Research of veterinary communication education is a relatively rare but important field, and its importance has been increasingly noticed recently. This study aims to describe the existing veterinary education research literature by adopting the systematic bibliometric approach. We conducted a comprehensive literature exploration on worldwide veterinary education and veterinary communication education publications in the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. VOSviewer and EXCEL were used to identify trends and patterns in characteristics of the publications, including author affiliations and countries, and the publishing journals. Based on our search criteria, in the past 22 years, there have been 6006 veterinary education publications with 101 publications in 2000, 684 publications in 2021 (577% increase), and 677 communication-related publications with 9 publications in 2000, 107 publications in 2021 (1189% increase). The VOSviewer results indicate that both the United States and England were the most vigorous countries with close collaboration. Our results show the publication quantity has been increasing at a sharp slope rate over the past twenty years, which indicates the importance and growth of veterinary education and the veterinary communication education research field, and identifies the international collaborations among countries and institutions. Research of veterinary communication education is a relatively rare but important field. Veterinary communication is one of the most common barriers to veterinary care, yet there is only limited literature published in this field ,2. The eClient–veterinarian communication has recently been found to be one of the most focusing themes . The cliResearch on and the teaching of communication as an essential clinical skill is a more recent development in veterinary medicine . The impBibliometric analysis is a scientific methodology that can be used for descriptive purposes, which combines descriptive statistical methods with information visualization technology to identify core research characteristics of a specific area and its evolving trends in the worldwide research literature, or for providing a basis for evaluation, such as evaluating research outputs, influences, or other factors ,19,20. PHowever, there were no related systematic literature pattern analysis about communication education in veterinary medicine in the past two decades. This study aims to (1) describe the existing veterinary education research literature by retrospectively identifying trends and patterns in characteristics of the publications, including author affiliations and countries and the publishing journals, by adopting the bibliometric review approach; and (2) investigate the characteristics of both veterinary education publications (VEPs) and the rare yet essential subsets in VEPs, veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs).We conducted a comprehensive literature exploration in the WoSCC database at National Taiwan University, Taiwan. This database was chosen due to the journals within the database having been selected for inclusion based on high impacts in the respective fields. To understand the world research trends over the past 22 years, we collected all the related research published from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. In the WoSCC database, “Topic” was one of the most common fields used for database searching and it searches for the entered term in Titles, Abstracts, Author keywords, and Keyword Plus fields of records in the WoSCC database. We used the following search strategy for identifying the related publication in the WoSCC. We searched for veterinary or veterinarian with any of the following terms: education, training, or learn by topic, and the time period was limited from 2000 to 2021. The searching strategy used was: (veterinary or veterinarian) (Topic) and  (Topic) in the Year 2000–2021. Additionally, the subset on communication was searched by adding the communication by topic in the same period of time.Data searched from the WoSCC were downloaded for more detailed analysis, including the author names and their address, the years, titles, abstracts, citations, and research area of the publications, and the published journals related information, including impact factors and rankings. Summary statistics about the publications, such as the publication year, countries, and research areas were gathered through the WoSCC interface. The Microsoft Excel analysis tool was used to aggregate data downloaded from WoSCC and draw related figures, including the geographic-distribution world map.www.vosviewer.com (accessed on 1 January 2022) for free.Software was available for bibliometric analysis, such as VOSviewer , which has recently been widely employed to conduct bibliometric research. The VOSviewer was used to visualize the analysis results on identifying the clusters of network maps on authorship and institution collaboration. VOSviewer is a publicly available tool. Researchers from Leiden University in the Netherlands, van Eck and Waltman, presented VOSviewer, a freely available computer program developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps in 2010 . The VOSBased on our search criteria, there have been 6006 veterinary education publications (VEPs) from 2000 to 2021. As shown in Among these collected publications based on our search criteria, communication-related publications  were 677, which was 11.27% of the total publications from 2000 to 2021. As shown in Highly cited articles, known as “citation classics”, are often acknowledged as highly influential in the field . The 10 n = 6006). The top 10 journals most published and their related characteristics, including impact factors and rankings in 2020, are listed in Our search terms identified a total of 872 SCI/SSCI journals , which have published research manuscripts in the veterinary education field (n = 677), 872 SCI/SSCI journals have published research manuscripts. The top 10 most published journals and their related characteristics, including impact factors and rankings in 2020, are listed in In the subset of veterinary education publications  with an impact factor of 1.027. Veterinary Record ranked second with 32 publications (4.73%), and Frontiers in Veterinary Science was ranked third with 30 publications (4.43%). These journals, especially the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, were also undoubtedly of importance to this field. It is noteworthy that the publication numbers of other journals in this field were relatively small. Among 163 journals, there were only 6 journals (0.89%) that published more than the other 157 journals , and 90 journals (13.29%) published only 1 publication.The 6006 veterinary education publications (VEPs) based on our search criteria collected from WOSCC from 2000 to 2021 were published by 152 countries, and 677 veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs) were published by 78 countries. The top 10 countries participating in VEPs and VCEPs are presented in We adopted VOSviewer to analyze the co-authorship collaboration among the countries . The thiA total of 152 countries contributed to veterinary education publications (VEPs) in the last 22 years. The top 5 countries/regions that published the most were as follows: USA , England , Australia , Canada , and Germany .Regarding veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs), a total of 78 countries contributed to VCEPs in the last 22 years. The top 5 countries/regions that published the most were as follows: USA , England , Canada , Australia , and Germany . The VOSviewer visualized country co-authorship collaboration analysis is presented in Based on our search criteria, the 6006 veterinary education publications (VEPs) were published by 4557 institutions and organizations to which all the authors belonged. The University of London had the greatest numbers of publications , followed by the University of London Royal Veterinary College , University of California System , University of Guelph , and University of California Davis . Institution collaboration analysis by VOSviewer of 6006 veterinary education publications (VEPs) from 2000 to 2021 is shown in The 677 veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs) were published by 778 institutions and organizations to which all the authors belonged. The University of Guelph had the greatest numbers of publications , followed by the University of London , University of London Royal Veterinary College , University of Calgary , and University of California System . Institution collaboration analysis by VOSviewer of 677 veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs) from 2000 to 2021 is shown in The results indicate that there are few major research networks of institutional collaboration in veterinary education publications (VEPs), including leading institutions in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. However, the collaboration network of institutions of veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs) is comparatively small and sparse.The 6006 veterinary communication publications collected based on our search criteria were published by 17,152 authors (not including Anonymous). The top three authors were as follows: Sarah Baillie from the University of Bristol in the UK with 44 publications (0.733%), Stephen May from the University of London Royal Veterinary College in the UK , and Cindy Adams from the University of Calgary in Canada . The 10th ranked author published 21 works.The 677 veterinary communication education publications collected based on our search criteria were published by 2231 authors. The top three authors were as follows: Cindy Adams from the University of Calgary in the Canada with 32 publications (4.71%), Jason B. Coe from the University of Guelph in the Canada , and Jane R. Shaw from the Colorado State University in the United States . The interesting point is that these three top leading authors are all alumni of the University of Guelph. The 10th ranked author published 7 works. This result reveals that this is still a field with few publications and indicates that there is great potential for researchers to devote their studies to this field and become one of the top leading authors in the future.To further investigate the influential research teams and co-authorship networks, we performed the co-authorship analyses by VOSviewer; different collaboration groups are represented by different colors. The co-authorship network is shown in n = 6006, mean = 273.0 publication/year) and VCEPs  research publications per year have continued to increase. We found that the increase in publications reveals several interesting points. Firstly, there are two turning points found in the publication trend in the VEPs. Before 2016, there were few related publications, i.e., less than 300 publications per year. Additionally, since 2020, there has been a substantial increase, especially in 2021, in the number of publications that was more than 600. Secondly, veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs) accounted for about 12% to 14% of veterinary education publications (VEPs) from 2000 to 2019, and reached the highest point (15%) in 2021. Thirdly, the growth rate of research publications in veterinary communication education  in recent decades was greater than that of veterinary education (from 101 to 684 publications with 577%). Especially in 2005–2008, 2011–2013, 2016–2017, and 2018–2021, the growth rate of journal publications in veterinary communication education showed an upward trend. From all these results, we can realize more and more researchers in the field of veterinary education focus on the issue of communication education.Our results provide a fresh perception of the global view of the progressive paths for veterinary education publications (VEPs) and veterinary communication education publications (VCEPs). Over the past twenty years, the number of both VEPs  in institutions. In relation to the author-affiliated institutions that published the 6006 veterinary education publications (VEPs), we found that more and more institutions have been actively involved in this field in the last two decades. There were 101 publications by 111 institutions (1.10 institutions per publication) in 2000, and 684 publications by 1001 institutions (1.46 per publication) in 2021, with a 32.7% increase rate.n = 6006) and between 2002 to 2017 in veterinary communication education publications (n = 677), separately. We found another interesting result that determined that this publication outcome fits the Pareto principle [We found an interesting point that all the top 10 highly cited publications were published between 2001 to 2016 in veterinary education publications , Veterinary Record, Animals, and Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Our bibliometric study provides unique information with respect to the high volume and variety of published data within the field of veterinary communication education, and it will be helpful for researchers who focus on this research field to acquire useful information about veterinary communication education. It also identifies collaborations among fields of research, researchers, and institutions useful in facilitating potential venues for future research and knowledge frontiers in the veterinary education research field.


