US7983720B2 - Wireless telephone with adaptive microphone array - Google Patents
Wireless telephone with adaptive microphone array Download PDF
audio signal
Juin-Hwey Chen
Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Ltd
Broadcom Corp
2005-02-24 Priority to US11/065,131 priority patent/US20060135085A1/en
2005-05-24 Application filed by Broadcom Corp filed Critical Broadcom Corp
2005-05-24 Assigned to BROADCOM CORPORATION reassignment BROADCOM CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHEN, JUIN-HWEY
2005-08-31 Priority claimed from US11/215,304 external-priority patent/US8509703B2/en
2005-09-30 Priority claimed from US11/239,351 external-priority patent/US20060147063A1/en
2006-05-21 Priority claimed from CN 200610084076 external-priority patent/CN100536511C/en
2016-02-11 Assigned to BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: BROADCOM CORPORATION
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2017-02-03 Assigned to BROADCOM CORPORATION reassignment BROADCOM CORPORATION TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS Assignors: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT
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230000003044 adaptive Effects 0 description title 20
230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0 claims description 62
210000000214 Mouth Anatomy 0 abstract description 16
230000001629 suppression Effects 0 description 44
230000000051 modifying Effects 0 description 15
241001442055 Vipera berus Species 0 description 4
230000002238 attenuated Effects 0 description 3
210000000624 Ear Auricle Anatomy 0 description 1
230000001627 detrimental Effects 0 description 1
230000003245 working Effects 0 description 1
H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers; Analogous equipment at exchanges
H04M1/02—Constructional features of telephone sets
H04M1/03—Constructional features of telephone transmitters or receivers, e.g. telephone handsets, speakers or microphones
H04M1/60—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers; Analogous equipment at exchanges including speech amplifiers
H04M1/6008—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers; Analogous equipment at exchanges including speech amplifiers in the transmitter circuit
H04M9/00—Interconnection arrangements not involving centralised switching
H04M9/08—Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for suppressing echoes or otherwise conditioning for one or other direction of traffic
H04M9/082—Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for suppressing echoes or otherwise conditioning for one or other direction of traffic using echo cancellers
H04M1/6033—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers; Analogous equipment at exchanges including speech amplifiers for providing handsfree use or a loudspeaker mode in telephone sets
H04M1/6041—Portable telephones adapted for handsfree use
A wireless telephone having an array of microphones and a digital signal processor (DSP) and a method of processing audio signals from a wireless telephone having an array of microphones and a DSP. The wireless telephone includes an array of microphones and a DSP. Each microphone in the array is configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto. The DSP is coupled to the array of microphones. The DSP is configured to receive the audio signals from the array of microphones, to detect a direction of arrival (DOA) of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user based on the audio signals and to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a first audio output signal.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/065,131 to Chen, entitled "Wireless Telephone With Uni-Directional and Omni-Directional Microphones" and filed Feb. 24, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/018,921 to Chen et al., entitled "Wireless Telephone Having Multiple Microphones" and filed Dec. 22, 2004. The entirety of each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
The present invention relates generally to mobile telecommunication devices, and in particular to wireless telephones.
2. Background Art
Background noise is an inherent problem in wireless telephone communication. Conventional wireless telephones include a single microphone that receives a near-end user's voice and outputs a corresponding audio signal for subsequent encoding and transmission to the telephone of a far-end user. However, the audio signal output by this microphone typically includes both a voice component and a background noise component. As a result, the far-end user often has difficulty deciphering the desired voice component against the din of the embedded background noise component.
Conventional wireless telephones often include a noise suppressor to reduce the detrimental effects of background noise. A noise suppressor attempts to reduce the level of the background noise by processing the audio signal output by the microphone through various algorithms. These algorithms attempt to differentiate between a voice component of the audio signal and a background noise component of the audio signal, and then attenuate the level of the background noise component.
Conventional wireless telephones often also include a voice activity detector (VAD) that attempts to identify and transmit only those portions of the audio signal that include a voice component. One benefit of VAD is that bandwidth is conserved on the telecommunication network because only selected portions of the audio signal are transmitted.
In order to operate effectively, both the noise suppressor and the VAD must be able to differentiate between the voice component and the background noise component of the input audio signal. However, in practice, differentiating the voice component from the background noise component is difficult.
What is needed then, is a wireless telephone that better mitigates the effect of background noise present in an input audio signal as compared to conventional wireless telephones, thereby resulting in the transmission of a cleaner voice signal during telephone communication. In particular, the desired wireless telephone should better differentiate between a voice component and a background noise component of an input audio signal as compared to conventional wireless telephones.
The present invention is directed to a wireless telephone having at least one adaptive array of microphones.
A first embodiment of the present invention includes an adaptive array of microphones. Each microphone in the microphone array is configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto. A digital signal processor (DSP) within the wireless telephone is configured to receive the audio signals from the array of microphones, detect a direction of arrival (DOA) of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user based on the audio signals, and adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a first audio output signal. For example, the DSP may be configured to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of the microphone array so that the mouth of the user is within the maximum sensitivity angle. The maximum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the microphone array is above a predetermined threshold.
In a second embodiment of the present invention, in addition to the first array of microphones described in the first embodiment of the present invention, a wireless telephone includes a second array of microphones. Each microphone in the second array of microphones is configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto. A second DSP within the wireless telephone is configured to receive the audio signals from the second array of microphones, detect a DOA of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user based on the audio signals, and adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a second audio output signal. For example, the second DSP may be configured to adaptively combine the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the mouth of the user is within the minimum sensitivity angle. The minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is below a predetermined threshold.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, an adaptive array of microphones is included. Each microphone in the array is configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto. A DSP within the wireless telephone is coupled to the array of microphones, the DSP configured to receive the audio signals from the array of microphones, detect a direction of arrival (DOA) of a sound wave emanating from a background noise source based on the audio signals and to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a first audio output signal. For example, the DSP may be configured to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the microphone array so that the background noise source is within the minimum sensitivity angle, wherein the minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the microphone is below a predetermined threshold.
In addition, the wireless telephone may include a second array of microphones. Each microphone in the second array of microphones is configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto. A second DSP within the wireless telephone is configured to receive the audio signals from the second array of microphones, detect a DOA of the sound wave emanating from the background noise source based on the audio signals and adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a second audio output signal. For example, the second DSP may be configured to adaptively combine the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the background noise source is within the maximum sensitivity angle, wherein the maximum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is above a predetermined threshold.
In a further embodiment, a wireless telephone also includes a voice activity detector (VAD). The VAD receives the first and second audio output signals and detects time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal based on the content of the first audio output signal and the second audio output signal. Furthermore, the second DSP is configured to (i) detect a DOA of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user, and (ii) dynamically steer the second microphone array based on the DOA and the time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal.
Further embodiments and features of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.
FIG. 1A is a functional block diagram of the transmit path of a conventional wireless telephone.
