Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) has a nanoscale silicon core and eight organic functional groups on the surface, with sizes from 0.7 to 1.5 nm. The three-dimensional nanostructures of POSS can be used to build all types of hybrid materials with specific performance and controllable nanostructures. The applications of POSS-based fluorescent materials have spread across various fields. In particular, the employment of POSS-based fluorescent materials in sensing application can achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. As a result, POSS-based fluorescent materials are attracting increasing attention due to their fascinating vistas, including unique structural features, easy fabrication, and tunable optical properties by molecular design. Here, we summarize the current available POSS-based fluorescent materials from design to sensing applications. In the design section, we introduce synthetic strategies and structures of the functionalized POSS-based fluorescent materials, as well as photophysical properties. In the application section, the typical POSS-based fluorescent materials used for the detection of various target objects are summarized with selected examples to elaborate on their wide applications. Fluorescent hybrid materials, which combine the advantages of both organic and inorganic material, have become one of the most popular star materials in modern society due to their potential applications in many fields such as sensor technology ,3,4,5,6,1.5)n, in which R can represent the great variety of organic substituents, while n is commonly 6, 8, 10, or 12. The cage-like octameric structures (n = 8) are among the most promising precursors for further development . T. T68]. Tomophore b 69]. T. TPOSS-C1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR, and ESI mass spectrometry. The naphthyl POSS mono/bisimide showed extremely weak fluorescence, while the perylene POSS bis-imide exhibited very strong fluorescence with a quantum yield approaching unity. The single crystal X-ray crystallography indicated that the bulky POSS partially isolated the perylene moieties and thus reduced the aggregation of the fluorophore in the solid state. Subsequently, Li and co-workers synthesized a series of dumbbell POSS-PDI (POSS-perylene diimide) triads by the same method  vis a facile “Azide-acetylene” click chemistry reaction by simply controlling the feed ratio of blue  and yellow -4H-4-sub pyranyl) two propylene nitrile, mark as Y) emitting units , were obtained by theoretical simulations and molecular design. The introduction of nano-sized POSS not only showed a significant aggregation-induced enhancement effect and decoupling effect of the emitter, but also exhibited high thermal stability and a significantly enhanced fluorescence emission with Ф = 0.95 in the solid film. This work provided a strategy for the design and preparation of single white-light-emitting molecules with high thermal stability and emission efficiency.Xu and co-workers reported a POSS-based white-light-emitting single molecular nano-hybrid , the polymer containing POSS showed a strong fluorescence at 613 nm with a much higher quantum yield Ф = 0.26 in the solid state. The green fluorescent nanoparticles with excellent stability, which showed strong fluorescence at 545 nm, were obtained by facile self-assembly of POSS-based fluorescent polymers in chloroform solution. Subsequently, they designed and synthesized a novel amphiphilic polymer in possession of a perylene diimide bridge between a POSS unit and a PNIPAM chain by combining condensation and ATRP reactions  conjugated polymer PProDOT-POSS via both chemical and electrochemical polymerization methods (PProDOT-POSS could be used as promising candidates for optoelectronic and bioelectronics applications.Bai and co-workers synthesized a novel bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) zinc-based conjugated coordination polymer with POSS in the side chains by the dehydration condensation reaction , which weactions  74]. Th. ThФ = 0 methods  75]. Th. ThФ = 0POSS-CdSe QDs, were reported by Rogach and co-workers . The absorption maximum shifted to 527 nm after 3 min of growth with the size of particles 2.8 nm, the narrow PL peak in the green spectral range. After 10 min of growth, the size of particles was 3.7 nm with the emission color of the growing samples gradually changed from green to red. Subsequently, low toxicity near-infrared-emitting QDs were fabricated in aqueous medium by conjugating octa-aminopropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OA-POSS) to CdSeTe QDs through condensation reaction, namely POSS-CdSeTe QDs  are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles composed of groups II–VI or III–V elements with a diameter of 2–10 nm ,77,78. Q-workers a 80]. T. TPOSS-Ceristics b. The abSeTe QDs a 81]. T. TPOSS-C of 0.26 b. The toGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) , as nano3+ ions with thenoyltrifluoroacetone functionalized POSS for the first time, namely POSS-TTA-Eu  8-hydroxyquinoline complex-functionalized POSS, namely POSS-Q-Ln -containing POSS (denoted as POSS-Eu), in which the europium ion existed in the cage-like structure  ) that had selective fluorescent quenching effect for Cu2+ with fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity (2+ and Eu3+ of POSS-min- [Eu(tta)4], the Ksv value for Cu2+ was 17,160 M−1. The detection limit of POSS-min- [Eu(tta)4] (based on the standard of IUPAC LOD = 3σ/k) for Cu2+ in water is 0.011 μM with detection interval ranging from 0 to 1000 μM. Furthermore, Zuo and co-workers reported a new “ON-OFF-ON” type POSS-based fluorescent probe (denoted as PSI-A) for the reversible detection of Cu2+, Fe3+, and amino acids  , as showe sensor a. The set pH 7.4 b. Later,-workers c 89]. C. C2+ conectivity  90]. Du. Du2+ cono acids  91]. Th. Th2+ co2+) possesses much more serious toxicity and causes more widespread environmental pollution. New fluorescent sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity for Hg2+ have drawn extensive research attention. In 2018, Ervithayasuporn and co-workers reported a dual-mode optical sensor based on rhodamine functionalized POSS for Hg2+ . Up. Up2+) p3+ is one of the essential trace elements to maintain human life and health. In 2019, Xu and coworkers reported a highly selective fluorescence sensor by combining octavinyl-POSS with amine-containing polyacrylamide (denoted as OV-POSS co-poly(acrylamide)) for repetitive detection of Fe3+ in pure water (3+. Upon the addition of Fe3+ into the OV-POSS co-poly(acrylamide) solution, the fluorescence intensity significantly enhanced, while the other metal ions had no obvious effect. The detection limit of OV-POSS co-poly(acrylamide) for Fe3+ was approximately 0.0009 μM. Moreover, compared with other metal ions, Fe3+ caused a visible color change to the naked eye from colorless to bright yellow. Feng and coworkers also reported a fluorescence sensor by combining functionalized ionic liquids and POSS (denoted as ILs-POSS) for the detection of Fe3+ [3+ with the detection limit of 0.0791 μM.Fere water  95]. Th. Th3+ is of Fe3+ . The ILs3+ is widely used in catalytic reactions and industrial processes, thus, the rapid detection and efficient removal of Ru3+ from water is extremely important to environment protection and human health. Liu and coworkers reported a POSS-based fluorescent nanoporous polymer (denoted as THPP) by Friedel–Grafts reaction of 2--4-(diphenylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridin-4(1H)-ylidene)malononitrile (TPA-TCMP) with octavinyl-POSS for concurrent detection and adsorption of Ru3+  solution with the detection limit of 5.2 μM. The THPP could be used as an adsorbent for Ru3+ ions with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 208 mg/g.Nowadays, Ru of Ru3+  97]. TH. TH3+ isv/v) solution was reported by Lv and coworkers  for the rapid detection of F¯ in water by the fluoride-triggered Si-O bond cleavage mechanism a 98]. T. T98]. Toworkers b 101], , v/v) sooworkers  102]. T. Tv/v) sHypochlorous acid (HClO) plays an important defensive role in the biological immune system, while it may cause many diseases at abnormal concentration. Lin and coworkers reported a dual channels fluorescent probe with both heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) and 1,8-naphthimide based on POSS (denoted as POSS-Cy7-N) for the detection of ClO¯  103]. T. T103]. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the design and sensing applications of the POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials. The different strategies and different types of POSS fluorescent materials were summarized. With the assistance of POSS, the developed fluorescent sensors exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability for the detection of target object. Although remarkable strides in sensing application were obtained, POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials still face some challenges in practical application. First, the variety of such fluorescent materials needs to be further enriched. Especially, more high performance chromophores should be developed in POSS-based organic-molecule fluorescent materials. Second, the scope of detection should be further extended, such as explosives, organic pollutant, and so on. Third, the sensing mechanism of POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials should be further studied. Finally, further strengthening the development of POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials with both efficient detection and removal functions is conducive to environmental protection.(1)Facile and controllable synthesis of POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials. The “click” chemistry reaction, especially metal-free “thiol-ene” click chemistry, will brilliantly shine in this respect.(2)Sensing mechanism. Theoretical calculation may be a very effective and practical method to study the sensing mechanism of POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials by using the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT).(3)Sensing application and the others. The detection of explosives and organic small molecular pollutants and the application of fluorescent materials in photodynamic therapy and biological imaging are attracting more and more researchers’ attention. POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials will make great progress in these areas.We anticipate that future research will focus on the development of the following areas, which will benefit the variety and application of POSS-based fluorescent hybrid materials:


