Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Improving antibiotic use is critical to reduce an individual’s CDI risk. Antibiotic stewardship initiatives can reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing , impacting both hospital -onset (HO)-CDI and community-associated (CA)-CDI. Previous computational and mathematical modeling studies have demonstrated a reduction in CDI incidence associated with antibiotic stewardship initiatives in hospital settings. Although the impact of antibiotic stewardship initiatives in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), including nursing homes, and in outpatient settings have been documented, the effects of specific interventions on CDI incidence are not well understood. We examined the relative effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship interventions on CDI incidence using a geospatially explicit agent-based model of a regional healthcare network in North Carolina. We simulated reductions in unnecessary antibiotic prescribing and inappropriate antibiotic selection with intervention scenarios at individual and network healthcare facilities, including short-term acute care hospitals (STACHs), nursing homes, and outpatient locations. Modeled antibiotic prescription rates were calculated using patient-level data on antibiotic length of therapy for the 10 modeled network STACHs. By simulating a 30% reduction in antibiotics prescribed across all inpatient and outpatient locations, we found the greatest reductions on network CDI incidence among tested scenarios, namely a 17% decrease in HO-CDI incidence and 7% decrease in CA-CDI. Among intervention scenarios of reducing inappropriate antibiotic selection, we found a greater impact on network CDI incidence when modeling this reduction in nursing homes alone compared to the same intervention in STACHs alone. These results support the potential importance of LTCF and outpatient antibiotic stewardship efforts on network CDI burden and add to the evidence that a coordinated approach to antibiotic stewardship across multiple facilities, including inpatient and outpatient settings, within a regional healthcare network could be an effective strategy to reduce network CDI burden.Antibiotic exposure can lead to unintended outcomes, including drug-drug interactions, adverse drug events, and healthcare-associated infections like  Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) was first recognized as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, C. difficile infection (CDI) has become the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States and is costly to the healthcare system [Since 1978 when e system . Howevere system .Exposure to antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of CDI . DiffereImproving antibiotic use is critical, not only to reduce an individual patient’s CDI risk, but also to mitigate emerging antibiotic resistance . In U.S.Efforts to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing include antibiotic stewardship initiatives . AntibioC. difficile may be influenced by community sources and person movement among healthcare facilities [The overall burden and transmission dynamics of cilities –20. GiveAgent-based models (ABMs) can capture the complexities of person movement among healthcare facilities and the communities they serve. Increasingly, ABMs are used to assess HAI prevention interventions, including antibiotic stewardship, which can inform decision making in public health and healthcare settings. Previous ABMs have demonstrated the reduction of CDI incidence associated with antibiotic stewardship initiatives in inpatient settings  and the We developed a geospatially explicit ABM of a regional healthcare network in North Carolina (NC) capable of examining the relative effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship interventions on CDI incidence . We simuThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and RTI International.S1 File) [We previously developed a geospatially explicit ABM to simulate patient movement within a major regional healthcare network in NC, UNC Health Care . UNC HeaS1 File) . With a S1 File) . HealthcS1 File) .Agents in the ABM represent >10.2 million NC residents . Each agS1 File (see v. Process overview and scheduling). We calibrated agent movement according to the CMS 2016 data using methods described previously [S1 File .We updated the published ABM  by explieviously  and in SFig 1). C. difficile asymptomatic colonization was a necessary step to develop CDI [Table 1). Transition to colonization was also dependent on the burden of colonization and CDI at the agent’s location (S1 File) [We implemented a CDI disease model for each agent, with daily transition probabilities between disease states . In the elop CDI . Transitelop CDI , 36–38 (S1 File) , 38.Each agent in the ABM existed in a dynamic, binary state of antibiotic exposure . Daily probabilities of antibiotic exposure were informed by agent location and age . AntibioWe used patient-level data to calculate antibiotic prescribing rates and length of therapy (LOT) per 1,000 patient-days in each of the seven network STACHs for which patient-level data were available from UNC Health Care , 40. LOTTable 1). Agents with antibiotic exposure were at increased risk of CDI according to static risk ratios (RRs) associated with each antibiotic risk level, selected to simulate varied risk corresponding to different antibiotic classes, during the antibiotic course and for 90 days following the completion of the course [S1 File).When an agent was assigned to antibiotic exposure, this assignment included (1) an antibiotic course duration and (2) an antibiotic risk level  . Subsequently, we calibrated the ABM to reproduce the following CDI incidence targets: (1) HO-CDI according to NC-specific National Healthcare Surveillance Network C. difficile lab event data by hospital; (2) published community onset (CO)-CDI incidence [S1 File). We used established CDI case definitions, adapted to the context of this ABM, with each CDI case defined (1) as either CO-CDI or HO-CDI and (2) as either CA-CDI or HA-CDI (S1 File). Specifically, we defined a CDI case as CO-CDI if the agent transitioned to the CDI disease state fewer than 3 days after admission to a healthcare facility , and HO-CDI if the agent transitioned to the CDI disease state at least 3 days after admission to a healthcare facility  [We calibrated the ABM to reproduce both colonization prevalence rates and antibiotic exposure rates by location , 38, 46 ncidence –49; (3) ncidence –53; and ncidence –53. We ang home) . Additiong home) , 52. We ng home) , 52.We modeled two antibiotic stewardship interventions, each representing a decrease in inappropriate antibiotic use, as follows: (1) reduction in total antibiotics prescribed at individual facility types alone and across all network facilities  ; (2) reduction in CDI high-risk antibiotics, in favor of CDI moderate-risk antibiotics, prescribed at individual facility types .We developed five scenarios exploring the impact of a reduction in antibiotics prescribed at individual healthcare facility types and across healthcare facility types, representing a coordinated stewardship approach, as follows: (1) network STACHs only; (2) nursing homes only; (3) outpatient facilities only; (4) all network STACHs and nursing homes; and (5) all network inpatient and outpatient facilities . For each scenario, the total antibiotics prescribed were reduced by 10%, 20%, and 30%. Of note, across the network the absolute decrease in the number of antibiotics prescribed differed with each of these scenarios. For example, a 10% decrease in total antibiotics prescribed in STACHs and a 10% decrease in total antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes are not equal in terms of the number of antibiotic doses averted. We selected a 30% reduction as the maximum reduction possible in our simulated interventions, as at least 30% of antibiotics prescribed in outpatient setting in the United States are reportedly inappropriate .We developed two scenarios exploring the impact of a reduction in high-risk antibiotics prescribed at individual facility types: (1) network STACHs, and (2) nursing homes. For each scenario, the relative proportion of CDI high-risk antibiotics was reduced by 0.1, with a concordant 0.1 increase in moderate-risk antibiotics prescribed, and by 0.2, with a concordant 0.2 increase in moderate-risk antibiotics prescribed.We conducted 40 runs for each scenario using the entire NC synthetic population (>10.2 million agents) as microdata input to the ABM to account for the complex movement of agents throughout the state. We defined the following model outcomes for the 41-county catchment area of the network  to assesTable 2).Antibiotic prescribing rates among admissions to the seven UNC STACHs for which data existed  ranged from 251 LOT per 1,000 patient-days to 450 LOT per 1,000 patient-days . Specifically, as antibiotics prescribed in STACHs decreased by 30%, the STACH HO-CDI incidence decreased by 10%, from 7.0 cases per 10,000 patient-days  to 6.3 cases per 10,000 patient-days  . As the antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes decreased by 30%, the nursing home HO-CDI incidence decreased by 17%, from 8.4 cases per 10,000 patient-days  to 7.0 cases per 10,000 patient-days  .As the total number of antibiotics prescribed within network STACHs and nursing homes decreased by 10%, 20%, and 30%, the HO-CDI incidence in the ABM also decreased within that location category . Similarly, as the antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes decreased by 30%, network HO-CDI incidence decreased by 14%, to 7.4 cases per 10,000 patient-days  . With a reduction in outpatient antibiotics only, we observed a minimal reduction (1%) in CDI incidence at other network locations .As the total number of antibiotics prescribed in STACHs decreased by 30%, the network HO-CDI incidence decreased by 2%, from 8.6 cases per 10,000 patient-days  to 8.4 cases per 10,000 patient-days  . With a coordinated stewardship approach across all network inpatient and outpatient locations, reducing the antibiotics prescribed by 30%, there was a 17% decrease in network HO-CDI incidence, to 7.1 cases per 10,000 patient-days  and a 7% decrease in CA-CDI incidence, to 114.2 cases per 100,000 person-years  in the ABM  and a 3% decrease in CA-CDI incidence, from 122.8 cases per 100,000 person-years  to 119.6 cases per 100,000 person-years  . With 10% and 30% reductions in total antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes, we observed 2% increases in STACH HO-CDI incidence . We observed a 1% increase in STACH HO-CDI incidence with a 