The air void distribution has also been analyzed. The results suited the requirements for frost resistance concrete and were similar to those obtained for a reference concrete with fly ash. The examination of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has not shown any potential risks that might affect the durability of concrete. Particles of waste were thoroughly combined in the binder and some of its constituents seem to be an active part of the cement matrix. Long-term tests of shrinkage (360 days) have not shown any excessive values that would differ from the reference concrete with fly ash. The presented results have shown that sustainable concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide might also be resistant to frost aggression.Sustainable development leads to the production of building materials that are safer for the environment. One of the ways to achieve sustainability in materials is the addition of industrial wastes and by-products, especially to concrete. However, the addition of waste to concrete often decreases its durability and the scope of aggression of the environment in which the concrete is used has to be reduced. Making sustainable concrete, which is also durable in more aggressive environments, is rather difficult. This article presents the results of tests performed on concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide, which was exposed to frost aggression with and without de-icing salts. The results have shown that a sustainable and frost resistant concrete can be made. After 200 freeze–thaw cycles, the compressive strength of the tested concretes decreased by less than 4%. Concretes were highly resistant for scaling and after 112 freeze–thaw cycles in water with de-icing salt, the scaled mass was less than 0.02 kg/m According to the seventh point of the Basic Requirements for Construction Works CPR-EU 305/2011 published in March 2011, the European Union declares the “sustainable use of natural sources” a priority . A thirdAdding industrial wastes or by-products might decrease the durability of concrete. In many cases, this is true and new material has to be dedicated to less aggressive environments. In this way, at least some parts of waste are being valorized in order to use less natural sources . If it i2 is mainly produced through two methods—sulphate and chloride. About 45% of the global production is through the sulphate method, which generates varying amounts of different kinds of by-products and waste. Each tonne of TiO2 produced by this method generates about 2.3 tonnes of FeSO4·7H2O, 1.5 tonnes of FeSO4∙H2O, 0.7 tonnes of red gypsum, and 0.35 tonnes of ilmenite mud waste [The worldwide production of titanium dioxide in 2019 was estimated at 7.2 million tonnes . TiO2 isud waste ,11. Ironud waste ,11,12. Tud waste ,14,15,16ud waste ,17,18.2 the concrete containing this waste might also have a photocatalytic effect helping to reduce the NOx level in the air [3) and low water/cement ratio but one of the way preferred by EN 206 standard [3) and low water/cement ratio (0.30 or even less) and without using any air entering agents. This way of protecting concrete from frost attack is more expensive and rather hard as shown in the results of tests performed by Portland Cement Association [This article aims to verify the theory that waste material, such as ilmenite mud, might be used as an additive for concrete resistant against freeze–thaw corrosion. This would potentially valorise this industrial waste more widely and make for more sustainable and, thus, greener concrete. Because ilmenite mud waste contains some amounts of unleached TiO the air ,20. The  the air ,22. Therstandard  requiresstandard ,26,27,28ociation  and otheociation . This tyociation ,33,34.This article presents a new way of valorising ilmenite mud waste as an additive to frost resistance concrete. Previous articles ,35 have -properties of fresh concrete mixes-compressive and flexural strength-shrinkage-frost resistance-scaling-air void analysis-structure examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)The article presents the results of the following tests:As a reference concrete the same concrete mix was prepared but in place of RMUD the same amount of fly ash (FA) class A according to EN 450-1 standard , was addConcrete construction depending on its type might be raised with or without reinforcement which affects the properties of used concrete. There are also different types of reinforcements and before using new waste materials in reinforced concrete the suitable tests needs to be performed ,38. ThisIlmenite mud is a waste created during the production of titanium dioxide by the sulphuric method. The raw feed, containing mostly ilmenite and ilmenite slag, is leached by using concentrated sulphuric acid. Part of the raw material is solubilized and processed further after filtration. Insoluble parts remain, which are called ilmenite mud waste. This waste, classified as hazardous according to European classification , is usef-3minimum cement content in the concrete mix: 340 kg/m-minimum strength class: C 35/45-maximum water cement ratio (w/c): 0.45-minimum air entered content: 4.0%-frost resistant aggregatesIn order to prepare concrete which will be frost resistant, border parameters were taken from the EN 206 standard . AccordiAs an aggregate, amphibolite grits fulfilling the requirement of frost resistant aggregates were used. According to previous tests and optimization processes , the conThe composition of concrete mixes is presented in 3 of cement was not enough or the water/binder ratio was too high to fulfil the requirements of the strength class in EN 206 [3 of cement (up to 350 kg/m3). The amount of 340 kg/mn EN 206  for both-consistency by slump loss method according to EN 12350-2 -density of fresh mix according to EN 12350-6 -air content by pressure method according to EN 12350-7 After mixing the concretes, the properties of the fresh mixes were tested as follows:Mixed concretes were placed into 100 mm cubic and prismatic moulds with dimensions 100 × 100 × 500 mm according to EN 12350-1 . The folCompressive strength was tested according to EN 12390-3  and a flIn order to check the stability of concrete over time in case there were any expansive reactions in the binder, a shrinkage test was performed using Amsler’s method according to Polish standard PN-B-06714-23  which isFreeze–thaw tests were performed according to the PN-B-06265 Polish standard . Twelve The freeze–thaw resistance with de-icing salts  tests was performed according to PKN-CEN/TS 12390-9 . Four 15The appropriate pore structure in concrete is one of the main aspects of frost resistance concretes ,57. Air Each sample was scanned five times using the Rapid Air 457 automatic air void analysis system.Structure observations were made using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) produced by Zeiss, model Sigma 500 VP. Secondary electron (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images were collected. Phase compositions and mapping were analysed using the EDS detector model Oxford Ultim Max 40 .Samples of concrete for microscopic examination were prepared from 90-day-old concrete. First, smaller pieces (20 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) were cut from the inside of the 100 mm cubic samples. Next, these were dried in the oven at a temperature of 40 °C and put into epoxy resin under vacuum for better filling of the air voids. The final step of preparing the samples was polishing their surface. The samples were gold evaporated before examining them under the microscope. Structure observations were examined only for the RMUD concrete.The results show that the values of both compressive strengths increase between the 28th and 90th day of curing by about 40% for both tested concrete samples. The flexural strength increased to about 6% and 9% for RMUD and FA concrete, respectively. Relatively high increases were observed for compressive strength relating to flexural strength that might be caused by the effect of compacting the microstructure of concretes by the pozzolanic reaction products which increases the compressive strength, but it affects less on the cohesive binding. If cement (CEM I) was the only active constituent in concrete, the compressive strength would remain almost constant after the 28th day ,61. ThisAfter the freezing cycles were completed, concrete samples were weighed and