Natural stone constructions for the protection of slopes, banks and riverbeds are widely used in infrastructure engineering. These structures are made of stacked natural stones, which can be placed loosely on top of each other. Additionally, their bond behavior can be improved by using concrete mortar to fill the joints between the stones. Although such structures are now widely used, there is still a need for research concerning their inner stability and the structural design of such protective stone structures. In this study, experimentally, investigations were made to determine the force transmission and the interaction between rock and concrete mortar by deriving characteristic values of the adhesion strength and friction angle at different scales. A method for the determination of shear parameters from direct shear testing is used, considering the interaction between vertical and horizontal forces in the joint. In the course of these investigations, the roughness of the rock surface was recorded using conventional visual methods using the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) as well as via laser imaging. By applying laser scanning, a theoretical roughness factor could be derived. Furthermore, the properties of the rocks of the concrete mortar (fresh and hardened concrete mortar properties as well as a durability characteristic) were investigated in detail. It could be shown that different types of concrete mortar result in different bond strengths—expressed as tensile and shear strengths—when applied to a stone surface. The roughness of the stone surface has a positive influence on the tensile and shear strength between the stone and the mortar. Based on the test results, a failure description based on the Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion could be determined, which can be used to calculate characteristic parameters for the design of stone support bodies. It was also shown that the stone’s compressive strength is being exceeded through load due to very punctual contact areas. Moreover, concrete mortar differs significantly from conventional concrete in terms of its mechanical properties due to the on-site installation conditions, which allow no dynamic compaction. In civil engineering projects for road and railroad construction, stone structures are widely used and indispensable as a near-natural, sustainable and climate-friendly protective construction for slope and embankment stabilization made by piling stones . NaturalTwo operating principles of stone structures can be distinguished: support structures with an active supporting action and stone pitching, working solely by its weight. In addition, two construction types can be distinguished: non-mortared (“dry”) and mortared stone constructions, depending on whether concrete mortar is used to fill the joints, which increases the internal stability of the structures ,6. FrictIn contrast to reinforced concrete structures, stone structures are clearly heterogeneous, anisotropic structures . These aIn addition to the requirements for the concrete mortar, there are also requirements for the aggregates, e.g., ,10 in suThe main motivation for this paper was the fact that there are only a few general approaches to the structural design and stability of natural stone structures available. Specific methods for the analysis of the shear parameters and the calculation of the inner stability of such structures are missing. Sliding and toppling in the horizontal joint, as well as mechanical rock failure, plays an essential role in the load-bearing capacity. The properties and the structural behavior of the concrete mortar in terms of strength and durability are important, as well.Stone constructions can be built with varying efforts and the use of equipment . In the If the shape of the stone is irregular, it is referred to as a piled stone support structure a. If theRegardless of the manufacturing method, the adhesive bond in the joint can be added by using concrete mortar . On the -Retaining walls are mostly used in a slope cut as slope stabilization. The retaining wall, therefore, comes into contact with the ground at the foundation base, as well as at the rear wall;-Revetment walls differ from retaining walls in that the soil behind the wall can, in principle, be considered stable; therefore, their primary purpose is to protect against erosion and weathering;-Freestanding walls touch the ground only at their foundation base and are mostly used as a pasture or property boundary.Three different types of masonry can be distinguished among the construction types of stone retaining walls :-RetainiA retaining wall acts as a gravity wall and counteracts the acting forces from the slope behind it with the dead weight of the individual stones. The use of concrete mortar in the joints can have a favorable influence on the load-bearing behavior of the stone pitching since the contact areas are increased and there is a better force transmission between the stones. In this paper, only piled mortared supportive rock structures were discussed.The installation of natural stones and earth-dry concrete mortar  is carried out alternately, starting with the installation of the largest stones at the base .Armor stones are unworked natural stones (quarry stones) obtained by blasting and/or sorting in quarries. The unworked stones are bounded by fracture surfaces or natural separation surfaces  and can be installed without significant machining . The reqThe use of concrete mortar in the joints can have a favorable effect on the load-bearing behavior of the stone pitching since the contact areas are increased and there is a better force transmission between the stones. In addition, the shear strength of the masonry is increased by the bond strength between the stone and concrete mortar; however, mortaring can also have a negative effect: depending on the permeability of the concrete mortar layers or the bond achieved, water pressure can build up behind the stone structure in case of water ingress. The ecological function of a stone support body as a habitat for animals is also negatively affected by the use of concrete mortar .In contrast to the stones, there are no normative specifications for the concrete mortar installed between the rows of stones. The use of different types of concrete is mainly based on experience regarding the functionality in relation to the environmental impact . The comVarious types of rock can be used for the construction of protective stone structures; however, these must comply with the requirements of  to ensurCompaction  and curing  prescribed in ,13 for nc,cube and the splitting tensile strength from cylinders ft,cyl. Due to changes in the processing, the properties of the concrete mortar are expected to be different from normal concrete in terms of strength and durability, see also . For thiIn addition to adequate strength, the durability of the concrete mortar has a significant influence regarding on the service life of supportive stone bodies. In this respect, the frost resistance and freeze–thaw resistance, in particular, play a decisive role. According to , the con3/m2, for freeze–thaw resistance: 250 cm3/m2, whereby the weathering between the 14th and 28th freeze–thaw cycles must be lower than between the 7th and 14th cycle). The test specimen is positioned on triangular bars and the rough-sawn test surface of a halved concrete cube (with 150 mm side length) is immersed 1 mm in the test liquid; the remaining test specimen surface is sealed impermeably to water  are influenced by the fracture behavior;-Size class: the size of the rocks influences the contact zone;-Quality of the stones: the contact area varies in size depending on the uniaxial compressive strength and stress.The aim was to obtain quantitative data on the extent of the contact, which is of high importance for the compressive strength. The area of the stone contact is mainly influenced by the following factors:Graphite paper was inserted between the test stones, which enabled us to map the contact areas digitally using CAD after scanning the graphite paper prints (black coloring in the pressure point area). Experiments were conducted both in the laboratory as well as in situ on-site during the installation of the stone construction .In the case of the mortared supportive stone structures, concrete mortar is inserted after a row of stones is completed see , fillingTo evaluate the adhesive shear strength and adhesive tensile strength of the stone–concrete mortar contact surface, small-scale tests were carried out with drilling cores from two different limestone types to which concrete mortar was applied. The concrete types listed in To produce the specimens, a cylindrical mold was arranged around a drill core; the concrete mortar was poured into the mold on the top of the rock and statically compacted with a ram. Sample preparation was carried out in wet and dry conditions on the surface before installing the concrete mortar. The test was carried out in a displacement-controlled testing machine  after a curing period of 28 days; the storage was at a temperature of 20 °C in a normal atmosphere. In addition, the surface roughness of the rock surface was measured, see 2; To derive the shear strength parameters friction angle and cohesion , shear tests were carried out on mortared stones in large-scale tentative tests, as well as at a model scale of approximately 1:5 . The sua could be determined by means of the scanner software. It was compared with the theoretical circular basal surface of the sample (A = π·r2) for the calculation of a roughness factor fr (Equation (1)). The larger the value fr, the rougher the rock surface.r—roughness factor [-];fa—actual surface determined by the scanner [cm2];Sr—radius of the drill core sample [cm].From the scanner image, the actual rock surface Sc,cube and the splitting tensile strength ft,cyl of the lab-produced cylindrical specimens according to the formulations of The situation is similar for the samples taken in situ. The results are shown in 3/m2. In the case of the statically compacted specimens, frost resistance could be verified for all tested concrete formulations; the frost-deicing salt resistance for all formulations except XC2, 3/m2.Each of the dynamically compacted specimens met the criterion for the frost resistance and the resistance to freeze–thaw with defrosting salt according to , meaning2 and varies between 0.7 and 8.7 cm2  increases from XC2 to XC4/XW2/XD3/xF4/XA1L, at first glance, it is unusual that the two higher-grade formulations (XC4/XW2/XD2/XF2/XF3/XA1L and XC4/XW2/XD3/XF4/XA1L) do not necessarily have the highest compressive and splitting tensile strengths. This is since the two higher-grade formulations must have an air content of at least 2.5 and 4%, respectively, to meet the normative frost criterion, which is achieved by the addition of an air-entraining agent.As far as the bond strength of the different concrete formulations to the rock surface is concerned, recipe XC4/XW2/XD2/XF2/XF3/XA1L stands out with significantly higher bond strengths. Accordingly, adhesion must be strongest for this mix design, although it has the lowest compressive strength and the second-lowest splitting tensile strength in comparison to the other recipes.As expected, the identified roughness of the stones has a great influence on the bond strength between concrete mortar and rock due to increased interlocking and thus improved force transmission. The comparison of the visually determined roughness (via joint roughness coefficient JRC) and the roughness determined by laser scanning showed high conformity. Accordingly, the laser scanning method is also suitable for deriving the roughness of a rock surface. This method also gives the possibility to calculate a theoretical roughness factor to assign an exact roughness value to a specific rock surface; this approach can also be applied in the field.2. The direct shear testing to determine the shear and compressive stresses showed that the roughness/unevenness of the fracture surface after the failure of the adhesive bond is also decisive for the shear forces to be transmitted due to interlocking.The evaluation of the direct shear tests according to the approach of Mohr–Coulomb allowed the formulation of a trend line for the failure of the adhesive with a satisfactory coefficient of determination RThe discussed shear relationship can be used as a basis that considers the failure of the cohesive bond. The interlocking that may occur subsequently after the failure of the cohesive bond can be concerned as additional safety regarding the failure of the structure accompanied by a significant deformation. This increasing deformation can be interpreted as a warning sign of failure, which can be seen as a safety criterion of supportive stone structures.Supportive stone structures are standard safety measures that are widely used in road and railroad construction as well as in associated civil engineering. By mortaring the joint between the single stones, the combined masonry strength of the stone structure can be significantly increased. The different installation conditions of concrete mortar in this type of structure  result in properties that differ from those of conventional concrete, which has hardly been considered so far in research. In addition, the interaction between the concrete mortar and the stone for these structures has not yet been sufficiently investigated. This includes the recording of the surface condition and the mechanical interaction of rock and concrete mortar.In the course of this work, the following conclusions could be drawn:-The static compaction effect (by pressing the stones into the concrete mortar) does not achieve the same level of compaction as dynamic compaction, which results in a reduction in the bulk density and compressive strength of hardened concrete.-c,cube is about 15 to 30% lower and the splitting tensile strength ft,cyl is about 16 to 57% lower compared to dynamically compacted standard concrete.The bulk density ρ of the statically compacted hardened concrete mortar is about 1 to 11% lower, the compressive strength f-3/m2.As far as the freeze–thaw resistance is concerned, statically compacted concrete shows high resistance to environmental influences: All mixtures met the requirements for frost resistance. Three out of four concrete mortar formulations achieved a sufficient freeze–thaw resistance, as demonstrated by a weathering volume of less than 250 cmRegarding concrete mortar:-Different types of concrete mortar achieve different bond strengths—expressed as tensile strengths and shear strengths—when applied to a rock surface. Among these, the recipe XC4/XW2/XD2/XF2/XF3/XA1L shows by bar the highest strength values.-The higher the roughness of the stone surface, the better the bond between the stone and the concrete mortar. An expected positive correlation between the roughness and the adhesive tensile strength can be demonstrated in the presented results, with the correlation to adhesive shear strength being less significant.-It was possible to determine a failure description based on the Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion, which can be used to determine characteristic parameters for the design of stone support bodies.Regarding bond strength between rock and concrete mortar:Further research in this area should consider (i) a recording of the concrete structure by means of thin sections in order to be able to record the concrete (micro)structure and the distribution of the air voids in detail, especially in concrete mortar to stone contact area; (ii) the investigation of different stone geometries with different roughness. By increasing the number of samples, it will be possible to verify the conclusions drawn in this paper and thus make a more precise statement. Further research in this area is recommended with different stone geometries and different surface roughness.