20% reduction in total antibiotics prescribed in outpatient facilities .With this intervention scenario, we observed occasional increases in CDI incidence. Specifically, we observed a 0.1% increase in nursing home HO-CDI incidence with a 10% reduction in total antibiotics prescribed in network STACHs . Similarly, as the relative proportion of high-risk antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes decreased by 0.2 (in favor of moderate-risk antibiotics), the nursing home HO-CDI incidence decreased by 8%, to 7.7 cases per 10,000 patient-days , and the network HO-CDI incidence decreased by 7%, to 7.9 cases per 10,000 patient-days  . With a reduction in high-risk antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes, we observed a 1% increase in STACH HO-CDI incidence and a 0.3% increase in CA-CDI incidence .As the relative proportion of high-risk antibiotics prescribed in STACHs decreased by 0.2 (in favor of moderate-risk antibiotics), the STACH HO-CDI incidence decreased by 14%, to 6.1 cases per 10,000 patient-days , and the network HO-CDI incidence decreased by 2%, to 8.4 cases per 10,000 patient-days   reduce unnecessary antibiotics at individual facility types compared to a coordinated approach across network locations; and (2) reduce inappropriate antibiotic selection in STACHs and in nursing homes. Although modest, the general trends in CDI incidence reduction and the relationships between implementation at individual facility types and other network locations are apparent.S1 File) [S1 File) compared to agents discharged to their homes. Finally, agents in nursing homes are inherently at increased risk of CDI due to their age (≥65 years of age).We observed a greater impact on network HO-CDI by simulating a reduction in antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes alone (14% HO-CDI reduction) compared to the same intervention in STACHs alone (2% HO-CDI reduction). This finding is notable considering that the absolute number of antibiotic courses prescribed in our ABM varies by healthcare facility type. During a typical run of the ABM, the number of antibiotic courses initiated in STACHs is approximately seven-times greater than the number of antibiotic courses initiated in nursing homes. Therefore, a 30% reduction in total antibiotics administered in network STACHs is a larger reduction in the absolute number of antibiotic doses than a 30% reduction in total antibiotics administered in nursing homes. However, the nursing home LOS (mean: 95 days) is longer than the STACH LOS (range of means: 4.3–6.6 days) in the ABM (S1 File) . Agents By simulating a reduction in inappropriate antibiotic selection, we estimated a relative reduction in CDI high-risk antibiotics prescribed, in favor of moderate-risk antibiotics, in STACHs and nursing homes. In these simulations, the interventions focused at nursing homes alone resulted in a larger impact on CDI incidence, compared to similar interventions at network STACHs alone. Again, this finding can largely be explained by the longer LOS for agents in nursing homes, compared to STACHs, in the ABM and their inherent increased risk of CDI due to age.Fig 2A, 2B and 2C). For example, 10%, 20%, and 30% reductions in total antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes resulted in a 2% increase, a 2% decrease, and a 2% increase, respectively, in STACH HO-CDI incidence . Similarly, the greater the reduction in high-risk antibiotics prescribed in nursing homes, the smaller the increase in STACH HO-CDI incidence . This may be related to random variation during simulations. In the future, we will consider conducting additional simulation runs, beyond the 40 simulation runs presented here, to further investigate this variation.With each of the two antibiotic stewardship interventions modeled, we observed occasional simulation results of increased CDI incidence. For the intervention scenario of reducing total antibiotics prescribed, these observations were inconsistent across percent reductions . Further, these daily prescribing rates could be informed by data from other healthcare systems in other regions.There are several limitations to the study. Our results suggest modest relative effects that make some scenario comparisons challenging to interpret. For example, a reduction in antibiotics prescribed at STACHs alone resulted in a 14% reduction in STACH HO-CDI incidence, while a reduction in antibiotics prescribed across all network locations produced only an 11% reduction in STACH HO-CDI incidence. This counterintuitive finding can be explained by the negligible difference between the actual HO-CDI incidence values, which are quite similar over the 40 model simulations . This may also be related to random variation during simulations or to the antibiotic assignment rules that we employed . In the future, we will consider conducting additional simulation runs, beyond the 40 simulation runs presented here, to further investigate this variation. Although community administration of antibiotics did not increase the likelihood that an agent was transferred to a healthcare facility, this update could be implemented in subsequent iterations of the ABM. Finally, other types of models  could arguably be used to evaluate antibiotic stewardship interventions as presented in this manuscript. However, we view these interventions and our results as initial steps in our effort to use this ABM to study a variety of simulated interventions as follow-on studies.We employed the antibiotic stewardship interventions uniformly across all 10 network STACHs, but this does not impart the maximum possible variation that the ABM can provide across these 10 sites. Similarly, outpatient prescribing was treated uniformly across the community location node. However, variability in outpatient prescribing varies by geography and facility type . We assuC. difficile and other HAI pathogens. We conceptualized reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use as shifts from higher-risk to moderate-risk CDI antibiotics. The impact of successful antibiotic stewardship efforts at different facility types will lead to greater variation in proportions of low, moderate, and high-risk CDI antibiotics than was modeled in this study.We evaluated the two antibiotic stewardship interventions independently. Realistically, these interventions would be applied in coordination and to varying degrees across individual facilities and multiple facilities, as stewardship efforts should be directed toward the most relevant factors applicable to that setting . Future All antibiotic prescribers and healthcare facilities are responsible for antibiotic stewardship efforts. This responsibility includes a determination if antibiotics are necessary and, if so, the optimal antibiotic selection, dose, duration, and route . AntibioS1 File(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated disorder in which abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltrate affected organs. There have been reported four cases of probable IgG4-RD presenting as a submucosal tumor of the stomach. We herein report the first case of definite IgG4-RD presenting as a submucosal tumor of the stomach resected with laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS).A 70-year-old woman with a 6-year history of autoimmune pancreatitis was referred to our department because a 15-mm submucosal tumor in the greater curvature of the lower part of the stomach had been identified via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a 10-mm low-echoic lesion derived from the submucosal layer of the stomach. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy was attempted, but the tumor was too hard for sampling. F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography showed an FDG uptake, suggesting a possibility of malignant disease. As the diagnosis could not be confirmed, LECS for both the diagnosis and curative treatment was performed. A histopathological examination showed a tumor with IgG4-positive lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis. The ratio of IgG4+/IgG+ lymphoplasmacytic cells was > 80%. A laboratory examination showed elevation of the serum IgG4 levels preoperatively. Thus, the final diagnosis was IgG4-RD of the stomach. No recurrence was observed within 1 year after surgery.We encountered a case of definite IgG4-RD presenting as a gastric SMT in which a correct diagnosis was achieved by a minimally invasive LECS technique. IgG4-RD may present as a gastric lesion and should be taken into consideration as a differential diagnosis. IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated disorder in which abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltrate affected organs. This disease process is known to present in many organs and has been reported in the pancreas, biliary tree, salivary glands, kidneys, lungs, pituitary, prostate, and stomach, as well as the soft tissues, retroperitoneum, and lymph nodes . There hWe herein report the first case of IgG4-RD that met all criteria, presenting as a submucosal tumor of the stomach, and was resected with laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS).A 70-year-old woman with a 6-year history of autoimmune pancreatitis was referred to our department because a gastric submucosal tumor (SMT) had been detected during screening upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The SMT was located at the greater curvature of the lower part of the stomach and had not been noted 2 years earlier Fig. a. The mamax) of early 3.8 to late 5.1 , and immunohistochemistry showed the infiltration of IgG4-positive lymphoplasmacytic cells. The ratio of IgG4+/IgG+ lymphoplasmacytic cells was > 80% Fig. a, b. TheIgG4-RD is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by mass formation in the affected organs, elevation of serum IgG4 levels, and abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in the affected organs. IgG4-RD covers a wide variety of diseases, including Mikulicz’s disease, autoimmune pancreatitis, Riedel thyroiditis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis . The diaThe abovementioned four previous cases of IgG4-RD presenting as gastric SMTs were resected via wedge resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection . LECS isSince IgG4-RD have been shown to mimic malignancy both clinically and radiographically, it is important to make an accurate diagnosis prior to surgical treatment . If a coWe encountered a case of definite IgG4-RD presenting as a gastric SMT in which a correct diagnosis was achieved by a minimally invasive LECS technique. IgG4-RD may present as a gastric lesion mimicking malignancy and should be considered as a differential diagnosis.


