Harmonising Voices of the Afrikan Heritage Community towards Self-Determination and Nationhood
in Networking, Newsflash!
GAPP Lends Support to the ARTCoP Solidarity Message for the Rhodes Must Fall Campaign
ARTCoP Solidarity Statement in Support of the Rhodes Must Fall Oxford March (RMFO) March on 09/03/16
We of the ARTCoP send you greetings in salutation of your initiative in organising the Rhodes Must Fall March in Oxford. The ARTCoP deems it imperative to express critical support for your laudable initiative, more so since we see ourselves as developing grassroots community academic spaces into glocal sites of the unity of theory and practice to serve the liberation pedagogical purposes of the International Social Movement for Afrikan Reparations (ISMAR). As scholar-activists engaged in the battles of ideas about what kind of post-decolonisational reparations world order the ISMAR is trying to usher in, we have taken a keen interest in the work of the campaign to see Rhodes and his legacy fall at Oxford University in addition to your list of 7 demands.
We wholeheartedly support and commend those of you who have had the courage to question the status quo in these elite institutions of White Privilege. We are encouraged and hopeful given that you have taken the call for decolonisation from our Afrikan heritage communities and other Majority World peoples, and are now echoing them in these establishment miseducational spaces. However, in order to strengthen your efforts we invite you to consider how you can best connect your efforts to the wider decolonial movement beyond the campuses to effect and secure reparatory justice. We therefore urge that you seriously reflect on what you are trying to achieve and how you are trying to achieve it. In order to maximise impact, success and ultimately to embed your commendable efforts in the heart of those forces within and beyond the UK who can ensure that the critical mass is built it is important to sustain the campaign beyond reforms in the university establishment and on the campuses.
We invite you to consider what can be learned also from the efforts of the RMF Movement in Azania/South Afrika. For Azania/South Afrika is a place where student campaigners and organisers have extended their movement-building from the campuses to organically connect with communities of resistance that are the bedrock of the movement to 'Stop the Maangamizi' by accelerating the challenge to global apartheid and rectifying the harms of colonial and neocolonial forms of enslavement. In addition to effect and secure the redistribution of wealth and power within and beyond the broader Azanian/South Afrikan society. We would similarly urge that RMFO extend its demands and operations beyond securing educational reform in universities divorced from the wider context within and beyond the UK of ISMAR and its allied internationalist solidarity efforts of constituencies within the broader Peoples Reparations International Movement (PRIM).
Since history is best qualified to reward our research, we do not believe that that the Oxford University establishment will be compelled to make any significant changes and the demands you have made can be achieved by only organising on university campuses within Britain or across the world. In order to force the British/European establishment to concede significant measures of democratisation of education and more importantly to challenge Oxford for its maintenance of forms of structural and epistemic violence against the Majority Peoples of the world, much more linking needs to happen with the many and varied complimentary forces within and beyond the UK who must be mobilised to support your efforts.
The fight for decolonisation is going on in our communities across the world, and so to increase impact and the likelihood of success, it is important for you as mainly students activists and organisers to connect the fight you have taken up back into the glocal communities of decolonisational and reparations interest also located and represented here at the grassroots of Afrikan heritage communities of resistance in the UK. We urge you to more systematically undertake forms of community engaged activism and movement-relevant research by qualitatively strengthening outreach from the campuses into communities. By doing so, you will be able to tap into the yet untapped mass potential of decolonial communities of reparations interest from below organising as part of the ISMAR and the PRIM, which is where the potential for securing your goals of decolonisation actually lie. By making these connections you will be able to maximise your impact by harnessing the power to effect decolonisation on our people's terms rather than just what the Oxford University establishment is prepared to accommodate.
We humbly suggest that if this is not done your laudable efforts may become reduced to simplistic tokenistic gestures of diversifying the coloniality of White Power with cosmetic reforms, that leaves its genocidal substance intact. Ultimately, decolonisation is a matter of power and the coloniality of power will concede nothing unless it is counteracted with the overwhelming counter power of the masses of the colonised that you can be part of marshalling within and beyond the UK. For us it is a matter of counteracting the colonising White power with the liberating Black Power of the Wretched of the Earth. Ultimately, the fight you are waging is a political struggle which has to be waged by highly politicised and for that matter well-conscientised and dynamically mobilised social forces in order to help destabilise the status quo of structural and epistemic violence and compel progressive change in meeting the demands you have set.