FIG. 1B is a functional block diagram of the receive path of a conventional wireless telephone.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the front portion of a wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the back portion of a wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a transmit path of a wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method for processing audio signals in a wireless telephone having a first microphone and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a signal processor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates voice and noise components output from first and second microphones, in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a background noise cancellation module in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram of a signal processor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method for processing audio signals in a wireless telephone having a first microphone and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12A illustrates an exemplary frequency spectrum of a voice component and a background noise component of a first audio signal output by a first microphone, in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12B illustrates an exemplary frequency spectrum of an audio signal upon which noise suppression has been performed, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram of a transmit path of a wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a flowchart depicting a method for processing audio signals in a wireless telephone having a first microphone and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 shows exemplary plots depicting a voice component and a background noise component output by first and second microphones of a wireless telephone, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 shows an exemplary polar pattern of an omni-directional microphone.
FIG. 17 shows an exemplary polar pattern of a subcardioid microphone.
FIG. 18 shows an exemplary polar pattern of a cardioid microphone.
FIG. 19 shows an exemplary polar pattern of a hypercardioid microphone.
FIG. 20 shows an exemplary polar pattern of a line microphone.
FIG. 21 shows an exemplary microphone array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 22A-D show exemplary polar patterns of a microphone array.
FIG. 22E shows exemplary directivity patterns of a far-field and a near-field response.
FIG. 23 shows exemplary steered and unsteered directivity patterns.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers may indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number may identify the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
The present invention provides a wireless telephone implemented with at least one microphone array and at least one DSP. As will be described in more detail herein, in a first embodiment, audio signals output by microphones in a first microphone array can be combined by a first DSP in such a manner to reduce the amount of background noise picked up by the first microphone array. In a second embodiment, audio signals output by microphones in a second microphone array can be combined by a second DSP in such a manner to reduce the amount of a user's voice picked up by the second microphone array. In a third embodiment, a direction of arrival (DOA) of a highly directional sound source can be determined. In this embodiment, audio signals output by microphones in a first microphone array can be combined in such a manner to reduce the pick-up of the highly directional sound by the first microphone array. Additionally or alternatively, audio signals output by microphones in a second microphone array can be combined in such a manner to increase the pick-up of the highly directional sound source by the second microphone array.
The detailed description of the invention is divided into eight subsections. In subsection I, an overview of the workings of a conventional wireless telephone are discussed. This discussion facilitates the description of embodiments of the present invention. In subsection II, an overview of a wireless telephone implemented with a first microphone and second microphone is presented. In subsection III, a first embodiment is described in which the output of the second microphone is used to cancel a background noise component output by the first microphone. In subsection IV, a second embodiment is described in which the output of the second microphone is used to suppress a background noise component output by the first microphone. In subsection V, a third embodiment is discussed in which the output of the second microphone is used to improve VAD technology incorporated in the wireless telephone. In subsection VI, alternative arrangements of the present invention are discussed. In subsection VII, example uni-directional microphones are discussed. In subsection VIII, example microphone arrays are discussed. In subsection IX, according to embodiments of the present invention, a wireless telephone implemented with at least one microphone array is described.
I. Overview of Signal Processing within Conventional Wireless Telephones
Conventional wireless telephones use what is commonly referred to as encoder/decoder technology. The transmit path of a wireless telephone encodes an audio signal picked up by a microphone onboard the wireless telephone. The encoded audio signal is then transmitted to another telephone.
The receive path of a wireless telephone receives signals transmitted from other wireless telephones. The received signals are then decoded into a format that an end user can understand.
FIG. 1A is a functional block diagram of a typical transmit path 100 of a conventional digital wireless telephone. Transmit path 100 includes a microphone 109, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 101, a noise suppressor 102, a voice activity detector (VAD) 103, a speech encoder 104, a channel encoder 105, a modulator 106, a radio frequency (RF) module 107, and an antenna 108.
Microphone 109 receives a near-end user's voice and outputs a corresponding audio signal, which typically includes both a voice component and a background noise component. The A/D converter 101 converts the audio signal from an analog to a digital form. The audio signal is next processed through noise suppressor 102. Noise suppressor 102 uses various algorithms, known to persons skilled in the pertinent art, to suppress the level of embedded background noise that is present in the audio signal.
Speech encoder 104 converts the output of noise suppressor 102 into a channel index. The particular format that speech encoder 104 uses to encode the signal is dependent upon the type of technology being used. For example, the signal may be encoded in formats that comply with GSM (Global Standard for Mobile Communication), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), or other technologies commonly used for telecommunication. These different encoding formats are known to persons skilled in the relevant art and for the sake of brevity are not discussed in further detail.
As shown in FIG. 1A, VAD 103 also receives the output of noise suppressor 102. VAD 103 uses algorithms known to persons skilled in the pertinent art to analyze the audio signal output by noise suppressor 102 and determine when the user is speaking. VAD 103 typically operates on a frame-by-frame basis to generate a signal that indicates whether or not a frame includes voice content. This signal is provided to speech encoder 104, which uses the signal to determine how best to process the frame. For example, if VAD 103 indicates that a frame does not include voice content, speech encoder 103 may skip the encoding of the frame entirely.
Channel encoder 105 is employed to reduce bit errors that can occur after the signal is processed through the speech encoder 104. That is, channel encoder 105 makes the signal more robust by adding redundant bits to the signal. For example, in a wireless phone implementing the original GSM technology, a typical bit rate at the output of the speech encoder might be about 13 kilobits (kb) per second, whereas, a typical bit rate at the output of the channel encoder might be about 22 kb/sec. The extra bits that are present in the signal after channel encoding do not carry information about the speech; they just make the signal more robust, which helps reduce the bit errors.
The modulator 106 combines the digital signals from the channel encoder into symbols, which become an analog wave form. Finally, RF module 107 translates the analog wave forms into radio frequencies, and then transmits the RF signal via antenna 108 to another telephone.
FIG. 1B is a functional block diagram of a typical receive path 120 of a conventional wireless telephone. Receive path 120 processes an incoming signal in almost exactly the reverse fashion as compared to transmit path 100. As shown in FIG. 1B, receive path 120 includes an antenna 128, an RF module 127, a channel decoder 125, a speech decoder 124, a digital to analog (D/A) converter 122, and a speaker 129.
During operation, an analog input signal is received by antenna 128 and RF module 127 translates the radio frequencies into baseband frequencies. Demodulator 126 converts the analog waveforms back into a digital signal. Channel decoder 125 decodes the digital signal back into the channel index, which speech decoder 124 converts back into digitized speech. D/A converter 122 converts the digitized speech into analog speech. Lastly, speaker 129 converts the analog speech signal into a sound pressure wave so that it can be heard by an end user.
