[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Arts and Humanities (12)
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Slavery and Abolition of Slavery (9)
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Keywords: William Lloyd Garrison x
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Introduction: Abolitionist agitation in a world of slavery and pain
Richard S. Newman
in Abolitionism: A Very Short Introduction
This brief survey of abolitionism focuses mostly on Anglo-American reformers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but it also surveys Atlantic-wide movements that began with slave ... More
This brief survey of abolitionism focuses mostly on Anglo-American reformers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but it also surveys Atlantic-wide movements that began with slave rebels in the 1500s and ended with Brazilian emancipation in the 1880s. The introduction explains that wherever it took shape, abolitionism was both a meditation and a movement: a meditation on "big ideas" about freedom and equality and a complex movement of people, organizations, and events designed to bring those ideas to fruition. Abolitionism was a social movement—an activist struggle akin to the twentieth-century civil rights movement—that focused on political and social agitation. Abolitionist ideas and actions reframed how people understood slavery, race, global freedom, and multicultural democracy. ...Less
4. 1850–1865: Slavery and Civil War
Paul S. Boyer
in American History: A Very Short Introduction
The slave trade shaped American history. By 1860, nearly 90 percent of African Americans living in America were slaves. '1850–1865: Slavery and Civil War' considers the importance of ... More
The slave trade shaped American history. By 1860, nearly 90 percent of African Americans living in America were slaves. '1850–1865: Slavery and Civil War' considers the importance of slavery to America in the nineteenth century. The story of slavery has many dimensions: slavery was an essential part of the southern economy and roiled national politics. The Civil War ended slavery. Full equality would take much longer. Lincoln went to war to save the Union, not to end slavery. He presided over a divided cabinet and nation. Emancipation gradually emerged as a war aim, reflecting abolitionist pressure and the escaped slaves who fled to Union camps and aided the war effort. By 1877, slavery was no more. ...Less
Abolitionism: A Very Short Introduction
The abolitionist movement launched the global human rights struggle in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, redefining the meaning of equality throughout the Atlantic world. In the ... More
The abolitionist movement launched the global human rights struggle in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, redefining the meaning of equality throughout the Atlantic world. In the twenty-first century, it remains a touchstone of democratic activism—a timeless example of mobilizing against injustice. Abolitionism: A Very Short Introduction highlights the key people, institutions, themes, and events that shaped the antislavery struggle across the Atlantic world. Highlighting the activist exertions of abolitionists from the Caribbean and Great Britain to the United States and Iberian society, this short text shows that abolitionism was a potent social movement that ended the most profitable institution of the early modern era: racial slavery. ...Less
Epilogue: Abolitionist endings in the Atlantic world … and new beginnings
In the final decades of the nineteenth century, American abolitionists began writing memoirs, histories, and reminiscences of the grand struggle for freedom. Part of a battle over Civil War ... More
In the final decades of the nineteenth century, American abolitionists began writing memoirs, histories, and reminiscences of the grand struggle for freedom. Part of a battle over Civil War memory, they sought not only to claim a piece of history but also to combat Lost Cause narratives that already denigrated emancipation. Even though American slavery was history, abolitionist battles continued. The epilogue describes how across the Atlantic world abolitionists realized that their struggle was not over. British abolitionists focused on the perils of illegal slave trading while Iberian and Latin American abolitionists renewed their struggle against bondage itself. In the U.S. South, abolitionists fought against new forms of discrimination that seemed very much like slavery. ...Less
4. The abolitionist crossroads
After the turbulent 1830s, doubt and discord haunted the antislavery ranks. Facing opposition in the North and South, immediate abolitionists quarrelled not only with their opponents but ... More
After the turbulent 1830s, doubt and discord haunted the antislavery ranks. Facing opposition in the North and South, immediate abolitionists quarrelled not only with their opponents but also with each other. A series of questions loomed: Should abolitionists moderate their protest or become even more radical? Should they form a political party or separate from corrupt civil and religious institutions? Should they aid fugitive slaves or embrace nonviolence? Should women and African Americans take more or less prominent roles in the antislavery movement? "The abolitionist crossroads" explains how the 1840s were a time of dynamism and change for abolitionism not just in America but around the world. ...Less
6. American emancipations: Abolitionism in the Civil War era
Even before the election of 1860, abolition made national headlines with John Brown's failed raid at Harpers Ferry. Though he hoped to foment a slave rebellion in western Virginia, Brown's ... More
Even before the election of 1860, abolition made national headlines with John Brown's failed raid at Harpers Ferry. Though he hoped to foment a slave rebellion in western Virginia, Brown's raid ended with his capture and execution. "American emancipations: Abolitionism in the Civil War era" describes how Brown's death put a spotlight on slaveholders too. While southern masters and their northern allies vilified abolitionists, some Republicans joined abolitionists in using Brown's memory to focus on slave power outrages. No one could have predicted that this tactic would lead to a civil war, or slavery's complete destruction, in a just a few years. Abolitionists were ready to exploit events to their advantage. ...Less
American History: A Very Short Introduction
American History: A Very Short Introduction spans the earliest migrations to the present looking at the United States's failures to live up to its oft-stated ideals. The ... More
American History: A Very Short Introduction spans the earliest migrations to the present looking at the United States's failures to live up to its oft-stated ideals. The establishment of the North American colonies had very different meanings for colonists, native peoples, and enslaved Africans. The late nineteenth century saw industrial expansion, appalling conditions, and an exploited labor force. The twentieth-century emergence of a suburban society of consumer abundance meant a better life for many, yet left behind crime-ridden inner cities and spawned a stultifying mass culture. While American popular culture has demonstrated global appeal, the projection of U.S. military power abroad has sometimes failed in its purpose and damaged the nation's international standing. ...Less
American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction
Heather Andrea Williams
American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction traces the development of American slavery, from the Portuguese capture of Africans in the 1400s until its abolition following the ... More
American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction traces the development of American slavery, from the Portuguese capture of Africans in the 1400s until its abolition following the Civil War, and explores its effects on the American colonies and the United States of America. It examines legislation that differentiated American Indians and Africans from Europeans as the ideology of white supremacy flourished. These laws reflected the contradiction of America's moral and philosophical ideology that valorized freedom on one hand and justified the enslavement of a population deemed inferior on another. The tense and often violent relationships between the enslaved and the enslavers are explored, as well as those between abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates. ...Less
6. Taking slavery apart
in American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction
Slavery existed in America for nearly two hundred and fifty years until it was finally abolished with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. It took all those years ... More
Slavery existed in America for nearly two hundred and fifty years until it was finally abolished with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. It took all those years and a civil war to end slavery, but 'Taking slavery apart' illustrates the ways that enslaved people challenged their slavery, from when it was being put into place, through when the institution matured and proved lucrative, to its final end. Through efforts to gain individual freedom by escaping, or by negotiating ways to ameliorate their enslavement, or by participating in violent uprisings, some African Americans always challenged the system that named them as property and denied them the rights of other human beings. ...Less
5. The abolitionist renaissance and the coming of the Civil War
Although abolitionists never enjoyed widespread popularity in the United States, they found that northerners were more interested in their critiques of slavery during the 1850s. "The ... More
Although abolitionists never enjoyed widespread popularity in the United States, they found that northerners were more interested in their critiques of slavery during the 1850s. "The abolitionist renaissance and the coming of the Civil War" explains how the passage of a stronger fugitive slave law, which turned white citizens into would-be slave catchers, raised new questions about the slave power and allowed abolitionist arguments to resonate more deeply, resulting in an abolitionist renaissance. From politics to pop culture, abolitionist ideas were diffused widely through American society. Even if most northerners did not join antislavery societies, the abolitionist struggle seemed ascendant in ways not seen since the late eighteenth century, a development that had profound consequences for sectionalism, disunion, and civil war. ...Less
3. The time is now: The rise of immediate abolition
Organized abolitionism had been in operation for nearly fifty years when it took a radical turn during the 1830s. "The time is now: The rise of immediate abolition" describes how a new ... More
Organized abolitionism had been in operation for nearly fifty years when it took a radical turn during the 1830s. "The time is now: The rise of immediate abolition" describes how a new generation of Anglo-American abolitionists made immediate emancipation the movement's standard, spawning wide-ranging debates about abolitionist radicalism. Led by a diverse and multicultural constellation of activists, abolition's second wave embraced a crusading brand of reform that refused to defer to slaveholders' or politicians' concerns. Experimenting with new tactics—from mail campaigns that bombarded slaveholders with antislavery literature to the physical defense of fugitive slaves—abolitionists became full-time activists and professional reformers. It was an explosive era of activism. ...Less
6. 1900–1920: Reform and war
In the late nineteenth century, the social consequences of industrialization and urbanization disturbed many people. This led to a reformist surge, which historians call the Progressive ... More
In the late nineteenth century, the social consequences of industrialization and urbanization disturbed many people. This led to a reformist surge, which historians call the Progressive movement. '1900–1920: Reform and war' considers events in America domestically and internationally at the turn of the twentieth century and in the run up to, and during World War I. Progressive reformers brought people together to address the social problems arising from urban growth and unregulated corporate social power. However, many of these reformers, mostly white, native born, middle class, shared the era's prejudices and problems. Recognizing the toll of industrialization on nature as well as society, Roosevelt encouraged natural-resource conservation. ...Less