A very dry [BEPip][NTf2] ionic liquid (IL) and a water-saturated liquid are studied in this paper. In both cases, IL degradation is observed as soon as SL emission appears. It is confirmed that the initial evolution of the SL intensity is closely linked to the liquid viscosity that impacts the number of bubbles; however, other parameters can also play a role, such as the presence of water. The water-saturated IL shows more intense SL and faster degradation. In addition to the expected bands, new emission bands are detected and attributed to the S2 B-X emission, which is favored in the water-saturated ionic liquid. Following recent works on the sonochemical degradation of butyl ethyl piperidinium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BEPip][NTf Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts that present melting points less than 100 °C at atmospheric pressure  and elec2 and CH in the SL spectra of butyl-methylimidazolium chloride and increasing light absorption in the UV. Considering the negligible vapor pressure of ILs that makes their evaporation into the bubble core almost zero, they attributed these emissions to the reactions that occur in a heated shell around the bubbles or inside the bubbles after microdroplet injection.Degradation of IL during sonication was also documented by sonoluminescence (SL) spectrometry with a 20 kHz ultrasound under Ar gas. Oxley et al.  and Flan8mpyrr][NTf2] and [C8epip][NTf2] ILs , showing that they were surprisingly constant during the sonolysis, despite the undergoing poisoning of the plasma. It also suggested a correlation between the intensities of the SL continuum and molecular emissions and the IL viscosity, controlled by the IL temperature. Indeed, the latter strongly increased at the beginning of sonication, reaching its steady-state value after two minutes, and leading to a fast decrease in the viscosity, favoring bubble nucleation  ILs  presenter et al.  to the pc liquid  under Arcleation  and the 2] IL and a water-saturated liquid were studied here with regard to their SL time evolution in the very first moments of sonication.To further understand the IL degradation under ultrasound and in the characterization of the formed plasma, the present work aimed to acquire SL spectra in the very early stages of sonication, when the degradation of the IL is minimal, and question its correlation with the viscosity. To increase the time resolution, the SL intensity needed to be increased, and the initial temperature was raised to 25 °C to lower the viscosity and favor cavitation. In addition, since it was previously  shown th2] was prepared and characterized as described previously [The IL [BEPip] can be estimated using the following formula derived for ethyl-methylimidazoliumfluoride by Liu et al.  is plotted in p values of both ILs. The temperature shows a fast increase in the first tens of seconds, reaching 41.5 °C after 40 s, then plateaus around 45 °C. Consequently, the viscosity significantly decreases in the first 40 s of sonolysis and reaches a steady-state value after 60 s, at about one fourth of its initial value. It should be noted that the viscosity of the water-saturated IL is lower than the one of the dry IL throughout the sonication process, but the difference becomes smaller after 30 s.The temperature evolution measured during the sonolysis of dry [BEPip][NTf2] sonicated at 20 kHz under Ar flow. Only one spectrum for every ten spectra is presented for clarity. As previously reported [NTf2] and that arise from the degradation of the cation. Small emissions can also be noticed around 673 nm that may be attributed to the second-order light emission of NH A-X. After 32 s of sonication, the SL intensity strongly increases and reaches a maximum. New emission bands appear that are particularly clear in the 4th and 5th spectra. They are indicated by red lines in 2 B-X emission. This emission was not previously reported in the sonolysis of [BEPip][NTf2], probably because it is not very intense in the very first spectra and is soon hidden by absorption as degradation progresses. It is to be noted that the SO B-X transition (SO’s most intense transition), which would be expected from degradation of the anion, cannot be observed in the present experimental conditions, since its main lines are below 330 nm, and the used grating is not adapted to this wavelength range. The same limitation holds for CF and CF2 transitions (<322 nm). As for the SO2 emission, it cannot be ruled out but would be superimposed with the very intense CN transition (around 387 nm).To exemplify the evolution of the SL continuum and of the molecular emissions, SL spectra corresponding to the sonication times of 15 and 32 s  are depicted in 2S decomposition are mainly composed of diatomic sulfur molecules, which constitute more than 99.8% of the sulfur-bearing molecules in the temperature range of 973–1123 K and pressure range of l–4 atm. These temperatures and pressures are in good agreement with those observed in the immediate environment of the bubble at the moment of its implosion. Diatomic sulfur can be obtained by thermal decomposition of hydrogen sulfide at temperatures higher than 1000 °C . From anThe formation of diatomic sulfur in its excited state may also arise from reactions in the gas phase, by recombination of S atoms via a three-body reaction, which is as follows: 2S [NTf2]) . As disc2 during the sonolysis of [NTf2]-based ILs was not observed previously, neither in SL emission spectra nor in the macroscopic quantification of the degradation products. This absence  may be attributed to the presence of water in the water-saturated ionic liquid, while mostly dry ionic liquids were previously studied . Indeed S atoms :3 SO2 + 2, NH and S2 molecular emissions and of the SL continuum taken at 491 nm ; when several bands are visible for a particular excited species, the most intense one was considered. For all these intensities, a strong sudden increase was observed after 30 s of sonication, followed by a quasi-steady state or slow decrease, in agreement with the previously reported data  that leads to the (very) slow development of the cavitation pattern, as reported by Tzanakis et al. for glycerine  at 20 kSonoluminescence is, however, clearly detected in the second spectrum (corresponding to a sonication time of 7 to 12 s). Interestingly, this second spectrum does not only feature the SL continuum, but also a molecular emission around 390 nm, corresponding to the CN emission (similar to what was observed with a 15-s acquisition time), indicating that the degradation of the IL has already taken place. In addition, similar to the previously published work and to spectra measured with a 15-s acquisition time, no Ar emission was observed, neither in the first spectrum, where SL (if any) was hardly detected, indicating that cavitation may have not started yet, nor in the second spectrum that bears signs of IL degradation, whereby degradation products can quench excited argon atoms. These observations all indicate that degradation occurs from the very beginning of cavitation.2] is almost one order of magnitude larger than that of sulfuric acid (23.8 mPa.s at 25 °C), similar jetting and droplet injection processes may be expected. In addition, secondary Bjerknes forces are impacted by the viscosity, and larger bubbles result in stronger secondary Bjerknes forces and in stronger interactions between bubbles. It should be noted that a high liquid viscosity leads to the formation of peculiar bubble structures  case to that of glycerol aqueous solutions because of their similar viscosities. Ban and Choi  during the first tens of seconds of its 20-kHz sonolysis under Ar allows interesting comparisons to be made. First, SL is observed only after several seconds of sonication; much more time is needed to install cavitation compared to water, due to the IL’s high viscosity. Second, inceptions of SL emission and IL degradation are concomitant, as indicated by the presence of molecular bands from the first measurable SL spectrum. Third, the comparison of a very dry IL and a water-saturated liquid confirmed that the initial evolution of the SL intensity is closely linked to the liquid viscosity, especially for the dry IL, but that other parameters can also play a role.The measurement of SL spectra of [BEPip] was detected, namely S2, that can be formed from H2S and/or SO2 either at the bubble interface or in the sonochemical plasma and was formed in higher amounts in the water-saturated IL.Finally, due to the higher time resolution, a new product of the degradation of [BEPip][NTf


Vestibular folds (VF) protect upper airways, but contain fewer immune cells in AIDS patients, which affects the structure of lymphoid follicles (LF).To characterize fibrosis and immunoglobulin production in vestibular fold lymphoid tissues of AIDS patients with or with no infection and malnutrition.A retrospective study of 71 adult vestibular fold autopsy specimens. The morphological analysis was done using the picrosirius staining method. Immunohistochemical methods consisted of anti-IgA, anti IgG, and anti IgM antibodies.Fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients compared to subjects without AIDS; the same applied to patients with infection or malnutrition. IgA and IgG titers were higher in AIDS patients; IgM titers were higher in cases with infection.This study helps understand variations in lymphoid follicle components of AIDS patients; it also shows the influence of architectural changes and the effect of associated respiratory infection and malnutrition on lymphoid follicle function. AIDS (the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), identified in 1981, arose as an epidemic caused by the human immunodeficiency virus,5Lymphoid follicles result from the union of different types of B and T lymphocytes; when close to mucosae, they produce substances that active the local immune response against infectious agents. Lymphoid follicles located in vestibular folds 9Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues prevent the penetration of many microorganisms into the body.Respiratory infection is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in AIDS patients.13Aside from changes in IgA secretion, a few authors have suggested that increased deposition of collagen in AIDS patients may also deplete CD4 T cells. Increased collagen neoformation is associated with chronic activation of the immune system; there is a relationship between collagen neoformation and loss of the lymphoid tissue structure.24Studies done in our department have demonstrated the nature of cells composing the lymphoid follicles in vestibular folds of adults2 was considered undernourished, and a BMI over 27.0 kg/m2 was considered overweight. In subjects aged less than 60 years, a BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 was undernourished and a BMI over 25.0 kg/m2 was overweight.26This paper describes a retrospective cross-sectional study of 290 autopsies done from 1993 to 2007. Information such as