The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells
Vikas Biba 1
Sujathan Kunjiraman 2
Suja Somasekharan Nair Rajam 1
Sukumaran Anil 3, 4
1 Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
2 Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
3 Department of Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical corporation, Doha, Qatar.
4 College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Background and objective: Simarouba glauca is a plant belonging to the family of Simaroubaceae. It is a potent source of secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apoptotic properties of leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca against human leukemic cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity of Simarouba glauca was assessed in the leaf extract of petroleum ether against leukemic cells by MTT assay. To detect the apoptotic features, fluorescence microscopy analysis was done with dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining and Hoechst staining. To determine the externalization of phosphatidylserine, annexin v staining was done. Mitochondrial or death receptor activation was confirmed by caspase 3 analysis by flow cytometry. Results: This study revealed that Simarouba glauca was able to treat leukemia. Among the four extracts, petroleum ether extract showed a higher order of in vitro anticancer activity. The petroleum ether extract strongly inhibited the proliferation of K562 cell lines with IC50 values of 186 µg/ml. Dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining and Hoechst staining revealed the characteristic features of apoptosis. Annexin V confirmed early and late stage apoptosis. Caspase-3 analysis revealed that cell death was due to mitochondrial or death receptor activation in mitochondrial pathway. Conclusion: These findings suggested that Simarouba glauca leaf extracts inhibited leukemic cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner either through mitochondrial or death receptor activation. The leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca was found to be nontoxic to lymphocytes. It can be concluded that Simarouba glauca is an important source of phytochemicals posing efficacy against leukemic cancer cells.
Simarouba glauca
Apoptotic
Antiproliferative
Receive Date: 24 February 2021
Biba, V., Kunjiraman, S., Rajam, S. S. N., & Anil, S. (2021). The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 22(4), 1305-1312. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1305
Vikas Biba; Sujathan Kunjiraman; Suja Somasekharan Nair Rajam; Sukumaran Anil. "The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 22, 4, 2021, 1305-1312. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1305
Biba, V., Kunjiraman, S., Rajam, S. S. N., Anil, S. (2021). 'The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells', Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 22(4), pp. 1305-1312. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1305
Biba, V., Kunjiraman, S., Rajam, S. S. N., Anil, S. The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2021; 22(4): 1305-1312. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1305