We invite you once again to see yourselves as part of the building the ISMAR and the PRIM and for this movement-building to be victoriously consolidated in deploying the totality of our progressive forces against the bastions of the coloniality of power in and beyond the University of Oxford. We must never lose sight of the fact that decisions about Oxford University are not just made in Oxford or just by their so-called donors. These elitist universities are established in hegemonic forms of British law; by charters of parliament and run as state institutions. Accordingly, you should consider extending your campaigning efforts by linking up with others reparatory justice forces also seeking to challenge the British State who ultimately own and govern Oxford University as one of its most vital weapons for perpetrating not only mentacide but genocide and ecocide across the world. We invite you meet with us as the ARTCoP to deepen discussion around the issues we are raising in this statement so as to harmonise our efforts for more effective glocal impact.
We would also like to facilitate linking up your efforts with those formations that we think can be most helpful to achieving your purpose. We would like to highlight for your attention some of the formations that we think will be most helpful to you in this direction. They include, PARCOE, (Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe), GAPP (Global Afrikan Peoples Parliament), the PASCF (Pan-Afrikan Society Community Forum), ENGOCCAR (Europe-Wide Consultative Council for Afrikan Reparations) and the 1st August Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee (AEDRMC). This year there will be, among others, a students and allies bloc on the 1st August Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March. We expect to see Rhodes Must Fall Oxforders and organisers join the various blocs that are most appropriate to you and also embed yourself in these wider struggles within and beyond Britain that are challenging state power. It is our view that only by doing so will victory be assured to us all.
In Solidarity: Ubuntumandla!
Jackie Lewis (Chair)
Esther Stanford-Xosei & Kofi Mawuli Klu, Co-Vice Chairs
On Behalf of the Afrikan Reparations Transnational Community of Practice
GAPP Welcomes Momentum Black Connexions
GAPP welcomes the forthcoming launch of Momentum Black Connexions and supports its wholeheartedly. We look forward to actively collaborating with the MBC particularly with regard to carrying out the electoral politics of our overall strategy for Afrikan people's power in and beyond Britain. See GAPP's Position Statement on Electoral Politics in Britain here:https://globalafrikanpeoplesparliament.org/policy-positions/
in Newsflash!
Coming soon! Reparations Interactive Workshop
We encourage all Afrikans who are looking for a way to play their part in the International social movement for reparations (ISMAR) to attend this workshop as part of their preparation towards the Reparations march on 1st August 2016. If you would like a workshop in your city on online, please contact the organisers. Outside the UK? Contact them and ask for the 'International Call to Action' information.
The Malcolm X Centre in Bristol Under Threat
The Malcolm X Centre in Bristol UK, built in response to the 1980 uprisings in the then predominantly Afrikan Heritage (Black/Afrikan-Caribbean) Community, is under threat with Bristol City Council serving notice to end the tenancy on 28th Feb 2016. Based in the St Paul's area of the City, some 30 plus years later, it remains a vibrant area where the Afrikan Caribbean and smaller white British community have been joined by other communities such as Somali, Eastern European and from various parts of the continent of Afrika. The current Board are challenging the Bristol City Council's decision and dispute a list of conditions the city council claims have not been complied with, leading to this notice of termination. Bristol City Council has since indicated that the centre is not closing but they seek a different management team to run it. This situation is not be be seen in isolation to the fate of other community spaces left to flounder in that area of Bristol such as the Kuumba Arts Centre and the Learning Centre built on the open space used by St Pauls Carnival, which incidentally is another institution at risk with funding being withdrawn. Neither must we view the situation of this centre in isolation to the loss of community spaces and buildings right across the country with places like the Chestnuts Community Centre in London and the Carmoor Centre in Manchester to name just a couple who are not just fighting to survive but for the right to be self determined in their existence.