age, sex, weight, and cause of death were recorded from autopsy reports. Excluded cases were those in which the larynx was not studied, or that were aged under 18 years, or cases without AIDS that could not be paired by age with the AIDS group. This resulted in 71 vestibular folds of autopsied adults, of which 52 were AIDS cases and 19 had no AIDS. In subjects aged 60 years or more, a body mass index (BMI) below 22.0 kg/mThe institutional review board approved this study on 30 May 2004 (no. 481).Vestibular fold specimens were included in paraffin and 4 μm sections were made. Immunohistochemical studies were made for a later morphometric analysis of cells in the lymphoid follicles of vestibular folds and immunoglobulin expression. Tripsin was used in the antigen recovery process. Slides were washed with a PBS 0.05M + Triton X-100 0.05% buffer. All antibodies were incubated during a mean 2-hour period. The LSAB complex (DAKO®) was added and left over the sections during 30 minutes. Next, the material was incubated with 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) at room temperature. The slides were then washed with distilled water, counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted in entellan. For the morphometric analysis of false vocal fold lymphoid follicle cells, immunohistochemistry was done for B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells; primary anti-B-cells , anti-CD3 , anti-CD68 , and anti-follicular dendritic cells Slides were picrosirius stained for the analysis of fibrosis (a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid with 0.1g% Sirius red F3b - Sirius red F3B-Bayer®) with a hematoxylin counterstain. Collagen was quantified throughout the vestibular fold section under polarized light at 200X magnification. Results were expressed as the percentage of collagen per field, using the KS 300 software (Kontron-Zeiss®).An electronic Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the SigmaStat® version 2.0 software were used for the statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences were those where the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis was less than 5% (p<0.05).Of 71 subjects in the sample, 52 (73.24%) were diagnosed with AIDS; the mean age was 37.5 years, ranging from 21 to 61 years. There were 19 AIDS-free subjects (26.8%), where the mean age was 41.0 years, ranging from 23 to 62 years. The morphometric analysis of vestibular fold lymphoid follicles showed that fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients compared to subjects without AIDS (p=0.002)  and 2. CThe morphometric analysis of immunoglobulins showed that subjects with AIDS had significantly lower levels of IgM  and 8, aThe following correlations were found: negative between fibrosis and the number of T lymphocytes , B lymphocytes , and follicular dendritic cells ; positive between fibrosis and the number of macrophages ; negative and significant between fibrosis and the percentage of IGA , and positive and significant between fibrosis and the percentage of IgG  and IgM .+ T cell depletion and limit recovery of the immune response. An increased predisposition to collagen neoformation may be related with a decreased virgin CD4+ T lymphocyte cell population, in which the phenotype is not activated before antiretroviral therapy. Fibrosis may be one of the causes of failure in immune recovery during treatment in spite of a suppressed viral replication.Our study showed that fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients, and was negatively related with the percentage of T lymphocytes. In HIV patients, collagen neoformation and fibrosis contribute to CD4Fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients that also presented respiratory infection and malnutrition. Respiratory infection is considered the main cause of death in AIDS patients;Although subjects were not evaluated as to the use of antiretroviral therapy, other studies have shown that if treatment is started early during the symptomatic phase of the disease, it may help balance helper and regulator T cells, which in consequence results in less collagen neoformationThere was less IgM and more IgA and IgG in vestibular fold lymphoid follicles of AIDS cases. Other studies have shown that IgA secretion is decreased in the parotid and palatine tonsils, suggesting that systemic and mucosal immune responses vary in HIV infection.32The immunoglobulin titers, especially IgM, were higher in AIDS patients with respiratory infection. Several studies have shown that immunoglobulin serum levels tend to increase because of HIV - polyclonal B lymphocytes are activated, which may be predictive for the progression of AIDS. Although the role of serum IgA in immunity remains unclear, evidence suggests that secretory IgA has a fundamental function in mediating immunity against infection of mucosal surfaces. However, little is known about humoral responses in the presence of immune defficiencies.In our cases, infected subjects died because of opportunistic infection; IgM was increased compared to other immunoglobulins. IgM is an important link between innate and specific immune responses; it can retain and increased the immunogenicity of pathogens early in infection, resulting in rapid neutralization. It also promotes agglutination of several microorganisms, stopping them from disseminating and reducing the viral/microbial titers in the body. IgM also causes IgG responses to mature, and activates the complement system in immune responses.IgA and IgG levels were higher and IgM levels were lower in undernourished AIDS patients. Protein synthesis is compromised in undernourished patients, which also decreases the amount of collagen, as shown before. An altered metabolism, hormone unbalances, and high concentrations of cytokines have been documented in late phases of infection.Fibrosis was negatively related with IgA and positively related with IgG and IgM. The structure of lymphoid tissues is important for its homeostasis; more specifically, the structure of secondary lymphoid tissues is essential with its supportive function for the homeostasis of the immune system as a whole. Collagen deposition in these tissues limit the resident cell population and alters the follicular structure.This study helps understand the variation of vestibular fold lymphoid follicles constituents in autopsied AIDS patients, as well as the effect of changes in architecture, associations with other conditions - such as respiratory infection and undernourishment - on the function of lymphoid follicles, especially in severe AIDS cases that led to death. This study also provides information for understanding in greater depth the mechanisms of the virus in specific areas of the body, such as the upper respiratory tract, showing how these anatomical structures may react to the virus and the secondary complications and opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS.


This paper presents the results of a study into the breadth, dynamics, and diversity of the interdisciplinary branch of cultural-historical psychology. The scatter of thematic areas within the cultural-historical approach indicates the urgent need to continue a systematic and holistic analysis of research related to cultural-historical topics in the context of its various directions and research groups.A bibliometric analysis of scientific publications indexed by the Web of Science CC was carried out for the 2010–2020 period . Our previous bibliographic study  revealedAccording to our results, the number of publications on cultural-historical psychology is growing unevenly; publications from Russia and the United States made up almost equal shares of the sample, and third place was taken by England, followed by Finland and Sweden. The top 10 journals fell into two subject areas: Psychology and Education and Educational Research. With regard to the geographical location of the publishing houses of the top 10 journals, the highest number was taken by England and Russia. The dominant areas of research were teacher education, university education, and learning activity.The most frequently used terms were Vygotsky, activity approach, CHAT, CHP, ZPD, and learning activity. The theoretical and methodological views of L.S. Vygotsky and his closest associates form a significant part of the foundation of scientific discourse and retain great heuristic power in modern psychology. In many ways, Vygotsky’s revolutionary thoughts modified the ideas about the unit of analysis at different stages of the formation of such directions in cultural-historical psychology as the theory of activity . But theIn modern works, three approaches (paradigms) are often described, compared, and partially juxtaposed .Within this framework, it is interesting to look at the scientific mapping of the spread of Vygotsky’s ideas. This can be achieved through bibliometric research methods with focus on visualizing the structure and dynamics of the research field. We can use statistical methods to identify the outcomes of individuals or research groups, institutions and countries, and national and international networks, and map the development of the field of cultural-historical psychology. But there is a very small number of such bibliometric studies in the research field of cultural-historical psychology.J. Valsiner pioneered measuring the annual frequency of citation of various works of Vygotsky in English-language publications and started with the 1969 to 1984 period. His focus was on analyzing differences in the citations of Vygotsky’s works, but he also recognized that “efforts to popularize Vygotsky’s name among English-speaking psychologists have succeeded to a great extent” , p. 156.In terms of specific research fields, the bibliometric analysis has shown that Vygotsky’s ideas represent modern trends in educational research, specifically the use of dialogic teaching methods , learninIn terms of applying the specific concepts of the cultural-historical approach, an increase in publications can be also seen; for example, between 2000 and 2019 the number of publications on the “zone of proximal development” (ZPD) grew . A bibliBut it is important to understand that it is not always possible to trace the trajectory of the movement of scientific ideas, possible dead ends, or breakthrough directions from separate scientific publications. V. Zaretskii uses the image of a tree as Vygotsky sometimes did to illustrate his ideas. Publications are fruits, or finished products . But canWe need to look at the interconnections within the scientific schools. Authorial collaborations in scientific publications can give us an idea of the invisible colleges of scientific thought. An invisible college is a group of interacting scholars or scholars who share similar research interests in a subject area, who frequently produce publications related to that subject, and who communicate formally and informally with each other to achieve important goals on the subject, even though they may belong to geographically dispersed