Detecting and monitoring the usage of antibiotics is a critical aspect of efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic residue testing with existing LC-MS/MS methods is limited in detection range. Current methods also lack the capacity to detect multiple antibiotic residues in different samples simultaneously. In this study, we demonstrate a methodology that permits simultaneous extraction and detection of antibiotic residues in animal and environmental samples. A total of 30 different antibiotics from 13 classes could be qualitatively detected with our methodology. Further study to reduce analytes’ matrix effect would allow for quantification of antibiotic residues. Antibiotics have been in use for nearly a century and have been an important means to treat and prevent bacterial infection in both humans and animals . HoweverUnder the One Health framework, governments and organizations have taken a primary approach to mitigating AMR by reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and animal sectors ,5. HowevIn antibiotic residue testing, most of the fundamental laboratory detection methods involve an initial extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) . AlthougHowever, the common limitations of antibiotic residue testing in these studies are the lack of proven applicability of the testing protocol to detect different sample types and the wide number of antibiotic classes used in human and animals. For example, effectively extracting target chemicals from solid samples is different from that of water samples, and the classes of antibiotic that can be detected vary. Moreover, antibiotics and their residues can be unstable. For example, these substances may be unstable in water  and coul2EDTA) was purchased from BDH , while formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific . A total of 43 antibiotics belonging to 16 different antibiotic classes were used for this study (13C3) solution , cefalexin, cefquinome sulfate, ceftiofur sodium, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, clindamycin phosphate, enrofloxacin, kanamycin sulfate, lincomycin hydrochloride, meropenem, neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin G sodium salt, streptomycin sulfate salt, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine, tetracycline, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and vancomycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich .Acetonitrile, ammonia solution, citric acid monohydrate, dibasic sodium hydrogen phosphate, and LC-MS grade methanol were purchased from VWR  for chemical extraction. The methanol that was used as the solvent in LC-MS was procured from Wako Chemicals . Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt  containing 43 different antibiotics was used for the spike-in. For solid samples, the antibiotic mixture was directly spiked into 1 g of solid sample  by adding the aqueous antibiotic mixture into a Falcon tube containing the solid sample and then mixing by vortex. The sample was allowed to stand for 1 h to allow for the antibiotic mixture to be absorbed into the solid sample. For liquid samples, the antibiotic mixture was spiked into 100 mL of liquid sample at three volumes: 1 mL of 0.01 mg/mL , 0.5 mL of 0.01 mg/mL , and 0.1 mL of 0.01 mg/mL . All samples were stored at −20 °C and extracted within 1 week.2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer solution (10 mL), which contains 10.93 mg/mL anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate, 12.93 mg/mL citric acid monohydrate, and 37.22 mg/mL Na2EDTA, and 100% methanol (10 mL). For extraction, 20 mL of this chemical extraction buffer was added into 1 g of sample . Extraction was carried out in a shaking incubator at 300 rpm for 30 min at room temperature. Supernatants were collected after centrifugation at 3200 g for 5 min at 4 °C. Residues were further extracted two more times with the same protocol. Supernatants of the same sample were then combined and stored at −20 °C until solid-phase extraction (SPE) was performed. For liquid samples, chemical extraction was not performed. All samples were filtered through a 0.2 μm PES syringe filter, purchased from Sartorius , prior to solid-phase extraction.Chemical extraction was carried out according to the literature  with modv/v). All of the diluted supernatant flowed through the MAX-HLB-MCX combined cartridge at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. For liquid samples, all of the samples were passed through the MAX-HLB-MCX combined cartridge directly at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. Analytes were eluted from the MAX cartridge, HLB cartridge, and MCX cartridge separately. To elute the analytes, 4 mL of 2% formic acid in methanol, acetonitrile/methanol , and 5% ammonia solution in methanol were used, respectively. The elution process was repeated three times. The ratio in which elutes were mixed from the MAX, HLB, and MCX cartridges was 1:1:1. Elutes from the same sample were combined for LC-MS/MS analysis.An Oasis MAX 6cc (150 mg) cartridge (cat. no.: 186000369), Oasis PRiME HLB 6cc (200 mg) cartridge (cat. no.: 186008057), and Oasis PRiME MCX 6cc (150 mg) cartridge (cat. no.: 186008919) were purchased from Waters  and used to form a MAX-HLB-MCX combined cartridge for solid-phase extraction. All cartridges were pre-conditioned with acetonitrile and Milli-Q water separately. To investigate the retention of antibiotics in different SPE cartridges, 10 mL of the antibiotic mixture containing 43 targeted antibiotics was loaded to the MAX-HLB-MCX combined cartridge. For solid samples, supernatants collected from chemical extractions were diluted with Milli-Q water to reduce the methanol content to less than 5% , was used for LC-MS/MS analysis. A Phenomenex Synergi 4 μm Fusion-RP 80 Å (2 mm × 50 mm) column was used for separation, and the column oven temperature was set at 40 °C. The elution gradient  was set up as follows: 0 min, 0% B; 0.1 min, 0% B; 1 min, 10% B; 6.5 min, 50% B; 7 min, 100% B; 8 min, 100% B. This gradient was re-equilibrated to 0% B for 2 min after each run. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min, and the injection volume was 5 μL. In terms of electrospray ionization, the parameters were the following: (CUR), nitrogen, 12; collision gas (CAD), high; electrospray voltage, +5500 V; ion source temperature, 550 °C; curtain gas of 25, CAD gas medium, and gas 1 and 2 of 45 and 50 psi, respectively. Retention time and transitions are shown in The Acquity I-Class ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic system by Waters , coupled with the QTRAPFor transition ranges, each pure antibiotic compound purchased commercially was first injected into the LC-MS/MS instrument for preliminary testing. From this preliminary test, information about transition ranges was obtained. Two transitions of each antibiotic with sharp peaks shown were chosen as references to identify the antibiotic.Data analysis for LC-MS/MS was performed using the SciEX OS-Q Analysis Software . Analytes were confirmed by comparing the retention time and the ratio of characteristic transitions between the sample and the standard.This study began with the determination of the detection limit  of the MS system. The LOD was determined by injecting a low concentration of antibiotic standard into the mass spectrometer directly and then reviewing the peak generated. If the signal was three times higher than the background base noise level, then we accepted the peak as an actual peak. Infusion was only used for optimizing the MRM parameter before LC-MS/MS. The results of LOD are shown in The percentage of recovery was calculated by comparing the concentration of antibiotic recovered after passing through SPE and without passing through SPE. In other words, the percentage of recovery = total concentration of antibiotic in elutes from SPE/concentration of antibiotic in antibiotic mixture before passing through SPE. The recoveries of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefquinome sulfate, meropenem, and tiamulin from SPE were poor, with loss being >75% . Apart fThe integrated recovery of antibiotic residues  is shown in The sensitivities of antibiotic classes were calculated by taking the raw data and then summing the data for all of the tests performed for all antibiotics in a class. Overall, the sensitivity of the protocol in this study was high  for 30 out of the 43 antibiotic residues . When thOut of 16 classes of antibiotic tested, antibiotics from 13 classes could be detected . The senIn this study, we have developed a LC-MS/MS-based working protocol that could detect residues of 30 antibiotics from 13 classes in animal meat and environmental samples. Although using LC-MS/MS to detect antibiotic residues in food and water samples is not a novel technique, our protocol has two significant improvements. The first improvement is that we have developed a methodology that can cover different sample types. Previous developed methods can detect 34 veterinary drugs from six distinct groups in porcine muscle ; 75 antiThe second improvement is that we have developed a methodology that can cover a wider range of different antibiotics. Different antibiotics have different chemical properties, and they may require different extraction and detection methods ,20. In oIn theory, SPE is a common procedure performed to clean up the samples before LC-MS/MS analysis ,22. HoweOur SPE method was able to recover a majority of the antibiotics (38 out of 43 antibiotics) with satisfactory or good performance, indicating its ability to successfully detect antibiotics of different pH properties. For those five antibiotics that had a poor recovery after SPE , we hypothesized that the chemical structure of these antibiotics may not be compatible with the tandem formation that we designed. Most of these belonged to the β-lactam class of antibiotics, of which amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefquinome sulfate, and meropenem possess a chemically unstable β-lactam ring that spontaneously undergoes hydrolysis . Thus, t2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer solution/methanol  provided a detection of 30 different antibiotics. There were three antibiotics that were found to have a poor SPE recovery and could not be detected in spiked-in samples: amoxicillin, cefquinome sulfate, and meropenem. It would not be possible to determine the reason of zero sensitivity for these three antibiotics, since it could be related to the chemical extraction method, poor SPE recovery, or both. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether the three antibiotics could be extracted using our chemical extraction protocol. For the rest of the nine antibiotics that could not be detected, it seems that the extraction method was insufficient in recovering these antibiotics. We arrived at this conclusion because we observed a satisfactory recovery rate from SPE for these antibiotics, and the spike-in concentrations were higher than the LOD. Based on these results, the extraction method may not be suitable for extracting the residues of ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin sulfate, neomycin trisulfate, norfloxacin, and vancomycin from samples. Further study for modifying the chemical extraction method to further increase the range of recovery may be necessary.Generally, the extraction method of using NaThe proposed method has notable limitations, such as the inability to conduct precise quantitative analysis and a decline in sensitivity with lowering the spiked-in concentration. Although SPE is commonly performed to remove impurities from analytes in order to reduce a potential matrix effect, the use of the MAX-HLB-MCX tandem resulted in strong matrix effects. Moreover, it is difficult to obtain corresponding isotopes for all tested antibiotics to correct the matrix effect of each antibiotic during quantification. However, an estimation of the antibiotic concentrations may still be made by performing calculations. From LC-MS/MS results, one will have the information of the total amount of antibiotics in the elute of each sample. The concentration of an antibiotic can be estimated by the following equation: (concentration of antibiotic in sample = amount of antibiotic/sample weight or sample volume). Thus, the difference in volume between solid and liquid samples during the whole process does not affect the estimation of the antibiotic concentration in samples after calculation.Only 15 out of the 30 detectable antibiotics could maintain a sensitivity of 100% when the spiked-in content was reduced from 10 μg to 5 μg and 1 μg for all three types of sample. It seems that, when the spiked-in concentrations were gradually lowered, the sensitivity of the protocol decreased. From the results in In conclusion, 30 different antibiotics from 13 classes could be detected with high sensitivity with our sample processing method when the residue content was 10 ppm or above. When the residue content was reduced to 1 ppm, 27 different antibiotics could still be detected, and 21 of them had a sensitivity higher than 50%. The developed chemical extraction method, together with SPE, allowed us to detect at least 30 antibiotic residues from 13 families qualitatively in foods and environmental samples at the same time. Nevertheless, further study to reduce the matrix effect of analytes is necessary so that quantification of antibiotic residues could be possible.