This study aims to analyze the effects of a service learning (SL) program on the subjective happiness (SH), prosocial behavior (PB), and professional learning (PL) perceptions of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students as well as to examine the correlations among these variables.The study used a quasi-experimental design of two non-equivalent groups  comparing pre-test and post-test data. The instruments used were the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Prosocial and Civic Competence questionnaire, and the Impact of Service Learning during Initial Training of Physical Activity and Sports questionnaire.Data indicated that SL only had a significant influence on SH when the students compared themselves with their peers. On the other hand, the effect of SL on promoting PB and PL perceived was significant in several of their dimensions. Finally, the results showed a greater correlation of the perceived PL with the PB than with the SH.The results of the study provide educational researchers with valuable information to better understand how SL influences the training of PETE students. Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students require a break from traditional methodologies and demand new avenues that give them maximum prominence. Furthermore, there is no doubt that one of the aims of the current Physical Education lies in responding to the needs of the society of the XXI century . In accoThe framework of SL is mainly based on the experiential learning theory proposed by Various works in the field of PETE have shown that SL increases the students’ knowledge of the curriculum as well as perceived applied skills . This faThe present work intends to go a step further, not only analyzing the social and professional skills developed through SL but also considering its influence on the subjective happiness of PETE students. The SL intervention analyzed in this study was implemented in the particular context of Melilla, an autonomous Spanish city located in the north coast of the African continent. Due to its geographical position, this city has many unique features, chief among which is the composition of its population. High immigration rates, together with a high number of people from disadvantaged sociocultural environments and/or at risk of social exclusion as disabled older adults, create a context where the well-being of a large segment of its inhabitants is in question.In disadvantaged social contexts like this, SL could help students gain not only well-being but also a deeper understanding of the community they live in. In this sense, students who have participated in SL programs have improved on their engagement with and learning about the community . This isThe most important aspect of well-being – but at the same time the most controversial – is happiness. It is subject to debate because it can vary according to each person. In addition, happiness is associated with other concepts such as satisfaction, pleasantness, goodness, positivity, and a meaningful and/or full life .Some studies have confirmed a positive effect of SL on student happiness in different social environments, for example, a SL intervention carried out by university students with adolescents with low resources in Mongolia  or a SL On its part, PB in SL contexts refers to a wide range of attitudes motivated by a genuine desire to benefit others without any expectation of benefit to oneself . These iIn addition, in PETE training settings, evidence supports that SL can develop PL such as evaluation skills, emotional engagement, and cognitive readiness with the community , perceivThe objective of the study is to analyze the effects of SL on the SH, PB, and PL perceptions of PETE students as well as to examine the correlations among these variables.This study follows the model-based practice within Physical Education to investigate pedagogical models. Thus, it presents the three key elements stated by The SL project was implemented at the Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Melilla campus, which is part of the University of Granada (Spain). The contents of the courses involved were: (1) body expression and games, (2) evaluation of teaching of Physical Education and Sport, and (3) planning and organizing sport systems and activities. These are the subjects of the PETE program and, among others, they aim to develop the following competencies detailed in the curriculum:–Design, develop, and evaluate the teaching-learning processes related to physical activity and sport, considering the individual and contextual characteristics of people.–Evaluate physical condition and prescribe health-oriented physical exercise.–Promote and evaluate the creation of long-lasting and autonomous physical activity and sport habits among different populations.–Plan, develop, and evaluate the performance of recreational physical activities.–Select and know how to use appropriate sports equipment for each recreational physical activity.The service that the students offered consisted of providing the disadvantaged population of Melilla with opportunities for the practice of healthy, recreational, and educational physical activity. The structure of the SL program, following the recommendations of Given the aims of the study, this work implemented a quasi-experimental design of two non-equivalent groups  with pre-test and post-test measures to compare how the participation in a SL program based on physical activity promotion affected the SH, PB, and PL of PETE students. In addition, to deepen on the analysis, the correlations among these variables were also analyzed.A total of 104 students (average age was 22.9 ± 2.5 years) from the Sport Science and Primary School Bachelor Degree participated in the study. They belong to the fifth year – “Assessment of the Physical Activity and Sports Teaching” – and third year – “Body Expression and Games” – of the Bachelor Degree subjects. The control group, which took the course following traditional methodologies, consisted of 55 students (53%), with an average age of 22.7 ± 3.5 years. On the other hand, 49 students (47%), with an average age of 23.2 ± 1.4 years, participated in the SL program. These composed the experimental group. The Spanish version of the SHS has been used to assess the degree of SH of the participating students . This veThis instrument has been used to analyze the promotion of PB in the implementation of SL projects in the field by PETE students ; it was This questionnaire was designed specifically to assess the PL perceptions of students when participating in SL programs. The IMAPS-AFD-FI is a validated tool to analyze SL experiences in the context of Physical Education . This inp-value was calculated using the Wilcoxon test for related samples in order to identify significant differences. Regarding the pre-test and post-test differences between the control and the experimental groups, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for two independent samples. This process was carried out with regard to the SHS and the PCC instrument in the control and the experimental groups and with respect to the PL perceived in the SL program (IMAPS-AFD-FI) in the experimental group. The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d value. It can be interpreted as small (0.2 < d < 0.5), medium (0.5 < d < 0.8), or large (0.8 < d)  . The Spep < 0.05) in one of the four items of the SHS scale . In contrast, in the control group, there was no significant difference in any item. On the other hand, while analyzing the effect of SL on PB, it was found that improvement in the students of the experimental group was notable. There were significant differences in four of the six items of the PCC questionnaire: accordance with social norms and prosocial leadership (both p < 0.01), social sensitivity, and security and firmness in interaction (both p < 0.05). The improvement is much less noticeable in the control group, where significant improvements are obtained only with respect to compliance with social norms. All of these points to a marked effect of SL on the promotion of students’ PB. The data analysis showed that the SL program slightly improved the SH of the students, obtaining significant results (p < 0.05) in four of the six items of the IMAPS-AFD-FI instrument: learning, social impact perceived, professional skills, and opinion. This suggests that the impact of the SL program was notable in the PL perceived by the students. Regarding the PL perceptions of the SL program, the experimental group showed significant improvements  in 25 cases and a strong degree of correlation (0.6 ≤ rp < 0.8) in nine cases. When analyzing separately the relationship between each scale of the IMAPS-AFD-FI and SHS, eight significant records of 24 possible are obtained, four of them with a level of significance of p < 0.01 and four with a level of significance of p < 0.05. All of them were positive, with a moderate degree of correlation (0.4 ≤ rp < 0.6) in seven cases and with a strong degree of correlation (0.6 ≤ rp < 0.8) in one case. In contrast, the relationship between IMAPS-AFD-FI and PCC instrument items was significant in 26 of 36 possible cases – 16 of them with a level of significance of p < 0.01 and 10 with a level of significance of p < 0.05; all of them were positive, with a moderate degree of correlation (0.4 ≤ rp < 0.6) in 18 cases and strong degree of correlation (0.6 ≤ rp < 0.8) in eight cases. When analyzing these data, it is verified that the results of the IMAPS-AFD-FI instrument show a greater link with the PCC questionnaire than with the SHS. Regarding the relationship of the analyzed aspects, it was significant in 34 of 60 possible cases. Of those, 20 had a level of significance of Results related to SH indicated that, in our study, SL had a limited influence on it, although the literature presents mixed positions. On the one hand, several studies show that spending time helping other people is associated with improvements in one’s well-being due to the promotion of social integration . On the Despite having found that SL has little influence on the SH of the students, it is interesting to emphasize that one of the four variables that comprise the SHS questionnaire obtained a significant improvement. It was the one that referred to the feeling of happiness compared with other people. In this case, as previously stated, it could be due to the increase of cultural and social awareness generated by the participation in the SL program . In factWith regard to the effect of SL on the promotion of PB, the outcome for the members of the experimental group was notable. These findings are in line with those of other studies which have proposed that PB is incentivized through empathy and practical experience . Thus, tsecurity and firmness in interactions are linked to a loss of uncertainty and fear caused by working with disadvantaged groups in the SL program as well as the breaking of preconceived stereotypes . Therefore, it is understood that real-world experiences play a decisive role in the development of professional skills , it would be interesting to continue deepening on this field by analyzing SL programs of different lengths and intensities. It would also be helpful to use larger samples that would allow generalizing the results. In addition, in order to continue studying the relationship between SH and SL, investigations could be carried out in different social contexts. Those results could be contrasted with ours, which would help to reveal the circumstances where SL is an effective tool for helping to improve student welfare. Similarly, it would be promising to open research lines that analyze the impact of this educational approach throughout the entire teaching–learning process and analyzing its long-term effects on students, recipients, and society.Overall the application of the SL program had a positive impact on PB and perceived PL of PETE students. In addition, it was found that both effects were highly interrelated, indicating a reciprocal relationship between them. On the other hand, there were no improvements in SH, which could be due to the awareness of the social problems that the SL caused in the students involved.SL programs are being increasingly used at different levels and educational stages , so moreAll datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee on Human Research of the University of Granada. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.OC-B and PR conceived the presented idea and designed the study. PR and CC-P organized the database, and performed the statistical analysis. OC-B wrote the first draft of the manuscript. OC-B, PR, and CS-G reviewed the methodological sections of the manuscript. All of the authors contributed to the manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling Editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors, PR.


