Furthermore, the SF green concrete beams had 24% greater flexural toughness than RF beams at all ages. Finally, by improving the microstructure (by adding SCMs) and flexural behavior of marine concrete structures, in addition to increasing the load capacity and ductility of marine structures, the cracking and penetration of ions decreases; thus, the service life of the structures will increase.Due to the noticeable production of greenhouse gases in cement production processes around the world, the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like metakaolin/zeolite and the production of green concrete is inevitable, which leads to reducing the amount of environmental pollution and, specifically for maritime environments, improving the mechanical qualities of concrete. In addition, nowadays, the increasing use of plastic materials such as disposable glasses is considered a major problem in environmental pollution. Thus, using metakaolin/zeolite as an SCM and disposable glasses as fibers in concrete production may reduce environmental pollution and improve concrete’s properties. To do so, in this paper, the flexural behavior of green concrete beams containing metakaolin/zeolite at 10 and 20% as SCMs at 28, 90, and 180 days in the Oman Sea tidal environment was examined by studying the effects of utilizing 0.5 and 1% disposable-glass fibers in ring and strip forms. The findings demonstrate that ring (RFs) and strip fibers (SFs) in green concrete reduce a beam’s maximum load capacity (P Concrete is a composite material obtained by curing a mixture of water, aggregates, and cement. The main reasons it is second only to water in worldwide use are its desirable mechanical properties and durability, long service life, acceptable physical and chemical properties, and availability of raw materials ,2,3.With the rapid increase in world population and the need for new building structures with different applications, the amount of concrete production and consumption in construction projects has recently been increasing rapidly. Building the various types of marine concrete structures with proper durability is essential because of the large population of people living near seas and the widespread development of infrastructure and various industries that must be built in aggressive environments such as the sea .Despite the advantages and necessity of using concrete, the environmental impacts of providing its primary sources and their use, concrete’s poor performance against tensile forces, and its brittleness are the main disadvantages of conventional concrete ,5.2) is generated. About 5–7% of the total CO2 emitted in the world, one of the most important greenhouse gases, comes from the cement production process [For example, the preparation of raw materials for concrete mixtures is associated with high energy consumption and the wasting of several of earth’s natural resources, thus generating various types of environmental pollution. For one thing, the production process of cement, as the only factory product used in the production of concrete, creates a great deal of pollution. To be more exact, for the production of each ton of cement, between 0.7 and 1 t of carbon dioxide  or other recycled materials is a suitable method for reducing environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic efficiency . The mosAs a result of the finer sizes of SCMs in concrete mix design, the size of the voids in the concrete and resultantly its porosity and permeability are reduced, leading to an increase in the concrete’s density. In addition, the use of SCMs improves the performance of fresh concrete, its mechanical characteristics, and durability, hence reducing the shrinkage and creep of the concrete. Thus, utilizing metakaolin and zeolite instead of cement to make green concrete reduces environmental impacts and improves mechanical properties and durability ,7,8,9.The crystalline structure of zeolite, as a type of aluminosilicate mineral with a volcanic-sedimentary origin, is very regular, has very small pores and channels, and can absorb or excrete 30% of its dry weight due to its huge specific surface area ,10.Metakaolin, a highly active amorphous aluminosilicate substance, is made by calcining kaolin at 600 to 900 °C for a certain duration .White metakaolin powder, which contains much finer particles than cement (about 3 micrometers), is a very active pozzolan, just like zeolite ,7. SinceFurthermore, replacing cement with metakaolin in the concrete mix design reduces porosity and permeability, increases mechanical properties, improves resistance to chemical attacks and alkaline–silica reactions, and finally reduces concrete shrinkage. In view of the abundant and accessible sources of clay soil around the world, the preparation and consumption of metakaolin in construction projects are easy and cost-effective .Based on previous studies, to achieve suitable mechanical and durability properties, the optimum values for replacing cement with metakaolin and zeolite were suggested to be 10–20% in concrete mixtures ,7,10,12.SCMs’ small sizes and specialized surface areas raise hydration heat, reduce concrete workability, and cause cracks in concrete. These cracks can be the entry point for invading ions in corrosive and aggressive environments such as the sea. These cracks correspond to the material type, the amount and type of predicted and unplanned loads, and moisture and heat gradients. Moreover, cracks can be produced by abrasion, erosion, physical and chemical attacks; repeated cycles of wetting and drying; and external forces such as tide forces, ships, winds, and earthquakes. Hence, since cracks reduce the service life of concrete structures in marine conditions, preventing the formation of cracks and decreasing marine concrete crack growth rate is essential. One possible method to reduce the vulnerability of and limit the cracks in concrete is to use fibers. The most significant fibers include synthetic fibers like polypropylene, polyethylene, glass, carbon, and steel fibers as well as natural fibers like cellulose, hemp, and coconut. Moreover, concrete has also incorporated recycled synthetic fibers, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and discarded plastic .In cases of initial cracks or deformations, the fibers used in concrete are distributed properly and allow for bridging over the primary cracks, reduce the amount of stress at the cracked edges, restrict the spread and expansion of cracks, and prevent the entry of contaminants and water into the concrete matrix, as a result improving the performance of the concrete ,13.On the other hand, using recycled materials from various wastes as fibers in concrete mix design, in addition to improving its various properties, reduces environmental pollution resulting from landfilling or the incineration of waste, air pollution, and soil pollution. Among the wastes in the world, different types of polyethylene, polyamide, or nylon to make plastic food containers or bags are generated more than the other ones. Most of these turn into waste immediately after being used. The waste is then buried in soil or incinerated, which brings about a large amount of pollution and many environmental problems. However, because of the appropriate physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of plastic waste, they may safely be utilized as fibers in mixing concrete to increase concrete performance and decrease environmental pollution . The useYap et al.  examinedThus, according to previous research, it was suggested that 0.5–1% of the concrete volume use recycled plastic fibers with 10–20% SCMs to obtain better performance for concrete mixes ,23,24,25Considering this background, in the maritime environment, little investigation has been conducted into green concrete flexural behavior caused by recycled fibers and metakaolin/zeolite. Recycled fiber used alongside metakaolin/zeolite as an SCM seems to decrease environmental pollution and maintain natural resources, leading to sustainable development. Moreover, with this kind of green concrete, it will be feasible to increase the flexural strength, ductility, and durability of maritime concrete structures. On the other hand, by using fibers, cracking in marine concrete structures is limited and their damage and failure rate is reduced. The current research program investigated the effect of recycled fibers like disposable glass (RF/SF forms) on flexural capacity, and the toughness of green concrete beams containing metakaolin/zeolite was examined. Furthermore, the microstructures of concrete mix designs were investigated.In the current research, for preparing concrete mixes, Portland cement Type II from the Kerman cement factory was used. Metakaolin from Tehran, Iran was used to prepare the concrete mixtures. Metakaolin’s chemical and physical characteristics are shown in The zeolite used in this study was taken from Semnan, Iran. Zeolite’s chemical and physical characteristics are shown in Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm (passing a #4 sieve) was utilized as a fine aggregate, while crushed gravel with a maximum size of 19 mm was coarse aggregate. Some aggregate characteristics are presented in In this study, drinking water was utilized to mix all of the concrete and to cure the specimens in the tanks at early ages. The drinking water was extracted, purified, and distributed at Chabahar Maritime University and controlled at the water quality control laboratory.A superplasticizer is one of the essential components in concrete mixes to enhance fiber-reinforced concrete workability. In the current research, a type of superplasticizer based on modified polycarboxylates called Farco Plast  was used. Farco Plast superplasticizer is suitable for concreting in hot weather conditions, concretes with long transportation time, concretes with very low slump, and concretes containing fibers and SCMs. It has a specific gravity of around 1.09 kg/L and is light brown. Also, after mixing with water, superplasticizer is added to the concrete mixture for controlling the workability of mixtures.