The Other Sociologist
Sociology of Difference by Zuleyka Zevallos
What is Otherness?
Sociology of Race
Sociology of Gender
Sociology of Sexuality
Intersectionality, Equity, Diversity
Harassment Prevention
Equity & Diversity Events
Sociology Glossary
Women in Academia
Politics, Law & Economics
Applied Sociology
Police Violence in Australia
Posted on Sunday, 31 May, 2020 Monday, 1 June, 2020 by Dr Zuleyka Zevallos
It is still Reconciliation Week, and Australia is undergoing two major court cases where police have shot dead young Aboriginal people. Yet non-Indigenous people remain wilfully oblivious. We are collectively spending more energy in feeling morally superior to other countries, rather than acting towards national change. Specifically, Australian media lead with stories of "violent unrest," "violent protests," and "mayhem" in the USA, instead of focusing on police violence against Black victims and protesters, and providing insightful analysis on similarities to Aboriginal deaths in custody in the Australian context.
Australian social media and public commentary are preoccupied with either dismissing current events as unique to other societies ("only in America"), or posting aghast (rightfully) over police brutality overseas. We do this despite not engaging with long-running campaigns led by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. It's not that we should disengage from world events; #BlackLivesMatter is an important movement that resonates globally and deserves attention. The issue is the disproportionate focus on the USA by Australians. This maintains our perception that police brutality is an American quirk and allows non-Indigenous Australians to ignore local racial justice movements led by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
This post will illustrate how non-Indigenous Australians "other" national racism, as if it is the abhorrent opposite of our national culture. This is easier than taking the steps we need to address police brutality and racial injustice right here and now.
Aboriginal Deaths in Custody: then and now
The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody was completed in 1991, reviewing 99 deaths from 1980-1989, as well as the absence of any disciplinary action against all police officers involved. A subsequent report examined a further 96 deaths in custody from 1989-1996. The original report made 339 recommendations. Only two-thirds have been implemented, and most of these poorly monitored.
Over 400 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have died in custody since the first report was delivered.
One of these recent cases is 29 year-old Yamatji woman Joyce Clarke, who was murdered by police in September 2019. The officer was not charged until February 2020, five months after the murder. It has taken a further three months for the court to decide that the police officer should stand trial. He's the first police officer to be charged with murder while in the line of duty in Western Australia in 93 years, even though 51 Aboriginal people have died in custody in that state since 2008. The police officer had pleaded not guilty, despite evidence he used lethal force. He is free on bail. The Western Australia Police Union is supporting the officer.
The officer will not front the court until August 2020; almost 12 months after Clarke's murder. His identity is being protected by the law. Clarke's family is fighting to keep the murder trial in Perth, so that their Aboriginal community is not misrepresented.
In a similar case, 19 year-old Warlpiri man Kumanjayi Walker was shot dead by police on 9 November 2019. The police officer's counsel tried to move the court case from Alice Springs to Darwin (where family and community would have trouble attending; the petition was denied). Court was postponed due to Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (fair enough) but also due to "the sheer size of the brief of evidence." The same excuse has been given for delayed justice for Clarke family, with Western Australian Police Commissioner Chris Dawson similarly saying the delay is due to the high volume of evidence: "I'm not contesting that there have been a number of months since September last year but this has not been done slowly, it has been done thoroughly." When Aboriginal people are detained by police, there is rarely such care, and weight of evidence does not delay incarceration and court appearances.
Western Australia Police Commissioner also defended the perpetrator, and simultaneously suggested that police are suffering as much as Clarke's family and the Aboriginal community. Speaking of his visit to the police officer who's been charged with murder, the Commissioner lamented:
"I opened my conversation and said we will not talk about this particular incident. My main duty of care, I'm his employer, is to ensure that he had proper welfare and counselling support. My research tells me it has been 93 years since a West Australian Police officer was charged with murder while in the line of duty. This is a very sad and difficult day for everyone."
Police Commissioner Chris Dawson. Source: ABC News
Institutional racism
In contrast to protection given to police who kill Aboriginal people, Aboriginal women are mostly sent to jail for non-violent crimes such as unpaid driving fines, and will be held on remand, without court hearing, for months. They are given maximum penalties for low-level offences. Aboriginal people are more likely to enter the prison system at a younger age due to over-policing. Rates of Aboriginal women in prison has risen by 14%, as they spend longer time in jail on remand than they would have if their case was heard in a timely fashion. They don't make bail because they can't afford to pay the fees and the criminal justice system discriminates against them.