Background: Antibiotics are commonly used in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The objective was to observe the effect of weekly antibiotic round in NICU (WARN) to the antibiotic use in NICU.Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed. Departmental-level diagnosis categories and the parameters of antibiotic usage in NICU for the period of 2016-2017 (Phase 1) and 2018-2019 (Phase 2) were collected. WARN in NICU was started since January 2018. A time series forecasting was used to predict the quarterly antibiotic use in Phase 2, based on data from Phase 1. The actual antibiotic use of each quarter in Phase 2 was compared with the predicted values.Results: Totally 9297 neonates were included . The composition of the disease spectrum between Phase 1 and Phase 2 was not different (P > 0.05). In Phase 1 and Phase 2, the overall antibiotic rate was 94.4 and 74.2%, the average accumulative defined daily dose per month was 199.00 ± 55.77 and 66.80 ± 45.64, the median antibiotic use density per month was 10.31 (9.00-13.27) and 2.48 (1.92-4.66), the median accumulative defined daily dose per case per month was 0.10 (0.09-0.13) and 0.03 (0.02-0.47), the number of patients who received any kind of antibiotic per 1000 hospital days per month was 103.45 (99.30-107.48) and 78.66 (74.62-82.77), rate of culture investigation before antibiotics was 64 to 92%, respectively, and all were better than the predicted values (P < 0.01).Conclusion: The implementation of periodical antibiotic rounds was effective in reducing the antibiotics use in the NICU. Empiric antibiotic therapy is common in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) while neonatologists await the culture results, because the clinical signs of sepsis are subtle in neonates  and therThe study was performed at Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medial University, the National Medical Center of Child Health, China. There were 60 beds in the level III NICU staffed by 20 neonatologists and 60 registered NICU nurses. All patients were out-born. The NICU recommended for all mothers to give maternal breast milk to their hospitalized infants, and no donor milk was used.Daily bedside rounds were conducted by the attending neonatologists. A NICU medication handbook that was developed by the neonatologists and pharmacist based on textbooks and the current consensus was used as the working brochure for all physicians, residences, fellows, and pharmacists.This was a single-center retrospective observational study, randomization was not performed. The study period was from January 1st, 2016 to December 31, 2019 . There was no exclusion criteria and all neonates admitted in the NICU were included. The study was not blinded and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the hospital. Individual patient information was de-identified, and there was no need to obtain written consent from the parents.The WARN was started in the first week of January 2018, in a weekly period. In detail, the antibiotic round was performed in each Monday afternoon for 1~1.5 h, the departmental physician-in-chief led the round, a fixed group of six attending staff neonatologists and one pharmacist attended the round each time, as well. All patients who were on antibiotics, including anti-bacterial agents and anti-fungal agents, were reviewed individually and patients who were not on antibiotics were not reviewed in the antibiotics round. For each antibiotic round, a senior attending physician was assigned to collect and report the patient's name, bed number, gestational age, age at admission (d), main diagnosis, criteria for using antibiotics, kinds of antibiotics, and plan of antibiotic course. He/she also reported the total antibiotic usage of the whole NICU as the ratio of patients who were on antibiotics, ratio of patients who were on a single kind of antibiotics, ratio of patients who were on two, three, or above kinds of antibiotics, the percentage of patients who had no antibiotics in the first 48 h after admission, the spectrum of antibiotics used, and the names of the top three antibiotics used. A summary note of the antibiotic round was also recorded by this senior attending doctor. A discussion was raised by the leading physician-in-chief for reasons of antibiotics use, kinds and compositions of antibiotics, plans for the antibiotic courses, and special issues related to the use of antibiotics for each patient. The final decision regarding the use of antibiotics for an individual patient was made on the basis of group discussion.A research assistant was assigned to collect the following data at the departmental level from the electronic history of in-hospitalization system in a monthly period: total number of patients admitted and discharged, total patients days, length of stay in hospital, main diagnosis, antibiotic use rate (AUR), antibiotic use density (AUD), number of patients who received any kinds of antibiotics per 1,000 hospital days, accumulative daily defined dose (DDD) per case, pediatric conserve antibiotics (pCAs), number of hospital bed turnover and rate of culture investigation before antibiotics. The definitions of these metrics were listed in 2 test was used to compare differences in categorical variables, the two-sample t-test was used to compare parametric continuous variables, and the Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare non-parametric continuous variables. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for categorical variables, mean or median difference and 95%CI for parametric or non-parametric continuous variables were also shown. Then, the metrics used to assess the antibiotic consumption running chart demarcated by season (3 month/each season) were generated. The Time Series Forecasting method was used to predict the antibiotic consumption of each quarter in Phase 2, based on the data from Phase 1. The comparison of the predicted and observed values was based on the results of the analysis. Exponential smoothing was used in the stationary sequence, and the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) was used in the non-stationary sequence. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23.0  and SAS version 9.4 .This was not a randomized study, and the sample size was not estimated. The intervention was WARN, and the Phase 1 and Phase 2 cohorts were selected based on the intervention start time. To compare baseline data and antibiotic consumption between the Phase 1 and Phase 2 cohorts, the χP > 0.05, P > 0.05), total number of discharge , total patient days , the median length of stay in hospital per patient , or the number of hospital bed turnover  between Phase 1 and Phase 2 . There was no statistically significant difference in the composition of the disease spectrums between the two Phases ( Phase 2 .P < 0.01). Both the antibiotics use rate (P < 0.05). After WARN in Phase 2, the mean DDDs per month significantly reduced by 66% , the median AUD per month significantly decreased by 76% , and the median DDDs per case and number of patients who received any kind of antibiotic per 1,000 hospital days every month reduced by 70%  and 24% , respectively. Rate of culture investigation before antibiotics was increased from 62% in Phase 1 to 92% in Phase 2 . In Phase 1 and Phase 2, the pCA use rates were 4.2 and 4.9%, respectively . There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who received pCAs therapy per 1,000 hospital days between Phase 2 and Phase 1 .The antibiotic consumption parameters are listed in use rate  and the use rate  were sigThe auto-regressive test indicated that rate of culture investigation before antibiotics was a non-stationary sequence, while the others were stationary sequences. In Phase 2, the observed overall AUR and the number of patients who received any kinds of antibiotics per 1,000 hospitals day values were all lower than their predicted values and their observed value curves were all outside the lower limit of the 95% CI of the predicted curves. In Phase 2, although decreased trend was observed in AUD, its observed value curve was within the 95% CI of the predicted value curve . For theThe ARIMA model , 1, 1 waTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of antibiotic round on antibiotic use in the NICU as an antibiotic stewardship strategy. This study found that the WARN could reduce the antibiotic use rate and antibiotic consumption, and increase rate of culture investigation before antibiotics. Furthermore, the time series forecasting showed that the actual antibiotic consumption values were better than the predicted values based on the data before WARN.Worldwide, a considerable proportion of antibiotics are used in non-infection cases in NICUs. A survey in the United States reported that about 50% of NICUs with zero rates of culture-proven infection had the highest antibiotic use quartile, in 127 NICUs during 2013 . A studyThe time series forecasting results showed that the actual antibiotic use after the implementation of WARN was consistently lower than the predicted values based on the data before WARN. This indicated a positive effect of WARN to help further decrease antibiotic use, in addition to other quality improvement strategies for antibiotic management. Other strategies for antibiotic stewardship have also been reported previously. For example, a neonatal sepsis calculator in an Australian perinatal referral center has been developed to reduce the number of neonates ≥35 weeks who require empirical antibiotics for suspected EOS and did not result in the late presentation of EOS or treatment delay , and it The mean DDDs per month in our study were significantly reduced by 66%, and the median DDDs per case and the AUD in the previous month also significantly decreased after WARN, by 70 and 76%, respectively. Similar to our results, Astorga et al. reported that the total antibiotic doses given per patient and doses per patient-day were reduced by an automatic 48-h antibiotic stop order in electric health records . A studyA study from an NICU in Poland revealed that the antibiotic consumption of bloodstream infection confirmed by microbiological test was less than that of non-confirmed bloodstream infections in very low birth weight neonates . Thus, tThe limitations of this study were as follows:  It was aIn summary, the implementation of periodical antibiotic rounds provide an effective strategy for reducing overall antibiotic use in NICU neonates. WARN effectively reduced the overall antibiotic use in the NICU and provides a practical way to achieve more appropriate antibiotic use in the NICU.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University. Written informed consent from the participants' legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.BW and MH conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. GL, FJ, JW, SD, JLi, JLu, HW, YS, YM, and XW designed the data collection instruments, collected data, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. YP carried out the initial analyses. MH contributed to the conception and design of the work, and revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to its accuracy or integrity are appropriately investigated and resolved.