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Chapter 3 : Phylogenetic and Biochemical Diversity among Acidophilic Bacteria That Respire on Iron
Authors: Robert Blake1, D. Barrie Johnson2
Affiliations: 1: College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA 70125; 2: School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
Category: Environmental Microbiology
Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555818098.ch3
Phylogenetic and Biochemical Diversity among Acidophilic Bacteria That Respire on Iron, Page 1 of 2
It is clear that iron metabolizing acidophilic microorganisms comprise a diverse range of prokaryotes that vary considerably in aspects of their physiologies, phylogenies, and biochemistries. Acidophilic ferrous iron-oxidizing prokaryotes have frequently been categorized on the basis of their temperature optima for growth. Three groups have been described: mesophilic iron oxidizers, which have temperature optima of ca. 25 to 37°C, thermotolerant iron oxidizers, which have temperature optima of ca. 40 to 60°C, and thermophilic iron oxidizers, which have temperature optima of >60°C. An immediate and striking feature of cell extracts derived from bacteria grown by aerobic respiration on iron is the rich and varied color of the extracted material. Thus, cell-free extracts of T. ferrooxidans, "L. ferrooxidans" and S. thermosulfidooxidans are deep blue, red, and bright yellow, respectively. These colors correspond to the conspicuous redox-active biomolecules expressed by each organism as it respires aerobically on ferrous ions. The extent of the apparent diversity in iron respiratory chains and their components is not limited to just the novel chromophores. The comparative spectroscopic analyses summarized are intended to provide an overview of the most conspicuous components of the respiratory chains involved in iron oxidation as the first step in a more detailed investigation of the oxidation process in the different bacteria. The existence of multiple biochemical strategies to extract energy from the aerobic oxidation of iron provides more opportunities to investigate the molecular basis of energy conservation in these bacteria.
Citation: Blake R, Johnson D. 2000. Phylogenetic and Biochemical Diversity among Acidophilic Bacteria That Respire on Iron, p 53-78. In Lovley D (ed), Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818098.ch3
Phylogenetic and Biochemical Diversity among Acidophilic Bacteria That Respire on Iron
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Phylogenetic tree based on a comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences, showing the distribution on iron-metabolizing prokaryotes in the domains Archaea and Bacteria. With the exceptions of Acidiphilium acidophilum and Acidiphilium strain SJH, which catalyze the dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron, all the micro-organisms shown are iron-oxidizing prokaryotes.
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Scanning electron micrographs of some iron-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria, (a) T. ferrooxidans; (b) "L. ferrooxidans-": (c) "F. acidophilus"; (d) S. acidophilus; (e) A. ferrooxidans; and (f) a mesophilic Sulfobacillus sp. (geothermal spring, Montserrat). Bars, 1 μm.
Absorbance spectra of oxidized (solid line) and reduced (dashed line) rusticyanin from T. ferrooxidans. The absorbance spectrum of the reduced rusticyanin was determined 10 min after the sample of oxidized rusticyanin was mixed with excess ferrous sulfate.
Absorbance spectra of oxidized (solid line) and reduced (dashed line) cell extracts from T. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 (A), strain JWC (B), and 7: prosperus DSM 5130 (Ñ). Each inset shows a difference spectrum in the far-visible region that represents the absolute spectrum of the oxidized extract minus that of the Fe(II)-reduced extract.
Absorbance spectra of oxidized (dashed line) and reduced (solid line) red cytochrome from "L. ferrooxidans" The inset shows a difference spectrum representing the absolute spectrum of the Fe(II)-reduced red cytochrome minus that of the oxidized red cytochrome.
Absorbance spectra of oxidized (solid line) and reduced (dashed line) yellow chromophore from 5. thermosulfidooxidans. The inset shows a difference spectrum representing the absolute spectrum of the oxidized yellow chromophore minus that of the Fe(II)-reduced yellow chromophore.
Absorbance spectra of oxidized (dashed line) and reduced (solid line) yellow cytochrome from M. sedula. The inset shows a difference spectrum representing the absolute spectrum of the Fe(II)-reduced yellow cytochrome minus that of the oxidized yellow cytochrome.
Absorbance spectra of the reduced cell extracts from strain JW14C (solid line), "L. ferrooxidans" P3A (dashed line), and M. sedula DSM 5348 (dot-dashed line). The left and right halves represent the Soret and alpha absorbance bands, respectively, of each cytochrome preparation, showing the wavelengths of maximum absorbance of each spectrum.
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Acidophilic microorganisms that respire on iron
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Kinetic data relating to ferrous iron oxidation by acidophilic microorganisms a
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