λ is aspect ratio, l is the fiber length (mm), ed is the equivalent diameter (mm), A is the fiber cross-section area (mm2), b is fiber width (mm), and c is fiber thickness (mm) [The polyethylene recycled fibers used in this study were divided into two main groups: ring and strip disposable glass fibers. The used disposable glasses were cleaned and washed after being collected from public places such as the beach, schools, malls, stores, restaurants, hotels, etc. Then, the disposable glasses were cut into string and ring shapes by hand with scissors, sorted into specific sizes, and weighed. ess (mm) ,30.By horizontally slicing disposable glasses, polyethylene fibers used to make the ring of the glass are produced (closed loops). These rings have variable widths equal to 5 and 10 mm, and their diameter is about 60 ± 5 mm. In addition, the volume fraction of this type of fiber in the concrete mix design is equal to 0.5 and 1% of the concrete volume.Disposable glasses were sliced vertically or horizontally to create polyethylene SFs (strip). These strips have a fixed width of 10 mm and varying lengths of 25 and 50 mm. Meanwhile, the volume fraction of this type of fiber in the concrete mix design was set as 0.5 and 1% of the concrete volume. All fiber types are shown in the 3. Farco Plast superplasticizer was also employed to increase the concrete’s workability by 2% by cement weight due to the usage of SCMs and fibers in the concrete mixes. In this study, 36 green concrete mix designs with different amounts of cement replacements including metakaolin, zeolite, and recycled fibers such as RF and SF from disposable glasses were prepared. Besides these specimens, concrete specimens without any fibers were also prepared as control specimens. In all mix designs, the water/binders was equal to 0.5. Furthermore, the total weight of cementitious materials in all mixtures was 410 kg/mDepending on the type of test, all the specimens had to be left in the molds for 24 h after their preparation. After being removed from the molds, the specimens were cured in a freshwater tank for 3 days outside the laboratory  and finaSince most deterioration happens in marine concrete structures in the tidal zone, the environment of the study was the Oman Sea’s tidal zone. Therefore, all the specimens were placed on the Oman Sea shore. max) and flexural toughness of several green concrete beams. This test was performed according to ASTM C78 [The flexural behavior was investigated by determining the maximum load capacity . In general, the behavior mechanism of fibers in crack control is known as crack bridging, which is the main factor in improving the toughness and ductility of concrete sections. It appears that by raising the fibers’ volume fraction, the crack bridging increases, which leads to a greater distribution of the applied force by the fibers, more energy absorption, and an increase in the toughness of the concrete beams ,24,34.Based on In green fiber concretes containing SCM, by increasing the amount of SCM from 10 to 20%, the toughness of green fiber-reinforced concrete beams decreased. For example, in green fiber beams with 1% RF, with the increase in metakaolin dosage at 28 and 180 days, the toughness decreased by 13 and 15%. Also, by increasing the percentage of zeolite in green fiber-reinforced concrete, the flexural toughness of the beam decreased so that after 28 and 180 days, the beams’ toughness decreased by 9 and 13%, respectively. Due to fine particle size, filling properties, and pozzolanic reaction, metakaolin and zeolite used in concrete strengthen the transition zone, reduce the number and volume of holes, increase the density of concrete, and eventually, improve cement paste–fiber adhesion. In the early ages, the effect of metakaolin on concrete properties is greater than zeolite. However, after a long time, zeolite, by production of CSH secondary gels, causes improvement in microstructure, stronger bonds between the fiber–cement matrix, a greater decrease in porosity, and a further increase in flexural toughness when compared to metakaolin ,38,39,40In max decreases at different ages. For instance, at 28 days, in concrete mixtures containing 10% metakaolin, the Pmax of concrete reinforced with 0.5 and 1% SF decreased by 27 and 33%, respectively, relative to green concrete without fibers. But at 90 days, with the addition of 0.5 and 1% of SF, the Pmax decreased to 23 and 32%, respectively. Moreover, at 180 days, the addition of 0.5 and 1% of SF caused a decrease in Pmax of plain green concrete by 25 and 34%, respectively. Furthermore, in concrete beams containing 20% metakaolin at 28 days, the addition of 0.5 and 1% SF caused a decrease in Pmax by 29 and 38%, respectively. In addition, after 90 and 180 days, compared to green concrete without fiber, the Pmax of concrete containing 0.5 and 1% of SF reduced by 26 and 37%, respectively.max decreased. At 28 days, incorporating 0.5 and 1% of SF into concrete containing 10% zeolite led to decreases in the Pmax values of plain green concrete by 25 and 35%, respectively. In addition, at 90 days, the Pmax values of concrete with 0.5 and 1% of SF decreased by 22 and 32%, respectively. On the other hand, with the incorporation of 0.5 and 1% of SF at 180 days, the Pmax values decreased by 18 and 28%, respectively. In addition, in concrete containing 20% zeolite at 28 days, with the addition of 0.5 and 1% SF, the Pmax reduced by 29 and 37%, respectively. Furthermore, at 90 days, the addition of 0.5 and 1% SF caused decreases of 27 and 35% in Pmax, respectively. Finally, after 180 days, green concrete without fibers had a Pmax 23% lower than concrete with 20% zeolite and 0.5 and 1% SF. It is apparent that by incorporating fibers into plain concrete, cohesion decreases, the cement matrix becomes weak and porous, and finally Pmax decreases. In addition, by increasing the fiber volume, the Pmax decreases further [Based on  further .max of green fiber-reinforced concrete beams increases by raising the aspect ratio of the fibers. For example, S4 with 80 aspect ratio had 14% greater Pmax than S3 with 40 aspect ratio, which contains 0.5% fibers, on all days. However, S12 with 80 aspect ratio had a 13% higher Pmax than mixes with 40 aspect ratio in green concrete beams with 1% fibers. Therefore, by raising the fiber’s aspect ratio, the development length of the fibers in the cement matrix, the resistance to the applied force (Pmax), and the resistance to cracking of the section are all increased [ncreased .max values compared to concrete containing metakaolin in the short term. However, for long periods, the Pmax of samples containing zeolite was slightly higher than that of samples containing metakaolin [Furthermore, comparing takaolin .According to According to On the other hand, according to max in green concrete beams with RF was higher than that of the mixture with SF. Furthermore, the Pmax of green concrete beams with 0.5% fibers such as R1 was up to 12% higher than S1 at different ages. However, the Pmax for R16, which contains 1% fiber, was at maximum 11% higher than S16. Due to the bigger size of RF compared to SF, the Pmax in beams with RF may be higher than that of the beams containing SF. This could be because of an increase in RF developmental length in the cement matrix and the adhesion of fibers to concrete [The green concrete beams’ flexural behavior with RF and SF on all days is shown in concrete ,43.The comparison of SEM may be used to study cement paste morphology and the interface transition zone (ITZ) between cement pastes and aggregates/fibers. Furthermore, SEM can also evaluate cement paste compactness, pore size and shape, hydration product structural morphology, and ITZ quality between cement pastes and aggregates/fibers.To prepare the SEM samples, 7 cm concrete cubes with different mixes were used. Then, small pieces of the concrete samples were covered with gold sheets to take better-quality photos. The photos were prepared with different magnifications to better evaluate the characteristics of the concrete samples.A dense and compact microstructure was created by the joining of the SCM particles and the hydration products. CSH gels from the pozzolanic reaction of SCMs tightly wrapped the hydration products and solute particles, forming a dense continuous phase. The CSH gels bonded the aggregate and cement mortar and filled interior voids and cracks, decreasing porosity and enhancing microstructure. Metakaolin/zeolite with different particle sizes may fill voids and cracks simultaneously. According to the cement paste SEM images, metakaolin/zeolite improved the cement mortar microstructure and mechanical properties of the fiber concrete samples.2 crystals. The hydration products, such as CSH gels, produced by the pozzolanic reaction of SCMs can fill ITZ cracks and pores, improving mechanical interlocking and microstructure and improving concrete mix mechanical properties.On the other hand, ITZ between cement pastes and aggregates consists of aggregate, cement mortar, cracks, pores, and unhydrated particles. The incorporation of metakaolin/zeolite SCMs significantly improved ITZ microstructure. The ITZ between aggregates and cement paste had much smaller pores and cracks. Thus, the addition of metakaolin/zeolite enhanced the mechanical properties. The ITZ’s Ca(OH) crystal enrichment was reduced by the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin/zeolite, which consumed many Ca(OH)Fibers are embedded in the cement paste and surrounded by hydration products. This reduces separation and settlement cracks and synergistically improves bridge cracks, making fiber concrete mixtures stronger and tougher. The unreacted SCM particles and hydration products filled holes and cracks, increased ITZ compactness, enhanced the bond strength of the fibers and cement paste, and improved the compressive, flexural, and pull-out strength. A SEM investigation confirmed the fiber–SCM coupling’s good performance. SCMs and fibers coupled had a better coupling effect, which increased compressive and flexural strength more than either element on their own .In the following, to better evaluate the microstructural characteristics of green concrete containing recycled plastic fibers and metakaolin/zeolite, SEM images are shown in Eventually, adding SCMs to the fiber concrete mixtures, due to high pozzolanic activity, causes the production of more CSH gels, improves and strengthens the concrete microstructure, increase the quality of the cement matrix and bond strength, and reduces porosity and cracks at the contact surface of fibers and the cement matrix. Furthermore, by increasing the adhesion strength and pull-out of fibers from the cement matrix, the flexural strength and toughness increased.Finally, the results show that using fibers made from recycled disposable glasses in the form of strips and rings composed of metakaolin/zeolite as SCMs has an acceptable performance in reducing marine environmental pollution, improving ductility, and controlling cracks in marine concrete structures.The maximum load capacities of green concrete beams with RF/SF were decreased up to 31 and 37% compared to control specimens, respectively. Although in the short term, the maximum load capacity for metakaolin concrete was greater than zeolite concrete, the results were reversed in the long term.Green concrete beams containing RF had maximum load capacity up to 13% greater than green concrete beams containing SF.The flexural toughness values of green concrete with 0.5 and 1% RF were increased up to 11 and 16 times more than the control specimens, respectively.The flexural toughness values of 0.5 and 1% SF-reinforced concrete containing metakaolin and zeolite were increased up to 14 and 20 times more than the control specimens, respectively.The flexural toughness of green concrete beams with SF was 24% greater than green concrete beams containing RF.In the short term, the flexural toughness of beams containing metakaolin increased by up to 13% than zeolite concrete beams. But, for long periods, beams with zeolite exhibited 8% greater flexural toughness than those with metakaolin.The evaluation of the SEM showed that although the use of microplastic fibers increased the porosity of concrete, adding SCMs (metakaolin/zeolite) to concrete mixes greatly reduced the porosity and its negative effects. Also, the fiber–SCM coupling performance was better than those of the separate elements.By using SCMs (metakaolin/zeolite) and recycled disposable glass fibers in concrete mixtures, air and marine pollution decrease, ductility increases, and cracks are limited; thus, the durability and service life of marine concrete structures are enhanced.In this paper, the impacts of using 0.5 and 1% disposable glass RF and SF on green concrete beams’ flexural behavior with 10 or 20% metakaolin and zeolite as SCMs at 28, 90, and 180 days in the Oman Sea’s tidal zone were investigated. The findings suggest the following results:


Beam-column joints are crucial load transmission zones because they face concentrated forces from both the beams and the columns. High shear and axial stresses caused by these concentrated forces in the area of the joint may result in decreased joint strength. This article proposes a new beam-to-column connection developed for precast concrete-resisting frames. Concrete mixtures are enhanced mechanically by adding nano silica as it increases compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance. Within the concrete, it creates a solid, gel-like matrix that fills voids and strengthens the whole construction. In this study, three reinforced concrete beam-column joint specimens were cast with fly ash, the other three with nano-silica and fly ash, and one sample with nano-silica and a control mix without admixtures was cast. Specimen cast using fly ash and nano-silica is subjected to cyclic loading after 28 days of curing. A load capacity of 100 kN was imposed on the column during testing. It was observed that a gradual increase in fly ash decreased the compressive and flexural strength of the beam-column joints. This decrease in strength was addressed by adding 2.5% nano-silica. Nano silica acts as a nucleus to bond tightly with cement particles during hydration. The results showed that the flexural strength equivalent to that of a controlled specimen can be achieved by adding nano-silica at 2.5% and fly ash at 60%. The highest loading of 38.1 kN can be applied to the specimen with nano-silica without fly ash. Although a higher axial compression ratio can improve the bearing capacity and initial stiffness, it can also reduce deformation capacity and flexibility. Efficient waste management uses fly ash to find its disposal in land or water resources. Hence cement is partial replacement by fly ash in concrete by a certain percentage seems to provide the desired strength, but adding fly ash decreases the early strength of concrete2. Most of the research works focusing on applying nanomaterials to cementitious composites explored the performance of the materials in various loading/environmental conditions. Possible materials that are currently available with particle sizes below 300 nm includes silica fume and limestone processed materials. By replacement of 10% Silica fume is taken as optimum, it provides maximum compressive strength3.Carbon dioxide release is one reason for global warming, which can be controlled by reducing the huge volume of cement in the construction industry4. Nano-silica performs in lowering the corrosion rate of steel-reinforced concrete5. Combining nano-silica and micro silica recently induced a synergic effect and increased concrete's strength and durability properties. The research signifies that the nano-silica demands higher super plasticiser usage when compared to micro silica6. To achieve the specific properties of high-strength concrete, such as workability, high strength and durability throughout its lifetime, nano-silica and copper slag can be used with the limiting water cement ratio between 0.25 and 0.507. Adding about 2% nano-silica increased the compressive strength of about 17–18% at different testing ages8. The capacity of the structure to endure a seismic impact depends to an enormous degree on its capacity to disseminate the energy.The inclusion of different kinds of nanomaterials to make concrete-based nanocomposites permits novel properties in materials. For example, the capacity to absorb air pollutants, concrete retains more carbon dioxide or self-healing material over time9. The durability properties of recycled aggregate can be enhanced by treating the aggregates in nano-silica solution for 1 h, as it improves the surface of microhardness and increases the penetration depth of nano-silica10.Types of energy dispersal incorporate hysteretic damping, kinetic energy, and viscous damping. In the strong earthquake-prone zone, framed structures should be designed considering earthquake resistance11. By conducting freeze-soak-sour cycles of a different concrete mix containing nano hydrophobic silane, silica improves durability Concrete workability, strength and durability can be improved using nano-silica in the concrete mix12. Nano silica promotes a pozzolanic reaction with early strength. In the end, the quick setting effect of nano silica addition was also identified.The interaction between coarse aggregate and nano-silica in cementitious composites can be described as complimentary. Coarse aggregates serve the purpose of providing structural support, but they may have the drawback of reducing the modulus of elasticity. Conversely, the utilisation of nano-silica, in the absence of coarse aggregates, has the potential to elevate the modulus of elasticity and improve the overall performance of the material. The selection and ratios of these constituents in a concrete mixture will vary based on the desired characteristics of the composite and its intended use13.In particular, micro-silica and nano-silica work at two levels; first, the chemical effect of nano-silica and physical micro-silica particles can fill concrete voids. Few researchers reported that adding 1 kg of micro-silica reduces the usage of around 3 kg of cement. Adding nano-silica to cementitious material elevates the viscosity and fills the voids between the cement particles. This greatly impacts the production of Calcium Silicate Hydrate, which influences all mechanical and strength properties of concrete. It also improves cement hydration with a greater surface area of nanoparticles15. The molecular structure of a material is modified by adding nano-silica creating special properties in concrete like increasing quality, longevity, strength, and weight reduction can be achieved16. The incorporation of nano-silica increases the durability properties of concrete. The addition of nano-silica improves the durability of concrete, so it is suitable for most concrete projects. Even though adding nano-silica elevates the project's construction cost, it can be used for massive construction work like high-storied buildings, bridges, dams, etc.,17.The addition of nano-silica increases the density of the cement mixture, water absorption is reduced, and a decrease in the number of voids of recycled aggregate was noticed. In addition, the study's results expose that nano-silica has no considerable outcome on the young modulus of concrete18. In self-compacting concrete, the incorporation of nano-silica decreased the fluidity and increased viscosity of the concrete due to minimum particle size and large surface area19. It was experienced in the trial mix that the greater quantity of nano-silica demanded a greater quantity of superplasticiser. Early-stage compressive strength attainment was observed by adding nano-silica20. The precast beam and column connection method makes it simple by using projecting bars from the beam smaller in diameter than those protruding from the column21.From the experimental works, mixture with the addition of nano-silica had good rusting resistance and fatigue performance even after long term exposureThe beam-column joint is critical in a reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame. It is subjected to large forces during severe ground shaking, and its behaviour is affected within the joint; tremendous shear forces develop. The failure to shear is constantly fragile by nature, which is not a structurally acceptable condition. So, it is especially vital to decrease the weakness of the Beam-Column joint.22. The monolithic beam-column joint is most efficient than the non-monolithic beam-column joint23. The beam-column joints have constrained load-resisting capacity. At the point when heavy loads are applied during the hour of seismic tremors, the damages are Severe.The beam-column joint in Reinforced Concrete structures is the most significant region to transmit loads from beam to column24. Incorporating longitudinal bars and transversal Reinforcement in the beam-column hinge is required. The extra Reinforcement will reduce cracks, give higher energy scattering, and improve strength and stiffness25.Repairing the damages in the joint is tedious; thus, the design should be made by considering the earthquake effect to avoid this. The practical impact of the earthquake on existing beam-column joints in structures is vulnerable. So sufficiently, it must be strengthened. The addition of nano-silica in concrete does the method of improving the strength of concrete structural members. Joint shear failure influences frames' strength, ductility, and stability, focusing on joint shear behaviour26. It is assumed that the computed moment–curvature response of the beam-column cross-section defines the envelope to the moment-rotation response of the plastic hinge. An assumed plastic-hinge length equal to half the depth of the beam-column element and the plastic hinge's hysteretic response is represented by the previously presented general one-dimensional hysteretic response model with load-path parameters27.Shear panel elements are used to mimic strength and stiffness loss as a result of joint panel failure. Four nodes where one-dimensional beam and column elements intersect define joints. A joint rotational spring characteristic is presented to account for joint shear panel deformation29. Considering the loading pattern responsible for the failure by excessive rotation at the position of the plastic hinging concerning the failure modes, plastic hinges at the beams close to the column faces in the joints mainly fail by crushing under the compression30.Considering the previous studies, beam-column joints experience great inelastic shear distortions with the durable column-weak beam design philosophy. The fragile joint shear collapse of beam-column joints will appreciably decrease the flexibility