Drosophila melanogaster that are known to detect humidity, but it is not seen in other coeloconic neurons that are not sensitive to humidity. Dipteran mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae oviposit in water, and the addition of the humidity-inhibiting odorants in a two-choice oviposition assay significantly reduces oviposition. Our results demonstrate that a naturally occurring volatile compound can effectively “mask” detection of an important environmental cue and modify behavior of important vectors of plant and human disease pathogens. Odorants targeting the conserved humidity sensing system of insects, therefore, offer a novel strategy for modifying their behavior.Insects house humidity-sensing neurons in the antenna, which is presumed to be important for a variety of behaviors and survival since water is a crucial component of the environment. Here we use the simple olfactory system of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), a citrus pest that transmits a deadly bacterium, to identify volatile amines that significantly inhibited humidity-induced activation of antennal neurons. The inhibition of action potentials is observed by single sensillum recordings and mixing these odorants with humid air abolished the humidity avoidance behavior of ACP. The inhibition is conserved in the humidity-sensing coeloconic neurons of dipteran  In addition to acting as a simple cue for detecting water sources, especially critical for small insects prone to desiccation due to large surface area-to-volume ratios7, humidity serves a diverse range of functions across many species of insects. Foraging hawkmoths use humidity as a means of assessing nectar availability in flowers8, and ladybird beetles rely on a range of humidity for tarsal adhesion9.Humidity represents an important sensory modality for many animal speciesDiaphorina citri, commonly known as the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), is native to China but has spread invasively in North America. The ACP feeds, oviposits, and mates on citrus plants10, transmitting to them a bacterial phytopathogen that causes Huanglongbing, and incurable disease of economic significance worldwide11. Similarly, the female mosquito, which transmits pathogens that cause millions of disease-related deaths each year, uses humidity in host-seeking behavior14 and as an oviposition cue2. To detect hosts, mosquitoes often rely on complex blends of odorants and CO2, the components of which act synergistically by potentiating several attractive olfactory neurons15.Of particular interest is the role that humidity plays in the behavior of economically important insects, such as vectors of human or agricultural disease-causing pathogens. 16. In the vinegar fly D. melanogaster, hygroreceptor neurons are housed in specific coeloconic sensilla17 as well as in sensilla located in the sacculus19. In the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an antenna basiconic sensilla detects subtle changes in humidity concentration as well as respond to ammonia and acetone20. Similar responses are also observed in the vinegar fly D. melanogaster to ammonia and a couple of amines by humidity sensing neurons17.In insects, hygroreceptor neurons are usually housed in specific sensilla that contain one of three types of sensory cell: moist-, dry air-, and cold-receptor neurons, yet combinations of chemo- and hygroreceptor neurons housed in the same sensillum have also been described21, such as ACP and mosquitoes. The importance of humidity in insect behavior raises the interesting possibility of using “masking” compounds that can block activation of the insect neurons mediating humidity-detection.In this study, we investigate the presence of hygroreceptor neurons in the ACP, and the ability of specific chemical volatiles to inhibit water vapor-mediated activation of such neurons in ACP and vinegar flies. We also investigated the potential of chemical volatiles that block the detection of a common environmental cue, such as humidity, and modify humidity-driven behavior of species that shared a common ancestral over 350 million years ago23. Each of the four RP sensilla contain three olfactory neurons each, the activities of which have been tested with Single Sensillum Recordings (SSR) against > 100 odorants diluted in paraffin oil as solvent25. In the present study, we found that water vapor alone increased the activity of at least one neuron in the RP4 and RP6 sensilla, but not of neurons of the RP2 and RP7 sensilla  sensilla: RP2, 4, 6, and 7ity Fig. .Figure 126, we turned to the well-characterized D. melanogaster olfactory system. Antennal olfactory neurons in Drosophila that are present in the pit-like sacculus as well as some in the surface coeloconic sensilla have been shown to respond to varying levels of humidity in air and express members of the Ionotropic receptor family27. Amongst them the antennal coeloconic sensilla ac1 is sensitive to humidity and are accessible to sensitive SSR recordings17. The ac1 neurons express members of the ionotropic receptor family19, and while they have not been tested for behavioral response to humidity, they show robust electrophysiological response to humidity17. We performed SSRs in the ac1 sensillum while it was exposed to varying concentrations of hexylamine in both humidified and dry air backgrounds. While water alone induced a robust increase in ac1 activity  specific to their living environment, which ranges from 85% RH in humid rainforests to 20% in dry desert32. In the model system D. melanogaster, some basiconic and coeloconic sensilla on the antennal surface, detect dry air and humidity, and respectively express TRP channels nanchung and water witch32. Additionally, the sensilla of the pit-like antennal structure called the sacculus express members of the Ionotropic receptor family, Ir64a and Ir40a, which are required for sensing of humid and dry air, respectively, when associated with the co-receptor Ir25a and the receptor Ir93a19. These receptors are conserved over hundreds of million years33, giving support to the possibility that the homologs of such receptors mediate humidity detection in different insect species. Additionally, the Odorant-binding Protein Obp59a is also thought to play a part in humidity sensing27.Various protein receptors have been proposed to explain humidity (and dryness) sensing16. Amines might also directly interact with humidity receptors expressed on the dendrites of neurons such as IRs, nanchung and water witch. It has also been reported that insects can express more than one receptor type per neuron34, including Ionotropic receptors tuned to amines35.Using electrophysiology we have identified volatile amines that suppress humidity evoked responses. While the mechanism underlying inhibition is not known, we show that in both species tested, they block humidity-mediated behaviors effectively. In ACP pentylamine reduces the humidity-mediated avoidance, while in mosquitoes it blocks the humidity-mediated attraction to an oviposition site. The mechanism of inhibition may be complex. Ammonia and amines can modify the chemical properties of the air humidity or the temperature of the cuticular surfaceAedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.Future studies will shed light upon the mechanism of action of such amines in hygroreceptor neurons housed in different sensilla. Overall, our results indicate that inhibition of the humidity-sensing pathways with specific amines like pentylamine can lead to oviposition deterrence for Bergera koenegii) and one citrus (Citrus volkameriana) plant (10–15 cm high). Cages were kept at 25 ± 1 °C and 45% relative humidity. Wild type D. melanogaster used in the experiments were of the Canton-S strain and reared on standard cornmeal–dextrose media at 22–25 °C. The M form of A. gambiae  and A. aegypti (Orlando strain) were maintained in a 12:12 (Light:Dark) photocycle at 27 °C and 70% RH.All ACP experiments were performed inside the Quarantine facility at the University of California, Riverside. ACP (Texas strain) was reared in 40 × 40 × 40 cm cages containing three curry  with ACP specimens at 4–7 days old and previously starved for 5 h in a humid chamber. Either 100 µL of water alone or odor in water was applied onto a filter paper (Whatman Grade 2) that had been folded onto itself to fit into a glass tubbing. The latter was connected to either side of the Y-shape glass olfactometer. In the assays delivering humidity on one of the arms (or both) of the Y-tube, the filter papers were treated with water or odor in water, which resulted in about 60–70% relative humidity as input in each arm of the olfactometer, as measured before each trial with a handheld hygrometer (Extech EA20 EasyView Hygro-Thermometer). In the trials where dry air was flown in one of the arms (or both) of the Y-tube, a cartridge of silica gel was added in front of the filter paper, reducing the input humidity in the arm to 15–20% even when odor in water was applied onto the filter paper. Each behavioral trial was performed for 10 min at a 55 mL/minute flow rate of charcoal-filtered air. Each treatment was repeated between 5 and 12 times, and the control and treatment arms were alternated between replicates. Replicates displaying less than 30% participation were discarded. At the end of each trial, the number of animals in the control arm, the test arm, and the entry port (ie: non-participants) were counted. Any trial with a participation rate of less than 30% was not included in the analysis.Oviposition behavior was carried out in bugdorm style (30 × 30 × 30 cm) mosquito cages under 14–10 light cycle, 60% relative humidity, and at 27 °C. Six to seven days after blood feeding, fifteen female mosquitoes were transferred to each bugdorm where two oviposition sites (plastic petri dishes 50 mm) were placed at opposite sides of the cage. The positions of odor-treated and control petri dishes were alternated in the different experimental replicates. In non-contact assays, a glass vial  containing 1 mL of either the odor solution or water was placed onto each petri dish, which were filled with 13 mL of autoclaved tap water. A little cup containing sugar solution wicked through a cotton plug was placed between the petri dishes. The experiments were carried out for 24 h. The egg-containing water was drained through Kimwipe tissues and counted under a scope with the help of a cell counting device. The number of eggs found in each oviposition chamber was counted at the end of the experiment.24.Odorants used in this study were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest purity available as described previously24 with minor modifications from male ACP (4–7 days old). The odor panel was tested against each type of the four rhinarial plates. Fifty μL of water or odors diluted in water at indicated concentrations were loaded onto cotton wool inserted into Pasteur pipette odor cartridges and used for no more than 4 stimuli each. Odor vapors were delivered from the odor cartridge using a Syntech-55 stimulus controller and diluted approximately three-fold by injecting into a carrier air stream positioned towards the ACP antenna. The baseline activity from one second before the stimulus onset was subtracted from the total activity to obtain a net increase in spikes.Single-sensillum recording was performed as previously describedD. melanogaster) were tested at 3–7 days post-eclosion. Individual flies were inserted into a 1.0 mL pipette tip and secured with molding clay. A glass cover slip was placed underneath the head and a glass pipette was used as a rod to secure an antenna in place. A reference electrode filled with SLR solution was inserted into the eye. Hexylamine was dissolved in paraffin oil to the designated dilutions. A 3 × 35 mm filter paper strip was placed in each 5¾” glass Pasteur pipette to form odor cartridges. Cartridges were allowed to sit and volatilize for 15 min before use. Each cartridge was used no more than twice before being discarded. In the humidified setup, a glass tube was used to maintain a humidified airstream of 10 mL/sec on the preparation, provided by a gas tank routed through a water-filled beaker. The beaker was empty in the dry setup. The odor cartridge was inserted into the side of a glass tube through an opening 130 mm distant from the end of the tube. The end of the tube was placed 5 mm away from the specimen’s antennae, for a total of 135 mm separating the preparation from the point in which odors entered the airstream.Adult male flies —(# in control arm)) /  and were ARCSINE transformed for statistical analysis. Statistical comparisons of behavior data were corrected for multiple comparisons with the two stage set up method of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli and a desired false discovered rate of 0.05.Supplementary Information 1.Supplementary Information 2.


A long-range surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguide, composed of double-layer graphene, can be pivotal in transferring and handling mid-infrared electromagnetic waves. However, one of the key challenges for this type of waveguide is how to excite the SPP modes through an incident light beam. In this study, our proposed design of a novel grating, consisting of a graphene-based cylindrical long-range SPP waveguide array, successfully addresses this issue using finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results show that two types of symmetric coupling modes (SCMs) are excited through a normal incident light. The transmission characteristics of the two SCMs can be manipulated by changing the interaction of the double-layer gratings of graphene as well as by varying various parameters of the device. Similarly, four SCMs can be excited and controlled by an oblique incident light because this light source is equivalent to two orthogonal beams of light. Furthermore, this grating can be utilized in the fabrication of mid-infrared optical devices, such as filters and refractive index sensors. This grating, with double-layer graphene arrays, has the potential to excite and manipulate the mid-infrared electromagnetic waves in future photonic integrated circuits. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) , which aGraphene , a typicRecently, we investigated an intriguing type of graphene-based long-range SPP (LRSPP) waveguide ,33, thatSiR and tSiO2, respectively. To fabricate such a grating, one of the key challenges is how to obtain a feasible manufacturing technique for the cylindrical LRSPP waveguide. Li et al. , where e is the electron charge, fE is the Fermi energy, and τ is the electron relaxation time. The latter is calculated from the relation τ = fμE/(Fev2), where μ is the electron mobility, and Fv = 10−6 ms−1 is the Fermi velocity. In this paper, unless stated otherwise, the following values of different parameters are used: μ = 1.0 m2/(Vs), fE = 0.8 eV, T = 300 K, and d = 1 nm.A schematic diagram of the proposed grating, which is comprised of a graphene LRSPP waveguide array placed on a substrate, is shown in i et al.  have repi et al. ,36 have i et al. . For simg/(ε0ωd) ,39, wher formula ,40, σg ixy-plane. The simulation region was truncated by periodic boundaries in the x-direction and perfectly matched layer boundaries in the y-direction. The mesh sizes were set as 0.1 nm along the x, y axes inside the grating unit, and gradually increased outside the grating unit.In this study, we employed the commercial software of the Lumerical FDTD Solutions to investigate the features of the proposed grating. The two-dimensional simulation was performed for a single unit of the grating in θ = 0°) was projected onto the graphene LRSPP waveguide array along the negative y-direction. θ represents the angle between the direction of y-direction, in which k0 = 2π/λ0 is the k-vector of the incident light, gratingk is the compensatory k-vector by the grating, sppk is the k-vector of the excited SPP mode, and m is the diffraction order. Due to sppk = rkn0, the Equation (1) can be expressed approximatively asrn is the real part of the effective refractive index of the excited SPP mode. However, as the graphene LRSPP waveguide has two graphene layers, our proposed grating is equivalent to two optical gratings. The first grating consists of the inner layer graphene array and the silicon nanowire array, whereas the second grating consists of the outer layer graphene array, the silica layer array, and the silicon nanowire array. For simplicity, the first and the second gratings are referred to as the inner and the outer gratings, respectively. Either of them can individually excite SPP resonant modes. However, according to Equation (2), their corresponding resonant wavelength is different for the same incident light, because the SPP mode excited by two gratings has a different rn value.First, a normal incident plane wave  and the result described in , gσ can be expressed as gσ = grσ + giiσ, where grσ and giσ are the real and imaginary parts of the graphene conductivity, respectively. According to Maxwell’s equations, we can obtainJP, can be derived asE0 is the amplitude of the electric field. Therefore, the optical loss in graphene is determined by the real part of the graphene conductivity, which is related to both the Fermi energy and the electron mobility. On the other hand, we can obtain the optical loss according to the equation L[dB/μm] = 8.86 ikn0 , where εAVG = (inε + outε)/2 is the average dielectric constant of the graphene layers, and inε and outε are the dielectric constant values of the inner and outer layers of graphene, respectively. We observed a similar physical mechanism and phenomena in this study. The resonant wavelengths of the two modes exhibit a red shift with increasing n1 , which is defined as S = Δλ/Δn, where Δλ/Δn is expressed in nanometers per refractive index unit (nm/RIU). The S values of the Sx1 and Sx′1 modes are 2407.9 nm/RIU and 837.1 nm/RIU at n1 = 3.445, respectively. The other assessment factor is the figure of merit (FOM) [S to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the transmission peak . The damping of the quadrupole oscillations increases with increasing n3, which results in an increase in the corresponding FWHM. Therefore, the FOM values of the two modes decrease with increasing n3  ,47, whicasing n3 d. Nevertr sensor  in this n2. This can be explained as follows. A strong EM field gathers in the interface between the waveguide and the substrate , the resonant wavelength λ0 can be expressed as λ0 = rP/mn for a normal incident light (θ = 0°). Thus, the values of rn and λ0 increase with n2. On the other hand, exciting the high order SPP mode becomes easier in the case of increasing n2. The Sx′2 mode is effectively excited as n2 = 3.455 , and n1 = 1.72. Consequently, we observed a transmission spectrum with two low-order modes (Sx1 and Sx′1 modes) and five high-order modes   a. The |Eθ ≠ 0° (resλ, can be expressed asFinally, we investigate the transmission characteristics of the grating through an oblique incident light of θ ≠ 0° b. Usuallrn values are much larger than one for the graphene SPP modes, the resonant wavelengths are almost unrelated to θ. resλ values are almost unchanged with varying θ. However, the notch depth of the transmission spectra is sensitive to θ. This can be explained as follows. The electric field of an oblique incident light can be divided into the two polarization components of xE and yE. This results in two types of SPP oscillations along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. Therefore, four 1-order SCMs can be excited through two graphene gratings, as shown in x1, Sx′1, and Sy1, Sy′1 modes originate from the SPP oscillations along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. The |E| and |H| distributions of the Sy1, Sy′1 modes are shown in θ, the xE component decreases, while the yE component increases. The SPP oscillations will be weakened and enhanced along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. Thus, the notch depths of the transmission spectra of the Sx1 and Sx′1 modes decrease, while those of the Sy1 and Sy′1 modes increase, as shown in θ, when λ0 is greatly different from resλ, such as λ0 = 9.0 μm. However, the transmission values of the angular mode exhibit a significant change with θ when λ0 is close to resλ, such as λ0 = 8.5 μm and λ0 = 9.5 μm (θ.Since the = 9.5 μm b. On theIn summary, we have proposed and investigated a novel design for a grating, which is composed of a graphene-based cylindrical LRSPP waveguide array. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that two types of SCMs can be excited by a normal incident light passing through this grating, because such a device with double-layer graphene arrays can be equated to two interacting graphene gratings. Therefore, the excited SCMs can be effectively controlled not only by varying the geometrical and physical parameters of the device, but also by changing the interaction between the two graphene gratings. Furthermore, four types of SCMs can be excited by an oblique incident light, which can be divided into two orthogonal beams of light. Based on the transmission features of the SCMs through this grating, several active optical devices, such as filters and refractive index sensors, can be designed. This grating device with double-layer graphene has the potential to excite and manipulate the mid-infrared waves in future photonic integrated circuits.


Recently, owing to the rich chemistry of fluorographene, new avenues have opened toward graphene derivatives with selective, spacer-free, and dense functionalization, acting as in-plane or out-of-plane metal coordination ligands. The particular structural features give rise to intriguing phenomena occurring between the coordinated metals and the graphene backbone. These include redox processes, charge transfer, emergence, and stabilization of rare or otherwise unstable metal valence states, as well as metal–support and metal–metal synergism. The vast potential of such systems has been demonstrated as enzyme mimics for cooperative mixed-valence SACs, ethanol fuel cells, and CO Single-atom catalysts (SACs) based on graphene derivatives are an emerging and growing class of materials functioning as two-dimensional (2D) metal-coordination scaffolds with intriguing properties. The main drawback of heterogeneous catalysts is that only a small fraction of active centers is accessible for a catalyzed reaction.2 In order to tackle this disadvantage, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are being developed which have active sites consisting of single metal atoms immobilized on a support.3,4 Therefore, SACs exhibit ultimate atom utilization efficiency while being easily recyclable.2,3 Utilizing SACs for the production of technologically and commercially valuable products will ultimately reduce their cost and, most importantly, will help save natural resources of precious metals.5,6Today, 80% of all commercially available chemical products require catalysts in some stage of their manufacture.1,7–10 Carbon-based nanomaterials are particularly attractive because they are lightweight and composed of abundant and non-toxic elements, and offer high surface area and conductivity.11 Recently, 2D carbon-based materials, i.e., graphene and its derivatives, have been identified as promising supports due to their large surface area, high affinity towards SMSs, high electric conductivity attractive for the electrocatalytic processes, and good stability. Furthermore, graphene enables efficient charge transport between the metal atom and the support, thus enhancing the catalytic activity10 or even conditioning the catalytic behavior of the atom for particular reactions.12 To effectively anchor SMSs, the presence of heteroatoms such as N, O, and S in the graphene support is crucial.10 So far, mainly graphene defects containing heteroatoms, particularly N-doped graphene, have been studied and utilized as SACs supports.13–15 Nevertheless, it is very challenging to gain control over the nature of the graphene defects. Recently, it has been proposed that materials containing graphene grafted with functionalities enabling selective coordination of metal atoms through chemical functionalization could be superior SAC substrates.1The development of SACs requires supports that effectively anchor single metal species (SMSs) responsible for the catalytic activity. Such effective anchoring should lead to SMSs in targeted redox and spin states, strongly interacting with the support to prevent unwanted migration and agglomeration of SMSs. Metal alloys, oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, and carbon nanomaterials have been identified as suitable supports.i.e., graphane16 and fluorographene,17,18 a limited set of reactions involving pristine graphene such as cycloaddition19–21 and nucleophilic addition22 is known to offer graphene derivatives with more complex and defined functionalities. By contrast, graphene oxide (GO) prepared by harsh oxidation of graphite has received considerable attention over the past decade due to its cheap and affordable synthesis with mass production potential and the presence of a high number of oxygen-bearing groups, whose reactivity makes its further functionalization feasible.23 The nature of GO is, however, rather complex owing to the presence of various oxygen functions, with the resulting character of GO depending on the particular procedure of its synthesis.24 Moreover, a recent review on the utilization of GO as a support for the development of SACs has not covered controllable functionalization of GO with out-of-plane functionalities, focusing instead on its transformation into specific forms of N-doped graphene with anchored SMSs.23 In addition, GO is not an electrically conductive nanomaterial,25 which limits its application in electrocatalysis. GO can be  reduced to regain electrical conductivity,26 but such modifications are accompanied by the loss of significant amounts of functionalities.Due to its high chemical inertness, direct functionalization of graphene remains a challenging task. Except direct hydrogenation and fluorination of graphene, which leads to the formation of the only two stoichiometric graphene derivatives, 17,27 fluorographene (FG) was proposed as a handy starting material for controllable28 and scalable synthesis of highly functionalized graphene derivatives.29 The most straightforward options for FG synthesis are direct fluorination of graphene by gaseous elemental fluorine30 or XeF218,31,32 at elevated temperature, or by plasma treatment in the presence of elemental fluorine,33 CF4,34 fluoroform,35 or SF6.36 Additionally, photoinduced decomposition of fluoropolymer on graphene allows its patterned fluorination.37 Obtained FG can be applied in electronics due to its electro-insulating properties,38 as an electrode separator,39 as a matrix in MALDI mass spectrometry,40 in composites with perovskites for solar cells,41 and as coatings for its hydrophobicity.42 Nevertheless, FG used for the synthesis of graphene derivatives is mostly prepared by chemical exfoliation of graphite fluoride in a variety of organic solvents under sonication, which is a cheap, simple, and scalable method.29 Created well-processable FG dispersions can be directly reacted with various nucleophilic reagents under mild conditions in order to introduce a desirable group/molecule/functionality on a graphene platform with high control over the material stoichiometry and topology.29 Graphene derivatives prepared this way have numerous advantages over the materials derived from the extensively used graphene oxide. Their electric conductivity43 makes them applicable in electrocatalysis.44 They display good processability in the form of dispersions in a variety of solvents. They also offer a broad portfolio of homogeneously distributed functionalities covalently grafted onto the graphene lattice, and their further functionalization via the chemistry of the attached functionalities.45 Thanks to these properties, FG-derived materials can be efficiently utilized as supporting materials for SACs12,44–48 because introduced functional groups can immobilize SMSs and avoid undesirable processes such as the formation of larger metal clusters and the leaching of metal particles during reactions.Thanks to its reactivity,49 observed strong paramagnetism in highly-fluorinated graphene samples, ascribing it to radical point defects  that naturally form during the fluorination of graphene. Later, by combining the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Medveď et al.50 demonstrated that such radical sites play a crucial role in FG chemistry. Owing to their high electron affinity, they can accept an electron into the SOMO orbital and initiate the defluorination process even in the presence of mild reducing agents FG defluorination, such as DMF, NMP, acetone, and DMAc, covalent functionalization of (p)FG is often accompanied by either partial or complete defluorination of the material.27,43,52,53,58,63,64 On the other hand, in some cases, extensive defluorination of the material may be undesirable since it lowers the intrinsic self-lubricating ability of FG. This can be tackled by activating the dormant radicals in pFG, as demonstrated by acrylic acid and styrene, which bind to the pFG surface without losing fluorine ad-atoms.65 Due to their electron-withdrawing effect, residual F atoms make the prepared derivative act as a dienophile in Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions, enabling to heterobifunctionalize graphene with functionalities that are otherwise impossible to graft at the same time.66 Nevertheless, tunable one-step double- or multi-functionalization of FG based on the nucleophilicity of the grafted molecules using nucleophiles is also feasible.67It is worth noting that not only radical point defects but also larger defluorinated areas like defluorinated chains, rings, or islands can be attacked by nucleophiles, as demonstrated in the case of covalent grafting of polysulfide chains to the surface of partially fluorinated graphene ((p)FG).et al.68 Successful attachment of nitrogen-containing functional groups to the surface of graphite fluoride and simultaneous defluorination of the material deploying benzylamine and tetramethylethylenediamine was explained as a so-called proton-coupled electron transfer. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that FG radical centers fostered the formation of iminium ion fragments from benzylamine and caused fragmentation of tetramethylethylenediamine. The resultant nitrogen moieties were able to attach to CC bonds in pFG or recombine in order to form various amines. A similar conclusion was achieved for the reaction of FG with NaNH2 in DMF solvent.60 The GC-MS analysis of the supernatant in combination with DFT calculations showed that FG radical centers allowed a variety of radical side reactions, leading to a number of possible by-products of the reaction.Recently, a slightly different reaction mechanism of FG functionalization was proposed by Siedle 69 A material based on FG modified with hydroxyl (–OH) groups that enabled a superexchange interaction between the spins of the parent FG was identified as the first organic material with room-temperature antiferromagnetic ordering with a transition into ferromagnetic regime at low temperatures.58 Spin-rich N-doped graphene (NG) prepared from FG using hydroxylamine exhibited spin-switch behavior under microwave radiation.70 Regarding energy storage applications, a sulfur-chain-functionalized graphene acted as a high-capacity cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries.62 An N-doped derivative employing sodium azide exhibited unprecedentedly high capacitance with power density up to 200 Wh L−1 at a power of 2.6 kW L−1 in symmetric supercapacitors.61 Generally, as FG has been recognized for its susceptibility to reactions with organic amines,28,64 the resulting products of reactions of FG with 5-aminoisophtalic acid or arginine amino acid were tested as supercapacitor electrode materials with promising results.71,72 Controllable functionalization of FG with n-octylamine molecules allowed tailoring its nonlinear optical properties.73 As for the bio-applications of FG derivatives, the ability of thiol-functionalized FGs through the reaction with sodium hydrosulfide74 or via reaction with xanthogenate ion and subsequent hydrolysis of the prepared material75 to adsorb biomolecules, e.g., nucleic acids and enzymes, can be utilized in biosensing and environmental remediation. Modification of FG with chlorine atoms was achieved by immobilizing dichlorocarbene on the FG.76A plethora of FG derivatives see  with bro43 a nitrile groups-carrying material created by the substitution of FG's fluorine atoms with –CN groups using sodium cyanide, is among the most versatile FG-derived materials. Such functionality can anchor transition metal atoms, which can be utilized in SACs.12,47 It also creates a strong bond with silver nanoparticles, which hampers the defense mechanism of silver-resistant bacteria.77 The nitrile groups in GCN can be readily hydrolyzed into carboxyl (–COOH) groups, thus forming graphene acid (GA)43,78 that may be also utilized as a ligand for anchoring transition metals45 or as a recyclable substrate for water remediation or retrieval of precious metals from waste.79 It is worth noting that GA was successfully applied as an electrode material in supercapacitors80 and lithium-ion batteries.81 Using carbodiimides, GA can be conjugated with primary amines, allowing further functionalization, which makes GA a robust substrate for the immobilization of biomolecules used as nano(bio)catalysts82 and biosensing platforms.83 A network of carboxyl groups on graphene can be also achieved through the Bingel reaction of malonate ester with FG and its subsequent hydrolysis. Its conjugation with iron phthalocyanine resulted in a material with unprecedented capacitance due to the formed zwitterionic network of residual –COOH groups and Fe ions.84Cyanographene (GCN),46 Bakandritsos et al.12 successfully immobilized Cu(ii) ions by nitrile groups of GCN (ii) ions being reduced to Cu(i) (i) species, this mixed-valence Cu(ii)/Cu(i) catalyst was able to activate oxygen molecules and excelled in catalyzing an oxidative amine coupling (iii)/Fe(ii) cations immobilized on GA, detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The coordination of metal atoms or cations on the –CN and –COOH groups of GCN and GA is associated with a charge transfer between the substrate and SMS. The amount of the transferred charge correlates with the electron affinity of the bare metal cation and with the dissociation energy of the GCN/GA⋯Me bond.47 Interestingly, the analysis of spin populations of the metal atoms/cations anchored to GCN/GA demonstrated that their oxidation states were often the same despite their different initial charges. In the case of cation pairs Fe2+/Fe3+, Co2+/Co3+, and Cu+/Cu2+, this feature, in combination with high bond dissociation energy, could be used for designing new mixed-valence SACs. The ability of GCN to anchor metal cations was also discussed in the study of Kadam et al.44 on the successful design of Co-based SAC that has shown efficient and selective electrocatalytic activity toward hydrazine oxidation.First-principles calculations in combination with experimental data have confirmed that among graphene derivatives bearing –F, –OH, –CN, and –H functional groups, GCN equipped with nitriles was the only one that was able to bind Pt atom without compromising the structure of the material.s of GCN . High-reto Cu(i) . Indeed,coupling  and sele45 Blanco et al.48 succeeded in binding in situ formed ultrasmall (<1 nm) Pd nanoparticles to the –COOH groups of GA through a mild impregnation of GA with Pd(OAc)2 in acetonitrile. Such GA⋯Pd nanohybrids exhibited high catalytic activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction under environmentally friendly conditions.48GA is another efficient supporting material for SACs and catalytically active metal nanoparticles.et al.85 reported a successful covalent functionalization of GA and GO with ferrocene (Fc) by conjugating both species with 1,3-diaminopropane (PDA)  . The resne (PDA) , the catne (PDA) . The bet88–92 For instance, Fe and Co atoms anchored to the N-doped carbon framework are active catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and water splitting.4,6,15,89,90 However, to our best knowledge, there has been no report so far on Me⋯NG complexes synthesized using FG chemistry, even though FG is a promising precursor for the synthesis of NG with a tunable amount of nitrogen.60,61,70,93,94Not only covalent functionalization but also heteroatom doping of graphene offers promising active sites for immobilizing SMSs.e.g., enzymes, anchor catalytically active SMSs, and metal complexes  catalysis has not yet been implemented in any of the reported SACs so far due to the challenging control over the close environment of the metal atom. The chemistry of FG has the potential to overcome such limitations of SACs by grafting ligand functionalities onto graphene, providing a well-defined coordination sphere for the immobilized metal atom. Moreover, the introduction of chiral functionalities to graphene could also imprint stereospecificity to make recyclable chiral catalysts. We therefore propose that the immobilization of proven homogeneous metal catalysts onto graphene, deploying the principles of the chemistry of FG and GA summarized in this work, can be a route to straightforward development of new recyclable and possibly regioselective and stereospecific graphene-based SACs. The new generation of SACs derived from the FG chemistry would also benefit from the control of the single-atom valence state, sophisticated control of the SA coordination, and the active role of graphene support in the reaction mechanism.There are no conflicts to declare.


Convergent validity was supported through associations of the DMS and the MDDI with eating disorder symptoms, body-ideal internalization, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, and body appreciation measures. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, and test–retest reliability of both measures. Results support the validity and reliability of the DMS and the MDDI in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and will support future studies exploring these constructs in Brazilian sexual-minority men.Despite high levels of muscularity concerns among sexual-minority men, most of the existing literature on the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia focuses on heterosexual men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men who were 18–50 years old. We evaluated the factor structure of both measures using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA;  Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pathological preoccupation with one’s degree of muscularity that involves distress and fear over the idea that one’s body is too small or not sufficiently muscular . IndividAppearance Intolerance , Drive for Size , and Functional Impairment . Moreover, the MDDI is the only screening instrument that assesses FI, a core component of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of MD  = 6440.736, p = 0.001) showed adequate common variance to conduct the factor analysis. All retention criteria  showed that the two-factor structure was the most appropriate. Parallel analysis showed that item #12  did not have adequate loading in its respective factor (λ = 0.29). Additionally, item #9  showed cross-loading. After excluding both items, the DMS presented an adequate two-factor structure  = 5919.507, p = 0.001)). The factor loadings, eigenvalues, and the total variance explained are described in Regarding the DMS, the KMO (0.89) and the significance of Bartllet’s sphericity test  indicated good suitability to factor analysis. All retention criteria demonstrated that a three-factor structure was the best fit to the data, replicating the original structure [Regarding the MDDI, the KMO (0.79) and the significance of Bartllet’s sphericity test ; and SRMR = 0.072. Furthermore, the results from CFA confirmed the three-factor solution of the MDDI, showing acceptable fit to the data: χ²/df = 6.52; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.089 ; and SRMR = 0.085. Standardized factor loading estimates for both the DMS and the MDDI were all adequate  with alResults also confirm the original factor structure of the DMS , with thλ = 0.43) in its respective MB factor. CFA confirmed that item #10 should be retained.Regarding item #10 , the original DMS study advocates that the item did not load significantly on any of the lower-order factors . McCrearConfirming our second hypothesis, the MDDI and DMS demonstrated good convergent validity, as evidenced through associations with ED symptoms, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, body-ideal internalization, and body appreciation. Eik-Nes et al.  found anr = 0.36; 95% CI =.30, 0.41) [Regarding MD symptoms, the MDDI scores exhibited positive and small to strong associations with ED symptoms, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, and body-ideal internalization. Moreover, the MDDI scores demonstrated a moderate, negative association with body appreciation. Our results are consistent with a recent meta-analysis that showed that MD and ED symptoms are positively associated  . Further0, 0.41)  found a ω ranging from 0.77 to 0.89). Although evaluating temporal stability of a new measure is an important and indispensable step [Both the DMS and the MDDI demonstrated good internal consistency and adequate two-week test–retest reliability, confirming our third hypothesis. The internal consistency of the MDDI scores found in the present study is consistent with finding from Compte et al. , which eble step , none ofThe internal consistency of the DMS scores was good in the present study, with similar values found in previous studies with sexual-minority men from the U.S. ,30. It i®, Twitter®, and LinkedIn®), which may result in an overrepresentation of the sample, possibly limiting generalization.Strengths of the present study include: (a) the focus on understudied and under-recognized populations in the MD literature; (b) recruitment of a large sample of gay and bisexual men; and (c) use of best practices in translation and validation of body-image instruments . FurtherTaken together, results of the present study provide support for MDDI and DMS as appropriate measures to assess muscularity concerns in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men. These findings provide the foundation for expanding the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia literature to more diverse populations. Future studies will be needed to yield further psychometric validation of the MDDI and the DMS among gender minorities , and people from diverse racial or ethnic backgrounds  in Latin America.


Interface interactions in 2D vertically stacked heterostructures play an important role in optoelectronic applications, and photodetectors based on graphene/InSe heterostructures show promising performance nowadays. However, nonlinear optical property studies based on the graphene/InSe heterostructure are insufficient. Here, we fabricated a graphene/InSe heterostructure by mechanical exfoliation and investigated the optically induced charge transfer between graphene/InSe heterostructures by taking photoluminescence and pump–probe measurements. The large built-in electric field at the interface was confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Furthermore, due to the efficient interfacial carrier transfer driven by the built-in electric potential (~286 meV) and broadband nonlinear absorption, the application of the graphene/InSe heterostructure in a mode-locked laser was realized. Our work not only provides a deeper understanding of the dipole orientation-related interface interactions on the photoexcited charge transfer of graphene/InSe heterostructures, but also enriches the saturable absorber family for ultrafast photonics application. Two-dimensional 2D) heterostructures, which are combined by van der Waals (vdWs) force, have attracted great attention for next-generation optoelectronic devices, because of their excellent physical properties, such as strong light–matter interactions and ultrafast interfacial charge transfer ,2,3,4,5.D heterosIn this work, we prepared a graphene/InSe (G/InSe) heterostructure (HS) by mechanical exfoliation (ME) and investigated the intrinsic interlayer charge transfer process of G/InSe HS by steady-state photoluminescence (PL), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and transient absorption (TA) pump–probe measurements. We further demonstrated the G/InSe HS as an SA for near-IR mode-locked laser application. Stable traditional soliton pulses were obtained with a central wavelength of 1566.65 nm and 192 fs pulse duration. These results indicate that G/InSe HS is very attractive for ultrafast nonlinear photonic applications.1g1 (115 cm−1), E2g1 (176 cm−1) and A1g2 (226 cm−1), similar to the results of ref. [Our Bridgman method-grown InSe crystals are obtained commercially . The XRD pattern of bulk InSe is shown in  of ref. , which p−1, 174 cm−1, 226 cm−1, 1581 cm−1 and 2716 cm−1) are observed in the heterostructure region, indicating the successful formation of the G/InSe heterostructure, and no Raman peaks are shifted compared with individual InSe and graphene. The PL measurements were also performed on a G/InSe sample derived by the same Raman spectrometer, using a 532 nm laser for excitation, with the power of 700 μW. As shown in For the fabrication of the graphene/InSe heterostructure, the process can be divided into three steps. Firstly, a thin flake of graphene was prepared by the ME method using Nitto tape  and transample − Wtip)/e, the difference in work function (W) represents the surface potential (V) variation of the sample. To determine the work function difference of graphene and InSe, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) was used. According to the equation V =  spectral region, a micro-area pump–probe technique is employed. The TA measurement setup is shown in −2 pump pulse, the TA dynamics of graphene, InSe and G/InSe HS are as shown in 1 = 48 fs) and inter-band relaxation time (τ2 = 140 fs) that is closer to graphene (τ1 = 96 fs and τ2 = 583 fs) and much faster than InSe (τ1 = 1.77 ps and τ2 = 216.11 ps) at a probe wavelength of 844 nm, as seen in 1 = 12.6 ps and τ2 = 12.6 ps, which is also faster than that of the InSe individual (τ1 = 3.8 ps and τ2 = 191.3 ps). Benefiting from graphene’s fast charge transfer and relaxation channel, the carrier recombination in InSe is suppressed, thus resulting in a short relaxation time. Furthermore, the TA dynamics of InSe and the G/InSe HS under the pump photon energy of 3.30 eV, ~2 μJ/cm2 are shown in −2 at the probe wavelength of 502 nm (B exciton); therefore, it can be confirmed as two-photon absorption at the pump photon energy of 2.06 eV. Overall, the ultrafast carrier dynamics revealed the dipole orientation-related interface interactions in the G/InSe HS, and the results not only provide a deeper understanding of the dynamic photoexcited charge transfer process, but also suggest a high optical modulation speed for nonlinear photonics application.The transient absorption (TA) signal of InSe mainly comes from free carriers, and such carriers are the free holes of the valence band (VB1 and VB2) level. The photo-bleaching signature arising from Pauli blocking indicates the saturable absorption behavior of the prepared samples. Under excitation by a 2.06 eV, ~130 μJ cm2 and 12%, respectively. It should be noted that the large modulation depth and low saturation intensity are attributed to the lower recombination rate caused by the large built-in electric potential [To measure the saturable absorption properties of the G/InSe HS, the micro I-scan with a balanced twin-detector measurement method is used, as illustrated in 1+I/Is)  . The satotential . 2/km and −23 ps2/km, respectively; therefore, the calculated net cavity dispersion is approximately −0.106 ps2. The laser was output through a 10% optical coupler (OC), and its characteristics were real-time-monitored by a 1 GHz photodetector  and then output to a 3-GHz digital oscilloscope . Moreover, a commercial optical spectrum analyzer  was used to record the obtained laser optical spectrum. The laser pulse width was measured by a commercial autocorrelator , and the radio frequency spectrum was measured by a RF spectrum analyzer .To evaluate its ultrafast nonlinear optical response, the G/InSe HS SA was inserted into a ring fiber cavity. By carefully controlling the laser polarization state through PCs, self-starting mode locking is achieved when the pump power is beyond 40 mW, due to the saturable absorption of the G/InSe HS SA. The SA damage threshold is around 650 mW. The maximum output laser power is around 2.53 mW, corresponding to the single pulse energy of 0.06 nJ. The output pulse characteristics under the pump power of 110 mW are shown in eff ~ −2.8 × 102 cm/GW) [Furthermore, we compared the mode-locked laser results with the naked graphene (before being stacked with InSe) SA, and it showed that the mode-locking pulse width was around 292 fs , slightl2 cm/GW) , while t2 cm/GW) . Further2 cm/GW) . Benefit2) and larger modulation depth (~12%) were obtained by nonlinear absorption measurement. Furthermore, mode-locked laser pulses with 192 fs pulse duration operating at 1566.65 nm were successfully generated by integrating the G/InSe HS into an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity. The obtained pulse width was superior to that of the naked graphene SA in the same laser cavity. The internal mechanism was the reduced rate of recombination and fast interlayer charge transfer driven by the large built-in electric potential of the G/InSe HS. Our work not only provides a deeper understanding of the dipole orientation-related interface interactions of the G/InSe HS, but also demonstrates its application prospects in the field of nonlinear photonics.High-quality G/InSe HS material was prepared by ME and the dry-transfer method, and the carrier transport across the G/InSe HS interface was systematically investigated by PL, KPFM and TA measurements. The relatively lower saturation intensity (~1.33 GW/cm


In oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), the abundances of aerobic organisms significantly decrease and energy shifts from higher trophic levels to microorganisms, while the microbial communities become critical drivers of marine biogeochemical cycling activities. However, little is known of the microbial ecology of the Andaman Sea and eastern Bay of Bengal (BoB) OMZs. In the present study, a total of 131 samples which from the Andaman Sea and eastern BoB epipelagic waters were analyzed. The microbial community distribution patterns across oxygen gradients, including oxygenic zones , oxygen limited zones , and OMZs (DO ≤ 0.7 mg/L), were investigated. Mantel tests and Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that DO was the most important driver of microbial community structures among several environmental factors. Microbial diversity, richness, and evenness were highest in the OLZs and lowest in the OZs. The microbial community compositions of OZ and OMZ waters were significantly different. Random forest analysis revealed 24 bioindicator taxa that differentiated OZ, OLZ, and OMZ water communities. These bioindicator taxa included Burkholderiaceae, HOC36, SAR11 Clade IV, Thioglobaceae, Nitrospinaceae, SAR86, and UBA10353. Further, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that SAR202, AEGEAN-169, UBA10353, SAR406, and Rhodobacteraceae were keystone taxa among the entire interaction network of the microbial communities. Functional prediction further indicated that the relative abundances of microbial populations involved in nitrogen and sulfur cycling were higher in OMZs. Several microbial taxa, including the Thioglobaceae, Nitrospinaceae, SAR202, SAR406, WPS-2, UBA10353, and Woeseiaceae, may be involved in nitrogen and/or sulfur cycling, while also contributing to oxygen consumption in these waters. This study consequently provides new insights into the microbial community structures and potentially important taxa that contribute to oxygen consumption in the Andaman Sea and eastern BoB OMZ. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is one of most important factors that shapes community structures and functions in marine ecosystems . As deoxOxygen minimum zones typically occur at water depths of 100–1500 m underlying surface waters. Four permanent OMZs have been identified globally including the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP), the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) . HoweverThe Andaman Sea, located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, is a semi-closed marginal sea, and is bounded by Myanmar to the north, in addition to Thailand and Malaysia in the east, while being partly isolated by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the BoB . The AndIn the present study, the microbial diversity and compositional structures and their interactive patterns were investigated between 90.04°E–97.26°E and 12.94°N–16.10°N, ranging from the Andaman Sea to the eastern BoB. High-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the microbial composition of 131 water samples from the region. Further, the microbial diversity from oxygenic zones (OZs) to OMZs at depths of up to 200 m were characterized and their potential functions were evaluated.Sampling was conducted at 23 stations across the Andaman Sea and the eastern BoB spanning water depths from 2 to 200 m through the international cooperation cruise, namely Joint Advanced Marine and Ecological Studies (JAMES) between China and Myanmar, during December 2019 to January 2020 . SeawateOceanic OMZ region boundaries are fluid and their definitions have considerably varied, depending on oxygen concentration demands of marine organisms and varying thresholds for hypoxia among ocean regions , 2013. F1 Representative 16S rRNA gene sequences from each OTU were annotated against the SILVA database (silva132/16s_bacteria) using a similarity cutoff value of 0.7. The sequence information was listed in PRJNA862716.DNA extraction and sequencing was conducted following previously described methods . The uniR | ≥ | 0.8 and p < 0.01 were used for the final network analysis and visualized with the Gephi software program . Module detection and topology parameter analysis was conducted in the Gephi 0.9.2 program. High degree, high closeness centrality, and low betweenness centrality values were used to define keystone taxa (Alpha diversity indices including the Chao1 (richness), Heip (evenness), and Shannon (diversity) values were calculated using MOTHUR version 1.30.2 . Mantel one taxa . The cutone taxa  analysis3– concentrations. The regression analysis R2 indicated that DO was the most correlated environmental factor to the Shannon index, while depth was the least correlated  was used to assess the distribution of microbial communities at the OTU level. The first PCoA axis explained 42.18% of the total variation and separated the OMZ and OZ communities. However, the microbial communities from OLZ could not be separated from the OMZ and OZ communities based on PCoA ordinations. PERMANOVA results (R2 (0.398) compared to other environmental factors. These results were corresponding to Mantel test result , UBA10353, and SAR406 were enriched in the OMZ communities, while the HOC36 and Microtrichaceae were enriched in the OLZ communities . The SARCandidatus Thioglobus sp. taxa remain uncultured.Random forest modeling was used to identify bioindicator taxa that differentiated OZ, OLZ, and OMZ communities at the family level . FurtherA co-occurrence network was generated to explore bacterial interactions among bacterial communities . The netThe entire network was divided into 14 modules, with modules 0, 1, and 2 respectively accounting for 30.86, 26.23, and 33.95% of the entire network. Module 0 was associated with OMZ communities and predominantly comprised Dehalococcoidia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria that constituted the largest relative abundances of 19.6, 18.6, and 16.5%, respectively, among module 0  nodes. MKeystone taxa considerably influence community networks, in addition to maintaining their structures and functions . High de3– concentrations  analysis indicated the presence of various functional processes including chemoheterotrophy, nitrification, denitrification, and dark sulfite/sulfur oxidation that were more abundant in the OMZ and OLZ communities compared with the OZ communities . Denitrixidation . Among txidation .The expansion and shoaling of OMZs have increased in recent decades and these processes remain ongoing. Microbial communities are important players in biogeochemical processes and feature prominently within OMZ generation and functioning . In the 3– concentrations were the significant environment factors that structured microbial communities in the study region. These results indicated that DO, depth, temperature, salinity, and NO3– should co-shape microbial communities. Among these, DO was the most highly associated environmental factor with microbial communities, and also significantly differentiated microbial community types. Thus, although microbial community structures were determined by multiple interacting environmental factors, DO was the most important driver of community structure in the epipelagic zone of the study site, likely due to the oxygen-depleted water column. DO has been similarly detected as an important and strong driver of microbial community diversity and community structure in hypoxic ocean regions like the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone and the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (ETNP)  .Alpha diversity index comparisons suggested that microbial communities exhibited increased species richness and evenness in oxygen deficient (OMZ and OLZ) compared with oxygenic (OZ) water column communities. However, significant differences of diversity indices were not detected between OLZ and OMZ communities, indicating that the microbial community composition of OLZs was more similar to OMZ communities than OZ communities. PCoA also indicated that the microbial communities of OMZ and OZ samples were considerably different, while the microbial community compositions of OLZ overlapped with OZ and OMZ communities. OLZs are transition regions adjacent to OZs and OMZs, perhaps accounting for the mixed characteristics of the OLZ microbial communities. These results are consistent with those from the ETNP, wherein bacterial richness exhibited a unimodal distribution with decreasing DO, reaching maximum values at the edge of the OMZ, then decreasing . These dThe microbial communities analyzed in this study possessed characteristics common to other global OMZs. As previously shown , the OxyUBA10353 and AEGEAN-169 were also keystone taxa in the network analysis. Unlike the SAR202 and SAR406 groups, the ecology, genetics, and functions of UBA10353 and AEGEAN-169 have not been well-documented. Indeed, the identification of UBA10353 has only been reported in recent years. However, more abundant populations have been identified in deeper layers of the western Mediterranean Sea and the OMZ core of Tropical Mexican Pacific, and they also have been shown to exhibit the potential ability for carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation .3–, influence the distribution of AEGEAN-169  was identified as a bioindicator taxa in this study and have also been detected in other oxygen-deficient waters, including the OMZs of the Arabian Sea and Cariaco Basin . The ecoNitrospina and LS-NOB) and SUP05 groups were significantly abundant in the OLZ and OMZ communities of this study and were also important indicator taxa. Nitrospina are aerobes and major nitrite oxidizing bacteria that contribute to nitrification in marine environments  were the second most important bioindicator taxa. Candidatus Thioglobus sp. belongs to the SUP05 clade  encoding genes involved in nitrification exhibited higher levels in the BoB OMZ  can be found in the article/RG conceived the study, carried out the sampling and experiments, conducted data analyses, and wrote the manuscript. XM, HL, and JZ carried out the sampling and conducted data analysis. CT, TW, NA, HW, and CL carried out the sampling. SN revised the manuscript. FZ and PW conceived the study and reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the submitted version.


The reactions of education systems to the global lockdowns implemented during the COVID-19 epidemic highlighted that there remain questions regarding how everyday technologies might be used to support mass education. This paper draws on Conversation Analysis in online textual communication to study key features of mobile text communication by analysing book discussions among adult students of an online reading programme. We captured and analysed three patterns of interaction  as to their affordances for educational communication. This study shows that synchronous text has distinctive communicative features, including short text exchanges and various turn-taking patterns, which are different to the elaborated forms of discourse expected in schools. Though “disorder” and “messiness” accompanied the interactions, we take them as opportunities rather than challenges of education and suggest that appropriate pedagogic design may enable teachers to utilise this distinctiveness to develop various learning environments. The mass closure of educational institutions around the world during the COVID-19 epidemic left educational institutions scrambling to find technologies that could afford distance learning. UNESCO provides a list of possible resources that may help support education, which includes a wide range of technologies including mobile learning tools and resources. Mobile technologies have long been seen as offering important resources for providing “ubiquitous” learning that stretches beyond the classroom or specific physical locations . These tChat-based instant messaging applications that afford interaction between groups of people are of particular relevance for constructivist pedagogies ,6 and haHowever, their levels of uptake both within the classroom and as a resource for work outside of the classroom remain patchy at best . This isFrom the perspective of Conversation Analysis (CA), the analytic framework for this paper, interaction and communication are regarded as the basis of all activity and of people’s understanding, so changes in how communication works fundamentally alter the nature of the activity at hand. Following on from this, to understand how mobile technology impacts learning we need to look closely at the micro-practices of communication of real people in real learning scenarios. Kim  has arguMobile communication technologies constitute new forms of interaction, and substantial interest is developing in the semiotic and interactional practices that comprise them as well as their role as tools for formal education in schools ,8 and prThe communicative possibilities offered by mobile technologies are relative to their specific properties. The term “affordances” refers to the ways that technologies give rise to certain possibilities of action as a result of the conventions of practice that people employ when using them . ShirleyMobile technology has been shown to have a positive impact on second/foreign language reading performance such as EFL reading from students’ learning outcomes  and teacIt is noted earlier that CA is an established approach to the study of the social accomplishment of learning as a communicative practice . This reThe study explores a reading programme delivered by an educational technology company based in China. The programme aims to encourage people to form a habit of reading and help them to overcome problems such as a lack of desire to read or low reading proficiency. The main target group are adults aged from twenty to forty, who are able to make use of the fragmented off-work time to participate through mobile phones. The participants joined the programme voluntarily and described various motives for participation: some of the participants referred to an absent-mindedness in reading, some found difficulty in choosing books, while others felt that they needed the opportunity for discussion with others and a community to motivate them to keep reading every day.Over ten months, learners read selected sections of 40 books covering nine reading themes and are encouraged to spend 15 min reading every day. According to the syllabus, each month users are offered sections of four different books to read under the themes including self-management, communication and cooperation, psychology, logical thinking, science, philosophy, society, art and business attainments. New reading content is unlocked daily, and participants are placed into groups based on location and are encouraged to discuss or share questions and reading experiences with other group members through WeChat groups. Discussion in the WeChat group is voluntary rather than compulsory. Self-study readers may choose not to join a WeChat group or keep silent from the beginning to the end. They all got e-certificates to prove their participation once the programme was finished. WeChat is the most popular chat application used in China. It is a powerful tool that allows sending texts, images, emojis, videos, document files, web links, location maps, making voice and video calls and even transferring money. We recruited 55 participants from the programme who were organised into two separate groups. The researchers transcribed and translated Chinese conversations into English and analysed them through conversation analysis. A total of 3178 turns from the two groups were recorded see . A largeDrawing on the literature in conversation analytic studies of pedagogy, the analysis involved providing a detailed account of the types of action undertaken in the chat see . CA has Based on this analysis see , we tracAs shown in In Extract 1 see , two parIn Turn 657 and 658, Jane shared a popular video that showed a social experiment on whether children would go off with a stranger. Jane asked an open question about the group members’ opinions about showing the video to children. Qing joined the discussion in Turn 668 producing a turn that suggested that the video would frighten children, and then asked the group how children could trust other people in the future. They then included a turn expansion “just my personal opinion”, which is the kind of utterance that has been shown to follow turns that implicate an epistemic disalignment between participants . After aThe turns have a clear interactional relationship to each other and each deals with the implicatures of the previous action; in this way, these turns reflect similar sequential orders to those found in dyadic face-to-face or mediated synchronous classroom interaction: each turn shows its interactional relevant to the preceding one, and are produced in many cases with a minimal time gap between each post . HoweverIn the context of online discussion with more than two participants in a group, turn-taking is frequently very different to the pattern outlined in the previous section. Extract 2 see  shows a One point to note is the way that Congcong’s post of a picture at Turn 156 and his subsequent written expansion of it (Turn 158) results in a type of topic change that is unusual in spoken conversation. Button and Casey  have shoContinuing with Extract 2 , at TurnIt can be seen from the above that where conversations involve more than two participants, the conversational structure becomes more “disorderly” ,48. EvenThe third type of turn-taking found involves the production of multiple responses to a single post. Extract 3 see  providesContinuing with the extract, Nichang and Jane both provided responses that were readable as commentaries on the topic initiated by Daojian. These two turns use “@” to address Daojian directly, with both Nichang’s “brilliant” (Turn 52) and Daojian’s thumbs-up emoji functioning as affiliative relations to these turns Affiliative ‘assessments’ such as these in spoken conversation have been shown to have distinctive “sequential orders”, with recurrent patterns of use in terms of when and how they are produced . The useContinuing with the interaction, after a brief pause Daojian followed up his comment that the app can be downloaded on a computer (Turn 55) to say it can be downloaded on a phone (Turn 58), with Turn 55 implying that they could use the app as a team for their collaborative work. Following this, participants produce a series of further evaluations . Again, the consecutive sequentiality of these three actions makes them readable as a sequential question-answer action. Following this, Dong proposed to go and download the software (Turn 69) and Yixiao (Turn 70) made a comment about the functionality of the app, which is potentially readable as a complaint that Daojian replied to with an affirmation that the app can do what Yixiao would like.One way to make sense of this sequence is to read it as a set of separate turn responses, which address the initial post  offer can be harnessed for distance learning tools. This study investigates three patterns of conversation that happened in the online learning platform, which are single linear patterns, intertwined interactions and trunk-branch patterns. It is concluded that linear sequences of action are more commonly seen in pair discussions with only two participants in the chat group, which is similar to those found in spoken interaction. When more than two participants joined, the “disorder” or “messiness” occurs due to multiply layers of conversation that can happen at the same time. To reiterate, we do not use these terms evaluatively. We saw that participants could use the functionality such as “@”, but also simply naming participants to establish addressivity and to maintain the “reading path” of the interaction. Where turns did have an interactional relevance in consecutive turns, then addressivity was not used, showing that participants only used addressivity to solve particular interactional problems. The ubiquity of mobile tools and chat applications makes them a potentially valuable resource for distributed/distance learning. We argue however that it is important to understand in detail how such tools impact the interactional phenomena of “doing learning”. Our analysis aims to concentrate on the relationship between their conversational/communicative features and the implications of these for distance learning pedagogies. While the ordered single linear pair discussion is needed in educational instructions, it does not mean that “disordered” interactions are unwanted. Instead, different interaction patterns serve different pedagogic activities and finally contribute to supporting a diverse educational environment. Text chat is a genre-specific form of writing, and it is not always organised in the same way as speech or as more formal academic prose. It could be problematic to treat these genre-specific features as an unwanted departure from more conventional forms of spoken or formal written communication. Instead, it may be more beneficial to make use of these aspects and to treat them, as users do, as useful devices for achieving coherent text talk.The pedagogic implications are intended to take account of the core findings that this study has produced related to the organisational features of interaction via text-chat. In particular, they aim to manage the online educational interactive environments that can arise from multi-party discussions in relation to overlapping and “messiness” in the dialogue. The intertwined pattern as shown in Extract 2 , for exaTeachers may modify online pedagogic designs to confront the potential disorder or make full use of the typical interaction pattern to design specific instructional tasks. For example, teachers may appoint moderators who are responsible for managing chats to sort out the viewpoints that have been discussed and present a summary at the end of the discussion, and students can take turns to perform this function across a school term. The intertwined pattern is more suitable for arranging free Q and A sessions with students posting questions and teachers or other students answering questions. The advantage of this arrangement lies in that all the questions, answers and opinions and progress of the discussion are open and transparent to all group members, while students in the offline group discussion are not able to access other groups’ discussion progress. This enables teachers and students to avoid asking or answering similar questions, respectively, and thus improves educational efficiency and equality of information access.Mobile chat applications like WeChat are widely used for group discussion of a predefined topic or text, which may commonly lead to the appearance of the trunk-branch pattern, referring to multiple responses to a single post. Teachers could also take advantage of the features of this turn-taking pattern for organising a debate or a lead-in of a topic. Both debating and topic lead-in share a similar interaction pattern with one post leading to multiple responses. Again, the summary of the discussion can be arranged for pedagogic needs if the “messiness” of chat text results in confusion of questions and misaligned turns. Teachers can also take the sequential movement  in their online pedagogical design. They may arrange a storytelling activity by requiring each student to take turns to post one conversational turn only. By the sequential movement one by one, equal opportunity for participation will be guaranteed in this activity. This shows the affordance of mobile text chat as a collaborative tool to fulfil the pedagogic needs of various activities in online contexts. Much more research is needed on how online learning tools impact the experience and outcomes of teaching and learning in school contexts. This project has sought to contribute to our understanding of these technologies’ possibilities for learning. Our data shows that users developed genre-specific interaction modes that may be at odds with interaction conventions in formal education environments. The designs for using these tools proposed here may form a starting point for exploring in more detail the possibilities of applying them in online learning contexts. We have deliberately not sought to address the ethical dilemmas surrounding the use of mobile technology, or to comment on issues of access or accessibility. These, too, are areas that should most certainly form a strong line of enquiry in future investigations. Moreover, appropriate visualization will greatly add value to understanding of features of interactional patterns (e.g., the improvement of


Chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors are not yet widespread in practical applications because of their limited sensitivity and selectivity when compared to more mature sensing technologies. The search for a suitable material to perform the sensing function has often been focused on the most common materials used in electrochemical sensing approaches, but little work has been done to directly relate the performances of chipless or microwave sensors to the characteristics of the materials used to fabricate them. In this work we are simulating the impact of the substrate material on the performances of a chipless RFID sensor for humidity detection. The dielectric parameters of the substrate material turn out to be very important to maximize the sensor performances, in relation to the operative range of the sensor (based on the desired application) and to the effective dielectric properties of the sensitive material used, we verify the simulated results with measurements of real chipless humidity cells with Nafion 117 sensitive material. We show which types of substrate are preferable for low-humidity detection and which substrates’ features are instead fundamental to operate in a wider humidity range. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies have already found applications in many industrial contexts, such as the tracking, handling and transportation of goods. Adding one or more sensing functions to RFID tags will allow for a variety of new applications ,2, and cIn this paper, we focus on the role of the substrate and sensing material characteristics to determine their influence on the sensor signal in terms of intensity and sensitivity. To do this, we consider one of the most common microwave sensor structures, which is the electric-field-coupled (ELC) resonator , widely In general, the designer of chipless RFID sensors can work with three main degrees of freedom (DoF) in order to improve the signal of the tag: the resonance structure, the sensitive material and the substrate. As we will see from the formulas in the next sections, all of them have an impact on the resonance frequency of the sensor. The majority of studies on chipless tags are focused on maximizing the signal response by acting directly on the choice of the resonator ,12,13,14The manuscript is organized as follows: in The sensing structure is composed of a 17 μm-thick copper ELC resonator covered with a 180 μm-thick sensitive layer of Nafion 117 and coupled with a 50 he Refs. ,26,27.In general, when exploiting a microstrip transmission line feeding mechanism, a quasi-TEM propagation mode must be considered due to the presence of two different dielectrics as in c being the light velocity and the resonance occurring when the total length of the resonator n of the half-guided wavelength.The effective permittivity is a key parameter in the design of chipless resonant cells where the resonator is gap-coupled to a microstrip feeding mechanism since the cell resonance response is inversely proportional to it: When a multi-layer configuration is considered as in our work, it can be schematized as in The effect of the substrate material is analyzed by varying its dielectric constant in order to match the values of common substrate materials used in RF components, while the substrate thickness h = 0.8 mm is equal for all the substrates. The superstrate is instead the sensing material and its dielectric properties are varied according to the possible environmental conditions.The structure was simulated with the Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Nafion 117 was chosen as a humidity-sensitive material because of the high variation of its dielectric parameters with humidity, and is considered as a superstrate . The dieThe symbol esonator , for γ =The simulation results obtained for From It is possible to observe, as for low humidity conditions, the resonance peaks results to be sharp, and the variations are connected to the In the examined high-humidity regime (approximately 3–33% RH or higher) the peak attenuation gradually becomes the dominant feature, and, as humidity increases, it dominates over the frequency shift. This transition can be seen in This change is due to the gradual increase of Nafion igher RH . The peaResonators with the same geometry and dimensions of the simulated ones have been fabricated on substrates corresponding to the materials in S calculated as the difference between the resonance frequency at each relative humidity point and the reference resonance frequency To better evaluate the frequency shift achievable with the different substrates, a further test on a wider humidity range was carried out. In  fresref ,37: (3)SAs it is possible to observe in simulations in the In this paper, we have simulated the impact of the substrate material on the performances of a chipless RFID sensor. We have verified the simulated results with measurements of real resonators. The dielectric parameters of the substrate material turned out to be very important to maximize the sensor performances, in relation to the operative range of the sensor and consequently in relation to the desired application. At low humidity values, substrates with a low dielectric constant are the best choice. If the sensor needs to operate in a higher humidity regime or in a generally wider humidity range, a high dielectric constant substrate can be the best choice in order for the resonance peak to be well-detectable.


In advancing battery technologies, primary attention is paid to developing and optimizing low-cost electrode materials capable of fast reversible ion insertion and extraction with good cycling ability. Sodium-ion batteries stand out due to their inexpensive price and comparable operating principle to lithium-ion batteries. To achieve this target, various graphene-based nanocomposites fabricate strategies have been proposed to help realize the nanostructured electrode for high electrochemical performance sodium-ion batteries. In this review, the graphene-based nanocomposites were introduced according to the following main categories: graphene surface modification and doping, three-dimensional structured graphene, graphene coated on the surface of active materials, and the intercalation layer stacked graphene. Through one or more of the above strategies, graphene is compounded with active substances to prepare the nanocomposite electrode, which is applied as the anode or cathode to sodium-ion batteries. The recent research progress of graphene-based nanocomposites for SIBs is also summarized in this study based on the above categories, especially for nanocomposite fabricate methods, the structural characteristics of electrodes as well as the influence of graphene on the performance of the SIBs. In addition, the relevant mechanism is also within the scope of this discussion, such as synergistic effect of graphene with active substances, the insertion/deintercalation process of sodium ions in different kinds of nanocomposites, and electrochemical reaction mechanism in the energy storage. At the end of this study, a series of strategies are summarized to address the challenges of graphene-based nanocomposites and several critical research prospects of SIBs that provide insights for future investigations. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a kind of high-specific energy secondary battery that are important and widely used in commercial applications nowadays. However, due to the limitation of lithium resources, the cost of lithium-ion batteries has greatly increased recently, which will become a serious constraint for its future massive applications . Therefo+/Na) is higher than that of lithium ion . Therefore, the electrode material of sodium-ion batteries will produce more remarkable volume changes in the charge and discharge process, resulting in more severe problems, including collapse and crushing of electrode structure. At the same time, from the perspective of dynamics, the insertion and extraction speed of larger sodium ions in electrode materials is slower than that of lithium ions, which makes sodium-ion batteries have more significant challenges in cycle life and rate capability performance . . 2 nanofium ions b. Since 2@CNFIG anode after 1000 cycles were applied to investigate the structural and element integrity of the MoS2@CNFIG anode. From the SEM image of 2@CNFIG were preserved, so that the ionic diffusion path and the volume expansion space for MoS2 nanoflakes can be guaranteed during the long-time cycling. All of the above properties undoubtedly contribute to the quick sodiation/desodiation ability and rapid transfer of sodium ions. The EDX elemental mappings of C, Na, Mo, and S elements can be detected in MoS2@CNFIG anode after 1000 cycles proving that the composition of the anode was well maintained, and some sodium ions were adsorbed by the anode during the chemical redox reactions. 2@CNFIG anode in parallel powering the 12 LEDs which demonstrate the potential applications of the MoS2@CNFIG nanocomposite.The SEM image and corresponding EDX elemental mappings  of MoS2@CNFIG anode was cycled firstly under the current density of 1 A g−1 for 300 cycles and then 10 A g−1 for 400 cycles with high Coulombic efficiencies approaching ~100%. The MoS2@CNFIG anode provides a capacity of 322 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 10 A g−1 and 303 mAh g−1 in the 700th cycle. Additionally, the specific capacity was maintained at 421 mA h g−1 when the current density back to 1 A g−1 and can continue the cycle of 300 times, which indicates the recovery ability of the electrode. The excellent rate ability and cycling ability of MoS2@CNFIG nanocomposite may be ascribed to its structural stability, excellent conductive of CNFIG and the high utilization efficiency of MoS2 nanoflakes with large specific surface area. The Nyquist plots of the full cell were investigated after being cycled 2 and 1000 cycles and presented in 2@CNFIG anode were obtained after being cycled two and 1000 times. The Rct value reflects the diameter of the semicircle in 2@CNFIG hybrid at 2nd cycle shows a smaller Rct value of 100 Ω compared with the Rct value of 162.3 Ω at the 1000th, indicating that the initial electrode has a lower interfacial resistance as well as better kinetics and higher ion-diffusion rate during the sodiation/desodiation process. Furthermore, the slope of the low-frequency region does not decrease much with the increase of GCD cycles, implying that the electrochemical performance of the electrode has not change significantly. From the TEM images in 2@CNFIG also shows clear lattice fringes with flake-like MoS2 structures  synthesized by solution evaporation followed the hydrothermal reaction method [2CSNH2 to the system, under hydrothermal conditions, releases H2S gas through the reaction of NH2CSNH2 + 2H2O → 2NH3 + H2S +CO2. After the reaction with H2S, the molybdate in G/MCu nanocomposite was converted into MoS2 nanosheets [2 nanocomposite was fabricated by embedding the Cu2O nanoparticles on the surface of graphene sheets (G/MCu) and then assembling MoS2 nanosheets further on the surface of graphene sheets by hydrothermal reaction  in DEC: EC (1:1 v/v) solution) and improved the specific surface of active material that facilitates the overall performance of SIBs.Yang, Z.X. et al., reported the hierarchically structured graphene/MoSn method . At the nosheets . In ordereaction a [30,1242 electrode under different conditions. Na storage ability of the 3DG-MoS2 electrode was initially evaluated through CV curves of the 3DG-MoS2 electrode at the voltage range of 0.0 to 3.0 V versus Na/Na+ under the scan rate of 0.5 mVs−1. As shown in 2 and the irreversible formation of SEI layer [2 electrode. 2 electrode at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and the 1st charge curve shows a different shape compare with other curves, which match well with the CV in As shown in EI layer ,127. Fur2 electrode provides a specific capacity of 524 mAh g−1 under the current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles (the slight increase of capacity with cycling may be due to activation process), which higher than that of the G/MoS2 and MoS2 electrodes of 320 and 284 mAh g−1, respectively. In the author’s opinion, the improvement of the cycling ability of the 3DG-MoS2 electrode is mainly ascribed to the structure of the strong G/MoS2 thin layers existing in 3DG/MoS2 electrode, which prevents the damage caused by the volume expansion of active material. In order to further investigate the overall performance of 3DG-MoS2 electrode, further 300 long-term cycling ability and Coulomb efficiency evaluations of the 3DG-MoS2 electrode were carried out at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 2 electrode still provides a capacity up to 479 mA h g−1 even after 300 cycles and exhibits the coulombic efficiency of ~100% in the whole 300 cycles except for the first one.To evaluate the long-term cycling ability C, the 3D(1)In-depth knowledge of Na+ storage mechanismAlthough the graphene-based nanocomposites have been well developed in the field of new energy, there are still several key problems that should be solved to achieve high performance sodium-ion batteries for practical applications. Firstly, although a relatively comprehensive structural system of SIBs has been developed based on graphene, it is necessary to carry out the research based on more positive materials with high energy density and power density, as well as negative materials with small volume change in the process of circulation . FurtherAt present, the mechanism of sodium storage is still inconclusive and needs further study, especially on low pressure platforms, ultrafine pore and closed pore filling . Further(2)Reasonable structure and process design of electrodes2 reduction [2  [2O5 [2O5·nH2O [3 [3V2(PO4)3  [4)2 [In order to further improve the performance of the anodes, methods such as physical and chemical activation can be used. Such as: graded pore structure, microwave activation , H2 redueduction  and higheduction , heteroaeduction , metallieduction . Some efeduction . Of cour Mn, Ni) ,141,142,Ni) [2O5 , V2O5·nH2O5·nH2O , MoO3 [1·nH2O [3 , Na3V2(P4)3  ,149,150 Mn) [4)2 .(3)Environmental, economic, and scaling-up aspects+ ions. Therefore, developing SIBs with high ICE and rate performance becomes vital to boost the commercialization of SIBs [By implementing low-energy processes and avoiding the use of expensive and/or hazardous chemicals, in other words, at relatively mild temperatures, SIBs can be promoted closer to commercialization by using cheaper and sustainable sources (even waste streams) such as heteroatom doping . The ach of SIBs . Improvi of SIBs , HC engi of SIBs , and a t of SIBs .(4)Full cell fabrication and commercialization of SIBsFull-SIB devices assembled from graphene-based anodes or cathodes show promising prospects in practical applications and related performance ,165,166.+ insertion/depletion need further exploration.This review systematically introduces the combination of graphene with active substances as the nanocomposite electrodes for sodium ion electrochemical energy storage. To achieve this target, four categories of graphene-based nanocomposites fabricate stargates have been introduced in this article. Based on those categories and the research results of recent years, this review focus on the fabricate methods and structural characteristics of the graphene-based nanocomposites and the influence of graphene and morphology on the performance of the SIBs. With the development of nanotechnology as well as the excellent conductivity and plasticity of graphene, nanocomposite fabricates methods needed to be extended and expanded to stimulate the development and application of electrochemical energy storage in a benign direction. The discussion on research frontiers and applications in the field of graphene-based SIBs provide evidence that the application of graphene in advanced electrode materials is still a research hotspot, and more ingenious structure design and energy storage mechanism analysis will be the future development on the direction of nanocomposites for SIBs. Although graphene-based materials have been widely studied in SIBs and show good development prospects, their practical applications still face enormous challenges. In the first place, high-quality, large-scale production and low-cost graphene by simple methods are the basis for the production of graphene-based sodium ion batteries and should be further studied. In another, modification of graphene with higher utilization efficiency and better understanding of the mechanism of interaction between graphene and active materials is the basis of designing new electrodes. Studying the relationship of the performance of SIBs between the morphology, porosity, size and defect of graphene-based composite electrode is the key to improve the cycle life, high Coulomb efficiency and high energy efficiency of SIBs, which is the key to the marketization of SIBs. Furthermore, reaction mechanisms and theoretical analysis associated with Na