Unlike nanoparticles, BN-coated Si wafers are easy to place in and remove from antibiotic-contaminated aqueous solutions, and are easy to clean. When reusing the adsorbents, 100% efficiency was observed at the same time intervals as in the first cleaning cycle: 7 days (TET) and 14 days  at 10 µg/mL, 14 days  and 28 days (AMP) at 50 µg/mL, and 14 days (TET) and 28 days  at 100 µg/mL. The results obtained showed that TET and CIP are best adsorbed on the surface of BN, so TET was chosen as an example for further theoretical modeling of the sorption process. It was found that adsorption is the main mechanism, and this process is spontaneous and endothermic. This highlights the importance of a high specific surface area for the efficient removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions.Increasing contamination of wastewater with antibiotics used in agriculture, animal husbandry, and medicine is a serious problem for all living things. To address this important issue, we have developed an efficient platform based on a high specific surface area hexagonal boron nitride (BN) coating formed by numerous nanopetals and nanoneedles. The maximum sorption capacity of 1 × 1 cm Escherichia coli (E. coli) and from 4.1% to 79.4% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), respectively [Aspergillus terreus, were reported to develop resistance to amphotericin B [The era of antibiotics began in the early 1940s, shortly after the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. With population growth and urbanization, the need for antibiotics has steadily increased. Antibiotic use, according to a World Health Organization report, increased by 91% worldwide and 165% in low-income countries from 2000 to 2015 ,4,5. Theectively . This leectively ,18,19,20ectively . Accordiectively  and, theectively ,24. Amphectively ,26,27, tericin B , which rFor the treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceutical compounds, various physical, chemical, and biological processes, as well as their combinations, are used ,31,32 buNanomaterials with a high specific surface area are a promising platform for inexpensive and highly effective sorbents of various polluting molecules ,42. VariHexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) stands out for its unique properties  which make it a good adsorbent ,54,55,56Here, we investigated nano-structured h-BN-based coatings with a highly developed surface as a sorbent for various most commonly used antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TET), amoxicillin (AMOX) and amphotericin B (AMP). We characterized the surface of the obtained BN-materials by various methods and studied their sorption capacity depending on the initial antibiotic concentration and solution pH both by experimental methods and by theoretical modeling. It is shown that after coating purification their sorption capacity decreases insignificantly, which makes it possible to reuse this material.−1) and in-plane B-N stretching (1370 cm−1) vibrations [−1 corresponds to B-O bonds [2O3 (ICDD card No. 00-06-0297) phases.SEM micrographs of the as-synthesized BN coatings are shown in brations . A small-O bonds . The XRD2/g.The specific surface area of BN coating was measured by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption on a NOVA 1200e instrument . The obtained results were processed using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. Prior to adsorption measurements, the samples were degassed in a vacuum at 200 °C overnight. The surface area of the nano-structured BN coating was 90.61 mThe zeta potential of BN was determined using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS ZEN3600 instrument . The charge of the synthesized pure BN coating at pH 7 is −26 mV. It was reported that a change in the acidity of the medium did not affect the BN surface charge ; therefoKinetic curves showing the removal efficiency of four types of antibiotics at various pH and initial antibiotic concentrations are presented in 50 and R100) using BN coatings are presented in 50 values increase with the increase in the initial concentration of antibiotics. In an acidic environment (pH 4), R50 is reached after 2, 3, and 4 days (TET), 3, 4, and 4 days (CIP), 5, 5, and 8 days (AMOX) and 5, 6, and 8 days (AMP), respectively, at initial concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL. In a neutral environment (pH 7), purification is faster. At initial concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL, the R50 values are 2, 2, and 2 days (TET), 2, 3, and 3 days (CIP), 3, 3, and 4 days (AMOX), and 3, 4, and 5 days (AMP), respectively. In an alkaline environment (pH 9), the time to reach R50 increases again: 2, 2, and 3 days (TET), 3, 3, and 4 days (CIP), 4, 5, and 6 days (AMOX) and 5, 7, and 6 (AMP) days. The hydrogen index of wastewater from medical institutions into the sewer is 6.7–7.7 [Antibiotic purification efficiencies  [−1 (C–F), 1270 cm−1 (C–N), 1624 cm−1 (C=C), 1725–1705 cm−1 (C=O) and 3150–2750 cm−1 (C–H ). A wide maximum in the range of 3700–3000 cm−1 is attributed to vibrations of the N–H and O–H bonds [−1), CH (3064–3003 cm−1) and CH3 (methyl) (2955–2835 cm−1), C=C bond (1622–1569 cm−1), bending vibrations of C–H (1454 cm−1) and CH3 (1357 cm−1), C–H bond (1247–1000 cm−1) and stretching vibrations of C–N bond (995 cm−1) [2 groups (stretching vibrations of O–H bonds at 3400 cm−1 and –NH at 3166 cm−1). There is also a peak at 1034 cm−1 from in-plane deformation vibrations of C–H and N–H bonds. The peak at 1680 cm−1 can be attributed to vibrations of the C–O bond [−1, 1700 cm−1 and 2900 cm−1, respectively are observed [70 cm−1) . Success–H bonds . After t95 cm−1) . The adsd 1622–15 cm−1, be−1, respectively. In the IR spectra of samples after the removal of CIP, TET and AMP, only peaks corresponding to h-BN are seen. This indicates successful cleaning of the coating surface from antibiotics before reuse. Only after surface cleaning from adsorbed AMOX, low-intensity peaks are observed corresponding to C–O and O–H vibrations at 1680 and 3300 cm100 is achieved over the same period. If we compare the R100 and R50 values on the 7th day of purification in more detail, then the repeated use of coatings reduces the efficiency by 0.0–10.9% (TET), 1.5–13.9% (CIP), 5.1–19.4% (AMOX), and 9.7–25.7% (AMP). It should be noted that there is no pronounced dependence of R on the initial concentration of the antibiotic when samples are reused.The efficiency of antibiotic removal during coating reuse can be judged from the kinetic curves shown in 0), negatively (TET−1), and positively (TET+1) charged . As a result, the adsorbed location of the antibiotic on the BN surface b, right −1, +1  pattern of the coating was recorded on a D2 Phaser diffractometer  equipped with a position-sensitive detector (Elion) using the Bragg-Brentano geometry. The survey was carried out in the step-by-step scan mode in the 2θ range of 10°–80° at a scan step of 0.1° and an exposure time of 4 s.The coating morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a JSM-7600F  instrument equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector . Chemical bonds after antibiotic absorption by BN coating were determined by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR)  spectroscopy in the total reflection mode in the range of 400–4000 cmAdsorption studies were performed using four types of antibiotics: tetracycline , ciprofloxacin , amoxicillin  and amphotericin B (AMP) . Antibiotics were dry suspensions or coated tablets containing no impurities. The concentration was calculated, considering the amount of pure substance. Each type of antibiotics was completely dissolved in deionized water to prepare a stock solution, which was then diluted in pH 4, pH 7, and pH 9 buffer solutions to obtain working solutions with antibiotic concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Then, one BN coating was added to 10 mL of each antibiotic solution. Adsorption tests were carried out at room temperature. Blank experiments were also carried out with an antibiotic, but without an adsorbent, and with an adsorbent, but without an antibiotic. Kinetic curves were plotted to evaluate the antibiotic removal efficiency. To do this, at certain time intervals , 2 mL of the supernatant was taken and the residual concentrations of antibiotic solutions were determined by measuring absorbance values using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. For each type of antibiotic, calibration curves were preliminarily plotted based on measurements of the absorption intensity of antibiotic solutions in the concentration range of 0.5–4000 μg/mL. The antibiotic concentration in the solution at each measurement time point was determined from the calibration curve. All experiments were carried out in triplicate.R, %) was calculated using Equation (1), where C0 and Ct are the initial and antibiotic concentrations at time t, respectively (mg/L). The adsorption capacity  of BN coatings was studied after exposure for 48 days in an 1 mg/mL antibiotic solution and calculated using Equation (2) [C0 and eC are the initial and equilibrium antibiotic concentrations, respectively (mg/L), V is the volume of the antibiotic solution (L), and W is the amount of adsorbent (g).The antibiotic removal efficiency (tion (2) , where CCoatings were cleaned from antibiotics in acetonitrile solution, acetate buffer solution at pH 4.4 and ethanol as described elsewhere . Studiesz direction, so that the distance between the periodic structures was at least 15 Å. The plane wave energy cutoff was set at 200 Ry. To calculate the equilibrium atomic structures, the Brillouin zone was chosen according to the Monkhorst-Pack scheme [Theoretical modeling of the antibiotic sorption onto the BN surface was performed using density functional theory (DFT) ,85 in thk scheme  and was k scheme .Here we show that nano-structured coatings of hexagonal boron nitride are promising sorbents for reusable wastewater treatment from various types of antibiotics. The maximum sorption capacity of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin amoxicillin, and amphotericin B was 502.78, 315.75, 400.17 and 269.7 µg/g, respectively. BN coatings show a significantly higher CIP, TET, and AMOX adsorption capacity compared to other adsorbents. As far as we are aware, the possibility of effective purification of water from amphotericin B has been showed for the first time.The rate of removal of antibiotics on the first day was high in all cases of the experiment, then there is a gradual decrease in the rate of effective removal of antibiotics. Antibiotic removal efficiency can be represented as follows: TET > CIP > AMOX > AMP.It is shown that the acidity of the medium significantly affects the kinetics of adsorption: with an increase in the medium’s acidity from pH 4, the efficiency increased; after pH 7 there was a gradual decrease in efficiency; however, it was higher in an alkaline environment than in an acidic one.The possibility of repeated use of nano-structured hexagonal BN coatings is shown, which will positively affect its economic and environmental efficiency. Losing efficiency during repeated coating is no more than 5–15%, which confirms the prospects for reusable use.Based on theoretical modeling data, it can be concluded that adsorption is the main process of water purification from antibiotics. The interaction of the antibiotics with the BN surface occurs through the OH group. In an acidic medium, the electron density redistribution is concentrated mainly on the antibiotic molecule and almost does not affect BN, which explains the weaker binding compared to an alkaline or neutral medium.The obtained results clearly show the high potential of BN coatings as an affordable, economical and reusable adsorbent for effective water purification from antibiotics. An important result is the established dependence of sorption and desorption on the solution pH, which makes it possible to control the purification processes of solutions and adsorbents from antibiotics. In the future, it is important to study the selectivity of sorbents in the presence of various pollutants.