The Malcolm X Centre has and continues to serve a diverse range of communities and has international recognition as a venue for many high profile people from a range of industries be they arts, music or politics related , not to mention being a hub for local activism and events on a range of issues and occasions. The Anti Apartheid and Ethiopian Famine campaigns for example were at the heart of the centre. The name of the centre, chosen in the mid 1980's was a reflection of the passion and drive of the community not just to honour an Ancestor of wide appeal being both Afrikan, American and Muslim, but to embrace a philosophy and practice that spoke to Malcolm X's ideology and serve as an inspiration to the community who literally had fought for the centre. That fight, which was a continued expression of resistance to the injustice meted out to the Black community by the state, through its agents such as the police, SUS laws and many occurrences of direct discrimination and oppression was led by very frustrated, angry, passionate youth still experiencing overt racism, despite the passing of the 1976 Race Relations Act. In the 1980's and sadly even now, Black people were constantly reminded that you cannot legislate against attitudes, ignorance and legislation would never concede to alleviate state sanctioned oppression but only finds new ways to implement it. The decision to name it the Malcolm X Centre was therefore also a statement from a community needing to assert itself, its identity and intention to bring people together to enable their communities to thrive and rally against injustice. Nana Kwaku Agyemang a former Chairperson of the Malcolm X Centre in the 80's, then known by his former name Kuomba Balogun , said:
'We looked at a number of international black activists a the time, we talked a lot about Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and other "soft" options before we settled on Malcolm X. Malcolm was agreed upon because to me (and) Jagun (former Centre Manager) ……he represented the struggle of black people more. He was a so called radical. His views were unambiguous. He was talking about black first but going the extra mile he recognised the need to defend one self by taking up an offensive posture, hence his by any means necessary stance. We had to take a similar stance in securing the money for the old building and educating people.'
So as we are reminded of the Genesis of the centre, we perhaps need to remind the current generation of young people of the struggles of their parents and the consequences of losing something so valuable to a barely discreet gentrification agenda. The Malcolm X Centre now needs to live up to the legacy of its name.
You can help:
Sign the petition https://www.change.org/p/bristol-city-council-save-the-malcolm-x-community-centre-ltd?recruiter=460178230&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=copylink
Like their Facebook page to stay in touch and lodge your support for the campaign to keep the centre in community hands and serving community interests. www.facebook.com/Malcolm-X-Community-Centre-1708280942741870/?fref=ts
GAPP Strengthens Role in Internationalist Soldarity Networking with the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) of AZANIA/SOUTH AFRICA
The Global Afrikan People's Parliament in United Kingdom (GAPP-UK) was strongly represented at an Internationalist Solidarity networking meeting with a visiting Leadership Delegation of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) of South Africa at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, on Saturday, 28th November 2015. The meeting, which resulted from discussions and planning going on for some considerable time between interested parties, was presided over by Brother-Fighter Dali Mpofu, the EFF Chair, Brother-Fighter Floyd Nyiko Shivambu, the EFF Vice-President and Member of both the South African Parliament and the Pan-African Parliament (PAP), as well as Sister-Fighter Nkagisang Poppy Mokgosi, an EFF Member of the South African Parliament. It was facilitated by Kofi Mawuli Klu, a Co-Vice-Chair of the Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe (PARCOE) and a member of the Leadership Facilitation Team (LFT) of GAPP-UK. After kick-starting propositions by Dali, Floyd, Nkagisang, Brian Kwoba, Esther Stanford-Xosei and Kofi, followed by discussions involving a good number of participants, the meeting endorsed the establishment of an Economic Freedom Fighters Internationalist Solidarity Action Command (EFFISAC), to be organised and coordinated from London, United Kingdom. It was agreed that a South African-led EFF Support Group that is organising itself in Britain into a local party branch of the EFF Abroad will also be an autonomous integral part of the EFFISAC.
Building strong relations with the EFF of South Africa and similar radical contingents of the resurgent Pan-Afrikan Liberation movement at home and abroad is a vital part of the Glocal Activism element in the Strategic Organisational Plan of the GAPP-UK, with particular regard to its relevant cardinal action points such as the PANAFRIKAMAYIBUYE Pan-Afrikan Liberation Movement Global Revival Action Learning Safaris (PANAFRIKAMAYIBUYE-PALMGRALS) and the All-Afrikan People's Global Lobby for Unity Solutions (AAPGLUS). Hence the highlighting in the meeting of some of the priority campaigning endeavours of our Afrikan Heritage Community for National Self-Determination (AHC-NSD) in Britain such as the urgent need to give stronger internationalist solidarity push to the STOP THE MAANGAMIZI: We Charge Genocide/Ecocide Campaign and its accompanying Petition as an imperative for enhancing the massive glocal building of the International Social Movement for Afrikan Reparations (ISMAR) as one of the most dynamic galvanizing columns of the Peoples' Reparations International Movement (PRIM). Activists of the GAPP-UK in the meeting also impressed upon the Delegation our request through the EFFISAC to the EFF Leadership to officially mandate Brother-Fighter Floyd Nyiko Shivambu to serve as the ISMAR/PRIM Chief Liaison Facilitator in the Pan-Afrikan Parliament and also to help us promote in and beyond the PAP our demand and glocal lobbying for a Pan-Afrikan Reparatory Justice Law of Holistic Rematriation/Repatriation (PARJLOHRR).