of structures and consequence in a hazardous failure mechanism. Thus the interior of the beam-column joint should have sufficient shear strength to oppose the high shear forces developed during earthquake attacksBased on the inference from previous studies, it is found that Nano-silica is an innovative nanomaterial that has shown promise in improving the properties of concrete. It is incorporated into concrete mixtures for beam-column connections is a novel approach that explores the potential benefits of nanotechnology in enhancing the performance of critical structural elements. In addition, the application of cyclic loading in this context is significant. Beam-column connections in buildings and structures often experience cyclic loading due to factors like seismic activity, wind, and dynamic loads. Investigating how nano-silica affects the behavior of these connections under cyclic loading conditions is a specialized and critical aspect of structural engineering research. Hence, the chief objective of study is to determine the effects of nano-silica on reinforced concrete beam-column connections subjected to cyclic loading and to investigate and understand how the incorporation of nano-silica into concrete mixtures can impact the performance and behavior of these critical structural elements.The cementitious material used for the study is ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade complies with IS 269:1989. Portland cement is a highly prevalent construction material that is extensively utilized on a global scale. The classification of cement is determined by its compressive strength, resulting in several grades. Among these categories, 53-grade cement is widely used. Cement with a grade of 53 is renowned for its exceptional compressive strength. The material exhibits enhanced load-bearing capacity and is well-suited for use in scenarios where the preservation of structural integrity is of paramount importance. In comparison to cements of lesser grades, it often exhibits a shorter period of time required for the setting process to occur. Grade 53 cement exhibits a high level of durability, rendering it capable of enduring adverse climatic conditions. Consequently, it is well-suited for outdoor applications and constructions that are subjected to the weather. Cement with a 53-grade designation typically exhibits reduced shrinkage characteristics, hence contributing to the mitigation of cracks in concrete constructions.2/g with the density of 2.6 g/cm3. The obtained silica is stored and used for project purposes. It has been found to have around 98 per cent silica, which is extremely resistant to forming compound C–S–H. The SEM image of nano silica is presented in Fig. Natural river sand is used as fine aggregate with a maximum size of 5 mm, a moisture content of 0.11%, and a relative density of 2.65. The coarse aggregate used for the study is with a water absorption of 1.05% of relative density 2.69 with a particle size distribution of 4.75–25 mm. In the ball mill, sand is machined to nano size with a high proportion of silica. The maximum size of the nano-silica range is 152 nm, and the minimum nano-silica particle size range is 68 nm, so 107 nm was the average nano-silica size. The surface area of nano silica is in the range of 175–225 m20, F40, F60) were done. Specimen cast with nano-silica (NS) is taken as reference and is the replacement of fly ash by 20%, 40%, and 60%  to the total mass of nano-silica replacement. Water Cement ratio was maintained as 0.35, superplasticizer was added below 0.5% to the mass of cementitious material by trial and error. In the concrete mixing machine, batches of concrete are produced by first adding water and rotating the machine for a few seconds to clean, followed by adding cement, fly ash, or nano-silica and coarse aggregate in dry form along with water and superplasticiser. All ingredients were mixed for 3 min followed by 3 min rest again it is mixed for 2 min finally.Out of 8 sample specimens cast, 1 control specimen(CS) was cast, and replacement of the total mass of cement by fly ash by 20%, 40%, and 60%  is given in Fig. Brittle material properties, flexural strength, rupture module, bending strength, or fracture strength are defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The flexural intensity shows the maximum stress experienced within the material during the breakup. The test specimen is cast and healed for 28 days, and the maximum load is tested. The compressive stress is maximal at the inside surface and minimum stress at the outside surface. These inner and outer edges are known as the 'extreme fibres' of the beam or rod. In this study, the samples produced are of column length—1650 mm, cross-section—150 mm × 150 mm, beams length—750 mm, cross-section—150 mm × 200 mm. Column head—100 × 200 mm. The specimen for the test was scaled to a 1/5 size fitting in the loading arrangement. The bending moment causes the beam to bend flexibly, while the axial deformation of the post-tensioned strand and mild steel bars causes the end cross-section of the beam adjacent to the column to rotate28. The specimen casted for testing is shown in the Fig. The axial load capacity generally exceeds 50–60% in the joints. The impact of lateral loading (seismic forces) is high. A maximum column's axial load of 200 kN was reached, which is lower than 50% of the capacity of the column. In the cantilever beam, the point load was applied at the end until the failure of the specimen occurred. Compared to compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and lateral beam effect, the most significant parameters are the bar anchorage of the beam and joint vertical stirrups21 can investigate concrete's inelastic behaviour under monotonic, cyclic, or dynamic loads. It also enables the assessment of material stiffness degradation21. The frictional force at the point of contact between the beam and column flanges transmits the shear force created in the connection of the beam to the column33. The column is subjected to a 100 kN axial load, representing 50% of the column capacity. This implied the service load the section must convey under typical loading conditions. Due to the high strength and non-yielding of prestressing strands, the precast concrete connections had higher flexural strength in the positive direction and less severe stiffness degradation than the monolithic specimen34. A cyclic loading sequence with constantly increasing load and substantial inelastic excursions was chosen to draw inferences for the ultimate limit state and to test the performance under arbitrary seismic excitations35. Cyclic loading was applied to utilise a pressure-driven hydraulic actuator. Overall, cyclic loading tests give a comprehensive assessment of the behavior and performance of reinforced concrete beam-column connections under realistic and dynamic settings, enabling engineers design more durable and safe structures. The loading cycle was predefined, as appeared in Fig. The samples produced were tested after curing for 28 days. The beam is positioned in the middle of the column in the cast specimen, as shown in Fig. 36. Vertical redirection of the tip of the column was noted down directly by the linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) worked in the actuator. It was approved with another outside LVDT. The information was gathered utilizing a mechanized information procurement framework.Increases in the axial compression ratio can improve the bearing capacity and initial stiffness of RC beam-column joints up to a certain point. Still, they can also reduce the deformation capacity and flexibility. The last tip redirection was 22.5 mm. Increases in the axial compression ratio below a particular value can greatly improve the bearing capacity and initial stiffness of RC beam-column joints. However, deformation capacity and flexibility will be reduced22. In the 3 cycles, the load attainment is nearly 16.5 kN, which shows 73.5%, nearly 75% of the peak load of 22.5 kN.The typical load sequence diagram is shown Fig.  below; iThe strain experienced by reinforcement bars was observed using strain gauges. Yield strain occurred at joint zones, and plastic hinges were elastic. Adjacent to the joint zones in the column, the longitudinal Reinforcement is in the elastic limit.Until they fail under compressive stress, most materials fail under tensile stress, so the highest tensile stress can be maintained until the beam or rod fails is its flexural strength. Figures The rectangular specimen under a load in three-point bending is given byThe critical joint in the structures can be analysed using the limit of energy distribution in the member. Some types of energy distribution include hysteretic damping, kinetic energy, and thick damping. The hysteretic damping can occur at regions encased in loops of displacement hysteresis. In two cases, the hysteretic circles were very wide, thus showing that a high energy scattering limit, soundly with the bendable failure component outwardly observed. Specifically, the column segment joint arranged with F20N and F40N concrete performed better at higher cycles, as shown in Figs. The study explored the performance of nano silica beam-column joints exposed to cyclic loading. As the level of a fly is included in the increments in concrete, the flexural quality also elevates to a specific range of (20–40%), and afterwards, it diminishes. It was observed that a gradual increase in fly ash causes extended setting time and slow strength development, leading to low early-age strengths and delays in the rate of construction. From the practical observation, it is noted that the surge of fly ash reduced the workability of concrete. The increase of nano-silica achieves flexural quality and workability. The chart shows that FN20 and FN40, cement’s strength, are the most extreme. It is observed that FN 60 fails under a maximum lateral load of 19 kN, which is 4 kN greater than the controlled specimen.Consequently, as the seismic burden increases, the tensile strength in steel is lower in the nano-silica composites than in the fly ash composites. Although seismic loads do not have a direct impact on the tensile strength of materials, they can induce cyclic loading in structures when earthquakes occur. The investigation of the response of materials, namely nano-silica and fly ash composites, to repeated loading is of utmost importance in guaranteeing the durability and security of structures located in areas susceptible to seismic activity. A comprehensive comprehension of the manner in which materials react to cyclic loads is crucial in the process of creating earthquake-resistant structures and infrastructure. The utilisation of these materials can accomplish a significant increment in yield burden. Since it has minimal wear and tear, we can suggest this cement for exceptional conditions, such as shelters, storehouses, petroleum tanks, and overwhelming industrial structures.


