days-aged samples. This favorable effect of CCFRP becomes negative when the dosage of CCFRP is increased Fig. 113.5Adding 0.25% CCFRP increases flexural strength by approximately 20% for normal-strength samples and by approximately 3% for low-strength samples. Increased CCFRP dosage resulted in a little enhancement in flexural strength for normal strength samples and negative effects with low strength samples 4In this study, . The effects of fiber length on compressive strength were solely explored, and it was discovered that increasing fiber length leads to a better compressive result. However, more research is necessary to determine the impacts of fiber length on flexural and tensile strength Based on the literature, the compressive strength of CCFRP concrete increased when 0.25% and 0.5% of CCFRP were added. In contrast, the current study revealed that the addition of 0.5% CCFRP to the concrete decreased its compressive strength. While the optimal ratio is 0.25% as shown in Fig. 15The Split tensile strength of concrete with CCFRP increased by 20–25% when only 0.5% CCFRP was added. One of the biggest challenges with adding CCFRP to the concrete was workability, which is considerably altered by the presence of CCFRP. There is no date in the literature about slump test values if CCFRP is used. In this study, however, the slump test result is documented and shown in 5•The addition of CCFRP to the concrete mixture significantly decreased its workability.•By adding CCFRP at a 0.25% optimum ratio, early age compressive strength of concrete enhanced from 15.1 MPa to 17.7 MPa which is about 17% for NSC and 18% for LSC.•CCFRP raised the early-age split tensile strength of normal concrete from 2.5 MPa to 2.4 MPa, whereas low-strength samples increased by around 18% compared with the 1.8 MPa control sample.•When 0.25% CCFRP was added to 28-day-old samples, their compressive strength improved dramatically. The boost was approximately 6% for normal strength samples compared with 28.5 MPa control samples and 10% for low strength samples compared with 13.2 MPa samples without fibers.•Adding 0.25% CCFRP to the mix improves the split tensile strength of 28-day-aged samples by approximately 44% for NSC compared with 2.5 MPa control samples, and for LSC value increased from 1.8 MPa to 2.1 MPa which is about 17% enhancement.•With the addition of 0.25% CCFRP, the flexural strength of samples of normal strength enhanced dramatically. Moreover, there was a minimal improvement with low-strength samples.•CCFRP ratios of 0.5 and 0.75% lowered concrete compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.Although the addition of CCFRP to the concrete mixture led to an improvement in concrete strength, it also had some undesirable side effects. The following are the principal findings of the study.6•The addition of chopped CFRP to concrete reduced its workability. As a result, water-reducer compounds are preferred for controlling workability.•The impact of varied chopped CFRP lengths on concrete strength and workability must be investigated.•The influence of additional chopped fiber materials on the mechanical characteristics of concrete must be investigated further. Materials such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) can be obtained at a lower price than chopped CFRP.•Use finite elements to create a model based on the result found in the experimental work.While adding chopped CFRP improved concrete strength significantly, it has certain downsides in terms of workability and doses detrimental effects. Furthermore, several aspects of this new material must also be investigated for future direction. The followings are the main recommendations and future work directions.7Mand Kamal Askar: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.Lawend K. Askar: Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data.Yaman S. S. Al-Kamaki: Performed the experiments; Wrote the paper.Razaq Ferhadi: Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data.Data will be made available on request.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.