Asphalt concrete has been used as a material for dam core walls because of its impermeability, durability and reliability. Firstly, asphalt is a temperature-sensitive material, and many of its characteristics are related to temperature. Secondly, because of the increasing construction height of the dam, the pressure on the asphalt concrete core wall is also great. Finally, for the purpose of resource utilization, it is necessary to verify whether the reclaimed asphalt concrete can be used in dam construction. Therefore, it is necessary to study the stress and deformation characteristics of recycled asphalt concrete under different temperatures and confining pressures. In this study, three groups of triaxial tests of reclaimed asphalt concrete were carried out for the first time in a new temperature-controlled room. Duncan Zhang’s E-v model was used to fit the test results. The results show that the stress–strain curves of reclaimed asphalt concrete show softening characteristics at low temperatures and low confining pressure. It evolves to a hardening type with the increase in temperature and confining pressure. The bulk curve is first contracts but is followed by dilatancy. The dilatancy characteristics become more obvious at low temperatures and low confining pressure. With the increase in temperature and confining pressure, the dilatancy characteristics will weaken. Duncan Zhang’s E-v model has a good fitting effect on the stress–strain relationship but a poor fitting effect on the volumetric curve. The research of this paper can better combine the utilization of waste resources with engineering and achieve the aim of resource-saving and waste utilization under the premise of ensuring the safety of the engineering Asphalt concrete is a very good engineering material. Because of its impervious deformation and coordination characteristics, it is not only used in industry, agriculture and other fields but also widely used in roads, airports and water conservancy projects. Especially with the rapid development of water conservancy constructions in recent years, asphalt concrete is widely used in the seepage control of dams, and a series of asphalt concrete core wall dams are constructed ,2,3,4,5.In addition, in order to achieve the purpose of recycling waste resources, many scholars have conducted a lot of research on the performance of recycled asphalt concrete. Liu Song an  studied Sumeda Paranavithana  found thChen, J.S  used thrM. R studied  a total However, there are a few pieces of research on regenerating old asphalt pavement concrete that were applied to the dam core wall. Reusing waste has always been the goal of our human society to seek sustainable development; based on this purpose, studying the performance of recycled asphalt concrete is very necessary. In order to study the influence of temperature and confine pressure on the characteristics of recycled asphalt concrete further, three groups of triaxial tests under different temperatures and confining pressure were carried out in this paper, and then the test results were fit with Duncan Zhang’s E-v hyperbolic model.The triaxial test of recycled asphalt concrete was carried out on SY-250  as shown in The asphaltic concrete in this test was taken from the old pavement. The asphalt concrete was heated, and then the regeneration agent was added and then was compacted. The compaction hammer with a weight of 4536 g, and the height of asphaltic compaction concrete is 457 mm. First, the asphalt material was heated to 130 °C, and the mixing pot was heated to 150 °C; then, the asphalt was added and mixed in the mixing pot for 1 min, and the regeneration agent was added and mixed again for 2 min. The discharge temperature was 140 ± 5 °C. The sample is compacted into 3 layers, 110 times for each layer. Then, the test samples cooled for 24 h together with the mold. The samples were placed in room for seven days. Before the test, the samples were placed in a thermostatic water bath, which was adjusted to the temperature of the test. After curing for 24 h, the triaxial test on was carried out. In the whole test process, the temperature change of the enclosed space did not exceed ±0.5 °C. The test equipment and scheme are shown in The stress–strain curves of the three groups of samples obtained by the large strain triaxial tests are shown in The volume variation curves of the three groups of samples obtained by the large strain triaxial test are shown in At the low temperature of 4 °C and confining pressure of 0.2 MPa, the dilatancy rate can reach 12% with the increase of strain. Combined with the stress–strain curve, it can be seen that the dilatancy occurs before the peak stress, which indicates that the internal particles need to roll over another part of the particles and produce relative dislocation, which requires greater bite force and is manifested as higher stress. With the increase of strain, one part of the particle bypasses another part of the particle, the structure becomes loose, the stress is reduced, and therefore, the performance is softened. As a whole, the lower the temperature, the smaller the confining pressure and the more severe the dilatancy; with the increase in temperature and confining pressure, the dilatancy effect will be weaker and weaker. It shows that the deformation of recycled asphalt concrete is also closely related to temperature and confining pressure.Shear Strength Parameter CurveAccording to the peak deviatoric stress of recycled asphalt concrete at different temperatures, the molar coulomb circle was drawn, and the shear strength parameters were fitted. As can be seen from Duncan Zhang E-ν model ,,,,In the formulas, Duncan Zhang’s E-v model parameters of the three groups of recycled asphalt concrete materials determined according to the above calculation formula are shown in The stress–strain curves of reclaimed asphalt concrete under different temperatures and confining pressure can be fitted by Duncan Zhang’s E-v model parameters. According to In summary, it can be seen that recycled asphalt concrete has softening characteristics under low confining pressure, and Duncan Zhang’s E-v model is a hardening model, so the stress–strain relationship fitting effect of the reclaimed asphalt concrete under low confining pressure is poor, and the softening phenomenon after the peak cannot be fitted. However, it has a certain applicability under high confining pressure.The volume curves of reclaimed asphalt concrete under different temperatures and confining pressures can be fitted by Duncan Zhang’s E-v model parameters. It can be seen from There is a poor fit effect between the fitting curves and test curves at 4 °C. However, there is a large deviation between the fitting curves and the test curves at the other two temperatures. This indicates that Duncan Zhang’s E-v model can represent the dilatancy characteristics of materials, but its fitting effect on the experimental results is poor. In addition, when using Duncan Zhang’s E-v model to fitting dilatancy, all Poisson’s ratios are greater than 0.5. It can be seen that the fitting effect of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model on the volume variation of reclaimed asphalt concrete is poor.The measured test ratio is the tangent Poisson’s ratio It can be seen in In addition, it can be seen that except for the low confining pressure of 0.2 MPa, Poisson’s ratio of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model is larger than that of the test measured, and the gap between the two decreases with the increase of stress level. This indicates that the Poisson’s ratio of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model is poor at predicting the test-measured Poisson’s ratio when the stress level is low. At the same time, it is fit at high-stress levels. Since the Poisson’s ratio of Duncan Zhang’s E-v was greater than 0.5, but the Poisson’s ratio of the test is less than 0.5 at a low level and is greater than 0.5 at a high-stress level, there is a large gap between the volume of Ducan Zhang’s E-v model and test. So the fitting effect of Ducan Zhang’s E-v model to the test volume was poor, which was consistent with the conclusion of It can be concluded from In summary, the differences between Poisson’s ratio of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model and the test-measured Poisson’s ratio are the reason for its poor fitting effect on the volumetric curve.The shear strength parameters of recycled asphalt concrete at different temperatures have a great difference. The value of The stress–strain relationship of reclaimed asphalt concrete shows softening characteristics at low temperatures and confining pressure. It gradually evolves into a hardening type with the increase in temperature and confining pressure. The bulk transformation of reclaimed asphalt concrete is mainly shear contraction but followed by dilatancy. The dilatancy characteristics become more obvious at low temperatures and low confining pressure. With the increase in temperature and confining pressure, the dilatancy characteristics will weaken.At low confining pressure, the fitting effect of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model on the stress–strain relation of recycled concrete is poor but better at high confining pressure. However, the fitting effect on the volume variation of asphalt concrete is not ideal and generally larger. The test curve consists of two parts: shear contraction and dilatancy, while the fitting curve is only dilatancy.Under the same stress level, Poisson’s ratio of Duncan Zhang’s E-v model increases with the increase of confining pressure, while the measured Poisson’s ratio decreases. Poisson’s ratio calculated by Duncan Zhang’s E-v model is greater than 0.5, while the measured Poisson’s ratio is less than 0.5 at a low-stress level, and Poisson’s ratio is greater than 0.5 after reaching a certain stress level.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of science and engineering that focuses on the computational understanding of intelligent behavior. Many human professions, including clinical diagnosis and prognosis, are greatly useful from AI. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most critical challenges facing Pakistan and the rest of the world. The rising incidence of AMR has become a significant issue, and authorities must take measures to combat the overuse and incorrect use of antibiotics in order to combat rising resistance rates. The widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice has not only resulted in drug resistance but has also increased the threat of super-resistant bacteria emergence. As AMR rises, clinicians find it more difficult to treat many bacterial infections in a timely manner, and therapy becomes prohibitively costly for patients. To combat the rise in AMR rates, it is critical to implement an institutional antibiotic stewardship program that monitors correct antibiotic use, controls antibiotics, and generates antibiograms. Furthermore, these types of tools may aid in the treatment of patients in the event of a medical emergency in which a physician is unable to wait for bacterial culture results. AI’s applications in healthcare might be unlimited, reducing the time it takes to discover new antimicrobial drugs, improving diagnostic and treatment accuracy, and lowering expenses at the same time. The majority of suggested AI solutions for AMR are meant to supplement rather than replace a doctor’s prescription or opinion, but rather to serve as a valuable tool for making their work easier. When it comes to infectious diseases, AI has the potential to be a game-changer in the battle against antibiotic resistance. Finally, when selecting antibiotic therapy for infections, data from local antibiotic stewardship programs are critical to ensuring that these bacteria are treated quickly and effectively. Furthermore, organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) have underlined the necessity of selecting the appropriate antibiotic and treating for the shortest time feasible to minimize the spread of resistant and invasive resistant bacterial strains. The widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice has not only resulted in drug resistance but has also increased the threat of super-resistant bacteria emergence. Pakistan is one of the countries that have a high rate of AMR and little healthcare expertise and assistance to tackle it, which raises questions about high AMR rates. Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the beginning of the modern age of antibiotics . It is iDue to the recent AMR emergence, the world is in desperate need of some relief, and to this end, the Food and Drug Administration of the United States has proposed regulations that would specify the types, quantities, and frequencies of adequate antibiotic use . A complArtificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated substantial competence in the field of AMR control in recent years. For example, artificial intelligence applications based on sequencing have been used to explore AMR . FurtherAntibiotics are medications that are utilized to both prevent and treat infections caused by bacteria and fungi in animals (significantly humans). Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria alter their genetic makeup in response to the usage of antibiotics . AntibioStudies show that majority of infections exhibit strong resistance to routinely used medicines; in addition, researchers are discovering gaps and breaches in surveillance and methodical data collection . Based oIncreasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are being discovered in hospitals and the general surroundings. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate new antibiotics to combat these increasing cases, but development has been slow in this area. Historically, most antibiotics have been derived from a few numbers of molecular scaffolds, with their viability extended by cycles of synthetic tailoring and optimization . ConsideDue to the development of high-throughput gene sequencing, researchers have a potent tool for profiling the complete DNA complement, which includes ARGs and DNA extracts taken from a variety of environmental sources . Using tAntibiotic resistance (AMR) is, unfortunately, a result of antibiotic misuse. As AMR drastically reduces antibiotic therapeutic efficacy, it is critical that we follow its emergence and dissemination . CurrentIn the computer sciences field, AI has a dynamic part to play in human intelligence-stimulation systems and its research. The processes including speech recognition, visual perception, natural language processing, and decision making according to perceived data are stimulated using the technology ,11. The ML is a part of artificial intelligence that goes through a change in its results when dealing with a large capacity of data. While specialized systems are related to the expertise of humans, likely to the human brain working. This characteristic makes it independent of man’s specialties . NNs, thA significant advantage of NNs is that their display improves dynamically as the quantity of the dataset grows , allowinEarly detection of infectious diseases, the differentiation between infectious and noninfectious pathologies, and correct therapy of consequences are all important aspects of combating antibiotic resistance. In this global issue, AI can play a very vital role. The preparation of antibiograms and then the development of personalized machine learning (ML)-based AMR prediction models could be very useful AI techniques for high-peak risk infectious bugs and their trends in the susceptibility patterns . Using tE. coli and expand the International AMR Monitoring System, as well as share relevant findings globally [Many studies have been performed previously to determine the prevalence of AMR in Pakistan ,31. Howeglobally .Pakistan is still in the early stages of implementing and applying AI systems, with very scarce available national data. One of the recent studies by Ahmed et al. (2022) focused on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of AI in the area of medicine among Pakistani medical students and professionals. Of the total studied subjects, 71.3% had a basic understanding of AI, but just 35.3% understood its subtypes, machine learning, and deep learning. The majority of research participants (77%) had no idea how AI might be used in the medical field. This demonstrates that, despite having a rudimentary understanding of AI, Pakistani physicians and medical students are unaware of its practical consequences . To the Artificial intelligence has a crucial role in ICUs, where various possibilities for implementing AI in the emergency sector have been explored. Nonadministrative AI methods have been utilized to investigate a huge amount of information stored in electronic patient data. Several AI models have been created to obtain significant data in an individual’s outline  and distHowever, with the use of AI in ICUs being in its early stages, research has effectively evaluated its utilization in the management of critical patients . Many AIIn ICUs, raw, high-dimensional inputs in form of images, numbers, text, and other data must be evaluated quickly and precisely because of the critical situation of patients. In addition, complicated, nonlinear relationships between the data must be determined. Many statistical tools have been used to represent patterns in data as mathematical equations . Linear To predict the result of blood culture tests, Steenkiste et al. (2019) employed a temporal computational model with a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) and nine clinical characteristics assessed across time from a high-quality database of 2177 ICU patients. This form of DL algorithm works effectively in situations when the time gap between an expecting event and the diagnosis is unclear. The network had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.99 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 on average. Furthermore, the results revealed that forecasting many hours before the event is only achievable with a modest reduction in predictive power .Using a dataset, Kaji et al. (2019) designed an RNN with LSTM to predict daily sepsis, myocardial infarction (MI), and administration of Vancomycin (VA) antibiotic over two weeks as the progression of patients. For sepsis, MI, and VA treatment, these models achieved the anticipated AUC of 0.823, 0.876, and 0.833, respectively. These models’ attention maps revealed the moments when input factors affected the greatest predictions, providing physicians with some interpretability. They also manifested variables that were surrogates for clinician decision making, demonstrating the difficulty of building clinical decision support systems using flexible DL techniques trained on electronic health record (EHR) data .Smith et al. (2020) conducted a study to examine the possible applications of AI in microbiology and concluded that images (macroscopic or microscopic), MALDI-TOF mass spectra, and whole-genome sequences (WGS) of bacteria may all benefit from AI. In clinical microbiology, AI is starting to be applied, and it is already supporting laboratory employees with some tools for diagnostic testing. In the near future, it seems that the quantity of AI tools, the quality and reliability of AI software analyses, and the integration of AI into the clinical microbiology laboratory workflow will all increase. Microbiology technicians will increasingly depend on AI for initial screening and interpretation of routine infectious disease testing results in the future, as this allows them more time to concentrate on diagnostic problems, challenging technical interpretations, and laboratory quality control. These modifications will increase the efficiency and quality of clinical microbiology laboratory testing, benefiting both the laboratory and the patients we serve .As part of their research, Getsal et al. used a combination of tools to undertake antibiotic susceptibility—namely, screening flow cytometer antimicrobial susceptibility testing and assisted machine learning were used to improve current AST methods . This tyThe antibiotic-resistant gene-sequencing models can predict antibiotic resistance categories with excellent precision (>0.97) and recall (>0.90), according to the results of an assessment of the deep and machine learning models across 30 categories of antibiotic resistance. Compared with the traditional best-hit strategy, the models demonstrated a significant benefit by consistently producing negligible false-negative results and, thus, greater total recall (>0.9) . Given hThe advancement of antimicrobial agents is, as of now, not considered a monetarily reasonable venture for the drug industries, as antibiotics are utilized for moderately brief timeframes, unlike drugs used to treat persistent infections; the improvement expenses of the latter are, along with other factors, cheaper, compared with antibiotic ventures . The outConsequently, in the following section, potential AI utilization against antimicrobial resistance is summarized and examined . The strKhaledi et al. presented a technique based on support training in 2020, in which a simulated specialist learns a set of regulations from an experimental framework to enhance them and magnify the predicted outcomes . This teNonetheless, the system performed well in detecting potentially life-threatening conditions such as meningitis. The study used logistic regression predictors to build a hierarchical health monitoring system that performed remarkably across all tissue