Category: Invertebrates
Heather-Heathland
Why upon this blasted heath you stop our way with such prophetic greeting? – William Shakespeare
Heather: the plant of spaciousness. Lonely moors, winding roads and harsh weather bind to it. It crept into our place names (Heathfield, Hothfield) and leapt into our ancestors' lives, serving as brooms, bedding or roofing thatch. It is oddly ambiguous to us: considered good luck in Scotland, at least in its rare white morph, and a reminder of bloodstains in Germany.
It needs us – like Eurasian grasslands, it is a habitat made by people interacting with the land over thousands of years, and the collapse of traditional industries like turf cutting imperilled it to invasions of birch. But it also needs us not to build upon it, overstock sheep, or set fire to it with BBQs. Conservation of heathland is basically replicating what the ancients inadvertently did to it while scratching a living.
Heather is not everywhere, but in parts of the North, you could be forgiven for wondering if it is.
Northumberland National Park – northern moor, wild and free. Or not; sadly, that's another thread in heather's paradox. These beautiful hillsides are an industrial-scale red grouse production factory, the source of so much friction between conservationists, gamekeepers and rewilding advocates.
I'm more familiar with southern heath. Its fragmented lowland remnants look unforgiving, but are abuzz with tough, magical wildlife. Surrey and Dorset have smooth snakes and sand lizards; the East Anglian Brecks have their stone curlews and military orchids. And there's a bit of it on the north Norfolk coast, too, in the unusual condition – for East Anglia – of being on a hill.
But when is a hill not a hill? The chalk dome that became the North Downs was made the conventional way; it was forced upwards by the same collision of the Eurasian and African plates that raised the Alps. But the ridge under this north Norfolk heathland – here dominated by bracken – is a present from the Pleistocene ice. It's old glacial moraine, stacked up to hundreds of feet.
Poor, sandy soils: rich for heather and gorse, its frequent companion. Of course, if they really were rich in an agricultural sense, they would be far poorer in heathland wildlife.
Let's just call heather the topsy-turvy type.
Adele Brand	Flora, history, Invertebrates, Norfolk, United Kingdom	12 Comments September 30, 2021 2 Minutes
Travels of a Spider
Cancelled. My train, that is. Approximately two minutes before it is due. Not uncommon for this particular rail franchise and commuters mutter on the platform, wonder why they aren't working from home, and replay time-worn mental maps of the network to plot alternative routes. Well, except for this would-be passenger.
A male false widow spider Steatoda nobilis, perhaps fallen off an earlier train, now on the platform where the service to Gatwick was supposed to arrive. I don't think anyone's noticed except me – which is just as well considering this species' garish presentation in the press. All those headlines caused by this? Guilt by mistaken association; false widow evokes black widow. False widows can bite, but serious reactions are rare and they're not really out to get us.
They came with bananas from the Canary Islands in the 1870s. Hitching a ride in food is common – I've found Caribbean woodlice in Tesco banana bags, and sometimes the genuinely dangerous Brazilian wandering spider also makes the journey. Coronavirus has shown how quickly humanity can transport viruses around the globe, but we are a passenger service for many, many other things, not always to our benefit or theirs.
False widows are really an urban species. Out in the wild, spiders have a different drama: dew and light.
And watch as the madness of summer is smoothed out by the first autumnal mists.
Adele Brand	Invertebrates, Norfolk, North Downs, United Kingdom	18 Comments September 12, 2021 1 Minute
Ghost Hills
Did they know that they would become this?
Breckland, after the ice sheets.
The most formidable glacial advance in the entire Pleistocene is named 'Anglian'. The East Anglian peninsula was swallowed by it – this meadow once looked like Greenland. As the climate warmed, standing blocks of 'dead' ice were left behind, eventually to be topped with soil and grass like surviving examples in polar regions. The Inuit word pingo is used to describe such hillocks with a heart of ice. They would have stood tall over the flat Breckland landscape, but they pressed into the soil like a knee.
But they melted, in time. Now, their legacy is ponds. The ghosts of lost hills, water-filled depressions carved by ancient glacial games.
Breckland is rich in pingo ponds, also known as kettle ponds. It is also very rich in dragonflies, rare beetles, great crested newts and other species that appreciate wet habitats. Northern clade pool frogs, the UK's rarest amphibian, made its last stand in the pingo ponds, and has recently been reintroduced.
Away from the water, other species exploit the meadows. Six spot burnet moths are hard to overlook.