The use of antibiotics in dental care is often unnecessary or inappropriate. Our objectives were to identify (i) Clusters of dentists grouped according to their appropriateness score based on proxy indicators’ results; and (ii) Dentists’ and patients’ characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions.We used data of the Health Insurance reimbursement databases on antibiotics prescribed in 2019 by general dental practitioners of the Grand Est region in France. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions was estimated by the results of recently published proxy indicators. We conducted a cluster analysis according to an appropriateness score calculated for each dentist, using the Ward method. We then conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses to identify characteristics associated with these clusters.n = 1,241), better (n = 686), and worse  than average practices. Overall, dentists had more appropriate prescription practices when they were male (OR for belonging to cluster with “worse than average practices” = 1.37 (p = 0.003) for female), having a predominant surgery practice (p = 0.028) in the Lorraine area (p < 0.0001) for less years (p = 0.0002), when they had healthier patients , and when they had a more prudent use of drugs in general .We included 3,014 dentists, who prescribed 373,975 antibiotics in 2019, and which were grouped into three clusters: average practices (We identified clusters and characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions made by dentists, which might help guiding antimicrobial stewardship interventions.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-023-02727-3. Antimicrobial resistance has been listed among the ten global health issues to track in 2021 by the World Health Organisation . In 2019Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has been defined by Dyar et al. as a “coherent set of actions which promote a responsible use of antimicrobials” , by reduMetrics are useful AMS tools to help optimising antibiotic use by defining targets and giving feedback to professionals and stakeholders . QualityExploring dentists and patients’ characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions can help guide AMS interventions by targeting specific populations. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated this topic yet. We previously used the same methodology to identify characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions made by general practitioners .Our objectives were to identify (i) clusters of dentists grouped according to their appropriateness score, based on PIs results; and (ii) dentists’ and patients’ characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions.We considered in the present study all general dental practitioners of the Grand Est region  in FranWe conducted a one-year (2019) retrospective cross-sectional study using the reimbursement databases of the French Health Insurance, that covers 99% of the population. In France, all antibiotics must be prescribed by health professionals and are then reimbursed by the Health Insurance. The Health Insurance reimbursement databases can link each antibiotic dispensed by community pharmacies to the prescribers’ and patients’ characteristics such as age, gender, and the presence of chronic disease. Information on the prescription is not available, so dispensation was used as a proxy for prescription.We previously developed and validated four PIs estimating the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions at the dentist level, calculable without information on clinical diagnoses and using routine reimbursement databases . These PAn appropriateness score was calculated for each dentist as follows :\documenA PI was considered applicable if it was based on at least ten situations per year for the dentist. A cluster analysis was then conducted to group dentists according to their appropriateness score, i.e., to the appropriateness of their antibiotic prescribing practices. The Ward method was used to identify clusters according to the degree of similarity between observations in a same cluster.The association between the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing practices and the following 2019 dentists’ and patients’ characteristics was investigated. For each included dentist, we considered: the geographic area of professional practice ; the dentist’s gender; the practice setting , suburban  or urban ); the number of years of practice; the main type of procedure performed in daily practice ; the number of different patients seen during the year; the number of procedures per patient ; the percentage of patients with chronic diseases among patients seen during the year ; the perThe association between the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing practices and the 2019 dentists’ drug prescribing profiles was explored considering the following variables: the total drugs expenses per patient; the number of units of all drugs per patient; the number of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 patients; the number of systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs per 1000 patients; and the number of systemic corticosteroids per 1000 patients.The PIs’ results were calculated and presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR), and performance (i.e. the percentage of dentists who reached the target) as percentage.A hierarchical clustering method was conducted to identify clusters of dentists according to their appropriateness score, i.e. the appropriateness of their antibiotic prescribing practices. For each identified cluster, the median appropriateness score, its IQR and the performance for each PI are presented.p-value < 0.10 in these analyses were then included in a multivariable polytomous logistic regression model to identify characteristics independently associated with the clusters with less appropriate practices as compared with the one with the most appropriate practices. When two characteristics were highly collinear, the one with the lower p-value in bivariate analyses was considered in the multivariable model.The dentists’ and patients’ characteristics were compared between clusters using Chi-square tests for categorical variables (expressed as percentage) and Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables (expressed as medians and IQR). Characteristics associated with appropriateness of practices with a For dentists’ drug prescribing profiles, only bivariate analyses  were used to compare the clusters, because of the high collinearity between all considered variables. However, if appropriate practices were significantly associated with ‘total drugs expenses per patient’ and /or ‘number of units of all drugs per patient’, we planned to adjust analyses on the number of procedures per patient and the percentage of patients with chronic diseases , in order to interpret these results .p-value < 0.05 for two-sided tests was considered significant. All analyses were performed using SAS Enterprise Guide version 7.15 .A In 2019, 3,372 general dental practitioners practiced in the Grand Est region of France, and 3,014 (89.4%) met the eligibility criteria for the present study (> 100 patients and > 10 antibiotics prescribed in 2019). Their mean age was 47.5 ± 12.6 years, with a mean number of years of practice of 17.7 ± 12.6, and 56.9% were men. On average, they took care of 804 ± 391 different patients in 2019 for a mean number of 2,439 ± 1,212 procedures. The 3,014 dentists prescribed 373,975 antibiotics in 2019, that were dispensed to 308,123 different patients. Among these patients, 16.7% were aged < 16 years and 17.3% > 65 years, 11.8% had a chronic disease, and 7% had a low income.Additional file Three clusters of dentists were identified. Cluster 1 grouped 686 dentists (22.8%) having better than average practices, Cluster 2 grouped 1,241 dentists (41.2%) having average practices and Cluster 3 grouped 1,087 dentists (36.1%) having worse than average practices. Table Table Table Overall, dentists who had the most appropriate antibiotic prescriptions were male with less years of practice, practicing in the Lorraine region, having a predominant surgery practice, with a lower percentage of patients aged > 65 years old, a lower percentage of patients with chronic diseases, and fewer procedures per patient.All drug prescribing variables were significantly associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions, except the number of systemic corticosteroids prescriptions per 1000 patients Table . The assOverall, dentists who had the most appropriate antibiotic prescriptions prescribed less drugs, less antibiotics, less systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory per patient, and had less drug expenses per patient.The present cross-sectional study allowed us to identify three clusters of dentists according to the appropriateness of their antibiotic prescription practices: 23% of our sample of 3,014 dentists belonged to the “better than average practices” cluster, 41% to the “average practices” cluster and 36% to the “worse than average practices” one. Performance results showed that dentists’ practices were suboptimal and highly variable between dentists and between PIs.We identified three types of characteristics that were associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions. The first one was characteristics related to dentists. Male dentists in the Lorraine region, with less years of practice, and having a predominant surgery practice, had the best antibiotics’ prescription practices. As it has been shown for general practitioners , we can The second type of characteristics was characteristics related to patients. Dentists with more complex patients, i.e. with older patients, more patients with chronic diseases, and patients who received more procedures, were more likely to have worse than average prescription practices. As shown elsewhere , dentistFinally, characteristics related to dentists’ drug prescribing profile were associated with antibiotics prescribing practices. Dentists with worse than average practices had higher drug expenses and prescribed more drugs, more antibiotics and more systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . We sho. conducted in 2020 an online questionnaire-based survey to investigate potential factors that may impact the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions to treat adults with acute dental pain in the United Kingdom (UK). The inappropriate prescribing practice was defined as a prescription of antibiotic(s) in a clinical situation that does not require it. The authors identified that the likelihood of inappropriate prescriptions was increased by the following factors: the qualification from a non-UK university, the low or no confidence in achieving adequate local anaesthesia, the duration of the appointment , and the lack of a postgraduate qualification [Few published studies aimed at identifying characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions made by dentists. Kerr et alfication .A scoping review conducted in 2018 identified dentist-related factors influencing the use and the misuse of antibiotics in dentistry . Some ofThis study brings innovative and useful findings, as data on the topic is scarce. However, our work has some limitations. First, we aimed to explore the association between characteristics related to dentists or their patients and the appropriateness of their antibiotic prescriptions, but we cannot prove a causal relationship. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to further investigate our results. Second, the characteristics we investigated were limited to those available from the routine reimbursement databases. We acknowledge that they do not explain all the variability of practices, and that other characteristics—not explored here—could also influence this variability.The present study showed that performance results of dentists were far from optimal, especially in the clusters of dentists with average and worse than average practices, and presented a wide variability between clusters, highlighting the urgent need for AMS interventions in dentistry. Therefore, this study could be useful to help guiding AMS interventions. First, AMS interventions can target dentists belonging to the “worse than average” cluster and focus on the situations covered by PIs that showed the worst performances . In addition, AMS interventions can target dentists presenting characteristics that were associated with inappropriate prescriptions, such as those located in specific geographic area or those practicing for a long time. Tailoring AMS strategies and interventions to these prescribers and to situations of highest concern  might help to reduce the number of antibiotic prescriptions by dentists and to improve their appropriateness . ConsequThe method of the present study might also be used in other countries, by adapting the PIs and their targets to the national prescribing guidelines and exploring relevant characteristics.We identified three clusters of dentists according to the appropriateness of their antibiotic prescription practices. Performance practices were suboptimal and presented wide variations between clusters and between PIs. We identified several characteristics associated with the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions related to dentists or their patients that might help guiding AMS interventions.Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Definition of the four PIs and their target [Supplementary Table S2. Results for the four proxy indicators estimating the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions by dentists of the Grand Est region in 2019  [r target . Supplementists) .


The partial replacement of cement in concrete with other building materials has come to light because of research on industrial waste and sustainable building practices. Concrete is made more affordable by using such components, and it also helps to ease disposal worries. Ash made by burning wood and other wood products is one example of such a substance. Many researchers focused on the utilization of wooden ash (WA) as a construction material. However, information is scattered, and no one can easily judge the impact of WA on concrete properties which restrict its use. Therefore, a details review is required which collect the past and current progress on WA as a construction material. relevant information. This review aims to collect all the relevant information including the general back of WA, physical and chemical aspects of WA, the impact of WA on concrete fresh properties, strength properties, and durability aspects in addition to microstructure analysis. The results indicate the WA decreased the slump and increased the setting time. Strength and durability properties improved with the substitution of WA due to pozzolanic reaction and micro-filling effects. However, the optimum dose is important. Different research recommends different optimum doses depending on source mix design etc. However, the majority of researcher suggests a 10% optimum substitution of WA. The review also concludes that, although WA has the potential to be used as a concrete ingredient but less researchers focused on WA as compared to other waste materials such as fly ash and silica fume etc. Since carbon dioxide emissions are rising at an unprecedented pace, the anticipated global warming by environmental experts over the previous several decades is already a reality ,2,3. App2 is released in enormous amounts [It is common knowledge that cement is an expensive substance and that in order to produce it, limestone, a natural resource, must be used ,8,9. Whe amounts ,11,12. T amounts ,14,15,16 amounts .Several scholars are now expanding their study in the fields of global environmental conservation and the use of renewable resources ,19,20. RThe average quantity of ash created by wood burning is 6 to 10%of the total weight of the wood burnt, and the makeup of this ash may vary greatly depending on the environment and the kind of industrial activity . A totalWood Ash is the excess powder that remains after burning wood and is discarded from both home and industrial power plants. The residue that remains after burning wood in a wood-fired oven creates WA in the industry . UsuallyConcrete is made more environmentally friendly by using WA in it, turning it into a resource for creating a cementing material substitute that is very effective . ResearcBrief literature demonstrates that WA can be utilized as a construction material. However, there is a lack of data, and no one can accurately predict how wood ash would affect concrete qualities, which limits its application. As a result, a thorough analysis is needed to compile previous and present developments in the use of woody ash as a building material. The objective of this analysis is to compile all relevant data on WA-based concrete. (a) general background and basic information on wood ash, (b) physical and chemical characteristics of WA, (c) the effect of WA on concrete’s fresh qualities, (d) strength characteristics of WA-based concrete, (e) durability aspects of WA-based concrete, and finally microstructure analysis of WA based concrete. The evaluation also identifies the research gap that needs further investigation.The wood ash was formed of particles of various sizes and shapes, as seen by the SEM photos. The ash particle had an unusual shape, rough, porous surfaces, and highly uneven particle sizes. The particles’ general arrangement did not follow any pattern as shown in 2, which indicates that it has an alkaline character, according to several investigations on chemical composition [2 peak representations of its crystalline nature. Thus, it was determined that SiO2 exists in both crystalline and amorphous forms in WA. Additionally, a Wood ash contains SiOposition . Additioposition . The XRDA pozzolanic reactivity required for effective hydraulic performance was ensured by the substantial levels of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide present. Their values, except for calcium oxide, are also equivalent to or even better than those of cement particles. When the proportions of the three oxides are added together, the result is 45.95%, which is below the threshold of 70% required to be labeled as Class F pozzolan .The IFST in both situations are in line with the numbers specified by the standard TS EN 196-3. This specification states that all mortars must have an initial setting time of at least 60 min and a final setting period of no more than 600 min. The setting of the blended cement made from WA and regular cement was delayed by the addition of the WA instead of cement. This showed that mixed cement paste needed longer IFST. With an rise in the percentage of cement replaced with WA, the consequences of setting time interruptions developed further noticeable . The dilWA is less reactive that cement and is included in combined cement paste, causes the cement hydration rate to be delayed, which also delays the combined cement paste setting. A beneficial feature of blended cement is an extended setting time for cement pastes, which implies longer working hours for the paste. WA combined cement paste became appropriate for purposes owing to a correspondingly less hydration heat of the combined cement because of the reduced hydration rate as described before. Due to the required low heat development, stress caused by temperature differences, such as during mass concreting activity, was offset.A study examined the effects of adding waste wood ash to concrete in various amounts. It was noted that, given the same w/c, the concrete including WA displayed poorer workability than the control specimen. In addition, when the replacement proportion rose, it rose as well. It was insensitive to a downturn at replacement rates of 20, 25, and 30%. This might have resulted from the ash’s high organic content . The addThe flow test showed that after 10 to 30% of cement substitution with wood ash, the mortar mixes’ workability was reduced . The phyThe CS of concrete with varying percentages of woody ash replacement is shown in the 2 offered for the WA is bigger than that of cement and has pozzolanic value for little cement substitutes. The silica from the 3% WA may have provided more than was necessary for Ca(OH)2 to react, in this instance functioning merely as filler [A study also conclude that within hydropathy and sulphate solution, silica fume show more strength as compared to the fly ash at early age . A studys filler . Howevers filler . In research, the CS of cement mortar mixes including fly ash from wood biomass-fired power plants was examined. Fly ash made from wood waste was utilized to substitute cement at levels of 10, 20, and 30% of the total weight of the binder. When compared to equal plain OPC mortar, mortar mixes containing a 10% wood waste fly ash ingredient showed greater 28-day CS but reduced FS. The 28-day CS of the mortar mix was found to be lower when wood waste fly ash was used as a partial cement replacement material at higher replacement levels of 20 and 30% of the total binder weight .2 with the cement’s Ca(OH)2 and the ash’s CaO content with water [CS test results at 7 and 28 days indicated that