The police union and Commissioner, for example, don't go out on a limb to support them. Police don't take months to investigate while perpetrators are free, as Clarke's killer has done. Aboriginal defendants can't sit comfortably at home until entering a plea, as police officers do.
Aboriginal people's health & justice barriers linked to structural problems with driving licences. @croakeyblog https://t.co/KKNjH15AgT
— Dr Zuleyka Zevallos (@OtherSociology) July 24, 2017
Lack of justice
The last time Western Australian police were charged over a death in custody was in 1983, but the five officers were acquitted of the unlawful killing of 16-year-old Yindjibarndi boy, John Pat, in Roebourne, Western Australia. Multiple eyewitness accounts saw four drunken off-duty police officers utter racist threats without cause, kicking Pat in the head and violently arresting him and three other Aboriginal people. Pat died while the others were hospitalised.
Australia has recently seen two coronial inquests into deaths of Aboriginal women: Yorta Yorta woman Tanya Day died of head injuries in a Victorian jail in 2017, and Naomi Williams, a pregnant 27-year-old Wiradjuri woman, died of sepsis in hospital in regional New South Wales in 2016. The inquest into Day's death was the first to focus on the prevalence of racism and bias in policing.
Like Day, Williams and Ms Dhu (who also died in police custody after being denied medical care), Clarke had a mental illness. Clarke had been incarcerated throughout her life, rather than receiving proper medical care.
Some Aboriginal women, like Clarke and Ms Dhu, are especially vulnerable to police brutality, as they have a higher rate of intergenerational trauma, mental illness and domestic and family violence, all of which are tied to ongoing history of Stolen Generations and colonialisation.
Aboriginal-led movements
Aboriginal people protest and fight for justice on the streets and through the courts every week.
The Aboriginal community in Redfern protested the police killing of 17 year-old Thomas Hickey in 2004, and his family await an apology to this day. They have held vigils and marches every 14 February since, and speak at many Aboriginal protests in Sydney to this day.
The Palm Island community has waited 16 years to finally be paid their $30 million class action after police killed Cameron Doomadgee, and then unlawfully charged activist Lex Wotton with inciting a "riot." The pathologist assigned to the case likened Doomadgee's injuries to "those of plane crash victims." Wotton and 447 co-claimants were found to have suffered racial discrimination at the hands of Queensland police. Police and the media maintain a racist stance against the community.
Aboriginal families and activists raise awareness and funds to pursue justice and so that other families won't have to go through the same. For example, thirty years on, the Aboriginal community in Bowraville, New South Wales, still protest for justice over the 1991 murder of three Aboriginal children from the same family: Colleen Walker, Evelyn Greenup and Clinton Speedy-Duroux. Their murder is not attributed to police, but careless policing is thought to have contributed to the lack of conviction.
More broadly, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people lead strong justice campaigns on many issues. There are countless examples, such as the 1938 National Day of Mourning to present-day Invasion Day rallies; as well as the 1966 Wave Hill walk-off, where 200 Gurindji, Mudburra and Warlpiri workers escaped a century of indentured servitude on a remote Northern Territory cattle station. Grandmothers Against Removals fight to stop forced removals of Aboriginal children, which is one type of state-sanctioned violence. Aboriginal families fight to reverse inconsequential penalties given to murderers, such as in the case of Elijah Doughty, a 14 year-old child who was pursued in a truck by a White man, who purposely ran him over, and received only three years prison backdated to time served.
In this country, anti-violence and racial justice campaigns by First Nations are as old as colonialism. We do not acknowledge this when we compare the terrible deeds of other nations.
Lack of evidence or social organisation is not the problem. There was CCTV image of Doughty's plight, as well as Ms Dhu, David Dungay Junior, and other cases. Aboriginal journalists and advocates have committed to insightful reporting on deaths in custody, such as the case of Rebecca Maher, and the wrongful incarceration of Aboriginal people such as Kevin Henry. There is a multiple inquests and inquiries, body cam and other video footage, taped confessions, hundreds of eyewitness accounts, and irrefutable physical evidence showing that police brutality is a daily experience for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Despite decades of First Nations-led social protests and community organisation, the rest of Australia does not join Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in solidarity.
David Dungay said "I can't breath" 20 times before he was killed in custody by prison guards. His mum so far raised 4k since 2018 to help her fight for justice. Let's help her get to 10k. This happens in your backyard Australia don't turn a blind eye. https://t.co/2PKwU0Ak1E
— Audacious Aboriginal (@MerikiKO) May 30, 2020
Non-Indigenous complicity
Australians are currently more preoccupied with injustices in the USA, which would be more meaningful if, as a nation, we paid the same attention to racial injustices at home. Non-Indigenous Australians think racism in Australia has "gotten better," and that we are better off than other places, especially in comparison to the USA. Evidence shows otherwise, with Aboriginal people experiencing 2.5 times the rate of racism as non-Indigenous Australians. Subjective and incorrect assumptions that Australia is "less racist" than other countries allows non-Indigenous people to rewrite history and escape the need to create change in the present.
Darumbal/South Sea woman, journalist and PhD Student, Amy McQuire, writes:
"In the absence of video footage, the public – so accustomed to viewing the police as protectors and Aboriginal people as the demonised other – demand more evidence in order to believe black accounts of violence. This burden of evidence is never one applied to the police… They are not 'outraged' because they are not 'shocked'. There is nothing shocking about racist violence perpetrated by police because it is normalised. It is seen as legitimate violence. It is this legitimate violence that was not only used to steal the country and assert white dominance but also maintain it through the oppression of Aboriginal people."
Amy McQuire
In the same way as non-Indigenous Australians generally ignore deaths in custody and violence against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, my fellow Latin people (and other migrants) living in Western nations are expressing disbelief at police brutality overseas. Even for migrants who fled their homelands due to political persecution, civil unrest and state violence, as a whole, we do not speak up about the police violence that targets Indigenous people where we are, or where we've been (not to mention Indigenous people and Afro-Latins in our families' country of origin or in our local communities). Wherever we live, settlers have a responsibility to be educated and act on racial injustice.
Let's act
Reconciliation Week is a prime time for non-Indigenous Australians to act. Rather than rebuffing institutional racism here with hopeless and erroneous comparisons to other nations, let's all take responsibility for the violence we allow every day. Take at least one action. For example:
Donate to FreeHer: 100% of funds are used to free Aboriginal women from prison. Remember that most of these women are jailed for not paying fines they cannot afford due to poverty. Most of these women are also mothers, so their incarceration affects multiple people and their communities.
Donate to David Dungay Junior campaign: led by his mother, to appeal to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), against the NSW Coroner finding that Corrective Services officers were not responsible for her son's death. There is video evidence showing that officers ignored Dungay's cries for medical help.
Join the Grandmothers Against Removals: they often announce snap protests via their Facebook page. NSW law now allows Aboriginal children to be forcibly adopted after two years in the foster care system. Aboriginal children are nine times more likely to be in care than non-Indigenous children and they're seldom placed with Aboriginal foster parents. The system routinely denies appeals by extended family to acts as fosters, or for parents to regain custody. Social distancing rules still apply, but protesting is not against the law if we follow the rules (keep 1.5 metre distance from others, and so on). If you can't physically join (I can't at the moment), share their posts, and support them by talking to your family and write to your local representatives about this unjust law.
Take proactive steps towards Reconciliation: protest Rio Tinto's destruction of sacred land, join online events, reflect, and share Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander stories, and learn about the traditional custodians of the land where you live. I am on Gadigal land.
Read about Australia's history of colonialism
Comparison of race in Australia, USA and South Africa
Australian Associated Press (AAP) (2019) 'Kumanjayi Walker: court won't move Yuendumu murder case against NT police officer to Darwin,' The Guardian, 19 December. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/dec/19/kumanjayi-walker-court-wont-move-yuendumu-case-against-nt-police-officer-to-darwin
AAP (2020) WA cop enters plea after being charged over murder of Joyce Clarke in Geraldton,' 7 News, 27 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://7news.com.au/news/wa/wa-cop-pleads-not-guilty-to-womans-murder-c-1062836
ABC News (2020a) 'George Floyd death during police arrest sparks violent protests in Minneapolis,' ABC News, 28 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-28/violence-rocks-minneapolis-after-george-floyd-death/12297972
ABC (2020b) 'Two coronial inquests make findings about unconscious racism,' Law Report with Damien Carrick, 26 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/12259758
Australian Human Rights Commission (1996) Indigenous Deaths in Custody 1989-1996. Sydney: AHRC. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/indigenous-deaths-custody-0
Allam, L. and Wahlquist, C. (2018) 'Indigenous deaths in custody: key recommendations still not fully implemented,' The Guardian, 25 October. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://amp.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/24/indigenous-incarceration-rate-doubles-since-royal-commission-report-finds
Allam, L. (2020) 'Kumanjayi Walker: court postpones case of NT police officer charged with murder,' The Guardian, 9 April. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/apr/09/kumanjayi-walker-yuendumu-court-postpones-case-of-nt-police-officer-charged-with
Allam, L., Wahlquist, C., Banister, J. and Herbert, M. (2019) Deaths Inside. Indigenous Australian Deaths in Custody 2019. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/ng-interactive/2018/aug/28/deaths-inside-indigenous-australian-deaths-in-custody
Anthony, T. (2016) 'Deaths in custody: 25 years after the royal commission, we've gone backwards,' The Conversation, 13 April. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://theconversation.com/amp/deaths-in-custody-25-years-after-the-royal-commission-weve-gone-backwards-57109
Barrett, R. (2014) 'Thomas "TJ" Hickey's family seeks apology on 10th anniversary of teenager's death in Redfern riot,' ABC News, 14 February. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-14/tj-hickey-death-tenth-anniversary-march/5258958
Chen, D. (2018) 'Palm Island riots: Queensland Government to pay $30m in class action case,' ABC News, 1 May 2018. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-01/palm-island-riots-qld-government-pay-$30m-class-action-decision/9714640
Collard, S. (2019) 'How unpaid fines for driving and dog registration offences almost landed a Perth mother in jail,' ABC News, 15 January. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-15/perth-mother-tells-of-narrow-prison-escape-for-fine-default/10715052
Curtain (2019) 'Ep 63: Aboriginal Women and the Injustice System,' Curtain, 27 October. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://curtainthepodcast.wordpress.com/2019/10/27/ep-63-aboriginal-women-and-the-injustice-system/
Dee, M. L. (2018) 'Hundreds attend Bowraville protest against Court of Criminal Appeal decision to not grant a retrial on Bowraville Murders,' Guardian News, 20 September. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.nambuccaguardian.com.au/story/5658066/solidarity-on-show-in-bowraville-protest-photos-video/
Earl, C. (2018) 'David Dungay Jr dies in custody, and his family are changed forever – photo essay,' The Guardian, 13 July. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/13/david-dungay-jr-dies-in-custody-and-his-family-are-changed-forever-photo-essay
Grabosky, P. N. (1989) 'Chapter 5: An Aboriginal death in custody: the case of John Pat,' Wayward Governance: Illegality and its Control in the Public Sector. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://aic.gov.au/publications/lcj/wayward/chapter-5-aboriginal-death-custody-case-john-pat
Hirini, J. (2020) 'Joyce Clarke's family wants trial in Perth but officer's defence team push for relocation,' SBS News, 30 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://7news.com.au/news/wa/wa-cop-pleads-not-guilty-to-womans-murder-c-1062836
Hocking, R., and A. Bhole (2020) 'Kumanjayi Walker's family feel weight of coronavirus restrictions,' SBS News, 4 April. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/kumanjayi-walker-s-family-feel-weight-of-coronavirus-restrictions
James, E. (2019) 'Rebecca Maher's death in custody could have been prevented if police called ambulance,' ABC News, 5 July. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-05/rebecca-maher-death-in-custody-ruled-accidental/11282772
Johnston, E. (1991) Royal Commission Into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. National Report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/rciadic/
McQuire, A. (2020) We Must Bear Witness to Black Deaths in Our Own Country, 30 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://amymcquire.substack.com/p/we-must-bear-witness-to-black-deaths
Meachim, L. Menagh, J. and O'Connor, C. (2020) 'WA Police officer charged with murder over Joyce Clarke shooting death in Geraldton,' ABC News, 20 February. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-20/wa-police-officer-arrested-geraldton-shooting-death-joyce-clarke/11983720
Miller, E., Navratil, L., and Jany, G. (2020) 'Violence intensifies in Minneapolis as mayor calls for officer's arrest,' The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/minneapolis-protests-erupt-over-black-man-s-killing-by-police-20200528-p54xah.html
9News (2020) 'Mayhem in Minneapolis: Minnesota Governor to "fully mobilise the National Guard", says protests no longer about George Floyd murder,' 9News, 31 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.9news.com.au/world/minneapolis-riots-following-death-of-george-floyd-in-custody/8f8edff0-330e-4624-afc0-4b9b046b65ea
9News Queensland (2020) 'Problems with the Palm Island payout,' 9News Facebook. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=3661511277252442
Nothling, L., Rafferty, S., and Gartry, L. (2018) 'Palm Island riots class action payout "slap in face" to police, union says,' ABC News, 2 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-02/riot-class-action-payout-prompts-police-union-anger/9717084
Ooi, E. (2018) 'Recent Trends in the NSW Female Prison Population,' Crime and Justice Statistics, Issue Paper No. 130. Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/BB/2018-Report-Recent-Trends-in-the-NSW-Female-Prison-Population-BB130.pdf
SBS (2017) 'The Point: 25 years behind bars – but is Kevin Henry innocent?,' SBS, 17 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/video/945822275677/The-Point-25-years-behind-bars-but-is-Kevin-Henry
Ward, C. (2016) 'An historic handful of dirt: Whitlam and the legacy of the Wave Hill Walk-Off,' The Conversation, 21 August. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://theconversation.com/an-historic-handful-of-dirt-whitlam-and-the-legacy-of-the-wave-hill-walk-off-63700
Weatherburn, D. and Ramsey, S. (2018) 'Offending over the life course: Contact with the NSW criminal justice system between age 10 and age 33,' Crime and Justice Statistics, Issue Paper No. 132. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/BB/2018-Report-Offending-over-the-life-course-BB132.pdf
Zevallos, Z. (2011) 'What is Otherness?,' The Other Sociologist, 14 October. Online resource: https://othersociologist.com/otherness-resources/
Zevallos, Z. (2016) 'International Day of Solidarity for Indigenous Australian Woman Ms Dhu,' The Other Sociologist, 22 December. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://othersociologist.com/2016/12/22/international-day-of-solidarity-for-indigenous-australian-woman-ms-dhu/
Zevallos, Z. (2017) 'Justice for Elijah,' The Other Sociologist, 17 October. https://othersociologist.com/2017/10/17/justice-for-elijah/
Zevallos, Z. (2018) 'Harmony and Anti-Racism,' The Other Sociologist, 7 July. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://othersociologist.com/2018/07/07/harmony-anti-racism/
Zevallos, Z. (2019) 'Racial and Gender Justice for Aboriginal Women in Prison,' The Other Sociologist, 26 May. Last accessed online 31 May 2020: https://othersociologist.com/2019/05/26/racial-and-gender-justice-for-aboriginal-women-in-prison/
Posted in Race & CultureTagged Aboriginal, Australia, Black Lives Matter, police, police brutality, racism1 Comment
← Reconciliation and the ongoing impact of colonialism
Land Rights and the Legacy of Mabo Day →
One thought on "Police Violence in Australia"
Pingback: Black Lives Matter: The Fight Against Indigenous Deaths | Grok
I'm Dr Zuleyka Zevallos, a Peruvian-Australian applied sociologist, living on Gadigal land. Click on my picture to read my bio on my website!
Follow The Other Sociologist on WordPress.com
Beauty, Biology and Discrimination
Aboriginal Art Australia culture Feminism gender Indigenous other sociologist race racism Science Social Science Sociology The Other Sociologist Video Visual sociology women women in science Zuleyka Google+ Zuleyka Tumblr
Archive Select Month December 2020 October 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 March 2020 February 2020 December 2019 October 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011
My Academic Publications
Click to Read My Commenting Policy
This blog provides a professional sociology perspective on otherness and intersectionality. I don't publish abusive comments. I can't help with your assignments
Licence © 2012-2020 Zuleyka Zevallos
The Other Sociologist by Dr Zuleyka Zevallos is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.