We evaluated associations between antibiotic prescription and healthcare resource use and costs (Part A), and between antibiotic switching and healthcare resource use, costs, and uncomplicated urinary tract infection recurrence (Part B) in female patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection in the United States.This retrospective cohort study of linked Optum and Premier Healthcare Database data included female patients ≥12 years old with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection diagnosis (index date), who were prescribed antibiotics during an outpatient/emergency department visit between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018. In Part A, patients were stratified by antibiotic prescription appropriateness: appropriate and optimal (compliant with Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011 guidelines for drug class/treatment duration) versus inappropriate/suboptimal . In Part B, patients were stratified by treatment pattern (antibiotic switch vs no antibiotic switch). Healthcare resource use and costs during index episode (within 28 days of index date) and 12-month follow-up were compared.Of 5870 patients (mean age 44.5 years), 2762 (47.1%) had inappropriate/suboptimal prescriptions and 567 (9.7%) switched antibiotic. Inappropriate/suboptimal prescriptions were associated with higher healthcare resource use (mean number of ambulatory care and pharmacy claims [both p < 0.001]), and higher total mean cost  per patient ($2616) than appropriate and optimal prescriptions  (Part A). Antibiotic switching was associated with more pharmacy claims and higher total mean costs (p ≤ 0.01), and a higher incidence of recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection (18.9%) than no antibiotic switching  (Part B).Inappropriate/suboptimal prescriptions and antibiotic switching were associated with high costs, ambulatory care, and pharmacy claims, suggesting a need for improved uncomplicated urinary tract infection prescribing practices in the United States. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common infection in outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient settings that are associated with a substantial burden on United States (US) healthcare systems –3. UTI iWomen are disproportionately affected by UTIs: it has been previously estimated that nearly 1 in 3 women will have at least one UTI episode requiring antibiotic treatment by 24 years of age , and theAccording to the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) 2011 Clinical Practice Guidelines , nitrofuOur study used linked hospital discharge and claims data, including real-world prescription claims data, to evaluate prescribing patterns among US adult and adolescent female patients with uUTI. The aims of our study were twofold: first, we evaluated the association between appropriateness of antibiotic prescription and hospitalization risk, HRU, and costs (Part A); and secondly, we evaluated the relationship between antibiotic switching and HRU, costs, and UTI recurrence (Part B).This was a retrospective cohort study conducted using data from the Optum and Premier Healthcare Database-linked database; all patients were previously discharged from a Premier Healthcare Database hospital. Identification of the study cohort and all inpatient-, outpatient-, and ED-related outcomes were assessed using Optum claims data.Female patients aged ≥12 years who were diagnosed with uUTI (index date) and prescribed oral antibiotics within ±5 days of an outpatient or ED visit between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018 were included in the study. UTI diagnosis was based on International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes . PatientFor Part A, eligible patients were stratified into two cohorts: those who received appropriate and optimal antibiotic prescriptions, and those who received inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions during the index uUTI episode. Appropriate antibiotic prescription was defined per IDSA 2011 guidelines for drug class and duration , Institutional Review Board approval for this study was not required because existing, deidentified hospital discharge data were used, and recorded information could not be identified directly or through identifiers linked to individuals. No informed consent of study participants was pursued due to the nature of the deidentified data.One uUTI episode was defined as a 28-day period without evidence of treatment failure . Where treatment failure was evident, the episode was extended for another 28 days from the date this occurred. In both Part A and Part B, the following study outcomes were assessed during the index uUTI episode and 12-month follow-up period: i) the percentage of patients with recurrent UTIs; ii) all-cause and UTI-related HRU, including the number of claims and the percentage of patients with these claims for inpatient, ED, and ambulatory care visits, and pharmacy services; iii) all-cause and UTI-related costs ; and iv) antibiotic treatment sequence, including drug name and percentage of antibiotics that were prescribed first, and drug name and percentage of antibiotics that were prescribed next (up to third treatment). UTI-related claims were associated with a principal or secondary UTI diagnosis. Costs were adjusted to 2019 US dollars using the medical care component of the Consumer Price Index.Descriptive statistics were used to describe patient characteristics and study outcomes. Continuous data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range; two sample comparisons were evaluated using a t-test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum test for continuous variables. Categorical data were expressed as counts and percentages of patients in each category; Chi-square or Fisher’s tests were used to test for statistical differences between comparison groups for categorical variables.The independent effect of inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions on study outcomes was assessed using multivariable regression analyses, adjusting for age group, race, ethnicity, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score category . Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions and risks of inpatient, ED, or outpatient visits, and UTI recurrence; adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. We used generalized linear regression modeling to compare differences in costs between the two groups. For total cost during index episode, the model followed gamma loglink distribution and for total 12-month UTI-related and all-cause follow-up costs, the models followed inflated zero negative binomial distribution due to many zero values. All other costs were assessed only among those who incurred cost, and the models followed gamma loglink distribution. All adjusted means were estimated using recycled prediction method ), and SXT (n = 1505 [25.6%]). Of patients prescribed CIP, 2.0% switched to NFT and 1.7% switched to SXT. Of patients prescribed NFT, 2.6% switched to CIP and 1.5% switched to SXT. Of patients prescribed SXT, 3.0% switched to CIP and 2.4% switched to NFT . All firOur results suggest that an inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescription for uUTI is common in the US, and that this practice is associated with higher HRU and costs as well as an increased risk of recurrent UTI infection. Furthermore, these data suggest that antibiotic switching  is also significantly associated with higher HRU and an increased risk of UTI recurrence, compared with not switching antibiotics.Inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions were observed in nearly half of all outpatient visits for uUTI and were associated with higher costs and mean numbers of ambulatory care and pharmacy claims during the index uUTI episode, compared with appropriate and optimal antibiotic prescriptions for uUTI. Patients with inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions were also more likely to visit the ED due to UTI within 12 months of the index episode than patients with appropriate and optimal antibiotic prescriptions. Despite the availability of well-established treatment guidelines , prescriAntimicrobial resistance to routinely prescribed antibiotics results in higher costs, health consequences, and challenges in the treatment of UTIs , 13, whiThis study used real-world data, providing insight into HRU and costs associated with inappropriate and/or suboptimal antibiotic prescriptions, and the impact of antibiotic switching. In addition, these data have highlighted an unmet need for training to optimize prescribing practices for uUTI per IDSA guidelines.There are several study limitations. uUTI identification was based on diagnosis codes and a series of rule-out conditions; therefore, uUTI misclassification may have occurred. If a complicated UTI was included in a cohort it may have inflated the calculations for associated HRU and costs; however, we expect minimal effect on comparisons since misclassification would have been non-differential across different comparison groups. Furthermore, the presence of a claim for a filled prescription does not indicate whether the medication was taken by the patient or whether used as prescribed. This was a retrospective observational study, so we were only able to report associations and cannot comment directly on potential causality. There were insufficient data on the results of urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity to ascertain the reasons for antibiotic switching (e.g. due to antibiotic resistance or re-infection with another uropathogen), and we were only able to assess comorbidities reported during the index visit and/or visits to healthcare settings during the 6 months prior to index visit. If a patient did not have a clinical visit during the assessment period, comorbidities may have been underestimated, although any underestimation would be non-differential across different comparison groups. The study only used a subset of the Optum database and relied on linked data to follow-up health outcomes post-admission. Due to this, the results of this study may not be generalizable outside of the patient sample analyzed from the US, and so additional research into this field incorporating healthcare claims from a range of databases would be beneficial in expanding the potential reach of the data.Using real-world data, we observed a positive association between inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescription and antibiotic switching with higher HRU and costs, compared with no antibiotic switching and appropriate and optimal antibiotic prescriptions among female outpatients with uUTI. Patients who switched antibiotic were also more likely to experience a recurrent UTI. Our findings have subsequent implications for the need to improve prescribing practices and prescriber education for uUTI, as means of optimizing patient care in the US.S1 File(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


