Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics (4)
Law, Medicine & Health Care (1)
Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference (1)
American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics (4)
RAPID CREATION OF VEHICLE LINE-UPS BY EIGENSPACE PROJECTIONS FOR STYLE TRANSFER
Design Methods
T. Friedrich, S. Schmitt, S. Menzel
Journal: Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference / Volume 1 / May 2020
In product development, an automated generation of shape variations enables a rapid assessment of potentially appealing design directions. We present a framework for computing a product line-up of automotive body shapes based on spectral methods for mesh processing. We calculate the eigenspace projections of 3D vehicle meshes and identify the relevant style as well as content components based on the eigenvalues. The style of a model is then transferred to arbitrary prototype content car shapes, which allows for a rapid portfolio generation of various car types with minimal user interaction.
Voluntarily Stopping Eating and Drinking: A Normative Comparison with Refusing Lifesaving Treatment and Advance Directives
Paul T. Menzel
Journal: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 45 / Issue 4 / Winter 2017
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2021, pp. 634-646
Print publication: Winter 2017
Refusal of lifesaving treatment, and such refusal by advance directive, are widely recognized as ethically and legally permissible. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) is not. Ethically and legally, how does VSED compare with these two more established ways for patients to control the end of life? Is it more questionable because with VSED the patient intends to cause her death, or because those who assist it with palliative care could be assisting a suicide?
In fact the ethical and legal basis for VSED is virtually as strong as for refusing lifesaving treatment and less problematic than the basis for refusing treatment by advance directive. VSED should take its proper place among the accepted, permissible ways by which people can control the time and manner of death.
By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O'Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
Book: The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
Print publication: 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
Advance Directives, Dementia, and Physician-Assisted Death
Paul T. Menzel, Bonnie Steinbock
Journal: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 41 / Issue 2 / Summer 2013
Print publication: Summer 2013
View extract
Almost all jurisdictions where physician-assisted death (PAD) is legal require that the requesting individual be competent to make medical decisions at time of assistance. The requirement of contemporary competence is intended to ensure that PAD is limited to people who really want to die and have the cognitive ability to make a final choice of such enormous import. Along with terminal illness, defined as prognosis of death within six months, contemporary competence is regarded as an important safeguard against mistake and abuse, arguably the strongest objections to legalizing PAD.
The insistence on contemporary competence is problematic. It means that someone who has dementia is ruled out as a candidate for PAD, even if she is terminally ill and suffering terrible and unrelievable pain. It also rules out individuals with strong and unwavering desires not to end their life in dementia.
Justice and Fairness: A Critical Element in U.S. Health System Reform
Journal: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 40 / Issue 3 / Fall 2012
Print publication: Fall 2012
There are many reasons for dissatisfaction with current U.S. health care. One-sixth of the population is uninsured, costs are 150-200% of those in other economically advanced nations, and the quality of care, as measured by disease specific mortality and morbidity data, is rarely better and often worse than in others nations' less costly systems. A case for reform can mirror any or all of these concerns: cover more of the population with insurance, control costs, improve the effectiveness of prevention and treatment. I argue that two of these goals — greater population coverage and more disciplined costs — gain a significant part of their justification from moral beliefs about justice and fairness.
The Value of Life at the End of Life: A Critical Assessment of Hope and other Factors
"The thing about life is that one day you'll be dead." Indeed. But even total and honest acceptance of this brute fact about our relationship to death does not diminish the value we see in short remaining life at the end of life. Few just "give in" and no more fight for life because death is seen as an inherent part of life. They still invest small amounts of additional life with huge value. How high may that value plausibly be? What is the value of a relatively short extension of life when death is inevitably near?
A Simulation Model of Resistive Switching in Electrochemical Metallization Memory Cells (ECM)
Stephan Menzel, Bart Klopstra, Carsten Kügeler, Ulrich Böttger, Georgi Staikov, Rainer Waser
The storage principal of the Electrochemical Metallization Memory Cell is based on change of cell resistance induced by electro-chemical driven growth and rupture of a cupric or silver filament in an insulating matrix. This kind of switching was found in several materials as AgGeSe, CuGeS, silicon oxide or tungsten oxide [1].
During write operation copper or silver is oxidized at the corresponding electrode and copper or silver ions are driven out of the copper or silver anode into the insulating matrix due to the applied field, whereas the insulating matrix serves as solid electrolyte. The silver or copper ions migrate towards the cathode. At the cathode electrochemical reduction occurs, and deposition of metallic copper or silver takes place. Fast diffusion paths in the solid electrolyte matrix or preferred nucleation sites (seeds) at the boundary lead to filamentary growth. This growing cupric or silver dendrite finally reaches the anode and switches the device to a low resistance state.