their surfaces were examined for cracks or any other damage. Six of the samples from each of concretes prepared for freeze cycles were weighed before and after the freeze cycles were completed. All 12 samples for each type of concrete (six having undergone freeze cycles and six references) were tested for compressive strength. The results of the freeze–thaw tests are presented in -no visible damage on the surface of any tested sample-change of mass in any sample after the freezing cycles cannot be more than 5.0% of the initial mass-average loss of compressive strength of samples after freezing cannot be higher than 20% compared to the average of the reference samplesAccording to the PN-B-06265 Polish standard, the requirements for frost resistance concrete are as follows :-no visiThe results of frost resistance tests presented in The results of freeze–thaw resistance with de-icing salts  are presented in 2, which is a very low value compared to the requirements given in EN 1338 [2 of the scaled material after 56 freeze–thaw cycles. The recorded values prove that the tested concrete containing RMUD is also durable in a freeze–thaw environment with de-icing agents, such as NaCl, and it is as good as the reference concrete containing fly ash.After 112 cycles of freeze–thaw, the mass of scaled material from both types of the tested concretes was less than 0.02 kg/m EN 1338 , accordi300) above 1% is an appropriate value for frost resistance concretes. The main result from the air void characteristic test is the value of the spacing factor, which is related to the maximum distance of any point in the cement paste from the periphery of an air void. This shows the distribution of air voids in the cement matrix. According to the requirements for air-entraining admixtures given in EN 934-2 [The values of air content obtained in this test are lower than the values received from tests on the fresh mix. This is caused by the fact that an air void analysis does not take into account very large pores (of a few millimeters and above), which does not increase the frost resistance of concrete. The most important air voids, which affect the frost resistance of concrete, are those with a diameter of 300 µm and below. The total air content in those pores (AEN 934-2 , the spaEN 934-2 , not exc4AF phases were mostly observed. Magnesium ions which might form the expansive phases were forming the orthopyroxene grains do not affect the durability of the cement matrix. No undesirable reactions which might affect the durability of concrete were spotted.In the RMUD concrete sample, leached grains of ilmenite and rutile were spotted. Additionally, particles of almost unreacted plagioclases and pyroxenes, whose surfaces were leached by alkalis from the cement, were observed. Some of the siliceous particles were highly reacted. Siliceous glass phase with trace contents of magnesium, aluminium, sodium, calcium, and titanium was also observed. As relics of clinker, the CA and CRMUD waste is an active constituent increasing the compressive strength of concrete between the 28th and 90th day of curing by 40% as was the fly ash in the reference concrete.During 360 days of measuring the shrinkage of concrete, no measurements were noted that might suggest that any highly expansive or increasing shrinkage reactions are taking place. The recorded values were almost the same as for the reference FA concrete, which is promising for the durability of concrete.Examination of the microstructure of concrete did not show any areas that would suggest reactions that might affect the durability of concrete. Most RMUD particles, as partly leached ilmenite grains and silicon dioxide, were well bounded in the cement matrix. Magnesium ions present in RMUD are constituents of orthopyroxenes and should not affect the durability of cement composites.The tested RMUD concrete was highly resistant to freeze–thaw in water and also in water with de-icing salts. The parameters of air void distribution were also satisfactory, which predicts that concrete containing RMUD might be durable in a frost environment for a projected period of 100 years. The results of frost resistance tests were at the same level as for the reference FA concrete. This proves the hypothesis of this article, namely that sustainable concrete containing ilmenite mud waste might also be frost resistant.Upon analysis of the results of the performed tests and comparing them to the results of the reference concrete, the following conclusions have been drawn:


For sustainable aquaculture development, fish meal from the sea in aquafeed should be replaced with other sustainable materials such as insect larvae. The authors fed black soldier fly maggot meal to rainbow trout and examined the expression of three genes and two metabolites involved in turn-over of methionine that is an essential amino acid in fish. According to the increase in the maggot content in the aquafeed, gene expression was modulated to maintain an optimal level of methionine metabolites. Dietary replacement of up to 50% of fish meal with the maggot meal was acceptable, implying future development of a new aquafeed for sustainable aquaculture.Hermetia illucens (HI) on the transcript levels of three genes involved in methionine (Met) metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Two target genes—betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH)—are involved in Met resynthesis and the third one—cystathionine β synthase (CBS)—is involved in net Met loss (taurine synthesis). We also investigated the levels of two Met metabolites involved in the maintenance of methyl groups and homocysteine homeostasis in the hepatic tissue: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Three diets were formulated, an FM-based diet (HI0) and two diets in which 25% (HI25) and 50% (HI50) of FM was replaced with HI larvae meal. A 78-day feeding trial involved 360 rainbow trout with 178.9 ± 9.81 g initial average weight. Dietary replacement of up to 50% of FM with HI larvae meal, without any Met supplementation, did not negatively affect rainbow trout growth parameters and hepatic Met metabolism. In particular, Met availability from the insect-based diets directly modulated the transcript levels of two out of three target genes  to maintain an optimal level of one-carbon metabolic substrates, i.e., the SAM:SAH ratio in the hepatic tissue.This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of replacement of fishmeal (FM) with insect meal from  Aquaculture has great potential to satisfy the seafood demand from an increasing global population, which is expected to reach 9.7 billion people by 2050 . HoweverIn this regard, interest in insect meal from flies, mealworms, and crickets to replace conventional protein sources in aquafeeds is continuously growing. Insects can represent a new world of sustainable and protein-rich feed and food ingredients . HoweverRecently, insects have emerged as a new sector in the food and feed industry as new protein sources to replace a reasonable portion of the animal proteins consumed, mainly because of the many environmental benefits. There are several major environmental advantages of insect farming over livestock production, including less water and arable land being required, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and higher feed conversion efficiency. Furthermore, insects can feed on substrates of low value, such as bio-waste and organic side streams  and can transform them into a high-value food and feed resource, promoting the concept of a circular economy and zero waste. Therefore, insects represent a serious alternative to other animal-based protein sources for conventional production, either for direct human consumption or indirectly as feedstock ,4.Hermetia illucens (HI), which belongs to the Diptera order, is one of the most promising species. Replacing up to 50% of fishmeal (FM) with HI meal has proven to not negatively affect growth performance and feed digestibility of different fish species including Atlantic salmon , rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian), and yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) [Recently, an European Union (EU) commission regulation (2017/893-24/05/2017) authorized seven insects  for fish feed. Of these, black soldier fly, vidraco) ,7,8,9,10vidraco) ,12.In terms of protein quality, HI larvae meal has a well-balanced amino acid profile that is closely