In forensic settings interviewers are advised to ask as many open-ended questions as possible. However, even experts may have difficulty following this advice potentially negatively impacting an investigation. Here, we sought to investigate how emotions and psychophysiological parameters are associated with question formulation in real time in an ongoing (simulated) child sexual abuse (CSA) interview.N = 60, Mage = 22.75) conducted two interviews with child avatars, while their emotions , GSR and heart rate (HR) were registered.In a experimental study, psychology students  questions were preceded by more facially observable anger, but not disgust, sadness, surprise or relief. Third, closed (vs. open) questions were preceded by higher GSR resistance and lower heart rate.Results suggest for the first time that emotions and psychophysiological states can drive confirmation bias in question formulation in real time in CSA. In abuse investigation settings interviewing is one of the crucial elements, especially if no other evidence is available, as usually is the case in alleged child sexual abuse (CSA) cases. Best practice recommendations advise interviewers to ask open-ended questions, such as “Tell me everything what happened!” “Tell me more about what happened yesterday!” “What happened after that?” . Such quIn the present paper the terms open and closed questions were used for coding question types, where open questions encourage a free narrative and closed question prompt the interviewee to confirm or deny the statement provided by the interviewer or choose between provided options. Generally, open-ended questions are considered to be recommended, while close-ended questions are not recommended . HoweverOne would expect that trained professionals would be able to follow best interviewing practice guidelines and conduct unbiased interviews. However, field research has repeatedly shown that across countries, practitioners ask large proportions of option-posing and suggestive questions during forensic interviews e.g., , 2023. MAs it may be expected from trained professionals to follow best practice guidelines in forensic interviewing, it may also be expected that expert decision-making should be immune to any subjectivity and would be based purely on scientific standards, latest research findings and generally on an unbiased approach . One might assume, that areas such as DNA testing or judicial decision-making are exactly those areas where no doubts should be raised regarding the decision and interpretation of the results. However, it was repeatedly demonstrated, that even such areas can be affected by biases that are inherent to humans . Even juA common idea prevails that in order for the legal system to function and the law to perform an objective function in the society, so that the public would trust and comply with the law – emotions must be “put aside” . HoweverCognitive contamination or bias is present in all human beings, including forensic scientists . In a reSome research has demonstrated that emotions may influence the interviewer’s attitudes during the interview . An analForensic child interviewing might give rise to emotions experienced by the interviewer, for example if the nature of the alleged crime is perceived as immoral and self-relevant in any way . CSA is Emotions in the studies described above were elicited as a reaction to hearing a child avatar describe abuse or non-abuse details. However, the results may be relevant for formulating hypotheses about how emotions preceding a question could impact whether the question is biased and aims at confirming a CSA hypothesis or whether the question is open. Within the context of CSA interviews, we expected having an assumption of abuse, that is, thinking about CSA, to give rise to the same emotional pattern as listening to CSA details. In a corresponding fashion, we expected that thinking about the possibility of CSA not having happened would give rise to the same emotional pattern as listening to non-CSA details. We therefore expected that more of the negative emotions of anger and disgust would precede closed, CSA confirming questions while more of the positive emotions of relief and surprise would precede more open questions. Also, during an interview, CSA related details might be revealed by the avatar which would give rise to this emotional pattern reinforcing confirmation bias further which would in its turn again increase the probability of a closed question being asked next. Though, the expected role of sadness in this context seems somewhat unclear. On one hand, there is evidence of sadness resulting in more diligence and a stronger belief that the accused is guilty when analyzing the available data of an alleged crime . Also, sAccording to Physiological parameters of heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) resistance, depending on their intensity might also influence either CSA confirming or CSA disconfirming questions see . It seemAs mentioned above, there are studies analyzing subjective and facially expressed emotional responses to CSA details revealed during interviewing. However, to our knowledge no studies have been conducted on interviewers’ psychophysiological responses and whether these could have an impact on subsequent question formulation in an ongoing CSA interview or in investigative interviews in general. However, given that emotions have psychophysiological correlates  and giveIt is known that physiological parameters, such as GSR  and HR rSimulated avatar interviews were created as an alternative to theoretical training and practical training using adult actors to improve the quality of investigative interviews in alleged CSA cases . This foSimulated interviews with avatars about alleged CSA were used in the current study . These hThe setup has 16 computer-generated child avatars with alleged sexual abuse scenarios. In the present study, we used two female child avatars with half of the participants in each group being presented with an abuse scenario avatar and then no-abuse while the other half were presented with the avatars in reverse order. During the simulation an operator coded the questions and depending on the question type the avatar provided a response as determined by algorithms reflecting real children’s behavior in interview situations . In thisBased on previously discussed studies about interviewers’ emotional reactions, general emotionality, perceived realness, assessment of simulated CSA interviews with child avatars e.g., , as well(1)We expected general emotionality and perceived realness to predict overall stronger expressed emotions. We also investigated whether these variables would moderate the differences in the emotions and psychophysiological parameters preceding open and closed questions but we did not formulate any hypotheses concerning this given that these variables probably enhance the reactions themselves and therefore would not necessarily be expected to further moderate them.(2)We expected closed (vs. open) questions to be preceded by more anger and disgust whereas we expected open (vs. closed) questions to be preceded by more surprise and relief. As the different theoretical models led to different predictions regarding the role of sadness, we did not formulate a directional hypothesis regarding it.(3)We expected closed (vs. open) questions to be preceded by higher GSR resistance and lower heart rate.a priori hypotheses, we explored gender differences and changes from first to the second interview. Here, our general expectation was that women would express emotions more strongly (Besides the strongly  and thatN = 60 (47 women), age range 19–44 years, ageM  = 22.75, SD age = 6.74) recruited from Mykolas Romeris university. The invitation to participate in the study was sent out directly to all psychology bachelor students via e-mail. The data collection stopped when 60 participants took part in the study. None of the participants had any experience or training in child interviewing. Participants were granted a 10-euro shopping center gift voucher for their participation in the study.The sample consisted of psychology students  scale, which allowed us to measure baseline emotionality regarding CSA. The scale demonstrated good reliability (α = 0.88) and convergent validity    question= 0.28)] . CE-CSA not realistic at all” to 5 “very realistic.”Perception of avatar realism was measured using one-item, as in the previous experiments with Avatars on emotions . ParticiThe whole study was designed and implemented using iMotions Biometric Research Platform 9.3  and everThroughout the experiment the participants wore a portable Shimmer3 GSR + unit. The GSR sensor measures and captures GSR in real time. It monitors skin conductivity utilizing two reusable electrodes attached to two fingers of one hand. When stimuli activate the sweat glands, the increasing moisture will increase the conductance of the skin, allowing the current to flow more readily. Another reusable electrode was attached to the ear lobe and was used to capture Optical Pulse/PPG (Photoplethysmogram) that was converted to heart rate (HR). For the analyses of psychophysiological states, we used GSR and HR parameters.For the analysis of facial and psychophysiological states we chose 5-s intervals prior to first five closed questions preceding a confirmatory answer and 5-s intervals prior to first five open questions preceding any relevant details provided as a response by the child avatar to the questions that were asked (Picture 1). For some of the participants the number of coded time intervals was lower due to them not asking enough questions. The same number of closed and open questions were included from the participant in these cases  and psychophysiological measurements (objective).Upon arrival, each participant received a short explanation and instruction about the study. Participants were told:“The study is about interviewing allegedly sexually abused children using virtual child avatars and during the study you will have to fill in questionnaires about your emotional states, answer questions after watching an avatar speaking, then after watching a conducted interview with an avatar and finally you will have to interview two avatars that allegedly have experienced sexual abuse with the aim to figure out whether something has happened to them or not. During the whole experiment you will have to wear a portable sensor and you will be video recorded throughout the experiment. When you are presented with any stimuli, try not to cover your face with your hands.”Every