Ranavirus, including the type species of the genus frog virus 3 (FV3), represent an ecologically important group of viruses that infect fish, amphibians, and reptiles. It was established that fatty acid synthesis, glucose, and glutamine metabolism exert roles during iridovirus infections; however, no information exists regarding the role of purine metabolism. In this study, we assessed the impact of exogenously applied purines adenine, adenosine, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP), inosine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on FV3 replication. We found that all compounds except for SAH increased FV3 replication in a dose-dependent manner. Of the purines investigated, adenine and adenosine produced the most robust response, increasing FV3 replication by 58% and 51%, respectively. While all compounds except SAH increased FV3 replication, only adenine increased plaque area. This suggests that the stimulatory effect of adenine on FV3 replication is mediated by a mechanism that is at least in part independent from the other compounds investigated. Our results are the first to report a response to exogenously applied purines and may provide insight into the importance of purine metabolism during iridoviral infection.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter host metabolic machinery to obtain energy and macromolecules that are pivotal for replication.  Purines represent a class of small molecules essential for a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell signaling, metabolism, and nucleic acid biosynthesis ,2. PurinFlaviviridae family show marked reductions in replication upon exposure to guanosine .,55.RanavIridoviridae infections.In conclusion, cellular purines are a class of molecules pivotal for cellular processes ranging from metabolism to cell signaling. In this study, we describe the response of FV3 to exogenous application of compounds found within the purine salvage pathway. The application of exogenous adenine, adenosine, AMP, inosine, IMP, and SAM increased viral production. The finding that purines enhance FV3 replication is the first to our knowledge to be reported in DNA viruses. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, these results may add key insights to the importance of nucleotide metabolism during


Humans are constantly exposed to micromycetes, especially filamentous fungi that are ubiquitous in the environment. In the presence of risk factors, mostly related to an alteration of immunity, the non-dermatophyte fungi can then become opportunistic pathogens, causing superficial, deep or disseminated infections. With new molecular tools applied to medical mycology and revisions in taxonomy, the number of fungi described in humans is rising. Some rare species are emerging, and others more frequent are increasing. The aim of this review is to (i) inventory the filamentous fungi found in humans and (ii) provide details on the anatomical sites where they have been identified and the semiology of infections. Among the 239,890 fungi taxa and corresponding synonyms, if any, retrieved from the Mycobank and NCBI Taxonomy databases, we were able to identify 565 moulds in humans. These filamentous fungi were identified in one or more anatomical sites. From a clinical point of view, this review allows us to realize that some uncommon fungi isolated in non-sterile sites may be involved in invasive infections. It may present a first step in the understanding of the pathogenicity of filamentous fungi and the interpretation of the results obtained with the new molecular diagnostic tools. Pneumocystis. Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and can lead to opportunistic diseases presenting as superficial, invasive or disseminated infections. The number of described species is constantly increasing, probably due to the popularisation of DNA-based diagnostic tools, which now allow the distinction between close taxa and the identification of fungi, even in small quantities  AND species[rank] AND specified[prop]. Python script using the Biopython package [First, all fungi names and synonyms were collected on both Mycobank  was set up on 16 June 2020, with these 7428 recorded fungi names. Using this relational database management system, a link for each taxa corresponding to the query described above gave access to the relevant PubMed references and made it possible to study them one by one in order to identify and collect the relevant information.An MS AccessIn the MS Access database , each of the 7428 fungi had a record from a page linked to the PubMed-relevant references. For each PubMed reference, an analysis of the title and/or abstract and/or whole paper was performed manually to ensure that it was isolated from humans. This process was time-consuming. Only references present in PubMed before 16 June 2020 were taken into account in order to have the same PubMed content for each fungal species.Pneumocystis isolated in humans were also excluded.After analysis, 6516 fungal taxa that were ultimately not found in humans were excluded. They included fungi of food, therapeutic or environmental interest, or those involved in domesticated animal diseases. Synonyms, when not isolated from humans but associated with a species involved in humans, were also excluded. We focused on non-dermatophytes moulds. In fact, yeasts, microsporidia, dimorphic fungi, dermatophytes and We analysed the titles and/or abstracts and/or full paper and/or supplementary data, when available, of 565 moulds fungal names and synonyms isolated in humans to complete information on the anatomical site involved and the semiologies of the associated infection by filling in the PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID) of the publication concerned. Only identifications by direct diagnosis were taken into account, including culture  mass spectrometry or DNA sequence-based identification) associated or not with histopathological findings and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Publications reporting a species-level diagnosis based solely on histopathological examination or indirect methods results were excluded. The date of first publication, last publication and the name used was also reported in the software.The anatomical sites included: systemic , central nervous system ; ophthalmic systems ; heart ; osteo-articular system (isolated from joint or bone samples); skeletal muscles (isolated from muscles); soft-tissue (isolated from soft-tissue); endocrine glands ; skin system (isolated from cutaneous or subcutaneous samples); otorhinolaryngeal sphere ; auditory system (isolated from ear samples); dental ; pulmonary ; breast; urinary tract ; genital ; digestive system ; hepatic (liver biopsy); and pregnancy (isolated from the placenta or foetus). When information on the anatomical site was provided, we added a degree of accuracy by specifying anatomical details or semiology of the associated infection  by filling in the PMIDs. In brief, for each fungus with publications reporting having been identified in humans, the current name and dates of the first and last publications were completed by filling in a list of PMID for each anatomical site and the semiology of the associated infection.® database  was converted into two Excel files . In the first file, the number of PMIDs per taxa was calculated by the anatomical site where the fungi were isolated. In the second, the number of PMIDs per fungus was given for six major fungal categories  according to the infections associated with the isolation of the fungus, as stated by the authors of the article. If more than one case was described in a publication with the same anatomical site, it counted as one publication because of a single PMID.The MS Accesshttps://www.aspergilluspenicillium.org/ (accessed on 1 September 2022) for Aspergillus spp. [Penicillium spp. [Fusarium spp. [Taxa were organised at the high-level classification into sections or species complexes based on lus spp.  and Peniium spp. ,14 and rium spp. ,16. Mucoium spp. ,18.We referred to the “current name” in Mycobank to identify the current name and the synonyms. The current name/synonym association was then checked by querying the PubMed database.https://wordart.com/). The size of the name of each species was proportional to the number of times it occurred in the database. The genus Aspergillus is represented in red, the dematiaceous fungi in brown, the mucorales in blue, the genus Fusarium in turquoise, the Scedosporium/Lometospora species complex in purple, the genus Penicillium in green and the others in black.All figures were produced using the online tool, Wordart , the leading genus was Aspergillus . The Fumigati and Flavi sections were the most recorded into this genus . In second place come the dematiaceous fungi , followed by the Scedosporium/Lomentospora complex , mucorales  and Fusarium . Penicillium was rarely reported in human infections .In total, 6913 articles/PMIDs were included. This bibliographical research identified 565 fungal species of 192 genera, which had been reported at least once in humans. The list of theses taxa is detailed in Aspergillus species were the most frequent moulds isolated in human clinical samples. In this repertoire, the 81 Aspergillus species identified at least once in humans belong to 14 sections of the 20 described [Aspergillus, Candidi, Circumdati, Clavati, Cremei, Flavi, Flavipedes, Fumigati, Nidulantes, Nigri, Polypaecilum, Restricti, Terrei and Usti. As reported in the literature, the filamentous fungus mostly isolated from humans is Aspergillus fumigatus [Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. The lung and respiratory tracts were the most common anatomical sites of infection, with a total of 1180 publications for A. fumigatus, 174 for A. flavus, 102 for A. niger and 81 publications for A. terreus. These fungi are indeed ubiquitous in the environment and are transmitted by the airways [Aspergillus section to rule out potential misidentifications related to morphological identification [Nigri section has a tropism for the auditory system, with 79 publications, which has already been noted in the literature [Fumigati section was predominantly represented . The Fumigati, Flavi and Nigri sections had a predominantly ocular involvement, with 140, 93, and 36 publications, respectively.escribed , as foll airways . The resfication ,23,24. Tterature . RegardiFusarium includes at least 200 species, grouped into about ten phylogenetic species complexes [F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC), F. dimerum species complex (FDSC), F. incarnatum–F. equiseti species complex (FIESC), F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC), F. sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC), F. solani species complex (FSSC), F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC). Interestingly, looking at the Fusarium genus as a whole, three anatomical sites stand out: the ocular system (190 publications), the cutaneous system (233 publications) and systemic involvement (134 publications). This is consistent with the data in the literature reporting superficial cases, mainly keratitis and