comparable to that of soybean meal (SBM) and only slightly less optimal than wild-caught FM. In particular, levels of lysine, histidine, threonine, and tyrosine (in % of protein) are higher in HI meal than in SBM. If we consider the interrelation between sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys), however, levels are lower in HI meal than in SBM and FM ,13.Fish cannot synthesize Met de novo at a rate commensurate with their demand and thus this amino acid must be supplied in their diet. Met is often the first limiting amino acid in many fish diets, especially in those containing high levels of plant proteins derived from soya and pea, but this can also be the case in diets with high levels of FM replacement with HI meal. A relative deficiency of Met requires that this amino acid be supplemented with, for example, crystalline Met to achieve a satisfactory profile that meets fish dietary requirements ,16,17,18Met and its intermediate metabolites S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) play a pivotal role in several biological processes. By generating SAM that serves as the main methyl group donor for the majority of cellular methylation reactions, Met participates in the methylation of DNA, ultimately influencing gene expression . In addiNearly half of the Met metabolism (48%) and up to 85% of all methylation reactions take place in the liver . TherefoIn liver, two intersecting pathways, remethylation and transsulfuration, compete for homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur-containing metabolite that is formed from the demethylation of Met. Remethylation of Hcy functions to conserve Met. In contrast, transsulfuration serves to irreversibly catabolize Hcy while synthesizing Cys .Following the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule, SAM is converted to SAH ,24,25,26Two main enzymes involved in removing Hcy are cystathionine β synthase (CBS), which catalyzes the condensation of Hcy and serine to cystathionine, and betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT), which transfers the methyl-group of betaine to re-methylate Hcy and regenerate Met.BHMT and CBS have different affinities for their substrate (Hcy): BHMT has a high affinity  and can utilize Hcy at a relatively low concentration , whereasThe results of previous research have illustrated a tight connection between dietary Met intake and one-carbon metabolic substrates, i.e., SAM and SAH, in liver of different animals . GeneralOncorhynchus mykiss) the effect of two replacement levels (25% and 50%) of FM with insect meal from H. illucens larvae, without Met supplementation, on the hepatic SAM/SAH ratio and on the mRNA levels of genes SAHH, BHMT, and CBS involved in Met metabolism.Accordingly, the aim of the present experiment was to investigate in rainbow trout  of the University of Torino . The experimental protocol was designed according to the guidelines of the European Union Council (2010/63/EU)  for the use and care of experimental animals. For details on the experimental protocol and chemical analysis of the diets, please refer to Renna et al. [O. mykiss) of about 180 g were fed three experimental diets, named HI0, HI25, and HI50. Diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of partially defatted HI larvae meal  to replace the same percentage of FM. A diet with 0% inclusion of HI meal (HI0) that was an FM-based diet, served as the control. HI meal was obtain by HI larvae reared on vegetable by-product substrate. HI larvae meal was partially defatted using a mechanical process (high pressure) without solvents [Rainbow trout  were sampled for gene expression and HPLC analysis. For this, fish were caught and immediately euthanized with an overdose of anesthetic (200 mg/L of MS222). Dead fish were removed with the aid of a net from the anesthetic solution and placed on a white towel. Then, the liver was aseptically removed from each fish. Liver tissues destined for gene expression analysis were stored in RNALater at −20 °C, whereas liver sections destined for HPLC analysis were snap frozen and stored at −80 °C.® 16 Instrument, Promega, Milan, Italy) and a total RNA purification kit (Maxwell® 16 Tissue LEV). Briefly, 125 mg of each tissue was homogenized using GentleMACS Dissociator  with ice-cold Lysis Solution containing 1-thioglycerol until no visible tissue fragments remained. The same volume of RNA Dilution Buffer was added to the lysate, and the whole volume was mixed by vortex and then transferred into Maxwell® 16 LEV Cartridges for RNA isolation.Total RNA was extracted from each sample of rainbow trout liver using an automatic system , whereas RNA integrity was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The purity of RNA was assessed at 260/280 nm and averaged 2.10 ± 0.01.After extraction, 3 µg of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA in a mix of a volume of 20 μL containing oligo dT16 primers, as described in the SuperScript III reverse transcriptase kit .BHMT (betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase) and SAHH (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase) cDNA sequences available in the NCBI database . Another set of primers was designed for cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) based on the rainbow trout cDNA sequence available in the NCBI database (GenBank acc. nr.: NM_001124686). To generate the in vitro-transcribed mRNAs for BHMT, SAHH, and CBS, liver cDNA was amplified via PCR, using for each gene a forward primer engineered to contain a T7 phage polymerase promoter gene sequence at its 5’ end and a reverse primer  and then sequenced in the SP6 and M13 directions.Two sets of forward and reverse primers were designed based on Atlantic salmon e primer . PCR proIn vitro transcription was performed using T7 RNA polymerase and other reagents supplied in the RiboProbe In Vitro Transcription System kit  following the manufacturer’s protocol.The synthetic mRNAs obtained by in vitro transcription were used as quantitative standards in the real-time PCR analysis of the biological samples. For this, defined amounts of mRNAs at 10-fold dilutions were subjected to real-time PCR using iTaq™ Universal Probes One-Step kit  and the following RT-PCR conditions: 10 min at 50 °C (reverse transcription reaction), 3 min at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles consisting of 15 s at 95 °C and 1 min at 60 °C. The Ct values obtained by amplification were used to create standard curves for target gene quantification.® quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Biological samples were loaded in the same 48-well plate with standard mRNAs and run under the same aforementioned real-time RT-PCR conditions.One hundred nanograms of total RNA extracted from the trout livers was subjected to One-step Taqman® probes used for each target gene amplification are shown in ® PCR reactions were performed on a Bio-Rad® CFX96™ System.Real-time Assays-by-DesignSM PCR primers and gene-specific fluorogenic probes were designed by Invitrogen, Milan, Italy. Primer sequences and TaqMan® PCR runs were collected with Bio-Rad® Software. Ct values corresponded to the number of cycles in which the fluorescence emission monitored in real-time exceeded the threshold limit. The Ct values were used to create standard curves to serve as a basis for calculating the absolute amount of mRNAs in total RNA for each gene.Data from the TaqManS-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) standards were obtained from Sigma Aldrich .Methanol, perchloric acid (70%), and orthophosphoric acid (85%) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents S.r.l . All reagents were characterized by the highest purity grade.4). To ensure a good calibration curve, five concentrations were prepared.SAM and SAH standards were first prepared in HPLC water at 1 mM concentration and then sequentially diluted with 0.4 M perchloric acid  was mixed with 800 uL of perchloric acid (0.4 M) and homogenized for 4 min using a TissueLyser II  at 4 °C with stainless steel beads of 5 mm diameter. After centrifugation at 10,000 g, for 15 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was collected and then filtered into vials through a 0.22-μm syringe filter. The extracted solution was stored at −80 °C until HPLC analysis.The HPLC system consisted of a PU-2089 quaternary pump connected to a degasser and a MD-2015 diode array, both obtained from Jasco-Europe S.r.l