We aimed to explore the role of Solute Carrier Family 35 Member F2 (SLC35F2) in pancreatic cancer (PCa) and to further study whether SLC35F2 regulates cisplatin resistance of PCa cells through the modulation of RNA binding motif protein 14 (RBM14) expression. SLC35F2 expression in 60 pairs of PCa tissues and adjacent ones was studied by RT-PCR analysis. Meanwhile, SLC35F2 expression levels in PCa cell lines were also evaluated by qPCR assay. In addition, SLC35F2 knockdown models were constructed in PCa cisplatin-resistant cells. Furthermore, we determined the interaction between SLC35F2 and RBM14 via luciferase assay. The findings of the present study demonstrated that SLC35F2 was significantly upregulated in PCa tissues. High level of SLC35F2 indicated higher incidence of metastasis and shorter survival rates. In vitro cell experiments revealed that knockdown of SLC35F2 suppressed cell invasion and metastasis capacity of cisplatin-resistant PCa cell lines PANC-1/DDP and CFPAC-1/DDP. It was also suggested that the key protein RBM14 in the SLC35F2 knockdown group was remarkably reduced. SLC35F2 can bind to RBM14 specifically. Overexpression of RBM14 partially reversed the effects of knockdown of SLC35F2 on the development of PCa. SLC35F2 expression in PCa tissues and cell lines is remarkably increased. In addition, it was also suggested that SLC35F2 may regulate cisplatin resistance of PCa cells through modulating RBM14 expression. In conclusion, it is conceivable from the study that SLC35F2 was remarkably upregulated in PCa and promoted the malignancy of PCa via regulating RBM14. According to the latest epidemiological statistics released by the American Cancer Society, there were an estimated 43,090 PCa-related deaths, including 22,300 in men and 20,790 in women. Meanwhile, this cancer has been the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in men, accounting for 7% of all cancer deaths, second to lung and bronchial cancer (27%), colorectal cancer (9%), and prostate cancer (8%). Among female tumor-related cases, PCa accounts for 7% of deaths, also ranking fourth, after lung and bronchial cancer 25%), breast cancer 14%), and colorectal cancer (8%) [4%, and c%, breastCisplatin is a first-generation platinum drug and a nonspecific cell cycle drug , 9. The Human PCa samples were collected from 60 cases of surgically resected specimens of the pancreatic duct in Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University and Shanghai Oriental Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University. All the samples had not received medical treatment and/or radiation treatment before surgery. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were according to a previous report . ImmediaLentivirus transfection was performed with sh-NC and sh-SLC35F2. Cells were collected for qPCR and western blotting analysis and cell function experiments. Cell transfection was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol step by step.Cells  were prepared for the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay according to the manufacturer's protocol.5 cells/well). The migrated cells were counted and observed after being stained by crystal violet.Cell migration or invasion ability was measured using a 24-well plate cell according to instructions. Cells were then prepared into cell suspensions and seeded in the upper Transwell chamber  and then reverse-transcribed using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit . The protocols of RT-PCR were according to a previous report . Each saTransfected cells were collected after 72 h of culture, and proteins were extracted for quantitative detection with the total protein concentration determined using the BCA method. Immunoblotting was carried out using primary rabbit polyclonal anti-SLC35F2  and rabbit polyclonal anti-RBM14  with GAPDH  as internal control, followed by incubation with the secondary goat anti-rabbit (HRP) IgG antibody . All the antibodies were purchased from Abcam . The semiquantitative analysis of the protein expressions was determined using alpha SP image software.PCa cells in good condition were used for luciferase assay. The relative fluorescence value was then detected by a photometer for comparison.χ2 test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for data analyses. The relationship between SLC35F2 and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by P < 0.05).qPCR detected SLC35F2 in 60 PCa samples and their adjacent tissues and PCa cell lines. Figures Subsequently, qPCR and western blotting detected an increased expression of SLC35F2 in cisplatin-resistant PCa patients . To furtFurthermore, to assess the influence of SLC35F2 on the proliferative ability of PCa cells, we constructed an SLC35F2 knockdown model in PCa cisplatin-resistant cells . SubsequBioinformatics research revealed that there may be some connection between SLC35F2 and RBM14 expression in PCa. Subsequently, SLC35F2 and RBM14 were cotransfected into PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cell lines, and luciferase assay verified that SLC35F2 can directly bind to RBM14 . In compIn order to investigate the association of SLC35F2 with RBM14, we overexpressed RBM14 in cisplatin-resistant PCa cell lines that silenced SLC35F2 and confirmed the transfection efficiency by western blotting . TransweCurrently, it is estimated that PCa will develop into the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2020 –4. Due tIn this study, we detected the SLC35F2 expression in 60 pairs of PCa patients' tumor tissues and adjacent tissues and found that it was remarkably upregulated in tumors and positively related to poor prognosis, indicating that SLC35F2 might be a cancer-promoting gene in PCa. In addition, to further understand the function of SLC35F2 in the formation and development of PCa, we knocked down SLC35F2 expression and found that downregulation of SLC35F2 increased the sensitivity of PCa to cisplatin and thus inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells, indicating that SLC35F2 may inhibit the cisplatin sensitivity of PCa cells.Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SLC35F2 could regulate RBM14 and thus affect cisplatin sensitivity, proliferation, and migration ability of PCa cells. We then confirmed the binding relationship and the positive regulation between SLC35F2 and RBM14 by a luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot. We subsequently found that overexpression of RBM14 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of silencing SLC35F2 on PCa cell invasion, suggesting that SLC35F2 may regulate cisplatin resistance of PCa cells by modulating RBM14. Further understanding of the biological effects of SLC35F2 and RBM14 genes and their role in the development of tumors will be more helpful for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation of tumors.In summary, SLC35F2 was remarkably upregulated in PCa, which was relevant to worse prognosis. Additionally, SLC35F2 may regulate cisplatin resistance of PCa cells and promote the malignancy of PCa via regulating RBM14.


Conclusion: WG did not significantly increase bile acid excretion in feces or decrease serum levels of total cholesterol. Moreover, WGP and WG both presented significant antioxidant activity in vivo (p < 0.05) and caused a significant reduction in cholesterol micellar solubility in vitro (p < 0.001). Therefore, WGP may effectively prevent hyperlipidemia and its complications as WGP treatment enhanced antioxidant activity, decreased the concentration of serum lipids and improved the activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism.Background: So far, no articles have discussed the hypolipidemic effect of wheat germ protein in in vivo experiments. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of wheat germ protein  and wheat germ  on cholesterol metabolism, antioxidant activities, and serum and hepatic lipids in rats fed a high-fat diet through gavage. Methodology: We used 4-week-old male Wistar 20 rats in our animal experiment. Biochemical indicators of fecal, serum and liver were tested by kits or chemical methods. We also conducted the cholesterol micellar solubility experiment in vitro. Results: After 28 days of treatment, our results showed that WGP significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three most common grains and is widely planted worldwide. The caryopsis of wheat is a staple food for human beings. After being milled into flour, the caryopsis can be used to make bread, steamed bread, biscuits, noodles and other foods [Wheat . The liver relative weight of the NC group was significantly lower than that of the HF, WG and WGP groups (p < 0.01). Therefore, by comparing with NC group, a high-fat diet alters the growth of rats and the WG and WGP treatment do not alter the growth of high-fat diet-induced rats. As shown in p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in TG between the NC group, HF group, WG group and WGP group. No significant difference was observed in HDL-c between the NC group, HF group, WG group and WGP group. WGP intake significantly lowered non-HDL-c levels in the high-fat-diet rats compared with the HF group (p < 0.05). Under the treatment of WGP, the levels of TC and non-HDL-c returned to a normal level.As shown in p < 0.001). The administration of WG and WGP did not significantly affect the content of TC, TG or total lipids in rat liver compared with the HF group. However, after treatment with WG and WGP, the level of TC was found to be slightly higher than that in the HF group.As shown in p < 0.01). However, the concentration of HMG-CoA reductase in the WG and WGP groups was not significantly higher than that in the HF and NC groups. Moreover, the WG and WGP treatments also significantly increased the concentration of LDL-R compared with the HF and NC groups (p < 0.01). WG showed better results than WGP (p < 0.01). In comparison with the NC group, the high-fat diet cannot affect the enzyme activity of CYP7A1, HMG-CoA and LDL-R.As shown in p < 0.05) than in the HF group. Moreover, fecal excretion was significantly higher in the NC group than the HF, WG and WGP groups (p < 0.01). As shown in p < 0.01) and HF groups (p < 0.05).As shown in p < 0.001). Treatment with WGP may have a better effect in terms of inhibiting cholesterol absorption.As shown in p < 0.01), T-AOC, and CAT and reduced the level of serum MDA (p < 0.01) in high-fat diet-induced rats after 4 weeks compared with the HF group. The treatment of WG and WGP significantly improved the activity of serum SOD (p < 0.01), but the WG group was similar to the NC group. The levels of serum MDA in the WG and WGP groups were significantly higher than that of NC group (p < 0.01). However, treatment with either WG or WGP did not significantly change the activity of serum GSH-Px (erum SOD A and T-Aerum SOD B comparem GSH-Px C comparep < 0.05), and the administration of WGP induced a significant effect on T-AOC compared with the HF group (p < 0.05). For the level of GSH-Px, the HF, WG and WGP groups were significantly higher than NC group (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the HF, WG and WGP groups. The activity of SOD was significantly increased under the treatment of both WG and WGP (p < 0.01) compared with the NC group and HF group. Only WG significantly increased the activity of CAT (p < 0.05) compared with the NC group and HF group. The level of CAT in WGP group was significantly higher than in the NC group (p < 0.01) and similar with the HF and WG groups. The level of MDA in the liver decreased significantly with the WGP or WG treatment (p < 0.05) compared with HF. However, the level of MDA in WGP group was significantly higher than in the NC group (p < 0.01). For the liver antioxidant index, the administration of WG showed a better effect.It is well known that the increased level of serum cholesterol or lipid profiles can promote atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases . An exceIn our research, we explored the hypolipidemic effect of wheat germ and wheat germ protein on high-fat-diet rats in vivo and in vitro. The administration of WG and WGP can effectively prevent metabolic complications in high-fat-diet rats with improvements in fecal and fecal bile acid excretion, a reduction in serum and liver lipid profiles, an increase