Based on this switching mechanism a FEM simulation model was set up. To simplify the model space charges due to silver or copper migration are neglected. It is further assumed, that the conductivity in the solid electrolyte is only ionic. Hence, it is sufficient to solve the well-known Laplace equation to address the electric properties as well as ion migration. A "Level Set" method is used to track the boundary of the growing filament. The velocity of this boundary is proportional to the ionic current density calculated by Laplace equation. Based on this model simulations are applied to cell structures with multiple fast diffusion paths and seeds. Simulation results show that just one filament reaches the anode.
In a second step, Butler-Vollmer boundary conditions are introduced. This nonlinearity leads to an exponential dependence between switching time and switching voltage. As switching voltage increases, switching time decreases.
A simulation model capable of simulating ECM memory cells is presented. The model enables to simulate the behaviour of different cell geometries or different materials as solid electrolyte. Furthermore it gives deeper insight into the switching mechanism.
This work was supported by the European project EMMA "Emerging Materials for Mass storage Architectures" (FP6-033751).
Immunolocalization of Proteins involved in the Cell-Cell-Interaction between Ignicoccus and Nanoarchaeum on Sections and Replicas
S Gürster, B Junglas, T Burghardt, T Menzel, C Meyer, M Saller, H Huber, R Rachel
Journal: Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 13 / Issue S03 / September 2007
Print publication: September 2007
Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Adhesion of Ignicoccus to Surfaces: Electron Microscopy Studies, Identification and in-vitro Expression of the corresponding 'Flagellin' Gene
T Menzel, C Meyer, D Müller, R Deutzmann, H Huber, R Wirth, R Rachel
Effect of isomalt consumption on faecal microflora and colonic metabolism in healthy volunteers
A. Gostner, M. Blaut, V. Schäffer, G. Kozianowski, S. Theis, M. Klingeberg, Y. Dombrowski, D. Martin, S. Ehrhardt, D. Taras, A. Schwiertz, B. Kleessen, H. Lührs, J. Schauber, D. Dorbath, T. Menzel, W. Scheppach
Journal: British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 95 / Issue 1 / January 2006
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 March 2007, pp. 40-50
Due to its low digestibility in the small intestine, a major fraction of the polyol isomalt reaches the colon. However, little is known about effects on the intestinal microflora. During two 4-week periods in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, nineteen healthy volunteers consumed a controlled basal diet enriched with either 30g isomalt or 30g sucrose daily. Stools were collected at the end of each test phase and various microbiological and luminal markers were analysed. Fermentation characteristics of isomalt were also investigated in vitro. Microbiological analyses of faecal samples indicated a shift of the gut flora towards an increase of bifidobacteria following consumption of the isomalt diet compared with the sucrose diet (P<0·05). During the isomalt phase, the activity of bacterial β-glucosidase decreased (P<0·05) whereas β-glucuronidase, sulfatase, nitroreductase and urease remained unchanged. Faecal polyamines were not different between test periods with the exception of cadaverine, which showed a trend towards a lower concentration following isomalt (P=0·055). Faecal SCFA, lactate, bile acids, neutral sterols, N, NH3, phenol and p-cresol were not affected by isomalt consumption. In vitro, isomalt was metabolized in several bifidobacteria strains and yielded high butyrate concentrations. Isomalt, which is used widely as a low-glycaemic and low-energy sweetener, has to be considered a prebiotic carbohydrate that might contribute to a healthy luminal environment of the colonic mucosa.
Effects of isomalt consumption on gastrointestinal and metabolic parameters in healthy volunteers
A. Gostner, V. Schäffer, S. Theis, T. Menzel, H. Lührs, R. Melcher, J. Schauber, T. Kudlich, G. Dusel, D. Dorbath, G. Kozianowski, W. Scheppach
Journal: British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 94 / Issue 4 / October 2005
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 March 2007, pp. 575-581
The polyol isomalt (Palatinit®) is a well established sugar replacer. The impact of regular isomalt consumption on metabolism and parameters of gut function in nineteen healthy volunteers was examined in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial with two 4-week test periods. Volunteers received 30 g isomalt or 30 g sucrose daily as part of a controlled diet. In addition to clinical standard diagnostics, biomarkers and parameters currently discussed as risk factors for CHD, diabetes or obesity were analysed. Urine and stool Ca and phosphate excretions were measured. In addition, mean transit time, defecation frequency, stool consistency and weight were determined. Consumption of test products was affirmed by the urinary excretion of mannitol. Blood lipids were comparable in both phases, especially in volunteers with hyperlipidaemia, apart from lower apo A-1 (P=0·03) for all subjects. Remnant-like particles, oxidised LDL, NEFA, fructosamine and leptin were comparable and not influenced by isomalt. Ca and phosphate homeostasis was not affected. Stool frequency was moderately increased in the isomalt phase (P=0·006) without changes in stool consistency and stool water. This suggests that isomalt is well tolerated and that consumption of isomalt does not impair metabolic function or induce hypercalciuria. In addition, the study data indicate that isomalt could be useful in improving bowel function.