and organ systems, demonstrating an undeniable level of superiority in predicted diagnosis, compared with original diagnoses by clinical experts . These sIn general, appropriate antimicrobial medication is a difficult undertaking because it involves selecting the adequate treatment for the presumed microorganism, supervising the concentration and the administration rate of the antimicrobial agent, and recognizing the optimal route to ensure the active drug levels’ turnover at the infected area . It shouOwing to the lack of quality healthcare resources and a large amount of information to be processed, manual observation is impractical; hence, clinicians are increasingly relying on automated decision-based supporting systems for the monitoring of antimicrobial administration . To idenThis component, in conjunction with user feedback monitoring, was created to allow APSS to enhance its skillset over time. Anahtar demonstrated a substantial learning ability, allowing for a correct and clinically meaningful transition from parenteral to oral antibiotic therapy . Mostly,A comparable APSS methodology was used in another investigation to identify problematic prescribing practices that were not supported by local antibiotic stewardship professionals . The leaThey also identified drug concentration margins that predicted bad outcomes and discovered a negative connection between isoniazid and its companion sets—pyrazinamide and rifampicin—under specified concentration limits . The chaMany publications prove the importance of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). The data clearly demonstrate the significant impact an ASP has in reducing the overuse of antibiotics and reducing the collateral damage that often results from the overutilization of antimicrobials ,66,67. TIn addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also documented 223,900 incidents of Clostridioides difficile in the year 2017 and around 13,000 people were reported to be deceased . As a reThis includes limited resources, such as limited personnel with expertise in infectious disease and antimicrobials, the inability to track data across multiple electronic health systems and pharmacies, as well as limited finances, support, and infrastructure . AdditioIn addition, since medical practices have not been incentivized to participate in outpatient ASPs, this undertaking has fallen by the wayside. According to the National the Infection Prevention Strategy Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in 2016, more than 60% of patient visits in the United States were to practices with five or fewer practitioners, and only 3% of patient visits were to institutions associated with medical or academic health centers . Lastly,This review provides an insight into the current AI practices regarding antibiotic resistance across the world, with Pakistan the central focus. It was established that the developed nations have successfully incorporated artificial intelligence into their healthcare systems, with the most common example being electronic data entry. However, with respect to these countries, Pakistan has not yet progressed much. Only three of a multitude of Pakistani medical institutions make use of artificial intelligence, two of which are at the working stage, and one is still establishing AI systems. Moreover, none of the discussed AI frameworks is being utilized in the country, which calls for the doctors, administrators, government, and researchers’ attention as many opportunities can be tapped into for the use of AI in our systems. Global or multinational ventures can support the AI infrastructure establishment, and with continual effort, we can improve the healthcare system manyfold.


In this research, the consequence of using rubber tire aggregates (RTA) on the durability and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene fibers (PF) reinforced concrete is evaluated. Fifteen concrete mixtures were produced and tested in the laboratory. RTA was utilized instead of fine natural aggregates (FNA) to the concrete at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by a volumetric fraction; also, the contents of PF in the concrete mixtures were 0%, 1%, and 2% by weight fraction. Finally, the following parameters were tested for all the mixtures: compressive and tensile resistances, fracture, changes in drying shrinkage, bulk electrical resistivity, elastic moduli, and resonance occurrences. The control sample was the one without RTA and PF. According to the results, by adding RTA to the mixtures, the shrinkage deformation amplified, but the PF addition caused a decrease in the shrinkage deformation. Furthermore, adding 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% RTA, with 2% PF leads to an upsurge in the flexural resistance by 34%, 24%, 16%, and 6%, respectively, relative to the control sample without PF and RTA. Moreover, the fracture energy of mixtures increased by utilizing PF and RTA simultaneously. Compiling RTA around the world can cause a huge environmental risk if we cannot get rid of them properly. One efficient method, from both environmental and economic points of view, is to recycle these waste materials by using them as an aggregate for producing cement-based concrete ,2,3,4. TIn another study, Li et al.  assessedAccording to Feng et al. , strain The subject of another research by Farhad and Ronny  was the Literature reviews illustrate that a significant number of research studies have been performed on the evaluation of RTA-incorporated concrete. The application of RTA-based concrete has been limited to non-structural functions because of some of its significant weaknesses, such as early cracking, low strength, and stiffness, due to the inadequate bonding between RTA and concrete paste. Additionally, the previous finding showed that the incorporation of RTA to produce eco-friendly concrete led to reducing the mechanical characteristics of concrete. Therefore, using other improvement techniques is necessary to improve the performance of green concrete having RTA. In this regard, previous investigations showed that the incorporation of fibers significantly enhanced the mechanical characteristics of various types of concrete ,28,29,303 and 160 °C, correspondingly.To produce fiber-reinforced mixtures, 12 mm length PF were introduced at three volumetric fractions of 0%, 1% and 2%. The tensile resistance, density and melting point of used fibers are 360 MPa, 890 kg/mRTA comes from waste tires with particle sizes of 5–30 mm. RTA is used as a fractional substitution for FNA at five volumetric fractions- 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Based on the Si et al.  study, ROrdinary Portland cement was utilized for concrete production in a drum-type mixer based on the ASTM C150/C150M . At firsSlum flow is applied to evaluate the fresh concrete behavior. The goal of this is to test the sample’s workability determination based on the ASTM C143 . All theP, D and L are the tensile resistance, the failure point, the samples’ diameter, and the cylinder height, respectively.After 28 days, tests were performed using the ASTM C496  to deterThe tensile resistance of RTA-based concretes that were modified with PF is illustrated in As shown in 2 greater than 92%, as provided in Equation (2). In this equation, New relationships that considered the effects of both RTA and PF were developed in accordance with the findings of the compressive and tensile resistance tests, as shown in L, F, h, and b stand for the span width, maximum load, broken ligament height, and broken ligament width (area above the notch), respectively. The findings are shown in According to the JCI-002-2003 standard, the fracture energy of the sample was calculated . Therefogand Therefore, the JCI-002-2003 standard’s proposed formula  was usedAs shown in Furthermore, the addition of 2% PF together with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% RTA caused an improvement in the flexural resistance of the concrete mixtures by 34%, 24%, 16%, and 6%, correspondingly. In contrast, when RTA and PF were utilized in the mixture together, rubber particles increased the mixture’s fracture energy . FollowiThe relations among flexural resistance and fracture energy, as well as among flexural and compressive resistances, are shown in As per the Guo et al. study , the ultAs per ASTM C157 , concretHamed et al.  developeThe quick alkali-silica response test to gauge concrete’s length expansion is described in ASTM C1260 . The speAs per ASTM C666-15 , concretMoreover, the specimens’ resonance frequency was evaluated. The resonant frequency of the samples during the freeze-thaw testing is demonstrated in As per the consequences of the dynamic elastic moduli utilizing the next equation, durability was taken into consideration:DF, P, N, and M, correspondingly. The durability of the samples is shown in The durability feature of the samples, the relation dynamic elastic moduli at N cycles, the number of cycles until P ranges the detailed lowest rate for stopping the examination, and the quantified number of cycles until the experience is to be stopped is represented by the letters At each exposure stage, the length variations of several samples were documented, as can be shown in Workability was reduced by adding more RTA, especially when a combination of 20% RA and 2% PF was utilized, which resulted in a slump reduction of nearly 49%. Conversely, when PF was not utilized in the concrete mixtures, workability was reduced less. So, this property was reduced by about 18% when only 20% RTA was used. Additionally, utilizing 1% PF and 20% rubber reduced slump by about 31%.Utilizing RTA reduced the concrete’s tensile resistance. While PF greatly enhanced this feature. Due to the minor value of RTA relative to FNA, the tensile strength decreased by 28% when 20% RTA was used. Though, incorporating 2% PF amplified the tensile resistance by 5% and prohibited the drop of tensile resistance because of the fiber-bridging character in preventing the quick cracks growth.Compressive resistance of concrete was decreased when RTA was used; however, this characteristic was significantly increased when PF was incorporated. In comparison to concrete produced with merely 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% RTA combining 2% PF increased the concrete’s 7-day compressive resistance by about 24%, 29%, 24%, 25% and 22%, correspondingly.By employing RTA, the specimens’ flexural resistance was decreased while PF significantly enhances the flexural performance of the specimens, particularly when RTA was not utilized, due to its bridging function, which increases particle connection and elevates concrete’s tensile and compressive resistances.Incorporating SF and RTA significantly declined the ultrasonic pulse velocity due to the elastic modulus of