For more about the EFFISAC check, like and share its Facebook page at:
https://www.facebook.com/EFF-Internationalist-Solidarity-Action-Command-202899090055831/
GAPP Solidarity Message to Fossil Free Occupation at UCL
Thank you for extending an invitation to us in GAPP to be part of the (COP)-pupation on the theme of climate migrants.
We had hoped to be there in person to deliver this solidarity message but are not able to make the allocated time so thought we would do the next best thing, which is to pen this message.
It is our GAPP perspective that all these resource wars are displacing people and dispossessing us and our communities in Afrika and other parts of the Global South of our resources causing impoverishment which is exacerbating the migration crisis from these lands. We as Afrikans and other indigenous peoples of Global South are affected the worst by these resource wars and conflicts.
We in GAPP, and the constituencies we advocate with, sees this as genocide against us as people/s and ecocide against Mother Earth. We have as one of our main aims
"To connect Afrikan heritage communities to key campaigns that underpin our right to Afrikan self-determination. Reparations is a priority campaign, including a specific 'We Charge Genocide/Ecocide' campaign and petition." https://globalafrikanpeoplesparliament.org/about/
Maangamizi is a Kiswahili term first popularised by Dr Maulana Karenga which he defined as being the Holocaust of Enslavement.
The Stop the Maangamzi: We Charge Genocide/Ecocide Petition can be found here:https://www.change.org/p/stop-the-maangamizi-we-charge-genocide-ecocide
It then becomes clear that what we have to focus our attention to is stopping the Maangamizi. How? By us, first and foremost, supporting the freedom-fighting of those in resistance in many of the places from which migrants are coming in the first place.
We must also expose the migrant industrial complexes whereby NGO's and aid agencies and even dubious pro-migrant organisations are refusing to highlight the priority need to stop the roots causes of the migrant problem which is the various crimes of the Maangamizi being committed by European powers of the Global North to destabilise countries and peoples of the Global South; rob them of their resources through resource wars by proxy and impoverish the people, thereby making life unbearable for them in their homelands.
Refusing to tackle these roots causes of the migration crisis and simply pretending to be welcoming more migrants into a Europe of increasing austerity is not a sustainable solution for the long-term. Whilst in the short-term we should address the needs of migrants who are already in Europe, we must not delude them into thinking that without continuing from Europe to participate in the resistance of their communities at home and abroad they will find the Greener pastures of capitalism that many of them are deluded into seeking. Only for some of them to be recruited to serve as neo-colonial agents of Euro-American imperialism to aid and abet and participate in the crimes of the Maangamizi that have driven them to Europe in the first place.
We urge you as students to spread the message that everything particularly in the interests of the peoples of Our Global South, and ultimately of all Humanity and Mother Earth connects into the number one priority task of stopping the Maangamizi and becoming the reparatory justice change. That is why we would like the Afrikan students amongst you to actively participate in or GAPP RJ work of Stopping the Maangamizi by starting to effect RJ for ourselves in various endeavours including educational repairs and building our AHC-NSD. We urge our genuine allies from all other communities within and beyond educational intuitions to actively support these efforts in various ways and means of true Ubuntu people to peoples' internationalist solidarity.
We sincerely hope this occupation/protest is not a three day wonder but connects to Reparatory Justice campaigning efforts within and beyond the Afrikan Heritage Community. Accordingly, we encourage you to engage with and support our Afrikan Heritage Community's Reparatory Justice struggles for a just world and by taking this 'Occupation' further.
We recognise your strategic role as students within these Institutions which see themselves as practicing virtue through the production of knowledge/s. It therefore follows that these institutions, as centres of knowledge production should be leading the way in ensuring that academic justification and or lending intellectual support to aiding and abetting the Maangamizi through the development of knowledge and practices that are used to justify and genocide/ecocide. So much is already known about UCL's role in developing knowledge on the genocidal pseudo-science of Eugenics.