II. Overview of a Wireless Telephone Having Two Microphones in Accordance with the Present Invention
A wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes a first microphone and a second microphone. As mentioned above and as will be described in more detail herein, an audio signal output by the second microphone can be used to improve the quality of an audio signal output by the first microphone or to support improved VAD technology.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate front and back portions, respectively, of a wireless telephone 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the front portion of wireless telephone 200 includes a first microphone 201 and a speaker 203 located thereon. First microphone 201 is located so as to be close to a user's mouth during regular use of wireless telephone 200. Speaker 203 is located so as to be close to a user's ear during regular use of wireless telephone 200.
As shown in FIG. 3, second microphone 202 is located on the back portion of wireless telephone 200. Second microphone 202 is located so as to be further away from a user's mouth during regular use than first microphone 201, and preferably is located to be as far away from the user's mouth during regular use as possible.
By mounting first microphone 201 so that it is closer to a user's mouth than second microphone 202 during regular use, the amplitude of the user's voice as picked up by the first microphone 201 will likely be greater than the amplitude of the user's voice as picked up by second microphone 202. Similarly, by so mounting first microphone 201 and second microphone 202, the amplitude of any background noise picked up by second microphone 202 will likely be greater than the amplitude of the background noise picked up by first microphone 201. The manner in which the signals generated by first microphone 201 and second microphone 202 are utilized by wireless telephone 200 will be described in more detail below.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show an embodiment in which first and second microphones 201 and 202 are mounted on the front and back portion of a wireless telephone, respectively. However, the invention is not limited to this embodiment and the first and second microphones may be located in other locations on a wireless telephone and still be within the scope of the present invention. For performance reasons, however, it is preferable that the first and second microphone be mounted so that the first microphone is closer to the mouth of a user than the second microphone during regular use of the wireless telephone.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a transmit path 400 of a wireless telephone that is implemented with a first microphone and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Transmit path 400 includes a first microphone 201 and a second microphone 202, and a first A/D converter 410 and a second A/D converter 412. In addition, transmit path 400 includes a signal processor 420, a speech encoder 404, a channel encoder 405, a modulator 406, an RF module 407, and an antenna 408. Speech encoder 404, channel encoder 405, modulator 406, RF module 407, and antenna 408 are respectively analogous to speech encoder 104, channel encoder 105, modulator 106, RF module 107, and antenna 108 discussed with reference to transmit path 100 of FIG. 1A and thus their operation will not be discussed in detail below.
The method by which audio signals are processed along transmit path 400 of the wireless telephone depicted in FIG. 4 will now be described with reference to the flowchart 500 of FIG. 5. The present invention, however, is not limited to the description provided by the flowchart 500. Rather, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings provided herein that other functional flows are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
The method of flowchart 500 begins at step 510, in which first microphone 201 outputs a first audio signal, which includes a voice component and a background noise component. A/D converter 410 receives the first audio signal and converts it from an analog to digital format before providing it to signal processor 420.
At step 520, second microphone 202 outputs a second audio signal, which also includes a voice component and a background noise component. A/D converter 412 receives the second audio signal and converts it from an analog to digital format before providing it to signal processor 420.
At step 530, signal processor 420 receives and processes the first and second audio signals, thereby generating a third audio signal. In particular, signal processor 420 increases a ratio of the voice component to the noise component of the first audio signal based on the content of the second audio signal to produce a third audio signal.
The third audio signal is then provided directly to speech encoder 404. Speech encoder 404 and channel encoder 405 operate to encode the third audio signal using any of a variety of well known speech and channel encoding techniques. Modulator 406, RF module and antenna 408 then operate in a well-known manner to transmit the encoded audio signal to another telephone.
As will be discussed in more detail herein, signal processor 420 may comprise a background noise cancellation module and/or a noise suppressor. The manner in which the background noise cancellation module and the noise suppressor operate are described in more detail in subsections III and IV, respectively.
III. Use of Two Microphones to Perform Background Noise Cancellation in Accordance with an Embodiment of the Present Invention
FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment in which signal processor 420 includes a background noise cancellation module 605 and a downsampler 615 (optional). Background noise cancellation module 605 receives the first and second audio signals output by the first and second microphones 201 and 202, respectively. Background noise cancellation module 605 uses the content of the second audio signal to cancel a background noise component present in the first audio signal to produce a third audio signal. The details of the cancellation are described below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. The third audio signal is sent to the rest of transmit path 400 before being transmitted to the telephone of a far-end user.
FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart 700 of a method for processing audio signals using a wireless telephone having two microphones in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Flowchart 700 is used to facilitate the description of how background noise cancellation module 605 cancels at least a portion of a background noise component included in the first audio signal output by first microphone 201.
The method of flowchart 700 starts at step 710, in which first microphone 201 outputs a first audio signal. The first audio signal includes a voice component and a background noise component. In step 720, second microphone 202 outputs a second audio signal. Similar to the first audio signal, the second audio signal includes a voice component and a background noise component.
FIG. 8 shows exemplary outputs from first and second microphones 201 and 202, respectively, upon which background noise cancellation module 605 may operate. FIG. 8 shows an exemplary first audio signal 800 output by first microphone 201. First audio signal 800 consists of a voice component 810 and a background noise component 820, which are also separately depicted in FIG. 8 for illustrative purposes. FIG. 8 further shows an exemplary second audio signal 850 output by second microphone 202. Second audio signal 850 consists of a voice component 860 and a background noise component 870, which are also separately depicted in FIG. 8. As can be seen from FIG. 8, the amplitude of the voice component picked up by first microphone 201 (i.e., voice component 810) is advantageously greater than the amplitude of the voice component picked up by second microphone 202 (i.e., voice component 860), and vice versa for the background noise components. As was discussed earlier, the relative amplitude of the voice component (background noise component) picked up by first microphone 201 and second microphone 202 is a function of their respective locations on wireless telephone 200.
At step 730 (FIG. 7), background noise cancellation module 605 uses the second audio signal to cancel at least a portion of the background noise component included in the first audio signal output by first microphone 201. Finally, the third audio signal produced by background noise cancellation module 605 is transmitted to another telephone. That is, after background noise cancellation module 605 cancels out at least a portion of the background noise component of the first audio signal output by first microphone 201 to produce a third audio signal, the third audio signal is then processed through the standard components or processing steps used in conventional encoder/decoder technology, which were described above with reference to FIG. 1A. The details of these additional signal processing steps are not described further for brevity.
In one embodiment, background noise cancellation module 605 includes an adaptive filter and an adder. FIG. 9 depicts a background noise cancellation module 605 including an adaptive filter 901 and an adder 902. Adaptive filter 901 receives the second audio signal from second microphone 202 and outputs an audio signal. Adder 902 adds the first audio signal, received from first microphone 201, to the audio signal output by adaptive filter 901 to produce a third audio signal. By adding the first audio signal to the audio signal output by adaptive filter 901, the third audio signal produced by adder 902 has at least a portion of the background noise component that was present in the first audio signal cancelled out.
