Tag: utopia
May 17, 2019 May 15, 2019 Kevin Rhodes Religion, Utopia/Dystopia
Selling Utopia
We've been looking at journalist and social commentator Chris Hedges' belief that secular and religious fundamentalists are out of touch with "sin that clings so closely" (Hebrews 12: 1), which explains why their utopian visions sour into dystopias. The same dynamic infects how they evangelize their utopias: the pitch starts out hopeful and uplifting, but their missionary methods inevitably degenerate.
According to his website, high-tech superstar Guy Kawasaki "did not invent secular evangelism, but he popularized it." Robert Katai has also made a career of brand evangelism. He describes what he does by quoting a seminal Bible passage re: Christian evangelism:
And He said to them,
"Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature."
But it's not just about getting out there and telling people, he says:
"For some people 'evangelism marketing' means a combination of jobs from marketing, social media, PR, customer service, sales, etc. Of course, they could be right, but the reality is that having a role of 'evangelist' doesn't stop at 8-10-12 hours of work. We could instead say that 'Evangelist' is more than a job, it's simply a lifestyle."
I.e., you don't peddle utopia, you own it, become it, make it your lifestyle, your world. As a new recruit, you take your cues from your beatified leader — the utopia's original evangelist. And why wouldn't you become an evangelist for the cause? Utopia is good news, so why not share it? Besides, neuro-psychological research says sharing good news is good for you. [1]
The pitch for both secular and religious utopia is remarkably the same. Here's a distillation:
We've lost our way. Things used to be perfect, but right now they aren't, and neither are we. Something happened to us. We fell. We lost our way. We were duped. We're falling short, missing the mark.
BUT the good news is, we can get it back. We can reclaim and restore what we've lost. We need to stop doing what we've been doing and go back to our origins — where we came from, what we began with, the ideals we were divinely endowed with, what we were destined for before we lost our way and let THEM take it away from us.
None of us can do this alone. It takes commitment, loyalty, and faith. We need to believe, we need to band together, and we need to get to work. There is a way back, things can get better — like they used to be, like they were intended to be — and we can get there together.
And so it goes. Any of that sound familiar?
What the pitch doesn't mention is that the path to restoring perfection is backed up by a human institution seeded with the flaws of human nature. To join the cause means to become part of a community of like-minded believers and a supportive leadership and social structure designed to keep members in step and on track. As an institution grows, leadership power and the mandate of conformity increase as individual self-efficacy decreases. The institution and its ideals sweep along, gathering momentum through the sheer weight and inertia of neuro-cultural evolution. The institution's cultural icons become sacred as the individual becomes more subservient and duty-bound. Authority figures at first offer mostly the carrot — incentivize, encourage, reward — but increasingly use the stick as well — chastise, shame, punish. Zeal that's out of touch with its own fallibility is a set up for a slide down moral failure, bureaucratic corruption, abuse and brutality, until war — terror, torturing, maiming, murdering — is part of the package and the transition into dystopia is complete.
These dynamics apply to any offered utopia, whether secular or religious, and to the institutions that support it, whether religious, political, national, or otherwise. None of that makes it into the evangelizing sales pitch. And despite encyclopedic historical evidence and first-hand eyewitness experience, we keep responding to evangelists' utopian altar calls:
We are like sheep without a shepherd
We don't know how to be alone
So we wander 'round this desert
And wind up following the wrong gods home
But the flock cries out for another
And they keep answering that bell
And one more starry-eyed messiah
Meets a violent farewell-.
Coming up: We talked about cultural conflict before. The ultimate cultural conflict is war. Now that the topic has come up again in the context of this examination of fundamentalism, we'll look next at war as a cultural institution..
[1] See this article about sharing good grades, and this one, about sharing on social media.
May 10, 2019 May 15, 2019 Kevin Rhodes Atheism, Religion, Utopia/Dystopia
The Dark Side of Perfection
Photo by Krzysztof Niewolny on Unsplash
"The Enlightenment was a curse and a blessing." Chris Hedges writes in I Don't Believe in Atheists,
"Its proponents championed human dignity and condemned tyranny, superstition, ignorance and injustice.