It is our earnest view that well-intentioned and conscientious students should continue and do much more to expose institutions such as UCL in the production of racialized knowledge/s and epistemologies of ignorance by building up support from within to pressurise them to do the right thing.
We are keenly interested in hearing more from you as a campaign (Fossil Free UC) about what your programme from today onwards. We are interested to hear from you: to what extent are you are organising beyond campuses and thinking about unity of action with Afrikan Heritage Community and other community based struggles of peoples from the Global South for societal transformation?
In order for your commendable efforts to be sustainable and have the most impact, a lot will depend on how prepared and successful you are as student-activists to liaise with your communities and those communities most affected by the issues that you are campaigning about and support them in emancipatory community developmental organising and building. There is empirical evidence to support the view and lived experiences of such student-activists that students, disconnected from the wider communities they are part of and seek to advocate for, will not achieve much.
For us in GAPP, one way forward that we are actively engaged in is the very building of an Afrikan Heritage Community for National Self-Determination. (AHC-NSD), and other self-repairing community building efforts, is what will make the difference.
As student-activists you have to live and be the change that you seek, the change starts with being within community and developing the alternative society, which is what GAPP is about in terms of building an alternative AHC-NSD.
The AHC-NSD is the Community Self-Repairs effectuating work-in-progress for the holistic regeneration of Afrikan communities; mindful of the fact that such Afrikan communities at present exist in the United Kingdom as a multiplicity of different and sometimes even conflicting nation-state, ethnic, racial, class, gender, age and other socio-cultural configurations brought from all over the World; therefore, this AHC-NSD regeneration of Afrikan communities is being done in such a radical Changemaking way and manner of Intersectionality so as to enable the Pan-Afrikan Reparatory Justice development, out of their multifariousness, of a one distinct new type of Afrikan Communion of people to serve as a living prototype of the component bodies of the future MAATUBUNTUMAN Pan-Afrikan Union of communities throughout the continent and diaspora of Afrika: a Black self-empowering constellation of Black Star-Communities which shall be manifesting, in full sovereignty, the true People's Power of totally liberated, unified and self-determining Afrika in her complete emancipatory magnificence, Maatubuntu dignity and superpowerful upstanding for Global Justice throughout the World.
The AHC-NSD is one of the major subject-matters of Experiential Knowledge production and Popular Education on the Action Learning agendas of the GAPP-UK, Pan-Afrikan Community Educational Services (PACES) and the Afrikan Reparations Transnational Community of Practice.
We close by asking you to join us in resounding louder for all to hear the wise and visionary words of Frantz Fanon from the conclusion to the 'Wretched of the Earth':
"So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions and societies which draw their inspiration from her.
Humanity is waiting for something other from us than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature.
If we want to turn Africa into a new Europe, and America into a new Europe, then let us leave the destiny of our countries to Europeans. They will know how to do it better than the most gifted among us.
But if we want humanity to advance a step farther, if we want to bring it up to a different level than that which Europe has shown it, then we must invent and we must make discoveries.
If we wish to live up to our peoples' expectations, we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.
Moreover, if we wish to reply to the expectations of the people of Europe, it is no good sending them back a reflection, even an ideal reflection, of their society and their thought with which from time to time they feel immeasurably sickened.
For Europe, for ourselves and for humanity, comrades, we must turn over a new leaf, we must work out new concepts, and try to set afoot a new man [person]."
In Service, Solidarity & Struggle
Esther Stanford-Xosei & Kofi Mawuli Klu on Behalf of the GAPP Leadership Facilitation Team
GAPP in Solidarity at the International Climate March
As members of the Wretched of the Earth Global Frontline Bloc, the Global Afrikan People's Parliament delivered a strong message of 'We Charge Genocide and Ecocide' to the British State and the Internationally state sanctioned/state led criminality that continues to rape and plunder planet earth.
The International #ClimateMarch held on 29th November 2015 in London and over 170 countries worldwide, spoke in one voice against the many faces of corporate and state abetted evils that continue to risk the future of flora, fauna and humanity. The Wretched of the Earth Frontline Bloc took pole position on the march given the impact of climate change impacting most critically on the Black and Brown people of the Global South. Pictured here also is the banner of the Emancipation Day Afrikan Reparation March Committee which demands a stop to our Maangamizi – the Afrikan hellacaust and its current manifestations. Please join them on August 1st for the Annual march for Reparatory Justice from Windrush Sq to Parliament where the Stop the Maangamizi petition will be delivered to Downing St.