In another embodiment of the present invention, signal processor 420 includes a background noise cancellation module 605 and a downsampler 615. In accordance with this embodiment, A/D converter 410 and A/D converter 412 sample the first and second audio signals output by first and second microphones 201 and 202, respectively, at a higher sampling rate than is typically used within wireless telephones. For example, the first audio signal output by first microphone 201 and the second audio signal output by second microphones 202 can be sampled at 16 kHz by A/D converters 410 and 412, respectively; in comparison, the typical signal sampling rate used in a transmit path of most conventional wireless telephones is 8 kHz. After the first and second audio signals are processed through background noise cancellation module 605 to cancel out the background noise component from the first audio signal, downsampler 615 downsamples the third audio signal produced by background cancellation module 605 back to the proper sampling rate (e.g. 8 kHz). The higher sampling rate of this embodiment offers more precise time slicing and more accurate time matching, if added precision and accuracy are required in the background noise cancellation module 605.
As mentioned above and as is described in more detail in the next subsection, additionally or alternatively, the audio signal output by the second microphone is used to improve noise suppression of the audio signal output by the first microphone.
IV. Use of Two Microphones to Perform Improved Noise Suppression in Accordance with an Embodiment of the Present Invention
As noted above, signal processor 420 may include a noise suppressor. FIG. 10 shows an embodiment in which signal processor 420 includes a noise suppressor 1007. In accordance with this embodiment, noise suppressor 1007 receives the first audio signal and the second audio signal output by first and second microphones 201 and 202, respectively. Noise suppressor 1007 suppresses at least a portion of the background noise component included in the first audio signal based on the content of the first audio signal and the second audio signal. The details of this background noise suppression are described in more detail with reference to FIG. 11.
FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart 1100 of a method for processing audio signals using a wireless telephone having a first and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This method is used to suppress at least a portion of the background noise component included in the output of the first microphone.
The method of flowchart 1100 begins at step 1110, in which first microphone 201 outputs a first audio signal that includes a voice component and a background noise component. In step 1120, second microphone 202 outputs a second audio signal that includes a voice component and a background noise component.
At step 1130, noise suppressor 1007 receives the first and second audio signals and suppresses at least a portion of the background noise component of the first audio signal based on the content of the first and second audio signals to produce a third audio signal. The details of this step will now be described in more detail.
In one embodiment, noise suppressor 1007 converts the first and second audio signals into the frequency domain before suppressing the background noise component in the first audio signal. FIGS. 12A and 12B show exemplary frequency spectra that are used to illustrate the function of noise suppressor 1007.
FIG. 12A shows two components: a voice spectrum component 1210 and a noise spectrum component 1220. Voice spectrum 1210 includes pitch harmonic peaks (the equally spaced peaks) and the three formants in the spectral envelope.
FIG. 12A is an exemplary plot used for conceptual illustration purposes only. It is to be appreciated that voice component 1210 and noise component 1220 are mixed and inseparable in audio signals picked up by actual microphones. In reality, a microphone picks up a single mixed voice and noise signal and its spectrum.
FIG. 12B shows an exemplary single mixed voice and noise spectrum before noise suppression (i.e., spectrum 1260) and after noise suppression (i.e., spectrum 1270). For example, spectrum 1260 is the magnitude of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the first audio signal output by first microphone 201.
A typical noise suppressor keeps an estimate of the background noise spectrum (e.g., spectrum 1220 in FIG. 12A), and then compares the observed single voice and noise spectrum (e.g., spectrum 1260 in FIG. 12B) with this estimated background noise spectrum to determine whether each frequency component is predominately voice or predominantly noise. If it is considered predominantly noise, the magnitude of the FFT coefficient at that frequency is attenuated. If it is considered predominantly voice, then the FFT coefficient is kept as is. This can be seen in FIG. 12B.
There are many frequency regions where spectrum 1270 is on top of spectrum 1260. These frequency regions are considered to contain predominantly voice. On the other hand, regions where spectrum 1260 and spectrum 1270 are at different places are the frequency regions that are considered predominantly noise. By attenuating the frequency regions that are predominantly noise, noise suppressor 1007 produces a third audio signal (e.g., an audio signal corresponding to frequency spectrum 1270) with an increased ratio of the voice component to background noise component compared to the first audio signal.
The operations described in the last two paragraphs above correspond to a conventional single-microphone noise suppression scheme. According to an embodiment of the present invention, noise suppressor 1007 additionally uses the spectrum of the second audio signal picked up by the second microphone to estimate the background noise spectrum 1220 more accurately than in a single-microphone noise suppression scheme.
In a conventional single-microphone noise suppressor, background noise spectrum 1220 is estimated between "talk spurts", i.e., during the gaps between active speech segments corresponding to uttered syllables. Such a scheme works well only if the background noise is relatively stationary, i.e., when the general shape of noise spectrum 1220 does not change much during each talk spurt. If noise spectrum 1220 changes significantly through the duration of the talk spurt, then the single-microphone noise suppressor will not work well because the noise spectrum estimated during the last "gap" is not reliable. Therefore, in general, and especially for non-stationary background noise, the availability of the spectrum of the second audio signal picked up by the second microphone allows noise suppressor 1007 to get a more accurate, up-to-date estimate of noise spectrum 1220, and thus achieve better noise suppression performance.
Note that the spectrum of the second audio signal should not be used directly as the estimate of the noise spectrum 1220. There are at least two problems with using the spectrum of the second audio signal directly: first, the second audio signal may still have some voice component in it; and second, the noise component in the second audio signal is generally different from the noise component in the first audio signal.
To circumvent the first problem, the voice component can be cancelled out of the second audio signal. For example, in conjunction with a noise cancellation scheme, the noise-cancelled version of the first audio signal, which is a cleaner version of the main voice signal, can pass through an adaptive filter. The signal resulting from the adaptive filter can be added to the second audio signal to cancel out a large portion of the voice component in the second audio signal.
To circumvent the second problem, an approximation of the noise component in the first audio signal can be determined, for example, by filtering the voice-cancelled version of the second audio signal with adaptive filter 901.
The example method outlined above, which includes the use of a first and second audio signal, allows noise suppressor 1007 to obtain a more accurate and up-to-date estimate of noise spectrum 1220 during a talk spurt than a conventional noise suppression scheme that only uses one audio signal. An alternative embodiment of the present invention can use the second audio signal picked up by the second microphone to help obtain a more accurate determination of talk spurts versus inter-syllable gaps; and this will, in turn, produce a more reliable estimate of noise spectrum 1220, and thus improve the noise suppression performance.
For the particular example of FIG. 12B, spectrum 1260 in the noise regions is attenuated by 10 dB resulting in spectrum 1270. It should be appreciated that an attenuation of 10 dB is shown for illustrative purposes, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons having ordinary skill in the art that spectrum 1260 could be attenuated by more or less than 10 dB.