research affiliates .The scatter of thematic areas within the cultural-historical approach indicates the urgent need to continue a systematic and holistic analysis of research related to cultural-historical topics in the broad context of its various directions and research groups.Our previous bibliographic study  revealedThe Vygotsky sample revealed that most publications included the keywords Activity , Tool (241 or 15%), and Zone of Proximal Development (226 or 14%). The analysis of the representation of publications in the Vygotsky sample by year showed that for Activity, the maximum number of publications was 72 in 2016; for Zone of Proximal Development, 32 and 33 ; and for Tool, 40 publications (2017). The analysis of the geographical distribution of the groups of authors in this sample revealed that the United States had the largest number of publications, with 305 (18.64%), followed by Russia with 221 (13.51%), and Brazil with 162 (9.90%).Our analysis of the terms used in the titles and abstracts of the publications in the Vygotsky sample identified four clusters of terms, which were classified by us: Cultural-Historical Psychology (1), Education (2), Development (3),and Zone of Proximal Development (4). Each had a different set of links between the terms. In cluster 1, the strongest links were between the following terms: psychology, L.S. Vygotsky, cultural-historical psychology, thinking, consciousness, speech, emotions, art, and personality; in cluster 2, learner/student, teacher, skills, tutor, case analysis, class, application, resource, and mathematics; in cluster 3, young child, parent, motive, early childhood education, self-regulation, family, speech, emotions, art, and literacy; in cluster 4, learner, scaffolding, developmental delay, language learning, and dynamic assessment.In addition, the study presented the citation dynamics of various works and publications of L.S. Vygotsky for the 1999-2019 period based on a sample of 1,014 publications from Google Scholar. The dynamics of the number of citations of Vygotsky’s work showed an increase, with the peak in 2017, when it reached 24,226 citations per year. At the beginning of the analyzed period in 1999, a total of 2,724 citations were shown per year; in 2009 it was 12,396, and in 2018 it was 21,078. If we turn to the most cited works, we note that the five most-cited Vygotsky works included publications in English (two), Portuguese (one), and Russian (two). All the publications were books.This study was aimed at analyzing the thematic diversity of publication activity within the framework of the modern branch of cultural-historical psychology in the period from 2010 to 2020, taking into account certain bibliographic variables .The following research questions were investigated through bibliometric mapping analysis:RQ1: What were the dynamics of publications in cultural-historical psychology?RQ2: Which countries, organizations, and journals have contributed to cultural-historical psychology-related research?RQ3: What were the most-used keywords in the abstract sections of journals on cultural-historical psychology from 2010 to 2020?RQ4: What was the semantic similarity of publications in different countries, universities, and journals on cultural-historical psychology from 2010 to 2020?The Web of Science Core Collection (hereinafter WOS CC) was the empirical base of the present study. Web of Science was selected as the scientific publication source in the study due to it having the largest research database.Table 1).The study sample consisted of scientific publications included in the WOS CC for the period of 2010-2020 . A free software VOSviewer v.1.6.13 was used to process the information, received in the Web of Science through co-word analysis of the text, and to visualize the relationships among the Author Keywords. To combine expressions that were close in meaning, a VosViewer Thesaurus File was used, which takes into account the synonymy of the Author Keywords and unifies the representation of the plural and singular . When creating a visual map of terms, a threshold for frequency of occurrence was set at 5, which corresponds to 61 keywords  of terms, the following mathematical statistical methods were used (SPSS Statistics 23.0): calculation of matrices of linear correlation coefficients r (Pearson product-moment method); and then, for comparison, calculation of distances by formula: d = 10 (1 – r). If d = 0, we can say that the frequency profiles of the terms were completely similar (with r = +1); the possible maximum value is 20 (if r = –1), but in the overwhelming majority of cases, d did not exceed 10 units. Terms are semantic units. The distances were calculated between the frequency distributions of these terms (semantic units). These distances will be referred to as semantic distances.The use of hierarchical cluster analysis  made it possible to quantitatively and visually assess the degree of semantic similarity or the distance of the compared samples.In order to clarify the conclusions based on cluster analysis, factor analysis  was also carried out by orthogonal Varimax rotation using Kaiser normalization. Here, it should be noted that the described method of analysis did not constitute a variant of co-word analysis , since iThe thematic diversity analysis of cultural-historical psychology and activity approach was carried out in two directions: analysis of the frequency distributions of publications in two samples (core and core+) in relation to the year of publication, countries, and journals; and analysis of the thematic diversity of publications related to the core+ sample in relation to the countries, journals, organizations, and scientific fields.RQ1: What were the dynamics of publications in cultural-historical psychology?In order to explore the development of interest in cultural-historical issues in terms of its sporadic or uniform character, we examined how many articles related to the topic were published annually in editions indexed by the Web of Science Core Collection from 2010 onwards. The publication dynamics of the core and core+ samples were evaluated separately.Figure 1).The dynamics of the publication activity of the core+ are presented below  appearing in 2018. More broadly, the lowest publication activity is observed from 2011 to 2014 (14%), while the period 2015–2019 accounts for the majority of publications (75%).The nature of the distribution of publications in the core+ sample, including publications of the core and core+ sets, corresponds to the overall pattern of publication and citation in the social sciences: in general, articles started to be actively cited around three to four years after their publication. In this connection, there was an annual increase in the number of publications constituting the core+ sample: the highest number of publication citations appeared in 2020 (n = 130), while the lowest number was in 2012 (n = 9). The data for 2021 are not included in this analysis since 2021 has not yet ended, and some works are yet to be published.Therefore, it can be seen that the number of publications on the cultural-historical psychology is growing unevenly. The annual number of core publications increased by 2.5 times, and the number of core+ by more than eight times.RQ2: Which countries and journals have contributed to cultural-historical psychology related research?Table 2 demonstrates the frequency distribution of publications in the core+ sample by the authors’ country affiliations.Analysis of the affiliation of the authors by sample showed the geographical spread of the cultural-historical approach in terms of the 10 top countries in which the research was carried out. Table 2).Almost equal shares of the core+ sample are taken by publications from Russia and the United States . The third place is taken by the group of authors affiliated with England (9.44%). Finland and Sweden entered the top 10 in terms of the number of publications in the core+, while Germany and Bulgaria failed to meet the threshold (see see Table 3).It is interesting to look at the specific academic journals which published works on cultural-historical topic ; second place was shared by the journals Educational Studies in Mathematics and Issues of Psychology (2.9% each). Third place in terms of the share of publications was taken by the Learning Culture and Social Interaction journal (2.72%). The top 10 journals pertained to two subject areas: Psychology  and Education & Educational Research . These journals are published by Springer (Netherlands), Taylor & Francis (England), and MSUPE (Russia) . With regard to the geographical location of publishing houses of the top 10 journals, the largest numbers were in England and Russia .Analysis of the periodicals publishing articles of the core+ sample showed that 10 journals were responsible for more than 25% of publications. Among these, the leader in terms of the number of publications was the Thus, in the first part of the analysis of our research results, we distinguished the groups of countries and academic journals having the largest number of publications in cultural-historical psychology, and determined the yearly frequency of these publications.RQ3: What were the most-used keywords in the abstract sections in journals on cultural-historical psychology from 2010 to 2020?The frequencies of the representation of Author Keywords in the sample were calculated in order to analyze the content of publications related to cultural-historical psychology. A semantic analysis of the 1,742 words and phrases (author keywords) contained in the sample was carried out. Keywords that were close in meaning were combined; these were those which might differ in singular or plural, presence or absence of articles, spelling errors, or they may contain synonyms. Among the Author Keywords there were unspecific terms for cultural-historical psychology. By referring in the same publication to terms related to the field of cultural-historical psychology (CHP) or to the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), they showed the intensity of work in a particular field of cultural-historical research. Semantic analysis resulted in a sample of 1,532 keywords.Table 4 shows that of the 20 most frequent terms, the first three places are occupied by: CHP — 86 articles; activity approach — 55; and CHAT — 50. The keywords indicated the following research fields to be prevalent: teacher education, university education, and learning activity. Development, subjectivity, reflection, and identity were among them, as well as specific terms in cultural-historical psychology — ZPD, perezhivanie, and double stimulation.Fig. 2) is determined by the frequency of the keyword use. The density of keywords placement depends on the number and intensity of links between them. On this keyword map, the lighter the area around a keyword, the higher the frequency of its use. The density of placement of keywords depends on the number and strength of links between them.The representation of the core+ keywords can be