participant signed an informed consent form before proceeding with the experiment. All data were collected in a laboratory setting and all of the questionnaires and measurements were conducted in the iMotions platform. After the completion of experiment, participants were debriefed with the interview outcomes and the aim of the study. Every participant then received a 10-euro gift coupon. The experiment included also other components not reported in the present paper.2 for elements that are separated by a third, and so on  working correlation matrix to represent the within-subject dependencies were used to analyze the data. With this matrix, the repeated measurements have a first-order autoregressive relationship. It is defined so that the correlation between any two elements is equal to rho for adjacent elements, rhond so on .M = 1.46; SD = 0.50). The overall number of correct decisions was 25 . The overall number of correct decisions was 34  than men , χ2 (1) = 4.261, p = 0.039 as well as more lip-corner depressor activity (relief)  than men , χ2 (1) = 11.994, p < 0.001. Women also had higher GSR resistance  than men , χ2 (1) = 16.358, p < 0.001. There were no significant differences in anger, surprise, disgust or HR.Before analyzing the potential impact of emotions and psychophysiological parameters on question formulation during the interviews, we explored possible gender and interview order effects on the measured variables. Generalized estimating equations controlling for dependence of measurements from the same participant and from the same interview were used when comparing male and female participants’ emotions and psychophysiological parameters. Women exhibited more sadness  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 4.200, p = 0.040. Their level of surprise also reduced from the first interview  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 11.102, p < 0.001.Next, we used generalized estimating equations controlling for dependence of measurement from the same participants while comparing the parameters from the two interviews. The participants’ disgust levels reduced from the first interview  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 11.083, p < 0.001. Also, lip-corner suppressor activity (relief) increased from the first interview  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 7.255, p = 0.007.In contrast, the participants’ sadness increased from the first interview  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 11.082, p < 0.001. Also, their heart rate reduced from the first interview  to the second interview , χ2 (1) = 13.601, p < 0.001.The participants’ GSR resistance reduced from the first interview , general emotionality (p = 0.399) or perceived realness (p = 0.123). However, contrary to expectations, there were no differences in expressed disgust (p = 0.599), sadness (p = 0.416), surprise (p = 0.931), or lip-corner depressor activity (relief) (p = 0.959). Also, none of these effects were significantly moderated by gender , general emotionality  or perceived realness .As expected, the participants expressed more anger in their faces preceding closed as opposed to open questions, χ2 = 11.350, p < 0.001. This effect was not moderated by gender (p = 0.132), general emotionality (p = 0.898) or perceived realness (p = 0.765). Also, as expected, the participants had lower heart rate preceding closed as opposed to open questions, χ2 = 13.496, p < 0.001. Also, this effect was not moderated by gender (p = 0.715), general emotionality (p = 0.345) or perceived realness (p = 0.261).As expected, the participants had higher GSR resistance preceding closed as opposed to open questions, χThe purpose of the current study was to investigate whether and how emotions and psychophysiological parameters are associated with question formulation in a simulated CSA investigative interview setting. Specifically, we aimed to measure objectively  expressed emotions and registered psychophysiological parameters (GSR and HR) preceding open and closed questions and also to check whether the strength of these variables would be impacted by general emotionality and perceived realness. Results of the study provide, for the first time, evidence of the interplay between confirmation bias and emotions in CSA interviewers in real time. We found differences between open and closed questions for the emotion of anger, as well as for GSR and HR. Also, as expected, general emotionality and perceived realness of the simulation made some of the emotional reactions stronger.This was the first time the Lithuanian version of the Avatar Training software was used. We compared the quality of the interviews with that of interviews in control groups of previous studies where no feedback or other intervention was provided (as in the current study no specific interviewing instruction nor feedback was provided). The current results correspond to the numbers reported by Looking into interviewers’ gender, we found that women had stronger emotional reactions of sadness and relief than men and also higher GSR resistance than men. For anger, surprise, disgust and heart rate there were no significant gender differences. These results are partially in line with Importantly and in line with Hypothesis 1, general emotionality regarding CSA as well as the extent to which the participants perceived the avatars to be realistic and believable were associated with stronger overall emotional reactions. This is in line with previous research with the avatars  suggestiIn an earlier study of emotional reactions to listening to child avatars either revealing confirming CSA or disconfirming CSA details, In line with Hypothesis 3, closed questions were preceded by higher GSR resistance and lower heart rate than open questions. Higher GSR resistance basically means that the person is feeling less stressed . Also, lChild sexual abuse interview itself is a complex task. It requires the interviewer not only to think about the question formulation, but also to evaluate child cognitive abilities to respond to the specific question. Another difficulty is related to truth estimation: the answers provided by the child need to be evaluated as true or false and whether they are in line with the question. And third, elicited details need to be evaluated in relation to the scenario the interviewer has in mind and evaluated for whether they support or disconfirm the abuse hypothesis. It should also be noted that all of these simultaneous processes are accompanied with emotional responses. According to Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) , the morIt is also worth mentioning that correlations between the different emotion and psychophysiological variables were in line with the preliminary model of the role of emotions on confirmation bias in question formulation presented in the introduction. Positive correlations between anger and disgust and anger and sadness shows that these emotions go together as a group, while sadness also positively correlates with relief supporting the idea that the role of sadness in question formulation is ambiguous. Interestingly, general emotionality positively correlated with increased levels of all emotions except sadness. This supports the idea that more emotionally reactive interviewers should pay attention to their emotional reactions which can have an influence on question formulation in an ongoing interview. The last issue can be practically addressed, for example, by expanding the feedback in interview training to also focus on the role of emotions on confirmation bias.The associations between the emotions and the psychophysiological parameters and the type of question asked were not moderated by either general emotionality or perceived realness of the avatars. This is not unexpected given that any impact these two factors seemed to be mediated by the emotions or psychophysiological parameters themselves and, in fact, this is what was found in the correlational analyses referred to above. The mediation account is supported by the previous study  that shoThe Avatar Training software is a promising way to study the questions addressed in the present research: the stimuli are standardized but still allowed a dynamic interaction process similar to that of an actual interview: the interviewers could formulate their questions freely and the child avatars also answered the questions orally. Also, we know from previous research  that theSecondly, to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the impact of emotions and psychophysiological parameters (GSR and HR) on question formulation in real time.However, it is important to highlight that the sample was not a professional sample, thus their emotional reactions could be affected by lack of practical experience and knowledge about CSA interviewing. Also, it is important to notice, that this study could not prove any causal relationships between variables given that we did not use manipulations to cause changes in emotions and psychophysiology. However, we were interested in the natural interplay of emotional reactions rising during an interview and how they were associated with the following question type. That being said, there could be some unmeasured additional factor that explains the associations. This would most likely be some individual difference factor that explains both the emotional reactions and confirmation bias tendency.In the literature, the problem of confirmation bias has been mostly looked at through the lens of cognition with notable exceptions. This also applies to the field of criminal investigations and investigative interviewing, again with exceptions . Here, wPeople who are generally more emotional about CSA and have difficulties to restrain or regulate themselves emotionally might navigate the investigative interview in a more biased way in association with their expressed negative emotions. Further, CSA interview training could be enhanced with a short block of information regarding the link between emotions, physiology, questioning style and confirmation bias. Lastly, the supervision of CSA interviewing could be elaborated with feedback regarding emotionality and experienced emotions. That can be done at least in two ways: first - participants could be informed (or reminded) that negative emotions are associated with a tendency to formulate questions in a biased way, thus the interviewer should try to be aware of his/her own emotional state during the interview; second, if it will be possible, the interviewer could receive some feedback about his/her emotional state that can be observed by the supervising person. Also, interviewers, if needed, could additionally receive emotion regulation interventions in order to gain more self-control and become more self-aware about their emotional reactions during an ongoing interview. In addition, the approach we have used could potentially be used in other arenas as well. However, to be more certain about the clinical implications, we would want to replicate the findings in actual forensic child interviews.The original data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors of the published articles upon reasonable request.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Psychological Research at Mykolas Romeris University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.AS: software, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, and writing – original draft preparation. AB and GK: investigation, data curation, and writing – review and editing. SH and FP: software and writing – review and editing. YZ: writing – review and editing. RŽ: project administration, funding acquisition, and writing – review and editing. PS: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, and writing – original draft preparation. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