Lastly, the third audio signal is transmitted to another telephone. The processing and transmission of the third audio signal is achieved in like manner to that which was described above in reference to conventional transmit path 100 (FIG. 1A).
As mentioned above and as is described in more detail in the next subsection, additionally or alternatively, the audio signal output by the second microphone is used to improve VAD technology incorporated within the wireless telephone.
V. Use of Two Microphones to Perform Improved VAD in Accordance with an Embodiment of the Present Invention
FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram of a transmit path 1300 of a wireless telephone that is implemented with a first microphone and a second microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Transmit path 1300 includes a first microphone 201 and a second microphone 202. In addition, transmit path 1300 includes an A/D converter 1310, an A/D converter 1312, a noise suppressor 1307 (optional), a VAD 1320, a speech encoder 1304, a channel encoder 1305, a modulator 1306, an RF module 1307, and an antenna 1308. Speech encoder 1304, channel encoder 1305, modulator 1306, RF module 1307, and antenna 1308 are respectively analogous to speech encoder 104, channel encoder 105, modulator 106, RF module 107, and antenna 108 discussed with reference to transmit path 100 of FIG. 1A and thus their operation will not be discussed in detail below.
For illustrative purposes and not limitation, transmit path 1300 is described in an embodiment in which noise suppressor 1307 is not present. In this example embodiment, VAD 1320 receives the first audio signal and second audio signal output by first microphone 201 and the second microphone 202, respectively. VAD 1320 uses both the first audio signal output by the first microphone 201 and the second audio signal output by second microphone 202 to provide detection of voice activity in the first audio signal. VAD 1320 sends an indication signal to speech encoder 1304 indicating which time intervals of the first audio signal include a voice component. The details of the function of VAD 1320 are described with reference to FIG. 14.
FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart 1400 of a method for processing audio signals in a wireless telephone having a first and a second microphone, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This method is used to detect time intervals in which an audio signal output by the first microphone includes a voice component.
The method of flowchart 1400 begins at step 1410, in which first microphone 201 outputs a first audio signal the includes a voice component and a background noise component. In step 1420, second microphone 202 outputs a second audio signal that includes a voice component and a background noise component.
FIG. 15 shows exemplary plots of the first and second audio signals output by first and second microphones 201 and 202, respectively. Plot 1500 is a representation of the first audio signal output by first microphone 201. The audio signal shown in plot 1500 includes a voice component 1510 and a background noise component 1520. The audio signal shown in plot 1550 is a representation of the second audio signal output by second microphone 202. Plot 1550 also includes a voice component 1560 and a background noise component 1570. As discussed above, since first microphone 201 is preferably closer to a user's mouth during regular use than second microphone 202, the amplitude of voice component 1510 is greater than the amplitude of voice component 1560. Conversely, the amplitude of background noise component 1570 is greater than the amplitude of background noise component 1520.
As shown in step 1430 of flowchart. 1400, VAD 1320, based on the content of the first audio signal (plot 1500) and the second audio signal (plot 1550), detects time intervals in which voice component 1510 is present in the first audio signal. By using the second audio signal in addition to the first audio signal to detect voice activity in the first audio signal, VAD 1320 achieves improved voice activity detection as compared to VAD technology that only monitors one audio signal. That is, the additional information coming from the second audio signal, which includes mostly background noise component 1570, helps VAD 1320 better differentiate what in the first audio signal constitutes the voice component, thereby helping VAD 1320 achieve improved performance.
As an example, according to an embodiment of the present invention, in addition to all the other signal features that a conventional single-microphone VAD normally monitors, VAD 1320 can also monitor the energy ratio or average magnitude ratio between the first audio signal and the second audio signal to help it better detect voice activity in the first audio signal. This possibility is readily evident by comparing first audio signal 1500 and second audio signal 1550 in FIG. 15. For audio signals 1500 and 1550 shown in FIG. 15, the energy of first audio signal 1500 is greater than the energy of second audio signal 1550 during talk spurt (active speech). On the other hand, during the gaps between talk spurts (i.e. background noise only regions), the opposite is true. Thus, the energy ratio of the first audio signal over the second audio signal goes from a high value during talk spurts to a low value during the gaps between talk spurts. This change of energy ratio provides a valuable clue about voice activity in the first audio signal. This valuable clue is not available if only a single microphone is used to obtain the first audio signal. It is only available through the use of two microphones, and VAD 1320 can use this energy ratio to improve its accuracy of voice activity detection.
VI. Alternative Embodiments of the Present Invention
In an example alternative embodiment (not shown), signal processor 420 includes both a background noise cancellation module and a noise suppressor. In this embodiment, the background noise cancellation module cancels at least a portion of a background noise component included in the first audio signal based on the content of the second audio signal to produce a third audio signal. Then the noise suppressor receives the second and third audio signals and suppresses at least a portion of a residual background noise component present in the third audio signal based on the content of the second audio signal and the third audio signal, in like manner to that described above. The noise suppressor then provides a fourth audio signal to the remaining components and/or processing steps, as described above.
In another alternative example embodiment, a transmit path having a first and second microphone can include a signal processor (similar to signal processor 420) and a VAD (similar to VAD 1320). A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a signal processor can precede a VAD in a transmit path, or vice versa. In addition, a signal processor and a VAD can process the outputs of the two microphones contemporaneously. For illustrative purposes, and not limitation, an embodiment in which a signal processor precedes a VAD in a transmit path having two microphones is described in more detail below.
In this illustrative embodiment, a signal processor increases a ratio of a voice component to a background noise component of a first audio signal based on the content of at least one of the first audio signal and a second audio signal to produce a third audio signal (similar to the function of signal processor 420 described in detail above). The third audio signal is then received by a VAD. The VAD also receives a second audio signal output by a second microphone (e.g., second microphone 202). In a similar manner to that described in detail above, the VAD detects time intervals in which a voice component is present in the third signal based on the content of the second audio signal and the third audio signal.
In a still further embodiment, a VAD can precede a noise suppressor, in a transmit path having two microphones. In this embodiment, the VAD receives a first audio signal and a second audio signal output by a first microphone and a second microphone, respectively, to detect time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio signal based on the content of the first and second audio signals, in like manner to that described above. The noise suppressor receives the first and second audio signals and suppresses a background noise component in the first audio signal based on the content of the first audio signal and the second audio signal, in like manner to that described above.
VII. Embodiments Implementing Uni-Directional Microphones
At least one of the microphones used in exemplary wireless telephone 200 can be a uni-directional microphone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As will be described in more detail below, a uni-directional microphone is a microphone that is most sensitive to sound waves originating from a particular direction (e.g., sound waves coming from directly in front of the microphone). Some of the information provided below concerning uni-directional and omni-directional microphones was found on the following website: <http://www.audio-technica.com/using/mphones/guide/pattern.html>.