visualized using VosViewer tools. The size of a term on the map of keywords below , Activity approach , CHAT , and Vygotsky  were the most represented for the core + sample in terms of the number of uses  and the total weight of the links . Also the top 10 of the most used keywords included Teacher Education ; ZPD ; Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) ; Learning Activity ; Development ; and Education .As shown in Mind, Culture, and Activity.Unfortunately, not all publications included in the analysis of thematic diversity contained complete bibliographic data (according to the Web of Science Core Collection). For example, Author Keywords might have been missed in some publications. For this reason, our analysis omitted publications in one of the most significant scientific journals, Since many of the 1,532 samples were not specific to a particular scientific field, and 78% had a low frequency of occurrence (=1), the next step was to select an abbreviated list of terms for subsequent analysis. The selected Author Keywords were contained in a sample of those articles where “Cultural-historical psychology” and “Cultural-historical activity theory”  were used among the full list of the Author Keywords. Thus, the sample consisted of 368 keywords .RQ4: What was the semantic similarity of publications on cultural-historical psychology in different countries, universities, journals from 2010 to 2020?This study analyzes the semantic distances between different samples of publications, differentiated by a number of variables: country, university, journal, and research field. Semantic proximity is understood as the distance between frequency distributions of terms in the publications.see Table 4) to identify the relationship (semantic distances) between the most productive countries (n = 10), organizations (n = 10), sources (n = 10), and subject areas (n = 10) in publications where they were used.Subsequent analysis involved the top 20 most frequently used keywords ; Russia and Brazil (d = 3.86); and the United States and Canada (d = 3.95) (see Table 5). On the other hand, the greatest distances were between Brazil and Finland (d = 9.73); Russia and Norway (d = 9.72); and Brazil and England (d = 9.40).As can be seen from Figure 3) obtained for countries with a cut close to the root clearly shows two large clusters. The first of these clusters includes Russia, Brazil, Australia, and Spain (average d between them = 5.53). The second cluster includes the countries of North America, as well as England and the Scandinavian countries (average d in the second cluster = 6.03). It should be noted that the geographical proximity of countries does not correlate with their thematic proximity. For example, neighboring Scandinavian countries differed thematically from each other much more markedly than the pair Russia-Brazil or the pair United States-England (see Table 5).The dendrogram , and the third includes publications by Finnish and Swedish authors (distance = 5.92).In order to confirm the correct selection of clusters, a factor analysis was carried out with a factor loading refinement of less than |0.25|. The analysis confirmed the presence of three components with eigenvalues (Ev) greater than 1: Ev1 = 4.46; Ev2 = 1.92; Ev3 = 1.06. Factor 1 included countries with the following factor loadings: Russia — 0.905; Brazil — 0.824; Spain — 0.610; Australia — 0.578; United States — 0.287. Factor 2: Australia — 0.466; Canada — 0.805; United States — 0.795; Norway — 0.728; England — 0.713. The core had factor loadings of 0.864 for factor 1 and 0.352 for factor 2. Factor 3: England — 0.430; Finland — 0.818; Sweden — 0.782. If a country is included in several components, it is assigned to a greater factor loading. Rotation transformed in four iterations.Table 6). Five more terms common to paired country groupings were CHP, Vygotsky, ZPD, contradictions, and university education. The first group of countries was responsible for 50.0% of repeated terms, the second group 66.7%, and the third 41.7%. Of course, this indicates a significant conceptual overlap with publications in different groups of countries. Without even knowing which countries are included in each group, the semantic analysis of the terms indicates that the first and third groups are associated with the Russian and Finnish schools of thought, respectively. These are united by three general terms, which are common to all three groups. Thus, it turns out that the middle group has the greatest number of overlaps with both the Russian school (six) and the Finnish school (five), which could be interpreted as its mixed character.We note that three terms were common to all groups of countries: activity approach, teacher education, and CHAT (see Table 7) and dendrogram  for the samples of publications differentiated by the authors’ affiliation to universities. The average distance between all universities was 8.09.Next, let us consider the distance matrices ; Monash University and the University of Toronto (d = 4.84); Moscow State University of Psychology and Education and the University of Crete (d = 5.01) (see Table 7). On the other hand, the largest distances were between Lomonosov Moscow State University and the University of Münich (d = 10.27); the University of Toronto and the University of Helsinki (d = 10.13); and the University of Barcelona and the University of Helsinki (d = 10.09).As can be seen from The dendrogram shows that publications by authors affiliated with the University of Helsinki and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich hold a special place among the publications of all university affiliations. The other seven universities form one large cluster (together with the core): Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (MSUPE), Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU), the University of Crete, Monash University, the University of Barcelona, the University of Toronto, and the University of Manchester (average d within the cluster = 7.10). Although the average distance between the publications of the University of Helsinki and all other universities was 9.44 (with the University of Munich — 9.58), they are also separated from each other by a significant semantic distance of 9.89.These results also provide a basis for identifying at least three thematic groups within the analyzed sample of publications. This is consistent with the results of factor analysis with a factor loading refinement of less than |0.25|. The analysis confirmed the presence of three components with eigenvalues (Ev) greater than 1: Ev1 = 3.70; Ev2 = 1.35; Ev3 = 1.05. Factor 1 included organizations with the following factor loadings: Moscow State University of Psychology and Education — 0.845; Lomonosov Moscow State University — 0.842; the University of Barcelona — 0.582; the University of Crete — 0.563; Monash University — 0.386. Factor 2: the University of Crete — 0.459; the University of Toronto — 0.853; Monash University — 0.728; the University of Manchester — 0.464. The core had factor loadings of 0.863 for factor 1 and 0.301 for factor 2. Factor 3: the University of Crete — 0.304; the University of Helsinki — 0.802; the University of Manchester — 0.518; the University of Münich — 0.390. If an organization was included in several components, it was assigned to a greater factor loading. Rotation converged in four iterations.If the university samples of publications are grouped according to the factors having the highest loadings, then the first group will include two Moscow universities  and the universities of Barcelona and Crete, and the second group will comprise the University of Toronto and Monash University, while the third group will be made up of the universities of Helsinki, Manchester and Munich.Table 8). All groups of universities have one common term (Vygotsky), while six terms are common for two groups of universities .The thematic diversity and at the same time the overlap of factorized groups of publications, are illustrated in the table of the most frequently used terms in each group . This is because the parameters “organization” and “country” are related, as they are attributes of the authors of publications in the same sample.Table 8).We note that the term Vygotsky was used by all three groups of universities. CHP, Development, and ZPD were included in two groups: “MSUPE, LMSU, Universities of Barcelona and Crete” and “University of Toronto, Monash University.” Activity approach was used by “MSUPE, LMSU, Universities of Barcelona and Crete” and “Universities of Munich, Manchester and Helsinki.” CHAT was used by “University of Toronto, Monash University” and “Universities of Munich, Manchester, and Helsinki.” The remaining terms fell into one group only . The average distance between all pairs of samples amounted to 8.34.Let us analyze the data on the samples of publications corresponding to different journals ; Cultural-Historical Psychology and Psychological Science and Education (d = 3.72); Issues of Psychology and Psychological Science and Education (d = 5.05). On the other hand, the largest distances were between Cultural-Historical Psychology and ZDM Mathematics Education (d = 10.32); ZDM Mathematics Education and Frontiers in Psychology (d = 10.32); Infancia y Aprendizaje and ZDM Mathematics Education (d = 10.25).As can be seen from Fig. 5, cut at a height of 20 or so, is divided into two non-single clusters  and two single journals. The first cluster with an average distance (d = 5.42) included three Russian journals , and a Spanish journal (Infancia y Aprendizaje). Another cluster (average d = 7.16) included Educational Studies in Mathematics (EDUC_STUDIES_MATH), Learning Culture and Social Interaction (LEARN_CULTURE_SOC_INT), and Theory & Psychology (THEORY_PS). Although the journals ZDM Mathematics Education (ZDM_MATH_EDUC) and Frontiers in Psychology (FRONTIERS_PS) have a specific thematic content, they were very semantically distant from each other (d = 10.32).The dendrogram in Cultural-Historical Psychology — 0.882; Issues of Psychology — 0.848; Psychological Science and Education — 0.766; Infancia y Aprendizaje — 0.528; Factor 2: ZDM Mathematics Education — 0.812; Educational Studies in Mathematics — 0.770; Theory & Psychology — 0.389. The core has factor loadings of 0.897 for factor 1 and 0.259 for factor 2. Factor 3: Learning Culture and Social Interaction — 0.786; Theory & Psychology — 0.634; Frontiers in Psychology — 0.376. If a journal was included in several components, it was assigned to a greater factor loading. Rotation transformed in four iterations.The results of clustering were consistent with the results of factor analysis with a factor loading refinement of less than |0.25|. The analysis confirmed the presence of three components with eigenvalues (Ev) greater than 1: Ev1 = 3.54; Ev2 = 1.52; Ev3 = 1.09. Factor 1 included journals with the following factor loadings: Table 10 shows the most common terms corresponding to three groups of journals. Two terms were included in all three groups of journals , while