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The mass losses and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) of concrete were tested periodically. The contact angles and water absorption ratios of concrete with and without hydrophobic treatments were also tested. Results showed that the repellent agents could substantially enhance the hydrophobicity of concrete and greatly reduce its water absorption. Different repellent agents exerted diverse improvements on concrete hydrophobicity. Meanwhile, the repellent agents could improve concrete resistance against salt scaling and RDME losses to a certain degree, and concrete with strong hydrophobicity showed relatively high salt frost resistance. However, the ordinary water repellent agents cannot achieve the same enhancement on salt frost resistance of concrete as that on the water hydrophobicity of concrete. With saline freezing and thawing cycles, the hydrophobic layer formed by the repellent agents on superficial concrete was destroyed gradually. As a result, the salt frost resistance of concrete from the hydrophobic treatments was ultimately lost.Hydrophobic treatment is an important method to improve the waterproof properties of concrete. To evaluate the effectiveness of hydrophobic treatments on improving the salt frost resistance of concrete, two representative commercial ordinary water repellent agents of silane and organosilicone emulsion were selected, and concrete specimens with three water/cement ratios were fabricated. After the application of repellent agents on concrete surfaces, accelerated saline (5% MgCl Salt frost damage has consistently been an important concrete durability issue in the northern region of the world ,2,3. TheHydrophobic treatment can line concrete surface pores and lower concrete surface energy, then change concrete from being hydrophilic to being hydrophobic to restrain the invasion of water and corrosive media into concrete. Many researchers, including Dai et al. , Zhao etSeveral researchers have studied the frost resistance of concrete treated with hydrophobic agents, and satisfactory results have been obtained. Basheer and Cleland  reportedThe aforementioned studies have revealed that some hydrophobic treatments can substantially mitigate the frost damage of concrete, which gives people an impression that a simple hydrophobic treatment can significantly improve the frost resistance of concrete. However, some findings about the effectiveness of hydrophobic treatments in the salt scaling performance of concrete differ ,22,23. OTo date, only a few studies have been conducted on improving the salt frost resistance of concrete by hydrophobic treatment, and several disagreements remain regarding the efficacy of hydrophobic treatment in enhancing the salt scaling performance of concrete. Whether a simple hydrophobic treatment on concrete surface can afford durable and effective protection on the salt frost resistance of concrete requires further research ,25. In tAccording to China’s specification JGJ 55-2011 , three t3 and 100 × 100 × 400 mm3 were used for water absorption and salt frost experiments, respectively. The concrete was mixed with a forced mixer, and specimens were compacted using a plate vibrator. After demolding at the age of 24 h, the specimens were placed in a water tank with a water temperature of 20 °C for curing until the age of 28 days. Before the application of repellent agents, the specimens were placed in an oven (60 °C) to dry for 48 h. Following the instructions recommended by the vendors, the two repellent agents were brushed twice on the surface of the specimens with a time interval of 2 h to ensure hydrophobic effects. Typical specimens applied with a repellent agent are shown in Specimens with two sizes of 100 × 100 × 100 mmcw is the mass water absorption ratio of concrete (%) and m0 and tm are the initial masses of a concrete specimen and its mass after soaking for t time (g), respectively.Concrete contact angle and water absorption are important indexes to reflect the hydrophobicity of concrete. The contact angles in this study were obtained in accordance with the shape of a water droplet (5 μL) on a concrete surface using a USB digital microscope . The fou2 with 5% concentration (by mass) was selected as the corrosion medium [2 solution for 4 days in advance to achieve saturation before salt frost testing. Each freeze-thaw cycle lasted for approximately 4 h, and the thawing time was not shorter than 1 h. The central temperature of a specimen was controlled between −17 and +8 °C during the freezing and thawing processes. The appearance of the concrete specimens was regularly observed after every 25 cycles, and their masses and ultrasonic velocities were tested to calculate the mass loss ratio (Equation (2)) and RDME (Equation (3)) [α is the mass loss ratio of concrete (%); tm0 and tm0′ are the initial mass of specimens and their mass after salt frost (g), respectively; β is the RDME of concrete (%); E0 and tE are the dynamic modulus of elasticity of specimens before and after salt frost, respectively; and v0 and tv are the ultrasonic velocity of specimens before and after salt frost (m/s).The salt frost tests on concrete were conducted in accordance with a rapid freeze-thaw cycle regime following the GB/T 50082-2009 standard , and as n medium ,30. The ion (3)) , salt frθ) is a simple parameter to characterize the hydrophobicity of concrete. Generally, materials with a water contact angle of less than 90° are defined as hydrophilic, while materials with a water contact angle of more than 90° are defined as hydrophobic. Moreover, the lower water contact angle infers the more hydrophilicity of the material. Conversely, the higher water contact angle means the stronger hydrophobicity of the material [θ < 90°) to being hydrophobic (θ > 90°).Water contact angle  after the salt frost experiment are shown in The mass loss ratios of concrete treated with different repellent agents were plotted based on the measured masses of the concrete specimens during the saline freeze-thaw cycle. The plots are shown in Although the initial mass loss ratios of the concrete with repellent agents were generally lower than that of the untreated concrete, after reaching a certain number of freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss ratios of the three types of concrete increased dramatically then reached the failure criterion of 5% mass loss ratio . TherefoThe RDME of concrete is an index that reflects the development of concrete’s internal damage ,5. With The RDME of all specimens continuously decreased as the freeze-thaw cycles increased. Minimal differences were observed in the decrement rates of concrete with different w/c ratios and repellent agents. Generally, the RDME of the concrete with high w/c ratios decreased rapidly, and the RDME of the concrete after hydrophobic treatment became relatively slower than that of the untreated concrete. This result indicates that the hydrophobic treatments were beneficial to reduce the internal damage of concrete due to salt frost, but the overall improvements and the difference in the improvements of BS4004 and C3033 were relatively small. Such phenomenon indicates that although the water absorption ratios of concrete with hydrophobic treatments have been greatly reduced, the internal damages caused by saline freeze-thaw cycles have not been substantially reduced ,23. The The ultimate freeze-thaw cycles of concrete can be calculated in accordance with the failure criterion of 60% RDME ,36. The The mass loss and RDME of concrete were combined, and the ultimate freeze-thaw cycles of the concrete after hydrophobic treatments were ascertained . Althoug−, SO42−, and other corrosive media [A schematic of the capillary water absorption of concrete after hydrophobic treatment is presented in ve media ,40. HoweZhang et al.  and Ma e− and SO42− ions) cannot be maintained [In summary, at the initial stage of salt frost on concrete, repellent agents can effectively restrain the entry of water into concrete and thus play a beneficial role in reducing the damage of concrete due to salt frost. However, with the development of saline freeze-thaw cycles, the formed hydrophobic layer is gradually destroyed. Thus, the salt frost resistance of concrete is gradually lost. The improvement effects of ordinary water repellent agents on the salt frost resistance of concrete and the way these repellents inhibit the entry of corrosive media Hydrophobic treatments can considerably enhance the hydrophobicity of the concrete superficial layer, convert concrete from being hydrophilic to being hydrophobic, and greatly reduce the water absorption of concrete. In this study, BS4004 and C3033 can increase the contact angles of concrete by 2.3 times and 1.7 times and decrease the water absorption ratios of concrete by 89.9% and 75.7%, respectively.(2)Ordinary water repellent agents can reduce the mass and RDME losses of concrete due to salt frost to a certain extent, then contribute to the improvement of salt frost resistance of concrete. In this study, the average ultimate freeze-thaw cycles of concrete can be enhanced 42% and 25% by BS4004 and C3033, respectively.(3)It is worth noting that the improvements on concrete hydrophobicity by ordinary water repellent agents are not equal to the improvements on concrete salt frost resistance. As the hydrophobic layer formed by repellent agents on superficial concrete is gradually destroyed during the saline freeze-thaw cycle, the improvement effects of hydrophobic treatments on the salt frost resistance of concrete are gradually lost.On the basis of experimental results and mechanism analysis of the salt frost performance of concrete with ordinary water repellent agents, some conclusions can be drawn:


This manuscript deals with a complex analysis of acoustic emission signals that were recorded during freeze-thaw cycles in test specimens produced from air-entrained concrete. An assessment of the resistance of concrete to the effects of freezing and thawing was conducted on the basis of a signal analysis. Since the experiment simulated testing of concrete in a structure, a concrete block with the height of 2.4 m and width of 1.8 m was produced to represent a real structure. When the age of the concrete was two months, samples were obtained from the block by core drilling and were subsequently used to produce test specimens. Testing of freeze-thaw resistance of concrete employed both destructive and non-destructive methods including the measurement of acoustic emission, which took place directly during the freeze-thaw cycles. The recorded acoustic emission signals were then meticulously analysed. The aim of the conducted experiments was to verify whether measurement using the acoustic emission method during Freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles are more sensitive to the degree of damage of concrete than the more commonly employed construction testing methods. The results clearly demonstrate that the acoustic emission method can reveal changes  in the internal structure of concrete, unlike other commonly used methods. The analysis of the acoustic emission signals using a fast Fourier transform revealed a significant shift of the dominant frequency towards lower values when the concrete was subjected to freeze-thaw cycling. Concrete has been used in construction practically since the discovery of cement. During their service life, concrete elements are exposed to various degradation factors, such as mechanical and chemical influences, rapid temperature changes, etc. The knowledge of the influence of temperature changes on the quality of concrete during its service life is crucial both from the scientific point of view and in particular from the point of view of practical application in construction. In addition to the degrading impacts of very high temperatures, the alternation of positive and negative temperatures is one of the most destructive operating factors for a number of concrete products ,2. FreezIn the case of concrete, which is in contact with water , capillarity causes water to enter the pore structure of the concrete. At negative ambient temperatures, water begins to turn into crystalline ice and then to ice, which has a larger volume than water by about 9%. This presence of