I heard many birds calling, but didn't get any good photos of them today. Here's a couple from another Breckland visit a couple of weeks back: goldfinch…
And a juvenile blue tit.
Two very common British species, but the Brecks can do far better; it has stone curlew, turtle dove and many other specialities. In total, nearly 13,000 different species of wild things have been identified, and many have comfortably rubbed shoulders with farming for millennia. Poppies on the edge of an arable field are a reminder of that.
And all of it, from the soil to the sky, is a reminder of the ice.
Adele Brand	Birds, Flora, Geology, Invertebrates, Norfolk, United Kingdom	16 Comments July 29, 2021 July 29, 2021 1 Minute
Changing Tenants
Juniper: passport to prehistory. It survived in a Surrey that people have forgotten except when pollen is teased from fossil deposits. Juniper was here when woolly mammoths came trampling, growing alongside plantain and birch, and Arctic foxes sheltered under it. It was one of the first trees to recolonise after the ice sheets thawed, growing slowly, smelling sweetly.
People found it later, and wrapped many stories around its sharp spines.
Is nature a fixed state? Juniper says no. Its range retreated as the ice grew, and expanded as it died. The same is true of red foxes, roe deer and fungi. It is a pattern – a re-weaving of the tapestry – that occurs on scales so grand and slow that we struggle to visualise them.
It is true, of course, that entirely natural change is now vastly overshadowed by the humans in the equation. Juniper is listed as near-threatened, not because a new ice age looms but as a casualty of the farming revolution. Overgrazing by livestock is its bane – or alternatively, not enough grazing, for this child of mammoth-country needs some disturbance by herbivores to protect it against competing plants, and yet cannot survive where that pressure is too high.
In Riddlesdown, 'Goldilocks' grazing is provided by Hebridean sheep, a primitive breed from the Scottish north. Conservation groups often use rare breeds to support these kinds of ecosystems.
While we worry about losing some species, certain newcomers have made themselves less than welcome. Grey squirrels, Japanese knotweed and floating pennywort are major threats to our native wildlife, and all were introduced by rash or careless games of humanity.
But that doesn't mean that all new species are here because of us. Juniper was a pioneer ten thousand years ago, and a few – a very few – species still spread quite naturally. Our meadows know this, for they now host something big and striped!
It's large, it's dramatic, it's harmless – it's a wasp spider, a dazzling newcomer to the British wild. It was first recorded in 1922 at Rye on the south coast, and has gradually spread northwards. Unlike the noble false widow, which hitched a lift on bananas and has now colonised much of southern England, the wasp spider seems to have floated over the channel entirely on its own threads.
Spiders can exploit airborne currents, but many other species don't have that option. Fragmenting nature into tiny, isolated reserves hurts the chances of wildlife that should be on the move. Let's try to keep our wild habitats linked together so they can continue to write their changing stories.
Adele Brand	Flora, Invertebrates	17 Comments August 23, 2020 2 Minutes
The Scribe in the Fields
There's only one way to beat the heat. I ventured outside at 4:15am this morning with a dog who was surprised but instantly approving. With the mist in the valley and the sun still hiding, we spent time with the foxes – notably an ambitious cub who hopefully charged a woodpigeon, and ruefully learned that birds can fly.
But the grand sweep of chalk grassland to the north of my village holds other lessons – of the mind-boggling variety of small wild things. This wolf spider carries her young with her on her travels. The Russians say that wolves are fed by their feet, and the eight legs of this spider will let her catch her next meal.
But other stories are of people, and the names that we have found for plants. Fragrant-orchid makes literal sense, although there was no perfume that early in the day.
As does greater yellow-rattle. One of the UK's rarest plants, the seed pods will rattle as they mature.
It is the worts that are most human. St John's wort, still used in traditional medicine – albeit with limited evidence – is said to flower around the feast day of St John the Baptist. Which is today, as it happens: June 24th. It was named in 1551 by William Turner, a botanist and reformer.
Much less famous is dropwort. Wort is an old English name for a herb, and 'drop' in this case refers to tubers on its roots. It is no relation to hemlock water-dropwort, which unlike this innocent cluster of white petals is extremely poisonous.
But to finish, another orchid, and one whose name of pyramidal needs no explanation.
Adele Brand	Flora, Invertebrates, North Downs, United Kingdom	21 Comments June 24, 2020 1 Minute
The poppies still in bud will have a surprise: they won't flower alone. Every plant here has its attendants – winged, busy and bold.
Butterflies are abundant, and so are smaller creatures.
The red and black stripes of the minstrel bug warn predators that they taste foul.
And of course, the colouration of bees signals their ability to defend themselves.
But despite subtle warnings, the path is peaceful, winding over gentle slopes of meadow and coniferous forest, the shockingly tranquil toes of the Alps' mightiest giants. Not that the mountains let you forget them; there is still a snowpack flanking some streams, and all the water ferries glacial dust into the Vispa.
That milky hue – the colour of a snow leopard's eyes – is mountain blood and bone. Glaciers scratch the peaks as they move, scouring rock to powder and sending it to the river via by their outflow streams. It is a familiar story from mountain ranges everywhere, but I've not seen many that do it with such haste. Water here is hasty; it has to be, with valley rims on both sides soaring over three kilometres above the river. Streams leap from the glaciers in waterfalls so numerous, I suppose that no one has ever thought to give them a name.
Yet this is a valley of humanity, as well as wildlife. The village of Täsch is at least seven hundred years old. Today it largely survives on tourism rather than agriculture, but relics of former times are in the streets – a drinking trough for livestock lives on.
Flowers, insects, water, people – none are alone. They are all part of the fabric of the Mattertal.
Adele Brand	Flora, Invertebrates, Switzerland, travelogue	5 Comments June 25, 2019 1 Minute
The Hills are Alive…
Remember the snow?
Now the hills are waking up, shaking off wintry lethargy with a sprinkle of early flowers. Wild primrose is amongst the first, brightening road verges and old meadows.
But mostly, this is the moment of the violet. We have a purple carpet this year, tiny exquisite flowers marking nearly every patch of undamaged grass.
'Undamaged' being the operative word, of course. Once, most of the UK had traditional meadows that supported abundant native plants and animals. Nearly all of them have been destroyed by modern agriculture, and while the laws have improved over time, things could still be better.
Patches of old grassland also occur on private land – in particularly old mature gardens. If you have a mossy lawn, please be kind to it. It's more interesting than a flat, bland bed of rye grass and supports far, far more life, including rare fungi. Avoiding fertilisers and unnecessary tilling is key.
Back on the hills, animals are also waking up. Roman snails are Britain's largest species and are strictly protected. This one might have appreciated a little rain to wash its shell.
It won't have long to wait. Sunshine and showers are April's usual game.
Adele Brand	Flora, Invertebrates, North Downs	11 Comments March 31, 2019 1 Minute
Canada: Skylines
This is Canada: a canvas for small things.
This is Canada, where the sky can swallow your thoughts. There are no trees here, or very few, just the raw horizon furred with autumnal grass, and the sky above it reinvents itself almost every minute of the day.
Six years was too many. I don't even know how many times I've been to Canada – 15? 20? – but for a variety of reasons this wild and perplexing country dropped off my radar after 2012. Coming back, remembering the sky, grateful for the air that is still flavoured with the crisp northern bite.
We landed last night at the heart of Canada, in the historic if climatically-challenged city of Winnipeg. There are no easy roads to the village of Val Marie; this time we've chosen to drive from the east, some 850 kilometres.
Prairie, prairie, prairie: mostly arable farmland these days, although just occasionally you catch glimpses of its glorious wildlife-filled past. Say 'Canadian wilderness', and most people visualise the western mountains or boreal forests – but the prairie held far higher numbers of wild things, once. Grasslands National Park in Saskatchewan protects the best habitat left, but on the way there, there are many surprises.
The Souris River, for one. At 700 km, it is small by Canadian standards, but is still longer than England. Like most of the prairie landscape, it is a nod to past glaciation – its basin was once filled by the now-extinct Lake Souris.
Canadian royalty, for another.
After a full day of driving, we still have many hours to go. Pulling into Assiniboia, we are greeted by a great horned owl perched on the grain elevator.
Looking for rodents attracted to wheat being transferred to the grain train, no doubt. Some wildlife takes full advantage of its human neighbours.
But many other species need wilderness proper. Tomorrow, we're back on the road and turning south east.
Adele Brand	Canada 2018, Flora, Invertebrates	4 Comments December 2, 2018 1 Minute
Butterflies are called flying flowers, but what alien garden of the night could grow a plant as beautiful as a moth?
Elephant hawk moth
Pine hawk moth
Rosy footman
Adele Brand	Invertebrates	8 Comments July 11, 2018 1 Minute