RTA being lesser than that of the concrete paste and FNA, when 20% RTA was employed, the ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased in the weak zone.Due to the RTA’s lower stiffness than that of the FNA, and because of which RTA could easily deform under the internal drying shrinkage stress, the specimens’ shrinkage length changes increased with the RTA content; however, the addition of PF decreased these length changes. Therefore, using 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% RTA as a substitute for FNA increased shrinkage length at 28 days by 10%, 14%, 21%, and 27%, correspondingly.A total of 10% of RTA was the optimal amount to maximize bulk resistivity. With the addition of 2% PF and 10% RTA, this characteristic was improved by roughly 12%. It is worth noting that the ideal rate to achieve the highest possible bulk resistivity was established based on the amounts of PF and RTA employed in this investigation. Additionally, SF significantly improved bulk resistivity, particularly when more than 10% RTA was utilized;By adding RTA, the length growth under alkali-silica reaction assault was significantly reduced. Additionally, by adding more RTA, the impact of PF on the alkali-silica response development decreased, and there is no discernible alteration between the length growth of the sample with 2% PF reinforcement and concrete with 1% PF and 20% RTA.According to the materials utilized in this investigation, 10% is the ideal amount of RTA to maximize the durability factor before it begins to significantly decline. Additionally, the durability factor increased by 13%, 31%, and 37%, respectively, when 2% PF was added together with 0%, 5%, and 10% RTA compared to the control mix.Up to 50 freeze-thaw cycles resulted in a momentous change in the specimens’ length. Due to ongoing cement hydration, autogenous shrinkage happened when the specimens were kept in the freeze-thaw chamber. At low cycle counts, the length changes of the specimens abruptly decreased and then gradually increased. The specimens’ length reduction also got worse as PF content increased. Alternatively, it declined as the RTA content increased, and the length changes recovered less as the RTA increased.The current investigation evaluated the characteristics of concrete having PF and RTA. Fifteen mixes were created with this objective in mind. Five ratios of RTA  were employed instead of FNA. The concrete mixes also included PF at three different volume contents: 0%, 1%, and 2%. Then, measurements were made of the specimens’ workability, compressive and tensile and flexural resistances, ultrasonic pulse velocity, shrinkage, electrical resistance, dynamic elastic moduli, and resonance frequency. The subsequent conclusions could be made based on the achieved findings:


RSC Advances article due to concerns with the reliability of the data in the published article.Muharrem Kaya and Burak Aday hereby wholly retract this Scientific Reports article by Yasar Karatas, Hilal Acidereli, Mehmet Gulcan and Fatih Sen,1 which is a high-resolution transmission electron micrograph representing a PtRu@VC nanocatalyst. Fatih Sen provided replacement data for consideration. However, an expert reviewed the author’s response and concluded that it did not satisfactorily address the concerns, and that the replacement figure did not fully support the conclusions. Given the significance of the concerns about the validity of the data, the findings presented in this paper are no longer reliable.The high-resolution transmission electron micrograph inset in Fig. 1 that represents Pt NPs@GO is the same as Fig. 1b in a Muharrem Kaya approves the retraction of this article due to concerns with the structural characterisation of the catalyst and therefore the conclusions presented may not be valid. Muharrem Kaya also states that the figures under question are out of their expertise and that they did not contribute to the data collection or processing of these figures. Muharrem Kaya contributed to the evaluation of the catalytic performances of the composite materials only.Burak Aday states that the figures under question are out of their expertise and they did not contribute to the data collection and processing of Fig. 1. Burak Aday contributed to the evaluation of the catalytic performances of the composite materials. Burak Aday also states that since the structural characterisation of the catalyst is under question the conclusions derived in the manuscripts may not be valid.Fatih Sen opposes this retraction. Handan Pamuk was contacted but did not respond.Signed: Muharrem Kaya and Burak Adayrd September 2021Date: 23RSC AdvancesRetraction endorsed by Laura Fisher, Executive Editor,


To study the influence of different proportions and amounts of admixtures on the structural performance of concrete, increase the utilization rate of waste material, and finally reduce the cost and environmental pollution, a computer-based finite element analysis method is proposed to investigate the structural performance of concrete composing of waste residue. Firstly, the available types of industrial waste residue and their application in concrete cementitious materials are researched. Secondly, the fly ash in the industrial waste residue is utilized as an example to design an experiment composed of material selection and mixed design set up to determine factors. Finally, the finite element analysis method is proposed and conducted. This model is employed to calculate early shrinkage stress and temperature deformation of concrete with varying contents of fly ash. The results suggest that when the content of fly ash reaches more than 40%, the compressive strength of concrete decreases gradually with the increase of the content, and the decrease is consistent with the increase of the content. Besides, different amounts of fly ash have a certain effect on the hydrated reaction and stress reduction of concrete. The effect becomes more obvious when an increase in dosage is observed. Even though the economy develops continuously, the concept of the green economy is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In the pursuit of rapid economic development, it is necessary to consider environmental governance concurrently. Industrial waste residue emerges as one of the most difficult issues. So, how to resolve this problem has grown as a research hotspot for decades. On the other hand, using an industrial waste residue for building materials is the most efficient environmental protection for a research direction at present. For example, fly ash and granulated blast-furnace slag have been widely utilized in the preparation of concrete, which can not only save on cement clinker and reduce energy consumption but also decrease other types of pollution caused by waste residue.The utilization of the industrial waste residue in concrete preparation grows as a research focus, and the influence of waste residue content on the concrete structure has been investigated since it presents a more complex nature. The residue is generated in almost every area of production ranging from agriculture to industry and mass consumption to cities. For example, rubber tires were investigated in . BesidesThe finite element analysis method has been widely used in several disciplines. In this manuscript, the mathematical approximation method is used to simulate the problems in engineering practice, and the finite unknowns are used to approximate the infinite unknowns to achieve the purpose of experimental research in practice. If the complex problem is simplified, the solution of the problem could be regarded as the generic resolution approach to many related problems. Although its result is a specific solution, it can be adapted to all kinds of complex problems for further analysis and becomes a necessary means for the analysis of practical engineering problems from a wider perspective. So, the finite element method is employed to investigate the influence of the proportion of waste residue on the performance and structure of concrete.The research on the applications of industrial waste residue in concrete materials began in the last century. After years of research, there have been many kinds of applications, including thermoelectric combustion slag, metallurgical slag, and mining slag, and so on. The structural performance of concrete could be effectively improved according to a certain proportion.Fly ash, granulated blast-furnace slag, and silica fume are just a few among the others and have been commonly utilized. For example, high-performance concrete can be prepared by replacing 40% ~80% cement in concrete with a certain proportion of them. When compared with conventional concrete, it has the advantages of good workability, small hydration heat, high strength, and better volume stability . LithiumThe utilization of waste residue is far more than what has been presented. With the deepening of research, the utilization of various materials will be more abundant. The utilization of the above wastes not only reduces the environmental pollution caused by concrete production but also lowers the production cost of concrete, which is practically worthy.Cement is the main part of the applications of concrete materials, and the selection of appropriate cement varieties is the key to ensuring the working performance of concrete. Several kinds of cement commonly implemented are called the Portland cement (P.I), the ordinary Portland cement (P.O), the Portland slag cement (P.S), the Portland fly-ash cement (P.F), and the pozzolanic Portland cement (P.P), the complex Portland cement (P.C), and so on. We picked the P.I 42.5 cement (C) that is utilized in the conducted experiment. The experimental water is ordinary tap water and sand is the standard one.Fly ash is a kind of pozzolanic material, which is a powder collected from flue gas of coal ash furnace in a thermal power plant so it has no cementitious properties. However, when it is mixed with cement and reacts with water in concrete, it will produce a gel that is difficult to dissolve in water, which can enhance the density of concrete, fill gaps, and improve the strength and impermeability of concrete . ReplaciTables The proportions of fly ash (F) are assigned to 40%, 55%, and 70%, respectively. The water-cement ratio is assigned to 0.45 and 0.3, respectively. When the water-cement ratio is assigned to 0.3, 1% water-reducing admixture is added. The design of the proportions of the mixtures is based on the consideration of experimental cost and practical use. Based on the control variates, the influence of different fly ash contents on the concrete structure is examined. When F is increased from 0 to 280 and C is decreased from 400 to 120, the admixture is changed from 2 to 1.5 for C30 with a 0.45 water-cement ratio.