"But there was a dark side to the Enlightenment. Philosophers insisted that the universe and human nature could be understood and controlled by the rational mind. The human species, elevated above animals because it possessed the capacity to reason, would break free of its animal nature and, through reason, understand itself and the world. It would make wise and informed decisions for the betterment of humanity.
"The disparity between the rational person and the instinctive, irrational person, these philosophers argued, would be solved through education and knowledge."
Sounds exalted, but we know better. Neuro-psychology — including Nobel-prize winning research in behavioral economics[1] –shows that we rarely reason our way to informed decisions. Instead, we rationalize our choices and behaviors after the fact to ensure that they line up with what we were individually and culturally predisposed to decide and do in the first place.
"Rationalization happens in two steps: A decision, action, judgement is made for a given reason, or no (known) reason at all. A rationalization is performed, constructing a seemingly good or logical reason, as an attempt to justify the act after the fact (for oneself or others)."
Then, once we are full of rationalized belief in the rightness, truthfulness, fate, destiny, inevitability, divine initiation of our belief and actions — and therefore ourselves and our place in the world and in history — we believe what we believe to a fault, which makes us capable of all sorts of evil in the name of good.
"If we see ourselves as the culmination of a long, historical process toward perfectibility, rather than a tragic reflection of what went before, then we are likely to think the ends justify the means. …
"Fascists and communists combined violent, revolutionary fervor with the Christian millenarian dream of a heaven on earth. They adopted the pseudoscientific doctrine that it was possible to have complete knowledge and complete mastery of the human species. It was that fusion of utopian violence and industrial and bureaucratic power that marked the birth of totalitarianism."
Once we get rolling on the path to perfection, we can pick up unlikely allies along the way, as has been the case with the radical secular and religious fundamentalists:
"The liberal church also usually buys into the myth that we can morally progress as a species.
"It is this naïve belief in our goodness and decency — this inability to face the dark reality of human nature, our capacity for evil and the morally neutral universe we inhabit — that is the most disturbing aspect of all these belief systems.
"There is nothing in human nature or human history to support the idea that we are morally advancing as a species or that we will overcome the flaws of human nature.
"We are not advancing toward a glorious utopia."
After his unrelenting excoriation of rational and religious fundamentalists and their allies, Hedges identifies one kind of belief system that seems to have opted out of the rush to dystopia.
"An atheist who accepts an irredeemable and flawed human nature, as well as a morally neutral universe, who does not think the world can be perfected by human beings, who is not steeped in cultural arrogance and feelings of superiority … is intellectually honest. These atheists may not like the word sin, but they have accepted its reality. They hold an honored place in a pluralistic and diverse human community.
"Atheists, including those wo brought us the Enlightenment, have often been a beneficial force in the history of human thought and religion. They have forced societies to examine empty religions platitudes and hollow religious concepts. They have courageously challenged the moral hypocrisy of religious institutions. The humanistic values of the Enlightenment were a response to the abuses of organized religion, including the attempts by religious authorities to stifle intellectual and scientific freedom. Religious authorities, bought off by the elite, championed a dogmatism that sanctified the privileges and power of the ruling class. But there were always religious figures who defied their own. Many, such as the philosopher Baruch Spinoza, were branded as heretics and atheists.
"The pain of living has also turned honest and compassionate men and women against God. These atheists do not believe in collective moral progress or science and reason as our ticket to salvation. They are not trying to perfect the human race. Rather, they cannot reconcile human suffering with the concept of God. This is an honest struggle. This disbelief is a form of despair, not self-exaltation."
I found this short and surprising passage the most hopeful and personally affirming in the book.
[1] Richard H. Thaler is an economist at the University of Chicago, and Cass R. Sunstein is a Harvard Law School Professor. Together, they wrote Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2009). See also The Nobel In Economics Rewards A Pioneer Of "Nudges" — Richard Thaler becomes one of very few behavioural economists to receive the discipline's highest honour, The Economist, October 9, 2017 and This Headline Is A Nudge To Get You To Read About Nobel Economist Richard Thaler — Okay, it's not a very good nudge, but his work is really important! Vox, October 9, 2017.