Advantages of Broad Ion Beam (BIB) Processing Compared with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Technology for 3D Investigation of Heterogeneous Solids
W. Hauffe, S. Menzel, T. Göbel
Journal: Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 9 / Issue S03 / September 2003
News from the M in CMP - Viscosity of CMP Slurries, a Constant?
W. Lortz, F. Menzel, R. Brandes, F. Klaessig, T. Knothe, T. Shibasaki
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 767 / 2003
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, F1.7
It is well known and accepted that the viscosity of CMP-slurries has an effect on polishing results. Even though the literature on rheology recognizes that viscosity is not always constant and the slurry can show non-Newtonian behavior or even dilatant effects, all calculations have been performed with constant viscosity.
However, the "real" viscosity of a CMP-slurry during polishing can change significantly with shear rate.
The typical equipment for viscosity measurement is based on a rotating cylinder or a plate. But even with a plate system it is only possible to reach a shear rate range up to 50,000 1/sec. A calculation of the shear rate between the wafer and the polishing pad is based on a relative velocity of 1 m/sec and a distance between the wafer and the pad of 20 μm; this correlates to a shear rate of 50,000 1/sec. If parts of the polishing pad come closer to the wafer or especially closer to the edge of structures on the wafer (for example 1 μm), the shear rate will increase locally to 1,000,000 1/sec.
When the shear rate is high enough, viscosity depends mostly on hydrodynamic factors like viscosity of continuos phase, solids content, particle size, particle size distribution and shape of the particles.
The shape of fumed metal oxides is controlled during the synthesis in the flame process. But the slurry-making process is also responsible for particle size distribution, shape of the particle and the high shear rate viscosity of the CMP-slurry.
The high shear rate viscosity of different silica slurries in dependence from BET-surface area, used milling energy, concentration and preparation direction was measured in this investigation.
In-Situ Electromigration Damage of Al Interconnect Lines and the Influence of Grain Orientation
A. Buerke, H. Wendrock, T. KÖtter, S. Menzel, K. Wetzig, A. v. Glasow
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2011, 109
In this work the authors want to report some experiments concerning unpassivated Al interconnect lines of 8 and 1.4 microns width which have been damaged by in-situ electromigration in the SEM (temperature 230°C, current density 2 and 4×106 A/cm2, respectively). The wider line represents a polygrained structure with few blocking grains spanning the whole width, whereas the narrow line shows bamboo structure. Before electromigration, the local orientation and thus the position of all grain boundaries was mapped by EBSD technique along the entire interconnect line. During and after in-situ current loading in the SEM, the damaged sites were correlated with the grain boundary map to locate where the diffusion paths are situated most likely. It was found that not the deviation from <111> fibre texture, but the misorientation class of the grain boundaries is essential for the localization of the fatal defects.
Some Ethical Costs of Rationing
Journal: Law, Medicine & Health Care / Volume 20 / Issue 1-2 / Spring Summer 1992
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2021, pp. 57-66
Print publication: Spring Summer 1992
The escalating cost of health care has forced people to confront the possibility of rationing—forgoing beneficial care for patients so that the resources might be used either for other current or prospective patients or for entirely different things in life than health care. Rationing of some sort makes eminent sense, not just economically; only those who are fanatics about health and medicine would urge that everything possible be spent on health care for even the slightest marginal benefit. Yet actual rationing of health care is usually thought to exact high, or at least disturbing, ethical costs.
I will examine four of these costs here: (1) the sacrifice of physician loyalty to patients, (2) the substitution of misleading and discriminatory numerical measurements of medicine's human benefit for more sensitive qualitative judgments, (3) the unfair bite that rationing is likely to take first out of poor people's care before it affects wealthier patients, and (4) the general Substitution of public, group standards about life and health for the values and decisions of individuals.