five more terms were common for pairs of groups of journals .Analysis of the table showing the most frequent terms in these three groups of journals reveals a somewhat similar picture to that of the previous two analyses (for countries and universities): the first group has four common terms with the second group and three with the third; the second and third groups have three common terms. Therefore, we can again highlight the mixed character of the middle group and the difference in scientific schools in the first and third groups.see Table 11 and Fig. 6). Here, the average distance between all pairs of samples was 7.87.Finally, let us analyze the data on distances and clusters within the samples of publications, distributed by so-called “subject areas” ; Psychology, Educational and Psychology, Developmental (d = 4.43); Psychology, Multidisciplinary and Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary (d = 4.70) (see Table 11). On the other hand, the greatest distances were between Psychology, Developmental and Philosophy (d = 10.15); Linguistics and Philosophy (d = 10.15); Psychology, Clinical and Psychology, Experimental (d = 10.40).As can be seen from Fig. 6) slightly above level 20, we obtain a structure consisting of three clusters. The first cluster includes six subject areas (average d = 6.32) and a core sample; the second cluster includes three areas (average d = 7.07). Thethird cluster includes the thematic area of Philosophy almost equidistantly from the other two clusters .If we cut the dendrogram  greater than 1: Ev1 = 4.05; Ev2 = 1.52; Ev3 = 1.11. Factor 1 included subject areas with the following factor loadings: Psychology, Multidisciplinary — 0.884; Psychology, Educational — 0.869; Psychology, Clinical — 0.661; Social Sciences Interdisciplinary — 0.589; Psychology, Developmental — 0.557; Education & Educational Research — 0.258; Linguistics — 0.403.Factor 2: Social Sciences Interdisciplinary — 0.283; Education & Educational Research — 0.756; Linguistics — 0.463; Education, Scientific Disciplines — 0.515. The core has factor loadings of 0.884 for factor 1 and 0.307 for factor 2. Factor 3: Psychology, Developmental — 0.266; Philosophy — 0.778; Education, Scientific Disciplines — 0.581. If a subject area was included in several components, it was assigned to a greater factor loading. Rotation transformed in six iterations.Table 12 shows the most common terms corresponding to the groups of areas, differentiated by factors. Three terms were common to all areas , while four additional terms combined pairs of groups of areas .see Table 12) does not reveal a clear ideological commitment to a particular school. Here, the apparent theoretical and methodological confusion between all subject areas is quite understandable since the grouping of samples of publications by subject areas or year was not appropriate for solving our task of determining the diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches. To a greater extent, however, this task correlated with the samples distributed by countries and universities. Thus, for the correct interpretation of the results, it is essential that not only that all analyses (except for distributions by years) reveal a three-cluster and three-factor structure, but also that the semantic analysis of terms (keywords) is common and distinctive for different groups of publications.Semantic analysis of the distributions of terms in the three groups of areas .Fig. 7 depicts the dynamics of their use over an 11-year period.The most frequent common terms are Vygotsky, activity approach, CHAT, CHP, ZPD, and learning activity. For this group of six terms, our additional analysis of the dynamics of their use as keywords was not limited to the framework of the sample that served as the basis of our study. If we divide this period (2010-2020) into two approximately equal sub-periods, then it is quite clear that the search terms were all used much more often in the second period than in the first one. At the same time, the undisputed leader is activity approach , followed by the learning activity , and Vygotsky . The terms CHAT, CHP, and ZPD are found in less than 60 publications per year. Interestingly, the peak of the ZPD term was in 2011, while the peaks of CHAT and CHP overlap in 2016 and 2018.The present community of active cultural researchers and practitioners was formed about 40 years ago. In this context, we can observe an increase in the number of both its participants and scientific publications. This growth would have been impossible without a common cultural and historical foundation of ideas, concepts, and theories — not only psychological, but also philosophical, linguistic, semiotic, philological, pedagogical, biological, etc. .In this article, bibliometric analysis was applied to the scientific output in cultural-historical psychology. Based on journal publications from 2010 to 2020, we obtained a comprehensive overview of cultural-historical psychology-related research. Hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis  of the publications provided answers to a number of research questions, which we summarize here:RQ1: What were the dynamics of publications in cultural-historical psychology?The number of publications on cultural-historical psychology was established to be growing, although unevenly. The largest number of publications appeared in 2018. The minimum activity was observed from 2011 to 2014, whereas the bulk of publications came in the period from 2015 to 2019. The annual number of core publications increased 2.5 times, and the number of core+ went up more than eight times.RQ2: Which countries, organizations and journals have contributed to cultural-historical psychology-related research?Almost equal shares of the core+ sample were taken by publications from Russia and the United States . Third place was taken by the group of authors affiliated with England (9.44%). Finland and Sweden entered the top 10 in terms of the number of publications in the core+, while Germany and Bulgaria remained below the threshhold.Cultural-Historical Psychology (7.26%); second place was shared by the journals Educational Studies in Mathematics and Issues of Psychology (Voprosy psikhologii) (2.9% each). Third place was taken by the Learning Culture and Social Interaction journal (2.72%). The top 10 journals pertained to two subject areas — Psychology  and Education & Educational Research . These journals are published by Springer (Netherlands), Taylor & Francis (England), and MSUPE (Russia) . With regard to the geographical locations of the publishing houses of the top 10 journals, the bulk were located in England and Russia .Analysis of periodicals with publications of the core+ showed that more than 25% of the publications appeared in 10 journals. The leader in terms of the number of publications was the journal RQ3: What were the most-used keywords in the abstract section in journals on cultural-historical psychology from 2010 to 2020?The most-used keywords reflected the prevailing areas of research such as teacher education, university education, and learning activity. Development, subjectivity, reflection, and identity were also among them, as well as ones specific to cultural-historical psychology — ZPD, perezhivanie, and double stimulation.RQ4: What was the semantic similarity of publications from 2010 to 2020 in different countries, universities, and journals on cultural-historical psychology?Analysis of the semantic distances of the publications in the core+ sample by the authors’ geographical affiliation showed that the following countries were the closest to each other: the United States and England; Russia and Brazil; the United States and Canada. On the other hand, the greatest distances were between Brazil and Finland; Russia and Norway; Brazil and England.Analysis of the semantic distances between universities showed that the following universities were the closest to each other: Moscow State University of Psychology and Education and Lomonosov Moscow State University; Monash University and the University of Toronto; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education and the University of Crete. On the other hand, the largest distances were between Lomonosov Moscow State University and the University of Münich; the University of Toronto and the University of Helsinki; the University of Barcelona and the University of Helsinki.Cultural-Historical Psychology and Issues of Psychology; Cultural-Historical Psychology and Psychological Science and Education; Issues of Psychology and Psychological Science and Education. On the other hand, the largest distances were between Cultural-Historical Psychology and ZDM Mathematics Education; ZDM Mathematics Education and Frontiers in Psychology; Infancia y Aprendizaje and ZDM Mathematics Education.Analysis of the semantic distances between the journals showed that the following journals were the closest to each other: The most frequently used terms in all semantic groups were Vygotsky, activity approach, CHAT, CHP, ZPD, and learning activity. At the same time, the absolute leader was activity approach, followed by learning activity and Vygotsky.In terms of further research, B.G. Meshcheryakov began work on a chronotope of cultural-historical psychology as a generalized and topological (non-metric) schematic representing the development process, similar to a genealogical tree. The units of chronotope analysis are not versions (varieties) of theory, but larger units — theoretical-methodological paradigms, and scientific schools somewhat comparable to them . This sthttps://doi.org/10.25449/ruspsydata.14914872.v1To view supplementary material for this article, please visit To our knowledge, there has been no systematic analysis of the state and evolution of cultural-historical psychology using bibliometric and scientometric methods up to now. The method used in this study could help identify the historical and future development trends of research frontiers in the field of cultural-historical psychology. However, there are also some limitations in this study that can be overcome in future research.First, we only collected data from the Web of Science Core Collection Database. Furthermore, in order to get a complete and in-depth analysis, it is preferable to significantly expand the analyzed sample of publications. Future studies can extend the search to include other databases such as Scopus.Second, we did not differentiate the keywords according to their theoretical and methodological relevance, although it is quite obvious that keywords often include terms related to the objects of research or intervention . In future studies, it is possible to use different approaches to the problem of keyword selection in the bibliometric analysis, in particular, the application of the co-word method . It should be taken into account that the results of a search query in the Web of Science Core Collection Database depend on individual user access restrictions (users may get access to data of different time periods).