in the protein levels involved in cholesterol metabolism, and modulate the antioxidant protein levels of serum and liver. In particular, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of WG and WGP on cholesterol micellar solubility. p < 0.05). Furthermore, WGP significantly promoted the excretion of fecal bile acids (p < 0.05). The classic bile acid’s biosynthetic pathway is generated by CYP7A1 by converting cholesterol to bile acid in the liver [In previous studies, a significant negative correlation was found between fecal steroid excretion and serum total cholesterol in rats . In our he liver . Thus, tp < 0.01). This result indicates that WG and WGP can effectively inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in intestinal. For better illustrating the cholesterol-lowing effect of WG and WGP in the intestines, we will explore the bile acid-binding ability and cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells in a future study.Many studies have stated that plasma cholesterol levels can be affected by dietary lipids . The uptp < 0.05). In a previous study, the treatment of wheat germ oil to hypercholesterolemic rabbits caused a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol, in agreement with our results [Moreover, we discovered that the administration of WG and WGP results in significant reductions in serum total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet . This result accords with our fecal experiments. These findings suggested that WG and WGP may enhance the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and fecal excretion to promote the circulation of cholesterol. Cholesterol biosynthesis is a complex process involving more than 30 enzymes, and HMG-CoA reductase as a rate-limiting enzyme plays a pivotal role in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. So, inhibiting the activity and concentration of HMG-CoA reductase is one possible method to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis [p < 0.01). This result means that hepatocytes would uptake more LDL-c in serum than the high-fat diet group. Additionally, this result also accords with previous data that show that total cholesterol in serum decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that WG and WGP could lower the serum lipids by increasing the content of LDL-R. CYP7A1 as a rate-limiting enzyme regulates the cholesterol conversion to bile acid in the liver . Bile acynthesis . In our ynthesis ,33. Our 2O2. GSH-Px is an endogenous antioxidant, which can decompose peroxides by converting H2O2 into H2O and CO2 [2O2 and in the adaptive response to proton donors (ROOH). CAT somehow assists GSH-Px by converting H2O2 and ROOH into H2O [p < 0.01). WG also has a significant effect on increasing the content of CAT in the liver (p < 0.05), while WGP significantly decreased the concentration of MDA the in liver (p < 0.05). For serum, the SOD, T-AOC and CAT levels of WG and WGP groups had a significantly improvement compared with the HF group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the MDA level in serum was significantly reduced under the treatment of WG and WGP (p < 0.05). These results indicated that WG and WGP are potential biosubstances that enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity. Moreover, WGP showed a better antioxidant capacity in serum.Many studies have clearly reported that high-fat diets can produce a great amount of free radicals and when their production exceeds the self-scavenging ability . Due to  and CO2 . Thus, Ginto H2O . The suminto H2O , etc. InTriticum aestivum L.) germ was purchased from the Inner Mongolia Hengfeng Food Industry (Group) Co., Ltd.  The wheat germ was cleaned and then turned into powder by passing it through a 60-mesh sieve. WGP was extracted from the wheat germ by alkali solution and acid isolation methods and then milled into powder. Wheat germ was dissolved in distilled water in a 2 L beaker to create a 10% solution, and then stirred for 2 h at 350 r/m at 50 ℃ with a constant temperature magnetic stirrer . The pH value was adjusted to 9.5 by 0.1 mol/L NaOH, and then, the solution was centrifuged at 3000× g for 20 min to obtain the supernatant. The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to pH 4.5 with 0.1 mol/L HCl, incubated for 2 h, and then centrifuged at 3000× g for 20 min to obtain the precipitate. The precipitate was washed with distilled water, and then the pH value was adjusted to pH 7.0. Finally, the residue was dried with a vacuum freeze dryer . The purity of the WGP was 80.10%.Wheat  Biotechnology Co. Ltd. The rats were housed in individual cages under a 12 h light–12 h dark cycle under temperature-controlled conditions at 22 ± 2 °C, with free access to food and water. After one week of being fed a commercial unpurified diet, the rats were divided into four groups. Animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Research of the Hetao College .n = 5 in each group) based on body weight: normal control (NC) group, high-fat diet (HF) group, WG group and WGP group. The amino acid compositions of the WG and WGP are shown in g for 15 min at 4 °C, and then stored at −80 °C. The liver was collected, weighed and stored at −80 °C for further study.Finally, twenty rats were divided into four experimental groups  reductase, cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in the liver were measured with Rat ELISA Kits . Total lipids of the liver were extracted by chloroform/methanol solution , as described by Folch et al. . The liv2SO4, 1 mL of 0.3% furfural was added after two minutes, and after 30 min of water bath at 65 °C the absorbance at 620 nm was recorded when the pink color developed with maximum intensity.The serum concentrations of TC, TG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were enzymatically measured with commercial assay kits . TC extracted from fecal matter was measured with commercial assay kits . According to the method reported by Bruusgaard et al.  and MalcWe modified the cholesterol micelle method reported by Kirana et al. slightly . Lipids The total antioxidant capability (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) of serum and liver were measured with assay kits .p < 0.05 was deemed to be a significant difference.All experimental dates are expressed as the means ± SEMs (standard error of mean). The data of the rats were analyzed by using SPSS software version 21. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by LSD (L) test and p < 0.05). Such benefits were associated with the WGP-mediated downregulation of cholesterol micellar solubility and upregulation of enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism, including CYP7A1 and LDL-R. Furthermore, WGP significantly decreased the content of MDA and increased the activity of SOD, CAT and the capacity of T-AOC (p < 0.05). However, WG did not significantly increase bile acid excretion in feces and decrease the serum levels of TC. These findings indicated that WGP may represent a viable, safe and attractive plant protein approach to attenuate the hyperlipidemia.In summary, we investigated the hypolipidemic effect of WG and WGP from wheat in high-fat diet-induced rats. The treatment of WGP significantly increased the concentration of fecal bile acids and decreased the levels of TC and non-HDL-c in serum (


Traffic accidents and derailed train-related incidents have occurred more often than ever in recent years, resulting in some economic damage and casualties. Reinforced concrete (RC) constructions often involve derailed train and vehicle accidents. Rarely are such side collisions studied in previous studies. To do this, high-fidelity simulation-based finite-element (FE) models are created in this paper to accurately simulate the collision of circular RC members with a derailed train. The reinforced concrete member structure is common in high-speed railway stations. The impact energy of the impact body is significant, causing structural member failure. It analyses the dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete members under unequal span impact loads. Numerical implementations of impact issues are discussed from the perspective of geometric, contact, and material properties. The reliability and precision of the ABAQUS code to solve impact issues are verified by comparing failure modes, impact, and deflection time history experimental outputs. By analysing the impact response characteristics, used the control variables to study the failure process and mode . The reinforcement ratio, impact velocity, concrete strength, and slenderness ratio significantly affect shear crack pattern and development. Changes in impact velocity and slenderness ratio also affect member failure modes. Reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to impact in normal use or natural disasters, such as the impact of various vehicles on the piers of urban overpasses and pedestrian bridges, the impact on indoor parking lot columns, the impact of ships on bridge piers, dock infrastructure, and derailed train on metro station building as well. These impacts sometimes not only lead to local damage to the structure but may even cause the collapse of the entire building, resulting in incalculable casualties and economic losses. The reinforced concrete structures will frequently be subjected to sudden loads such as impacts, earthquakes, and explosions during service life.4. There has been some investigation into these factors in the previous literature. The effects of the geometric shape parameters 9 on the material properties of the hollow steel tubes and CFST specimens subjected to axial compression tests were studied16. The results showed that the circular specimens are the ideal samples from axial stress and ductility values.The strength, deformation, elasticity, and confining effect are influenced due to the changes in the cross-section, reinforcement, and the width-to-thickness ratio of the members under the lateral impact loads17 studied the confining effects of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under axial compression due to the change of section shape. The circular steel tube has a greater confinement effect on the concrete than the square section. It is less prone to local buckling, especially when the width-to-thickness ratio of the cross-section is relatively small. It can be found that hollow reinforced concrete columns with the same cross-sectional area are less prone to torsion than solid reinforced concrete columns because of their relatively large torsional stiffness. The structural stability can be effectively improved when subjected to external loads18.Hu et al.21, especially severe diagonal cracks generated and punching shear failures will be formed at the impact location in the middle of the specimen with a short time when suffering high-speed impact23.Meanwhile, special-shaped reinforced concrete columns could usually meet the requirements of building functions. The failure modes of reinforced concrete members under lateral impact are quite different. The failure mode of reinforced concrete beams gradually changes from bending failure to shear failure as the impact velocity increases25.While the reinforced concrete members usually produce large deflection deformation at the impact point with unequal impact load position, and the flexural crack occurs with the steel rebarAlso, another study examines how effective shear reinforcement is as a rehabilitation strategy for PT "post-tensioned" slabs that falling boulders have injured. After the accident, rebuilt both slabs by replacing damaged components and installing shear ties to avoid future collapse.26. The explosion in Beirut on August 