onychomycosis in immunocompromised or immunocompromised patients and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients [Fusarium species complex in animal models [The genus omplexes ,16,26. Ipatients ,28,29,30l models .Penicillium is ubiquitous in the environment and is rarely involved in human infections. When found in superficial and aerial samples, they are often considered contaminants. In this literature review, only 163 publications reporting the isolation of these hyaline hyphomycetes in humans were found. One species has emerged since the 1990s and mainly affects humans with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Talaromyces marneffei [Penicillium representing 54% of the publications (89/164). The members of the genus Penicillium are mostly reported in three anatomical sites: the pulmonary sphere (48 publications), the cutaneous system (23 publications) and systemic involvement (36 publications).The genus arneffei ,33, and Mucor, Lichtheimia, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Absidia, Syncephalastrum, Cunninghamella, Apophysomyces, Mycocladus, Saksenaea, Actinomucor, Thamnostylum and Thermomucor. All of these are implicated in human infections [Rhizopus was the genus mostly involved in human infections, with Rhizopus oryzae (121 publications) (plus its synonym and current appellation Rhizopus arrhizus (53 publications)) leading the way, followed by Rhizopus microsporus (90 publications). Mucorales can be classified according to the primary route of infection: airborne, direct contact with contaminated devices or by trauma [Apophysomyces , Mucor  and Saksenaea  are mostly isolated from the skin system and therefore transmitted by contact; the genera Cunninghamella , Rhizopus  and Rhizomucor  are mostly isolated from the oto-rhino-laryngological sphere and pulmonary system and are, therefore, airborne; finally, Lichtheimia  had a less obvious tropism for one or the other of these two systems. The cutaneous or respiratory tropism can be explained by the differences found in the sporangia of these genera [Mucor, Apophysomyces and Saksenaea species are probably not primarily dispersed by the air and transmitted by trauma [Rhizopus and Rhizomucor species are small (less than 4 µm in diameter), dry and therefore easily airborne [Mucor, Lichteimia have wet spores and yet they are equivalently reported in the lung and skin in this review.The order of the mucorales (previously Zygomyces) includes the hyaline pauciseptated filamentous fungi group, comprising 13 genera: fections . In thisy trauma ,35. Herey trauma . On the airborne ,38. ThisAlternaria, Exophiala, Cladophialophora, Scopulariopsis, Curvularia, Phialemoniopsis, Phialemonium, Exserohilum, Microascus, Bipolaris, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Ochroconis, Phaeoacremonium, Rhinocladiella, Fonsecaea, Phialophora, Phoma and Madurella. The genus Exophiala is the most represented. Contamination most often takes place through infection of a wound by a telluric strain or during a transcutaneous traumatism by means of a plant [Cladiophialophora bantiana and Cladosporium trichoides, for which 51 publications and 30 publications, respectively, were found in this location.Dematiaceous fungi are also known as “black fungi” due to the predominance of melanin in their cell walls, which likely acts as a virulence factor. These darkly pigmented fungi are found on the soil surface, where they live as saprophytes but also sometimes as parasites of plants . This re a plant . This ex a plant , phaeohy a plant  and eumy a plant . Two synAllescheria, Lomentospora, Monosporium, Petriellidium, Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium. These fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, compost and polluted water [Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species complex includes the three major species isolated from humans: Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium boydii, and Lomentospora prolificans, and four distinct species, namely Scedosporium aurantiacum (29 publications), Scedosporium dehoogii (2 publications), Scedosporium inflatum (86 publications) and Scedosporium minutisporum (1 publication) [Scedosporium apiospermum, 275 publications reporting the isolation of Scedosporium boydii and 261 publications concerning the isolation of Lomentospora prolificans in humans. In regard to locations, S. boydii and S. apiospermum are found in all anatomical sites, with a greater prevalence in the pulmonary sphere  and the cutaneous system . Scedosporium prolificans is mainly found in the pulmonary sphere (56 publications) and in systemic infections (52 publications).Among the PSC, six genera were represented: ed water . Regardiication) . By grouAcremonium, with Acremonium strictum (35 publications) and Acremonium kiliense (27 publications) in the lead, members of the genus Paecilomyces, with Paecilomyces variotii (53 publications), and members of the Trichoderma genus, with Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the lead (40 publications). Others have a cutaneous tropism. Hendersonula toruloidea is an opportunistic fungus which is almost exclusively responsible for skin infections (34/35 publications). Onychocola canadensis is found only on the skin system (17 publications) and is mostly responsible for onychomycosis (16 publications). Finally, some rarely reported species were exclusively found in the ocular area, often secondary to trauma, such as Arthrobotrys oligospora (one publication), Beauveria alba (one publication), Carpoligna pleurothecii (one publication), Cephaliophora irregularis (one publication), Cephalosporium niveolanosum (one publication), Colletotrichum coccodes (one publication), Colletotrichum dematium (seven publications), Edenia gomezpompae (one publication), Epicoccum nigrum (one publication), Glomerella cingulate (one publication), Laetisaria arvalis (one publication), Metarhizium robertsii (one publication), Microcyclosporella mali (one publication), Paecilomyces viridis (one publication), Papulaspora equi (one publication), Pestalotiopsis clavispora (one publication), Phaeoisaria clematidis (one publication), Podospora austroamericana (one publication), Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (one publication), Roussoella solani (one publication), Setosphaeria holmii (one publication), Stachybotrys eucylindrospora (one publication), Tintelnotia destructans (one publication) and Tritirachium roseum (one publication).Among the moulds not classified in the five major genera, some present in the environment stands out for their ability to affect multiple organs, such as the members of the genus Within the 19 anatomical sites, the semiology of infection was detailed for the six major categories of fungi involved in human pathologies .Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus predominating , there is a large majority of fungaemias. The genus Aspergillus was predominantly isolated from blood samples, with minating . It shouAspergillus, dematiaceous fungi and Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species complex , whose reservoirs and modes of transmission are still poorly known [Cladosporium trichoides, causes brain abscesses for which we have recovered 30 publications. Both are responsible for 81 publications reporting CNS involvement.Three genera are mostly represented in central nervous system infections:  complex . The majsteroids ,49,50,51ly known . Its neuAspergillus with Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger and Fusarium with Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum are predominant , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , Scedosporium apiospermum , Aspergillus niger  and Pseudallescheria boydii . The other species mostly involved in keratitis are Pythium insidiosum (31 publications), Fusarium oxysporum (21 publications), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (11 publications), Alternaria alternata (10 publications) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (10 publications). It should be noted that ten species have been found in conjunctival infections: Aspergillus flavus (one), Aspergillus fumigatus (one), Aspergillus niger (four), Cephalosporium niveolanosum (one), Exophiala jeanselmei (one), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (one), Monosporium apiospermum (one), Neocucurbitaria keratinophila (one), Pseudallescheria boydii (one) and Scedosporium apiospermum (one).All categories of fungi can cause ocular damage. Indeed, as filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, this type of infection is frequently observed during injuries with plants. The genera dominant . In mostAspergillus is predominantly isolated from the auditory system, with Aspergillus niger in the lead, a member of the Nigri section known for its tropism for the auditory meatus [Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus come in second place .The genus y meatus . Aspergind place . These f externa ,55 and o externa . Other s externa  and a feRhizopus oryzae (heterotypic synonym Rhizopus arrhizus) is largely in the majority of the mucorales (38 publications), which is not surprising, given that it is the most common mucorale species worldwide [Rhizopus oryzae is responsible for variable oto-rhino-laryngeal system infections, with a majority of rhino-orbito-cerebral infections (17 publications) followed by rhino-sinusitis (nine publications) and rhino-orbital involvement (seven publications). These rhino-orbito-cerebral lesions can also be caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (16 publications) and two other species of mucorales Rhizopus arrhizus (12 publications) and Apophysomyces elegans (11 publications). One fungus stands out, Conidiobolus coronatus, which is responsible for entomophthoromycosis and rhino-facial infections. C. coronatus is a widely distributed insect pathogenic fungus belonging to the class Zygomycetes and is rarely involved in human pathology. This mycosis is mainly tropical due to its tropism of plant detritus in very humid environments [It is not surprising that a majority of aspergillosis rhinosinusitis is recorded (282 publications) . This anorldwide . Rhizopuronments .Aspergillus species. Similar to Aspergilli, moulds are ubiquitous saprophytes in the environment. Their dispersion in the air is possible by the production of volatile spores, which ensures their presence in both indoor and outdoor environments [The respiratory system is the anatomical site most affected by fungal infections (4496 publications). It should be noted that no distinction was made between colonisation and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, which thus includes the respiratory isolation of ronments ,61. HumaAspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, mucorales, dematiaceous fungi and Scedosporium/Lomentospora complex, as well as the genera Acremonium sp, Arthrographis sp., Conidiobolus sp., Emericella sp., Engyodontium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Purpureocillium sp., Pythium sp., Rasamsonia sp., Thermothelomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp., with Aspergillus