(1) The Determination of Porosity. Archimedes' principle is employed to gauge the porosity of the concrete blocks prepared from samples to investigate the influence of different fly ash contents on the internal structure of the concrete. Firstly, the test block after a complete hydrated reaction is weighed, and its dry mass is denoted by m0. Secondly, the test block is heated and boiled in distilled water. Then, it is kept boiling for 2 hours to make the distilled water completely penetrate the internal space of the test block. Next, the heating is terminated to bring it to room temperature. Afterward, the test block is quickly taken out and put into a small basket of preweighed quality and hung on the balance hook. The test block is continuously immersed in the water. The suspended mass of the saturated test block in the water is weighted and denoted by m1. After the saturated test block is taken out and the water on the surface is wiped off, the mass is quickly weighed and is denoted by m2. The porosity is calculated by(2) The Ultrasonic Measurement of Dynamic Elastic Modulus. The structure and performance of the concrete are tested according to the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave. The transmitting and the receiving ends of the ultrasonic wave are, respectively, placed at the two ends of the prepared test block whose size is represented by 100 × 100 × 300 (mm). The ultrasonic wave from the transmitting end passes through the concrete test block and is received and collected by the receiving end. Then, the analysis equipment is utilized to analyze and calculate the time and wave speed when it passes through the concrete. By doing so, the internal structure of the concrete is determined [termined .(3) Capillary Negative Pressure Test. The early-stage capillary negative pressure test system for concrete consists of a microporous ceramic head, water storage pipe, negative pressure sensor, and data acquisition device. The microporous ceramic head is the sensing element of the system. It should be saturated with airless water before implementation and embedded in freshly available concrete. At this time, the internal water of concrete is connected with the saturated water. The principle of the test can be described as follows: when the concrete gradually hardens, the water in the concrete begins to become unsaturated, and the water potential in the microporous ceramic is higher than that in the capillary in the concrete. According to the principle of connectivity, higher water potential flows to lower water potential until they reach equilibrium again. The inside of the negative pressure sensor is also in a state of seal saturation. In the process of the continuous dynamic balance of microporous ceramic head and capillary, negative pressure will be generated in the negative pressure sensor, and the change will be transmitted to the data acquisition device to obtain the actual situation of the concrete [concrete .The most remarkable characteristic of concrete is that the compressive strength of the products of the same grade is generally much higher than the tensile strength of the products of the same grade. With the increase of strength, its brittleness will also be improved, so it is easy to produce cracks and brittle fractures, affecting its performance. At the same time, the crack will reduce the stiffness and change the stress around it. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the concrete to improve its service life.The basic principle of finite element analysis is to discretize the solution area of the problem into a finite one, and it represents a combination of elements connected in a certain way. The basic principle can be described as follows: the element can be combined in different ways, and the element itself has different shapes, so the geometric shape is actually modeled, and its solution domain is also modeled. This specific problem can be expressed by a set of differential equations containing the boundary conditions of the state variables of the problem, which are usually transformed into equivalent functional forms. Thus, an approximate solution is constructed for the element, which is to deduce the finite element formulation, including selecting a reasonable element coordinate system and establishing the element function. By doing so, the unknown function to be solved in the solution domain can be expressed by the function distribution in each element. Hence, the value of the unknown function on each node becomes a new unknown quantity, and a continuous infinite degree of freedom problem turns out to be a discrete and finite degree of freedom problem. Finally, the elements are combined into the discrete domain and solved, and the result is the approximate value of the state variables at the element nodes .The concrete material itself is a kind of composite material with a heterogeneous structure whose inner side, and its stress changes will present uncertainty, so the analysis of its internal structure turns out to be a nonlinear analysis. Based on experiments, nonlinear analysis of the concrete material structure is carried out utilizing finite element analysis , which cIt reveals that the application of finite element analysis in the research of concrete materials has become a more and more refined approach, especially in the internal hydrated reaction of concrete, the nonlinear analysis of temperature stress, and the failure mechanism of the concrete itself.In this research, the concrete slab is utilized as a research object. The mixed proportions of different fly ash contents listed previously are employed, and plate specimens whose size is 600 mm × 600 mm × 80 mm are prepared. Thermoelectric sensors are arranged inside the specimen in advance to test the temperatures of the different stages. The early strength, shrinkage, and elastic modulus of the concrete with different proportions are tested .The main reason for the shrinkage of the concrete is that a large amount of hydration heat is produced after a hydrated reaction, which makes the temperature rise. Then, the temperature decreases when the reaction is terminated, resulting in a shrinkage process. Therefore, monitoring the temperature changes in the process of the hydrated reaction of the concrete is helpful to judge the shrinkage measurements and early strength of the concrete . TherefoDuring the preparation of the specimen, the material is loaded twice. First, half of the specimen is formed and tamped evenly with a tamping rod. Then, the thermoelectric sensor is embedded in the detection position. Finally, the remaining material is loaded. After all the specimens are tamped and smoothed, they are sealed with plastic films to keep the moisture content inside of the specimen. Then, they are placed in an environment with a relative humidity of 75% and temperature of 25°C for curing to ensure the full hydration reaction. The temperature test is mainly conducted to observe the change from molding to 7 d after molding is realized.ε is the shrinkage value and α is the linear expansion coefficient of the concrete.Determination of the shrinkage stress directly is difficult. Shrinkage causes stress that is equally occurred by the temperature drop. So, the deformation of the concrete can be transformed into an equation denoted byIn this experiment, the computerized large-scale finite element analysis utilizing software is conducted to reach a numerical solution when the concrete hydration heat under different mixed proportions and shrinkage stress is a concern with unloading . AccordiE and the temperature expansion coefficient α. The realization process of the concrete calculation mainly includes steps of modeling, analysis and solution, and final processing. The first is related to the selection of the calculation and a model to analyze and the division of units. In this experiment, the plate specimen is taken as the basic unit of the analysis, and a computerized approach is adapted to run internal partitioning. The second is pertinent to determining the boundary conditions of the model, and the last is related to finding the parameters such as the concrete elastic modulus It suggests that the compressive strength of the concrete with fly ash content above 40% decreases with the increase of content. Moreover, the greater the fly ash content is, the greater the strength reduction is. The increase in fly ash content reduces the formation of hydration product of the concrete, so the early strength decreases will be observed with the increase of fly ash content. However, it also promotes the hydration of the cement at the same time.As The shrinkage, temperature, and total stresses of the concrete with different fly ash contents on the 3 d and 7 d are calculated. In the manuscript, the theoretical analysis is combined with experimental conduct so the factors of the early strength, shrinkage deformation, and temperature stress of fly ash concrete with different content types are investigated. The dense filling and pozzolanic effect of fly ash powder are explored. The experimental conduct is carried out on the early compressive strength and hydrated reaction temperature of concrete with different amounts of fly ash. To do this, the finite element analysis method is introduced to examine the early shrinkage stress and temperature deformation of fly ash concrete with different contents.The tests of the concrete specimens with different amounts of fly ashes reveal that the early compressive strength will decrease significantly with the increase of fly ash content. Especially, when the water to binder ratio becomes high, the decrease in strength is consistent with the increased curve of fly ash content. Besides, the pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash is high, so increasing the temperature of the hydrated reaction can significantly promote the early strength of fly ash concrete.The shrinkage stress and temperature deformation of fly ash concrete are computed by the finite analysis method. The temperature difference method of converting shrinkage deformation into shrinkage equivalent is proposed and coupled with the temperature measured by the temperature device. Then, the early self-reaction stress distribution of the concrete with different fly ash contents is obtained. At the same time, it also suggests that different amounts of fly ash have different effects on the stress reduction of the concrete, so significantly improves both structure and performance of the concrete.In-depth research concerning more aspects will be conducted as a future research direction, for example, the creep effect of the concrete volume will be investigated in the presence of load. Besides, since there exists more than one admixture of fly ash, any combination containing other admixtures should be considered in the actual use of concrete.