April 26, 2019 May 15, 2019 Kevin Rhodes Religion, Utopia/Dystopia
Dying To Win and the United States of Jihad
This week's post is a digression from this blog's main focus, but I stumbled across two books on terrorism and suicide bombing that expand on some of the themes we looked at last time, and decided to share them for anyone who wants to dig further. Both books are written by authors with impressive credentials, and are spaced a decade apart, which offers a useful comparison of what we knew then and what we know now. Next week we'll return to our discussion of religious and secular fundamentalism and its dangerous roots in utopian visions.
Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, by Robert Pape (2006). This is from the book blurb:
"One of the world's foremost authorities on the subject, Professor Pape has created the first comprehensive database of every suicide terrorist attack in the world from 1980 until today. With striking clarity and precision, Professor Pape uses this unprecedented research to debunk widely held misconceptions about the nature of suicide terrorism and provide a new lens that makes sense of the threat we face.
"FACT: Suicide terrorism is not primarily a product of Islamic fundamentalism.
"FACT: The world's leading practitioners of suicide terrorism are the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka–a secular, Marxist-Leninist group drawn from Hindu families.
"FACT: Ninety-five percent of suicide terrorist attacks occur as part of coherent campaigns organized by large militant organizations with significant public support.
"FACT: Every suicide terrorist campaign has had a clear goal that is secular and political: to compel a modern democracy to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland.
"In this wide-ranging analysis, Professor Pape offers the essential tools to forecast when some groups are likely to resort to suicide terrorism and when they are not. He also provides the first comprehensive demographic profile of modern suicide terrorist attackers. With data from more than 460 such attackers–including the names of 333–we now know that these individuals are not mainly poor, desperate criminals or uneducated religious fanatics but are often well-educated, middle-class political activists.
"More than simply advancing new theory and facts, these pages also answer key questions about the war on terror:
Are we safer now than we were before September 11?
Was the invasion of Iraq a good counterterrorist move?
Is al-Qaeda stronger now than it was before September 11?
"For both policy makers and the general public, Dying to Win transcends speculation with systematic scholarship, making it one of the most important political studies of recent time."
United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists, by Peter Bergen ( 2016). Again, from the book blurb:
"Since 9/11, more than three hundred Americans—born and raised in Minnesota, Alabama, New Jersey, and elsewhere—have been indicted or convicted of terrorism charges. Some have taken the fight abroad: an American was among those who planned the attacks in Mumbai, and more than eighty U.S. citizens have been charged with ISIS-related crimes. Others have acted on American soil, as with the attacks at Fort Hood, the Boston Marathon, and in San Bernardino. What motivates them, how are they trained, and what do we sacrifice in our efforts to track them?
"Paced like a detective story, United States of Jihad tells the entwined stories of the key actors on the American front. Among the perpetrators are Anwar al-Awlaki, the New Mexico-born radical cleric who became the first American citizen killed by a CIA drone and who mentored the Charlie Hebdo shooters; Samir Khan, whose Inspire webzine has rallied terrorists around the world, including the Tsarnaev brothers; and Omar Hammami, an Alabama native and hip hop fan who became a fixture in al Shabaab's propaganda videos until fatally displeasing his superiors.
"Drawing on his extensive network of intelligence contacts, from the National Counterterrorism Center and the FBI to the NYPD, Peter Bergen also offers an inside look at the controversial tactics of the agencies tracking potential terrorists—from infiltrating mosques to massive surveillance; at the bias experienced by innocent observant Muslims at the hands of law enforcement; at the critics and defenders of U.S. policies on terrorism; and at how social media has revolutionized terrorism.
"Lucid and rigorously researched, United States of Jihad is an essential new analysis of the Americans who have embraced militant Islam both here and abroad."
Next week we'll be looking at the fatal flaw that turns utopian dreams into dystopian nightmares.
The Price of Paradise
We looked last week at war correspondent and journalist Chris Hedges' book I Don't Believe in Atheists, in which he argues that the "new atheists" and religious believers share the same flawed fundamentalist zeal for utopia that leads inevitably to dystopia.
That post enjoyed some prescient timing — a new book taking the same position came out about the time I was writing it: The Price of Paradise by Iain Overton, scholar, journalist, Executive Director of Action On Armed Violence, and Expert Member of the Forum on Arms Trade. The latter published a book release interview entitled "Understanding and Beginning to Address Suicide Bombing– An Interview With Iain Overton on "the Price of Paradise," (Apr. 8, 2019) in which Mr. Overton said this:
"The most notable fact – and the reason I wrote the book – has been that of a major shift towards suicide bombing use, especially in the last decade both in terms of attacks and casualties. More than 40% of all people killed by suicide bombers since their first use against the Tsar of Russia in 1881 have happened in the last five years.
"This is in large part because of a major spike in attacks by Salafist jihadists. Such a dark trend has, though, deep historical roots. In the book I argue that ISIS is, effectively, the sum of the parts of previous suicide bomb campaigns. It has elements of the utopianism of the Russia revolutionaries of the 19th century; the militarism of the Japanese kamikaze; the Islamic notion of sacrifice as developed in Iran under the Ayatollah Khomenei; the strategic logic of Lebanese terror groups; the targeting of civilians as seen by Hamas; the cult of the leadership as seen under the Tamil Tigers; and the millenarianism and global conflict as summed up by Al Qaeda.
"In addition to this, though, modern day Salafist jihadist suicide bombers have a profound sense of 'end of days' – a millenarian logic that means, to those bombers, death is loved more than life and their sacrifice is integral to the creation of a glittering Islamic future.
A review in the Evening Standard said this:
"In his sweeping survey of suicide bombings — from the first documented modern suicide bomber, Ignaty Grinevitsky, a revolutionary who murdered Tsar Alexandar II in St Petersburg in 1881, to today's jihadists — veteran journalist and human rights activist Iain Overton sees a vision of utopia as a common thread.
"Despite the different national, ideological and historical contexts of suicide bombers in countries as disparate as Russia, Japan, Iran, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, Syria, America, Europe and beyond, all are driven, we are told, by religious messianism and zealotry. A wish for paradise and an all-consuming religious sentiment unites nearly all of them, including secular revolutionaries, Marxists, insurrectionists and jihadis.
The reviewer wasn't convinced:
"Overton's overarching and parsimonious argument erases core differences in motivation and ideologies between suicide bombers across time and space. Surely, the drivers behind their actions are more complex and multi-varied than a single cause?"
On the other hand, the reviewer commended the book's analysis of what happens when one utopian vision clashes with another — in this case, the impact of the USA's War on Terror:
"Where Overton's book excels is in explaining the consequences of the US's (and Europe's) overreaction to suicide bombers, particularly after 9/11. America's global war on terror was costly in blood and treasure, as well as counterproductive.
"In November 2018 Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs released the Costs of War study in which it was calculated that the US will have spent $5.9 trillion on activities related to the global war on terror from 2001 until October 2019.
"Despite this staggering sum, not to mention that incalculable human cost, the number of jihadist fighters only multiplied in the same period from about 37,000 to 66,000 fighters in 2001 to about 100,000 to 230,000 in 2018 (according to a report by the Washington Center for Strategic and International Studies).
"Overton also underscores the corrosive effects of the global counter-terrorism campaign on the rule of law and open society in Western democracies."
Hedges made a similar point in I Don't Believe in Atheists:
"Terrorists support acts of indiscriminate violence not because of direct, personal affronts to their dignity, but more often for lofty, abstract ideas of national, ethnic, or religious pride, with the goal of a utopian, harmonious world purged of evil. The longer the United States occupies Afghanistan and Iraq, the more these feelings of collective humiliation are aggravated, the greater the number of jihadists willing to attack American targets. The strident support of some of the new atheists for a worldwide war against "Islamofascism" is a public relations bonanza and potent recruiting tool for Islamic terrorists. It fuels the collective humiliation and rage we should be trying to thwart."
I.e., utopian visions are fatally flawed, and so is fighting one utopian vision with another.