fumigatus being the most common species isolated  of the species described in this repertoire. These species belonged to the major taxa isolated . These iysogenum  and two . rubens ,64) beinAspergillus fumigatus (18 publications), Aspergillus niger (9 publications) and Paecilomyces variotii (8 publications).Concerning the digestive system, the two main diseases are fungal peritonitis (135 publications) and spleen disease (80 publications) . MicromyAspergillus and mucorales  are mainly reported concomitantly with disseminated infection. Invasion of the gastrointestinal tract is rarely described individually [Invasive bowel infections by vidually .Aureobasidium pullulans in a patient with lymphoma [Hortaea werneckii in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia [Paecilomyces variotii was described in a child with chronic granulomatous disease [Splenic involvement was, in the majority of cases, secondary to haematogenous dissemination of the pathogen, with the exception of three situations where splenic abscesses were described. One case of a splenic abscess caused by lymphoma  and one eukaemia  were bot disease .Aspergillus is mostly represented (41 publications) with a predominance of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.In terms of hepatic involvement , there iAspergillus (85 publications). These infections may be primary or secondary to the haematogenous dissemination of the fungus.In terms of urinary tract involvement , the vasAspergillus , the Scedosporium/Lomentospora complex  and Fusarium solani . The second most common form is joint damage (164 publications), which includes arthritis (57 publications), bursitis (one publication), unspecified joint damage (60 publications) and synovitis (46 publications). Spondylodiscitis comes in third place (71 publications). Among the species involved in these infections are species of the genus m solani .Aspergillus fumigatus is mostly represented . Melanised fungi are responsible for chronic infections, such as chromoblastomycosis, or phaeohyphomycosis, which can evolve towards an invasive character [Eumycotic mycetoma are subcutaneous infections that we have chosen to put aside, mainly due to the species Madurella mycetomatis (67 publications) and Madurella mycetomi (25 publications). Among the agents mainly responsible for onychomycosis, we found Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (50 publications), Hendersonula toruloidea (28 publications), Fusarium oxysporum (22 publications), Scytalidium dimidiatum (20 publications), Aspergillus niger (18 publications) and Fusarium solani (17 publications). These species are responsible for distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, the most common type of onychomycosis mainly affecting the toenails [Concerning the involvement of the cutaneous system, four affections stand out: superficial cutaneous infection (1195 publications), subcutaneous infection (610 publications), onychomycosis (394 publications) and mycetoma (282 publications). resented  and is mharacter . Eumycottoenails .Aspergillus organisms occurs in approximately 20% of autopsies in patients dying from a disseminated disease [Aspergillus fumigatus: two cases of thyroid suppuration in lupus patients treated with corticosteroids [Scedosporium apiospermum was reported to cause multiple thyroid abscesses in a patient with cirrhosis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, presenting swelling in the neck [Among the endocrine glands, the thyroid is the most frequently affected (66 publications/84). In the majority of cases, the disease is secondary to systemic dissemination of the pathogen, diagnosed postmortem . In fact disease . Howeversteroids ,191, twosteroids ,193 and steroids . Scedospthe neck .Dental location: Endodontic infections were rarely found in this review and manifested themselves in the form of root involvement [olvement ,197, graolvement ,199 or golvement ,201. No Genital sphere: Interestingly, the male genital sphere seems to be mostly affected, with 71.4% of the publications (15/21) reporting testicular, epididymal or glans involvement. Only three publications reported vaginitis [aginitis ,203,204,aginitis ,205 and aginitis . No specBreast: A majority of Aspergillus was isolated from this particular site. It should be noted that the Aspergillus glaucus and Aspergillus niger complexes have already been isolated from milk samples [Aspergillus niger [Paecilomyces variotii [Scedosporium apiospermum [ samples ,208. Intus niger ,210, Paevariotii  and Scedospermum .Placental infection: a single case of placental aspergillosis due to Aspergillus niger was found in this literature review [e review .Trichoderma longibrachiatum (from stool specimens), can lead to disseminated infection. One of the limitations of this work, however, is the lack of distinction between colonisation and infection, mainly for fungi isolated from non-sterile sites . Fungi isolated from sterile sites were considered infections . The use of new powerful molecular tools, such as pan-fungal PCR, metagenomic and next-generation sequencing, now means it is possible to detect pathogens even in samples containing extremely low levels of nucleic acids [The aim of this study was to establish as exhaustive a catalogue as possible of filamentous fungi identified in humans by culture and molecular biology, whether or not they were associated with histopathological findings. We found 565 filamentous fungi identified in humans, for which we specified the organs where these fungi had been found and the semiology of the infections. This repertoire thus helps to understand the pathogenic potential of certain fungi and can also alert clinicians that the isolation of certain rare fungi, such as ic acids ,215 and ic acids . Howeveric acids ,218,219.ic acids . More, eic acids ,221. We Finally, one of the limitations of this publication is its temporality. As explained in


Native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) is diagnosed by synovial fluid analysis to evaluate for evidence of infection but may be definitively established by a positive gram stain or culture. Antibiotics given prior to synovial fluid sampling have been described to alter cell count, gram stain, and culture results and are conventionally deferred until after arthrocentesis to optimize diagnostic yield. However, there is limited data on the impact of preoperative antibiotic therapy on operative culture yield in the diagnosis of NJSA.Following IRB approval, we reviewed medical records of adults diagnosed with NJSA who underwent surgical intervention at Mayo Clinic facilities from January 2012 to December 2021. The effect of preoperative antibiotic therapy on operative culture yield was evaluated through a paired analysis of preoperative and operative cultures results utilizing logistic regression along with generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for correlations of multiple measurements on the same subject.Table 1). Joint distribution, microbiology, and antibiotic administration are outlined in Table 2. Among those treated with preoperative antibiotics, there was a significant decrease in yield between preoperative and operative cultures , whereas in patients without preoperative antibiotic exposure, there was an increase in yield . Logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative antibiotic exposure was more likely to decrease operative culture yield as compared to non-exposure . Secondary analyses restricted to individuals who received preoperative antibiotics revealed that an increasing number of doses and earlier administration of initial antibiotic therapy were associated with lower rates of operative culture yield .A total of 299 patients with NJSA of 321 joints with the accompanying characteristics who underwent surgery met study criteria (Joint distribution, diagnostic/microbiologic, and antibiotic administration characteristics of 321 joints in 299 patients with native joint septic arthritisComposite Image 1: Figure 1, 2a/2bFigure 1: Change in Preoperative and Operative Culture Yield with Antibiotic Exposure Figure 2: Effect of Antibiotic Doses and Timing of Therapy on Predicted Probability of Operative Culture PositivityIn patients with NJSA, preoperative antibiotic exposure resulted in a significant decrease in microbiologic yield of operative cultures as compared to patients in which antibiotic therapy was held prior to obtaining operative cultures.Brandon J. Yuan, M.D., American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Board Member|DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company: Advisor/Consultant|Mid America Orthopaedic Association: Board Member|Stryker: Advisor/Consultant Gina A. Suh, M.D., Adaptive Phage Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support|Adaptive Phage Therapeutics: IP royalties|Phagelux: Grant/Research Support Aaron J. Tande, M.D., Musculoskeletal Infection Society: Board Member|Wolters Kluwer Health - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Publishing royalties, financial or material support


Micro-nano bubble water (WNBW) in concrete is relatively uncommon due to its newness as a technology. This paper presents the preparation of C60 concrete with 35% fly ash (FA) through WNBW and varying amounts of silica fume . The study examines the impact of WNBW and SF on the working performance, compressive strength, and durability of concrete. The findings indicate that applying WNBW and SF independently or jointly deteriorates the working performance of fresh concrete. However, compared to regular mixing water, WNBW reduces the concrete passing time through the V-funnel, decreasing by 40%, 39.1%, 42.9%, and 50.5% for the four varying SF contents. Furthermore, using WNBW, SF, or both resulted in the increased compressive strength of concrete at 7 days and 28 days, with 7% SF content yielding a 12.2% and 6.6% increase, respectively. Using a combination of WNBW and SF has been shown to decrease the impermeability of concrete effectively. The addition of 4% SF results in the lowest electric flux when using regular mixing water, with a discernible decrease of 30.1% compared to the control group. Conversely, using WNBW as mixing water yields a decrease in electric flux at each SF content, with the maximum decrease being 39.7%. Furthermore, both the single and combined use of these materials can contribute to the reduction in the carbonation resistance of the concrete. C60 concrete mixed with 7% SF and 100% WNBW boasts enhanced frost resistance, as indicated by the mass loss and dynamic elastic modulus loss being the least following freeze–thaw under the same SF content. According to the findings of the tests, there is evidence that the incorporation of 7% SF and 100% WNBW into C60 concrete results in lowered viscosity, a highly advantageous attribute for actual construction. Additionally, this mixture displays impressive compressive strength and durability properties. These results provide technical support regarding the integration of WNBW and SF in C60 concrete. Studies have shown that the cement industry accounts for 5% of global COmissions ,2. With 2 content reaching as high as 90%, the