The light weight, electrical conductivity, environmental friendliness, and high mechanical properties of graphene/PEKK composites make them popular in biomedical, electronic component and aerospace fields. However, the compaction density and carbonization of the specimen influence the microstructure and conductivity of the graphene/PEKK composite prepared by in situ polymerization, so electromagnetic-assisted molding was used to manufacture products to avoid carbonization and enhance the compaction density. The effects of different discharge voltages on the microstructure of the formed graphene/PEKK specimens were compared. Increasing the discharge voltage will lead to a closer distribution of flake graphene in the matrix to improve the compaction density, mechanical performance and conductivity. At the same time, the numerical analysis model was validated by comparison with the compaction density of the experimental results. Based on this research, the stress/strain distribution on the specimen was obtained with increasing discharge voltages. Thus, graphene has become a preferred semiconductor-filling material [During the oil exploration and exploitation process, electromagnetic flowmeters (EMFs) have long been regarded as detection equipment in harsh underground environments . Accordiaterials . Graphenaterials . In addimaterial ,9.Commonly, graphene is regarded as a filler nanomaterial, and some metal and nonmetal materials are regarded as matrices. PEKK is a base material that belongs to the same family as PEEK, and it has similar properties to PEEK but has less splash during in situ polymerization, less cost and higher safety. PEKK has a melting point of 380 °C and can work for a long time at temperatures below 250 °C. It is an important material for national defense and military industries because of its resistance to corrosion, wear and oil ,11. The Previous studies compared graphene composites’ properties and formation methods with different matrices and reported the higher tensile strength of graphene/PEKK than other composites; moreover, Young’s modulus and conductivity can be improved by increasing the graphene content ,13,14,15The advantage of additive manufacturing technologies such as melt deposition and laser sintering is that they can achieve near-net forming. Still, the printing speed is slow, and the requirements for material physical and chemical properties are high. At the same time, 3D products have significant anisotropy and high porosity, especially after adding reinforced materials—the anisotropy and porosity of the materials increase substantially after reinforcement . Some coThe molding temperature of injection molding is higher than the material melting temperature, and the melting temperature of PEKK exceeds 360 °C, resulting in a longer cooling time and reduced production efficiency. At the same time, the internal stress of products formed by injection molding is relatively high, especially during mold conversion due to uneven cooling, resulting in product cracking. When processing products with complex shapes and larger sizes, product quality cannot be guaranteed; thus, the shape and size of the products are greatly limited . The resThe properties of graphene composites were not only improved through synthesis, but also different molding methods were used to improve the mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and thermal stability of graphene. This article uses electromagnetic-assisted forming methods to obtain samples under different process parameters. Based on the samples’ microstructure morphology, the process parameters’ influence on the microstructure is determined. At the same time, the influence of process parameters on mechanical and electrical properties is further defined. There are many studies on electromagnetic forming powder, but few studies on the powder forming of semiconductor materials, especially graphene/PEKK composites . High-spThis research discusses the molding mechanism of graphene/PEKK composite powder from in situ polymerization under the electromagnetic-assisted graphene/PEKK composite molding process. gT = 140 °C) and melting point (mT = 320 °C) make it suitable for aeronautic applications [PEKK is a high-performance thermoplastic that belongs to the polyaryletherketone family ,15,24. Iications ,28. In tThe preparation methods and related characterization techniques are the same for graphene/PEKK composite powders with different graphene contents. Reference  show theLaboratory-prepared PEKK was used as a matrix for polymerization with 4.5% graphene. The effect of graphene on the thermal stability of PEKK composites was investigated by DSC and TGA. As shown in The ARCHIMEDES VEMP-80 electromagnetic molding machine developed by Archimedes Industrial Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, was used . Figure In An Agitek coil without an integrator is used for measurement during the electromagnetic molding process. The input current is proportional to the output voltage signal, the output sensitivity is 6.8 mV/kA, the operating frequency is 50 Hz, and the relationship between the input current and the output voltage is obtained as follows:Discharge currents were measured at discharge voltages of 7, 8 and 9 kV a. The fiF is the impact force in N, and U is the output voltage in mV.A pressure sensor is used to measure the electromagnetic pulse pressure. The sensor contains strain gauges, which are encapsulated in the sensor with PVDF adhesive. When the pressure sensor is subjected to an impact force, it is deformed, and an electrical charge is generated on the surface. The charge is transmitted via wires to a charge amplifier for amplification. The charge signal is collected by a data acquisition instrument and transmitted to a computer for display. The pressure sensor  has a measurement range of 900 kN and a sensitivity of 0.036 pC/N. The test uses a charge amplifier with a model number VK102 , a charge input range of 0 to ±5000 pC and a sensitivity of 100 pC/100 mV. The relationship between the impact force and the voltage signal is expressed asDischarge voltages of 7 kV, 8 kV and 9 kV were used, and their periods were basically the same as those of the measured discharge currents. As the discharge voltage rises, the impact force gradually increases, and the increase in the first peak is the most obvious. The pressure sensor can only measure the pressure but not the tension, so the negative half-axis of the force is zero. In fact, the energy utilization rate of electromagnetic molding is low, generally at 10% to 20%, and can hardly exceed 30%. The stiffness of the frame and die under high-speed impact directly affects the electromagnetic force acting on the powder. The impact load measured on the frame is shown in The equipment and mold were used for the graphene/PEKK composite powder, and then the discharge voltage was adjusted to obtain graphene/composite tablets (4–12 mm) with different compaction densities. This experiment was designed with three different discharge parameters for electromagnetic-assisted powder compaction monitored during the molding process. The effect of temperature rise changes generated by the high-speed impact on the compaction density and microstructure was ignored. Compaction density is one of the main factors affecting mechanical, physical and chemical properties and directly affects the microstructure.Compaction density is an important parameter to measure the powder forming quality. The higher the compaction density is, the higher the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Ten equal samples of 0.8 g of graphene/PEKK composite powder were weighed in the laboratory and subjected to different discharge voltages to obtain graphene/PEKK electrode rods of different heights. The micromorphology of the upper and lower surfaces in contact with the upper and lower molds is shown in The flake graphene is distributed in the direction perpendicular to the electromagnetic force. The compaction density increases with increasing discharge voltage/electromagnetic force; the tighter the flake structure, the stronger the directional distribution. Thus, the influence of temperature on the molding quality and microstructure during molding can be ignored, and molding is assumed to be a cold molding process with high-speed impact graphene/PEKK composite powders having electrical conductivity. Still, the movement of powder particles is more violent under the effect of high-speed impact and an induced magnetic field. The kinetic energy of the particles increases under high-speed impact to form a strong bond. With increasing inertial force, the carrier mobility of the flake graphene structure is large, the electrical conductivity is stronger, and the structure is more stable.Conductivity is the basic property of graphene/PEKK composite powder and is the basis for judging a reasonable molding method and process. The average electrical conductivity of the graphene/PEKK electrode rod increased from 1.46 S/m at 8 kV to 1.72 S/m at 9 kV. When the discharge voltage was 9 kV, the maximum value of electrical conductivity at different points of the electrode rod was 2.65 S/m, and the areas with relatively high density had high electrical conductivity. The infrared thermal imager found no obvious increase