In a 1954­ interview Jean Renoir said of Hollywood: "Don't go thinking that I despise "B" pictures; in general I like them better than big, pretentious psychological films they're much more fun. When I happen to go to the movies in America, I go see 'B' pictures. First of all, they are an expression of the great technical quality of Hollywood. Because, to make a good western in a week, the way they do at Monogram, starting Monday and finishing Saturday, believe me, that requires extraordinary technical ability; and detective stories are done with the same speed. I also think that "B" pictures are often better than important films because they are made so fast that the filmmaker obviously has total freedom; they don't have time to watch over him."
Raymond Chandler in 1948 in an acid essay on the Oscars, and 20 years before Pauline Kael wrote 'Trash, Art, and the Movies', framed his critique by saying of the motion picture "that its transitions can be more eloquent than its high-lit scenes, and that its dissolves and camera movements, which cannot be censored, are often far more emotionally effective than its plots, which can." Though he didn't spell it out it, Chandler was clearly highlighting the artistic choices made by the director of a film. Not until the 1950s did the enfants terribles of Le Cahiers du Cinema develop the insights broached by Chandler.
American film academic and writer Justus Nieland in a piece foreshadowing tonight's Oscars titled 'Auteurism and the Genius of the Market' and published last week in The New York Times, writes:
"This logic of aesthetic judgment, in which films and their directors mutually ratify each other's greatness has, of course, auteurist roots. The word persists today because a group of film critics in the 1950s hashed out a "politique des auteurs" that discerned, among the industrial products of American mass culture, signatures of a presiding, singular artist like Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, Fritz Lang or Nicholas Ray, among others. This Romantic view of expression, with its abiding myths of freedom, style and personality, sought to solve the problem of how industrially produced and distributed mass entertainment might also be art. But auteurism was also a category of reception, allowing cinephiles to sift and sort, and value and hierarchize, the films and directors to which they had access. In France and elsewhere in the 1950s, that meant seeing Hollywood cinema as a cultural sign of the economic and political power of the U.S… If the Oscars are important, then the best director award is the most important not just because it rewards the work of gifted nominees (and this year's are an estimable bunch), but because the name of the director remains, for better and worse, contemporary film culture's way of organizing knowledge about film artistry and its relation to markets and consumers. This says as much about what persists in our fantasies of aesthetic agency as it does about the strategies of the corporate present that shape, and limit, our power to discern the best."
Hollywood 'B' movies of the 40s and 50s were production line 'filler'. But for the reasons identified by Renoir and Chandler, and despite being made quickly and on the cheap, they sometimes transcended their humble aims and by virtue of the craft and artistry (of mostly journeymen film-makers) made a claim to being considered as art.
One such 'B' movie is The Killer is Loose made in 1956 by United Artists and directed by Budd Boetticher, who after completing this film went on to make six cult Westerns that established his auteur status. The Killer is Loose is not a great movie nor is it even particularly good. The plot is by this late stage of the classic noir cycle more of the same police procedural that noir largely devolved into as the War years receded. A gormless war veteran working as a bank teller provides inside information for a heist, and when cornered by police in his apartment and his innocent wife is accidently shot dead by a police detective in the shootout that ensues, he swears vengeance on the wife of the cop. After a couple of years he escapes from detention and heads onto a bloody path to the cop's wife. The climax is a stakeout at night in suburbia. Strong performances from Wendell Corey as the disturbed killer and Joseph Cotton as the cop, and Rhonda Fleming as the hapless wife, don't quite overcome the inertia of the scenario and plot-holes that most likely derive from keeping the running time to 73 minutes. The score is dramatic in the wrong places, better dialog is not hard to find, and the ending is predictable. What unshackles the movie is the consummate direction and editing. Deep focus outside and long fluid takes inside. The climax is a master-class in editing for suspense. Even daylight scenes have a tension that subverts otherwise normal life in the suburbs. A journey on a crowded brightly lit bus at night holds a palpable existential terror.
In November last year The New Yorker film critic Richard Brody named the recent archive release of the The Killer is Loose his DVD of the Week, writing that "Boetticher… saw violence everywhere and was sensitive to its ambient horrors, even when unleashed with principle. This movie, with its focus on crime and punishment—and on the private lives of police officers and criminals alike—redefines the very idea of the war at home." Brody's video review of The Killer is Loose is featured below.
Interview with Jean Renoir
Raymond Chandler: Oscar Night in Hollywood 1948
Justus Nieland: Auteurism and the Genius of the Market
Richard Brody: DVD of the Week: "The Killers is Loose"
Author Tony D'AmbraPosted on March 3, 2014 July 15, 2019 Categories Articles, Directors, Films, LobbyTags b-movie, fim noir
2 thoughts on "The Oscars, Jean Renoir, Raymond Chandler, Auteurism, and Budd Boetticher's The Killer is Loose (1956)"
I haven't yet seen THE KILLER IS LOOSE Tony, but I certainly will track it down as soon as I can. I did read Renoir's celebrated analysis, and am thrilled to see it incorporated into this splendid and provocative post. Yes, B movies did very often "transcend their humble aims" and pictures like DETOUR, D.O.A. and a modest 1950's B movie called INVASION OF THE BODY SNATCHERS (ha!) eclipsed the front-liners they were often paired with. Obviously there are so many other examples. And it makes perfect sense. Without any artistic aspirations or expectations the artists can forge their own path with daring and originality. Renoir (and Chandler) well knew what they were talking about.
Tony D'Ambra says:
Thanks Sam. The Chandler piece is very relevant in many ways. I will add links to the references to the post for those who are interested. The MGM Limited Collection DVD is available from Amazon at http://www.amazon.com/The-Killer-Loose-Joseph-Cotton/dp/B0052SO06A.
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