Immunotherapy has been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for the treatment of non-metastatic colorectal cancer remains unclear. We tried to explore clinical effect of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the treatment of non-metastatic colorectal cancer.We searched the databases  to obtain suitable articles up to September 2022. The primary outcomes of pathological complete response (pCRs), major pathological response (MPR), objective response rate (ORR), R0-resection and anus preserving rate were collected and evaluated. Secordary outcomes (pCRs and MPR) of subgroup analysis between deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high group (dMMR/MSI-H) and proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stable group (pMMR/MSS) and outcomes for rectal cancer were analyzed for the final results.P<0.01, chi2 = 65.3, P<0.01, I2 = 86.2%) and MPR was found in 194/304 (63.8%) patients  with the random-effects model and huge heterogeneity. In the subgroup analysis, pCRs was higher in the dMMR/MSI-H group than the pMMR/MSS group in the fixed-effects model with minimal heterogeneity . pCRs was found in 58/172 (33.9%) rectal cancer patients  with the fixed-effects model and little heterogeneity.We included ten articles and 410 cases of non-metastatic colorectal cancer with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. There were 113 (27.5%) cases with the dMMR/MSI-H status and 167 (40.7%) cases with the pMMR/MSS status. pCRs was found in 167/373 (44.6%) patients (ES: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.62, Neoadjuvant immunotherapy could increase pCRs and MPR rate for non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy could achieve better pCRs rate in dMMR/MSI-H group than in the pMMR/MSS group. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy could be another treatment option for non-metastatic colorectal cancer.https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero, identifier CRD42022350523. The incidence of colorectal cancer is high, and it brings a serious threat to human health . NeoadjuIn 2015, the KEYNOTE-016 study NCT01876511) indicated that dMMR/MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer could significantly benefit from programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibody immunotherapy . But for indicateThe original NICHE study cohort reported the final efficacy data at the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting, it showed that 30% of pMMR/MSS patients and all the dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer patients could respond to neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab . Howeverhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero). The The protocol has been registered on the PROSPERO website  and Wanfang databases (up to September 2022). The search terms were “colorectal cancer” and “neoadjuvant immunotherapy”.The PICO model was followed to guide our literature research in the subgroup analysis: population, intervention, comparator and outcomes. The population included non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients. The intervention was dMMR/MSI-H group. The comparator was pMMR/MSS group. The outcomes included pCRs and MPR.The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) non-metastatic colorectal cancer, (2) single-arm study, cohort study, prospective study, retrospective study and RCTs, (3) the included patients performed neoadjuvant immunotherapy.The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) metastatic colorectal cancer; (2) case reports, meeting, letter and other unsuitable types; (3) no neoadjuvant immunotherapy.Two reviewers (GYZ and FJW) searched the relevant literatures and sorted the useful clinical data independently with the help of the revised version of MINORS  . The revThe relevant clinical data was shown by the tables. I2≧50%) and for little heterogeneity (I2<50%) respectively. Publication bias was assessed by the funnel plots.Stata 11.0 and RevMan 5.0 software was used to analyze the dichotomous data, and it was evaluated by relative risks (ORs or RRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Random effects models and fixed effects model were used to analyse the data with huge heterogeneity , not non-metastatic colorectal cancer (N=105), not neoadjuvant immunotherapy (N=54) and other literatures Figure 1The vast majority of neoadjuvant therapy regimens are neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (long-course radiotherapy: 4500 cGy in 25 fractions or short-course radiotherapy: 2500 cGy in 25 fractions with or without CAPOX and FOLFOX) plus pembrolizumab, ipilimumab or nivolumab (200 mg) for local advanced rectal cancer. Avelumab (10 mg/kg), toripalimab (3 mg/kg) and camrelizumab (200 mg) were immunotherapy drugs in Shamseddine A 2020, Hu H 2022 and Lin Z 2021 respectively. The specific informations were in the P<0.01, chi2 = 65.3, P<0.01, I2 = 86.2%, P<0.01, chi2 = 42.55, P<0.01, I2 = 81.2%, 10 studies reported the clinical data of pCRs, pCRs was found in 167/373 (44.6%) patients  patients  patients  to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-metastatic colorectal cancer.The pCR rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer was about 5%, and the pCR rate of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer was about 10-15% . In our dMMR/MSI-H status was a unique, biomarker-selected type of colorectal cancer and it accounted for approximately 12% to 15% of all colorectal cancer patients. It is more prevalent in the right colon with poorly differentiated or mucinous adenocarcinoma, while only 2% of rectal cancer patients have dMMR/MSI-H status . Al-SukhThree articles reported the clinical data of neoadjuvant immunotherapy alone, while six articles reported the clinical data of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy .Among the included articles for the neoadjuvant immunotherapy of colorectal cancer, there were several related studies about rectal cancer. We used the available data to perform statistical analysis. The rate of pCRs and MPR were 33.9% and 49.5% respectively, while R0-resection and anus preserving rate were 96.5% and 69.8% respectively Table 4.However, there are little related studies about colon cancer among the included articles. We can not collect available data for statistical analysis. NICHE study focused on early-stage colon cancer, the rate of pCRs and MPR were 40% and 65.7% respectively. In our study, the pCRs rate of neoadjuvant immunotherapy (40%) for colon cancer was also higher than the pCR rate (5-15%) of neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy. However, due to little literatures of colon cancer for neoadjuvant immunotherapy, the results of NICHE study could provide some reference for clinical work. More studies are needed to clarify the clinical effect of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-metastatic colorectal cancer.In the included literatures, the neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimens were mostly single PD-1 monoclonal antibody , while the regimen of the NICHE study was the combination of PD-1 monoclonal antibody (single ipilimumab 1 mg/kg and two nivolumab 3 mg/kg treatments). Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant radiotherapy  was widely used in rectal cancer, while neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FOLFOX or CAPOX) was widely used in colon cancer  and the MPR rate was 65.4% (17/26). Among the 68 patients with pMMR/MSS status who received immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy, the pCR rate was 35.3% (24/68), and the MPR rate was 58.8% (40/68). At present, whether neoadjuvant immunotherapy was suitable for neoadjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer, which neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimens was more suitable for colorectal cancer, whether neoadjuvant immunotherapy requires combined chemo(radio)therapy was still inconclusive, and further research was needed to explore.The most common immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) were skin disease (44%-68%), followed by gastrointestinal reactions (5%-50%), abnormal liver function (incidence) and endocrine disorders (6%) . The incThe incidence of postoperative complications was 19.3%, and most of the postoperative complications were grade I-II complications. Infection, intestinal obstruction and anastomotic stenosis were the main postoperative complications. All the patients with postoperative complications were discharged smoothly with conservative symptomatic treatment. Lupattelli et al. published a multicenter retrospective study in which 76 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were given 45 Gy (25 times) in the pelvis, and the local tumor dose was increased to 52.5 to 57.5 Gy (25 times), and the recent results showed that the pCR rate was 27.8%, the incidence of grade 3-4 adverse reactions was 10.5%, and the incidence of surgical complications was 18.1% . Based oThe meta-analysis had several limitations. Firstly, neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimens were inconsistent among the included articles, which could affect the results. Whether it should be combined with neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy and neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy regimens were inconsistent, which was also one of the limitations. Secondly, few related articles on neoadjuvant immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (most of which are single-arm studies with no control group) could be one of the limitations. Thirdly, limited patients and clinical data of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-metastatic colorectal cancer could affect the results.By using the collected clinical data, we speculated that neoadjuvant immunotherapy could increase MPR and pCR rate, especially for dMMR/MSI-H status. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemo(radio)therapy could enhance the therapeutic effect (MPR and pCR rate). Compared with previous clinical data of neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy, neoadjuvant immunotherapy did not increase the incidence of postoperative complications and adverse events. We expected the precise neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimens with or without chemo(radio)therapy would appear, which could reduce postoperative complications and adverse events, increase MPR, pCR rate and other outcomes. At the same time, we also looked forward to the emergence of more RCTs that can confirm the clinical effects of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy could be another treatment option for non-metastatic colorectal cancer treatment.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/All authors participated in the study. LZ, G-YZ and F-JW performed the literature search and the acquisition of data. LZ and F-JW performed data analysis. X-QY and XL participated in the interpretation of data and paper writing. LZ and XL were responsible for the editing, revision and submission of the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