water inside the concrete structure exerts pressures that can significantly and irreversibly damage the concrete .The assessment of the resistance of concrete to freeze-thaw cycles is typically based only on monitoring of certain mechanical properties, such as strengths, moduli of elasticity, etc. These properties are obtained after a certain number of F-T cycles using destructive or non-destructive methods. Subsequently, the observed changes in the properties (often a decrease) are evaluated with regard to the values obtained before freezing . In the Acoustic emission (AE) is a real-time non-destructive testing method which can be employed to monitor the formation of cracks in concrete . AE signThe aim of this manuscript is to compare the behaviour of test specimens of different sizes (produced from core samples drilled from a concrete block) during freezing and thawing. The interpretation of the frost resistance of concrete will be performed using the outputs of the acoustic emission method, resp. by analysing AE signals generated during 100 F-T cycles. For comparison, results of traditional non-destructive and destructive tests performed after every twenty-fifth F-T cycle will also be presented.Another main goal of the described experiment was to determine a way to record the first changes to the quality of concrete, or the first signs of damage to the internal structure of concrete during exposure to F-T cycles. For this reason, air-entrained concrete was selected for the experiment since it was expected to exhibit a lesser degree of damage when exposed to F-T cycles and, above all, very gradual progression of the damage.3, flow according to [The composition of the employed concrete is given in rding to  was 460 rding to  was 180 rding to  was 5.0%A 2.4 m high concrete block with floor plan dimensions of 1.8 m × 0.45 m was produced from the air-entrained concrete in an exterior in an open space. Concreting was conducted vertically into the wall formwork and the concrete was compacted using an immersion vibrator. After concreting, the block was covered with a damp cloth and then a PE foil. During the first two days after concreting, the cloth under the PE foil was regularly moistened. The concrete block was left in the formwork for one week, the formwork was then removed, and the concrete of the block was not treated any further.Approximately two months after concreting, core samples for the production of the test specimens were drilled from the concrete block and had a diameter of 100 mm or 150 mm and the same length of 450 mm (block width). Cylinder and prism test specimens were then cut from the core samples using a diamond circular saw with constant water cooling. The described experiment included 4 sets of test specimens—cylinders with a diameter and length of 100 mm (marked CS100), cylinders with a diameter and length of 150 mm (marked CS150), cylinders with a diameter of 100 mm and length of 200 mm (marked C200) and prisms with dimensions 95 mm × 95 mm × 380 mm . Each set comprised 9 test specimens, which were divided into three groups of three. The first group were reference specimens, which were not exposed to freezing and thawing. The second group of specimens was subjected to 50 F-T cycles, and the last third group of specimens was subjected to 100 F-T cycles. Different properties and their development in relation to the number of conducted F-T cycles were monitored on the individual sets of the test specimens. Tensile splitting strength, according to , was detThe frost resistance test of concrete was conducted according to the standard . The selThe measurement using the AE method was conducted continuously during cycling. One AE sensor was glued to each upper face of two CS100 test specimens and two CS150 test specimens, see The acoustic emission activity was generated by material damage during F-T cycles. Monitoring the AE activity was done by a multi-channel unit DAKEL XEDO   with theRDM is the relative modulus of elasticity of the concrete in %, NX is the respective dynamic quantity after N performed F-T cycles and X0 is the same quantity on the same test specimen before the start of the frost resistance test [L in kHz. UPV was measured using a Pundit PL-200 instrument manufactured by Proceq SA  [L was done using a Handyscope HS4 oscilloscope manufactured by TiePie engineering  [As has already been mentioned, after every 25th F-T cycles, RDM was determined according to the relation:nce test . The dynzerland)  with 150erlands) .RS is the relative strength in %, Nf is the average strength  after N performed F-T cycles, and f0 is the same average strength found on 3 specimens not exposed to F-T cycles. The relative flexural strength RS(F) is the main criterion for the evaluation of frost resistance of concrete to F-T cycles in the standard [Strength was determined on 3 test specimens from each set—either tensile splitting strength (CS100 and CS150) or flexural strength (P95) before the start of freezing and thawing, after the 50th and then after the 100th F-T cycle. The results were used to calculate the relative strength (RS) in a manner analogous to RDM,standard . The strstandard .AE signals are evaluated, for example, on the basis of counts, amplitude height, frequency, etc. The least complicated approach is to add up the counts over a threshold level. This threshold can be set, which allows control of the minimum threshold, and if exceeded, i.e., one count, this forms one pulse, which is counted by the counter. One AE hit can create several counts and their number depends on the set threshold level . When coThe results of tensile splitting and flexural strengths are shown in On the other hand, relative dynamic moduli of elasticity, as an example of non-destructive testing, characterize the behaviour of test specimens during an entire frost resistance test of concrete. However, they do so only at discrete time points (at the moment of measurement after N F-T cycles), not continuously. With regard to the dynamic modulus of elasticity, the results in cum) during F-T cycles was initially selected. The course of the cumulative number of counts over time shows AE activity, with higher AE activity corresponding to higher damage/failure, as is shown for example in [cum courses during the first 25 F-T cycles for both sizes of the test specimens. The cumulative curves for individual specimens do not differ significantly even in the later course of F-T cycles. This was one of the reasons why the experimentally obtained data of cumulative counts were interpolated with straight lines. The slope of the lines for both sizes of the specimens did not differ much during the first 25 F-T  in its cumulative form  from the time spectrum, which is also utilised in . The gradBx is the value in decibels, Vx is the value (in this case) in Volts and kx is the reference value also in Volts.The following series of evaluations, include typical AE hits recorded in individual stages of the F-T cycles for the individual sizes of the test specimens. The time-frequency spectrum of the power spectral density  Figure c was calw(τ) is the window function (Kaiser in this case), x(t) is the observed function, S is the resulting complex spectrum, f is the frequency and τ is the time shift (location).The Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) spectrum is defined as ,(4)S* is the complex combined function.Evaluation uses the absolute spectrum value ,(5)|S, for CS150 specimens then 43, 6 and 6 dB/(Hz∙ms). This decrease in attenuation is probably caused by the progressing damage to the internal structure of the concrete, or to its cementitious matrix, where the compromised matrix bonds that have been oscillated cannot be easily and quickly attenuated. Since they are loose, they oscillate slightly longer than at the beginning of the frost resistance test. In addition, there is a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the generated AE signals. All these phenomena then result in an accelerating decrease of the spectral density attenuation values.There have not been many papers published recently that deal with the continuous monitoring of the behaviour of concrete specimens during F-T cycles. The papers that describe continuous measurement using the AE method, and at the same time, concern cement-based materials deal only with standard AE parameters, see, e.g., ,45,46. OThe abovementioned results from the typical test procedures indicate that no significant changes in the quality of the concrete were recorded after 100 F-T cycles. The dynamic modulus of elasticity exhibited a maximum decrease of less than 3 percentage points (for RDM(FL) of the P95 specimen set after 50 F-T cycles) and mere 1.6 percentage points after 100 F-T cycles  of the P95 specimen set). There was no decrease in tensile splitting strength due to freezing and thawing. The only standard parameter that exhibited some decrease was flexural strength. In this case, the decrease to 85.3% of the original value can be partly contributed to one test specimen of three test, which achieved lower strength. This confirms, inter alia, the problem with evaluation of concrete on the basis of a comparison of results obtained on different test specimens.There is a decrease in the average amplitude during freezing cycles in the case of both specimen sizes;There is an apparent difference between larger and smaller specimens in the height of the amplitude after between 75 and 100 F-T cycles;There is an evident shift in the values of the dominant frequency to lower values in the case of both specimen sizes;There is a noticeable difference between larger and smaller specimens in the shift of the dominant frequency from the 75th to the 100th F-T cycle;There is a decrease in the spectral density attenuation values during F-T cycles, with a higher decrease observed in the case of smaller CS100 test specimens.Based on both RS and RDM, the test specimens therefore appear to be almost intact by frost. Even the commonly presented cumulative number of AE counts does not indicate any significant difference between smaller (CS100) and larger (CS150) test specimens. However, a detailed analysis of the recorded AE signals that were generated directly during the F-T cycles in the test specimens proves the situation is different:It has been demonstrated that while conventional test procedures do not reveal significant changes in the internal structure of the tested concrete even after 100 F-T cycles, changes still occur in the material and can subsequently lead to irreversible damage of the material. It is, thus, appropriate to employ not only traditional test procedures, but also less traditional ones, such as the AE method, which can safely detect the formation of changes (damage) in the structure of concrete already at the beginning.The innovative contribution of the manuscript lies in the application of the methods of frequency analysis of recorded AE hits during F-T cycles. It was discovered that the typical AE parameters (such as the cumulative number of counts) and commonly used construction testing methods are not sensitive enough to determine the degree of damage of concrete specimens during F-T cycles. In particular, in the case of air-entrained concrete, which exhibits very low degree of damage, is it necessary to employ modern tools for the analysis of AE hit signals. The submitted manuscript provides one of the first insights into the issue of structural health monitoring. It is possible that some testing procedures and methods will have to be revised in the future since the developments in building materials are still advancing and some current diagnostic tools will no longer be sufficient for the detection of developing damage. This manuscript could be one of the pioneers in this context.