Company .Separation was carried out in a Kinetex XB-C18 reversed-phase analytical column  with a particle size of 5 μm . A HPLC universal guard column  protected the HPLC column. Solvent A and B formed the gradient elution.Solvent A was an aqueous buffer containing 8 mM octanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 50 mM NaH2PO4, and it was adjusted to pH 3 with H3PO4. Solvent B consisted of 100% methanol. Solvent A was filtered through a 0.2-μm membrane filter.The column was conditioned with 80% solvent A and 20% solvent B. The first step gradient consisted of 8 min at the equilibration condition, 4 min to increase solvent B to 25%, followed by a further increase of the same solvent to 30%. Subsequently, the ramp was an increase to 40% of solvent B for 4 min. The ratio 60% solvent A: 40% solvent B was maintained for 12.5 min, followed by 30 s to return to equilibration conditions .SAM and SAH were quantified by comparing their peak area to the relative peak areas of the standard calibration curves. The aforementioned method is a slightly modified version of the method applied by Wang et al.  to extra2 = 0.998 for SAM and r2 = 0.997 for SAH.For the validation, each biological sample and standard were run three times. A blank sample was injected daily at the beginning of analysis to check the baseline and to monitor the matrix effect due to sample injection. A blank was also run between each sample to ensure there was no memory. The equation of the calibration curves showed r® Europe . If there were significant differences between dietary groups, Tukey’s test was applied as post hoc analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.The growth performance and the Met metabolism data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using STATISTICA software, StatSoftRenna et al.  reportedCBS mRNA copy number was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the liver of trout fed the HI25 diet than in fish fed the control (HI0) diet, whereas the CBS transcript levels in fish fed the HI50 diet were not different from the other two fish dietary groups  in the liver of fish fed the HI50 diet, whereas the lowest ratio was recorded in the liver of fish fed the HI0 diet.The means of hepatic SAM concentrations were significantly higher in the HI50 group (65.71 nmol/g) than in both the HI0 (59.39 nmol/g) and HI25 (61.17 nmol/g) dietary groups, with no differences between HI0 and HI25. . The HI5Hermetia illucens (HI), also known as black soldier fly, is currently one of the most widely used insect meals for fish feed, and standard mass-rearing techniques for the industrial production of this species are already available [The fast growth of aquaculture is challenging feed producers and the research community to reduce pressure on wild capture fisheries and to find ecologically friendlier and cost-effective alternatives for aquafeeds . One optvailable . HI larvvailable ,13.In rainbow trout, the Met + Cys requirement ranges between 2.2 and 3.0% of the dietary protein ,30,31,32The present feeding trial using dietary HI meal did not have any negative effects on rainbow trout performance. Indeed, values of SGR, FCR, and PER (protein efficiency ratio) indexes as well as the fillet lipid content provided evidence of good nutrient bioavailability, as reported in Renna et al., .With regard to the hepatosomatic index (HSI), the lack of differences between the control (1.63) and trout fed the HI25 (1.73) and HI50 (1.71) diets is a good result, as an increase in this index would be due to glycogen and/or lipid deposition in the liver, as shown in trout by Walton et al. . Our resOn the other hand, a decrease in HSI would be due to a combination of reduced voluntary feed intake in fish and imbalanced amino acid profiles of the diets, as shown by Dias et al. . TherefoIn contrast, Lock et al.  found anMet is mainly metabolized in the hepatic tissue of all living animals . In thisCBS mRNA is abundant only in the liver and kidney, although it can be detected at much lower levels in other tissues [CBS is regulated by dietary Met availability. In a study conducted in mouse, Prudova et al. (2006) [CBS gene in the liver of trout fed the HI25 diet, whereas the expression levels in trout fed the lowest Met-containing diet (HI50) were slightly higher  than those in HI25 and similar to the control fish fed the HI0 diet. This can be due to interspecific differences in Met metabolism between fish and mammals. Our outcome is in line with a study conducted in fish by Kwasek et al. (2014) [Salmo salar) fed a low Met diet showed higher mRNA copies of the CBS gene than fish receiving higher Met levels. This might indicate that remethylation was downregulated in the liver of salmon in the case of Met deficiency, suggesting that dietary Met is converted directly into Cys and then into taurine to maintain the taurine levels required for biological processes [CBS expression or activity, such as the ratio of Cys to Met in the diet [ tissues . The exp. 2006)  showed t. (2006) ,40,41. I. (2014) , in whic06  showethe diet , or levethe diet .BHMT, which encodes for a key Hcy catalyzing enzyme. As is known, Hcy metabolism involves transsulfuration or remethylation. During transsulfuration, Hcy is irreversibly converted into Cys by CBS, whereas during remethylation, Hcy is methylated to Met by methionine synthase or by BHMT. Augmented transsulfuration is the means by which excessive Met is catabolized. Conversely, Met can be conserved by increasing Hcy remethylation relative to transsulfuration via Cys synthesis [BHMT gene since studies in rodents indicated that low Met diets can increase BHMT gene expression [BHMT in the liver of rainbow trout was not affected by dietary treatments, suggesting that Met levels were adequate in all the diets.Another gene that we targeted was ynthesis ,33. We fpression . It has pression . HoweverOur study is the first to compare the intermediates metabolites of the Met pathway, i.e., SAM and SAH, in fish fed with diets including insect meal.SAM  is a sulfonium molecule synthesized from ATP and Met, whose major function is to serve as a methyl donor for SAM-dependent methyltransferases in all living organisms. Therefore SAM is involved in many biochemical processes, the one best known being methylation, which occurs in DNA, RNA, proteins, phospholipids, hormones, and neurotransmitters . In humaWhen SAM is used for the methylation reaction, SAH is formed. SAH is a potent, nonselective feedback inhibitor of SAM-dependent methyltransferases; therefore, to mitigate its toxicity, it is degraded into adenosine and Hcy by SAH hydrolase (SAHH). The intracellular ratio of SAM to SAH is an important index of transmethylation potential. Lower levels of SAM and higher levels of SAH may result in a reduced methylation capacity, which is represented by a low SAM/SAH ratio.In mammals, the results of studies related to hepatic SAM and SAH levels have been controversial. In rats, SAM and SAH were markedly elevated by excess dietary Met according to the study of Rowling et al. . ChangesIn agreement with the study of Shivapurkar and Poirier , we deteSAHH enzyme, we found much higher copies in the liver of the HI0 fish group than in the other two groups fed lower levels of Met. In the HI0 group, the increased expression of the SAHH gene was paralleled by the higher hepatic SAH level with respect to the HI25 and HI50 groups. This result is once again in agreement with the outcomes of Kwasek et al. [SAHH gene expression in fish fed a Met-supplemented diet and, as a consequence, an accumulation of SAH due to dietary Met intake.With regard to the mRNA levels of the k et al. , who shoH. illucens larvae, without any Met supplementation, did not negatively affect hepatic Met metabolism in rainbow trout (O. mykiss). In particular, Met availability in the insect-based diets directly modulated the transcript levels of two  out of three target genes  involved in the Met pathway, maintaining an optimal level of one-carbon metabolic substrates, i.e., SAM:SAH ratio in the hepatic tissue.The present study showed that dietary replacement of up to 50% of FM with insect meal from Based on these findings, future trials should address the HI effects on the hepatic protein levels and activity of CBS, SAHH, BHMT, and other enzymes such as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) to verify whether they develop in parallel with the increase/decrease in mRNA copy number.