4, 2020, is regarded as a case study in a structural engineering technique using nonlinear computational finite element modeling of the silos.The impact test was performed following the repairs, and both punched shear capacity and normal stresses were measured27. In the past, experimental, analytical, and numerical studies have been performed to determine the RC columns' behavior under the impact loads caused by vehicle collisions. The constitutive relationship  under dynamic material load is important for numerical analysis. There is a significant difference between the mechanical properties of steel bars under dynamic and static loading. Steel has an obvious strain rate effect under dynamic load.This study aims to assess the structural response of grain silos to enormous blast loads. The explosion's size is defined as the magnitude of the computer model that causes the same silo damage and swaying seen on-site. In addition, the damage to the standing silos has been evaluated, and concluding suggestions have been provided by Yehya Temsah et al.28 model and the Johnson–Cook29 model are widely recognized by scholars. Once the strain rate is lower than a certain critical value, the growth of compressive strength decreases, and when the strain rate exceeds this critical value, the growth rate of compressive strength increases rapidly. Atchley and Furr30 conducted dynamic and static compression tests on concrete cylinders and found that the ultimate strength does not increase when the strain rate reaches a certain level.To describe the strain rate effect of steel bars under dynamic loading, scholars have proposed different constitutive models of steel bars considering the strain rate effect. Among them, the Cowper-Symonds31 and Yan and Lin32 found that the concrete tensile crack surface develops more straight under rapid variable loading, forcing the crack to pass through areas with greater resistance, such as aggregates. Therefore, a higher stress level is required to cause the specimen to fail. The same controversy still exists regarding the strain rate effect of concrete dynamic tensile strength. Cotsovos and Pavlovic33 believe that the increase in tensile strength at high strain rates is related to the structure's inertial effect rather than the material's actual behavior. Lu and Li34 proved through numerical simulations that the model did not increase strength due to the increase in strain rate. Therefore, the increase in concrete tensile strength observed in the dynamic test is the actual behavior of the material.Wu et al.4. Abas et al. studied the response of four RC square members to a lateral force. A finite element model was suggested to predict RC member impact responses. The results could improve RC members' withstand damage3.Liu et al. examined reinforced concrete members' dynamic response and failure mode. FRP reinforcement may modify the failure mode of members in both experimental and finite element analysis. After being wrapped in FRP layers, the shear failure of RC members becomes a bending failure35 used ABAQUS to simulate the dynamic response of 7 reinforced concrete members with a section size of 150 mm × 150 mm under low-speed horizontal impact loads. The authors studied the effect of impact mass and velocity on the failure mode of members. It is found that the inertia effect has a significant impact on the impact resistance of the member. Shen et al.36 utilized finite element modeling to analyze and reproduce the Bridge barge lateral impact accident and examine its causes. The FE findings suggested that the bridge collapsed due to flexural failure of the longitudinal pile foundation, which coincided with the field survey. Lateral impacts are worse than head-on and oblique crashes.Cai et al.4, the RC members' finite element (FE) models were developed and verified. The effects of the longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups ratio, impact velocity, concrete strength, and slenderness ratio on the dynamic response parameters of the RC members under unequal lateral impact loads were investigated further using the verified models. The study's findings will contribute to developing design codes for RC members subjected to unequal impact loads.Furthermore, using the tested specimens and comparable specimens available in the literature37. For more clarity, Table This research explores the numerical study of existing RC circular members' dynamic response and failure mechanism under unequal impact train collision to the experimental results reported in the author’s work37. The figures below depict the crack's development shape captured by a high-speed camera for each specimen and describe where the crack develops. Only the specimen's right side could be imaged due to the imaging distance limitation . The early impact crack was difficult to observe, marked with arrows. The arrow pointed in the same direction as the crack. The high-speed camera documented each member's destruction in Fig. Starting with the impact body and test specimens and finishing with the specimens' damage, this part delves into each specimen's crack development process in-depth, using the different explanations of crack modes from the experimental paper38 postulated that shear cracks might occur in three ways in slender beams with a significant shear forces ratio.YH1's failure surface is furthest from the near support's bottom. The specimen is severely damaged, but only between the impact point and the damaged surface. The failure surface of YH2 disappears entirely at the support's bottom, and the crack continues into the support. So, after the collision, the concrete is severely damaged and crushed, and the support's fixed part is pushed out for a distance. YH3's lower failure surface lies inside the shear span, closer to the support than YH1. The concrete from the right side to the failure surface collapsed, but the steel bars held firm. YH4 crack failure surface expanded, and the specimen's bottom concrete was split longitudinally. The concrete between the impact point and the support was shattered on the right side of the impact point. The steel bar pushes the support out a distance, crushing the concrete between the impact point and the support and seriously cracking the pushed-out concrete in the support. The failure surfaces of YH2 and YH4 disappear entirely at the support's bottom, and the crack continues into the support. Zhao et al.The impact height and reinforcement ratio may decrease specimen damage. Increasing the stirrup ratio has little influence on the initial impact on the specimen, but it may reduce the degree of concrete crushing. The experiment shows that the angle of the shear crack is related to the specimen's stiffness and impact velocity.Take advantage of ABAQUS to simulate the outcomes of the experiment. It is mainly concerned with nonlinear dynamic analysis and provides functions for static analysis as a side effect. These fields mostly focus on structural analysis, which is well-known for its great accuracy in simulation and calculation and its ability to predict possible results.The finite element analysis program ABAQUS (revision 2020) was used to model the nonlinear behavior of unequal lateral impact load members. The primary objectives of the FEM are to introduce an alternative tool that may be used in analysis or design and to verify the experimental works. The finite element simulation consisted of three stages. The first stage defines the module, assembly, and mesh geometry. The second stage will consider all the materials modeling definition properties, interaction contact, and boundary conditions. Afterward, select the output finding fields according to the research parameters in the third stage.dt) and compression (dc) variables mentioned in previous studies43. The dynamic cases have the specificity of using the Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) according to what was mentioned in fib MODEL CODE 2010 (MC2010)44 to determine the strain rate effect on the compressive strength of reinforced concrete. To establish the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed model, numerical simulation of dynamic compressive tests is implemented. The study's CDP model agrees with experimental data for dynamic loading circumstances with significant reliability43. Concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) is a prominent ABAQUS software material model for plain and reinforced concrete. Lubliner et al.45, Lee and Fenves46, and others characterized it. This model requires values of some material constants. Correct material constant values are an open scientific question47. The use of software while performing impact and explosion research is essential. It allows researchers to better illustrate the damage and destruction process of concrete under high-speed impact while also considering the strain rate effect of the concrete48. Figure 49. The hardening and softening branches are assumed to follow a parabolic trend in this constitutive model by Saenz. Tension behavior is studied using Hsu and Mo50 exponential tension stiffening curve, as reported in Abas et al.3. The RC member's weakening factor (n) is 0.5, which is based on the stress–strain behavior of the concrete, as illustrated in Fig. To simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete in this paper under dynamic loading conditions relies on the concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model, which has a ground-breaking record in the recently completed studies related to the development of original (CDP) models to determine the damage of reinforced concrete in the ABAQUS simulation software. The effect of mesh size on the stress–strain curves on the compressive and tensile behavior during the softening phase is considered (in the case stress reaches peak strength) for finite element models. The stress–strain curves in the CDP model have many advantages compared with the recently published results of previous studies. Simultaneously, an exponential function is used to replace the values of the tensile damage 52) set the boundary conditions as fixed support. All element nodes on the support sleeve should have translational and rotational degrees of freedom constrained in the X, Y, and Z directions. A free fall from a 2 m high rail was used in the test, and the drop weight came into contact with the member at that point. It is possible to reduce computation time and file size by having the falling weight fall 0.1 mm away from the impact location and then simulating how the weight impacts by giving an initial velocity for the falling weight in the software.Therefore, convergence is essential to the accuracy of solutions obtained by numerical models. When adopting explicit FEA techniques, coarse meshes might provide inaccurate analyses3. The definition (SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_CONTACT) is adopted between the member and the falling weight. This option employs advanced detection algorithms to maintain contact. The PURE MASTER SLAVE HARD kinematic algorithm simulates the contact behavior between rigid and deformable bodies. Compared to quasi-static stress, the final dynamic bond at failure is 70%–100% higher53. Steel deformation is a little below the impact point54. The time required to cause a considerable bond slip down the steel bar is inadequate. During the impact process, the slip between the steel bar and the concrete is very small. It has little effect on the impact dynamics of the members, so it is considered via a technique whose response is used to constrain the translational degrees of freedom of the embedded nodes; this constraint technique is called EMBEDDED_ELEMENTS. The