cement was used in lieu of 10% wood ash to achieve the highest strength possible . Later, th water .The pozzolanic reaction of wood ash, in which silica present in wood ash reacts with calcium hydrates (CH) formed by the hydration of cement to form calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) gel, has a positive effect on the CS of wood ash on concrete. This gel provides secondary binding properties and increases CS. According to earlier studies, wood ash fills the spaces between the components of concrete, making it denser and increasing CS. However, a larger dosage of wood ash (30%) has a negative impact on concrete’s CS because concrete lacks workability, and increased compaction allows for more pores to form in hardened concrete, which reduces CS ,32. AddiWhen employed as a cement substitute in the manufacturing of concrete, a researcher looked at the influence of WA on the TS of the concrete. The replacement levels of 5%, 8%, and 12% WA was employed. For comparison, a similar reference concrete devoid of WA was poured. The manufactured concrete specimens’ tensile strength was assessed after 3, 7, 28, 91, 182, and 365 days. The TS of control concrete was reported to be 3.8 MPa at 28 days and 4.3 MPa at 365 days from the laboratory results analysis. the TS of concrete mixtures with WA content varied between 3.6 and 4.0 MPa at 28 days and between 4.3 and 5.3 MPa at 365 days. Additionally, it was found that the concrete with a WA of 8% displayed the best TS development behavior for concrete ages over 28 days up to 365 days, with a magnitude of TS that consistently outperformed that of other test mixes .The averThe research assessed the FS of mortar mixes created by partially substituting fly ash from two different wood biomass power plants for the cement binder. Wood fly ash was used to make mortar bars specimens for flexure testing at concentrations of 0 (control mortar), 10, 20, and 30% by total binder weight. Flexure strength measurements showed that the strength of mortar mixes created with varying percentages of wood fly ash replacing cement, ranging from 0% to 30%, gradually decreased. Mortar mixtures that included 10, 20, and 30% of wood fly ash in place of some of the cement showed FSs that were, respectively, 60.6–71%, 59.6–61.7%, and 45–48.6% more than those of the control mix. They came to the conclusion that the mechanical strength of mortar degraded quickly with the addition of wood waste ash at cement replacement levels greater than 20%, and that wood fly ash can be utilized in the mortar at a replacement level of cement up to 20% [The CS, TS, and FS of concrete made using blended WA cement are tested and assessed in a study. There are two distinct water-to-binder ratios (0.4 and 0.45) and five different replacement percentages of WA , as well as control specimens for both water-to-cement ratios, that are taken into consideration. The results of CS, TS, and FS indicated that although strength rose with aging, it only slightly reduced with a rise in wood ash contents. The examination of the study’s findings led to the conclusion that WA may be mixed with cement without impairing the concrete’s strength capabilities .2, whereas samples with 30% WA had a value of 3.74 N/mm2. At equivalent ages and additive amounts, the FS magnitudes of WA concrete varied from 67 to 93% of the control concrete [Although more slowly than CS, FS also declined as WA content rose. Samples containing 5% WA had a 28-day FS of 5.20 N/mmconcrete .The research found that up to 20% more wood ash was substituted for sand, slightly enhancing the FS. The maximum FS was reached at a partial replacement of 20% after 28 days with an improvement in performance of 65.46%. Sand replacements of greater than 20% led to a drop in FS. Additionally, the FS has gradually declined when the percentage of wood ash has increased as a partial replacement of cement at a young age; yet, the maximum FS was achieved at a partial replacement of 4% at 28 days, with a performance gain of 5.70% .3 [Although mortar with a 3% WWA component has low densities, no combinations can be categorized as lightweights since their maximum density is 1800 kg/m3 . A study3 .The water absorption rate is shown in Similar to this, a study’s conclusion on the concrete’s water absorption capabilities when wood waste ash is used as a partial substitute for cement. For water absorption experiments, concrete mixtures with wood waste ash contents ranging from 5% to 30% were created in 5% increments. With the rise in cement replacement from 5% to 30%, it was found that the water absorption of concrete including wood waste ash as a partial replacement material increased steadily from 0.14 to 1.05% .Using wood waste ash as a partial substitute for cement in mortar mixtures was the subject of a study to see how it affected the mortar’s capacity to absorb water. The identical mortar mix proportions were used to make two batches, one of which had no wood waste ash content and the other of which included a partial replacement material of 15% wood waste ash. The decrease in the amount of water absorbed by the mortar mix generated was discovered to be a result of the use of wood waste ash as a cement replacement ingredient at a total weight of 15%. 0.8% and 1.25%, respectively, were found to be the average water absorption rates of mortar mixtures containing 15% wood waste ash and those without, both of which are still far below the 10% limit .According to research, mortars containing up to 20% WA had lower overall porosity and water absorption at the young ages of 3–7 days than the control mix. This is explained by the fact that the geopolymer structure was improved because of the high amount of reaction products . Low porThe secondary CSH gel is produced by the pozzolanic reaction of wood ash, which increases the binding characteristics and creates a denser matrix with less water absorption. A denser concrete is produced by micro-filling wood ash, which results in less water absorption. However, at higher temperatures, water absorption increased because the concrete was less workable, which created more pores in the hardened material and enhanced water absorption. The previously released statistics on the effect of ash on the water demand of concrete mixes cannot be used to make any firm conclusions since both an increase and a reduction in water demand have been observed.In research, the acid attack resistance of concrete containing wood waste ash was examined. An identical mix of concrete was used to generate two batches of concrete specimens. One of the batches employed plain OPC as a binder, whereas the other batch used cement and wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement at a ratio of 15% total binder weight to 85% total binder weight. The resulting concrete cubes were then submerged in a 20% nitric acid solution. The cubes were submerged, and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 70 days, the mass loss was measured. Due to water absorption, both sets of concrete specimens saw a continual marginal increase in mass after being submerged in the strong nitric acid solution for up to nine weeks. It was found that the mass loss of the concrete specimens with 15% of the total weight of wood ash as a binder was less evident in comparison to the control concrete specimens with plain OPC as a binder at the tenth week of immersion . Additionally, according to earlier studies, woody ash functions as a micro-filler, filling the spaces between the components of the concrete to produce thick concrete that is more acid resistant. However, a larger dosage of woody ash (30%) has a negative impact on acid resistance because it reduces the workability of concrete and causes more holes in cured concrete, which reduces acid resistance .At age of 28 days, a mixture of 10% WA still exhibits microstructure traits of a strongly reactive geopolymeric matrix. A thick and continuous geopolymeric matrix with little microcrack content is shown in A microstructural examination of concrete mixtures comprising 0% and 10% by total binder weight of wood waste ash revealed a considerable decrease in the porosity of cured mortar for the later concrete mixture. Furthermore, it was discovered that adding 10% sawdust ash in place of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) when creating concrete mix significantly decreased the amount of non-hydrated cement and portlandite while significantly increasing the amount of CSH gel present in the concrete mix after a specific curing age .Pozzolanic reactions were shown to persist beyond the hydration age of 28 days up to 90 days, producing extra CSH gels in the concrete mix with 10% sawdust ash of the total binder weight. According to a study of the calorimetric data in The results of tests for volume stability and soundness According to To enhance sustainability in construction, research on industrial waste and alternative building materials has focused on substituting some of the cement in concrete. Wood ash is one such substance. The paper examines how timber ash affects concrete characteristics. The analysis leads to the following finding.The chemical composition of WA is similar to that of ordinary cement. Therefore, it can be used as a cement substitute in concrete.The setting time of concrete increased with the substitution of WA due to pozzolanic activity.The workability of concrete declined with the substitution of WA due to the larger surface area and irregular particles of WA.Strength and durability of concrete enhanced with WA due to combined pozzolanic activity and micro filling effects of WA. However, higher dose results decreased in strength and durability of concrete due to a lack of flowability which more pores in hardened concrete. Different researchers suggest different optimum percentages of WA due to the change in the source of WA. However, the majority of researcher suggests a 10% optimum substitution of WA.Scan electronic microscopy results reveal that WA improved the microstructure of concrete due to pozzolanic activity and micro-filling pores.Although the chemical composition of WA is similar to that of cement, but less research focuses on WA as cement substitution. A more detailed investigation is required in this area.No or less information is available on permeability, acid resistance, dry shrinkage and creeps’ properties. Therefore, details research is required in this area.The thermal properties of WA-based concrete should be explored.More details investigations are required on thermogravimetric, and Fourier transform infraredThe environmental advantages of WA concrete through life cycle assessment should be explored.