To collect theinformation, on-lineparticipant observation and documental analysis wereutilized. 37 posts were analyzed using the softwareNVivo 12 Pro and thethematic coding technique.Do the treatment and time will takecare of the rest: Mutual help and HIV/AIDS as a chroniccondition; and Yes, there is danger around the corner, mydear: Politics, conflicts and sociability in the group. Themost relevant aspect of this study concerns the evidence of the fragility ofthe discourse on the chronicity of HIV/AIDS.Two thematic categories emerged: Through the analysis of sociability and mutual help produced among themembers of the investigated group, it was possible to apprehend the ways inwhich, in their experiences on living with HIV/AIDS as a chronic condition,the relationships between health-disease, politics and time showed thedependence between chronicity and the State, and its impacts on dailylife. Since then, worldwide, 32 million people have died from AIDS-relateddiseases, and in 2018 it was estimated that there were 37.9 million people livingwith HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), the majority of whom were adults (36.2 million). In this panorama, the unequal incidence of HIV/AIDS between regionsand countries stands out, which requires attention to structural difficulties that are not mitigatedonly by the health system(-). It is estimated that, in 2018, of the total PLWHA in the world, only23.3 million had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART).In the early 1980s, the epidemic caused by the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) brought to the fore and updated oldsocial representations linked to infectious diseases: evil, horror, withering,contamination, disorder, transgression and deathsystem-. It is . In Brazil, the number of reported HIV infection cases increased from7,290 in 2007 to 43,941 in 2018. This increase is attributed to the compulsorynotification instituted in 2014. The AIDS detection rate, per 100thousand inhabitants, decreased (from 21.7 in 2012 to 17.8 in 2018). Thestandardized mortality rate for AIDS decreased by 24.1% in the period of 2008(5.8/100 thousand inhab.) to 2018 (4.4/100 thousand inhab.).Despite these figures, the global incidence of HIV infection and mortality from AIDShas decreased: from 2.9 million in 1997 to 1.7 million in 2018; 55% reduction since2004 (1.7 million) compared to 2018 (770 thousand), respectively inhab.).. The decade of 2010 was marked by announcements by government agencies,scientists and activists about the “end of AIDS”. From the perspective of socio-anthropological studies on chronicdiseases and HIV/AIDS, this article problematizes such discourse, since researchersin the social sciences and public health highlight that the optimism andtriumphalism of both the chronicity of HIV/AIDS and its end need to be addressed andbe analyzed by a critical sieve, in view of the dependence on access to ART toguarantee the chronicity of infection.This scenario, associated with biomedical advances and access to ART by publicpolicies, leveraged the discourse that HIV infection is no longer a death sentence,because if it is not cured, it can be controlled, which made it chronic. The deof AIDS”,8. Frnfection-5,8. The objective was to understand how the relations between chronicityand politics shape sociability and mutual help among PLWHA.In view of the above, it is questioned how the discourse on the chronicity ofHIV/AIDS modulates sociability and mutual help among PLWHA in an online socialnetwork. In these terms, the urgency of investigations that analyze policies relatedto AIDS at a global level, particularly in the global South, has been highlighted,and the importance of anthropological research has been emphasized, given itsability to produce critical, reflective and politically engagedinterpretations. The ob. Given the object of this study (sociability among people on theinternet), a virtual ethnography was carried out. Special attention was devoted tounderstanding an online/off-line continuum to avoid the hastyinterpretations that conceive sociability on the internetas a mere virtuality of thereal, given the absence of physical spatiality.Ethnography was used here as a methodology, research strategy and intellectualposture, as it allowed to understand aspects of social life from a decentralizedperspective and from the point of view of those who experience a givenphenomenon. Given atiality.corpus of this article. The interlocutors wereselected intentionally and by convenience according to the content they produced andpublished in the group. The invitation to participate in the study occurred througha message fixed on the page by the group’s administrators, in which it contained:objectives, data collection procedures, and ethical research issues. The 122interlocutors included did not disagree with the development of the research in thegroup, which could occur in writing in the form of comment on the fixed message. Inview of the terms of use of the Facebookand the rules of the group, the contentpublished on the page was considered as material for research, subject to ethicalprecautions. The posting with information about the research project received noobjection by the group members.This ethnography was developed in a closed group on the Facebook composed of morethan 3,400 PLWHA or living together PLWHA, of which 122 had their posts or commentsincluded in the Among the characteristics of the participants, the majority were cisgender men (80%),gay (43%), aged between 20 and 40 years old, resident in the Southeast Region ofBrazil (45%), middle class of popular origin, HIV positive (93 %) and white (48%).This information was collected from the personal descriptions of the interlocutorsin three posts made by the administrators who requested that they present themselvesin the group.The data presented in this article are part of a broader ethnography developed inthis closed group on Facebook, whose fieldwork took placebetween April 2017 andAugust 2019. The research coordinator got to know the group in December 2016, buthis entry as a participant ocurred in February 2017, by filling out a form withpersonal data and questions about motivation and serological condition available onthe siteof the Network that manages the group. That done, the information wasanalyzed and evaluated (approved or disapproved) by the moderators. The researcherused his personal profile on the Facebookin his field forays. Subsequently,authorization was requested and obtained from the administrators to carry out theresearch. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of theUniversity of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing under Resolution No.510/2016 of the National Health Council.The empirical material of this study was collected using two research techniques:onlineparticipant observation and thematic coding of the group’s content. The datawere collected by a researcher who accessed the group, on average, twice a week. Theonlinepermanence time varied between three and five hours. At the end of each groupincursion, field diaries were produced. During these incursions, readings were madeof the posts available on the group’s page through which it sought to apprehend theflows and interactional dynamics (sociability) between the interlocutors and thecontent they published there . The researcher interacted in the group through the tools offered by theFacebookon how to react  and comment.corpus submitted to the thematic analysis.Posts and their respective comments were selected whose topics covered contributed toanswer the guiding question of the investigation. This material, once selected, wascopied and pasted into text files (one for each post) containing a table with thefollowing fields: posting number; date and time of publication in the group;collection date; main themes; type of text ; interlocutor; and “content”. This material made up thecorpus of the analyses herein submitted derived from 37 postsand involved 122 members. Data analysis involved two steps: encoding in thesoftwareNVivo 12 Pro; and the production of thematic categories. The encoding of thecorpus was carried out by a researcher and required: (1)importing files into the software; (2) editing the files; (3) analytical reading ofthe content; and (4) coding the content by linking the text to the case , to the relationship (for example: A commented on B’spost), to the nodes  and to the sub-nodes . Then they wereextracted from the softwareencoding summary reports by file and by node.Throughout the fieldwork, 95 posts were collected, with their respective comments.The . For validation and reliability of this research, the followingcriteria were used: triangulation of data, theory and researchers; long period offieldwork; and rich and detailed descriptions of the field. The excerpts used in this article are accompanied by the fictitiousname of the interlocutor, chosen randomly by the authors, and the date ofposting.This material was submitted to thematic codification through a detailed analysis ofpassages of the text by the three authors. After analyzing all the reports, a tablewas produced in which the nuclei of meanings were defined. Finally, based on thecores of meanings generated, thematic categories were constructed. For vahe field. The exDo the treatment and time will take care of the rest:Mutual help and HIV/AIDS as a chronic condition; and Yes, there is dangeraround the corner, my dear: Politics, conflicts and sociability in thegroup. The emic content of each is shown below.After analyzing and interpreting the empirical material, two thematic categories wereobtained: mellitus, cancer