overlay approach introduces position constraints insofar as nodes of the concrete part and the reinforcement part coincide55.Numerical simulation encounters another significant hurdle in the modeling of contact definition surfaces. The contact interaction algorithms in ABAQUS/Explicit are divided into two categoriesThe ABAQUS model parameters were validated numerically on four specimens. The structure's failure mode, impact force, and deflection-time history curve are validated.Figure Figure Each member's impact force–time history curve shows the same changing pattern in Fig. Reinforced concrete members subject to lateral impacts are modeled using finite elements in three dimensions in this section. Concrete, steel bars, and contact between parts are all considered in the model. Simulating the failure of each tested part, the concrete three-dimensional solid element is controlled by maximum main strain, whereas a steel bar is controlled by effective plastic strain. The model's failure mechanism, impact force, and deflection time history curves were confirmed. The findings demonstrate that the finite element model developed in this study adequately predicts reinforced concrete members' mechanical characteristics and failure mechanisms under lateral unequal-span impact loads. This model may be used for further study.The test findings describe reinforced concrete members' failure modes following an unequal span impact and force characteristics. The effect of numerous variables on the members' impact resistance is not well known because of the limited number of test members. Section 25, there are two types of longitudinal reinforcement ratios, YH1, YH2, and YH4, with 6ø6 (reinforcement ratio of 1.67%). Another type is YH3 with 6ø10 (reinforcement ratio of 4.61%). Four longitudinal reinforcement ratios of 6ø8, 6ø12, and 6ø14 were also considered. The longitudinal reinforcement ratios are 2.95%, 6.65%, and 9.05%, respectively. The members with different longitudinal reinforcement ratios indicate as LR1 (6ø6), LR2 (6ø8), LR3 (6ø10), LR4 (6ø12), and LR5 (6ø14), according to the different diameters of steel bars.Increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of concrete members within a range may enhance stiffness, minimize fracture appearance, and reduce crack propagation. Increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio to (2.76) times the original may significantly decrease concrete crushing and damage. It is shown here how altering the longitudinal reinforcement diameter changes the reinforcement ratio of the members and how this affects their performing mechanism. According to the experimental test dataFigure Consequently, the concrete is less damaged, and the members are more stable. Figure Details on each member's time history impact force curves are shown in Fig. The member's force–deflection curve is shown in Fig. A higher longitudinal reinforcement ratio increases the overall stiffness and hence the deformation resistance of a reinforced concrete member. However, once the longitudinal reinforcement ratio reaches a limit, the member's energy absorption capability is reduced owing to premature concrete collapse. The member's impact resistance decreases when the longitudinal reinforcement ratio exceeds 6.65%.The major role of concrete in reinforced concrete structures is to withstand compression, and the conventional values of compressive strength of concrete have changed dramatically. Thus, changes in concrete strength grade may affect the impact resistance of reinforced concrete elements. Concrete grade C55 was utilized in the experiment. Finite element simulations were used to add members with different concrete strength grades  to examine how concrete strength affects the member's impact resistance. CSG1 (C45), CSG2 (C55), CSG3 (C65), CSG4 (C75), and CSG5 (C85) are indicated concrete strength grades as the five members with various concrete strength grades. Under varying concrete strength values, a member’s ultimate failure mode is shown in Fig. For C65 and below, the concrete is shattered and split on the right side of the impact point owing to shear fractures, and the members split into two sections, joined by exposed longitudinal steel bars in the center. Tensile force is concentrated around the impact point. However, when the concrete strength exceeds C65, the longitudinal steel bars break on the right side of the impact point, indicating that the concrete becomes more brittle. A member bearing capacity is reduced when it is damaged. Excessive impact energy will rupture the longitudinal steel bar. Damaged concrete members during unequal impact increase as concrete strength increase above C65. Figure Each member's impact force is shown in Fig. The force–deflection curve for various concrete strengths is shown in Fig. The partially completed concrete section carries it to the impact point's side. When the concrete strength is more than C65, the members are fractured at the impact point, and the left side of the members becomes a cantilever beam that continues to sustain the impact load.In summation, concrete strength between C45 to C65 does not influence member impact resistance. However, when the concrete strength exceeds C65, it becomes brittle, reducing the members' impact resistance and making them easy to fracture.In the experimental test results, the members have been extensively damaged by high-impact energy, although YH1 and YH2 have varying degrees of damage. Other parameters are held constant to evaluate the impact energy on the impact resistance of reinforced concrete members. The impact velocity changes the impact energy. Parameters V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7, V8, V9, and V10, are computed for the impact height range of 2 m beginning from 0.2 m with a 0.2 m gradient. In Fig. Figure The member's force–time history curve at various impact velocities is shown in Fig. The member force–deflection curve is in Fig. The impact velocity will generally influence the member's failure shape . A velocity of impact less than 2.80 m/s causes bending failure; a velocity of impact between 2.80 m/s and 3.43 m/s causes critical bending and shear failure. Shear failure occurs when the impact velocity exceeds 3.96 m/s. The member may be entirely damaged if the impact velocity reaches 5.24 m/s.Stirrups are utilized to meet the oblique section's shear strength and strengthen the member's integrity. To investigate the influence of the stirrup ratio on members' impact resistance, the stirrup spacing was altered as s = 60 mm, s = 70 mm, s = 80 mm, and s = 90 mm. At the same time, the other parameters remained the same. The condition s = 50 mm, and s = 100 mm investigates the members, and these parameters are denoted from small to wider spacing as SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, SR5, and SR6. Figure In conclusion, the stirrup ratio has little influence on the member's failure mechanism and impact force. Still, it may decrease the damage degree of the member and prevent it from being entirely broken.L) is the actual measured length of the member, (K) stands for effective length. The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) manual lists these values between 0.5 and 2.056. The value of K depends on how the boundary condition members are attached in a structure (K = 0.5 for two fixed-end members), (r) is the circular section radius. Altering the member's diameter demands a lot of effort in the finite element, therefore, changing the member's length changes the slenderness ratio. The test scales its cross-sectional area, and its diameter is computed.The slenderness ratio of the member may be computed by The slenderness ratio is determined without affecting the member's length. Assume that the member's other criteria stay fixed and that the slenderness ratio alters the member's length. Each member's slenderness ratio for the specimen (YH2) is 19.41, 18.43, 17.55, 16.76, and 16.28. Their clear span lengths are 1006 mm, 950 mm, 900 mm, 855 mm, and 827 mm, respectively, with parameter names indicated in succession for members as SLr1, SLr2, SLr3, SLr4, and SLr5. Figure The region of stress concentration grows as the member's slenderness ratio increases. The member's force–deflection time history curve is shown in Fig. Integrate the curve to absorb energy. The energy absorbed by the member and the right end support increases with the slenderness ratio. Still, the left end support absorbs less energy as the slenderness ratio increases. The member grows, impact resistance improves, and energy is consumed. The member may be bent and damaged as the slenderness ratio increases, allowing energy to be efficiently transmitted to the supports at both ends.To summarize, the member's deformation ability, energy absorption capacity, and stress concentration area increase with the slenderness ratio. The peak value of the impact force reduces significantly, and the duration increases, but the impact force plateau remains the same. As the slenderness ratio increases, the member's failure mechanism changes from shear to bending. Once the slenderness ratio reaches 35.30, the member fails in bending-shear. Whenever the slenderness ratio exceeds 35.30, the member may fail by bending.Figure Increasing a member's reinforcement ratio may help it withstand deformation. Conversely, over-reinforced above 6% of members fail early due to steel failure. Its energy absorption capacity decreases with the increase in the reinforcement ratio > 4.6%.Concrete strength grades CSG1, CSG2, and CSG3 have minimal effect on member impact resistance. Concrete stronger than CSG3 (65 MPa) is easily fractured.Members fail due to impact velocity . If the impact velocity is less than 2.80 m/s, the member will deform. The member may bend and shear between 2.80 m/s and 3.43 m/s. Shear failure occurs at 3.96 m/s effects. At 5.24 m/s, the member may completely fracture.The stirrups ratio does not affect the member failure mechanism or impact force. It may nevertheless decrease the damage and stop the member from becoming separated.The slenderness ratio improves deformation, plateau value, energy absorption by ≤ 18.43% as well. The SLr1 element failed the bending test. With an increasing slenderness ratio, the peak impact force drops, and the member fails in bending rather than shear.Under unequal span lateral impact loads, this paper focuses on five aspects of reinforced concrete members' dynamic response and failure mechanism. A drop hammer impact testing of reinforced concrete members exposed to unequal lateral impact. Establishing finite element models with the influence of various parameters. Unequal span high-velocity impact stresses cause shear failure. The right side of the impact point creates the shear failure surface. The top of the failing surface is the point of impact. Three-dimensional unequal span lateral impact finite element model of reinforced concrete members steel and concrete are included because of their strain rate impacts. Compare the test findings to the model's failure mechanism, impact force–time history curve, and deflection time curve simulation results. The results show that the finite element model proposed in this work accurately predicts reinforced concrete members forced mechanical characteristics and failure mechanisms. The findings of finite element analysis on the impact resistance reveal that:It is essential to examine the specimens' response to axial force. Attempts should be made to identify feasible approaches to enhance the ability value associated with FRP sheet wrapping in reinforcement concrete. In the construction sector, the outcomes of such investigations would immediately assist.


