Open Access Library Journal > Vol.3 No.6, June 2016
Pattern of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies as Seen at Endoscopy in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria ()
Akande Oladimeji Ajayi1*, Ebenezer Adekunle Ajayi1, Olusoji Abidemi Solomon2, Emmanuel Abidemi Omonisi3, Samuel Ayokunle Dada1
1Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
2Department of Family Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
3Department of Anatomic Pathology, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Aims and Objective: Gastrointestinal malignancies are among the most lethal of all malignancies and are equally notorious for rapidly progressing to advanced stages even in the absence of serious symptoms, thus leading to delayed diagnoses and dismal prognoses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, type, pattern and the histologic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal tumors seen in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a three year cross-sectional study involving 78 patients with suspected upper gastrointestinal tumor referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2013 at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Relevant clinical information such as age, gender, clinical presentations, smoking history, alcohol use, spices, and consumption of opiates were obtained from the patients. Tissue biopsies were taken from the suspected lesions for histological confirmation and characterization. An ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the EKSUTH Ethical and Research committee and all the patients gave written consent for the study. SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was applied for statistical analysis using the t-test for quantitative variables and χ2 test for qualitative variables. Differences were considered to be statistically significant if P value was less than 0.05. Results: Seventy eight patients were enrolled into this study comprising 22 females and 56 males. The mean age of the population was 55.75 ± 7.20 years. The presenting symptoms were; abdominal mass in 30.8%, abdominal pain in 29.5%, weight loss in 20.5%, dysphagia in 6.4%, haematemesis in 5.1%, melaena in 5.1% and anaemia in 2.6% of the patients. The risk factors identified in the study included; tobacco use or smoking in 25.6%, alcohol in 19.2%, spices in 14.1%, opiates in 3.8% and combination of the above risk factors in 37.2%. 67.9% of the tumors were located in the stomach, 16.7% in the oesophagus and 15.4% in the first part of the duodenum. Of those located in the stomach, 62.3% were in the antrum while 37.7% were in the corpus. Of the oesophageal tumors, 61.5% were in the mid oesophagus, 30.8% were in the lower oesophagus and 7.8% in the upper oesophagus. Tissue histology showed 70.5% were adenocarcinoma, 26.9% were squamous cell carcinoma, 1.3% lymphoma and 1.3% malignant polyp. This was statistically significant p =< 0.05. Conclusion: In view of the fact that upper GI tumors can rapidly progress to advanced stages in the absence of serious symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy is advocated in patients with signs and symptoms of dyspepsia to avoid delayed diagnosis and improve the disease outcome.
Gastric cancer, Oesophageal Cancer, Upper GI Endoscopy
Ajayi, A. , Ajayi, E. , Solomon, O. , Omonisi, E. and Dada, S. (2016) Pattern of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies as Seen at Endoscopy in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 3, 1-7. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1102731.
Subject Areas: Gastroenterology & Hepatology
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract along with its accessory glands is one of the most common systems of the human body affected by various cancers [1] . Gastric and gastro-esophageal adenocarcinomas are a major health burden globally. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal malignancies varies widely based on geographic location, race, and socioeconomic class [2] . Malignant tumors of the oesophagus are one of the commonest types of cancer. Globally, the incidence of oesophageal cancer is sixth and ninth among cancers in men and women, respectively, and is the fifth and ninth leading causes of cancer death [3] . Squamous cell cancer is the most common type of oesophageal carcinoma worldwide with more than 80% of these cancers occurring in developing countries [4] .
Gastric cancer remains the world's third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the world [5] . A 2005 analysis of the global incidence and cancer related mortality revealed that 934,000 cases of gastric cancer occurred in 2002 and approximately 700,000 patients died annually from this problem [6] . In industrialized countries, mortality from gastric cancer has declined steadily over the years whereas gastric cancer remains a leading cause of death from cancer in the developing world. Geographical residence and dietary habits may play a part in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Social class and socioeconomic conditions of the inhabitants confer a significantly increased risk of developing gastric cancer. The pattern of upper GI cancer differs in different regions of the world depending upon the genetic, cultural, dietary and socioeconomic factors [7] . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, type, pattern and the histologic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal tumors seen in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
This was a three year cross?sectional study involving 78 patients with suspected upper gastrointestinal tumor referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2013 at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Relevant clinical information such as age, gender, clinical presentations (like unexplained recent weight loss, abdominal pain or swelling, dysphagia, haematemesis or melaena and anaemia), smoking history, alcohol use, spices, and consumption of opiates were obtained from the patients.
Upper GI Endoscopy was performed in all the patients with Olympus EVIS GIF140 under 10% xylocaine anaesthetic spray of the oropharynx and where necessary with intravenous midazolam (5 mg) after vital signs were stabilized. The locations of the tumor were determined and recorded. Tissue biopsies were taken from the suspected lesions for histological confirmation and characterization. The tumors were classified by the predominant histological appearance into oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma or gastric squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma, Lymphoma or Malignant polyp. Further categorizations into differentiated, moderately differentiated, undifferentiated or poorly differentiated carcinomas were made.
An ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the EKSUTH Ethical and Research committee and all the patients gave written consent for the study. SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was applied for statistical analysis using the t-test for quantitative variables and χ2 test for qualitative variables. Differences were considered to be statistically significant if P value was less than 0.05
Seventy eight patients were enrolled into this study comprising 22 (28.2%) females and 56 (71.8%) males. The female: male ratio was 1:2.5. The mean age of the population was 55.75 ± 7.20 years (age ranged from 40 - 77). Majority (76.9%) of the patients were in the age group 41 - 60 years (Table 1). The presenting symptoms were; abdominal mass in 30.8% (24), abdominal pain in 29.5% (23), weight loss in 20.5% (16), dysphagia in 6.4% (5), heamatemesis in 5.1% (4), melena in 5.1% (4) and anaemia in 2.6% (2) of the patients (Table 2). The risk factors identified in the study included; tobacco use or smoking in 25.6%, alcohol in 19.2%, spices in 14.1%, opiates in 3.8% and combination of the above risk factors in 37.2% (Table 3). Gender distribution of the risk factors was statistically significant p = 0.01. Majority (67.9%) of these tumors were located in the stomach, 16.7% in the oesophagus and 15.4% in the first part of the duodenum. Of those located in the stomach, 62.3% (33) were in the antrum while 37.7% (20) were in the corpus while none was found in the cardia. Of the oesophageal tumors, 61.5% (8) were in the mid oesophagus, 30.8% (4) were in the lower oesophagus and 7.8% (1) in the upper oesophagus. Tissue histology showed 70.5% (55) were adenocarcinoma (80% stomach, 18.2% duodenal and 1.8% oesophageal), 26.9% (21) were squamous (57.1% oesophageal, 38.1% stomach and 4.8% duodenal), 1.3% (1) lymphoma (duodenal) and 1.3% (1) malignant polyp (stomach) (Table 4) This was statistically significant p =< 0.05. As regards duration of symptoms before presentation and histological type, 60.3% (47) presented within six months (90.5% of the squamous type and 50.1% of the adenocarcinoma type), 39.7% (31) presented after six months (9.5% of the squamous type, 49.1% of the adenocarcinoma type while the patients with lymphoma and malignant polyp presented after six months. This was statistically significant p = 0.005.Fifty three (67.9%) of the study population tested positive for H. pylori while the remaining twenty five (32.1%) tested negative. Of the 53 that tested positive, 11 had squamous cell carcinoma, 40 had adenocarcinoma, 1 had lymphoma and another 1 had malignant polyp (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Five out of the thirteen that had oesophageal tumors were positive for H. pylori, 38 of the 53 that had stomach tumors were positive for H. pylori while 10 of the 12 that had duodenal tumors were positive for H. pylori (Table 5). This was found to be statistically significant p = 0.03. Majority (60.3%) of the patients presented within 6 months of the onset of symptoms while the remaining 39.7% presented after 6 months.
Figure 1. Showing histologic type and location. p =< 0.05.
Figure 2. Showing the relationship between the histologic types and H. pylori status.
Table 1. Showing the age distribution of the population.
Table 2. Showing the presenting symptoms with gender distribution.
Table 3. Showing gender distribution of the risk factors.
p = 0.01.
Table 4. Showing histologic type and location.
p =< 0.05.
Table 5. Showing relationship between H. pylori status and tumor location.
Cancer incidence in general and GI cancer in particular varies widely in different parts of the world in different age groups. Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are among the most lethal of all malignancies and are equally notorious for rapidly progressing to advanced stages even in the absence of serious symptoms, thus leading to delayed diagnoses and dismal prognoses.GI malignancies constitute one of the major tumor burden to man. Studies from Africa showed lower incidence compared to other parts of the world [8] - [10] .
In this study, upper GI malignancies occur more commonly in the male gender compared to the female counter part (2.5:1) and peaked between 40 - 60 year age group. This is in tandem with studies from Ibadan, Jos and some other parts of the world [2] [11] - [14] . The prevalence of oesophageal malignancies in this study was low (16.7%) in keeping with many African based studies where oesophageal carcinoma ranges from 13.3% to 27.85% of all malignant gastrointestinal tumors [15] - [18] . Alcohol, smoking and spices are the three main risk factors identified in this study to be associated with the development of the malignancy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. This was similar to the risk factors found by Walker et al. [15] .
In the US, the proportion of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) cases among all oesophageal cancer cases has increased from 14% to 51% from 1975 to 1998, and intestinal type OAC is now the predominant histological type [1] . Similar sharp increases in incidence of OAC have also been reported from Europe [19] [20] . In this series, Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCA) was the predominant histologic type of oesophageal malignancy found in contrast to the changing trend in the US and Europe. Islami et al. [21] equally found OSCA as the predominant type of oesophageal cancer in the Golestan Province in Iran. In the study of Abdulkareem et al. [14] , oesophageal cancers accounted for 2.5% with the majority having OSCA and more than half occurring in the 50 - 69 years age group. This prevalence of 2.5% was much lower than the 16.7% obtained in this study. This may be due in part to the fact that our study was endoscopy based and single centered while the other was multicentered and based on the review of embedded blocks and slides as well as pathological reports of malignant cancers of the whole GI tract.
In contrast to the studies of Durrani et al. [2] where oesophageal tumors were located in the upper third, middle third and lower third in 33%, 22%, and 34.6% respectively, we found in this study oesophageal tumors located in upper third, middle third and lower third in 7.8%, 61.5% and 30.8% respectively. Our finding was similar to the findings of Islami et al. [21] who found oesophageal tumors in upper, middle and lower thirds in 13%, 54% and 33% respectively. Dysphagia was the major subjective complaint in cases of oesophageal carcinoma in keeping with findings in most studies.
Gastric malignancies are important cause of mortality from cancer and indeed the second most deadly malignant neoplasm worldwide. The prevalence of gastric malignancies in this study was quite high (67.9%). This is similar to that obtained in some other studies across the world [22] [23] . The incidence of stomach cancer is said to be highest in Japan, China, South America and the Eastern Europe. The high prevalence obtained here was in sharp contrast to 13.3% recorded in Ibadan by Atoba et al. [11] , 24.4% in Jos by Obafunwa et al. [12] and 12% recorded in Lagos by Abdulkareem et al. [14] . The difference may be due to the fact that our study was mainly that of the upper GI tract as seen on upper GI endoscopy and hence did not include other organs such as the liver, gall bladder, pancreas, etc as was the case in the above cited studies. Men were more than twice affected with stomach cancer in this study than females in keeping with the most reports from other studies [2] [14] [23] . Stomach malignancy can occur in any part of the stomach and this is said to have a bearing on the prognosis. Distal malignancies is generally said to have a five-year survival rate of between 20% - 25% after resection while those patients with proximal malignancies has reduced survival rate which is reflective of a more aggressive and diffuse histologic disease. Of those located in the stomach, 62.3% (33) were in the antrum, 37.7% (20) were in the corpus while none was found in the cardia. Majority (80%) were adenocarcinoma while the remaining 20% were squamous cell type. Intestinal cell type was the predominant cell type found among the patients with gastric cancer. The age incidence and histological characteristics recorded in this series are similar to reports in the literature [13] . In line with the findings in most studies, the most common presenting symptom in case of carcinoma of stomach was epigastric pain while dysphagia was the most common presenting symptom in oesophageal cancers.
Helicobacter pylori has been found to be strongly associated with the development of precancerous lesion of gastric carcinomas and despite high seroprevalence of between 80% - 85% in healthy individuals, detection rate of the organism inmalignant tissue is quite low [13] . H. pylori positivity in this study for those with gastric cancer was 71.7% and 38.5% for oesophageal cancer. This was significant statistically (p = 0.03). This is not surprising considering the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nigeria. Majority (60.3%) of the patients in this study presented at the hospital within 6 months of the onset of symptoms while the remaining 30.7% presented after 6 months. All the patients were seen at the advanced stage of the disease thus confirming the fact that these tumors are notorious for rapidly progressing to advanced stages even in the absence of serious symptoms, thus leading to delayed diagnoses and dismal prognoses.
This study shows that oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant type of oesophageal cancer while adenocarcinoma is the predominant gastric cancer in our environment. Tobacco, alcohol and spices are the main risk factors identified to be associated with the development of both oesophageal and gastric tumors. In view of the fact that upper GI tumors can rapidly progress to advanced stages in the absence of serious symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy is advocated in patients with signs and symptoms of dyspepsia to avoid delayed diagnosis and improve the disease prognosis.
*Corresponding author.
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