Met is the first limiting amino acid in the poultry diet. In this study, optimal levels of dietary Met improved the production of partridge shank broilers. This result might be related to immune function and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the requirements of digestible Met in terms of on-production performance (ADG and F/G) and immune function (sIgA in ileum mucosa) in partridge shank broilers (1–21 day) were calculated to be 0.418, 0.451, and 0.451% of diet, respectively, when birds were given anticoccidial drug treatment, with corresponding figures of 0.444, 0.455, and 0.452 when coccidia vaccine was administered.The present study investigated the effects of methionine (Met) on growth, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in partridge shank broilers, which were treated with either an anticoccidial drug or a coccidia vaccine. Chickens were fed five graded levels of Met  for 21 days in combination with the drug or vaccine. The results revealed that an optimal level of Met supplementation (1) increased ADFI (average daily feed intake), ADG (average daily gain), and F/G values (feed-to-gain ratio), indicating improved production; (2) increased OPG levels (oocysts per gram feces), intestinal lesion scores, bursa of Fabricius and thymus indexes, and sIgA content; (3) improved GSH-Px activities, and increased content levels of T-protein, albumin, and urea nitrogen. In addition, birds in the anticoccidial drug group had higher final weights, higher ADFI and ADG values, as well as lower F/G values, compared with birds in the vaccine group, indicating that coccidia vaccine reduces the performance of broilers. In conclusion, we found that an optimal level of dietary Met improved the production of partridge shank broilers, and this result might be related to immune function and antioxidant capacity. Optimal levels of digestible Met in terms of production performance (ADG and F/G) and immune function (sIgA in ileum mucosa) in partridge shank broilers (1–21 days) were found to be 0.418, 0.451, and 0.451 of diet, respectively, when birds were given anticoccidial drug treatment, with corresponding figures of 0.444, 0.455, and 0.452% when the coccidia vaccine was administered. The partridge shank broiler is a native Chinese breed of chicken which has the advantage of a low feed-to-weight-gain ratio and a good meat quality that is popular among consumers . HoweverIn poultry, mucosal immunity is the first immune barrier against the invasion of exogenous microorganisms. CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and IgA are all involved in this process. CD4 cells mainly play a supporting role, helping CD8 cells to produce an effective immune response against viruses and bacteria, killing pathogenic microorganisms ,10. IgA To date, there have been few reports on the effects of Met on the antioxidant capacity and immune function of chickens after infection with Eimeria, and there is a notable lack of research concerning partridge shank broilers. However, it is known that Met plays a significant role as a substrate in protein synthesis, including the synthesis of other sulfur amino acids, specifically cysteine . CysteinThis the first study to investigate the effects of dietary Met on immune function and antioxidant function in partridge shank broilers with Eimeria infection. Our results may be considered partial evidence for the role of dietary Met in regulating growth performance and intestinal immune function, and for its possible mechanisms in partridge shank broilers. In addition, the optimal level of Met supplementation for partridge shank broilers is also reported for the first time in this paper. The findings set out below may provide a reference for better formulating the feed of commercially reared poultry in the future. The basic diet is shown in 2. The experimental broilers were given free access to feed and water in a constantly illuminated and temperature-controlled house. The temperature of the room was maintained at 30 to 33 °C for the first day and then reduced by 0.5 °C per day. Humidity was maintained at 60–75%. Birds were immunized according to the immunization program of yellow-feathered broilers described in . Cecum lesions were examined using a Nikon light microscope . Lesion scores were determined and recorded according to the method of Johnson et al. (1970) , with scEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sIgA levels in cecal lumina were examined using the commercially available ELISA kit  following the manufacturer’s protocols. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), T-protein, albumin, and urea nitrogen were measured using reagent kits . Concentrations of total protein, albumin and urea nitrogen were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, also using reagent kits .p < 0.05), means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test to determine specific differences among means. Linear and quadratic regression contrasts were included in the analysis to determine the response of animals to increasing levels of dietary Met and different types of coccidia treatment. Met requirements were estimated using a broken-line model, and results were reported as mean ± standard deviation [p < 0.05.The effects of supplemental Met upon partridge shank broilers subject to coccidia treatment were analyzed using SAS software . Data were checked for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance using the Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene’s test. Data were further analyzed as a 5 × 2 (5 Met levels × 2 types of coccidia treatment) factorial arrangement of treatments by 2-way ANOVA with a model that included the main effects of Met levels and coccidia treatments, as well as their interaction. When an effect was significant (eviation . Unless p < 0.001). A lower F/G value was also recorded for birds in the anticoccidial drug group, compared with those in the coccidia vaccine group (p < 0.001). Final weight and ADG were both upregulated in anticoccidial drug control birds as dietary Met supplement was added, up to a level of 0.45 percent . Above this level, the trend line was flat . A Met supplementation level of 0.45% produced the highest ADFI , while supplementation at 0.57% resulted in the lowest F/G value .As shown in p < 0.001), as shown in p < 0.001) with dietary Met supplementation under both coccidia treatment . The anticoccidial drug group had lower intestinal lesion scores compared with the coccidia vaccine group (p < 0.05). Intestinal lesion scores increased with dietary Met supplementation under anticoccidial drug treatment .The number of fecal coccidia oocysts was higher in the coccidia vaccine group com-pared with the anticoccidial drug group (p < 0.001), as shown in p > 0.05). GSH-Px was upregulated with dietary Met supplementation under both types of coccidia treatment  and interaction effects were presented (p < 0.001). T-AOC and albumin content in broiler serum were upregulated with dietary Met supplementation under both types of coccidia treatment . T-protein content was also upregulated with dietary Met supplementation  under both types of treatment and inter-action effects were again presented (p = 0.041). Met supplementation levels of 0.33 and 0.57% produced the highest urea nitrogen levels in broiler serum for both types of coccidia treatment . However, Met supplementation levels did not affect the content of MDA in broiler serum (p > 0.05).The activities of GSH-Px and T-AOC in broiler serum were lower in vaccinated birds compared with the anticoccidial drug group (p < 0.001). However, neither type of treatment affected the spleen index or thymus index of broilers (p > 0.05). The bursa of Fabricius index was upregulated with dietary Met supplementation in broilers under both types of coccidia treatment . The bursa of Fabricius index was upregulated in broilers with dietary Met supplementation under coccidia treatment , and interaction effects were presented (p = 0.046). However, Met supplementation did not affect the thymus index of broilers (p > 0.05).As shown in 4+ and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in broiler blood, compared with birds in the anticoccidial drug group (p < 0.001), as set out in 8+ or the content of sIgA in broiler blood (p > 0.05). The blood content of sIgA was upregulated with dietary Met supplement under both types of coccidia treatment . However, aside from this main effect, Met supplementation did not affect the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ or the value of CD4+/CD8+ (p > 0.05). The results of multiple comparisons revealed that appropriate levels of Met supplementation increased the level of CD4+ (rather than CD8+) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in broilers under both types of coccidia treatment.The coccidia vaccine increased the level of CDIn this research, we found that the ADFI, ADG, final weight, and F/G were raised with dietary Met supplements added to 0.45%; after this ADG and final weight trend plain, ADFI and F/G slowed down under both coccidia treatment. These results indicate that low levels of dietary Met cannot meet the production needs of broilers. Performance can be improved with Met supplementation, but excessive Met supplementation might have adverse effects. In the present study, the anticoccidial drug group had higher final weights, higher ADFI and ADG values, and lower F/G values compared with the coccidia vaccine group, indicating that the coccidia vaccine reduces the performance of broilers in comparison with birds that receive anticoccidial drugs. It may be that the coccidia vaccine affects the intestinal structure of broilers and reduces nutrient absorption and utilization rates. To consider this matter more fully, we carried out further research and found that OPG and intestinal injury scores were higher in coccidia-vaccinated broilers than in birds which received anticoccidial drug treatment. These results indicated the success of coccidia vaccine immunization and the negative effects of coccidia vaccine on the intestinal structure and function of broilers. In addition, there is an interaction effect between the coccidia treatment and Met level on final weight and ADG, which indicated the different regulation of Met on production performance between two coccidia treatment in the partridge shank. In addition, we found an interesting result: the OPG linearly increased with dietary Met supplementation under coccidia treatment. The effect of Met on coccidia needs further study.Met is involved in the regulation of physiological functions through regulating the REDOX system and protein synthesis . In the In broilers, Met is mainly used in protein synthesis . In this4+T lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ were both higher in the blood of broilers that received coccidia vaccine treatment. During coccidia immunity, CD4+T lymphocytes function as helper T lymphocytes, while CD8+ T lymphocytes function as effector T lymphocytes [4+/CD8+ ratio is usually maintained in a range of 1 to 2, and any increase or decrease in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio indicates immunosuppression or immunoenhancement [When coccidia invade the intestinal epithelial cells of broilers, specific and nonspecific immune responses are triggered , especiaphocytes . The CD4ancement .8+T lymphocytes in vaccinated broilers was higher than in drug-treated birds. Met supplementation improved the level of CD4+ (rather than CD8+) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in birds of both treatment groups. An adequate level of Met plays an important role in the synthesis of small peptides and proteins required by the immune system [8+T lymphocytes, and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ [4+ and CD8+, and this finding was in line with previous research carried out in our laboratory [4+ cell percentages and CD4+/CD8+ ratios in vaccinated chickens. To our surprise, we found a contrary result with respect to CD8+. This may be related to the longer feed cycle which may activate the fecal system more effectively. IgA is the main antibody isoform present in bodily secretions and acts as a first line of defense against pathogens which invade and colonize the intestinal mucosa. It has previously been shown that the IgA titers in the intestinal lumen are mirrored by serum IgA titers [The coccidia vaccine is based on cellular immunity. In this study, the number of CD4+ and CDe system . On the e system . Wu et aboratory . In thisA titers . This stThe above data obviously indicate that an appropriate level of dietary Met improves performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune function  in partridge shank broilers. According to the quadratic regression equation model shown in , the optIn this study, we found that optimal levels of dietary Met improve the production of partridge shank broilers. This might be the result of changes in immune function  and antioxidant capacity. We also found that coccidia vaccine reduces the performance of broilers, compared with birds which receive anticoccidial drugs for the first time. Optimal levels of digestible Met in terms of production performance (ADG and F/G) and immune function (sIgA in ileum mucosa) in partridge shank broilers (1–21 days) were found to be 0.418%, 0.451%, and 0.451% of diet, respectively, when birds received anticoccidial drug treatment. For birds which received the coccidia vaccine, the equivalent figures were 0.444%, 0.455%, and 0.452 %, as shown in