These findings offer clarificationinto the problematic attempts of therapeutics targeting heroin’smetabolites and provide a path forward for future heroin immunopharmacotherapydevelopment.The opioid epidemic is a global public health crisisthat has failedto abate with current pharmaceutical treatments. Moreover, these FDA-approveddrugs possess numerous problems such as adverse side effects, shorthalf-lives, abuse potential, and recidivism after discontinued use.An alternative treatment model for opioid use disorders is immunopharmacotherapy,where antibodies are produced to inhibit illicit substances by sequesteringthe drug in the periphery. Immunopharmacotherapeutics against heroinhave engaged both active and passive vaccines targeting heroin’smetabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, since decadesof research have stated that heroin’s psychoactive and lethaleffects are mainly attributed to these compounds. However, concertedefforts to develop effective immunopharmacotherapies against heroinabuse have faced little clinical advancement, suggesting a need forreassessing drug target selection. To address this issue, four uniquemonoclonal antibodies were procured with distinct affinity to eitherheroin, 6-AM, or morphine. Examination of these antibodies through  A monoclonal antibody capable of protectingagainst heroin’spsychoactive and lethal effects shows decades of research have beenmistargeting heroin’s metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine andmorphine. These small molecules areproblematic due to adverse side-effects, short half-lives, limitedavailability, high cost, medication adherence complications, therapeuticabuse potential, and relapse to addiction after discontinued use.9For decades, leaders around the globehave tried to address theescalating opioid epidemic. However, since the start of the COVID-19pandemic, opioid abuse and overdose cases have reached record highsand traditional therapeutic models have not abated the exponentialgrowth of opioid use disorders (OUDs).11 The hapten is conjugated to alarger immunogenic protein to aid in immune system recognition ofthe small hapten antigen.13 When the hapten-proteinconjugate is administered to generate therapeutic polyclonal antibodiesagainst the abused drug, this is considered active immunization. Acomplementary immunopharmacotherapeutic method is passive immunization,where monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are obtained and injected intothe system to protect against drug effects. Unlike active immunization,passive vaccination does not require lengthy inoculation schedulesand provides immediate protection. The main merit of immunopharmacotherapyis that antibodies remain in the periphery while sequestering thedrug, thus avoiding the adverse side effects and potential for abusethat traditional pharmaceutics possess.14 Moreover,this therapeutic model can provide long-term protection, making itmore cost-effective and accessible.Due to these disadvantages, another mode of therapy that hasbeenexamined to address OUDs is immunopharmacotherapy. This method requiresthe development of a small-molecule that mimics the drug of abusecalled a hapten.17 Here, hapten design has been a fundamental component for vaccineadvancement, and as such, most haptens have been planned to preservethe parent drug’s structure. In contrast, active and passivevaccine development against heroin has been a more daunting task asthis illicit opioid is metabolized into multiple psychoactive structures.With these challenges in mind, immunopharmacotherapy endeavors forheroin have focused on a hapten model wherein broad-spectrum protectionhas been sought against heroin’s metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine(6-AM) and morphine,26 which are produced from heroin through sequential deacetylationby esterase enzymes.28 This established vaccine paradigmcan be attributed to the fact that heroin shows a lower affinity forthe μ-opioid-receptor (MOR) than its metabolites,29 and despite the advancements of these preclinical vaccine reports,there is growing evidence that clinical success is far from certain.30Researchers have developedimmunopharmacotherapies to address severalsubstance use disorders including cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine,fentanyl, and hydro/oxycodone.22 The binding profiles of these four mAbs wereanalyzed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which revealed eachmAb had nanomolar affinities and unique specificities to either heroin,6-AM, morphine, or both heroin and 6-AM. Using this data as a foundation,antinociception, pharmacokinetic, and overdose assays were conductedin order to resolve the key chemical species to be targeted for effectiveblunting of behavioral, toxic, and lethal effects of heroin, whichin turn would help reconfigure future heroin immunopharmacotherapydevelopment.Considering the futile history of heroinvaccine research, we feltto develop an effective immunopharmacotherapeutic against heroin,a departure was needed from previous efforts. Our process led us toconsider obtaining mAbs with unique binding characteristics to heroinand its metabolites. Inferences of such an approach would allow usto dissect which of these entities is the crucial chemical speciesto target with immunopharmacotherapy. Toward this end, four mAbs weregenerated using a unique deutero-heroin hapten that has been shownto have broad-spectrum affinity to heroin and its metabolites.dAc, 22 In brief, the hapten was conjugated to keyholelimpet hemocyanin (HdAc-KLH) and formulated with an adjuvantcocktail consisting of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and alum. Micewere inoculated with this vaccine, and sera were collected on weeks4, 6, and 10 to characterize the antibodies generated (dAc-BSA). Antibody affinity toheroin and its metabolites, 6-AM and morphine, was observed by anSPR competitive binding assay using sera incubated with varying concentrationsof drug that was flowed across a chip coated with HdAc-BSA.As anticipated, this vaccine produced robust antibody titer levelswith nanomolar affinity to heroin and its metabolites (Table S1). This sequence of events led to theutilization of the mouse with the best antidrug serum profile formAb production. This was achieved by harvesting the mice spleens toisolate B-cells for myeloma cell fusion to produce hybridomas. Successfulfusion was confirmed by plating and screening hybridomas by usingELISA against HdAc-BSA, which revealed 17 hybridomas thattested positive for drug-binding capabilities (Tables S2 and S3). These hybridomas were implemented intoSPR competitive binding assays against heroin and its metabolitesto test their affinities and specificities. Based on this profiling,four hybridomas were selected for additional rounds of subcloningand grown at a larger scale to obtain milligram quantities of mAbs.To producean assortment of mAbs to heroin and its metabolites, we chose to implementa deuterated heroin hapten HdAc, 1, which enerated 1. Antiboin vitro testingusing SPR to observe their binding to heroin and its metabolites (KD). However, 4G12showed promising binding profiles against 6-AM, followed by 6E1 then11D12. Monoclonal 6B11 failed to produce any affinity against heroinand 6-AM but was the only mAb to exhibit affinity for morphine amongthe four antibodies. The IC50 values revealed 11D12, 4G12,and 6E1 could bind to heroin and 6-AM on a nanomolar level. Antibody11D12 had the best IC50 value among the three mAbs forheroin, 3.7 and 10.5-fold greater than 4G12 and 6E1, respectively.On the other hand, 6E1 displayed the tightest binding to 6-AM at 2.47nM, which was 6.3 and 7.3 times greater than 4G12 and 11D12, respectively.This in vitro analysis of these four mAbs demonstratedan array of antibodies that displayed unique characteristics by eitherhaving compelling binding profiles to heroin (11D12), 6-AM (6E1),morphine (6B11), or heroin and 6-AM (4G12). We viewed this diversityto be critical, as it would allow us to probe whether heroin, itsmetabolites, or the combination of both should be targeted in thedevelopment of effective immunopharmacotherapies.Upon cloning and isolation of stable cell lines,the four selectedmAbs were implemented into further abolites 1. Agains32 Therefore, antinociception testsare often implemented to observe the effectiveness of potential therapeuticsin affecting the perception of pain upon drug exposure. In these behavioralstudies, nociceptive pain on the supraspinal level is detected usinghot plate and spinal responses are observed through tail flick tests.33 This is accomplished by cumulatively dosingthe animals with drug, while repeatedly assessing their response tothermal stimuli, until antinociception occurs at a predetermined timepoint to prevent tissue damage, which is considered 100% maximum possibleeffect of the drug.34 These repeated assessmentsgenerate dose–response curves that allow us to obtain the ED50 values, where half of the animals per group experience fullantinociception. Antinociception tests are reliable in examining theeffectiveness of antidrug antibodies, since the ability of the mAbsto interfere with MOR activation can be observed through the increasein ED50 values for treated mice.When heroin and its metabolitesinteract with the MOR, it results in euphoria, respiratory depression,and analgesia.in vivo analyses.The initial evaluationbegan by administering 120 mg/kg of each mAb to mice intravenously(IV), since that was the highest dose, which could be administeredin a bolus injection. Mice were pretreated with mAbs 30 min priorto heroin exposure for antinociception studies. At the highest dose,11D12 and 6E1 were significantly different from controls in hot plateand tail flick tests 2a, b. MoThe two most promising mAbs were administered ata lower dose of60 mg/kg prior to cumulative drug exposure for antinociception studies.Even with the lower dose, 11D12 was still significantly differentfrom controls in both hot plate and tail flick tests, while 6E1 failedto follow this trend 2c. These50 values from controlswhen administered at high and low concentrations but also since ithad higher potency ratios than the other mAbs. Suffice it to say,potency ratios are an effective means to identify whether a immunopharmacotherapeuticcan be considered beneficial for treating substance use disorders,since it has been proposed that an effective therapeutic should passa “naltrexone benchmark”, which requires an 8-fold potencyshift in behavioral studies.35 Moreover,11D12 is the only mAb among the candidates that passed this benchmarkand displayed significant differences from controls at both high andlow levels of mAb treatment, thus it was chosen for further in vivo analyses.Havingestablished antinociception data on the four mAbs, 11D12was considered the best mAb candidate from the group not only becauseit showed significant differences in ED36 Passive immunizationof mAbs would thwart renarcotization since antibodies have longerhalf-lives and exhibit similar effects of pharmacokinetic antagonism.37Although the antinociceptiontests showed the significant protective effects of 11D12 when administeredprior to drug exposure, a critical aspect of passive immunizationthat active immunization cannot provide is the ability to be administeredas a therapeutic post-drug exposure to reverse deadly drug effectselicited by MOR activation. Naloxone is an FDA-approved small-moleculeantagonist that is commonly used to reverse such lethal opioid effects.However, its short half-life has proved problematic in the currentopioid epidemic due to “renarcotization”, where naloxoneneeds to be administered repeatedly to be effective against fatalopioid effects.50 of heroin in naïvemice . After 15 min, nociceptionresponses were recorded again, then mice were injected with 120 mg/kgmAb IV and observed for an additional hour. Based on the drug affinityand antinociception assays, vide supra, 11D12 and4G12 were examined. Recourse here dictated the use of 11D12, as itwas the best candidate from the previous antinociception study withthe greatest affinity for heroin , which was approximately8-fold greater than the EDïvemice S1. Afterr heroin 1.One mivide supra, mAb 11D12produced significant differences from controls in returning mice exposedto heroin back to baseline starting at 30 min postdrug exposure or15 min post-mAb administration . Pharmacokineticanalysis was done using a two-compartmental model since drugs andmAbs were injected IV using a bolus dose. Both 11D12 and 4G12 wereutilized in this study so that differences could be noted in the pharmacokineticsbetween mAbs that had higher affinity for either heroin or 6-AM. Intheory, the half-life of the drug should be extended if the mAb bindstightly to the drug or metabolite, based