There is a lack of knowledge about the use of different wood species on rosé wine production. Thus, this work focused on the impact of the addition of wood chips from oak and cherry trees during the alcoholic fermentation and maturation process on rosé wine characteristics. Therefore, phenolic composition and sensory characteristics were monitored during the rosé wines’ production. The use of wood chips during alcoholic fermentation induced a significant increase of phenolic content in rosé musts. During rosé wine maturation, the wood chip contact induced significantly higher values of colored anthocyanins, color intensity, and polymeric pigments, and significantly lower values of color hue in the corresponding rosé wines. In terms of sensory profile, a tendency for lower scores of “overall appreciation” were attributed to control rosé wine, while significantly higher scores for “color intensity” descriptor were attributed to all rosé wines matured in contact with wood chips. For the majority of phenolic parameters and individual phenolic compounds quantified, a clear and specific influence of the use of oak and cherry wood chips was not detected, except for (+)-catechin, where the rosé wines produced in contact with cherry chips showed the highest values. This study provides relevant information for winemakers about the impact of the use of wood chips on rosé wine quality. In addition, the use of carbonic maceration is another option for rosé wine production [In general, for rosé wine production, there are basically 3 winemaking processes: direct pressing (where red grapes are pressed without a previous red skin contact), pre-fermentative maceration (process where there is a slight contact with grape skins before fermentation), and drawing-off or oduction ,3,4,5,6.Oenological research about rosé wines has been investigating winemaking techniques, particularly for the maceration process ,6,7,8 anThus, in order to deepen the knowledge of the impact of the use of wood chips on chemical and sensorial characteristics of rosé wines, the work reported here evaluated the phenolic composition and sensory profile of these wines during the alcoholic fermentation, with a maturation period of 80 days, in contact with chips from oak and cherry.For total anthocyanin content, a decrease in both rosé musts fermented in contact with both wood chip species from day 2 of alcoholic fermentation until the last sampling day was observed. A similar trend was also observed for the control wine. However, the decrease detected for control wine was less evident and generally showed higher values for total anthocyanins than rosé musts fermented in contact with wood chips.For colored anthocyanins , although some oscillations were detected during the alcoholic fermentation, a similar tendency to that of total anthocyanins was found . AdditioRegarding the ionization degree of anthocyanins, rosé musts fermented in contact with wood chips showed a tendency for an increase of the values during the first 2 days of fermentation, followed by a variation of the values during all remaining fermentative processes. For control rosé must, a tendency for a variation of the values was also detected, however across the entire fermentation period. In general, through the analysis of the data shown in In terms of total pigments, this parameter showed a tendency to decrease throughout alcoholic fermentation, which was particularly evident for the rosé musts fermented in contact with wood chips . In the Finally, for color parameters, and specifically for color intensity, the results showed a tendency in all rosé musts for an increase of the values during the first 2 days of fermentation, followed by a slight decrease with some oscillation of the values . After 22 total and free values . In addition, the rosé wines produced also showed a total acidity of 6.82 g/L tartaric acid and an alcohol degree of 13.2% . It was, therefore, with these initial physicochemical characteristics that the rosé wines produced were submitted to a maturation process over 80 days. It is important to note that the values obtained for these general physicochemical parameters were similar between all rosé wines, with no differences due to the type of wood chips added during the winemaking process. Then, after 40, 60, and 80 days of maturation, the wines showed average values of volatile acidity of 0.27, 0.28, and 0.30 mg/L acetic acid, respectively, while the values of free SO2 remained between 35 and 38 mg/L during the studied maturation period. For the pH values, these were kept between 3.04 and 3.07.The general physicochemical composition of the 3 rosé wines produced showed acceptable physicochemical standards. Thus, taking into account the average values for the general physicochemical characterization, the wines showed low volatile acidity (0.27 g/L acetic acid) and pH = 3.04, and also an adequate SOAfter the production of the 3 rosé wines, they were divided following the experimental conditions described in Material and Methods. Thus, the results for the general phenolic composition and color parameters for the rosé wines matured over 80 days are shown in Regardless of the total phenols index, a slight decrease of the values during the maturation time was detected for the control rosé wine. For the remaining rosé wines that had contact with the different wood chip species , although there was some variation, the values remained stable throughout the studied maturation time. Rosé wine produced in contact with cherry chips only during alcoholic fermentation (CHF sample) and the rosé wine produced in contact with cherry chips during alcoholic fermentation and the maturation process (CHFM sample) showed the highest values for the total phenols index. The lowest values for the total phenols index were obtained for the rosé wines with oak chip contact only during alcoholic fermentation or during all maturation processes . Control rosé wine showed intermediate values during the entire maturation time.With regard to the flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenols, in general, although there were some slight variations, the values remained stable over the 80 maturation days for all rosé wines. Control rosé wine and the rosé wines obtained with cherry chip contact only during alcoholic fermentation or during the whole process  generally showed the highest values for these two phenolic compounds groups, especially after 80 maturation days.O-glucoside equivalent), while rosé wines with chip contact  showed the highest values. Among rosé wines with some wood chip contact, wines obtained with cherry or oak wood chip contact during alcoholic fermentation and the maturation process showed the highest values for colored anthocyanins, particularly after 80 aging days. Additionally, for the ionization degree of anthocyanins, a similar tendency was also detected, where control rosé wine also showed the lowest values during the entire maturation time.For total anthocyanins, during the entire maturation period considered, their content remained stable and similar between all rosé wines, although with some variations. In terms of quantification of the colored anthocyanins , controlIn terms of total pigments, a tendency for a variation of the values over maturation time was detected. However, no clear differentiation was found between the rosé wines. Nevertheless, an opposite trend was observed for the evolution of polymeric pigments . Thus, cConcerning the evolution of the polymerization degree of pigments, significantly low levels were detected for control rosé wine during the studied maturation time. For the remaining rosé wines, a tendency for a gradual decrease of the values was detected, without a clear differentiation between the wines. Finally, for color parameters, and specifically for color intensity, control rosé wine maintained the lowest values during the entire maturation time , which is consistent with the same trend that had already been detected for colored anthocyanins. For the remaining rosé wines, a tendency for a slight decrease of the values was detected up to 80 maturation days .For color hue results, a tendency for a clear increase of the values was observed during the entire maturation time for control rosé wine. At the same time for all data points, this rosé wine showed the highest color hue values (ranging from 0.79 to 0.93 abs. units). For the remaining wines, a slight increase was detected for the rosé wines fermented only in contact with wood chips (CHF and OKF samples), while for the two rosé wines with wood chip contact during alcoholic fermentation and the maturation process (CHFM and OKFM samples), the color hue values remained almost constant . At lastThe major individual monomeric anthocyanins quantified in rosé wines over 80 maturation days are shown in The results for monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric fractions of proanthocyanidins of the rosé wines during the maturation time are shown in For the monomeric fraction, rosé wines produced in contact with cherry chips (CHF and CHFM samples) showed the highest values during the entire studied maturation period (ranging between 2.57 and 3.65 mg/L). On the other hand, for this proanthocyanidin fraction rosé wines produced in contact with oak wood chips (OKF and OKFM samples) showed the lowest values over the maturation time (ranging between 0.84 and 1.51 mg/L), while control rosé wine showed intermediate values (ranging between 1.67 and 1.80 mg/L). Regarding the oligomeric fractions of the proanthocyanidins, the results did not show a clear differentiation among the different rosé wines during the maturation time .Finally, for the polymeric fractions of proanthocyanidins, the results did not show a clear differentiation among the different rosé wines during the maturation considered time.To better understand the relationship between different production and maturation conditions, general phenolic parameters, individual phenolic compound groups, and sensorial attributes of rosé wines, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, considering three data points .The corresponding loading plots that established the relative importance of each variable are shown in In Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in light of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted. Overall, regarding the works published related to the effects of the use of different wood chip species (in particular oak wood) on wine composition and sensory profile, these findings have been related to red and white wines. Only recently have a few studies been published relating to rosé wines, however these were using a very short maturation period and did not consider the use of wood chips during the alcoholic fermentation process itself.Thus, it is difficult to perform a comparative analysis with previous works, particularly taking into account the different wood species, chip concentrations, contact times, and the moment of wood chip addition.Several modifications of rosé musts and respective wines were observed for the diverse color and phenolic parameters during the alcoholic fermentation and maturation process . The resIn general, the tendency that was verified for the mentioned global phenolic parameters during alcoholic fermentation was maintained during the entire aging time . Thus, vThe results obtained for total anthocyanins showed a tendency for a decrease of the values in all musts during alcoholic fermentation. However, this decrease was more evident for the musts fermented in contact with wood chips, independently of the two wood species used . During Thus, significantly higher values for color intensity were clearly detectable in rosé wines that had contact with the wood chips only during alcoholic fermentation or those that maintained the wood chip contact during the maturation process compared to control rosé wine. However, there was no clear differentiation when considering the wood chip species used. It is also important to note that these differences detected between wood chip contact rosé wines and control rosé wine are consistent with the results obtained for the “color intensity” sensorial descriptor, as can be seen from the sensory profile results showed in The results obtained in our work for rosé wine maturation are, therefore, generally in agreement with previous published works for red wines ,21,27. IOur results also demonstrated that rosé musts fermented in contact with wood chips showed the