andchronic kidney failure. Gravity was a criterion for establishingdifferentiations and hierarchies. We are normal as someone living withdiabetes or another chronic illness ;Our life is normal like anyone else’s, we just have a virus that, ifleft untreated, can kill us ; Not wantingto put pains into perspective, but you would like to be prostrate in ahospital bed, undergoing treatment for hemodialysis, cancer, etc..?.The chronic character of HIV/AIDS was triggered in posts by members new to thegroup and/or newly diagnosed, people with mental health problems and onadherence to ART. On these occasions, it was emphasized that HIV/AIDS went froma fatal disease to something with which it is possible to live, being comparedwith other diseases, for example diabetes normal life meant the possibility of maintaining asense of continuity and cohesion in all social relations. You will beable to lead a normal life like anyone without HIV and do everything you didbefore .In general, this condition of normalitywas only established after some time of diagnosis. This was experienced as amoment of devastation, loss of ground, shock, suffocation, impossibility tothink about the future. Such emotions were recalled in the mutual aid betweennewly diagnosed people and those who had lived with the virus for the longesttime. I am groundless, not knowing who to count on and feelingsuffocated . In reply to Paula, Gustavo commented: Atthe beginning it is like this: We are groundless, not knowing what to do.But I speak from experience, it will pass! You will be able to see that avirus does not define you. Today I live so well with it [HIV]that I don’t even remember that I have it (01/09/2019).The idea of a Take it easy! I know what you’re going through, but it’snot the end of life. Cry a lot, let it out to relieve it, but don’t feed thesadness. Take care of your health from now on, get the necessary treatmentand tests, and live your life as you always have lived . This project of a normallife mainly depended on adherence to the ART.Normality thus implied in the physical, emotional control and socialrelationships. partner that helps tomaintain health, makes dreams possible and prepares for new medicaladvances (03/16/2019). In this sense, the biotechnological advancesin the treatment of HIV/AIDS in the last decades were emphasized and comparedwith difficulties faced in the 1980s and 1990s. When I was diagnosedthere were no medications. They arrived and were not as good as today, butI’m still here. The same will happen to you, I guarantee! ; I discovered HIV in 1989. Isaw many friends and acquaintances pass away. It was the time of Cazuza.When the medicine appeared in 1996, I had AIDS and today I am here.According to Ícaro, the ART should be seen as a blessingto have a higher quality treatment, free of charge, of universal distributionthat allows us to live with HIV/AIDS for decades. Thus, adherence to thetreatment was seen as a moral imperative. Today we are blessed to havequality treatment. In the 80s and 90s there was no medication. How many havedied because of this virus that Medicine did not know how to stop?.Unlike that scenario, the interlocutors pointed out the With time everything adjusts. With time (blessed time) and treatment(blessed treatment) life is more valuable than before ; I have been a soropositive patient for three years and Iknow that it is not easy at first, but, in time, everything will cometogether and we realize that we can lead a normal life ; Over time we realize that there is treatment and that itreally works. After reaching the undetectable status, weget stronger, more confident .In these discussions, the interlocutors highlighted the role of time in theexperiences of living with HIV/AIDS. Here, time did not refer only tocomparisons between the first decades of the epidemic and the recent period, asit was meant as an agent that conferred new meanings and life arrangements.At the beginning of the fieldwork, sociability among group members used to beguided by the rules of use, established by the administrators, who highlightedcollaboration, welcoming, respect, strengthening, mutual help, privacy andfreedom to talk about living with the HIV or living together PLWHA. The contentof the posts used to focus on aspects of the PLWHA experience: Adherence totreatment, affective-sexual relationships, prejudice and discrimination,opportunistic diseases and strategies to keep serology secret. Thus, thecontents converged to affirm adherence to treatment (not without tension by somemembers) and, consequently, the responsibility of the PLWHA.political guidelines, in the institutional and partisansense, to the list of the discussed and shared topics.From the Brazilian presidential election in 2018, the scope of the posts andcomments, as well as the forms of interaction, began to change. In the periodunder review, conflicts gained greater relevance due to the inclusion ofHIV prevention policy cannot offend families, affirms the newminister ; Director of theMinistry of Health’s HIV/AIDS Department is exonerated ; Death policy: The end of the AIDS department; Ministry ofHealth will buy canceled drugs in SUS [Unified Health System]in the private sector ; andINSS [National Institute of Social Security] cutsbenefits and exposes people with HIV to unemployment and hunger. In general, these contents denounced the resurgence ofconservatism and the far-right in Brazil, the adjustments of the economic andsocial security policies, the dismantling of the Unified Health System (UHS) andits consequences in the policy of confronting the HIV/AIDS epidemic, in thestructure and performance of the Ministry of Health.These guidelines were given mainly through the sharing of reports such as:normallife, once that its foundational pillar could collapse. In this scenario, some interlocutors feared the impossibility ofcomplying with the treatment, however, not because of their actions and desires,but because of the State’s performance. Mercy! It was only three monthsago that I discovered [the HIV]. I’m not even undetectableyet, my God! How are we going to survive if they take ourmedication? .These posts seemed to go against the possibility of having a tretas (emic term meaningconflicts) emerged among those who agreed and believed that there wasdanger around the corner: I see people in this group trying to easethe facts. Colleagues, remember that for a significant part of society we donot have this morale, on the contrary. So stay tuned ... A conservativegovernment can and will try to make our treatment precarious and thework [public policy] of decades. WE ARE NOT PRIORITY! Wakeup to life! Are you thinking that it will scrap overnight? No! It’s all acowardly dismantling process. When we realize this, it will be difficult toreverse ; those who disagreed with thecomplaints, as they saw the AIDS policy as untouchable, so these posts producedpanic: These sensacionalist lines are just for the sake of it. Thedistribution of drugs for STIs is law! They may not like it, but they cannotchange this. Especially because between the cost of preventing andremedying, they will prefer to prevent. It is a mathematical and not ahumanitarian issue ; These people hereare putting things on their heads for nothing ;and people noted the dangers, but did not consider them areason for panic: It is not impossible, but it is not easy. I believethat we would not be watching such a movement without doing anything. Youneed to be aware, but creating a climate of fear does not help. We have toremember that not everyone here is 100% mentally healthy. Creating thisclimate affects these people the most .It was on those occasions that the tretas having resulted in the departure ofsome people from the group, such as Júlio, who disengaged after an argument withMarina, the supposed panic or the climate offear, produced different feelings in interlocutors who followedthese posts: Roberto, do you remember how many times I called you cryingor sending audio [using WhatsApp] on this government? Doyou remember that in the result of the first round [from 2018election] I spent the whole night crying with FEAR? Unfortunately, whatI always said and warned is beginning. My friend, the prejudice we face, butif we ever run out of our daily doses of life, how do we do it?.In addition to these I believe thatyou have to get closer to the AIDS movement. Now is the time to add. In thecurrent context, isolated demonstrations will lead to nothing. Lúcia was referring to Marina’s proposal to take postersabout the lack of medicines for several diseases, including HIV/AIDS, inpolitical protests/marches that took place across the country that month. Inresponse, Marina commented: I have insecurity in contacting [asocial movement], because I’ve already seen, heard and read the speechof “having to come out of the closet” and that’s something IMPOSSIBLE forme! Right here I already gave suggestions on how to get attention withouthaving the serology written on the forehead. However, there is alwayssomeone who comes to underestimate and pressure the exposure(05/14/2019).Finally, one highlights the production of strategies of struggle and resistanceagainst the current scenario. Such strategies evoked the engagement in thesocial movement of AIDS in its most “classic” format and the construction ofpolitical performances that kept the secret of serology. . Since the first drugs, the biotechnological escalation, associatedwith universal distribution policies, has enabled significant advances in treatment,emphasizing, increasingly, the belief in its long duration(-).The most relevant aspect of the results of this study concerns the evidence of