Persons skilled in the relevant art(s) will appreciate that microphones are often identified by their directional properties that is, how well the microphones pick up sound from various directions. Omni-directional microphones pick up sound from just about every direction equally. Thus, omni-directional microphones work substantially the same pointed away from a subject as pointed toward it, if the distances are equal. FIG. 16 illustrates a polar pattern 1600 of an omni-directional microphone. A polar pattern is a round plot that illustrates the sensitivity of a microphone in decibels (dB) as it rotates in front of a fixed sound source. Polar patterns, which are also referred to in the art as "pickup patterns" or "directional patterns," are well-known graphical aids for illustrating the directional properties of a microphone. As shown by polar pattern 1600 of FIG. 16, an omni-directional microphone picks up sounds equally in all directions.
In contrast to omni-directional microphones, uni-directional microphones are specially designed to respond best to sound originating from a particular direction while tending to reject sound that arrives from other directions. This directional ability is typically implemented through the use of external openings and internal passages in the microphone that allow sound to reach both sides of the diaphragm in a carefully controlled way. Thus, in an example uni-directional microphone, sound arriving from the front of the microphone will aid diaphragm motion, while sound arriving from the side or rear will cancel diaphragm motion.
Exemplary types of uni-directional microphones include but are not limited to subcardioid, cardioid, hypercardioid, and line microphones. Polar patterns for example microphones of each of these types are provided in FIG. 17 (subcardioid), FIG. 18 (cardioid), FIG. 19 (hypercardioid) and FIG. 20 (line). Each of these figures shows the acceptance angle and null(s) for each microphone. The acceptance angle is the maximum angle within which a microphone may be expected to offer uniform sensitivity. Acceptance angles may vary with frequency; however, high-quality microphones have polar patterns which change very little when plotted at different frequencies. A null defines the angle at which a microphone exhibits minimum sensitivity to incoming sounds.
FIG. 17 shows an exemplary polar pattern 1700 for a subcardioid microphone. The acceptance angle for polar pattern 1700 spans 170-degrees, measured in a counterclockwise fashion from line 1705 to line 1708. The null for polar pattern 1700 is not located at a particular point, but spans a range of angles—i.e., from line 1718 to line 1730. Lines 1718 and 1730 are at 100-degrees from upward-pointing vertical axis 1710, as measured in a counterclockwise and clockwise fashion, respectively. Hence, the null for polar pattern 1700 spans 160-degrees from line 1718 to line 1730, measured in a counterclockwise fashion.
FIG. 18 shows an exemplary polar pattern 1800 for a cardioid microphone. The acceptance angle for polar pattern 1800 spans 120-degrees, measured in a counterclockwise fashion from line 1805 to line 1808. Polar pattern 1800 has a single null 1860 located 180-degrees from upward-pointing vertical axis 1810.
FIG. 19 shows an exemplary polar pattern 1900 for a hypercardioid microphone. The acceptance angle for polar pattern 1900 spans 100-degrees, measured in a counterclockwise fashion from line 1905 to line 1908. Polar pattern 1900 has a first null 1920 and a second null 1930. First null 1920 and second null 1930 are each 110-degrees from upward-pointing vertical axis 1910, as measured in a counterclockwise and clockwise fashion, respectively.
FIG. 20 shows an exemplary polar pattern 2000 for a line microphone. The acceptance angle for polar pattern 2000 spans 90-degrees, measured in a counterclockwise fashion from line 2005 to line 2008. Polar pattern 2000 has a first null 2020 and a second null 2030. First null 2020 and second null 2030 are each 120-degrees from upward-pointing vertical axis 2010, as measured in a counterclockwise and clockwise fashion, respectively.
A uni-directional microphone's ability to reject much of the sound that arrives from off-axis provides a greater working distance or "distance factor" than an omni-directional microphone. Table 1, below, sets forth the acceptance angle, null, and distance factor (DF) for exemplary microphones of differing types. As Table 1 shows, the DF for an exemplary cardioid microphone is 1.7 while the DF for an exemplary omni-directional microphone is 1.0. This means that if an omni-directional microphone is used in a uniformly noisy environment to pick up a desired sound that is 10 feet away, a cardioid microphone used at 17 feet away from the sound source should provide the same results in terms of the ratio of desired signal to ambient noise. Among the other exemplary microphone types listed in Table 1, the subcardioid microphone performs equally well at 12 feet, the hypercardioid at 20 feet, and the line at 25 feet.
TABLE 1 Properties of Exemplary Microphones of Differing Types Omni- Hyper- directional Subcardioid Cardioid cardioid Line Acceptance Angle — 170° 120° 100° 90° Null None 100° 180° 110° 120° Distance 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.5 Factor (DF)
VIII. Microphone Arrays
A wireless telephone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can include at least one microphone array. As will be described in more detail below, a microphone array includes a plurality of microphones that are coupled to a digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP can be configured to adaptively combined the audio signals output by the microphones in the microphone array to effectively adjust the sensitivity of the microphone array to pick up sound waves originating from a particular direction. Some of the information provided below on microphone arrays was found on the following website: <http://www.idiap.ch/˜mccowan/arrays/tutorial.pdf>.
In a similar manner to uni-directional microphones, a microphone array can be used to enhance the pick up of sound originating from a particular direction, while tending to reject sound that arrives from other directions. Like uni-directional microphones, the sensitivity of a microphone array can be represented by a polar pattern or a directivity pattern. However, unlike uni-directional microphones, the direction in which a microphone array is most sensitive is not fixed. Rather, it can be dynamically adjusted. That is, the orientation of the main lobe of a polar pattern or directivity pattern of a microphone array can be dynamically adjusted.
A. Background on Microphone Arrays
FIG. 21 is a representation of an example microphone array 2100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Microphone array 2100 includes a plurality of microphones 2101, a plurality of A/D converters 2103 and a digital signal processor (DSP) 2105. Microphones 2101 function to convert a sound wave impinging thereon into audio output signals, in like manner to conventional microphones. A/D converters 2103 receive the analog audio output signals from microphones 2101 and convert these signals to digital form in a manner well-known in the relevant art(s). DSP 2105 receives and combines the digital signals from A/D converters 2103 in a manner to be described below.
Also included in FIG. 21 are characteristic dimensions of microphone array 2100. In an embodiment, microphones 2101 in microphone array 2100 are approximately evenly spaced apart by a distance d. The distance between the first and last microphone in microphone array 2100 is designated as L. The following relationship is satisfied by characteristic dimensions L and d:
L=(N−1)d, Eq. (1)
where N is the number of microphones in the array.
Characteristic dimensions d and/or L impact the response of microphone array 2100. More particularly, the ratio of the total length of microphones 2101 to the wavelength of the impinging sound (i.e., L/λ) affects the response of microphone array 2100. For example, FIGS. 22A-D show the polar patterns of a microphone array having different values of L/λ, demonstrating the impact that this ratio has on the microphone array's response.
As can be seen from FIGS. 22A-D, similar to uni-directional microphones, a microphone array has directional properties. In other words, the response of a microphone array to a particular sound source is dependent on the direction of arrival (DOA) of the sound waves emanating from the sound source in relation to the microphone array. The DOA of a sound wave can be understood by referring to FIG. 21. In FIG. 21, sound waves emanating from a sound source are approximated (using the far-field approximation described below) by a set of parallel wavefronts 2110 that propagate toward microphone array 2100 in a direction indicated by arrow 2115. The DOA of parallel wavefronts 2110 can be defined as an angle φ that arrow 2115 makes with the axis along which microphones 2101 lie, as shown in the figure.
In addition to the DOA of a sound wave, the response of a microphone array is affected by the distance a sound source is from the array. Sound waves impinging upon a microphone array can be classified according to a distance, r, these sound waves traveled in relation to the characteristic dimension L and the wavelength of the sound λ. In particular, if r is greater than 2L2/λ, then the sound source is classified as a far-field source and the curvature of the wavefronts of the sound waves impinging upon the microphone array can be neglected. If r is not greater than 2L2/λ, then the sound source is classified as a near-field source and the curvature of the wavefronts can not be neglected.
FIG. 22E shows an exemplary directivity pattern illustrating the response of a microphone array for a near-field source (dotted line) and a far-field source (solid line). In the directivity pattern, the array's response is plotted on the vertical axis and the angular dependence is plotted on the horizontal axis.
In a similar manner to uni-directional microphones, a maximum and a minimum sensitivity angle can be defined for a microphone array. A maximum sensitivity angle of a microphone array is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the microphone array is above a predetermined threshold. A minimum sensitivity angle of a microphone array is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the microphone array is below a predetermined threshold.
B. Examples of Steering a Response of a Microphone Array
As mentioned above, DSP 2105 of microphone array 2100 can be configured to combine the audio output signals received from microphones 2101 (in a manner to be described presently) to effectively steer the directivity pattern of microphone array 2100.
In general, DSP 2105 receives N audio signals and produces a single audio output signal, where again N is the number of microphones in the microphone array 2100. Each of the N audio signals received by DSP 2105 can be multiplied by a weight factor, having a magnitude and phase, to produce N products of audio signals and weight factors. DSP 2105 can then produce a single audio output signal from the collection of received audio signals by summing the N products of audio signals and weight factors.
By modifying the weight factors before summing the products, DSP 2105 can alter the directivity pattern of microphone array 2100. Various techniques, called beamforming techniques, exist for modifying the weight factors in particular ways. For example, by modifying the amplitude of the weight factors before summing, DSP 2105 can modify the shape of a directivity pattern. As another example, by modifying the phase of the weight factors before summing, DSP 2105 can control the angular location of a main lobe of a directivity pattern of microphone array 2100. FIG. 23 illustrates an example in which the directivity pattern of a microphone array is steered by modifying the phases of the weight factors before summing. As can be seen from FIG. 23, in this example, the main lobe of the directivity pattern is shifted by approximately 45 degrees.
As is well-known in the relevant art(s), beamforming techniques can be non-adaptive or adaptive. Non-adaptive beamforming techniques are not dependent on the data. In other words, non-adaptive beamforming techniques apply the same algorithm regardless of the incoming sound waves and resulting audio signals. In contrast, adaptive beamforming techniques are dependent on the data. Accordingly, adaptive beamforming techniques can be used to adaptively determine a DOA of a sound source and effectively steer the main lobe of a directivity pattern of a microphone array in the DOA of the sound source. Example adaptive beamforming techniques include, but are not limited to, Frost's algorithm, linearly constrained minimum variance algorithms, generalized sidelobe canceller algorithms, or the like.
It is to be appreciated that FIG. 21 is shown for illustrative purposes only, and not limitation. For example, microphones 2101 need not be evenly spaced apart. In addition, microphone array 2100 is shown as a one-dimensional array; however two-dimensional arrays are contemplated within the scope of the present invention. As a person having ordinary skill in the art knows, two-dimensional microphone arrays can be used to determine a DOA of a sound source with respect to two distinct dimensions. In contrast, a one-dimensional array can only detect the DOA with respect to one dimension.
IX. Embodiments Implementing Microphone Arrays
In embodiments to be described below, microphone 201 and/or microphone 202 of wireless telephone 200 (FIGS. 2 and 3) can be replaced with a microphone array, similar to microphone array 2100 shown in FIG. 21.
FIG. 24 is an example transmit path 2400 of a wireless telephone implemented with a first microphone array 201′ and a second microphone array 202′. First microphone array 201′ and second microphone array 202′ function in like manner to exemplary microphone array 2100 (FIG. 21) described above. In particular, microphones 2401 a-n and 2411 a-n function to convert sound waves impinging thereon into audio signals. A/D converters 2402 a-n and 2412 a-n function to convert the analog audio signals received from microphones 2401 a-n and 2411 a-n, respectively, into digital audio signals. DSP 2405 receives the digital audio signals from A/D converters 2402 a-n and combines them to produce a first audio output signal that is sent to signal processor 420′. Similarly, DSP 2415 receives the digital audio signals from A/D converters 2412 a-n and combines them to produce a second audio output signal that is sent to signal processor 420′.
The remaining components in transmit path 2400 (namely, signal processor 420′, speech encoder 404′, channel encoder 405′, modulator 406′, RF module 407′ and antenna 408′) function in substantially the same manner as the corresponding components discussed with reference to FIG. 4. Accordingly, the functionality of the remaining components is not discussed further.
In an embodiment of the present invention, DSP 2405, using adaptive beamforming techniques, determines a DOA of a voice of a user of a wireless telephone based on the digital audio signals received from A/D converters 2402 a-n. DSP 2405 then adaptively combines the digital audio signals to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of microphone array 201′ so that the mouth of the user is within the maximum sensitivity angle. In this way, the single audio signal output by DSP 2405 will tend to include a cleaner version of the user's voice, as compared to an audio signal output from a single microphone (e.g., microphone 201). The audio signal output by DSP 2405 is then received by signal processor 420′ and processed in like manner to the audio signal output by microphone 201 (FIG. 4), which is described in detail above.
In another embodiment of the present invention, DSP 2415 receives the digital audio signals from A/D converters 2412 a-n and, using adaptive beamforming techniques, determines a DOA of a voice of a user of the wireless telephone based on the digital audio signals. DSP 2415 then adaptively combines the digital audio signals to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of microphone array 202′ so that the mouth of the user is within the minimum sensitivity angle. In this way, the single audio signal output by DSP 2415 will tend to not include the user's voice; hence the output of DSP 2415 will tend to include a purer version of background noise, as compared to an audio signal output from a single microphone (e.g., microphone 202). The audio signal output by DSP 2415 is then received by signal processor 420′ and processed in like manner to the audio signal output by microphone 202 (FIG. 4), which is described in detail above.
In most situations background noise is non-directional—it is substantially the same in all directions. However, in some situations a single noise source (e.g., a jackhammer or ambulance) accounts for a majority of the background noise. In these situations, the background noise is highly directional. In an embodiment of the invention, DSP 2405 is configured to determine a DOA of a highly directional background noise source. DSP 2405 is further configured to adaptively combine the digital audio signals to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of microphone array 201′ so that the highly directional background noise source is within the minimum sensitivity angle. In this way, microphone array 201′ will tend to reject sound originating from the DOA of the highly directional background noise source. Hence, microphone array 201′ will consequently pick up a purer version of a user's voice, as compared to a single microphone (e.g., microphone 201).
In another embodiment, DSP 2415 is configured to determine a DOA of a highly directional background noise source. DSP 2415 is further configured to adaptively combine the digital audio signals from A/D converters 2412 a-n to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of microphone array 202′ so that the highly directional background noise source is within the maximum sensitivity angle. In this way, microphone array 202′ will tend to pick-up sound originating from the DOA of the highly directional background noise source. Hence, microphone array 202′ will consequently pick up a purer version of the highly directional background noise, as compared to a single microphone (e.g., microphone 202).
In a further embodiment (not shown), a wireless telephone includes a first and second microphone array and a VAD. In this embodiment, a DSP is configured to determine a DOA of a highly directional background noise and a DOA of a user's voice. In addition, in a similar fashion to that described above, the VAD detects time intervals in which a voice component is present in the audio signal output by the first microphone array. During time intervals in which a voice signal is present in the audio signal output from the first microphone array, a DSP associated with the second microphone array adaptively steers a minimum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the mouth of the user is within the minimum sensitivity angle. During time intervals in which a voice signal is not present in the audio signal output from the first microphone array, a DSP associated with the second microphone array adaptively steers a maximum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the highly directional background noise source is within the maximum sensitivity angle. In other words, the second microphone array, with the help of the VAD, adaptively switches between the following: (i) rejecting the user's voice during time intervals in which the user is talking; and (ii) preferentially picking up a highly directional background noise sound during time intervals in which the user is not talking. In this way, the second microphone array can pick up a purer version of background noise as compared to a single microphone.
It is to be appreciated that the embodiments described above are meant for illustrative purposes only, and not limitation. In particular, it is to be appreciated that the term "digital signal processor," "signal processor" or "DSP" used above and below can mean a single DSP, multiple DSPs, a single DSP algorithm, multiple DSP algorithms, or combinations thereof. For example, DSP 2405, DSP 2415 and/or signal processor 420′ (FIG. 24) can represent different DSP algorithms that function within a single DSP. Additionally or alternatively, various combinations of DSP 2405, DSP 2415 and/or signal processor 420′ can be implemented in a single DSP or multiple DSPs as is known by a person skilled in the relevant art(s).
X. Conclusion
A wireless telephone implemented with at least one microphone array has been disclosed. Specific reference to a wireless telephone having at least one microphone array was presented for illustrative purposes only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that other types of telephones (e.g., corded telephones, corded telephone headsets, and/or BLUETOOTH™ telephone headsets.) can be implemented with at least one microphone array and at least one DSP as describe herein. The DSP can be housed in the headset or the handset of the telephone. It is to be appreciated that these other types of telephones and/or headsets implemented with at least one microphone array and at least one DSP are within the scope of the present invention.
With regard to the example of a headset telephones, a first microphone array can be mounted on the headset and a second microphone array can be mounted on a handset of the telephone. Alternatively, the second microphone array can be mounted on the headset of the telephone. In either example, the second microphone array can be mounted on the telephone in like manner to either microphone array 201′ or microphone array 202′ of wireless telephone 200.
As another example, a BLUETOOTH™ wireless telephone headset can have a first microphone array mounted at the tip of its microphone boom close to the mouth of a user and a second microphone array mounted at its base, which is supported near one of the user's ears by a hook over the ear lobe.
The specifications and the drawings used in the foregoing description were meant for exemplary purposes only, and not limitation. It is intended that the full scope and spirit of the present invention be determined by the claims that follow.
1. A wireless telephone, comprising:
a first array of microphones, each microphone in the first array of microphones configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto;
a first digital signal processor (DSP) coupled to the first array of microphones, the first DSP configured to receive the audio signals from the first array of microphones and to detect a direction of arrival (DOA) of a sound wave emanating from a background noise source based on the audio signals and to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the first microphone array so that the background noise source is within the minimum sensitivity angle so as to produce a first audio output signal, wherein the minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the first microphone array is below a predetermined threshold;
a second array of microphones, each microphone in the second array of microphones configured to receive sound waves emanating from the surrounding environment and to generate an audio signal corresponding thereto;
a second DSP coupled to the second array of microphones, the second DSP configured to receive the audio signals from the second array of microphones and to detect a DOA of the sound wave emanating from the background noise source based on the audio signals and to adaptively combine the audio signals based on the DOA to produce a second audio output signal; and
a voice activity detector (VAD) that receives the first and second audio output signals and detects time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal based on the content of the first audio output signal and the second audio output signal,
wherein the second DSP is further configured to detect a DOA of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user and to dynamically switch between one of
(i) adaptively combining the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA of the sound wave emanating from the mouth of the user to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the mouth of the user is within the minimum sensitivity angle during time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal, wherein the minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is below a predetermined threshold, and
(ii) adaptively combining the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA of the background noise source to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the background noise source is within the maximum sensitivity angle during time intervals in which a voice component is not present in the first audio output signal, wherein the maximum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is above a predetermined threshold.
2. A method for processing audio signals in a wireless telephone comprising:
(a) outputting an audio signal from each microphone in a first microphone array;
(b) detecting a direction of arrival (DOA) of a sound wave emanating from a background noise source based on the audio signals;
(c) adaptively combining the audio signals based on the DOA to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the first microphone array so that the background noise source is within the minimum sensitivity angle so as to produce a first audio output signal, wherein the minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the first microphone is below a predetermined threshold;
(d) outputting an audio signal from each microphone in a second microphone array;
(e) adaptively combining the audio signals from the microphones in the second microphone array based on the DOA to produce a second audio output signal;
(f) detecting time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal based on the content of the first audio output signal and the second audio output signal; and
(g) detecting a DOA of a sound wave emanating from the mouth of a user; and
(h) dynamically switching between one of
(1) adaptively combining the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA of the sound wave emanating from the mouth of the user to effectively steer a minimum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the mouth of the user is within the minimum sensitivity angle during time intervals in which a voice component is present in the first audio output signal, wherein the minimum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is below a predetermined threshold, and
(2) adaptively combining the audio signals from the second array of microphones based on the DOA of the background noise source to effectively steer a maximum sensitivity angle of the second microphone array so that the background noise source is within the maximum sensitivity angle during time intervals in which a voice component is not present in the first audio output signal, wherein the maximum sensitivity angle is defined as an angle within which a sensitivity of the second microphone array is above a predetermined threshold.
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