highest values for color hue, particularly from the eighth day of fermentation, and with greater incidence for the must in contact with cherry wood chips. However, wood chip contact during alcoholic fermentation, and in particular the maintenance of their contact during the wine maturation, induced a positive effect through significantly lower color hue values detected in rosé wines. In the opposite way, control rosé wine showed the highest values for color hue across the entire maturation period. It is important to emphasize that this high color hue is a result of an increase of yellow and brown components, due to the oxidation reactions involving the different wine phenolic compounds during the maturation process ,29. ThusThe results obtained for total pigments, in general, showed a clear tendency for a decrease of the values in all rosé musts, especially for the musts fermented in contact with wood chips. During the maturation process, stabilization of total pigment values was observed, with no significant differences between the rosé wines . HoweverHowever, during the wine maturation, all rosé wines showed a tendency for a slight decrease of the polymeric pigment values. The results obtained in our work, especially for rosé musts, are in agreement with other authors, who reported a faster evolution of wine pigments with a fast increment of polymeric compounds in red wines aged in cherry barrels or aged in contact with cherry chips ,21.The color due to copigmentation is a phenomenon where anthocyanins begin to interact with other wine compounds, such as flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and with their own anthocyanins, to form more complex structures ,33. In aO-glucoside was the most abundant individual anthocyanin quantified, which confirms previous published works for rosé wines [O-glucoside ranged from 24.0 to 32.6 mg/L. However, the values reported by these authors were much higher than the malvidin-3-O-glucoside content quantified in our work . This difference is due to the fact that in our research, rosé wines were made through a direct pressing procedure .Regarding individual monomeric anthocyanins, the evolution observed followed the same trend detected for total anthocyanin content . In addition, as expected, malvidin-3-sé wines ,7,37. Onsé wines ,36 reporO-glucoside after 20 days of contact with wood extracts in model wine solution [In general, during rosé wine maturation, control wine showed a slight tendency for lower values of individual anthocyanins compared with the rosé wines produced with wood chip contact. Recently, Jordão et al.  reportedsolution . This desolution . Howeversolution ,41. DespFor oligomeric and polymeric fractions of proanthocyanidins, the results did not show a clear differentiation among the rosé wines during maturation . HoweverDespite the several changes observed for the different phenolic parameters studied, in sensorial terms, the differences between the studied rosé wines were not totally evident for the majority of the sensorial descriptors . The lowSeveral authors have reported on the addition of wood chips during and after alcoholic fermentation, particularly from oak species in red and white wines ,27,48,49According to the results obtained, it was also clear that under our experimental conditions, the use of wood chips did not determine an increment of the wine astringency and bitterness perception by the tasters, although the rosé wines produced with cherry chip contact showed the highest values of (+)-catechin. This could be explained by the low wood chip concentration used in this work, combined with the low values of (+)-catechin quantified. In addition, the oxidation and precipitation of the phenolic compounds during the maturation process may help us to explain the absence of differences in the astringency and bitterness between the rosé wines . These lIt was for “color intensity” descriptor that the differences between the rosé wines were most consistent. Thus, control rosé wine showed the lowest scores for the “color intensity” descriptor during the entire maturation time. This tendency follow the same trend as the results obtained for colored anthocyanins, ionization degree of anthocyanins, and color intensity values shown in Vitis vinifera L.), was harvested in 2016 in a healthy conditions from a vineyard located in the Dão region  for the rosé wines production used in this experiment. The rosé wines were elaborated by the Casa da Passarella winery, also located in the same region, following the direct pressing winemaking procedure. Thus, there was no maceration based on the winery option, and also as a result of the high phenolic content quantified in the grapes at harvest . The sulfitation of the grapes (55 mg/L of SO2) was followed by the alcoholic fermentation, which was carried out in stainless steel tanks (1000 L) using a standard Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain (Fermol Arôme Plus by AEB Group) and inoculated at 20 g/hL. The fermentation was completed in 20 days, keeping the temperature around 20 °C. After the alcoholic fermentation, the produced rosé wines were racked and removed from contact with the lees. The produced rosé wines did not undergo malolactic fermentation and no fining treatments were made.One Portuguese red grape variety, Touriga Nacional (Quercus petraea L.) and cherry (Prunus avium) species in stainless steel tanks measuring 1000 L. Then, the two rosé wines produced using the experimental conditions mentioned during alcoholic fermentation were divided into 4 different trials (2 maintaining the wood chip contact and the other two without wood chip contact) and conducted in stainless steel tanks measuring 500 L, according to the experimental conditions described in The experimental work was conducted on rosé musts and wines. Thus, for musts, 2 different assays were conducted, while for the rosé wines produced, 4 different essays were considered. Briefly, during alcoholic fermentation, two rosé musts were fermented separately in contact with wood chips (1.5 g/L) from oak (Quercus petraea) and cherry (Prunus avium) were purchased by AEB Bioquímica company . All of the used wood chips presented a medium toasting level and a particle dimension of 8 mm (average size). In all assays (for rosé musts and wines), a concentration of 1.5 g/L of wood chips was used. This concentration of wood chips took into account previous work carried out on rosé wines, and also the low phenolic content usually quantified in these wines [In this experiment, the wood chips from oak  was performed following the analytical methods recommended by International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) . All anaThe total phenol index was determined according to the methodology of Ribéreau-Gayon et al. , while n18 Sep-Pack column. Thus, each sample was passed through the two preconditioned neutral Sep-Pack cartridges connected in series. To eliminate phenolic acids, a 4-mL dealcoholized medium was adjusted to a pH of 7.0 and then passed through the two connected Sep-Pack cartridges, which were preconditioned with 10 mL of water adjusted to a pH of 7.0. After drying the column with N2, the elutions were first carried out with 25 mL ethyl acetate to elute catechins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, and then the polymeric fraction was eluted with 10 mL methanol. Regarding the separation of monomeric from oligomeric fractions, both fractions were completely evaporated under a vacuum at 25 °C, dissolved in distilled water, and then redeposited onto the same connected cartridges that were preconditioned with distilled water. After drying the cartridges with N2, catechins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins were eluted sequentially with 25 mL diethyl ether (catechins fraction), and finally with 10 mL methanol (oligomeric fraction). For each previously obtained fraction, the flavanols were quantified using the modified vanillin assay described by Sun et al. [A method described by Sun et al.  was usedn et al. .Thus, the vanillin reaction with catechin fraction was carried out in a 30 °C water bath for 15 min, and measurement of absorbance at 500 nm was at the same temperature. Finally, for oligomeric and polymeric fractions, both the vanillin reaction and measurement of absorbance at 500 nm were performed at room temperature, and the maximum absorbance was taken as the measured value. All analyses were done in triplicate.18 Lichrocart® 100  protected by a guard column of the same material. The HPLC conditions followed the procedure method described by Ricardo-da-Silva et al. [For (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and individual procyanidins analysis, previous separation was required via the method described by Ricardo-da-Silva et al. . Thus, ta et al. . Thus, fa et al.  and latea et al. . All of 18 Lichrocart® 100 , with the same characteristics described previously for individual flavanols. The solvents were (A) 40% formic acid, (B) pure acetonitrile, and (C) double bidistilled water. The methodology used followed the conditions previously described by Dallas and Laureano [O-glucoside. The chromatographic peaks of anthocyanins were identified according to reference data previously described by Dallas and Laureano [A Perkin Elmer HPLC system  was used for analysis of major individual monomeric anthocyanins. It was equipped with a 200LC pump, connected to a ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) LC-95 detector and a manual injector (Rheodyne 7125-A), fitted with a 20 mL loop and a Konik absorbance monitor linked to a Konichrom data station . The column used was also a RPLaureano . Thus, tLaureano .For the different rosé wines produced, a sensory evaluation over 80 aging days was carried out by eight expert judges with wine tasting experience to evaluate the rosé wines. Each rosé wine sample was stored for 24 h at room temperature before sensory analysis, which was performed at 20–22 °C in a sensory analysis room, with individual booths for each expert and according to standardized procedures . Wine saAll expert judges were previously selected and trained in considering the sensorial attributes of rosé wines. During this training period, several sessions were carried out in order to train judges about the meaning of each attribute and on how to achieve intensity rating in a reliable way. All wine sensorial attributes used were selected by consensus in order to adequately describe the rosé wine appearance, aroma, and taste sensory similarities and differences under supervision of the panel leader.The sensorial attributes used were grouped into the following way: aspect (color intensity and limpidity), aroma , taste , mouthfeel sensations (persistency and astringency), and overall appreciation. The persistency attribute was considered as the ability of wine tastes and aromas to remain present in the mouth after wine had been swallowed. For each mentioned sensory attribute, the experts scored the attributes  on a five-point scale , while overall appreciation was also scored on a five-point scale .p < 0.05) was applied to the data to determine significant differences between rosé musts and wines. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) was also used to analyze the data and to study the relations among the rosé wines produced in contact with the different wood chip species, and their phenolic and sensory characteristics during the studied aging time. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 24.0 .The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Phenolic and sensorial parameters were statistically tested by analysis of variance . A Tukey’s test  was not evident for the general phenolic parameters or individual phenolic compounds analyzed. The only clear difference in terms of the wood chip species used was observed for (+)-catechin content. In this case, rosé wines produced in contact with cherry chips showed the highest values.The outcomes of our study would be of practical interest to winemakers, especially when the option for production and maturation of rosé wines through the addition of wood chips may be an option to produce wines with potential new profiles. However, further research will be necessary, especially with the introduction of other variables, such as the use of an extended aging time, other wood chip species and concentrations, and also the possibility to analyze the impact of the use of different grape varieties in producing rosé wines.