in the temperature on the surfaces of the tools during molding. Therefore, high-temperature sintering cannot occur during the molding process. The electrode rod must be post-treated to improve its density if the electrical conductivity is to be improved further. In fact, the factor related to the conductivity is mainly the distribution of graphene flakes.The application of graphene/PEKK in engineering is still inseparable from its mechanical properties. The discharge voltage shown in the previous test is the main factor affecting the compaction density, which affects not only the electrical conductivity but also the mechanical properties. (1)FE AnalysisDuring the process of electromagnetic forming of graphene/PEKK composite powder, it is difficult to monitor the particle deformation and adhesion under the action of stress waves, so it is necessary to establish a suitable finite element numerical analysis model. The tool diameter was 10 mm, and the other parameters are shown in The driving sheet transmitted the stress wave of the electromagnetic pulse force to the punch as an external load for the electromagnetic formation of the graphene/PEKK composite powder. The contact algorithm adopted the penalty function method, the friction model adopted the Coulomb friction model, and the friction coefficient was 0.1 . These r(2)Model validationm = 0.08, n = 4). To determine the accuracy of the model, test samples with discharge voltages of 7 kV, 8 kV and 9 kV are taken as test samples, and the prediction accuracy of the model is verified with the compaction density criterion. With the increase in the discharge voltage, the relative density of the electrode rod also increased, and the density distribution on the electrode rod became increasingly uniform. However, the difference between the highest and the lowest relative densities continued to exceed 0.1 mainly because the initial height:diameter ratio exceeded 2 and the energy loss during the pressing process was large, resulting in the low relative density at the bottom of the electrode rod. SDV2 expresses the relative density distribution Stress/strain distribution on the electrode rodGiven that the electromagnetic pulse compaction model was axisymmetric, its 1/4 model was selected. The graphene/PEKK powder experienced a complex flow process because the electromagnetically assisted molding is a high-speed molding process. The stress, strain, and relative density distribution on the electrode rod, which are important factors affecting forming quality and geometry, cannot be monitored by sensors. Similar to the stress distribution , the maxThe stress, strain, and relative density at eight different distribution positions on the electrode rod were described in accordance with the points shown in When the duration of electromagnetically assisted powder molding exceeded 2 ms, the relative density of the electrode rod was further improved mainly by the plastic deformation of the particles. The impact force from the punch was attenuated, and the input energy was reduced. Part of the energy was consumed due to friction between particles, resulting in a relatively obvious density gradient. The density was large and gradually decreased toward the central area of the axis. The evolution of stress/strain/density at different points of the bar can be described as shown in The electromagnetically assisted powder molding process has high-speed loading and energy. The inertial force causes particles to collide incompletely and inelastically before 2 ms. The time–velocity curves of the punch at different discharge voltages are shown in Graphene/PEKK composite powder was molded through electromagnetically assisted pulse compaction, and graphene/PEKK composite electrode rods were obtained under different discharge voltages.(1)Electromagnetically assisted powder molding equipment was used to process graphene/PEKK composite electrode rods at different discharge voltages, such as 7 kV, 8 kV, and 9 kV. The discharge voltage was adjusted to improve the compaction density during the powder molding process and to enhance the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the electrode rods.(2)Under high-speed impact, graphene is uniformly dispersed in the PEKK matrix and along the direction perpendicular to the impact force. The flake graphene structure is relatively compact with increasing discharge voltage (electromagnetic force). The relative density values are 0.957 at 9 kV, 0.916 at 8 kV and 0.734 at 7 kV. Thus, the compaction density increases as the discharge voltage increases, and the flake graphene structure is tight, resulting in an increase in the carrier motion rate.(3)During the electromagnetically assisted molding of the graphene/PEKK composite powder, the electrical conductivity and hardness increased with increasing discharge voltage, indicating that the compaction density affected the mechanical and electrical properties of the graphene/PEKK composite. When the discharge voltage reached 9 kV, the conductivity of the electrode rod reached 2.65 S/m on the surface.The molding of large components is currently limited, and the most important factor is the capacitance of electromagnetic molding equipment. The utilization rate of electromagnetic forming equipment is currently low, usually at 15%. Therefore, in future research, we will not only explore the molding process but also carry out engineering research to improve the utilization rate of electromagnetic forming equipment.


The SnO2/TiO2-based composites synthesized in the solid-state processing technique have been structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and Raman spectroscopy. Structural analysis indicated the desired porous nature of the synthesized ceramics for sensing applications, with an average crystallite size in the nano range and a density of about 80%. The humidity-sensing properties were evaluated within a wide relative humidity range from 15% to 85% at room temperature, and the results showed that a better humidity response had a sample with Mo. This humidity-sensing material exhibits a linear impedance change of about two orders of magnitude at the optimal operating frequency of 10 kHz. Furthermore, fast response (18 s) and recovery (27 s), relatively small hysteresis (2.8%), repeatability, and good long-term stability were also obtained. Finally, the possible humidity-sensing mechanism was discussed in detail using the results of complex impedance analysis.In this study, we report on the room-temperature characteristics of an impedance-type humidity sensor based on porous tin oxide/titanium oxide (SnO Continuous progress in reducing fabrication costs and improving the reliability of consumer electronic circuits leads, inter alia, to an increased demand for different sensors, which convert physical or chemical quantities in various environments into electrical signals. On the other hand, the control and measurement of humidity, as one of the essential and permanent factors of the environment, are particularly important not only for human comfort but also for many different branches of industry and technology, as well as in medical applications. Therefore, there is a constant need to develop new humidity sensors based on cheaper and more stable functional materials with improved sensing performances over available ones.In recent years, many kinds of sensing materials such as ceramics , polymerIn most sensor applications, relative humidity (RH) measurement in air or other gases is most commonly used because it is generally simpler and thus cheaper than absolute humidity. The RH measurement is stated as a percentage and determined by the ratio of the amount of moisture content of air to the maximum, i.e., the saturated moisture level that the air can hold at a given temperature . Most coImpedance-type humidity sensors offer several advantages, such as a wide operating range, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness, as well as high sensitivity and fast response time. Namely, impedance-type humidity sensors can operate over a wide range of humidity levels and temperatures, making them suitable for various applications in different environments. Also, these humidity sensors typically consume less power than other types of humidity sensors, making them ideal for battery-operated (portable or wireless) devices and energy-efficient applications. Finally, impedance-type humidity sensors are relatively inexpensive to fabricate and maintain, making them an attractive option for budget-conscious applications. In general, the impedance-type humidity sensors based on ceramics are promising sensors for numerous applications due to their low cost, small size, and highly interchangeable properties .2) and titanium oxide (TiO2), n-type wide band gap semiconductors, were the subject of numerous experimental studies over many years due to their potential applications in various electronic devices [2 is poor sinterability and low densification during production [Ceramic materials based on tin oxide  composites as solid solutions (SnxTi1-x)O2 are relatively new and interesting systems for sensor applications [A very current, innovative, and at the same time much more cost-effective and simple way to improve ceramic-based sensor performance is the use of nanocomposites and heterostructures as sensing materials, which are obtained by combining two metal oxides, such as the recently tested SnO2/NiO  and TiO2O [2/WO3 . Semiconications . The surications . Althougications ,28, ther2/TiO2 composite ceramic as a sensing material, synthesized using a simple and environmentally friendly technique from inexpensive precursors with lower sintering temperatures. Accordingly, this paper discusses the synthesis of TTO ceramic composites, their structure, morphology, and room temperature humidity-sensing characteristics, with special emphasis on the influence of molybdenum and zinc as functional additives. It is well-known that the addition of small amounts of ZnO to TiO2/SnO2 ceramics leads to the substitution of cations with Zn2+ to ensure sufficient electron mobility in the grains and also form defects that increase the resistance in the grain boundaries [3 modifier is new for this system and has been shown to benefit achieving higher porosity with good sensor characteristics. Therefore, synthesis optimization was performed to achieve higher porosity of ceramics and better adsorption of water molecules for their use as humidity-sensing elements with high chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability.The main goal of this study was to develop a good performance impedance-type humidity sensor based on a novel porous SnOundaries . The use2/TiO2) were modified with MoO3 and ZnO additives, which are also often used as flux agents [Here, ceramics based on tin oxide and titanium oxide  and SnO2 rutile  were mixed in two separate procedures to obtain Sn0.2Ti0.8O2 stoichiometry. In the first procedure, 1 mol % MoO3  was added (hereinafter TTO:Mo sample), and in the second, 1 mol % MoO3  and 1 mol % ZnO  were added . The powder mixtures were wet milled in ethanol for 3.5 h using a ball mill , a 50 mL vial, balls of zirconium oxide 5 mm in diameter. The standard ball-to-powder mass ratio of BPR = 10:1, and a 100 rpm rotation speed was used. After air-drying for 24 h, the mechanically activated powder mixtures were calcined at 650 °C for 3 h to dispose of possibly residual ethanol used as a milling medium, which was followed by uniaxial pressing using a 10 mm diameter mold at 1.176 GPa. The formed pellets were finally sintered at 1100 °C for 4 h.Titanium–tin oxide (TTO) ceramics were synthesized by a mechanochemical procedure based on previous research . Startinα radiation, current 30 mA, voltage 40 kV) in the 2θ range from 10° to 80° (0.02° step size and 1°/min counting time). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were performed on a JEOL JSM-6460LV equipped with EDS . Raman scattering was obtained using a Renishaw Invia  confocal Raman microscope and a 514 nm argon-ion laser at ambient temperature as the excitation source. The Raman signal was collected by a CCD camera in the frequency range of 100–1400 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 2 cm−1 and an accumulation time of 3 s.Bulk densities of sintered TTO samples were measured by pycnometric volume analysis and sample mass measurement. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on a Rigaku SmartLab  system  with a laboratory set of temperature control equipment . To perform these measurements, the surface of the sintered pellet was polished properly, and electrical contacts of silver paste were deposited on opposite sides of the prepared pellets and dried for 48 h. The obtained impedance spectra were fitted with a commercially available EIS Spectrum Analyzer [2, and then the humidity level was varied from 15% to 85% by bubbling air through water and mixing it with dry air [To study the humidity-sensing performance, the prepared porous TTO ceramic pellet as sensing element was placed in a closed test glass chamber between two silver electrodes, which are connected to the computer-controlled impedance analyzer  to measure the change in impedance with respect to RH at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). The compressed air directed into the chamber was firstly dehydrated over silica gel and CaCl dry air . In this0.2Ti0.8O2 solid solution . The TTO:Mo impurity peaks belong to the SnO2 precursor phase (ICDD card No. 01-079-6889). Impurity peaks of TTO:Mo,Zn belong to precursor SnO2 (ICDD card No. 01-079-6889), newly formed Zn2TiO4 (ICDD card No. 00-025-1164), and Mo9O26 (ICDD card No. 01-073-1536) phases. The average crystallite size of the main Sn0.2Ti0.8O2 phase was calculated to be 60 nm and 46 nm of TTO:Mo and TTO:Mo,Zn, respectively, by observing its (110) diffraction peak using Scherrer’s equation [α radiation (λ = 0.154 nm), β is the peak width at half the maximum intensity (FWHM) in the radians, and θ is the diffraction angle. The average crystallite size of the SnO2 phase was also calculated to be 44 nm and 35 nm of the TTO:Mo and TTO:Mo,Zn samples, respectively, while the Zn2TiO4 crystallites found in TTO:Mo,Zn were about 42 nm in size.equation :D = 0.89SEM images in 2/TiO2 matrix compound is more clearly evident compared to the additive-free Ti0.8Sn0.2O2 (TTO) ceramics presented in our previous publication [3 and ZnO seems to slightly reduce the porosity due to the greater tendency of ZnO toward densification and much easier diffusion [The influence of Mo and Zn cation introduction into the microstructure of the SnOlication . The douiffusion . The speiffusion .The EDS measurement was performed at certain places on the surfaces of the synthesized TTO samples, as shown in −1 that dominate the spectra are attributed to B1g, Eg, A1g, and B2g vibration modes of TiO2, which can be explained by the higher content of TiO2 in the investigated solid solutions, which were made to have an approximate stoichiometry of the Ti0.8Sn0.2O2 compound. Each of the tetragonal TiO2 and SnO2 phases, according to the theory, shows the four aforementioned Raman active modes [0.8Sn0.2O2 solid solution) material was reflected in the intensity of Raman modes, which is generally reduced compared to the one cationic-modified sample and the appearance of an additional peak at 864 cm−1. Other smaller intensity peaks occur due to disorder-induced effects or second-order Raman scattering caused by the synthesis procedure, doping, etc. [The Raman spectra of the prepared TTO samples are shown in ve modes  at diffeng, etc. .In a wide frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz and dry atmosphere, the complex impedance spectra (Z″ vs. Z′) were measured at different temperatures, and the obtained results are shown in R–C circuits connected in series [R–CPE circuit. The constant phase element (CPE) was used to take into account the observed non-ideal Debye-like behavior of the prepared TTO ceramics as a result of the observed depressed semicircles in impedance response [R represents the resistance, which was determined to be the order of GΩ for both samples under study at room temperature and dry atmosphere, indicating high electrical resistivity of the prepared TTO ceramic samples, which is a very desirable property for humidity-sensing applications [In n series , in our response . The valications .Z(Ω) = 7.734 − 0.031×RH(%) with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9987 was obtained for the TTO:Mo ceramic sample at a frequency of 10 kHz, while logZ(Ω) = 7.937 −0.036×RH(%) with R2 = 0.9892 was determined for the TTO:Mo,Zn ceramic sample at the same frequency. At higher frequencies, the impedance plots become flat because the direction of the applied electric field changes rapidly, and the polarization of the adsorbed water molecules cannot catch up [In order to study the humidity-sensing properties, the impedance of the prepared TTO sample was measured as a function of RH in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature (25°C), and the obtained results are shown in catch up ,43.Based on the above results, the humidity sensors based on TTO:Mo ceramic material can possess better sensing properties in the tested RH range, and thus this sample was used to evaluate adsorption/desorption ability and repeatability. At room temperature and determined operating frequency of 10 kHz, the humidity hysteresis characteristic given in In order to evaluate the sensor performance for real-time humidity monitoring, the room temperature response recovery characteristic for one cycle was determined and depicted in R and constant phase element CPE. The radius of the semicircle decreases with increasing RH and results in a decrease in intrinsic impedance, which is mainly due to the interaction between the sensing material and water molecules. At low RH, the adsorption of water molecules on the surface of the crystalline grains of the sample takes place via a dissociative chemisorption process, which results in the formation of hydroxyl groups (OH−) at the surface of the sensing layer (step 1 in +) from one position to another on the surface is difficult, resulting in the still relatively high impedance [Complex impedance spectra are often used to study the sensing process of impedance-type humidity sensors. mpedance .Zw caused by ionic (H3O+) conduction at the electrode/sensing material interface [3O+ ions could be formed by H+ protons and water molecules [+) move freely. In this case, the conduction process occurs mainly by the Grotthuss transport mechanism [+ along with the water layer causes a further significant decrease in the impedance of the studied TTO ceramics.With a further increase in RH 55–85% RH), each impedance spectrum is composed of a part of a semicircle in the high-frequency region and a straight line in the low-frequency region. More specifically, the arc length of the semicircle becomes shorter, and the straight line becomes longer with increasing humidity, in which the straight line is attributed to Warburg impedance 5–85% RH,nterface . H3O+ ioolecules . When RHechanism . The freFinally, long-term stability was examined as one of the most imperative parameters for any sensing application. Namely, the long-term stability of humidity sensors is their essential capability for carrying out long-term data collection for environmental monitoring. The main factors that affect the stability of the sensing material are the uncontrolled grain growth during the service period of the sensor and the irreversible reactions between the material surface and some molecules in the environment . For thaIn summary, this paper reports on the microstructure and humidity-sensing properties of novel TTO-based ceramics modified by functional additives , which were synthesized by the solid-state mechanochemical method from relatively inexpensive starting precursors. XRD, SEM, EDS, diffuse reflectance, Raman, and impedance spectroscopy were used for characterization. The XRD pattern showed the main phase solid solution composition based on the rutile structure, which was confirmed by the Raman analysis. SEM and EDS analysis revealed the formation of a highly desirable porous microstructure with the incorporation of Mo and Zn cations through impurity phases. The evaluation of humidity-sensing performance demonstrated the nearly linear decrease in impedance of both TTO samples with increasing RH in the whole range from 15% to 85% at a frequency of 10 kHz, which is chosen for operating frequency. As the TTO-based ceramics modified by Mo exhibited a slightly better linearity and humidity response, this sample was, therefore, selected for further detailed investigation of its humidity properties. Experimental results revealed that the impedance-type humidity sensor based on TTO:Mo ceramics possesses fast response/recovery times (about 18 s/27 s) with small hysteresis errors (about 2.8%) and good long-term stability. Therefore, porous TTO ceramics appear to be very promising materials for the design and fabrication of low-cost impedance-type humidity sensors with good performance in comparison with conventional sensors.


Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms.We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF.We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science.The two Food and Drug Administration‐approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials.The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations. This review examines idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatments, including Pirfenidone and Nintedanib, which reduce fibrosis and preserve lung function. Saracatinib demonstrates greater efficacy, while emerging therapies are also explored. Further research is required to address gaps in IPF management, such as exacerbations and associated pulmonary hypertension. Promising results are observed in clinical trials investigating Sotatercept as a potential treatment for pH in IPF patients The process is thought to be an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) over the long term. Permanent inhibition of oxygen transfer occurs due to this accumulation, which causes shortness of breath.The precise causes of histopathological changes in IPF remain unknown. IPF is associated with various risk factors like smoking, infections, pollutants, genetics, and drugs.1.1In the context of immunity, interactions between growth factors, cytokines, and lung‐resident cells are crucial in the evolution of fibrotic responses in IPF.Another cytokine that has been involved in IPF pathogenesis is tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). TNF‐α expression is elevated in IPF, but its specific role is not clear yet. TNF‐α can increase TGF‐β1 production, stimulate fibroblast proliferation, and induce collagen synthesisIn IPF, there is an excessive expression of fibrosis‐inducing cytokines. The potential role of molecules such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in attracting IPF cells is gaining recognition. Among these cytokines, TGF‐beta, CTGF, IL‐4, IL‐13, FGF‐2, IGF‐1, PDGF, and GM‐CSF promote fibrosis, while IFN‐gamma, IL‐1, IL‐10, IL‐12, and IL‐17 have anti‐fibrotic effects. The progression of fibrosis seems to involve the activator protein (AP)‐1 transcription factor and the fos‐related protein Fra‐2. Gene expression profiling has revealed additional proteins associated with IPF pathogenesis and disease activity.1.2The major characteristics of the disease are cough and dyspnea which both have a bad impact on the patients in terms of quality of life1.31.3.1To compile a comprehensive narrative review on IPF, we conducted an extensive literature search. The search was performed across various electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. We employed a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms such as “Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,” “pulmonary fibrosis,” “Management,” “Sotatercept,” “pulmonary hypertension,” “IPF pathogenesis,” “IPF treatment,” and related terms.1.3.2Articles included in this review were primarily selected based on their relevance to the topic of IPF, its pathogenesis, current treatment options, and the role of Sotatercept in managing pulmonary hypertension (PH) in IPF patients. We focused on articles published in peer‐reviewed journals, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses. Studies and reports not written in English were excluded.22.12.1.1A drug with antifibrotic properties used now for IPF known as Pirfenidone or PFD, is taken orally.PFD has also shown its anti‐inflammatory effect following allergen‐induced presensitization, decreasing airway responsiveness, inflammatory cytokines, and cells in the bronchoalveolar fluid.The approved dose of pirfenidone that is recommended in Asia is 1800 mg per day, while 2403 mg per day is acceptable in Europe and the United States.2.1.2Nintedanib, or NDB, is taken orally and has antifibrotic activity by inhibiting tyrosine kinase receptors like FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGF receptors, thus inhibiting the signaling pathways of FGF, PDGF, and VEGF.A 150 mg of NDB can provide a therapeutic effect close to the maximum NDB effect, regardless of disease condition or demographic baselines, for most patients with IPF.33.1Saracatinib is a specific, strong inhibitor of the Src kinases that was first developed for antitumor purposes.Saracatinib has a larger inhibitory effect than the other two antifibrotic medications on the expression of various profibrotic genes induced by TGF‐β, like ACTA2, SERPIN1, and COL1A1, according to an in vitro model research that was conducted with an aim of comparing the efficacy of Saracatinib with the other approved antifibrotic medications. In addition, Saracatinib inhibits TGF‐Β leading to a change in many signaling pathways, including the JAK‐STAT3, IL6, and IFN‐γ. It also inhibits the α‐SMA and filamentous actin (F‐actin). All of these inhibitory effects prevent fibroblast transformation to myofibroblast as well as decrease pulmonary collagen deposition.In a precision cuts lung slices (PCLS) conducted for complementary purposes, saracatinib had a much better effect than NDB and PFD by studying an ex vivo model showing reduction in pulmonary fibrosis and this was confirmed in in vivo mouse models.3.2A recombinant antibody called pamrevlumab has the capability to recognize the CTGF, binds to it, and therefore stops it from cytokines binding, thus avoiding following inflammatory signaling.3.3The naturally occurring protein called pentraxin‐2 has a recombinant form, named recombinant human pentraxin‐2 . This drug is being investigated for its potential to be a probable option in IPF treatment. A phase II trial, which was a double‐blind randomized, placebo‐controlled PRM‐151‐202 portion research that tested rhPTX‐2 in patients with IPF (NCT02550873), has shown results that are now published.In the group taking the medication, a decrease in the drop in the mean percent predicted FVC and 6MWD in meters was shown, and this was maintained for up to 52 weeks.3.4One of the drugs that are now being investigated is the inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 group, BI 101550. Phosphodiesterase 4, or PDE4, is described by proteins that play crucial roles in the cells of a human being. Drugs that suppress PDE4 activity have been demonstrated in prior research to reduce inflammation and scarring.3.5Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is hypothesized to at least in part mediate the abnormal wound healing responses that lead to fibrosis that is seen with IPF. IPF patients have higher levels of LPA and the enzyme responsible for its formation, autotaxin (ATX), demonstrating their involvement in the etiology of the disease and suggesting possible targets for novel therapeutics.Phase IIa research was done involving 23 IPF patients. Ziritaxestat, which is a small‐sized molecule of selective autotaxin inhibitor,3.6PBI‐4050, which is an orally active low molecular weight chemical considered first‐in‐class, is being tested in trials for the treatment of disorders of fibrosis including IPF. It is the sodium salt of 3‐pentylbenzeneacetic acid. It is an artificial form of a medium‐chain fatty acid that binds to the G‐protein coupled receptors GPR40 and GPR84 with agonist and antagonist affinities, respectively. By regulating fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, macrophages, and epithelial cells, it can reduce or reverse fibrosis.3.7Or PLN 74809, an oral small molecule had been confirmed in vivo to have antifibrotic by inhibiting dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin, this results in the partial inhibition of the TGF‐β signaling pathway. By this mechanism of action, Bexotegrast can be used for the reduction of systemic side effects and toxicities produced by the full TGF‐β signaling pathway inhibition in the treatment of IPF, as well as inhibiting the expression of mRNA collagen.3.8In a phase II study, the first‐generation drug, BMS‐986020, which is an oral LPA1 antagonist, showed mechanism proof in patients with IPF.3.9The expression of galectin ‐3, a key regulator of lung fibrosis, is raised in the lavage fluid and serum of the bronchi and alveoli of IPF patients, and this expression is further elevated during acute phases.3.10Animal models have been used to carry out cellular senescence‐targeted senotherapeutic medications, and they have shown better and functional status.4There aren't many well‐powered trials that have been done, hence managing an IPF exacerbation is not yet reported. Most respiratory doctors test pulsing of methylprednisolone (0.5–1 g a day over 3 days), while anecdotal reports have also mentioned the use of cyclophosphamide and rituximab.5There is an urgent need for better treatments for PH in the context of IPF since patients with advanced ILDs who also have coexisting pulmonary vascular disease have worse outcomes than they would have with either diagnosis alone.A newly developed fusion‐protein, named sotatercept, attempts to balance pro‐ and antiproliferative (BMPR‐II‐ and ActRIIA‐mediated) signals by binding to and sequestering a subset of TGF superfamily ligands Figure . SotaterA significant clinical research program involving patients with PH, including the phase 2 PULSAR project, is evaluating the clinical effectiveness and safety of sotatercept when it's added to PH medication.In a recent multicenter, double‐blind, phase 3 trial involving adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension, Sotatercept enhanced exercise capacity more than placebo in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients who were receiving stable background therapy, as assessed by the 6‐min walk test.An ongoing innovative exploratory investigation called the SPECTRA project (NCT03738150) aims to assess the influence of sotatercept through invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET). Hemodynamics, exercise tolerance, and capacity showed encouraging outcomes in this preliminary examination of participants in the continuing SPECTRA trial. Safety was comparable with other reports in patient populations with PH and other conditions. These outcomes emphasize the sotatercept's clinical effectiveness and potential as a brand‐new therapy for PH patients.6Undoubtedly, significant strides have been achieved in the field of pharmacological treatments for IPF over the past decade. This progress has been highlighted by the introduction of two crucial antifibrotic agents, namely pirfenidone and nintedanib, representing a momentous breakthrough in the ongoing battle against this condition. These advancements owe their success to an enhanced comprehension of the disease's pathophysiology. Once considered rare and “idiopathic,” the global rise in IPF incidence can be attributed to refined diagnostic criteria and increased clinical awareness. The recent accumulation of knowledge concerning genetic and nongenetic risk factors associated with this diverse disease has paved the way for further research endeavors. These efforts involve the development of new medications or the repurposing of existing ones to address the challenges posed by this debilitating condition.We think the evolving understanding of IPF is significant. This progressive lung disease, characterized by fibrotic alveolar remodeling and irreversible loss of pulmonary function, has spurred a shift in focus from symptomatic management to the development of effective treatments. Current research has brought antifibrotic agents like nintedanib and pirfenidone to the forefront of IPF management. These drugs offer hope for patients by slowing disease progression and improving lung function. And our study aligns with existing literature regarding the efficacy and safety profiles of Pirfenidone and Nintedanib in treating IPF.Regarding Pirfenidone, several studies, including ASCENDNintedanib, with its broad mechanism of action targeting tyrosine kinase receptors, has also shown promise in slowing the decline of lung function in IPF patients. The FDA approval of NDB for IPF in the Europe and United States based on trials like INPULSIS and INSTAGE highlights its clinical success.The concept of senolytic therapy, combining D and Q, represents an innovative approach. However, it is important to acknowledge the need for extensive clinical trials to validate its effectiveness and safety in IPF. Additionally, the positive outcomes observed with Sotatercept in preclinical models and clinical trials for treating PH in IPF patients hold promise, but further research is imperative to comprehensively assess its efficacy and safety. The complexities of managing IPF exacerbations highlight the need for evidence‐based guidelines. High steroid doses and pulse methylprednisolone have been common approaches, but their efficacy remains uncertain. Emerging evidence suggesting early steroid reduction as an alternative approach underscores the ongoing debate within the research community.In the context of IPF and coexisting PH, the need for effective treatments is pressing. Patients with both conditions tend to face worse outcomes than those with either alone. A promising candidate, sotatercept, a fusion protein, aims to rebalance signaling pathways involved in PH. Preclinical models show it can halt disease progression. Clinical trials reveal sotatercept's potential, reducing lung vascular resistance and improving patient parameters like the 6‐min walk distance and NT‐proBNP levels. An ongoing study, SPECTRA, reinforces these findings. In comparison with another clinical trial study, The STELLAR trial is a double‐blinded, randomized phase 3 trial looking at the safety and efficacy of sotatercept on top of background therapy for PH. it is evident that both underscore the promising therapeutic potential of sotatercept for PH, illustrating its efficacy and clinical improvement in patients. These studies, through their robust methodological design, including double‐blind and placebo‐controlled methods, emphasize the reliability and validity of the clinical findings. Additionally, both studies incorporate patients who are already on background or standard therapy for PH, providing a consistent baseline for evaluating sotatercept's effectiveness. A recurring theme in both studies is the emphasis on the clinical improvement and efficacy of sotatercept, demonstrated by its ability to increase exercise capacity and decrease PVR. Furthermore, safety is a pivotal focus in both studies, where the occurrence of adverse effects is meticulously noted and compared to those in placebo groups or other existing conditions, adding another layer of depth to the comprehensive evaluation of sotatercept's therapeutic potential. The unified understanding from these studies renders a holistic view, elucidating sotatercept's role, and potential in the medical field, thus forming a collective discourse on its viability as a novel treatment for PH.7Recent clinical trials have focused on developing effective treatments including antifibrotic agents (nintedanib and pirfenidone) and promising options like Saracatinib, pamrevlumab, and rhPTX‐2. Investigational therapies such as BI 1015550, ziritaxestat, PBI‐4050, PLN 74809, BMS‐986020, and TD139 require further evaluation. The combination of D and Q shows potential as a senolytic therapy. The SPECTRA trial supports its effectiveness, but more studies are required for the evaluation of its efficacy and safety. In this review, we provided an updated review of the current clinical trials and future treatment modalities regarding IPF. To find effective treatment for IPF, the future studies should provide in‐depth understandings of the physiological and pathogenic mechanisms with a focus on identifying biomarkers to evaluate the long‐term effectiveness of drugs.Dalia D. Hadi: Conceptualization; resources; visualization; writing—original draft. Mohammed Dheyaa Marsool Marsool: Conceptualization; visualization; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Ali Dheyaa Marsool Marsool: Visualization; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Neel Vora: Visualization; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Sajjad G. Al‐Badri: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Nabeel H. K. Al‐Fatlawi: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Ameer F. A. Al Wssawi: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Abdullah M. T. Al‐Ibraheem: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Khadija A. Hamza: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Priyadarshi Prajjwal: Supervision; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Mohammed A. Mateen: Writing—review and editing. Omniat Amir: Writing—review and editing.The authors declare no conflict of interest.The authors have nothing to report.


K-edge. From the XMCD sum rules an estimated magnetic moment of 0.3 B/C atom, while a more accurate estimation of 0.49 B/C atom was obtained by carrying out a PNR measurement at 300 K. The results indicate that the higher magnetic moment in Co is counterbalanced by the larger lattice mismatch between the Co-C (1.6%) and the slightly longer bond length, inducing a magnetic moment in graphene that is similar to that reported in Ni/graphene heterostructures.In this paper, we determine the magnetic moment induced in graphene when grown on a cobalt film using polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR). A magnetic signal in the graphene was detected by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra at the C  Spintronics is one of the fast-growing fields for realising next-generation technologies ,2. SpintIn particular, two-dimensional (2D) materials have unique properties making them potential candidates for spintronics applications. However, there are still several challenges to be overcome to realise 2D spintronics devices. For instance, most 2D materials are not ferromagnetic (FM). Therefore, they require special spin injection approaches, which could be difficult due to their reduced thicknesses .One of the possible solutions for the current limitations of 2D materials is to stack different materials in specially-engineered heterostructures, which would allow one to utilise the best properties of each material and combine them into one unique structure. This has been made possible by recent advancements in deposition and measuring techniques which have in turn opened new research areas in the field .Graphene has seen a breadth of applications so far ranging from metrology, where it is currently used as an electrical resistance standard by means of the quantum Hall effect , to applIn a previous study, we determined quantitatively the induced magnetic moment in epitaxial and rotated-domain graphene grown on Ni films using polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR) . Althoug(2.03 Å) ,17,18,23(2.03 Å) . Further(2.03 Å) ,26.In this paper, we discuss the growth conditions of the Co and graphene and present the structural properties of the sample measured by X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity and scanning electron microscopy. The quality of the graphene was determined by Raman spectroscopy, whereas X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and PNR measurements were conducted to determine quantitatively the magnetic moment in graphene and Co separately.The Co film was grown at room temperature (RT) on a 1 mm thick AlRotated-domain graphene was then grown directly on the Co layer using a Aixtron Black Magic Pro chemical vapour deposition (CVD) system . During the process, HRT X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed using a Bruker D8 Discover HRXRD  with a Cu KThe bulk magnetic properties of the sample were investigated using a Quantum Design superconducting quantum interference device . X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) was used to distinguish the magnetic signal of the graphene layer from that of Co. Room temperature (300 K) measurements using total electron yield (TEY) mode with 100% circularly polarised light were performed at the SIM beamline at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Switzerland. An experimental setup similar to that reported in Ref.  was adopRefl1D software v0.8.16 [Furthermore, polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR) measurements were conducted to provide a more accurate estimation of the magnetic moment induced in graphene. These measurements were taken at the POLREF beamline  at ISIS  v0.8.16  package  v0.8.16 .The XRD scan presented in D peak at ∼1582 cmD+D″ and 2D′ peaks at ∼2450 cmD and D′ peaks at ∼1350 cmRaman spectroscopy was used to examine the quality and to estimate the number of graphene layers, doping and defect density in the grown graphene. Three different scans at different spots on the sample surface were taken in the range between 1200 cmectively ,31,32,33Before carrying out these scans, the Co film was chemically etched with a 20% HNO in Ref. . This is in Ref. ,31.D peaks shown in 3 used to etch the metallic films. The average FWHM of the 2D peak for spectrum 1 and 2 is 40.11 cmI/I ratio of 0.47  and the 2D peaks with FWHM ∼50 cmI/I ratio (0.09) and the fact that only the blue spectrum (number 3) has a small D′ shoulder suggest that good-quality few-layer graphene with low defect density was grown on the Co film. These results are consistent with the SEM image and the thickness estimated from the XRR fits. Although a few-layer graphene system was grown on Co, we can infer that they are less than five layers in total since it was reported previously that only the Raman spectrum of graphene with up to five layers could be distinguished from that of graphite [The RT Raman scans of the transferred graphene is shown in SEM scan . The avee system . Neverthgraphite .The XMCD and X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of the graphene/Co system measured at 300 K are shown in B and 0.21 B, respectively. Therefore, the total magnetic moment amounts to The  in Ref. , are 0.0 bulk Co ,37,38. TK-edge  . The spie on SiC . Hence,  in Ref. .The PNR data for the sample collected at 300 K is shown in Model 0 displayed in panels  is the simplest case of just a single Co layer on an AlIn order to obtain a good fit to the data, such that it was possible to test whether the graphene layer was magnetic or not, it was necessary to split the Co layer into two regions, as shown by model 9 displayed in panels  of  in Ref. . UncouplDuring the fitting procedure, the value of the magnetic moment in graphene was allowed to go negative, with the upper and lower bounds set to the value for bulk saturated Co  by CVD on a highly textured hcp Co(0001) substrate. An induced magnetic moment in the graphene due to the vicinity to the Co film was measured by element-specific XMCD measurements at the C


In the TIM performance test under actual and simulated operating conditions, our IGAP exhibits strongly enhanced heat dissipation performance compared to the commercial thermal pads. We envision that our IGAP as a TIM has great potential for boosting the development of next-generation integrating circuit electronics.With the increase in heat power density in modern integrating electronics, thermal interface materials (TIM) that can efficiently fill the gaps between the heat source and heat sinks and enhance heat dissipation are urgently needed owing to their high thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical durability. Among all the emerged TIMs, graphene-based TIMs have attracted increasing attention because of the ultrahigh intrinsic thermal conductivity of graphene nanosheets. Despite extensive efforts, developing high-performance graphene-based papers with high through-plane thermal conductivity remains challenging despite their high in-plane thermal conductivity. In this study, a novel strategy for enhancing the through-plane thermal conductivity of graphene papers by in situ depositing AgNWs on graphene sheets (IGAP) was proposed, which could boost the through-plane thermal conductivity of the graphene paper up to 7.48 W m Thematrixes ,10,11. Dmatrixes . TherefoAmong all the emerged high thermal conductivity materials, graphene has become the most promising candidate for fabricating high-performance TIMs owing to their ultrahigh thermal conductivity and easy processing ,14. Repr3 solution. Then, the AgNWs was nuclear and previously grown in the axial direction of graphene nanosheets. Compared to the original graphene paper, the thermal conductivity of IGAP increased slightly prior to compression. Interestingly, under 60% of the compression conditions, the through-plane thermal conductivity of IGAP can be further increased to 7.48 W m−1 K−1, more than double that of the pure graphene paper (GP). The comparative test results with the most advanced commercial TIM also prove IGAP’s excellent performance in cooling electronic equipment such as TIMs.In this work, an in situ graphene/AgNWs hybrid paper (IGAP) with hierarchical structure was fabricated by vacuum filtration. First, the Ag+ was enriched on the surface of the graphene after dispersing graphene into the AgNO3 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. . All chemicals were used without further purification.The rGO with the typical side size of 5 ± 0.3 μm and the thickness of 10 ± 0.3 nm was obtained by intercalation and exfoliation of graphite. The rGO was reduced by HI and thermal annealing. Polyethylene pyrirol , ethylene glycol (EG), ethanol and AgNO3 (400 mg) and PVP (1000 mg) were dissolved in EG (100 mL), where the temperature was controlled at 60 °C, and magnetic mixing was used to ensure the complete dispersing of the PVP. The rGO (50 mg) solution in water was then subjected to a solvent exchange process using EG (50 mL). These two solutions were mixed by ultrasonic. Then, the mixture was treated at 160 °C for 4 h in a high-pressure reactor. The mixture was then filtered through a Teflon filter membrane (pore size: 0.5 μm) to obtain a thin paper. The paper was washed by ethanol and water to remove residual PVP and EG.AgNO3, 1000 mg PVP and 100 mL EG were homogeneously mixed in a 250 mL beaker after vigorous mechanical stirring at 60 °C. The solution was transferred to a high-pressure reactor and reacted at 160 °C for 4 h, and the reactor was then cooled to ambient temperature. Finally, 50 mg rGO and 50 mL EG were added to the solution and dispersed through ultrasonication. The mixture was filtered with a Teflon filter membrane (pore size: 0.5 μm) to obtain a thin rGO/AgNWs paper. The MGAP was washed by ethanol and water to completely remove residual PVP and EG.A total of 400 mg AgNOThe morphologies of IGAP and GP were investigated using the scanning electronic microscope . Transmission electron microscopy  and X-ray diffraction  with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) were utilized to characterize the crystallinity and chemical composition of the IGAP, respectively. The compression tests were carried out on an electron omnipotence tester of universal testing machine . The thermal conductivity of the IGAP can be calculated by the equation λ = α × Cp × ρ, in which thermal diffusivity (α) was measured using Hyper Flash laser thermal conductivity meter ; specific heat capacity (Cp) was evaluated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) ; and density (ρ) was calculated by the equation ρ = m/V. Infrared (IR) photos were captured using an infrared camera .The comparison of the microscopic morphologies of IGAP and GP is shown in 2 s−1) is higher than that of GP (14.8 mm2 s−1). In contrast, the thermal conductivity (TC) is close. As shown in −1 K−1) after compression was ∼2.14 times higher than that of GP (3.50 W m−1 K−1). The density of IDGA was greatly increased after compression (0.49 g cm−3→1.18 g cm−3), thus compensating for the reduction in the transparent heat conduction capacity caused by the rearrangement of graphene sheets. To the best of our knowledge, IGAP has the higher through-plane thermal conductivity compared with the other graphene-based papers fabricated by filtration or in situ growth in the previous literature . The through-plane thermal diffusivity (TD) of the original IDAG . The IGAP and 5000S35 with a size of Φ10 mm are placed between the ceramic heater and the TGE radiator, respectively, and the thickness (BLT) of the bonding line (BLT) is 40 μm, and the vertical pressure is 20 kPa. A chilling system was used to keep the radiator at room temperature while evaluating the heater temperature. The saturation temperature of the heater and the power applied are depicted in 2 W−1 (IGAP). This indicates that compared with the system without TIM and with 5000S35 thermal pads, the cooling efficiency of IGAP has increased by 45.5% and 27.3%. In −2) was turned on with the start of 300 s, the temperature of the heater rose rapidly, and then reached a balance. Obviously, compared with the temperature without TIM, the cooling performance of IGAP as TIM was reduced by 42 °C at 900 s, which is much better than the cooling performance of 5000S35 thermal pads (34 °C). Then, the commercial computing fluid dynamics software (ANSYS ICEPAK) was used for testing the heat analysis of test configuration at 25 W application power (−1 at 25 °C. −1 K−1) and 5000S35 (~1.1 W m−1 K−1), not only does the IGAP have superior through-plane thermal conductivity, but also the heating contact (two sides) of the IGAP (35 K mm2 W−1) is significantly lower than the side of 5000S35 thermal pads (68 K mm2 W−1). As a result, a soft and compressible IGAP is easier to use in order to fill the micro gaps between the mating surface under the packaging, which leads to the maximum contact area and lowers thermal contact resistance at the microscope.Based on its high-plane heat conduction rate, IGAP may have the potential of high-performance TIM, which can effectively transmit heat on the heated water sink interface . Therefoon power d. The ba+ would be enriched on the surface of the graphene to achieve in situ preparing. At low compression pressures, the through-plane thermal conductivity of IGAP reaches 7.48 W m−1 K−1, more than twice of that of the graphene paper. Therefore, we have proved that in the TIM performance test, the temperature of the heater using the compressed IGAP is reduced by 42 °C, which is superior to the 34 °C of the commercial thermal pads . Under actual application conditions, IGAP, without aging like traditional polymers, has huge potential to be used as the new generation high-performance TIMs with good thermal stability. Meanwhile, inserting high TC materials into other layered materials is also of great significance to enhance the through-plane TC of composite materials.A hybrid graphene paper fabricated via filtration shows a characteristic structure in which the AgNWs connect graphene layers to enhance through-plane thermal conductivity. Ag