upon formation of a stableantibody-drug complex.13To observe how the selected mAbs alterheroin’s metabolism When micewere injected with only drug, heroin and 6-AM had half-lives of 0.7and 8.9 min, respectively 2. The havide supra. Although in vitro studies showed 4G12 had someaffinity for heroin . Weobserved that mice treated with 11D12 would either advance very quicklythrough the different seizure types and expire or remain in forelimbclonus, then begin walking in circles, the latter of which is normalbehavior observed in mice exposed to opioids. Generally, mice treatedwith 11D12 would remain very active, if they survived. However, for4G12, the mice tended to progress from forelimb clonus and loss ofposture to running bouncing clonus, then revert to the previous stageand progress forward again. These mice cycled through the differentseizure scales repeatedly until they eventually died after tonic hindlimbextension, or if they survived, they remained motionless and inactive.In addition to 11D12 significantly protecting against lethal dosesof heroin, its ability to produce less severe cycling through seizureswas noteworthy.Although most mice that were administered mAb and the lethal doseexhibited some seizing activity, there were distinct differences betweenthe two antibody groups (22 since studies showed 6-AM and morphine were the major culprits ineliciting the common psychoactive and lethal effects of heroin use.43 However, by utilizing mAbs withunique binding profiles to heroin and its metabolites, our study exposesheroin as the principal drug target for developing an effective immunotherapeutic.Using this strategy, a mAb was discovered that can protect againstthe psychoactive and fatal effects of heroin by specifically inhibitingthe parent drug structure. Moreover, this is the first report of amAb that can significantly protect against lethal doses of heroinand suggests a necessary paradigm shift for future development ofeffective immunopharmacotherapy against heroin. Finally, althoughthe metabolic complexity and opioid receptor recognition that heroinpossesses as a drug had manifested into a complex and challengingimmunologic target for vaccine development, the research we have detailedis expected to facilitate the preparation of improved heroin vaccines,thus enhancing opportunities for clinical advancement of immunopharmacotherapy.For decades, research has focused on developinga vaccine withbroad-spectrum protection against heroin’s metabolites,


The characteristics of cement-based composites containing fly ash as supplementary cementitious material were discussed. This research evaluated the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of FA-based concrete. Additionally, the various factors affecting the aforementioned properties are discussed, as well as the limitations associated with the use of FA in concrete. The addition of fly ash as supplementary cementitious material has a favorable impact on the material characteristics along with the environmental benefits; however, there is an optimum level of its inclusion (up to 20%) beyond which FA has a deleterious influence on the composite’s performance. The evaluation of the literature identified potential solutions to the constraints and directed future research toward the application of FA in higher amounts. The delayed early strength development is one of the key downsides of FA use in cementitious composites. This can be overcome by chemical activation  and the addition of nanomaterials, allowing for high-volume use of FA. By utilizing FA as an SCM, sustainable development may promote by lowering CO From the various kinds of industrial byproducts that can be used as SCMs, the most common is FA.Industrial solid waste makes up a sizable portion of human-generated wastes, which come in a vast range of forms and are highly complex in nature ,2,3. Heamissions ,11,12. Tmissions ,14,15. Esions [2 ,17,18, asions [2  due to tsions [2 ,21,22. Rsions [2 . Since tsions [2 ,25,26. Ssions [2 ,28,29. Tsions [2 ; it coulFA is a byproduct of coal combustion that is accumulated at the top of boilers, particularly in coal-fired power plants ,32. The The amorphous silica in FA reacts with the calcium hydroxide to form calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) . FA’s poThe use of FA in low (<30%) and high (>30%) volume in concrete is a pioneering move that has already altered the worldwide concrete industry’s approach. Mostly, FA is disposed of in landfills, which has had severe implications, the majority of its portion has been successfully utilized in the concrete industry for the last three to four decades. Additionally, the frequent generation of FA has compelled government officials and experts to develop a more dependable method of consuming it, while the application of FA to the development of sustainable concretes will almost certainly alter the future building industry ,51,52. E2/kg [2 reduction [2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 concentrations greater than 70%. While “Class C” FA is generated by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal that consists of 50% to 70% of the aforementioned chemicals [2 formed during cement hydration is required; therefore, the chemical composition of FA performs a major part in determining its performance in cementitious composites [FA is a primary solid waste generated by coal-fired energy plants, and these plants are looking for economically viable ways to dispose of it. FA particles are generally spherical, solid/hollow in nature, mainly glassy (amorphous), with particle sizes varying from <1 µm to 150 µm ,54,55. T2/kg . FA can 2/kg ,58. Besieduction ,60, FA ieduction , decreaseduction , and impeduction ,63. Regaeduction . The ASTeduction . FA clashemicals . Class Fhemicals . CaO amohemicals ; thus, tmposites . The ranw/c). They stated that for conventional FA, “k” is a function of the w/c and that the cementing efficiency of FA tends to decline as the w/c increases [w/c.Smith  proposedncreases . On the ncreases  asserted2O3 and SiO2 content of FA and is stimulated by the Portlandite generated during cement hydration to generate a more hydrated gel. This gel plugs the capillary pores in the matrix, increasing its strength [Apart from cementing efficiency, pozzolanicity is another critical term in the context of FA concrete. Among the numerous favorable benefits of FA in cement/concrete, the pozzolanic effect is believed to be the most important . The pozstrength . As a restrength .w/b), type, and quantity of SCM [FA has plasticizing properties that improve the workability of the composites . Lee et y of SCM . Conversy of SCM . The decw/b, type, and dose of SCM [Lee et al.  highlighe of SCM .w/b ratios [Apart from these parameters, prior research has also demonstrated that the packing density of the cement-based composites also has a significant role in determining the cement paste’s flowability, particularly at low b ratios ,89. Esseb ratios ; howeverb ratios ,92,93. Tb ratios . This inw/b, replacement ratio, and curing temperature. FA fineness is a major factor [2 produced during the hydration of cement and makes secondary hydrates, for example, CSH [Numerous tests are used to determine the concrete performance, but CS is often regarded as the most critical. CS tests provide a clear indication of the varied properties of concrete. The literature established that CS is related to a variety of mechanical and durability attributes directly or indirectly . In other factor  in contrr factor . The pacr factor . Chindapr factor ,101,102 r factor ,104,105;ple, CSH .The quantity of FA used as cement replacement in composites also affects their properties. The 28-days CS results of specimens at various replacement levels of FA have been provided in The effect of FA addition has been investigated in self-compacting concrete (SCC). For example, substituting 35% FA for cement results in a 10% reduction, but substituting 55% FA leads to a 24% reduction compared to the control SCC mix . SimilarAnother essential mechanical characteristic of concrete is its tensile strength, which has a significant effect on the extent and size of cracking in concrete structures. Because concrete is weak in tension, it is critical to do a pre-evaluation of their split-tensile strength (STS) ,117. The2 to CSH, the binder phase. Due to the lack of CSH and Ca(OH)2 in FA-containing concrete, it is unable to build early age strength [STS was increased at higher curing ages in comparison to lower curing ages, as examined in most previous findings. According to published reports, FA interacts with calcium ions from Ca(OH)strength ,119; morstrength ,120; howstrength .The review of the past studies revealed that using FA at lower replacement levels can improve the flexural strength (FS) of composites, as shown in The addition of FA also enhances the durability performance of cementitious composites. Saha  investigOne of the main causes of concrete cracking is the strains caused by shrinkage. While the stresses created by restricted shrinkage have no effect on the structure’s integrity, they do raise the likelihood of durability issues ,129. Whi2 from the hydrated cement paste, generating more sulfate-resistant CSH without incorporating additional reactive phases present in high Ca FA that can accelerate sulfate-induced deterioration, while high Ca FA can hydrate independently during the generation of additional Ca(OH)2, hence accelerating sulfate-induced deterioration [The effect of FA on the resistance of mortar and concrete to sulphate attack has been widely studied. The significant range in performance of FA cement blends is due to the variety of FA kinds and compositions, as well as changes in mix proportions and construction techniques. In general, low Ca FA is more resistant to sulphate than high Ca FA because it can consume more Ca(OH)ioration . Apart fioration . Most ofioration ,141,142.Water absorption (WA) is a feature of cementitious materials that are directly associated with its durability or long-term behavior. The existence of pores, cracks, and fissures in the matrix increases WA, which influences the mechanical and other durability aspects. In general, an increase in WA associated with an increase in FA indicates an increase in the volume of accessible pores ,143. PitGunasekara et al.  performeSaha  performeThe challenges correlated with the manufacture and application of cement are well known. The growing need for concrete, and therefore cement, poses a severe danger to both the environment and human life. In this context, scholars are concentrating on the use of SCMs that can substitute cement in the manufacture of concrete, encouraging eco-friendly development. This study examined the usage of the most common industrial byproducts, i.e., FA, in cementitious composites as SCMs. This study highlighted and discussed the most critical sections, including the properties of FA, the characteristics of composites containing FA as SCMs, i.e., workability, compressive, split-tensile, and flexural strength, durability, and microstructural properties. FA consumption has increased in the concrete industry because of its benefits, which include reduced hydration heat and increased durability; however, due to the slow pozzolanic action, its contribution to strength begins only at a later age. Attempts have been undertaken to address this well-documented FA deficit using a variety of approaches. Chemical activation is one of these ways and can be accomplished using either alkali or sulphate. In alkali activation, the glass phases of FA are broken down to expedite the reaction at an early stage , whereasThe influence of FA incorporation on the workability of fresh concrete was found to be inconsistent. Some studies reported an increase in the workability because of FA spherical shape, increased volume of the mix due to lower density of FA, and slower development of hydration products due to FA addition; however, some studies found a reduction in the workability of the fresh mix due to the smaller size and larger surface area of FA.2 produced during cement hydration and producing secondary hydrates such as CSH; moreover, the mechanical strength of the composites improves when FA is incorporated in lower concentrations (up to 20%). In addition, finer particle size FA enhances while coarser particle size FA reduces the mechanical strength of composites.Numerous studies have demonstrated that the application of FA inhibits composites’ early-age strength development; however, FA mostly improves the strength of concrete over time by consuming the Ca(OH)The resistance of composites to chloride penetration increases with the addition of FA, especially at later ages. The finer particle size FA decreases the interconnecting voids