Of the #ClimateMarch one participant reflected:
Tillah Willah said: "I went to the Climate March in London -a 50,000 strong triumph – so the organisers say.
It was cold literally and otherwise and I walked through the march and I walked through the march feeling like an outsider until I got to the front where the Wretched of the Earth bloc were marching.
It was good to walk with the Global Pan Afrikan Peoples Parliament, it was good to hear Ken Saro Wiwa's name being called, it was good to meet with the young members of Black Dissidents it was good to meet Indigenous people from the South Pacific, Peru, Northern Scandinavia…. she also went on to say…."We are watching you, governments of the Caribbean, Africa and Asia who are still convinced that industrialisation is the only way forward, yes you bauxite mining in Jamaica, yes you T&T with your obscene levels of CO2 production per capita, yes you Nigeria with your unchecked oil pollution, yes you India trying to steal land from the Adivasis.To the governments of the Caribbean, Africa and Asia who are aiding and abetting corporate colonialism, we are watching you and promise that our communities are finding each other, we are linking our struggles and we are joining voices and forces for justice." Well said! Tillah Willah! ‪#‎ClimateMarch‬
The People's March for Climate, Justice and Jobs – Sunday 29th Nov London
Together, we will march for climate, justice & jobs – Sunday 29 Nov in central London.
Scotland/Wales march 28 Nov.
Join the London train to Paris 12 Dec.
National demonstration for climate, justice and jobs!
#ClimateJusticeJobs #PeoplesMarch
November 29 – London march
November 28 – Scotland and Wales march
December 12 – Join us in Paris!
■ Download your leaflets here: http://bit.ly/1K14SPf
● No to dirty energy!
● Yes to renewables!
● Climate jobs now!
● Justice for people!
Floods, typhoons and droughts are already impacting many millions of people, both here and abroad. This humanitarian crisis affects those who have done least to create the problem the most, and left unchecked would affect us all.
All over the world people are already putting into practice real solutions: public renewable energy, green infrastructure, millions of new, unionised clean jobs. But it needs to happen faster, at scale and with people at its centre.
With such solutions already in flow, we can leave the age of fossil fuels behind. Some choices we can each make on our own. But some, we as a society must make together.
Hope is with people who are already way ahead of those governments who lack the political will to act, and ahead of those corporate interests who are blocking the changes we need.
Together, we are more powerful than they could possibly imagine.
Whatever happens in Paris, we can, and we will, build the future from here.
A more just, more equitable and better world for us all.
■ Many more details to come over the coming weeks.
■ We'll be organising to take people to the Paris demonstrations too: come back soon for more details!
■ Coaches – let us know details of your local coach and we'll let others know!
■ Route to be confirmed.
Organisations supporting the demonstration include:
350.org, 38 Degrees, Action Aid, Avaaz, Bond, Campaign Against Climate Change, Centre for Sustainable Fashion, Climate Change Centre Reading, Climate Revolution, Friends of the Earth, Global Justice Now, Greenpeace, Left Unity, The Global Afrikan People's Parliament, MADE, National Union of Students, Oil Vay, PCS, People's Assembly Against Austerity, People and Planet, Reclaim The Power, Stop the War Coalition, Student Assembly Against Austerity, This Changes Everything, Time to Act, Trades Union Congress (TUC), UNISON, UK Youth Climate Coalition
in Quotations
On sacrifice of the people…
"You have been in the township. You have seen how bleak it still is. Well, it was here where we flung the first stone. It was here where we shed so much blood. Nothing could have been achieved without the sacrifice of the people. Black people."
Winnie Mandela
A Revolutionary Theory is a Necessity
"It is with the intention of making a contribution, however modest, to this debate that we present here our opinion of the foundations and objectives of national liberation in relation to the social structure. This opinion is the result of our own experiences of the struggle and of a critical appreciation of the experiences of others. To those who see in it a theoretical character, we would recall that every practice produces a theory, and that if it is true that a revolution can fail even though it be based on perfectly conceived theories, nobody has yet made a successful revolution without a revolutionary theory."
– Amilcar Cabral, The Weapon of Theory