thefragility of the discourse of chronic HIV infection, given its intrinsic dependenceon access to the ART. The chronicity of HIV infection dates back to the late 1980swith the emergence of the “cocktail” of pills that enabled advances in treatment andshifted the emphasis from the urgency of AIDS to a long-term survivalmodel. Since duration-15.. On the world stage, the decade of 2010 began with a new phase in thefight against AIDS. Several government agencies, such as UNAIDS, have started tospread the discourse that we are about to reach an AIDS-free generation. This wave of optimism about the possibility of curing or ending AIDShas won supporters from different social sectors.In Brazil, Federal Law 9.313/1996 became a political-legal framework in the Brazilianresponse to infection by instituting the free distribution of ART, which placedBrazil at the global vanguard of combating the epidemic. On theneration. This w sectors.. In countries with a universal and free national health system, such asBrazil, this peculiarity introduces the State as a primary agent in guaranteeingstatusof chronic condition conferred to HIV/AIDS.For some researchers, this discourse is based on the biomedicalization of responsesto the epidemic and the consequent chronification of HIV infection. In this sense,it is highlighted that what makes it chronic is the continuous and reliable accessto the ART, considering that its pathophysiological, clinical and epidemiologicalnature is infectious-contagious,,,17. Inormal life,as someone who lives with diabetes mellitus, as long as adherenceto the ART was guaranteed. In addition, political agenda werehighlighted that denounced the transformations in the Brazilian response to theepidemic in recent years seemed to alert some members to the fragility of thechronicity of HIV/AIDS, given their dependence on state practices and not only onbiotechnological development and individual adherence to the ART.It is against this background that the ethnographic data of this study showed thatPLWHA members of the closed group on Facebookproduced sociability and mutual aidpractices when considering the possibility of having a , for our interlocutors to live chronically with HIV/AIDS, the followingwas pointed out: Managing your course uncertainty; the emphasis on self-carecombined with biomedical management; strategies for producing a normal life; thework on identity needed to become a sick person, but with a normal life; and thepsychosocial implications of continuous engagement in biomedical care. In theirexperiences, this condition implied the production of a temporal grammar, polysemicand tributary of biomedicine that: 1) limited and fixed AIDS lethality in a distanttime given the legal, political and biotechnological advances; 2) it produced, atpresent, a management of daily life mediated by commitments and moralitiesassociated with the ART; and 3) acted as an agent that rewrote life.As evidenced in an ethnography in Uganda, for ou and in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), our interlocutors constructed narratives in which HIV and AIDS wererepresented as crises of the past, whose negative marks should be forgotten. Thus,they envisioned new moral economies in a future where the stigma would be reduced byaccess to the treatment and health would be seen as “a duty, an ethics and aesthetics that makethe appearance of ugliness, pain, illness and death impossible”. This morality allowed the positivization of life with HIV/AIDS - a wayof life produced by the shaping of themselves, their personal attributes, theiremotions and the transformation of these people into self-governors(-).As highlighted in other ethnographies conducted in Florida and Maryland (UnitedStates) and in (Brazil), our inreatment and heaossible”. This movernors-18.normal life whose viability depended on adherence tothe treatment. Given the blessed treatment because of the quality,gratuity and being universal - different from the critical scenario of the past -they had a duty not to be prostrated in a hospital bed, compared topeople with diseases considered, by the interlocutors, as being less controllablethan AIDS. Time acted here as a technology of control, management, synchronization,which characterized a specific temporality, as demonstrated in a multisituatedethnography developed in Mozambique, United States and Sierra Leone. This temporality implied, therefore, in the synchronization of the“life” of the virus to that of the affected person; from everyday time to the “timeof adhesion”; and daily routine to pharmaceutical bureaucracy in healthsystems. Thus, to have a normal life meant “an individual’scontinuous, symbiotic, productive and borderline relationship with the virusthroughout life”.Furthermore, one of the fundamental dimensions of this self-government was to forge aproject for ra Leone. This tsystems. Thus, ut life”.. Given the biographical disruptions produced by the diagnosis - stripping order, meaning, coherence andcontrol over life -, regaining normalitymeant, in addition to reestablishing a neworder of life, elaborating the suffering and fear of HIV/AIDS as emotions from adistant history, from the time of Cazuza,when there was nopolitical, social and biotechnological support, like available today.The sociability and mutual help produced in the group reinforced the performance oftime as an agent who worked on relationships and rewrote life. Given ruptions produce which, in this case, resulted from the impossibility of thinking aboutthe future after the shock of the diagnosis.In this context, the role of biomedicine and health policies was, from theperspective of the interlocutors, to outline the lines of the paper on which theselife projects would be written. This “scribe” of the social actors derived from themodeling of their subjectivities and from the time as an agent who worked inrelationships, making possible to rewrite, reframe, and reinterpret the memories andtexts of the suffering which,  proved to be relevant for some members of the group, since the sharedexperiences of suffering used to be related to the permanence of the stigma. It waspossible to understand the craft of living with HIV/AIDS, where the promises offeredby biomedicine did not seem to be able to explain the vicissitudes of lives thatdevelop in a social space located between “being sick while beingnormal”.The work of time proved normal”. that, when tying the “negative history of AIDS” in a past overcome by the progress, it also seems to have trapped theunderstanding of AIDS as a “political problem”. These grammars had strong links with optimism and triumphalisticdiscourses about the “end of AIDS”.In our analysis, these temporal and emotional grammars, as well as the ART, seemed tohave “side effects”, since the processes of subjectification they engendered werebased on a “liberal individual ontology” that, wof AIDS” in a paproblem”. These of AIDS”.. In Brazil, it is observed that, in recent years, “a large number ofAIDS actions have lost this notion of political project, and we associate this withone of the effects of treatment, which individualizes approaches, does not need anddoes not want to deal with collective subjects or social movements. Medicalizationcoexists very well with individualization: With the isolated individual, who isalways an other.In terms of global health, the literature has already signaled the effects of thisenthusiasm in the formulation of public policies and in the organization of thehealth care services,21. I in sociability and mutual help among the interlocutors seemed toreproduce a “greenhouse” that tried to balance the ethics and aesthetics of thehappy seropositive with the gradual assaults suffered by the Brazilian response to theepidemic. In the “greenhouse” are “us”, those who have access to services andbiotechnologies, the adherents, the undetectable, the normal. Outof it are the “others”, those who are far away from me, those who do not adhere,those who go to get medicine and receive fractional amounts (or do not receive). Inthis “AIDS greenhouse”, posts with complaints about the dismantling of the SUS andits consequences on AIDS policy, were received like stones thrown against a fragileglass ceiling.The exhaustion of AIDS as an “intense political issue” in socipositive with th. More than that, the contents posted and the tretasillustrated the effects of a time that seemed to want to return through the veinsopened by the growth of conservatism, of the far-right in Brazil and its impacts onAIDS policy.The open “cracks” destabilized the tenuous balance maintained between a tied past, astray present and an always precarious, vulnerable, dependent future. The conflictsthat gained prominence in sociability among the members of the group expressed thesemovements between the interior and the exterior of the “AIDS greenhouse”. Theybrought to the group the political and ideological divisions that currently markBrazilian public life. More tpanic and climate of fear,typical of the 1980s and 1990s. Thus, they revealed ruptures and continuitiesbetween the “crisis of the past” and the promises of an AIDS-free future. Furthermore, they brought the public and private arenas closer toeveryday life by bringing political processes and decisions close to the extent thatthey were felt in the threat of the impossibility of fulfilling treatment as a moralimperative.At present, the tentacles of that time, which seemed forbidden by science, updatedemotions meant as he past” and thee future. Furthenormal life with theHIV/AIDS for long periods of time. It did this by demonstrating chronicity as asocially constructed category and not given a priori in biomedicalterms. Finally, it emphasizes the limitations of the study, given its characterrestricted to the investigated context and for not having included here other datacollection techniques such as semi-structured interviews.These findings contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge about copingwith the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as it evidenced the close relationship between state,economic, socio-cultural and biomedical practices in guaranteeing access to ART and,consequently, the possibility of having a normal life, despite theinfection. In the context investigated, the relationships between health-disease,time, emotion and politics have produced sociability, mutual help, materialities andperformances that have highlighted the fragility of chronicity and the need tobe aware, knowing that yes, there is danger around thecorner!This research sought to understand how the relations between chronicity and politicsshape sociability and mutual help among members of a closed group on the Facebook.The study made it possible to apprehend the temporal and emotional grammars thatguided sociability in the group and its relations with the discourse of chronicityof the infection. In addition, state practices stood out as a fundamental agent, inthe Brazilian context, for the maintenance of the AIDS policy, the chronicity of HIVinfection and the possibility of having a