in the matrix, and pozzolanic action further improves the microstructure, resulting in increased resistance to chloride penetration.There is a contradiction regarding the influence of FA on the shrinkage of cementitious composites. FA incorporation may increase shrinkage due to the creation of a higher amount of small capillary spaces, which facilitates the evaporation of water, causing higher shrinkage. In contrast, due to finer particle size FA addition, the density and compactness of the mix increases, which prevents the internal moisture evaporation, causing reduced shrinkage.2 to form CSH, compared to the high calcium FA.The influence of FA on sulphate resistance of composite is determined by the FA type. Generally, low calcium FA (Class C) exhibits more resistance to sulphate resistance than high calcium FA (Class F). This is because low calcium FA consumes more Ca(OH)The incorporation of FA as SCM up to 20% content is beneficial to composites in terms of reducing water absorption; however, at higher replacement levels, the water absorption capacity increases.The slow early strength development is one of the major drawbacks of FA use in cementitious composites; however, this can be overcome by chemical activation  and/or adding nanomaterials, and this can facilitate high volume usage of FA.2 emissions, preservation of natural resources, effective waste management, reduction in environmental pollution, and low heat of hydration.Using FA as SCM will promote sustainable development due to reduction in COThe present study aimed to review the different aspects of the fly ash (FA) application as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement-based materials. The influence of the FA characteristics of the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of the material is discussed. The various limitations of the FA use in higher proportions, and their potential solutions are described. This study reached the following conclusions:Despite the numerous stated procedures for using FA in large quantities, 100% utilization of FA has not been accomplished due to the existence of some grey areas highlighted in this study that must be addressed in the future to increase FA’s usage as SCM. Future studies should be directed on resolving the stated disparities in shrinkage, water demand, and faster curing.While some attributes of structural performance, such as flexural and shear resistance, have been covered previously, additional research is necessary to support the case for FA concrete usage in reinforced concrete structures. These may include the bond strength of steel rebars, the examination of beam-column junctions, and seismic design.w/b in high volume FA concrete increases early/late age strength, the mix results in early-age cracking. Thus, it is critical to consider the combined effect of multiple parameters in order to maximize the benefits of FA and cement in an optimum planned mix.Since FA reactivity is based on multiple factors, trying to control one property may deteriorate other properties. For example, while decreasing the Presently, there is a growing tendency toward the production of geopolymers that include 100% FA ; howeverBased on the comprehensive examination of FA as SCM, it is proposed that further fly ash classifications be added to the existing ASTM classifications.After reviewing the different aspects of the FA application as SCM, this study suggests the following future research directions:


Cow hair, a by-product of tannery waste, is usually stockpiled on a large scale as waste, which leads to serious environmental impacts. In this paper, cow hair was used as a reinforcement fiber to improve the mechanical strength of iron tailing-based foam concrete. The effects of the amount of cow hair fiber on the apparent density, compressive strength, and flexural strength of foam concrete were investigated by a series of characterization methods. Meanwhile, Image-Pro Plus software was used to analyze the porosity, average pore size, roundness, and other parameters of the specimens with different amounts of cow hair fiber. Results revealed that a proper amount of cow hair fiber can form a stable three-dimensional network structure inside the foam concrete and promote a uniform distribution and size of the pore structure inside the test piece. This could effectively improve the compressive strength, flexural strength, and crack resistance of the foam concrete, and when the fiber content was 0.2 wt%, the foam concrete exhibited the best mechanical properties, with a compressive strength of 11.19 MPa and a flexural strength of 3.58 MPa. The present work was in agreement with the strategic objective of resource recycling and solid waste utilization, which was conducive to the development of the circular and green economy. However, the structural characteristics of light weight and porosity have also led to the generally low strength and toughness of foamed concrete [Foamed concrete (FC) is a cement-based composite material with a low density . In previous studies, the introduction of iron tailings with relatively low pozzolan activity and a certain hardness as fine aggregates into foam concrete systems can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the materials ,35,36. T2O2 and water to the above mixture and stir quickly for 5 min; then, pour the slurry into a 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm mold. After standard curing for 24 h, demold the sample and place it in the curing box for standard curing . In this study, the influence of the amount of CHF on the performance of foam concrete was explored. As shown in 0, N0.05, N0.1, N0.15, N0.2, N0.3, and N0.4, respectively.The preparation process of the cow hair fiber foamed concrete involved in this experiment can be divided into three steps . The speρ of the sample was calculated using the formula ρ = M/V, where M represents the mass of the sample after drying, and V represents the sample volume.The density of the specimen was tested according to the standard JC/T 1062-2007. The apparent density of the sample needs to be tested after placing sample with a curing age of 28 days in an oven at 110 ± 5 °C to a constant weight. The apparent density R of the sample can be determined according to the formula R = F/A, where F represents the breaking load of the sample, and A represents the compressed area of the sample.The compressive strength of the specimen was tested according to the standard GB/T50107. The compressive strength of the sample was tested using an electro-hydraulic pressure testing machine. The compressive strength f of the test piece can be determined according to the formula f = 3 FL/2) × 100%, where ρ represents the block density of the sample.To calculate the porosity of the sample, it is necessary to first test its true density. The sample, cured for 28 days and dried to a constant weight, was ground and tested using the T0352-2000 mineral powder density test method (Li’s bottle method) to obtain the true density of the sample as For the test of apparent density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and porosity of the foam cement, each sample was tested five times, and the average value was taken.The uniformly dispersed fibers can form a chaotically distributed three-dimensional network structure inside the foam concrete system, effectively arresting growth and widening of cracks in the material and improving the material’s mechanical properties. The fiber’s aspect ratio and tensile strength are the keys to its function in foam concrete. The specific performance indices of the CHF used in this experiment are shown in 2), calcite (CaCO3), hematite (Fe2O3), and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). The specific XRD spectrum is shown in The particle size of the iron tailing sand used in this experiment was mainly distributed in the range of 70–110 μm; the ignition loss was about 2.13%, and its chemical composition is shown in Foam concrete is a cement-based composite material with a large number of pores on the inside. The pore structure inside foam concrete is one of the crucial parameters of FC, for it is closely related to the strength and porosity of the foam concrete ,38,39. T(1)Overview of Pore StructureA high-definition camera was employed to observe the pore structure of the material. Before shooting, 180-mesh, 400-mesh, and 1200-mesh sandpapers were used to polish the sections of the specimens, and the parts were smooth and visible to the naked eye. After testing the CHF, a soft brush was used to brush off the dust blocked in the air holes as much as possible to avoid affecting the test results. After the shooting, PS software was employed to cut each picture into a size of 5 cm × 5 cm, as shown in As shown in (2)PorosityThe effect of CHF content on the porosity of foamed concrete is shown in (3)Average pore sizeThe effect of CHF content on the average pore size of foam concrete is shown in (4)Roundness valueThe roundness value, the degree of the pores close to a circle, is a characteristic parameter used to characterize the geometric shape of the pores in foam concrete . When thThe effect of CHF content on the roundness value of the foam concrete is plotted in The microscopic morphology of the FC composite is shown in 3 to 1057 kg/m3), and this result was consistent with the change in porosity mentioned above. This phenomenon was also caused by the CHF three-dimensional network structure inside the concrete slurry, which limited the generation of large-sized pores. Additionally, adding CHF will affect the fluidity of the slurry, and the decreased fluidity will lead to the defoaming phenomenon inside the foamed concrete.The compressive strength of the foam concrete is plotted in However, with the increase in CHF content from 0.15 wt% to 0.4 wt%, under the condition of constant cement content, the amount of cementitious material used for the fiber–concrete bonding interface gradually increased with the increase in CHF content, resulting in defects in the pore wall of the material; the influence of excessively added fibers on the crystallinity of cement hydration products is also one of the reasons for the reduction in the flexural strength of the specimens.The ratio of the flexural strength and compressive strength (F/C) is an important parameter of concrete to explore its crack resistance. A large F/C value means that the material exhibits strong flexural resistance. As shown in The change in the porosity of foamed concrete will influence its strength. The relationship between the density and the compressive strength and flexural strength of the cow hair fiber-reinforced foam concretes was linear when the addition of CHF was between 0 and 0.2 wt%, and this result had good agreement with the findings given elsewhere . This shIn this paper, the CHF content was used as a single-factor variable, and the apparent density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and pore structure  of the foam concrete were used as experimental parameters to explore the effect of CHF content on foam concrete. Considering the impact on each performance, the specific conclusions are as follows.Compared with the blank control group, all foamed concretes incorporating CHF showed higher compressive strength, flexural strength, and crack resistance, proving that CHF can improve the mechanical properties of foamed concrete. The compressive strength of the specimen reached a maximum value of 11.19 MPa when the CHF content was 0.2 wt%; the flexural strength reached a maximum value of 3.58 MPa when the CHF content was 0.15 wt%; and the fold-to-compression ratio reached a maximum value of 0.335 when the CHF content was 0.2 wt%.With the gradual increase in CHF content, the porosity of the foamed concrete continued to decrease. When the CHF content was 0.2 wt%, the average pore diameter and pore roundness of the specimens decreased to minimum values of 1.92 mm and 1.08, respectively.After a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of foam concrete, it was found that, when the CHF content was 0.2 wt%, the foam concrete had the best mechanical properties; the compressive strength of the specimen was 11.19 MPa (an increase of 68.37%), the flexural strength was 3.36 MPa (increased by 50%), and the fold-to-compression ratio was 0.335 (increased by 8.06%). At the same time, after a comprehensive analysis of the characteristic parameters of the pore structure of the foamed concrete, it was found that the specimen had the most stable pore structure in the range of CHF contents ranging from 0.2 wt% to 0.3 wt%. Within this dosage range, the pores in the foam concrete were evenly distributed and uniform in size, and the stable pore wall structure also provided good mechanical properties of the specimen.