To quantify the association between income and antibiotic misuse including unprescribed use, storage of antibiotics and non-adherence.We identified pertinent studies through database search, and manual examination of reference lists of selected articles and review reports. We performed a dose–response meta-analysis of income, both continuous and categorical, in relation to antibiotic misuse. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated under a random-effects random effects model.p-value = 0.954, p-value non-linearity = 0.429). Data were compatible with no association between medium and high income with general antibiotic misuse . Medium income was associated with 19% higher odds of antibiotic storage  and 18% higher odds of any aspect of antibiotic misuse in African studies . High income was associated with 51% lower odds of non-adherence to antibiotic treatment . High income was also associated with 11% higher odds of any antibiotic misuse in upper-middle wealth countries .Fifty-seven studies from 22 countries of different economic class were included. Overall, the data are in agreement with a flat linear association between income standardized to socio-economic indicators and antibiotic misuse (OR per 1 unit increment = 1.00, The association between income and antibiotic misuse varies by type of misuse and country wellness. Understanding the socioeconomic properties of antibiotic misuse should prove useful in developing related intervention programs and health policies. The misuse of antibiotics is defined as the intake of these drugs without medical advice (self-prescription) or their use when prescribed by the physician but without compliance with the physician’s instructions for treatment regimen in terms of timing, dosage and duration , 2. It iAntibiotic resistance causes at least 700,000 annual deaths worldwide , more thSeveral determinants of antibiotic misuse have been identified. These are mainly sociodemographic, including female gender, young adults and elderly, low educational level, difficult access to the healthcare system, unaffordability of the cost of physicians visit and accessibility to antibiotics , 13, 14.In 2012, a narrative review report about self-medication with antibiotics in developing countries analysed data of five studies and concluded that middle income is associated with antibiotic misuse . StudiesTo address this gap, we aimed in this study to carry out a meta-analysis of the association of income with antibiotic misuse. We present analyses standardized for socio-economic indicators.number deleted for blinding purposes). The outcome, antibiotic misuse, was defined as the use or purchase of non-prescribed antibiotics to treat oneself or another person, storage of leftover antibiotics, or nonadherence to the physicians’ instructions regarding the dosage, timing and treatment duration. Storage of antibiotics facilitates access to them and therefore is the first step towards their use without prescription ) OR (compliance) OR (adherence) OR (Nonprescription Drugs/administration & dosage* [MeSH]) OR (misuse) OR  OR (left-over)) and adapted for the other databases. We complemented our search by using free text words as follows: antibiotics AND (misuse OR "unprescribed use" OR leftover OR "adherence to treatment") AND (income OR "socioeconomic status" OR "socioeconomic level"). The reference lists of related reviews , 24, 25 Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) reporting at least two levels of income with defined boundaries as an exposure, and (2) providing Odds Ratio (OR) or Risk Ratio (RR) and their 95% Confidence Interval (CI) as a measurement of the association of income and misuse of antibiotics by the general population, or sufficient data for their calculation.general study characteristics: author’s last name and year of publication, study period, participants characteristics (age and gender), and country where the study took place, (2) exposure: levels of monthly income, (3) measures of association: for each income level: number of subjects who practiced antibiotic misuse, total sample size, adjusted ORs and 95%CIs, and restriction, adjustment, or matching variables. When adjusted ORs were not provided, the crude estimates were registered, and (4) Type of antibiotic misuse: use without prescription, non-adherence, and storage of antibiotic leftover. When data was were provided for more than one type of antibiotic misuse, we extracted the data of all types of misuse. When the number of events of antibiotic misuse per income level was not available, we contacted the authors to request this information, but no reply was received [From each included study, we extracted: (1) received –28. We treceived , but dueper capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) [per capita, expressed in US dollars [per capita based on PPP, and adjusted net national income per capita were extracted from their specific portals in the World Bank [We standardized the income to country-specific socio-economic indicators using two approaches. In the first approach, income was standardized to gross domestic product (GDP) ty (PPP) . PPP is ty (PPP) . In the  dollars . The hisrld Bank –33.Besides data reported in the studies, the classification of countries by economy , geograpStudies included in this meta-analysis presented income categorized into 2 to 6 levels, with an average of 3 levels. As an estimate of the dose, we used the midpoint assigned to an estimated contrast given the upper and lower boundaries of the income.per capita based on (PPP) and (2) adjusted net national income per capita.We carried out dose–response meta-analysis of income standardized to: (1) gross domestic product (GDP) The dose–response meta-analysis was performed using a one-stage mixed-effects model taking into account heterogeneity across studies , 38.We first used a linear function to estimate a summary OR of antibiotic misuse associated with an increase of 1 unit in income. We next flexibly modelled income using restricted cubic splines with 3 knots fixed at 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles of its distribution. Tests of hypothesis about the regression coefficients of the dose–response model were conducted using a large sample Wald-type test. To facilitate tabular presentation of the summary odds ratios, we further categorized income into tertiles using the lowest as referent.We stratified the dose–response analysis by type of antibiotic misuse ; WHO geographic classification, country economy ; literacy rate ; exposure ascertainment ; comparability ; and publication year . In 2015, WHO published the global action plan to combat the problem of antibiotic resistance .(NM and AF) carried out the quality assessment, and disagreements were resolved by referring to a third epidemiologist (BT).As all studies retrieved were eventually of cross-sectional nature, we appraised the quality of the studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies . One poiPublication bias was checked visually using funnel plot and formally through Egger’s test , and theFigure p-value = 0.954, p-value non-linearity = 0.452). Similar results were obtained for the association of income standardized to adjusted net national income per capita and antibiotic misuse .Overall, the data from these 57 studies were compatible with a flat linear association between income standardized to GDP per capita based on PPP and antibiotic misuse , no association between income and general antibiotic misuse was observed: medium income (2nd tertile): OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.89, 1.20, and high income (3rd tertile): OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.82, 1.29 ,); nonetheless, we did not observe any significant association between high income and this type of misuse . It is noteworthy to mention that storage of antibiotics was evaluated in five studies carried out in China [non-adherence to antibiotics treatment  . Similar findings were obtained for high- income individuals  .medium 1.06; 95% CI 0.91, 1.24 and ORhigh 1.04; 95% CI 0.85, 1.27)  and in high income   and those from studies with higher-quality score (> 3 points) Table .p-value = 0.39) did not suggest evidence of publication bias. These findings were further confirmed by the Trim-and-Fill analysis that did not yield to the addition of any study.The funnel plot Fig.  and EggeAntibiotic resistance is an internationally growing multifaceted emergency that has been exacerbated by antibiotic misuse and has left devastating impact at the clinical, health and socio-economic levels. If not controlled, antibiotic resistance will convert into the major cause of death in 2050 .To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that assesses the dose–response association between income level and misuse of antibiotics. Our results agree well with the hypothesis of no association between income level and misuse of antibiotics. Subgroup analyses reveal a dose–response association of medium- and high- income levels with specific types of antibiotic misuse, i.e., storage of drug leftover and non-adherence, country wealth, geographic region and study period.Our primary findings suggest that the odds of misuse of antibiotics do not differ between poor and wealthy people. This is in line with the fact that both low- and high- income individuals tend to self-medicate. On the one hand, under constrained financial resources, especially in less developed economies where access to health facilities is limited, self-medication is the only available option of healthcare . By selfOur dose–response meta-analysis also showed that medium- income individuals have higher odds of storing antibiotic leftover than those with low income. This could be related to higher financial affordability by medium-income medium income individuals to purchase and store antibiotics. Our results also show a higher likelihood of misuse by high-income individuals in upper–middle wealth countries. Consistent with our findings, an earlier report about the economy of self-medication in general, indicated that the demand for self-medication declines with rising the income level of high- income individuals, but increases with increasing the income of low-income individuals, resulting in a null pooled effect between income and self-medication .We also reported that medium- income individuals in Africa have higher chances of antibiotic misuse, probably due to the poor enforcement of antibiotic dispensing regulations in those regions.Global Spending on Health, the expenditure on health is growing faster than economies, leading to a doubling of the out-of-pocket spending and very large differences between high- and low-wealth countries concerning health expenditure [We observed a marginal increase in the odds of misuse of antibiotics by medium- income and high- income individuals after 2015 than before this period. This could be related to two main motives;: first, as concluded by WHO in its report enditure , second,enditure . Consequenditure .The findings of this meta-analysis are unlikely to be affected by publication bias as revealed by the negative result of Egger’s test and the trim-and-fill analysis that did not suggest imputation of any additional study.This meta-analysis suffers from several limitations. All eligible studies were of cross-sectional design, which, theoretically, limited any causal inference. However, income is a relatively stable variable through time and, which mitigates this limitation. Furthermore, only one-fifth of included studies performed a complete control for socio-demographic variables, and higher OR estimates were obtained from studies with incomplete adjustment than in studies with complete adjustment. This reveals that our findings could be overestimated due to incomplete adjustment. Additional studies that control adequately for all potentially related socio-demographic variables are needed to confirm our results. Also, one-sixth of studies did not employ a pretested or validated questionnaire to ascertain the exposure and the outcome. However, this was unlikely to affect our results as constraining the analysis to the remaining studies did not introduce any change in the overall effect.Our analysis was based on random-effect models to account for heterogeneity between studies –58. HeteUnderstanding the socioeconomic properties of antibiotic misuse is crucial to develop related intervention programs and health policies, yet addition of high-quality studies that control for socio-demographic and socio-economic indicators are needed to confirm our findings.