material has a substantial specific surface area, with predominantly nano-scale particles, and boasts exceptionally high pozzolanic activity [Silica fume (SF) is a finely-grained material that is a by-product of ferrosilicon alloy or silicon metal production in the metallurgical industry. With its amorphous SiOactivity ,4. Its pactivity ,6, ultraactivity ,8, and hactivity ,11,12, wactivity  conducteactivity  and trad3S and C3A, leading to a higher peak value of early hydration temperature and the improved compactness and uniformity of the hardened cement stone’s structure. The researchers then prepared C25 grade shotcrete using micro-nano bubble water as mixing concrete water and tested its frost resistance, finding that the WNBW reduced the concrete pore size, increased its density, and strengthened the connection between the cement paste and aggregate, thus significantly enhancing the frost resistance of the shotcrete.Micro-nano bubble water (WNBW) has generated considerable interest as a promising concrete-mixing water. It features a high concentration of micro-nano bubbles with diameters ranging from tens of microns to hundreds of nanometres . These bPrevious scholarly research indicates that the impact of utilizing WNBW to enhance the operational proficiency of SF concrete has not been explored. Additionally, the issue of diminishing viscosity in high-strength concrete has yet to be examined. Therefore, there is a need for further investigation of the influence of WNBW and SF on the working performance, compressive strength, and durability of high fly ash (FA) C60 concrete. This research uses 35%FA to replace cement and evaluates the impact of altering the mixing water (using ordinary water and bubble water) and SF content on the performance of C60 concrete with high FA. Through multiple tests, including slump, expansion, compressive strength, electric flux, carbonation, and rapid freeze–thaw, this study investigates the influence and reasoning behind the effects of WNBW and SF on concrete performance. The findings of this research provide valuable guidance on the combined utilisation of WNBW and SF.The materials used in this study, namely, P·O 42.5 grade cement, II grade FA, compacted SF, and S95 grade slag, were procured from China Construction Western Construction North Co., Ltd. These materials were compliant with national standards  and undeIn this experimental study, the fine aggregate chosen was river sand, while the coarse aggregate was stone, which were both procured from Shaanxi. The physical attributes of these materials are meticulously documented in This study utilised pure tap water without impurities with a pH value of 7.1. To produce WNWB, ordinary tap water was used. Throughout the production process, the intake of air was adjusted to sustain a consistent flow at 1 L per minute, while the instrument pressure was regulated to approximately 0.5 ± 0.1 MPa . TypicalThe process for producing micro-nano bubble water involves the mixing and high-speed rotation of gas and liquid under pressure. This generates a negative pressure axis within the generator. Upon ejection from the nozzle at a specific pressure, the high-speed and strong shear, combined with high-frequency pressure change at the gas–liquid contact interface, creates artificial extreme conditions. These conditions lead to the generation of a significant number of micro-nano bubbles. A description of the mechanism has been added to the revision.The present study focuses on mixing C60 concrete with varying proportions of SF  and FA (35%). The mixing water employed during the process includes ordinary tap water and WNBW. The mix design incorporates a water-binder ratio of 0.31 for C60 concrete, with a pumping agent proportion of 2.1% of the total cementitious material. Furthermore, the sand ratio is 43%, and the design slump is 200 ± 20 mm. The detailed breakdown of the mix design is provided in The workability test refers to the specification GB/T50080-2016  to deterThe experiment involved the evaluation of the cube compressive strength of concrete for 7 and 28 days, referencing the standard GB/T50081-2019 . The dimThe GB/T50082-2009  standard2 concentration was maintained at 20 ± 1%, humidity at 90 ± 5%, and temperature at 20 ± 2 °C. At 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d, the specimens were removed from the chamber and subjected to splitting tests using a pressure-testing machine. The carbonisation depth was determined through the use of 1% phenolphthalein alcohol solution.This experiment follows the specifications outlined in the GB/T50082-2009. The specimen, measuring dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, was extracted two days prior to the evaluation. They were then subjected to a temperature of 60 °C for 48 h, leaving two corresponding sides unsealed. The remaining surfaces were sealed with heated paraffin wax, cooled, and placed in a concrete carbonisation test chamber where the COThis study used the established GB/T50082-2009, employing the rapid freezing technique to conduct freeze–thaw trials on concrete specimens measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm. The concrete samples were extracted after 24 days of curing, submerged in water at 20 ± 2 °C, and subjected to freeze–thaw trials at 28 days of curing. The investigation monitored the mass loss and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss at 25 freeze–thaw cycle intervals. A total of 200 freeze–thaw cycles were included.4) was applied uniformly to the concrete’s cutting section and any excess material was retrieved. For the porosity analysis sample testing, the concrete test block was positioned within the sample chamber of the NELD-BS610 hardened concrete pore analyser. The microscope magnification was adjusted manually to display a clear image on the computer. A scanning area of 50 mm × 50 mm was determined and tested. In a short duration ranging from 3 to 5 min, the instrument captured an image automatically, and the NELD-BS610 bubble analysis software (TYC-457) issued an electronic conclusion book that included vital parameters such as bubble spacing coefficient, pore specific surface area, gas content, cementitious material, porosity, average chord length of bubbles, the average radius of bubbles, and number of bubbles.Preparing the pore analysis sample involved cutting a 100 mm × 100 mm × 10 mm sheet from the concrete test block using a mechanical process, and then polishing with sandpaper. To ensure the complete impregnation of all concrete pores with black ink, the concrete cutting interface was coated evenly with this ink. Subsequently, pure white nano barium sulphate , and better pore structure. Incorporating WNBW disperses the overall pore distribution in C60 concrete, characterised by fewer macropores, more micropores, and virtually no white flake pores. The dual use of WNBW and SF effectively sustained low porosity levels in the concrete. Combining SF and WNBW can be an effective approach to reduce the number and size of pores  in freez(1)The introduction of micro-nano bubble water and silica fume as additives in the C60 concrete mixture resulted in a reduction in slump and expansion. The observed decrease, although present, does not significantly impact the utility of fresh concrete. The results of the V-shaped funnel test revealed that micro-nano bubble water has a significant impact on the viscosity of C60 concrete, resulting in a 40% reduction. As per the aforementioned study, it can be inferred that the incorporation of micro-nano bubble water and silica fume in C60 concrete results in the reduced viscosity of high-strength concrete, thereby facilitating the transportation and construction of real-world projects. The reason for this phenomenon is attributed to the introduction of a significant quantity of micro-nano bubbles into the concrete mixture. This is beneficial, as these bubbles act as ball bearings, effectively reducing the inter-component friction within the concrete.(2)Incorporating SF into concrete can reduce the cement content and subsequently lower the 3 d compressive strength of C60 concrete. SF functions as a filling agent within the concrete material during the early stages. The compressive strength of C60 concrete, as characterised by its 7-day and 28-day compressive strength, exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with the escalating content of SF. To achieve optimal results, a 7% SF volume fraction is recommended for C60 concrete. According to the findings, the compressive strength of concrete produced using WNBW exhibits superior performance compared to concrete produced with ordinary water over 3, 7, and 28 d. By using micro-nano bubble water as the mixing water for concrete, there is an enhancement in the powder’s dispersion. This results in an increased probability of the powder colliding with the mixing water, leading to a higher reaction speed and degree of hydration reaction.(3)The electric flux test results revealed that the C60 concrete, blended with 100% WNBW and 7% silica fume, exhibits the lowest electric flux reading of 321.32 C, indicating optimal impermeability. The obtained mechanism aligns with that derived from the strength test. Concrete blended with micro-nano bubble water and silica fume exhibits a compact structure.(4)Based on the results of the study, the incorporation of 100% WNBW into the concrete mix, which comprises 7% SF, has been determined to provide the most effective protection against carbonation for C60 concrete. It has been suggested that this success may be attributed to the favourable distribution of the pore structure within the resulting hardened concrete. The subsequent course of investigation entails a thorough examination and evaluation of the impact of WNBW and silica fume on the enduring carbonation performance of concrete.(5)The frost resistance of concrete can be optimised using ordinary water with 7% SF content. The concrete with 4% and 7% SF exhibited a lower porosity and macropore content when compared to the blank group. However, a 10% SF content can decrease frost resistance in C60 concrete. On the other hand, when mixed with WNBW, the frost resistance of C60 concrete was observed to improve. The pore analysis diagram of the concrete reveals that the utilisation of micro-nano bubble water can effectively refine the pore structure of concrete, preserving a significant number of closed micro-pores and minimising the occurrence of macropores. This phenomenon serves to support the rationale behind the enhancement of concrete strength and durability, showcasing the potential benefits of incorporating such water into concrete production.(6)The synergistic utilisation of WNBW and SF yields advantageous outcomes towards the transport and construction of C60 concrete, while simultaneously enhancing its compressive strength and durability. This paper offers theoretical substantiation for using the aforementioned approach in real-world engineering scenarios.The primary focus of this study was to analyse the impact of WNBW and SF on the performance of C60 concrete. After thorough examination and investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn: