The role of humidity sensors in different industries and field applications, such as agriculture, food monitoring, biomedical equipment, heating, and ventilation, is well known. However, most commercially available humidity sensors are based on polymers or electronic materials that are not degradable and thus contribute to electronic waste. Here, we report a low-cost, flexible, easy-to-fabricate, and eco-friendly parallel-plate capacitive humidity sensor for field applications. The sensor is fabricated from copper tape and tissue paper, where copper tape is used to create the plates of the capacitor, and tissue paper is used as a dielectric sensing layer. Along with the low cost, the high sensitivity, better response and recovery times, stability, and repeatability make this sensor unique. The sensor was tested for relative humidity (RH), ranging from 40% to 99%, and the capacitance varied linearly with RH from 240 pF to 720 pF, as measured by an Arduino. The response time of the sensor is ~1.5 s, and the recovery time is ~2.2 s. The experiment was performed 4–5 times on the same sensor, and repeatable results were achieved with an accuracy of ±0.1%. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits a stable response when tested at different temperatures. Due to the above advantages, the presented sensor can find ready applications in different areas. With the advancement of automation and technology, there is an exponential increase in the demand for electronic devices and sensors. This leads to an increase in the production of electronic devices, such as sensors, smartphones, computers, and IoT devices. However, the increase in the production of electronic devices is also increasing electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste has severe environmental implications as it is not degradable and can end up in landfills or oceans. It is estimated that the e-waste produced in 2021 alone is 57.5 million metric tons, of which only 17% has been recycled ,4,5. TheAmong the sensors, humidity- or moisture-based sensors have been extensively studied due to their importance in different industries and field applications, such as agriculture, food monitoring, biomedical equipment, heating, and ventilation ,22,23,24On the other hand, resistive humidity sensors make use of a change in resistance to establish the level of humidity. Capacitive humidity sensors are often preferred over resistive sensors, owing to several advantages. The basic structure in capacitive humidity sensors is of two types: interdigitated (IDE) and parallel-plate (PP) . In PP cIn this work, we have presented a PP humidity sensor based on eco-friendly materials, such as copper tape and tissue paper. The plates of the capacitor are made of copper tape, whereas tissue is used as the hygroscopic dielectric layer to absorb the moisture. The lower plate is a plane of copper tape, while the upper plate has pores to allow moisture to be absorbed by the tissue. The performance of tissue as a sensing layer is superior to various polymer-based sensing layers, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), or Kapton, in terms of sensitivity, response time, and stability. The sensor was tested for the range of 40% to 99% RH, and the capacitance varied linearly with RH from 240 pF to 820 pF. The sensor has a fast response and recovery times of 1.5 s and 2.2 s, respectively. The effect of temperature on the working of the sensor was also investigated, and the sensor exhibited reasonable sensitivity at different temperatures as well. The experiment was repeated 4–5 times on the same sensor, and the repeatability achieved was within ±0.1%.The physical dimensions and a picture of the sensor are shown in A capacitive sensor works on the principle of change in capacitance as the humidity varies ,35,36,37The sensor was tested in a homemade humidity chamber equipped with a heater, humidifier, and dehumidifier so as to control the humidity as well as the temperature as shown in To test the sensor, the RH in the chamber was initially set to 45%. At this value of RH, the sensor had a capacitance of 240 pF, as measured by the Arduino. The RH was gradually increased to 100% by turning on the humidifier. The increase in RH increased the capacitance of the sensor, which reached 850 pF at 100% RH, as shown in The sensor has a capacitance of 240 pF at 45% RH. When RH is increased with the help of the humidifier, the capacitance increases along with it. Different values, such as 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, of RH were maintained inside the chamber, and the capacitance values varied in accordance instantly. The measured values of the sensor’s capacitance at different levels of RH are shown in g layers  and manig layers . The seng layers :(1)S=ΔCΔThe stability and repeatability of a sensor are key parameters for evaluating sensor performance. To test these, we performed repeated cycling of sensors at different temperatures for 7 consecutive days, as shown in The comparison of the sensing parameters of our sensor, such as sensitivity, response time, and recovery time, with previously reported work is presented in In this paper, an easy-to-fabricate and cost-efficient copper-tape-based, parallel-plate capacitive humidity sensor has been studied. The sensor is fabricated by using copper tape to make the plates of the capacitor, whereas tissue paper is used as a dielectric sensing layer. The sensor was tested in a homemade humidity chamber with a built-in DHT22 sensor, humidifier, dehumidifier, Arduino Mega 2560, and electric heater. Along with high performance in terms of response time and recovery time, sensitivity, repeatability, and stability, the use of such green sensors would certainly help reduce the e-waste that adversely affects our planet. Due to these advantages, such sensors can be used for various industrial and field applications.


Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe progressive interstitial lung disease with a prevalence of 2 to 29 per 100,000 of the world’s population. Aging is a significant risk factor for IPF, and the mechanisms of aging  are involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. The pathogenesis of IPF consists of TGF-β activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and SIRT7 expression decrease. Genetic studies have shown a role of mutations and polymorphisms in mucin genes (MUC5B), in the genes responsible for the integrity of telomeres , in surfactant-related genes , immune system genes , and haplotypes of HLA genes  in IPF pathogenesis. The investigation of the influence of reversible epigenetic factors on the development of the disease, which can be corrected by targeted therapy, shows promise. Among them, an association of a number of specific microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs was revealed with IPF. Therefore, dysregulation of transposons, which serve as key sources of noncoding RNA and affect mechanisms of aging, may serve as a driver for IPF development. This is due to the fact that pathological activation of transposons leads to violation of the regulation of genes, in the epigenetic control of which microRNA originating from these transposons are involved (due to the complementarity of nucleotide sequences). Analysis of the MDTE database (miRNAs derived from Transposable Elements) allowed the detection of 12 different miRNAs derived in evolutionfrom transposons and associated with IPF . We described the relationship of transposons with TGF-β, sirtuins andtelomeres, dysfunction of which is involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. New data on IPF epigenetic mechanisms canbecome the basis for improving results of targeted therapy of the disease using noncoding RNAs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive severeinterstitial lung disease. The annual incidence of IPF is up to17.4 per 100,000 people in the world .The prevalence of IPF in different countries ranges from 2 to29 per 100,000 people  ; in theUSA – 14–42,7 per 100,000 people). IPF is associated withaging. Therefore, for people over 75 years of age, the prevalenceof the disease is 227.2 per 100,000, while for peopleaged 18 to 34 years, the prevalence of IPF is 4 per 100,000.The average age of patients with IPF is 66 years . Survival for IPF is about 3 years after diagnosis, andavailable drugs only slow the decline in lung function withlittle to no effect on mortality .IPF pathogenesis involves environmental influences andmicroorganisms . Viral , bacterial and fungal infections play a potentialrole in the development of IPF . Smokingand metal dust inhalation are also associated with the riskof IPF . The developmentof IPF is affected by occupational hazards, suchas contact with silicon, beryllium, coal dust, asbestos, andradiation. In addition, IPF is associated with anti-inflammatorydrugs , chemotherapy drugs, heart drugs , and antibiotics . In 2019, a meta-analysis including3206 patients and 9368 healthy individuals showed the roleof gastroesophageal reflux disease in the development of IPF.According to the generally accepted hypothesis, IPF developsas a result of immune reactions to restore the structureof lung tissue in case of repeated damage to the alveolarepithelium or endothelium. In this mechanism, the inflammatorymediator profibrotic cytokine – transforming growthfactor β (TGF-β) activates angiogenesis and the production ofextracellular matrix components (collagen and fibronectin).Failure to inactivate the fibrotic trigger leads to an exacerbationof the inflammatory response with excessive depositionof matrix components and lung scarring . Molecular mediators of IPF include cell surface proteins,intracellular proteins, and soluble molecules (cytokines).The development of IPF is associated with sirtuins, a familyof histone deacetylases that require NAD+ for their catalyticactivity. The expression of sirtuins in fibroblasts of patientswith IPF is significantly reduced. Similarly, a decrease inthe concentration of SIRT7 in lung tissues was found in experimentalmouse models with IPF induced by bleomycin. Inhibition of SIRT7 in fibroblast cultures by siRNA causedan increase in collagen synthesis. Overexpression of SIRT7 inlung fibroblasts leads to lower levels of COL1A1, COL1A2,COL3A1, exerting an antifibrotic effect .In the pathogenesis of IPF, an important role is played by theepithelial-mesenchymal transition, during which the expressionof adhesion molecules (E-cadherin) is suppressed, andthe cytokeratin cytoskeleton is transformed into a vimentinone. Accordingly, epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymalmorphology . However, there is still nocomplete theory that would fully explain the mechanism ofIPF development. The most accurate data on the pathogenesisof IPF can be obtained using molecular genetic studies, whichare promising for identifying the individual risk of the diseaseand developing its effective targeted therapy .Familial IPF involving two or more family members averages10 to 15 % of all IPF cases . Thereare sporadic, familial and syndromal forms of IPF . Sporadic cases of thedisease are multifactorial diseases, that is, their developmentis influenced by environmental factors. These forms comprisethe majority of IPF cases and are associated with polymorphicvariants of various genes (Table 1). Risk factors for sporadicIPFs are male gender, smoking, inhalation of metal and wooddust, or use of certain medications such as methotrexate andbleomycin . Familial IPFs are similarto sporadic, but are characterized by an earlier manifestation.They are caused by mutations in certain genes (see Table 1).Familial IPFs were first described in 1958 by McKusickand Fisher as an autosomal dominant disorder with variablepenetrance . Up to 18 % of allfamilial IPFs are caused by mutations in the genes of telomerasecomponents: TERT  иTERC (r.37a>g) . Exome sequencingalso made it possible to identify rarer forms of familial IPFcaused by mutations in the helicase gene that regulatestelomere elongation  and in the deadenylationnuclease gene  .Cases of familial IPF caused by a mutation in exon 5(+128T>A) in the SFTPC surfactant protein gene are alsodescribed .Syndromal IPF develops in autosomal recessive Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, which is caused by an AP3B1 gene mutation (encodes an intracellular traffic protein). In this case,the specific mutations in the AP3B1 gene are the following:c.1525C>T (p.R509X), c.1739T>G (p.L580R), IVS10+5G>A,IVS11–1G>C .The promoter region of the mucin gene (MUC5B) containsa highly conserved polymorphic variant rs35705950 for primates,which is associated with sporadic and familial formsof IPF . SFTPC gene polymorphisms are associated withsporadic IPF . In this form of IPF,shortening of the telomeres of circulating lymphocytes wasrevealed, which indicates the role of changes in the TERTand TERC genes . According to epidemiologicaldata, familial forms with autosomal dominantinheritance range from 0.5–2 % (in the USA)  to 3.3–3.7 % (in Finland)  of allcases of IPF.The most reliable data on the genes involved in the pathogenesisof IPF can be obtained from large-scale studies usinggenome-wide association studies (GWAS). A meta-analysis offive studies of IPF patients compared with healthy controls  revealed the haploblock VNTR*2 ofthe IL1RN gene (encodes an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist),associated with susceptibility to the development of sporadicIPF . In a study of 544 patientswith IPF, associations with various alleles of the TOLLIP gene, the SPPL2C gene allele(rs17690703), and the MUC5B gene allele (rs35705950)were found. The TOLLIP gene encodes a Toll-interactingprotein involved in the innate immune system; the SPPL2Cgene encodes a lysosomal membrane protein with a conservedtransmembrane domain . The role of theMUC5B allelic variant (rs35705950) in the predisposition toIPF was confirmed in a meta-analysis of 2859 patients withIPF (control group consisted of 6901 people) . The Tollip protein plays an important role inmodulating the transport and degradation of TGF-β . These results are consistent with the role of TGF-βin the pathogenesis of IPF .A GWAS conducted in 2016 on 1616 patients (control –4683 people) showed the association of two haplotypes ofthe genes of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA):DRB1*15:01 and DQB1*06:02 with the development ofIPF. It allowed researchers to suggest the role of autoimmuneprocesses in the development of IPF .A GWAS conducted in 2020 on DNA samples from 2668 patientsshowed an association of sporadic IPF with alleles ofgenes MUC5B (rs35705950), TERC (rs12696304), TERT(rs7725218), DSP , ATP11A , IVD , AKAP13 , FAM13A , DPP9 .Thus, according to most genetic studies, IPF is associatedwith allelic variants of the genes responsible for the productionof mucin, the functioning of telomeres and the immune system,which indicates a complex pathogenesis of the disease. In addition,IPF is associated with aging. At the molecular level,IPF development involves processes characteristic of aging,including telomere depletion, genomic instability, mitochondrialdysfunction, cellular senescence, and loss of proteostasis. One of the causes of aging is thedysfunction of the immune system and telomeres caused byimpaired transposon expression . This is dueto the fact that in evolution, transposons became sources ofthe nucleotide sequence of both telomeres  and telomerase encoding genes .In Drosophila, the role of telomerase is performed directly byretrotransposons: TAHRE (Telomere Associated and HeT-ARelated), TART (Telomere Associated Retrotransposon) иHeT-A  . In humans,the ability of LINE1 retrotransposons to participate in alternativetelomere elongation was revealed . Transposons likely play a role in the IPF pathogenesis,since familial IPF is most often caused by mutations in thegenes maintaining telomeres (the TERC and TERT genes), while sporadicforms of IPF are associated with polymorphic variants of thesegenes .Transposons serve as the basis for the epigenetic regulationof ontogenesis . Transposonsare specific genome structures capable of moving to a newlocus and occupy 45 % of human DNA. They are classifiedinto DNA transposons (movement by the “cut and paste”mechanism) and retrotransposons (movement with reversetranscription of mRNA and insertion of cDNA) .Epigenetic factors include DNA methylation, histone modificationsand chromatin remodeling, as well as RNA interferencevia non-coding RNAs. Transposons are the most importantsources of miRNA genes during evolution, in connectionwith which the MDTE (miRNAs derived from TransposableElements) database was created in 2016 .Data from this database are taken from the results of the workof various authors .Investigation of miRNAs can provide information about IPFpathogenesis, as well as become the basis for the developmentof effective disease therapy. Lung fibroblasts play an importantrole in the initiation and progression of IPF. Investigation ofmicroRNA expression in these cells revealed a decrease inmiR-101 levels in human patients with IPF and in experimentalmodels (bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis) . In the development of IPF, dysregulation ofvarious miRNAs that affect the TGF-β signaling pathways,which induce cell differentiation, migration, invasion, andhyperplastic changes, was revealed. These microRNAs includemiR-21, miR-424 (profibrotic); miR-9-5p, miR-18a-5p,miR-26a, miR-27b, miR-101, miR-153, miR-326, miR-489,miR-1343 (antifibrotic) .A pronounced imbalance in the expression of microRNAfamilies miR-29, miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-26a-5p, let-7d-5p in IPF was found, and therefore these molecules areconsidered as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of thedisease . In human lung epithelium withIPF and mice with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, a decreasein the level of miR-323a was found, which attenuates TGF-αand TGF-β signaling . MiR-21 also influencesthese signaling pathways. The expression of miR-21is increased in lung tissues of IPF patients and experimentalmice. MiR-21 is produced by fibroblasts and regulates Smad7expression by influencing TGF-β1, promoting extracellularmatrix hyperproduction . Low expressionof miR-184 in IPF patients correlates with high levels ofp63 oncosuppressive protein, knockdown of which reducesTGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis. It was found that miR-184binds complementarily to the 3′-UTR of the mRNA of theTP63 gene, suppressing its expression .Among the microRNAs listed above associated with IPF, miR-326 (source – hAT-Tip100 DNAtransposon) and miR-1343 (source – LINE2 retrotransposon)originated from transposons, according to MDTE and dataof various authors . In 2015, Yang et al. identified significantchanges in the levels of 47 different miRNAs in the bloodplasma of IPF patients compared with healthy controls. Of these 47 microRNAs, 4 originatedfrom transposons: miR-31 (from LINE2), miR-302 (fromthe nonautonomous retroelement SINE/MIR), miR-335(from SINE/MIR), miR-374 (from LINE2) . These 47 microRNAs are involved in the signalingpathways of TGF-β, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), PI3K-Akt, Wnt, HIF-1, Jak-STAT, Notch, actincytoskeleton regulation . Reduced expressionof miR-630  ), miR-708-3p ) was detected in the bloodplasma of patients with IPF. Elevated levels of transposonderivedmiRNAs were shown for miR-487b (from SINE/MIR), miR-493 (from LINE2), miR-495 (from the LTRcontainingretroelement ERVL-MaLT) .MiR-340-5p, which promotes fibroblast proliferation in IPF byaffecting the ATF and MAPK/p38 pathways , originated from the TcMar-Mariner DNA transposon.Table 2 presents data on changes in the expression ofmiRNAs that originated in evolution from transposons (as wellas long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA)) in IPF with a comparativeanalysis of scientific literature data on these miRNAs inbronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.As can be seen from Table 2, among 24 miRNAs, 13 of themare unique in the changes in expression in patients with IPF:miR-9-5p, miR-27b, miR-153, miR-184, miR-326, miR-340,miR-374, miR-424, miR-487b, miR-489, miR-493, miR-630,miR-1343. Of these, 8 microRNAs  areevolutionarily derived from TE .Investigation of the role of epigenetic factors in thedevelopment of IPF serves as the basis for the developmentof new methods of targeted therapy for the disease. Potentialagents for the treatment of IPF may be non-coding RNAs.It was found that lncRNA PCAT29 (prostate cancer-associatedtranscript 29), which activates miRNA-221 and suppressesTGF-β, can be used to treat patients with IPF . It was discovered that expression of miR-506, whichis complementary to the 3′-UTR of the p65 NF-κB subunit, isdownregulated during IPF. Accordingly, the use of miR-506 asa target for targeted therapy may have an impact on apoptosisand inflammation in IPF . Administrationof antisense miR-21 reduced the severity of pathologyin mice with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, suggesting thepotential use of this miRNA in the treatment of IPF . Similar data were obtained for miR-708-3p. Overexpression of miR-184 suppressesTGF-β-induced fibrotic processes in the lung, thereforemiR-184 can be considered for targeted therapy of IPF . In animal experiments and in clinical studies onpatients with IPF, the effectiveness of the interfering sequencefor the long non-coding RNA lncITPF (sh-lncITPF), whichreduces the index of fibrosis, collagen and vimentin, wasalso revealed. In patients with IPF, an increased expressionof lncRNA-ITPF was revealed, which affects the acetylationof histones H3 and H4 in the promoter region of the ITGBL1gene, thus stimulating fibrosis. Transcription of lncITPF isunder the control of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 .For IPF treatment, the DR8 peptide (DHNNPQIR-NH2),which has a powerful antioxidant activity, was proposed.In an animal experiment with bleomycin-induced IPF, it wasshown that after the use of DR8, fibrosis indicators, includingprofibrogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines and markerproteins, were significantly reduced. DR8 reduced pathologicalchanges caused by bleomycin, as well as collagen deposits. In vivo experiments showed that DR8 isable to suppress the proliferation and generation of reactiveoxygen species stimulated by TGF-β1 .Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are epigenetic factors,since they have transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translationalregulatory effects on the functioning of the genome.This effect is realized both due to the secondary structure ofRNA, which provides interaction with proteins, and throughhybridization with DNA and RNA due to the complementarityof nucleotides. Many lncRNA genes evolved from transposons. According to the NONCODEv4database (http://www.noncode.org), more than 96,000 lncRNAgenes have been annotated in humans, many of which containTE sequences, which indicates the role of TEs in the origin oflncRNA genes . In addition, lncRNAcan be formed during the processing of transcripts of LTRcontainingretroelements  or LINE retrotransposons. Analysis of GENOCODEand expressed RNA sequences showed that the majority oflncRNAs originated from transposons, since at least 83 % ofthem contain one or more retroelement fragments. On average,about 41 % of all lncRNA nucleotide sequences are identicalto transposons . Thus, changes in lncRNAexpression during IPF could indicate the role of transposonsin the pathogenesis of the disease. Indeed, in 2017, Hao et al.determined a decrease in the levels of 1,376 different lncRNAsand an increase in the levels of 440 lncRNAs in the bloodplasma of patients with ILF compared with healthy controls.The highest level was observed for lncRNA AP003419.16,which is involved in TGF-β1 signaling pathways and can beused as a marker of disease . The above data indicate the role of transposons in the emergenceof noncoding RNAs that are involved in the pathogenesisof IPF and many other human diseases. The obtainedresults of molecular genetic studies of IPF are consistent withthis assumption. It refers to the influence of transposons on the aging processes that are involved in the pathogenesis of IPFand other multifactorial diseases .In aging, retrotransposons containing long terminal repeats and LINE1 are activated. Moreover, their overexpression during agingenhances the production of interferon, contributing to asepticinflammation in tissues .Transposons (due to the relationship with microRNAsderived from them) are involved in the functioning of theimmune system, the changes in which are associated with IPF. For example, the miR-31 microRNA derived fromLINE2 has a pro-inflammatory effect, enhancing the synthesisof IL-5,-8,-12, TNF-α ; miR-302 (evolvedfrom SINE/MIR) increases production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α. SINE/MIR are also a source of miR-487b,which represses IL-33 expression, reducing Ig-E levels. MiR-495 derived from ERVL-MaLTinhibits the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 . In mammalian evolution, RAG genes were domesticatedfrom ancient DNA transposons for V(D)J recombinationin the immune system. Vertebrate antigen-specific immunityhas two main features of DNA transposons. The componentsof immunity consist of recombinase (encoded by the RAG1and RAG2 genes) and mobile DNA (limited to specific sitesthat the recombinase recognizes). RAG proteins are homologousto Tc1-element transposase .LTR-containing retroelements are involved in the regulationof the human immune system, as they are enhancers for theHLA-G gene .Transposons also affect the sirtuins and TGF-β  involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. SIRT7 epigeneticallyrepresses LINE1 expression throughout the genome. Animportant role in this process is played by the interaction ofSIRT7 with lamins A/C, since SIRT7 ensures the deacetylationof histone H3K18, facilitating the interaction of LINE1with the nuclear lamina . Derived froman LTR-containing retroelement, the PEG10 gene encodesa PEG10-RF1 protein that interacts with members of theTGF-β type I and II superfamily . The role ofevolutionarily young retroelements in the regulation of TGF-βpathways, along with PDGF, EGFR and p38 signaling, wasrevealed . The role of retroelements in theepithelial-mesenchymal transition important for the developmentof IPF was shown ,which is induced by the non-autonomous retrotransposon Aludue to the modulating of miR-566 expression . Telomere dysfunction leading to the development ofIPF  and other diseases is likely associated with changes inthe activity of transposons, which are the evolutionary sourcesof genes involved in the functioning of telomeres  and the telomerase gene .The investigation of epigenetic factors in the developmentof IPF is a promising direction in revealing the pathogenesisof the disease and developing more effective methods of itstherapy. Through the study of miRNAs, it was shown that IPF is associated with an imbalance in the epigenetic regulation ofthe genome. Therefore, the reason for the development of IPFmay be an imbalance in the control of the work of the genomeby dynamic structures that play a role in age-associatedpathology and aging of the body. The most appropriate controlelements are transposons, since they affect the functioning ofthe immune system and are closely related to it evolutionarily.It has been suggested that the study of the role of transposonsin the pathogenesis of IPF can reveal the pathways of themolecular cascade of the disease. Evidence for the role oftransposons in the pathogenesis of IPF is the evolutionaryemergence of long noncoding RNAs and miRNAs fromtransposons. Analysis of the MDTE database and scientificliterature revealed 12 specific IPF-associated miRNAs thatoriginated from transposons. 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This result can be considered as the first realization of local tunable bilayer graphene diamondization.In the presented paper, we studied bilayer CVD graphene transferred to a langasite substrate and irradiated with a focused electron beam through a layer of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Changes in the Raman spectra and an increase in the electrical resistance of bigraphene after irradiation indicate a local phase transition associated with graphene diamondization. The results are explained in the framework of the theory of a chemically induced phase transition of bilayer graphene to diamane, which can be associated with the release of hydrogen and oxygen atoms from PMMA and langasite due to the “knock-on” effect, respectively, upon irradiation of the structure with an electron beam. Theoretical calculations of the modified structure of bigraphene on langasite and the experimental evaluation of sp Graphene, due to its outstanding properties, has the widest range of applications  was loaded into a CVD reactor and evacuated to base vacuum pressure (<10−4 Torr). The temperature in the chamber with a mixture of Ar (2000 cm3/min) and H2 (30 cm3/min) was raised to 1060 °C at an operating pressure of 470 Torr. The copper foil was annealed at 1060 °C with a mixture of Ar (2000 cm3/min) and H2 (30 cm3/min) at an operating pressure of 470 Torr for two hours. Graphene layers began to grow on copper foil at 1020 °C when a mixture of methane and hydrogen (CH4 = 40 cm3/min and H2 = 100 cm3/min) and 2000 cm3/min Ar as the carrier gas was introduced into the reaction chamber at 600 mTorr. After 30 min, the reaction chamber was cooled to room temperature at an average rate of 14 °C/min at the same flow rates of Ar/H2 gas, without methane.Graphene monolayers were obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a copper catalyst foil. The CVD reactor we used was a horizontal quartz tube 2400 mm long and 152 mm in diameter. This quartz tube was placed in a six-zone furnace 1500 mm long. A 25 µm thick copper foil  (langasite) substrate using a 2 µm thick electron-resist polymethyl methacrylate , which was spin-coated onto the synthesized graphene at 3000 rpm for 100 s. PMMA was dried in an oven at 120 °C for 10 min. Since graphene layers grew on both sides of the copper foil during chemical vapor deposition, the removal of graphene layers from the reverse side of the foil was carried out in oxygen plasma with a power of 60 W for 10 min. Then the copper foil was removed in a copper etchant  for 40–60 min. To wash graphene after copper etching, PMMA/graphene was placed successively in two water baths for 20 min at a time. After washing with distilled water, the PMMA/graphene layer was transferred onto an LGS substrate. The PMMA was then removed with acetone in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min, leaving single layer graphene (SLG) on the LGS substrate. Then, the SLG on LGS was washed with a 30% HCl solution at 60 °C for 30 min to remove residual Fe3+ ions. As a result, a pure high-quality graphene layer with a low defect density was prepared on the LGS substrate. The next layer of graphene was transferred using the same procedure. Before transferring the upper layer, the surface of the lower layer was thoroughly cleaned with solvents and an ultrasonic bath to ensure a tight fit of the graphene monolayers to each other.Two grown graphene monolayers were transferred to a polished surface of a lanthanum gallium silicate  with a 100× objective , a 532 nm (488 nm) laser with a power of 1 mW , and a GX polarized filter-AN360 (Olympus). Each spectrum was obtained by 10 measurements within 10 s of the accumulation time. For each sample, 3 to 6 analyzes were performed at different locations. Then, a layer of PMMA-950 resist, 300 nm thick, was deposited on the LGS substrate with bigraphene by centrifugation. These samples were irradiated using an EVO-50 scanning electron microscope equipped with Nanomaker electron beam control. The Raman spectra of nanostructures obtained by irradiation with a focused electron beam were measured using a Bruker Senterra micro-Raman system. The excitation wavelength was 532 nm; laser power at the sample point was 10 mW; the capture was 2 × 20 s at each point on the map. Transport measurements of nanostructures were carried out using a microprobe station EPS150TRIAX and a Keithley 2636B System SourceMeterc axis was set to be greater than 15 Å. The langasite model has a thickness of ~1 nm (two unit cells) with a frozen bottom layer.All calculations were performed within density functional theory (DFT) ,25 in th2 was fabricated. Unmasked graphene was removed from the substrate in oxygen plasma. Thus, a double layer of graphene with an area of 1 mm2 remained on the LGS substrate, to which four contacts, 100 nm thick, consisting of an alloy of gold and chromium in a ratio of 20:1, were attached using electron beam lithography (see x) resist which was previously demonstrated as a source of hydrogen released during the development of the resist and forming sp3 bonds with graphene [x, causes the problem of cleaning the treated layer from residual resist contamination. The use of PMMA solves the problem of graphene contamination as PMMA dissolves in acetone, almost without residue.A schematic representation of the irradiation experiment is shown in aphy see b. At thegraphene ,32. The 2 were irradiated at three accelerating electron beam voltages of 5 kV, 15 kV, and 25 kV at a beam current I = 1 nA  to 4 mC/cm2. After irradiation, the irradiated areas were developed and examined. The analysis showed that, with an increase in the density of the implanted charge (irradiation dose), structural changes occurred in the double graphene layer. The use of doses above 1 mC/cm2 resulted in PMMA-950 crosslinking, so they were not used in subsequent experiments. With a decrease in the accelerating voltage, the threshold dose sufficient for resist crosslinking decreases due to an increase in the effective absorbed-beam energy. Therefore, the accelerating voltage of U = 25 kV was chosen as the optimal value.Bigraphene squares with an area of 0.25 mmI = 1 nA b. The ir2. Based on the data obtained, we chose the optimal conditions for a local chemically induced phase transition in bilayer graphene to form the bigraphene/diamane/bigraphene nanostructure and measured its transport characteristics. The scheme of the experimental sample and the image of the investigated LGS/bigraphene/Cr/Al/PMMA structure irradiated with an electron beam are shown in For U = 25 kV, the maximum possible radiation dose that does not lead to crosslinking of the resist is 1 mC/cmAs shown in Measurements of the I–V characteristics of the nanostructure between contacts to the graphene bilayer in the longitudinal direction to the irradiation line a show a Transport measurements show that the resistance of the graphene bilayer after irradiation with an electron beam increases significantly. The linear dependence of current on voltage in the bias voltage range from −1 to 1 V changes to a nonlinear one. This indicates the formation of a semiconductor phase with higher electrical resistance.3-hybridized carbon density. The width (FWHM) of the 2D band also shows a significant increase from 43 cm−1 for the initial bigraphene to ~100 cm−1 for the irradiated points. The Raman mode of carbon at ~1345 cm−1 is associated with defects responsible for the formation of sp3-hybridized regions, which is commonly observed in graphene oxide (GO). Previously, we have shown that electron beam irradiation of GO leads to its effective reduction with a decrease in the sp3-hybridized carbon density and a relative decrease in the intensity of the D peak without its shift [−1 and an increase in intensity /I(G) ratio in graphene; the SC parameter is the value of the I(D)/I(G) ratio in the highly disordered limit; Sr and Ar are the radii of two circular areas measured from the defect site. The first length, Sr, is the radius of the structurally disordered area around the defect, so it is expected to change from defect to defect. For distances larger than Sr but shorter than Ar, the lattice structure is preserved. However, the proximity to a defect causes the mixing of Bloch states near the K and K′ valleys of the graphene Brillouin zone and, therefore, breaking of selection rules and leading to an enhancement of the D band. If we accept that defects of the “vacancy” type can be neglected, then the concentration of sp3 carbon can be estimated from the ratio of the intensities I(D)/I(G) and I(D′)/I(G), which gives the maps shown in The 3 carbon in the irradiated region is about 1012 cm–2 (3 hybridization. Such behavior of graphene is typical upon the attachment of reference atoms to it. In the case of a single layer of graphene in this way, it is possible to obtain the “ultimate diamond slab” [2 to sp3, leading to a change in the chemistry of neighboring C atoms, that in turn tend to connect with other atoms. In the case of a multilayered film, such atoms are carbon atoms from the neighboring layer, which leads to the bonding of the layers to each other and the final formation of a diamond film [Our estimates show that the fraction of sp012 cm–2 c,d. Whennd slab”  (graphanond film .In the present case, graphene is exposed to oxygen atoms from one side and hydrogen atoms on the other side forming a Janus diamane structure. We designed the corresponding model of diamane film arranged on the LGS substrate functionalized by the hydrogen atoms from the outer side. During the relaxation surface, oxygen atoms of langasite shifted and connected with the carbon atoms on the interface-stabilizing diamane geometry. The final structure of hexagonal diamane film with the  surface a showed The observed high resistivity of the diamondized graphene regions is explained by the density of electronic states b where f3 carbon density observed in modified bigraphene indicates the formation of a diamane nanocluster in irradiated area. It is probably caused by the non-optimal stacking of carbon atoms in two functionalized graphene layers, which is determined by the angle of rotation between the two layers [It should be noted that the low spo layers . Other p3 bonds of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen. When a certain local area of the sample is irradiated with a focused electron beam, hydrogen is released from the destroyed polymer from one side and oxygen is taken from the LGS substrate on the other side, forming stable bonds with graphene. It results in the formation of a diamane nanocluster structure in the bigraphene irradiated area. The designed model of diamane film arranged on the LGS substrate and functionalized by the H and O atoms supports the experimental observations.The presented study is devoted to the investigation of the effect of chemically induced phase transition in bilayer graphene transferred onto a langasite substrate and irradiated with a focused electron beam through a layer of polymethyl methacrylate. Transport measurements show that the resistance of the graphene bilayer after irradiation with an electron beam increases significantly, and the linear dependence of current on voltage in the bias voltage ranges from −1 to 1 V changes to a nonlinear one. This indicates the appearance of a barrier for the carriers in the irradiated region. This result is explained in the framework of the theory of a chemically induced phase transition associated with the formation of sp


This may be taken as a predictor of the writing quality in argumentative compositions by EFL. Pedagogically, the study emphasizes the significance of teaching DMs, where EFL learners should be taught how to use them appropriately to avoid any transference of their L1. Further research on DMs in argumentative writings in different levels of proficiency is recommended.The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of discourse markers (DMs) in the argumentative compositions written by EFL learners at two academic stages (sophomores and seniors) majoring in English at the Hashemite University, Jordan. The significance of this study springs from its focus on the use of DMs in Jordanian EFL learners’ argumentative writings. Employing an integrated research method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the findings revealed that both groups of participants used the same types of DMs with varying degree of frequency, namely, elaborative, contrastive, reason, inferential, conclusive, and exemplifier DMs, respectively. The sophomores were observed to employ a relatively higher number of DMs compared to the seniors, which may be ascribed to some redundant instances of DMs. The elaborative, contrastive, and reason types were the most widely used, while inferentials, conclusives and exemplifiers appeared infrequently in both groups. The analysis of individual DMs displayed that the DMs ‘and’, ‘because’, and ‘but’ were the predominant across the seniors and sophomores’ argumentative texts. This overuse of these DMs may be due to the influence of L1 of the participants and the popularity of these DMs among students and teachers of English. Additionally, the participants showed a low proficiency in using DMs since they overused largely a restricted variety of DMs at the expense of others that would be expected in the argumentative writing; some DMs were noticed either to be underused or absent. The results of Pearson’s  The reason beyond the choice of this type of writing is that it has been characterized as the hardest type in both L1 and L2, in comparison with other types of writings such as narrative and expository  at the Hashemite University, Jordan. All of them were EFLs (their native language is Arabic), aging between 18 and 22. During the spring semester 2019–20, a total of 120 students were selected randomly from eight classes.basic grammar course and paragraph writing course, and the second group consists of 60 seniors who all passed advanced grammar course and essay writing course. These courses were based on to select the participants of the study, where the former two courses are required for sophomores and the latter two courses are required for seniors. Grammar courses help students gain systemic knowledge of English grammar , meanwhile writing courses improve students’ writing ability skills (successful paragraph and essay development)The students were divided into two groups: the first group consists of 60 sophomores who all passed ‘Online education is rapidly increasing in popularity. Some people think that online teaching is as effective as in-person instruction, while others think online teaching is inferior. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.’In order to ensure the homogeneity of the participants in the study and to cover all proficiency levels to get realistic results, the participants were of different gender  and GPA (ranging from good to excellent). The data of the present study is argumentative texts with a minimum word-count of 250 words on the online-learning. The following task was given to the participants:This topic was chosen in particular because the Hashemite University students have experienced online learning over the past few years. The onset of Covid-19 pandemic has led to such a significant development in online learning. Therefore, we believed that the students are able to argue about this topic easily because they are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of the issue , the students were given 40 min to write the task. All of the 120 paragraphs were examined. The process of identification of DMs in the compiled data draws mainly on Fraser’s , 2006 lir = 1 means a positive linear correlation, r = −1 means a negative linear correlation, and r = 0 means no linear correlation. Finally, to compare the results of both groups of students, the means and standard deviations were measured and an independent-samples t-test was carried out to test the significance of difference between the two groups.To obtain statistical values concerning writing quality, a Pearson’s r correlation test was applied to find out whether the frequency of the use of DMs and writing quality are correlated or not. Pearson’s r correlation is used to measure the strength of a linear correlation between two variables, where the value The quantitative analysis of data by means of the Wordsmith concordance software showed that the entire data set had a sum of 802 occurrences of 25 different DMs in the argumentative compositions. Tables and the student himself. And online learning gives us more information and we can search about anything in it, and we can watch the online course more than one time to understand what it is talking about”.“Online learning depends on internet and in the same minute, you can share your information and make a conversation about it, and the teacher gives you homework to improve your skill.”“Classroom room learning have advantage like you can ask your teacher about anything you can’t understand. It can be noticed that both groups used the same types of DMs with varying frequencies. The number of DMs used by both groups revealed that there was no statistical difference, where the total frequency of DMs in the seniors’ argumentative texts was 415 occurrences and 387 in their sophomores’ counterparts. The reason why seniors employed a less number of DMs than did the sophomores may be attributed to the notion that the seniors tended to avoid overusing or redundant instances of DMs observed in the sophomores ‘compositions. This finding is in line with Altenberg & Tapper , who fouAs shown in Table The statistical findings revealed, as displayed in Table This high percentage of the occurrence of elaborative, contrastive, and reason DMs can be attributed to the argumentative mode of the respective texts written by the sophomores and seniors, where they require to employ such DMs for adding new arguments, contrasting ideas, and justifying standpoints. While it was found that the most frequently used types were elaborative DMs, followed by contrastive DMs in the present study, Polish undergraduate learners of English were reported to make more use of the contrastive type than the elaborative one in their argumentative essays Sanczyk, .A further analysis of the DMs in the data under examination revealed that elaborative type ranked by far the highest in terms of frequency. It made up 49.9 % of the entire occurrence of DMs in the sophomores’ text and 40% in the seniors’ text. Among this type, the most commonly used DM was, as shown in Table wa:w ‘and’.The overuse of ‘and’ in both groups is not surprising for two reasons. On one hand, preceding research findings report that EFL learners (regardless of their L1) are likely to employ more ‘ands’ than native speakers of English Taweel, . On the This overreliance on ‘and’ may signal a low proficiency in the use of DMs in the students’ argumentative writing Uzun, . StrikinMore elaborately, the overuse of ‘and’ can be due, to a greater extent, to the negative transfer from Arabic as the mother tongue of the leaners, where the DM ‘wa’ ‘and’, in Arabic, is poly-functional that it serves various functions such as, in addition to elaborative, contrastive, causal, and temporal Hamed, .However, it seems that the seniors employed ‘and’ less frequently than the sophomores who largely overused it. This indicates that there was some kind of development/ improvement in the proficiency level of the seniors as they incorporated other elaborative DMs more frequently than those by the sophomores, reducing dependence on ‘and’ in favor of other DMs. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that EFL learners used largely elaborative DMs in argumentative compositions in an attempt to explain, support, and develop their point of view in details, thus, make their thesis statement more well-expressed and persuasive.Overall measures of DMs in both groups have shown that there is a relative decrease in the occurrences of the elaborative DM ‘and’ by seniors and increase of other elaborative DMs such as ‘also’, ‘furthermore’, ‘in addition’, compared to the sophomores, who used ‘and’ more repeatedly in their texts. That is, there is a common tendency among seniors to employ more frequently diverse elaborative DMs than sophomores.As for the contrastive DMs that came the second in frequency in both groups, they were frequently used in comparison with other DMs such as, inferential and conclusive categories (the sophomores 18.3% and the seniors 26.9%). By contrast, Jalilfar  reportedRanking the third largest category in both groups, the category of reason DMs was relatively moderately used by both groups . Dissimilar to these findings, it was reported that reason DMs were the most widely used by Turkish learners of English in their argumentative essays Altunay, . Among tLess frequently used types in the data were conclusive and exemplifier DMs. The former was used 5.1% by the sophomores and 8% by the seniors whereas, the latter was used 6.5% by the sophomores and 8.8% by the seniors. Only three conclusive DMs  were employed by both the sophomores and seniors. Comparing the both groups, the conclusive type had a higher frequency in the seniors’ argumentative texts than the sophomores’ texts. The DM ‘in conclusion’ was the predominate one among this type, while the others were mostly underutilized, where its total frequency in the whole data in both groups was 3.4% by sophomores and 5.7 % by the seniors. Concerning exemplifiers, like the conclusive types, only three DMs  appeared in the data. The findings showed that the most commonly used one in this class was ‘for example’ in the sophomores’ texts and ‘such as’ in their counterparts. It seems that these two categories appeared more in the seniors’ argumentative compositions. This evidently indicates that there is a development in the seniors’ proficiency level as compared to their counterparts regarding using exemplifiers to give examples as evidence in order to support their argument and conclusives to signal that they have reached the end of the composition and will summarize what has been argued for or against.As given in Table A closer analysis of the individual DMs used in the argumentative texts written by sophomores and seniors revealed that the most commonly used DMs across both groups of learners were ‘and’ 36.1%) (23.2%), ‘because’ (14.2%) (10.6%), and ‘but’ (9.6%) (9%), respectively. There were no differences in the frequency order of these three DMs between the two groups of leaners. However, they displayed some differences in the number of their occurrence in each group. As shown in Table 6.1% 23.. Such fiOn the ground of these results, it is justifiable to infer that since both groups of learners in this study utilized frequently a very limited number of DMs in their argumentative texts, they had a poor proficiency level of using DMs, compared to higher proficient L1/ L2 writers Zhang, . The impt-test was undertaken in order find whether there is any statistically significant difference between the sophomores and the seniors’ use of DMs in their argumentative written texts. As displayed in Table M = 69.17, SD = 72.07) and seniors  in their use of DMs in argumentative papers; t(10) = 0.126, p = 0.901.To address the second question of the present study, an independent-samples More elaborately, the total occurrences of the DMs found across argumentative compositions written by the two groups in this study was 802, as clearly illustrated in Table r correlation test was carried out to assess this relationship. As illustrated in Table r(58) = .32, p = 0.012. Likewise, the frequency of DMs and the evaluation of the seniors’ writings were found to be weakly positively correlated, r(58) = 0.42, p < 0.001. Based on the results obtained from the present correlation test, it can be stated that a positive correlation but significant (the sophomores 0.012656 and the seniors .000764) was found between the total use of DMs and the quality writing of the argumentative texts written by the participants of the present study. It can be suggested that the highly-rated argumentative compositions tend to employ more DMs than did their poorly-rated counterparts.With regard to the last question of the study concerning the relationship between the frequency of DMs and the quality of writing, a Pearson’s Although the results of the present study revealed that there was a positive correlation between the two values at issue, the relationship between the frequency of DMs and the evaluation was weak . However, we can infer that the frequency of DMs can be, to some extent, a potential predictor/ indicator of writing quality, that is, the higher the number of DMs, the better the quality of writing. Such findings are in line with the studies that support the existence of a positive correlation between the deployment of DMs and the quality of writing Jin, . This imHowever, it should be borne in mind that correlational tests do not always suggest causation- that when two variables in tandem do not necessarily indicate that one variable is affecting the other.  or were only used by one group . Remarkably, it was found that an array of manifold DMs was never used neither by the sophomores nor by the seniors .The findings indicated that there was a weak positive but significant correlation between the use of DMs and the quality of writing in both argumentative texts written by the sophomores and seniors.Based on the present findings on the use of DMs in the sophomore and seniors’ argumentative writings, some pedagogical implications can be highlighted. As we have seen, the use of DMs in argumentative writings presents a challenge to EFL learners across different levels of proficiency. Moreover, the analysis reveals that EFL learners demonstrate little variety in the use of DMs.The inappropriate use of DMs should be attended to by both instructors and learners. More focus should be placed on DMs and students should be exposed to more varied DMs. In other words, instructors of English should familiarize their students with a wide variety of DMs and encourage learners to vary in their choice of DMs in their writings rather than relying on restricted range of DMs. To increase the quality of EFL argumentative writing, learners should be given more exercises on the functions of DMs and their role in creating and maintaining the cohesion and coherence of text, especially, in academic writing (For details, see Guba et al.,


The aim of this survey was to establish how higher psychiatry trainees are using special interest sessions. Special interest sessions provide trainees with the opportunity to gain additional experience and are defined as ‘a clinical or clinically related area of service which cannot be provided within the training post but which is of direct relevance to the prospective career pathway of the trainee.’ The Curriculum for Specialist Training in Psychiatry states that two sessions every week must be devoted during each year of Specialty training for such personal development, which may be taken in research or to pursue special clinical interests.st March 2021 and 1st April 2021. The survey included multiple choice and open questions relating to the accessibility, use and content of special interest sessions. Participants were asked to comment on their experiences. Quantitative data were analysed using Excel and qualitative data were collated and reviewed.All higher psychiatry trainees working within Health Education England (HEE) Wessex Deanery were invited to complete a survey using Google Forms between 120 of the total 42 higher psychiatry trainees responded with the highest response rates from trainees in Old Age Psychiatry and dual training posts. 25% were using all their entitled special interest sessions. The remaining trainees were not able to use them consistently due to clinical service demands and 10% were not using any due to being unaware of opportunities available.The majority of trainees were using special interest sessions for research, followed by postgraduate qualifications and psychotherapy. Other special interests included medical education, management experience and psychiatric liaison. 70% found their special interest sessions straightforward to arrange and supervisors were highlighted as a useful support.Most trainees did not have a good awareness of special interest opportunities available within their specialty. 90% would like to be better informed of opportunities for special interest sessions.The survey indicated that the majority of higher psychiatry trainees are having difficulty accessing special interest sessions due to clinical service demands and a lack of awareness of opportunities available. In order to meet Curriculum requirements, it is important that trainees are supported by supervisors and trusts to access special interest sessions. Specialty training job descriptions should allow for special interest time with appropriate cover arrangements. To improve awareness of special interest sessions, I have developed an information booklet listing opportunities available for higher psychiatry trainees in HEE Wessex Deanery.


Aspergillus spp (including azole-resistant strains), rare, resistant moulds  and dimorphic moulds.Olorofim is a novel antifungal agent active against Serial images of Lomentospora prolificans infection following breast enhancement surgery: progression of healing pre- and post-olorofim therapy.Post-surgical bone/ soft tissue Lomentospora prolificans infection of the chest wall in a healthy woman was uncontrolled with available agents (D -9 visible mould in wound base). At D42/84 overall response on olorofim monotherapy was stable; wound closure with complete resolution of IFI was achieved at D322 .1 received oral olorofim (150mg BID x1d loading dose then 90mg BID). Outcomes in the first 100 patients are compared with historical controls (HCs) as well as with expected outcomes in patients with baseline highly active, uncontrolled IFI (HAU-IFI).Patients with limited/no treatment options for proven invasive fungal infection (IFI) or probable pulmonary invasive aspergillosis (IA) using EORTC-MSGERC criteria2  was 47%/42% in IA , 53%/53% , 55%/36% , and 50%/50% . Stable response at D42/D84 predicted extended therapy responses, especially in HAU-IFI of brain and bone . For Coccidioides (n=11) OR was limited to stable due to very slow clearance of fungal serology but clinical response was rapid. Symptoms resolved completely in 18% (2/11) by D84 vs 3% (1/29) by D1523 in comparable HCs with poorly controlled extrapulmonary Coccidioides infection; similar trends were seen for other response measures.All-cause mortality in IA at month 3  was 17/53  for olorofim vs. 40/46  in HCs given either no therapy or azole monotherapy for azole-resistant IA. Successful EORTC-MSGERC overall response3, considering stable in overall success if often appropriate when assessing responses in non-IA mould IFI.Olorofim is a novel oral antifungal with activity against a wide range of mould infections which are difficult to treat. Compared with relevant HCs or expected outcomes for HAU-IFI, olorofim has a positive benefit-risk profile in a well-defined population of patients with limited/no treatment options. As noted previouslyReferences:1. Donnelly CID 2020; 71:1367–762. Segal CID 2008; 47:674–833. Perfect Mycoses 2018: 61:420Johan A. Maertens, MD PhD, F2G Ltd: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead Sciences Ltd: Advisor/Consultant|Mundipharma: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer Inc: Advisor/Consultant Paul E. Verweij, PhD, Gilead: Grant/Research Support Emma L. Harvey, MBBS, F2G Ltd: Stocks/Bonds Aaron Dane, MSc, Amplyx: Advisor/Consultant|AN2 therapeutics: Advisor/Consultant|Artizan: Advisor/Consultant|Cidara: Advisor/Consultant|ContraFect: Advisor/Consultant|Correvio: Advisor/Consultant|Davolterra: Advisor/Consultant|Destiny Pharma: Advisor/Consultant|Entasis: Advisor/Consultant|F2G Limited: Advisor/Consultant|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|Humanigen: Advisor/Consultant|Kymab: Advisor/Consultant|Modis: Advisor/Consultant|Orca: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Phico: Advisor/Consultant|Pled Pharma: Advisor/Consultant|Rare Thyroid: Advisor/Consultant|Roche: Advisor/Consultant|Scynexis: Advisor/Consultant|Sinovent: Advisor/Consultant|Spero Therapeutics: Advisor/Consultant|Transcrip: Advisor/Consultant|Venatorx: Advisor/Consultant Daniela Zinzi, Infectious Diseases Specialist, F2G: F2G employee|F2G: Stocks/Bonds John H. Rex, MD, Advent Life Sciences: Operating Partner|Advent Life Sciences: Ownership Interest|AMR Action Fund: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds|Basilea Pharmaceutica: Advisor/Consultant|Bugworks Research, Inc.: Advisor/Consultant|F2G, Limited: Employee|F2G, Limited: Stocks/Bonds|Forge Therapeutics: Advisor/Consultant|GlaxoSmithKline: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria|Sumitovant: Advisor/Consultant Sharon C. Chen, PhD MBBS, F2G PTy Ltd: Grant/Research Support|MSD Australia: Grant/Research Support.


A tunable graphene absorber, composed of a graphene monolayer and a substrate spaced by a subwavelength dielectric grating, is proposed and investigated. Strong light absorption in the graphene monolayer is achieved due to the formation of embedded optical quasi-bound states in the continuum in the subwavelength dielectric grating. The physical origin of the absorption with high quality factor is examined by investigating the electromagnetic field distributions. Interestingly, we found that the proposed absorber possesses high spatial directivity and performs similar to an antenna, which can also be utilized as a thermal emitter. Besides, the spectral position of the absorption peak can not only be adjusted by changing the geometrical parameters of dielectric grating, but it is also tunable by a small change in the Fermi level of the graphene sheet. This novel scheme to tune the absorption of graphene may find potential applications for the realization of ultrasensitive biosensors, photodetectors, and narrow-band filters. Absorbers possess a wide range of applications, including radar stealth, infrared detectors, thermophotovoltaic cells, and thermal emitters. According to their spectral bandwidths, the absorbers can be classified as broad-band absorbers and narrow-band absorbers –4. In geTunable absorption is interesting regarding many potential applications. There are generally two ways to achieve tunable absorption. One is to change the structural parameters and the other is to add tunable materials, such as phase change materials, graphene, or liquid crystals. Among them, graphene has attracted much attention in optics and optoelectronics –34. As aIn this paper, motivated by the investigation in , a tunabd, the width w, and the thickness h. The refractive indices of grating and substrate are nh and ns, respectively. TM polarized  monochromatic plane waves are incident from the substrate at an angle θ. In our simulation, we set d = 3.3 μm, w = 2.31 μm, h = 3.5 μm, nh = 3.48, ns = 1.45, and θ = 0.1°.The surface conductivity of graphene has intraband and interband contributions and is described by:intra and σinter are the intraband and interband conductivity, respectively. In the mid-infrared wavelength region considered in this work, the Fermi level is greater than half of the photon energy, that is, ℏω < 2Ef. Thus, the intraband contribution will dominate the graphene conductivity as the interband transitions are negligible due to Pauli blocking. Therefore, the conductivity of graphene can be approximately expressed by the Drude-like surface conductivity σintra as follows [Here, σ follows –56:Ef is the energy of the Fermi level, ω is the angular frequency, e is the elementary charge, and τ is the carrier relaxation lifetime.where ℏ is the reduced Planck’s constant, In our simulation, the permittivity of the graphene monolayer is described by:0 is the relative permittivity of vacuum, and hg is the thickness of the graphene, which is assumed to be 0.34 nm. Throughout this work, we assume τ = 0.1 ps. The Fermi level is initially considered to be Ef = 0.3 eV, and its influence on absorption spectra will be analyzed latter.where εA(λ) are obtained from reflection spectra R(λ) and transmission spectra T(λ) through A(λ) = 1 − R(λ) − T(λ), where, R(λ) and T(λ) are calculated by employing the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method [Q = λ/Δλ, where λ is the resonant wavelength of the absorption peak and Δλ denotes the full width at half maximum of the peak.Based on the parameters mentioned above, we calculated the absorption spectra shown in ) method –58. CleaHy and Ex are antisymmetric with respect to the y–z plane, as illustrated in z-axis direction will be forbidden as the symmetry of field inside the grating is mismatched with the external field distributions [z-axis direction is also forbidden because only zero-order radiation is permissible for light under normal incidence owing to the subwavelength unit cell of this structure. Therefore, the radiation mode will be confined in the dielectric grating, which results in large electric field intensity enhancement and concentration inside the grating, as presented in Ploss/dV = 1/2ε0ω·Im (ε(ω))|E|2, where Im(ε) denotes the imaginary part of relative permittivity and E is the electric field. Thus, the strong electric intensity enhancement inside the dielectric grating will boost light absorption in the graphene monolayer when it is attached on the grating. The enhanced absorption in the graphene monolayer is attributed to the excitation of optical quasi-BICs of radiation modes.To examine the physical mechanism of this phenomenon, we illustrate the distributions of the electromagnetic field at the resonant wavelength in ibutions . At the −2 in Q = λpeak/|λPeak − λdip| [−2, indicating the formation of BICs in the proposed structure [To confirm that the absorption originates from quasi-BICs, we show the simulated zero-order transmission spectra of the structures without graphene monolayer for angles of 0°, 0.1°, 0.5°, 1.0°, 1.5°, and 2.0° in  − λdip| . It is ftructure .1 = 7908.03 nm and λ2 = 7444.8 nm. Obviously, the peak absorptions of λ1 and λ2 are in the direction of 0° and 16.3°, respectively. In addition, their corresponding angular widths are about 0.22° and 0.086°, respectively, which are ultranarrow angular bandwidths. Therefore, the proposed absorber possesses excellent spatial coherence as the inverse relationship between coherence length and its angular width [Subsequently, we examine the spatial directivity of the absorber. In ar width . Usuallyar width . The sped from 3.2 to 3.4 μm results in the shift of the resonant peak to longer wavelengths. This trend is similar to the change of d when h or w are increased. Moreover, the absorption remains almost unchanged with the change of geometric parameters. It is worth noting that the absorption is more sensitive to the change of w than to that of d and h. In general, the ultrasharp absorption can be maintained with a large tolerance regarding the geometric parameters, which is beneficial for real-life fabrication.As mentioned above, the absorber has an ultrasharp absorption profile due to the formation of optical quasi-BICs, indicating that the absorption is sensitive to a change of the geometric parameters. Therefore, the geometric tolerance should be precisely controlled inside a certain range during fabrication. We investigate the influence of geometric parameters on the absorption spectra so as to provide a useful guidance for practical fabrication. The results are shown in Ef increasing from 0.1 to 0.5 eV. In addition, the corresponding resonant absorption increases first and then decreases again. Thus, the ultranarrow absorption could be dynamically controlled through changing the Fermi level without re-designing and re-fabricating the structure, which should be attractive for real-life applications.As the surface conductivity of the graphene sheet is proportional to the Fermi level , a changAlthough the theoretical Q-factor of BICs for the dielectric resonant gating is nearly infinite, the practical Q-factor with the fabricated grating only has a large finite value. As clearly shown in In summary, an active graphene absorber, consisting of a graphene monolayer and a substrate spaced by a dielectric grating, is proposed and investigated. The absorber exhibits an absolute absorption of more than 50% using a graphene monolayer, which is attributed to the extremely high field enhancement in graphene associated with embedded bound states in the dielectric grating. The electromagnetic field distributions confirm the physical origin of this phenomenon. The proposed absorber has an ultranarrow absorption profile with ultrahigh Q-factor and high spatial directivity, which enables the use as a thermal emitter with high spatial directivity. We also found that the spectral position of the absorption peak can be changed without degrading performance by adjusting the geometrical parameters. This indicates a large geometric tolerance, which is advantageous for fabrication. More importantly, the operating wavelength can be tuned by only a small change in the Fermi level, which is particularly attractive as the absorption properties can be electrically tuned without re-fabricating the whole structure. The results may find potential applications for the realization of high-performance graphene-based electrically tunable active devices including ultrasensitive biosensors, detectors, and perfect filters.


While cobaloximes have been protagonists in the molecular (photo)catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction field, researchers originally shed light on the catalytically active metallic center. However, the specific chemical environment of cobalt, including equatorial and axial ligation, has also a strong impact on the catalytic reaction. In this article, we aim to demonstrate how pyridine vs. imidazole axial ligation of a cobaloxime complex covalently grafted on graphene affects the hydrogen evolution reaction performance in realistic acidic conditions. While pyridine axial ligation mirrors a drastically superior electrocatalytic performance, imidazole exhibits a remarkable long-term stability. The Raman spectra of exfoliated graphene, [Co]-pyr-graphene and [Co]-imi-graphene  under Nrivative a. On therivative a. In ordrivative b confirmrivative a, with sThe TGA graphs of pyridine/Co(III) and imidazole/Co(III) compounds are shown in 6 oxygen-free, dry DMF /Co(II), Co(II)/Co(I) and Co(IV)/Co(III) redox couples, respectively (+ corresponding to Co(III)/Co(II), Co(II)/Co(I) and Co(IV)/Co(III) redox couples, respectively  via square wave voltammetry recorded in 0.1 M TBAPF dry DMF , Table 1ectively a 23]. I. I6 oxygectively b. Due tographene a,b. In A1/2 of Co(II)/Co(I) reductive couple of their molecular analogues. Especially, the easier Co(II)/Co(I) reduction, revealed by the positive shift on the E1/2 for both [Co]-pyr-graphene and [Co]-imi-graphene, is in line with the higher electron donation ability channeled by graphene.The oxidation from Co(III) to Co(IV), being close to the upper limit of the electrochemical window of DMF, was also not visible in functionalized materials, which is the case for most studies on molecular cobaloximes ,21. HoweCombination of local scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) studies and macroscopic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses constitute perfect approaches for getting important information on structural and chemical composition, even at subnanometer scale, of complex systems. We performed such studies of [Co]-pyr-graphene and [Co]-imi-graphene. Further electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses confirm these findings . Further2SO4 electrolyte. 2 (10η)  -imi-graphene’s  and more than 300 mV lower compared to exfoliated graphene’s . To our pleasant surprise, [Co]-pyr-graphene and [Co]-imi-graphene differ significantly, with the former being drastically superior. This is confirmed also based on the inherent kinetics of each material as reflected by the Tafel analysis (ct) value of 116 Ω for [Co]-pyr-graphene was lower than that of 133 Ω for [Co]-imi-graphene albeit higher than exfoliated graphene . The lower Rct value accounts for a faster Faradaic process and, therefore, superior HER kinetics [ct for both modified materials compared to graphene can be probably attributed to the disruption of the vast sp2 graphene lattice or else modulation of its electronic structure due to surface covalent modification and immobilization of cobaloxime. Still, the pyridine analogue surpasses kinetically the imidazole analogue, validating the rest electrocatalytic parameters   as activanalysis b. In fackinetics . The higrameters .2  of both is faintly enlarged, mirroring vaguely inferior kinetics after 10,000 catalytic cycles. The plausible protonation of the imidazole ring in the highly acidic pH conditions, decreases the Lewis basicity of imidazole ligand, resulting in less electron-donating activity, thus difficult protonation of the Co-H intermediate species that eventually releases H2 [In contrast, durability studies reflect a different point of view. The LSV polarization curves of the graphene materials after 10,000 catalytic cycles are presented in 2 . Evidentime ring  that refime ring , this reeases H2 ,29. ThisIn summary, despite the prima facie evidence, axial ligation of the cobaloxime functionalized graphene plays a major role in the HER electrocatalytic process. Pyridine axial ligand induced a better electrocatalytic activity, which was also confirmed kinetically. In contrast, imidazole moiety was found to equilibrate long-term and resist any deactivation upon extensive cycling. Our results highlight the importance of the primary axial coordination sphere substituents to cobaloxime complexes utilized as HER electrocatalysts and provide a different point of view to researchers engaging in the surface engineering of 2D nanomaterials as electrocatalysts.