The material Trp-Met-5-PMO with low amounts of organosilica precursor remained a mesoporous material with well-ordered 2D hexagonal (P6mm) structure. With increasing amounts of organosilica precursor, a mesoporous structure was still formed, as shown in the material Trp-Met-100-PMO with the highest amounts of organosilica precursor. Moreover, pore size distribution, surface area and porosity of Trp-Met-PMO are regulated with different amounts of organosilica precursor Trp-Met-Si. The antioxidant activity of Trp-Met-PMO was evaluated by ABTS free radical-scavenging assay. The results showed that antioxidant activity was largely enhanced with increasing contents of organosilica precusor Trp-Met-Si in the skeleton. The material Trp-Met-40-PMO exhibited maximum scavenging capacity of ABTS free radicals, the inhibition percent was 5.88%. This study provides a design strategy for nanoantioxidant by immobilizing short peptides within the porous framework of mesoporous material.A nanoantioxidant of mesoporous organosilica (Trp-Met-PMO) based on the framework of tryptophan–methionine dipeptide was first designed and constructed by condensation between self-created dipeptide organosilica precursor (Trp-Met-Si) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in alkaline conditions under the template hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Trp-Met-Si was prepared by the reaction between dipeptide Trp-Met and conventional organosilicon coupling agent isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTES) via a multiple-step reaction method. The material Trp-Met-PMO was confirmed by XRD, FT-IR and N Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are usually produced in the process of cell metabolism due to incomplete reduction of oxygen molecules, and have different forms such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, etc. ,2,3,4. I2O2 [With the remarkable breakthroughs in the field of nanochemistry and nanofabrication technology, various nanomaterials have been prepared to regulate amounts of ROS for extensive biomedical applications. Specially, ROS-scavenging nanomaterials display significant advantages based on the different formations including antioxidant drug-loaded nanoparticles and ROS-responsive nanomaterial without additions ,7,8. Whe2O2 . Two ant2O2 . Thus, MMany studies have confirmed that free amino acids and peptides derived from plants, animals, traditional foods and biological metabolisms exhibit good antioxidant activities ,16,17. ABased on the above discussion, in the current study, MSN with ROS-scavenging ability was prepared by immobilizing ROS-scavenging moieties within the porous skeleton without additional molecules by a co-condensation method. Furthermore, the biomolecule dipeptide tryptophan–methionine (Trp-Met) was first selected as a ROS-scavenging moiety to construct MSNs. The organosilicon precursor of dipeptide Trp-Met was synthesized by the reaction between Trp-Met and conventional alkoxysilane precursor 3-isocyanate propyltriethoxysilane (IPTES). Through regulating the ratios of dipeptide organosilicon precursor during preparation, mesoporous organosilica materials with various contents of dipeptide were obtained. They were characterized by XRD, FTIR and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. We monitored ROS-scavenging ability of these materials by an ABTS free radical-scavenging experiment. The mesoporous organosilica was confirmed as a potential antioxidant to scavenge excessive ROS because of dipeptide Trp-Met.2O) were purchased from Energy. CTAB was purchased from Adamas-beta. Other common reagents and solvents were AR grade without further purification.Methionine, tryptophan and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were purchased from Aladdin. 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothioazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), (3-Isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (IPTES), N-Boc-ethylenediamine, O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate (TBTU) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (BOC1H-NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AC-400 Avance (400 MHz) spectrometer at 290 K. All chemical shifts (ppm) were reported in the standard notation of parts per million (δ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS). The mass spectrum was measured on an Agilent 6550 iFunnel Q-TOF with chemical ionization. UV–Vis adsorption spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu 1800 UV/Vis spectrophotometer to evaluate the ABTS radical-scavenging experiment. FTIR spectra were performed on a Thermo Nicolet iS5 FT instrument in the mid-infrared region of 4000–400 cm−1 using a KBr beam-splitter. The samples were mixed with a ratio of approximately 1:100  and pressed into a thin and transparent disk. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were measured on a Micrometrics ASAP2020. Before the measurements, all the materials were degassed at 150 °C for 6 h. The specific surface area (SBET) was calculated based on the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method. The Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was used for calculations of pore size distributions. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were acquired using a D/Max-2400 Powder X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα X-ray radiation source (λ = 1.5418 Å).The compound of tryptophan–methionine dipeptide organosilica precursor (Trp-Met-Si) was prepared via a multiple-step reaction, as shown in 2 was removed to obtain the product. Finally, 5.75 g (35 mmol) of methionine methyl ester hydrochloride (designated as Met-OMe) was obtained with a yield of 87% as a white solid. Thionyl chloride  was slowly added into a clear solution of methionine  in 100 mL methanol at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was placed in a 250 mL round-bottom flask at 80 °C for 8 h. After that, the methanol was removed under reduced pressure by vacuum rotary evaporation. The dichloromethane was added into the resulting mixture, and the excess SOClSubsequently, the compounds of TBTU  and triethylamine  were added into the 100 mL anhydrous THF solution of BOC-Trp  at 0 °C. The reaction mixtures were kept at the same temperature and stirred for 30 min. Whereafter, the compound Met-OMe  was added into the reaction system and stirred at 0 °C for 10 min. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction systems were raised to 25 °C and continuously stirred for 3 h. The solvent THF was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and saturated salt water and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Finally, 6.74 g (15 mmol) of BOC-Trp-Met-OMe was obtained with a yield of 75% as a white solid after removing the solvent.BOC-Trp-Met-OMe  was added to 50 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution and tetrahydrofuran in a 250 mL round-bottom flask, stirred at 25 °C for 2 h and then tetrahydrofuran was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2 with 1 M hydrochloric acid, and the crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic phase was washed with saturated brine and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then, the solvent was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation. Finally, 4.36 g (10 mmol) of white solid product (designated as BOC-Trp-Met) was obtained with a yield of 70%.The compound BOC-Trp-Met  was dissolved in 100 mL of dried tetrahydrofuran. EDCl  and NHS  were added into the above reaction system at 0 °C. The resulting mixtures were stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and then raised to 25 °C for 5 h. After that, N-Boc-Ethylenediamine  and an appropriate amount of triethylamine were added and stirred at 25 °C for 5 h. The obtained product was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Finally, 4.04 g (7 mmol) of white solid powder was obtained with a yield of 87%. The obtained product was dissolved in 50 mL of methanol. Five milliliters of acetyl chloride was added into the solutions of methanol at 0 °C, and the resulting mixtures were heated to 25 °C and stirred for 2 h. The solvent was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation, and the colorless oily substance was obtained in a bottle. Then, the oily substance was dissolved in 100 mL of dried tetrahydrofuran. Triethylamine  and IPTS  were added and stirred for 5 h at room temperature. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the product was washed with n-hexane and naturally dried at room temperature. Finally, 4.33 g (5.5 mmol) of white solid product dipeptide organosilica precursor (designated as Trp-Met-Si) was obtained with a yield of 71%.2O in a 250 mL beaker. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min to form a transparent solution. Then, the beaker was transferred to a water bath of 40 °C. Different proportions of Trp-Met-Si and TEOS were slowly added into the beaker and vigorously stirred for 24 h. The obtained product was washed with distilled water and dried at room temperature. Finally, the template CTAB was removed by extraction with mixed solutions of 5 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid and 250 mL EtOH at 85 °C for 48 h. The obtained material is denoted as Trp-Met-x-PMO ).The synthesis of ordered mesoporous organosilica with the framework of methionine–tryptophan dipeptide is shown in The scavenging activity of mesoporous organosilica Trp-Met-PMO on hydrophilic ABTS free radicals was evaluated according to the method in the literature. ABTS was dissolved in 7 mm water. ABTS radical cation (ABTS+) was produced by the reaction of ABTS stock solution with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate, which was used after the mixed solutions were placed in the dark at room temperature for 12–16 h. The reaction ratio of ABTS to potassium persulfate was 1:0.5, which resulted in incomplete oxidation of ABTS. The oxidation reaction of ABTS began immediately, but the absorbance did not reach the maximum value until 6 h later and tended to be stable. Finally, the concentrations of ABTS+ were adjusted to give absorbance of 0.970 ± 0.020 at 734 nm. Free radicals in this form were still stable when they were stored in darkness at room temperature for more than two days.To evaluate the scavenging effect of the material Trp-Met-PMO on ABTS, 20 mg of Trp-Met-PMO was mixed with 25 mL of ABTS radical solution. The obtained mixtures were kept away from light for 5 min at 37 °C. The decrease in absorbance at 734 nm was measured at the end of 5 min. Antioxidant activity was expressed as a percentage of ABTS free radical scavenging, as shown in the following equation:1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS  from the thioether group. The wavenumbers of 1700 cm−1 and 1680 cm−1 denoted the stretching vibration peaks of the carboxyl group (C=O) from ester and amide, respectively. The stretching vibration peak of the sulfur–carbon bond (S-CH) from the thioether group was observed at the wavenumber of 1259 cm−1. These characteristic peaks were related to dipeptide organosilica precursor Trp-Met-Si. These results indicated that the compound Trp-Met-Si was successfully immobilized within the material Trp-Met-PMO. Moreover, the intensity of these peaks was enhanced with the increasing amounts of Trp-Met-Si. In addition, the stretching vibration peaks of Si-O-Si were observed at the wavenumbers of 1082 cm−1, 798 cm−1 and 462 cm−1. The noncondensing Si-OH peaks appeared at the wavenumber of 960 cm−1. These characteristic peaks illustrated that the material Trp-Met-PMO remained a mesoporous skeleton based on the condensation of orgnosilica precursor Trp-Met-Si and TEOS under the template.The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) is used to illustrate the chemical bonds of mesoporous organosilica Trp-Met-PMO in P6mm) structure similar to MCM-41. When the amounts of Trp-Met were increased in the preparation of mesoporous organosilica Trp-Met-PMO, two diffraction peaks of (110) and (200) became unapparent and even disappeared in XRD patterns. However, the diffraction peak of (100) was still observed for all of the materials. The interplanar spacing (d100) and cell parameters (α0) also changed with the variation of 2θ values, as shown in The wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of mesoporous organosilica Trp-Met-x-PMO are shown in 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the material Trp-Met-PMO with the different contents of Trp-Met-Si. All the materials exhibited type IV isotherms with sharp capillary condensation steps at a relative pressure P/P0 range between 0.8 and 1.0. Different types of hysteresis loops were observed in the materials with variable amounts of organosilica precursor Trp-Met-Si. The materials Trp-Met-5-PMO, Trp-Met-10-PMO, Trp-Met-15-PMO and Trp-Met-20-PMO indicated H1-type hysteresis loops, the other three materials presented H3-type hysteresis loops with the characteristic of narrow pore size distributions. These results illustrated that the material Trp-Met-PMO maintained a structure similar to ordered mesoporous silica material after immobilizing organosilica precursor Trp-Met-Si within the skeleton.Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis was performed to observe the pore structure of the materials Trp-Met-x-PMO . BET), BJH pore diameter (Dp), total pore volume (Vt) and wall thickness (WT) are listed in In addition, the structural parameters of the materials including BET specific surface area  and porosity (from 0.54 cm3/g to 0.06 cm3/g) of Trp-Met-PMO can be controlled by varying the molar percentage of Trp-Met-Si from 5 to 100. The material Trp-Met-5-PMO with low amounts of organosilica precursor remained a mesoporous material with well-ordered 2D hexagonal (P6mm) structure. The mesoporous skeleton could still be maintained in these materials even if Trp-Met-PMO was used as the only silicon source. In addition, these materials with different contents of Trp-Met-Si exhibited good antioxidant properties in the ABTS free radical-scavenging experiment. The material Trp-Met-40-PMO exhibited maximum scavenging capacity of ABTS free radicals, the inhibition percent was 5.88%. Based on these results, the material Trp-Met-PMO could probably be applied in cosmetics as an antioxidant additive in future. Meanwhile, the mesoporous organosilica Trp-Met-PMO may provide some advantages in biological systems with the combination of active molecules due to the dipeptide in the framework being the main component. In summary, the mesoporous organosilica material Trp-Met-PMO could be readily prepared by the co-condensation of organosilica precursor Trp-Met-PMO and TEOS under the template CTAB. Moreover, amounts of Trp-Met-Si were regulated to observe the changing of their structural features and antioxidant properties. For example, pore size distribution (from 2.4 nm to 1.2 nm), surface area (from 59 m