Poor mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) hinder its application in the construction field. In this study, pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate was used as the internal curing material for prepared RAC with low water-to-binder ratio (W/B), aiming to improve the mechanical properties and durability. The results show that the workability decreases with increasing contents of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate. The variation in compressive strength of RAC with different contents of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate is obvious within 28 d. After 28 d, the effect of internal curing of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate starts to occur, causing a sustained increase in compressive strength. The sealed concrete with 50% and 75% pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate contents presents the highest compressive strength and better internal curing effect. The pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate decreases the relative humidity inside the concrete and effectively inhibits the development of shrinkage in the early stages. The RAC with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate presents little effect on the drying shrinkage. Additionally, the electric flux of RAC cured for 28 d increases from 561C to 1001C, which presents good resistance to chloride permeation. Microscopic tests indicate that the incorporation of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate is beneficial to the improvements of internal structure of RAC. Recycled aggregate (RA) is prepared by crushing, particle shaping and screening of waste concrete, which was used to replace a certain percentage of natural aggregate (NA) to prepare recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) . The app2 carbonation, finding that the CaCO3 crystals generated by the CO2 carbonation reaction filled the internal pores of the RAs and improved the basic properties.Many studies have been carried out to improve these problems in RAC. Berndt  and MukhThe curing condition of concrete is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical properties and durability . High-peTherefore, in this study, pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate was used as the internal curing material for prepared RAC with low W/B, aiming to achieve improved mechanical properties and durability of RAC. Recycled coarse aggregate with particle size greater than 4.75 mm was selected and the pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate was used as an internal curing material. In addition, the effect of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate on the properties of concrete were investigated by studying the workability, mechanical properties and durability.The test uses P·O 42.5 ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced by Shandong Shanlv Cement Co., Ltd in Zibo City, China. And Class II fly ash (FA) provided by Shandong Junhong Environmental Protection Technology Co in Zibo City, Shandong Province, China. The chemical composition of both is shown in In order to compare the performance of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and RAC, natural coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were used. The natural coarse aggregate (NCA) is granite crushed rock produced in Laoshan, whose size is 2.47–19.7 mm. The fine aggregate is Class II river sand produced in Pingdu, Qingdao. The recycled coarse aggregate is obtained from waste concrete through crushing and secondary particle shaping screening, as shown in (1)OPC, FA, NA, sand and powdered water reducing agent were dry mixed for 5 min in a horizontal concrete mixer.(2)After the aggregate mixing was completed, mixing water and pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate were added into the blender and mixed for 5 min.(3)The fresh concrete was transferred from the blender to the loading container, then shaken fully for 2 min to remove air bubbles and the container was placed in a ventilated area and sealed with cling film.(4)Concrete was removed from the container after it hardened and treated to be cured under standard conditions.In this study, recycled coarse aggregates with mass fraction replacement rates of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used instead of NA under two W/B mixed with pre-wetted and dried recycled coarse aggregate, respectively, according to the same mix preparation. The mix proportions are shown in The slump of fresh concrete is tested by the method in the “Standard for test method of performance on ordinary fresh concrete” (GB/T 50080-2016). When the slump is higher than 220 mm, it is required to test the slump expansion.The mechanical properties of concrete are tested in accordance with the “Standard for test methods of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete” (GB/T 50081-2016). Eighteen cubes (100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) for each group of mix ratio are made. After the concrete has been formed and demolded, two types of treatment are carried out, one with foil wrapping and sealing and the other without treatment. The blocks are placed under the same conditions and cured for 7 d, 28 d and 60 d, when they are removed from the surface and tested for compressive strength.As shown in In order to study the mechanism of the curing effect inside RA, this study investigates the relative humidity inside the concrete. The test uses concrete specimens with the size of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, in order to study the humidity distribution law in the center of the concrete inside the specimen at a vertical distance of 5 cm from the surface, PVC pipe with a diameter of 20 mm that intercepts the length of 7 cm pre-buried pipe and a pre-fabricated plastic rod is inserted into the PVC to prevent the concrete from entering the PVC pipe. After the test block is poured, it is wrapped with cling film. As shown in In this study, the drying shrinkage is also tested using 100 mm × 100 mm × 515 mm prisms according to the contact method shrinkage deformation test in the “Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete” (GB/T 50082-2009), under constant drying conditions at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and relative humidity of (60 ± 5)%. The calculation formula is as in Equation (1).In this study, the resistance of concrete to chloride ion attack is tested using the rapid chloride permeability (RCF). Cylindrical specimens of diameter (100 ± 1) mm and height (50 ± 2) mm are used for the test. The specimens are cured under standard conditions for 21 d and then cured by immersion for 7 d. After curing, vacuum saturation is performed to ensure that the specimens contain saturated water. After vacuum satiation, the specimens are sealed in the specimen tank, and NaCl solution with a mass concentration of 3.0% and NaOH solution with a molar concentration of 0.3 mol/L  are addeIn order to investigate the structure and morphology of the voids near the aggregates and the thickness of the ITZ, the calcium and silicon ratios obtained by SEM and line scanning perpendicular to the ITZ are investigated for the thickness and morphology of the ITZ, respectively.The slump of RAC with different W/B and replacement ratios of recycled coarse aggregate is shown in As shown in The compressive strengths of RAC with different W/B, different ages and replacement rates are shown in After curing for 7 d, the strength of concrete increases with the continuous hydration of cement, and the influence of aggregate and interface on strength is more obvious. With the decrease in relative humidity, pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate plays a role in internal humidity maintenance. However, due to the low strength of recycled coarse aggregate, the constraint of ITZ on the compressive strength gradually increases ,22. The After curing for 28 d, the compressive strength difference between the concrete mixed with dry recycled coarse aggregate and the concrete without recycled coarse aggregate was still large. However, the strength growth rate of concrete mixed with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate was higher after 28 d. As shown in With the internal curing, the better hydration of cement stone makes up for some of the defects of RAC itself. The difference in compressive strength of RAC with different replacement rates around 60 d is reduced. The 60 d compressive strengths of RAC can all reach more than 50 MPa. Strength of concrete is related to the degree of hydration of cement and the strength of aggregates, and the bond strength during ITZ . For theWhen W/B is 0.26 and 0.27, the compressive strength of RAC changes similarly. However, the RAC strength at higher W/B is higher in the early stage and the reduction in compressive strength is due to the defects of recycled coarse aggregate. The reason is that more mixing water was provided to hydrate the cement in the early stage. However, after 28 d, the effect of internal curing starts to occur and the effect of W/B on the compressive strength decreases. The difference in compressive strength between these two W/B at 60 d was not significant.The incorporation of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate is beneficial to the late development of strength and makes up for some of the strength defects of recycled coarse aggregate itself, but the effect is limited. An appropriate amount of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate can not only achieve the best internal curing effect, but also ensure the highest strength in the later stage. Therefore, the concrete specimens just taken out of the molds were sealed and wrapped with tinfoil to bond the joints with glue, and then put into the same conditions as the untreated concrete specimens for curing, as shown in Concrete with low W/B suffers from large early autogenous shrinkage and easy cracking, which seriously affects the application of concrete ,28,29. IFor W/B, a higher shrinkage reduction effect of concrete is better, and the reason is adding more mixing water maintains a higher level of relative humidity inside the concrete for the internal curing and better moisturizing effect to ensure the free water content in the cement capillaries . In the Considering the mechanism of dry shrinkage, mixing with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate can reduce the dry shrinkage of concrete. However, the shrinkage reduction effect of pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate is not obvious because the final relative humidity reaches the same level as the outside environment. However, the effect of recycled coarse aggregate on the dry shrinkage of concrete can be decreased after pre-wetting treatment compared to the concrete mixed with dry recycled coarse aggregate.Rapid chloride permeability is one of the main indexes to investigate the durability of concrete . Figure 2 (CH) and rod-shaped ettringite (AFt). The existence of a significant ITZ and cracks in the old mortar of dry recycled coarse aggregate proves that the existence of channels between the old mortar and the new mortar leads to a risk regarding the permeability of the concrete. In contrast, no significant cracks were found between the pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate old mortar and the new mortar, and the new mortar and the old mortar were tightly connected. Moreover, a large amount of C-S-H gel fills its connecting region in. New gel appears on the surface of pre-wetted old mortar, which may be due to the abundance of water inside the old mortar so that the cement gathers in its pores and the cement hydrates with water to produce a new gel.Since the high water absorption of recycled coarse aggregate comes from adhering to the old mortar , the ITZIn SEM images, ITZ porosity is related to its surface hydration products and porosity decreases with increasingly dense C-S-H gels . A largeHowever, compared with NA, recycled coarse aggregate has high porosity, causing a complex ITZ in the RACs , which aAccording to the performance tests on various aspects of concrete mixed with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate, dry recycled coarse aggregate and natural aggregate, as well as the results of the study on different replacements rates of RAC, the conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1)The workability of concrete decreases with the increase in pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate. However, the difference in workability is small and can be adjusted by admixture addition.(2)Concrete mixed with pre-wetted RCA showed a greater strength drop in the first 28 d compared to NAC, and the strength gap was gradually reduced after 28 d. Under sealed conditions, the compressive strength of RAC was closest to the compressive strength of control concrete at 50–75% replacement rate. The internal curing effect of higher W/B was more obvious.(3)Concrete mixed with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate delayed the reduction in relative humidity inside the concrete, and the relative humidity inside the concrete mixed with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate was guaranteed to be above 90% within 7 d. The autogenous shrinkage reduction effect is obvious.(4)Mixing pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate has no significant shrinkage reduction effect on dry shrinkage of concrete in 90 d.(5)The low W/B concrete has good resistance to chloride ion permeation. The RAC fluxes mixed with pre-wetted recycled coarse aggregate for 28 d curing range from 561C to 1001C, the chloride ion permeability is very low and the resistance to chloride ion permeation is excellent.