This study investigated the shear resistance and damage evolution of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)-reinforced concrete short columns. Five circular concrete short columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups were fabricated and tested under lateral thrust in the laboratory. The test variables involved the stirrup reinforcement ratio, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the type of stirrups. The failure modes, load-displacement curves, strain responses and crack characteristics of these columns were documented and discussed. The accuracy of shear design equations in predicting shear capacity of such columns was evaluated. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) instrument was used to identify the full-field strain and damage zones of circular concrete short columns. Several smart aggregate (SA) transducers coupled to the surface of these columns were used to monitor its damage status. The energy ratio index (ERI) and the damage index based on smart aggregate were established to characterize damage level of such columns. The test results indicate that the shear capacity is improved 5.6% and 31.1% and the lateral ultimate displacement is increased 67.7% and 400% as the stirrup reinforcement ratio of the concrete short column is increased from 0 to 0.19% and 0.47%, respectively. The shear capacity equation proposed by Ali and his co-workers, considering a strain limit of  Steel materials are prone to corrosion in severe environments, which degrades the mechanical performance of steel-reinforced concrete structures and shortens their service life ,2,3. FibConcrete columns are major bearing components in bridges and other structures . Short cIn recent decades, the shear behavior of concrete beams of rectangular cross-section reinforced with FRP materials has been studied ,14,15,16The failure of concrete structures is attributed to the accumulation of damage and a structure’s safety and remaining safe service life can be estimated by the damage level . If the ERI) based on the signal received by the smart aggregate. The damage indexes established using the smart aggregate were compared with those determined using the load-displacement curves.In this paper, five circular concrete short columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups were fabricated and subjected to lateral thrust to study their shear behaviors and damage status. The failure modes, load-displacement curves, strain responses and crack characteristics of these columns were studied and discussed. The experimental data were applied to assess the accuracy of existing design equations of shear strength in predicting the shear capacity of circular concrete short columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups. In addition, several smart aggregate transducers were pasted on the surface of these columns to monitor their damage status. DIC was also used to obtain the full-field strain and aggregates were compared with those determined using the load-displacement curves. The development of damage zones identified using DIC explained the changes in the energy ratio index . The GFRP spiral stirrups, which were manufactured by Guangdong Pulwell Composites Co., Ltd. , were adopted in this test. The diameter of the GFRP longitudinal bars was 13 mm and that of the spiral stirrups was 6 mm. In addition, the round steel stirrups with diameters of 6 mm were adopted in this experiment, which are designed as a comparison specimen with the test specimens constructed using GFRP spiral stirrups. The GFRP longitudinal bars a, the spFive circular concrete short columns were designed, and their parameters are listed in detail in The fabrication of the concrete short columns is shown in Ten strain gauges (S1–S10) were attached to each spiral stirrup from the bottom to the top of the column at intervals of 180° see a. These The lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patch is the major component of a smart aggregate (SA). The PZT patch is first embedded in the copper shell and then embedded in the marble . The copAs shown in It can be seen in The load-displacement curves on the top of the concrete short columns obtained with LVDT (D2), as shown in It can be seen in The lateral displacements of the columns from the bottom to the top obtained by DIC are shown in It is difficult to detect the strain at the main diagonal crack by using strain gauges attached to the concrete surface. Therefore, the strain corresponding to the acquisition point at the main diagonal crack see  is extraAlthough multiple strain gauges are used to record strains in the stirrups, the main diagonal crack does not always cross the stirrups where the strain gauges are located. The larger strain values recorded by two gauges near the main diagonal crack are therefore selected for analysis, as shown in As shown in The shear strength of a column without stirrups is mainly provided by the shear resistance of uncracked concrete, dowel action between the longitudinal bars and the concrete, residual tensile stress and interlock effect between aggregates at the diagonal cracks. Moreover, the contribution of an arch effect to shear strength cannot be ignored for these members with a shear-span ratio less than 2.5 . In a cos and d refer to the pitch of spiral stirrups and the effective depth, respectively. In this calculation, in accordance with reference [d for circular concrete members can be determined according to AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications [D is the diameter of the circular cross-section and rD is the diameter of the circle passing through the centers of the longitudinal reinforcement. It is worth noting that the applied vertical compression load is relatively small in this study, so its influence on shear strength is ignored.The efficiency of spiral stirrups in resisting shear force is reduced compared with the discrete hoop stirrups. Only a component of the force in the helical link can resist shear force resulting from the spiral inclination and geometric curvature of spiral stirrups see . The shelination . Combineeference , the valications , as beloIn this experiment, the shear resistance is considered to be provided by the concrete when the strain of the spiral stirrup is less than 100 micro-strains. That enables determining ions see . It can .004Efv) , but is .005Efv) . AccordiCurrently, existing specifications have not been used to evaluate the shear capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with FRP bars and spiral stirrups. In this section, four shear design specifications which might be applied to predict the shear capacity of the concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups are summarized in Ali et al.  recommenions see , with anIn this study, several smart aggregate (SA) transducers were used to monitor the crack development and evaluate the structural damage of the concrete short columns. The active sensing technology that is, using a pair of SAs, one as the actuator and the other as the sensor, was adopted ,41. The In Time-domain signals of the overall structure, that is, the stress wave generated by SA1 and received by SA3, are presented in Frequency-domain diagrams corresponding to the time-domain signals in S) into two parts: a detailed signal with a high frequency (D1) and an approximation signal with a lower frequency (A1). The approximation signal (A1) is then further decomposed into a second-level detailed signal with a higher frequency (D2) and a second-level approximation signal with a lower frequency (A2), and so on. Finally, the original is decomposed into D1, D2, D3, …, nD−1, nD and nA after n rounds of decomposition, termed n-level wavelet decomposition  is divided into n+1 signals corresponding to different frequency bands. Those signals in different frequency bands can be represented by a set jX, which can be expressed as:j represents the frequency bands  and m represents the amount of sampling data. The energy of those signals in different frequency bands can be obtained as:In iS and the corresponding energy in different frequency bands obtained by the n-level wavelet decomposition can be expressed as i,jE. Therefore, an energy ratio index in the different frequency bands (jERI ) can be defined as:i,jE represents the energy of the signal collected at the ith time in the jth frequency band. Ej1, is the energy of the first acquisition signal in the jth frequency band, which corresponds to the time of the member being in a healthy state. Further, an energy ratio index (ERI) can be defined as:In this experiment, the signal collected each time is denoted as ERI.In this study, 3-level wavelet decomposition is applied to all the signals collected. The high-frequency component was the noise, which is removed in calculating the ERI with load is presented in ERI values barely vary before the onset of cracking of the columns, but they then drop significantly afterward. The change in ERI values relates to the damage zones, that is, the generation and propagation of cracks, as shown in ERI values for SA1-SA3 and SA1-SA2 begin to drop at about 21 kN, see ERI values for SA2-SA3. (ii) As the load increases to 51 kN, the second crack is observed in the upper part of the column; see ERI values for SA2-SA3 decrease significantly from 40 kN for SA2-SA3 in ERI values decline to very small, since the propagation of stress waves is mostly impeded by the long and wide cracks. Note that for the test specimen S1, the ERI values for SA1-SA2 and SA2-SA3 are almost zero after the second crack forms. This is owing to the fact that the second crack formed just at the position of SA2. The above analysis illustrates that the loads corresponding to the first crack in the upper and lower parts of a column can be identified using the ERI values for SA1-SA2 and SA2-SA3, respectively. The identification results of crack formation are consistent with those observed by the naked eye  based on wavelet energy is a classic damage index [ERI values to evaluate the damage level of concrete structures, as follows:In recent years, piezoceramic transducers have been widely used to monitor concrete structures. This has led many scholars to propose damage indices to characterize the damage level of concrete members ,44. Amonge index . Its calIn this section, only the signals for SA1-SA3 are used to obtain the damage indices to quantify overall damage of the column.P and crP are the applied load and the cracking load, respectively; δ and crδ are the displacements corresponding to the applied and cracking loads. In this study, the damage indices can be calculated using the load-displacement curves at the top of a column monitored with the LVDT and DIC instruments.In general, the damage level of a reinforced concrete column can be reflected by the stiffness variation of the load-displacement curve. A damage index based on the load-displacement curve can be defined as shown below:The damage indices determined according to Equations (8) and (9) are compared in GFRP spiral stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement can inhibit the formation of the main diagonal crack, increase the shear capacity and improve the ductility of a concrete short column. The load-displacement curve of a short column reinforced by GFRP spiral stirrups is similar to that of one reinforced by round steel stirrups, indicating that it is feasible to use GFRP bars and GFRP spiral stirrups in column constructions.GFRP spiral stirrups increase the shear capacity of a circular concrete short column by 5.6% and 31.1% at a stirrup reinforcement ratio of 0.19% and 0.47%, respectively. The shear capacity of a concrete short column with GFRP spiral stirrups is improved by 18.95% by increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio from 1.5% to 2.25%. Notably, the lateral ultimate displacement is increased by 67.7% and 400% at a stirrup reinforcement ratio of 0.19% and 0.47% in a circular concrete short column.The effective stress of the GFRP spiral stirrups at failure, which is from 20.1% to 26.0% of the ultimate tensile strength of a GFRP straight bar, is decreased with the increase in the stirrup reinforcement ratio and is improved by increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio.For circular concrete short columns with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups, the shear capacity can be accurately predicted by using the equation proposed by Ali et al., with a strain limit of The energy ratio index (ERI) established by wavelet decomposition can help to identify the location of cracks in a column and the loads corresponding to the formation of cracks. Damage indices determined using smart aggregate are consistent with those obtained from load-displacement curves, indicating that with the proposed damage index based on the smart aggregate it is feasible to evaluate the damage level of the concrete short columns.In this study, the thrust test was carried out on five circular concrete short columns reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spiral stirrups under constant compression load to investigate their shear behaviors. The effects of three test parameters  on load-displacement curves, strains, cracks and failure modes were discussed. Several design equations for predicting the shear capacity of circular concrete short columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spiral stirrups were compared and evaluated. In addition, several smart aggregate (SA) transducers were used to assess the damage levels of circular concrete short columns. Based on the above studies, the following conclusions can be drawn: