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Pteridophyta
Temporal range: Mid Devonian [1] – Recent
Polystichum setiferum showing unrolling young frond
Psilotopsida
Marattiopsida
Pteridopsida (or Polypodiopsida, or Filicopsida)
Ferns are a group of about 20,000 species of plants (of which about 10,000 are living) in the division Pteridophyta.[2] Unlike bryophytes, ferns have xylem and phloem, which makes them vascular plants.
Most ferns belong to the Class Leptosporangiata (or Pteridopsida). This includes most of those you see in gardens and woods. The horsetails belong to another class, the Equisetopsida, which was extremely important in the Carboniferous period.[3] Only one genus survives. The other classes of fern are also quite small today.
Ferns do not have waxes or special cells on their surface that keep water from evaporating. This means that they best live in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall and is in a shade that protects them from direct sunlight. They have roots, stems, leaves. Their stems may form runners, called stolons above the ground, or rhizomes below ground. The leaves are green and large, and may bear spores on the underside. Some ferns can grow large in moist places. They can survive in more places than moss, but not so many as flowering plants.
During the Carboniferous period – from 350 million years ago – ferns lived everywhere on land. Horsetails grew up to 30 metres. There were huge forests of ferns and mosses, full of giant insects. Today, there are not so many large ferns.
Ferns do not have seeds. Instead, they reproduce through spores.
↑ Stein W.E. et al 2007. Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa. Nature 446, 904-907. [1]
↑ Also known as Filicophyta
↑ Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor. 1993. The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 303–305. ISBN 0-13-651589-4.
Further reading[change | change source]
Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409: 618-622 (abstract here).
Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany 91:1582-1598 (online abstract here Archived 2010-08-26 at the Wayback Machine).
Moran, Robbin C. 2004. A natural history of ferns. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-667-1.
Lord, Thomas R. 2006. Ferns and fern allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. [2]
Smith A.R., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P.G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3):705–731.online available
Gallery[change | change source]
Tree ferns, probably Dicksonia antarctica
Tree fern Spores San Diego
Leaf of fern
The horsetail Equisetum telmateia, showing whorls of branches and the tiny dark-tipped leaves
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pteridophyta.
Other websites[change | change source]
Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
A classification of the ferns and their allies Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
A fern book bibliography
Register of fossil Pteridophyta Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
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This page was last changed on 15 December 2022, at 01:49.