17 May 1943: RAF raid smashes German dams. An audacious RAF bombing raid into the industrial heartland of Germany last night has wrecked three dams serving the Ruhr valley. The attack disrupted water and electricity supplies in a key area for the manufacture of Germany's war munitions. The Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, called the raid "a trenchant blow for victory". The mission, known as Operation Chastise, has been planned for months. The crews were specially selected for the job, and have been training in absolute secrecy. The bombs themselves were invented specifically for the task by the aircraft engineer Dr Barnes Wallis, the designer of the Wellington bomber. They were barrel-shaped, and used the principle of a "ducks and drakes" stone bouncing on the water to bypass the defences around the dams. The Lancaster bombers flown by 617 Squadron were extensively modified, and the crews trained to fly at less than 100ft (30.48m) above the water, the height required to drop the bombs successfully. The mission began yesterday evening, under the command of Wing Commander Guy Gibson. The targets were three huge water barrage dams – two on the rivers Möhne and Sorpe, and a third on the River Eder. The Möhne and Sorpe dams control about 70% of the water supplied to the Ruhr basin, and were built to prevent water shortages during the summer. Wing Commander Gibson led the attack on the Möhne dam personally. A flight lieutenant who watched what happened at the Möhne dam described the scene: "The wing commander's load was placed just right and a spout of water went up 300 feet (91.44m) into the air," he said. "A second Lancaster attacked with equal accuracy, and there was still no sign of a breach." Then I went in and we caused a huge explosion up against the dam. It was not until another load had been dropped that the dam at last broke. "I saw the first jet very clear in the moonlight. I should say that the breach was about 50 yards (45.72m) wide." The Eder dam – the largest in Europe – was also breached in two places. Reconnaissance flights showed flood waters sweeping through the Ruhr valley, damaging factories, houses and power stations. The power station at the Möhne dam has been swept away, rivers are in full flood, and railway and road bridges have disappeared. (Source: BBC)
18 May 1944: Monte Cassino falls to the Allies. The Polish flag is flying over the ruins of the ancient Italian monastery which has been a symbol of German resistance since the beginning of the year. Polish troops entered the hill-top abbey this morning, six days after the latest attacks began on this strategic stronghold at the western end of the German defensive position known as the Gustav Line. British troops have taken control of the fortified town of Cassino at the foot of the "Monastery Hill". The Allies' hard-fought victory comes four months after their first assault on Monastery Hill failed in January. A German official announcement said: "Cassino, which the Anglo-Americans have vainly been charging for months with strong forces, was evacuated without a fight on Wednesday night in favour of a bolt position farther in the rear for the sake of economising in forces." The Allies, under the overall command of General Sir Harold Alexander, began the fourth and final offensive for Monte Cassino on 11 May. The Gustav Line was finally breached on 14 May. While the 5th Army made a flanking attack to the south, the 8th Army of British, Polish, Canadian and Indian troops made a frontal assault on the line at Cassino. In addition, the French Expeditionary Force, part of the 5th Army, attacked from the west. According to reports from Allied headquarters, the 8th Army succeeded in cutting Highway Six, the main road linking the south to Rome They also claimed a "substantial proportion" of the 1st German Parachute Division had been destroyed. In the six days of fighting at Cassino the Allies have taken more than 1,500 prisoners