Drosophila, mouse, and human. Genetic mutations in the BLM gene cause a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, Bloom syndrome (BS). BS is a monogenic disease characterized by genomic instability, premature aging, predisposition to cancer, immunodeficiency, and pulmonary diseases. Hence, these characteristics point toward BLM being a tumor suppressor. However, in addition to mutations, BLM gene undergoes various types of alterations including increase in the copy number, transcript, and protein levels in multiple types of cancers. These results, along with the fact that the lack of wild-type BLM in these cancers has been associated with increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, indicate that BLM also has a pro-oncogenic function. While a plethora of studies have reported the effect of BLM gene mutations in various model organisms, there is a dearth in the studies undertaken to investigate the effect of its oncogenic alterations. We propose to rationalize and integrate the dual functions of BLM both as a tumor suppressor and maybe as a proto-oncogene, and enlist the plausible mechanisms of its deregulation in cancers.DNA damage repair response is an important biological process involved in maintaining the fidelity of the genome in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several proteins that play a key role in this process have been identified. Alterations in these key proteins have been linked to different diseases including cancer. BLM is a 3′−5′ ATP-dependent RecQ DNA helicase that is one of the most essential genome stabilizers involved in the regulation of DNA replication, recombination, and both homologous and non-homologous pathways of double-strand break repair. BLM structure and functions are known to be conserved across many species like yeast,  Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes continuously accumulate spontaneous and genotoxic agent-induced DNA damages that are generated during the DNA replication process and also when the cells are exposed to multiple types of exogenous factors including exposure to chemicals or ionizing irradiation (IR)  are one of the most lethal forms of DNA damage. Two major distinct pathways have evolved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes for repairing DSBs. These include the homologous recombination repair (HRR) and non-homologous end joining repair (NHEJ) pathways. Twenty-five percent to 50% of the DSBs generated by nucleases in yeast and mammalian cells are repaired by the classical NHEJ (cNHEJ) pathway that occurs in all phases of the cell cycle. However, NHEJ is an error-prone process , three members in Drosophila melanogaster  . The proteins encoded by all these genes have a structurally conserved helicase domain containing Walker A and B boxes and a DEAH box that functions in unwinding of the helical structure in an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent manner , Werner syndrome (WS), and Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), respectively, in humans, whereas in yeast, lack of the Sgs1 induces a hyper-recombination as well as hypersensitivity to a wide range of DNA-damaging agents  and RecQ-mediated genome instability proteins 1 and 2  to process the Double Holliday Junctions (dHJs) generated during the strand invasion step of the HRR pathway yielding non-crossover recombinants  motif analysis has shown that unconventional structures are particularly enriched in telomeres, minisatellites, ribosomal DNA, and, importantly, gene regulatory regions  including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and SUMOylation that are necessary for its function, interaction, turnover, localization, and stability. In turn, these PTMs of BLM have been shown to regulate several DDR signaling cascades. BLM undergoes phosphorylation at Thr99 and Thr122 by ATM/ATR that is crucial for restarting of stalled replication folks after HU or IR treatment  tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues and negatively regulates the BLM levels, promoting proliferation of colon cancer cells and thus demonstrating its tumor suppressor function  displayed elevated rates of SCE, unresolved recombination, and replication intermediates, leading to chromosome bridges and thus inducing genomic instability  and increased levels in peripheral blood have also been observed. This increased expression is mediated through the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes–interferon regulatory factor-3 (cGAS–STING–IRF3) cytosolic DNA–sensing pathway, thus linking the innate immune system with the DNA damage machinery  gene heterozygous mutant mice. In contrast, BLM transgenic mice expressing human BLM attenuated intestinal tumors when crossed with APC heterozygous mutant mice, thereby indicating that tumor growth can be regulated in a BLM dose-dependent manner  cells wherein no significant effect on the survival was seen even though the frequency of truncating BLM germline mutations was higher in advanced PC patients as compared to the control populations  (Turley et al.,  tissues  (Chandra tissues . A recen tissues . In part tissues . In acut tissues . Further tissues . This in tissues .High levels of BLM protein were also observed in PC cell lines and patients, exhibiting an enhanced rate of cell proliferation whereas BLM depletion resulted in an increased rate of apoptosis due to enhanced ROS generation mediated through the inhibition of AKT and PRAS40 signaling (Chen K. et al., Further, BLM mRNA and protein levels are found to be overexpressed in CRC cell lines and patients (Lao et al., A study conducted on about 2000 breast tumor samples also revealed that BLM mRNA overexpression was significantly associated with high histologic grade, larger tumor size, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor status (Arora et al., Re-expression of reverse transcriptase telomerase (Shay and Bacchetti, Based on the importance of the helicase-dependent function of BLM, a selective small-molecule inhibitor, ML-216, was synthesized and was demonstrated to reduce proliferation and increase SCE in cellular studies on human cultured cells (Rosenthal et al., Nearly 100 years since the identification of the first DNA repair pathway, extensive research in this field has led to the identification of repair factors critical for the survival/fitness of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thus, genetic ablation of these has been associated with various diseases in humans particularly cancer. Notably, several of these critical regulators of repair have been identified as a potential therapeutic target for cancers as well as other genetic abnormalities associated with DDR factors. One such example is that of the early response gene ATM whose role in mediating cancer resistance has been well-elucidated and thus several of the ATM inhibitors are under different phases of the clinical trials (Lavin and Yeo, BLM gene specifically in the cancer cells to gain insights into its “dual role” in humans. The role of PTMs of BLM has been well-elucidated (Bohm and Bernstein, These observations have provoked the question as to whether BLM helicase performs dual functions in different types of cancer. Perhaps a more pertinent query will also be—when does BLM act as a tumor suppressor and when does it convert into a proto-oncogene? In order to address these questions, it becomes imperative to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the de-regulation of the The final pertinent question will be whether other mechanisms exist in cancer cells that allow BLM to act as an oncogene under certain conditions during cancer progression, whether these mechanisms act in conjunction with each other, or whether there are any specific networks that aid BLM to act as a double-edged sword. Exploration studies on these lines will allow a better understanding of the rewiring of BLM, and its Janus-like character may have important implications in the study of neoplastic transformation and cancer development.SS conceptualized the review and gave overall inputs. EK and RA wrote the drafts and generated the figures. EK, RA, and SS together generated the final version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.