1.11800s–1940s
1.1.1Early electronic instruments
1.4.1Laptronica
1.4.2Live coding
1.4.3Electroacoustic improvisation
2Notable works 1930s–1960s
4.2Sources
Live electronic music
(Redirected from Laptronica)
Live electronic music (also known as live electronics) is a form of music that can include traditional electronic sound-generating devices, modified electric musical instruments, hacked sound generating technologies, and computers. Initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music. Musical improvisation often plays a large role in the performance of this music. The timbres of various sounds may be transformed extensively using devices such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators and other forms of circuitry.[1] Real-time generation and manipulation of audio using live coding is now commonplace.
1800s–1940s[edit]
Early electronic instruments[edit]
This Telharmonium console (likely pictured in the late 1890s) is an early electronic organ by Thaddeus Cahill, and one of the first electronic instruments used for live performance.
Early electronic instruments intended for live performance, such as Thaddeus Cahill's Telharmonium (1897) and instruments developed between the two world wars, such as the Theremin (1919), Spharophon (1924), ondes Martenot (1928), and the Trautonium (1929), may be cited as antecedents,[2] but were intended simply as new means of sound production, and did nothing to change the nature of musical composition or performance.[3]
Many early compositions included these electronic instruments, though the instruments were typically used as fill-ins for standard classical instruments. An example includes composer Joseph Schillinger, who in 1929 composed First Airphonic Suite for Theremin and Orchestra, which premièred with the Cleveland Orchestra with Leon Theremin as soloist.[citation needed] Percy Grainger, used ensembles of four or six theremins (in preference to a string quartet) for his two earliest experimental Free Music compositions (1935–37) because of the instrument's complete 'gliding' freedom of pitch.([4][5] The ondes Martenot was also used as a featured instrument in the 1930s, and composer Olivier Messiaen used it in the Fête des belles eaux for six ondes, written for the 1937 International World's Fair in Paris.[6]
Cage's Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) was among the earliest compositions to include an innovative use of live electronic material; it featured two variable-speed phonograph turntables and sine-tone recordings.[7] Cage's interest in live electronics continued through the 1940s and 1950s, providing inspiration for the formation of a number of live-electronic groups in America who came to regard themselves as the pioneers of a new art form.[2]
Stockhausen (2 September 1972 at the Shiraz Arts Festival, at the sound controls for the live-electronic work Mantra), who wrote a number of notable electronic compositions in the 1960s and 1970s in which amplification, filtering, tape delay, and spatialization was added to live instrumental performance
In Europe, Pierre Schaeffer had attempted live generation of the final stages of his works at the first public concert of musique concrète in 1951 with limited success. However, it was in Europe at the end of the 1950s and early 1960s that the most coherent transition from studio electronic techniques to live synthesis occurred. Mauricio Kagel's Transición II (1959) combined two tape recorders for live manipulation of the sounds of piano and percussion, and beginning in 1964 Karlheinz Stockhausen entered on a period of intensive work with live electronics with three works, Mikrophonie I and Mixtur (both 1964), and Mikrophonie II.[8] While earlier live-electronic compositions, such as Cage's Cartridge Music (1960), had mainly employed amplification, Stockhausen's innovation was to add electronic transformation through filtering, which erased the distinction between instrumental and electronic music.[9]
During the 1960s, a number of composers believed studio-based composition, such as musique concrète, lacked elements that were central to the creation of live music, such as: spontaneity, dialogue, discovery and group interaction. Many composers viewed the development of live electronics as a reaction against "the largely technocratic and rationalistic ethos of studio processed tape music" which was devoid of the visual and theatrical component of live performance.[1] By the 1970s, live electronics had become the primary area of innovation in electronic music.[10]
The 1970s and 1980s were notable for contributions by electronic musician Jean-Michel Jarre. The success of Oxygene and his large scale concerts which he performed attracted millions of people, breaking his own record for largest audience four times.[11][12][13]) In fact Jarre continued to break his own records up to the end of the century, with 3.5 million people attending 1997's Oxygene in Moscow.[14]
1990s[edit]
Laptronica[edit]
See also: Laptop battle
Farmers Manual 2002, performing laptronica
Laptronica is a form of live electronic music or computer music in which laptops are used as musical instruments. The term is a portmanteau of "laptop computer" and "electronica". The term gained a certain degree of currency in the 1990s and is of significance due to the use of highly powerful computation being made available to musicians in highly portable form, and therefore in live performance. Many sophisticated forms of sound production, manipulation and organization (which had hitherto only been available in studios or academic institutions) became available to use in live performance, largely by younger musicians influenced by and interested in developing experimental popular music forms.[15] A combination of many laptops can be used to form a laptop orchestra.
Live coding[edit]
Main article: Live coding
See also: Algorave
Live coding example using Impromptu
Live coding[16] (sometimes referred to as 'on-the-fly programming',[17] 'just in time programming') is a programming practice centred upon the use of improvised interactive programming. Live coding is often used to create sound and image based digital media, and is particularly prevalent in computer music, combining algorithmic composition with improvisation,[18] Typically, the process of writing is made visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space, with ways of visualising the code an area of active research.[19] There are also approaches to human live coding in improvised dance.[20] Live coding techniques are also employed outside of performance, such as in producing sound for film[21] or audio/visual work for interactive art installations.[22]
Live coding is also an increasingly popular technique in programming-related lectures and conference presentations, and has been described as a "best practice" for computer science lectures by Mark Guzdial.[23]
Electroacoustic improvisation[edit]
Keith Rowe (pictured in 2008) improvising with prepared guitar at a music festival in Tokyo
Electroacoustic improvisation (EAI) is a form of free improvisation that was originally referred to as live electronics. It has been part of the sound art world since the 1930s with the early works of John Cage,[24][25]) Source magazine published articles by a number of leading electronic and avant-garde composers in the 1960s.[26]
It was further influenced by electronic and electroacoustic music and the music of American experimental composers such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and David Tudor. British free improvisation group AMM, particularly their guitarist Keith Rowe, have also played a contributing role in bringing attention to the practice.[27]
Notable works 1930s–1960s[edit]
See also: Category:Electronic musicians
The following is an incomplete list, in chronological order, of early notable electronic compositions:
John Cage – Imaginary Landscape (1939–1952)
John Cage – Cartridge Music (1960)
Robert Ashley – Wolfman (1964), Lecture Series (1965), Purposeful Lady Slow Afternoon (1968)
Karlheinz Stockhausen – Mikrophonie I & II (1964 and 1965); Mixtur (1964); Solo (1966); Prozession (1967); Kurzwellen (1968); Spiral (1968)
Alvin Lucier – Music for Solo Performer (1965), North American Time Capsule (1967), Vespers (1968)
Johannes Fritsch – Partita (1965–66) for viola, contact microphones, tape recorder, filters, and potentiometers (4 players); Modulation 2 (1967), for 13 instruments and live electronics; Akroasis (1966–68) for large orchestra with jazz band, two singers, live electronics, hurdy-gurdy, music box, and newsreader
David Behrman – Wave Train (1967)
Gordon Mumma – Hornpipe (1967)
Steve Reich – Pendulum Music (1968)
Max Neuhaus – Drive-in Music (1968)
Larry Austin – Accidents (1968)
Richard Teitelbaum – In Tune (1968)
Louis Andriessen, Hoe het is (1969) for 52 strings and live electronics
Louis Andriessen, Reinbert de Leeuw, Misha Mengelberg, Peter Schat, Jan van Vlijmen – Reconstructie (1969), Morality opera for soloists, 3 mixed choirs, orchestra, and live electronics
George Brown – Splurge (1969)
Takehisa Kosugi – 712-9374 (1969)
Roger Smalley – Transformation I (1969)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic music festivals.
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^ a b Sutherland 1994, 157.
^ a b Manning 2013, 157.
^ Collins 2007, 39.
^ Gillies and Pear n.d.
^ Lewis 1991, chapter 4: "Program Notes".
^ Hill and Simeone 2005, 74–75.
^ Collins 2007, 38–39.
^ Manning 2013, 157–158.
^ Toop 2002, 495.
^ Simms 1986, 395.
^ Cacciottolo 2008.
^ Anon. & n.d.(d).
^ Anon. & n.d.(e).
^ Everitt 2015.
^ Emmerson 2007, p. [page needed].
^ Collins, McLean, Rohrgruber, and Ward 2003,[page needed].
^ Wang and Cook 2004, p. [page needed].
^ Collins 2003, p. [page needed].
^ McLean, Griffiths, Collins, and Wiggins 2010, p. [page needed].
^ Anon. 2009.
^ Rohrhuber 2008, 60–70.
^ Anon. & n.d.(b).
^ Guzdial 2011.
^ Schrader 1991, p. [page needed].
^ Cage 1960.
^ Anon. & n.d.(a).
^ Siegel 2006.
Sources[edit]
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Anon. (n.d.(a)). "Source: Music of the Avant-Garde (list of issues with Notes "from Deep Listening's website"). UbuWeb: Sound (Accessed 2 May 2013).
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Anon. (n.d.(d)). "Concerts with Record Attendance". Noise Addicts blog (accessed 2 March 2018).
Anon. (n.d.(e)). "Jean Michel Jarre". Famouscomposers.net (accessed 7 March 2019).
Cacciottolo, Mario (2008). "Jarre Breathes Again with Oxygene". BBC News (accessed 6 October 2015).
Cage, John (1960).Imaginary Landscape No. 1: for Records of Constant and Variable Frequency, Large Chinese Cymbal and String Piano. S.l.: Henmar Press; New York: Sole Selling Agents, C. F. Peters.
Collins, Nick (2003) "Generative Music and Laptop Performance", Contemporary Music Review 22, no. 4:67–79.
Collins, Nick (2007). "Live Electronic Music." In The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music, edited by Nick Collins and Julio d'Escriván, pp. 38–54. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68865-9; ISBN 978-0-521-86861-7.
Collins, Nick, Alex McLean, Julian Rohrhuber, and Adrian Ward (2003), "Live Coding in Laptop Performance", Organised Sound 8, no. 3: 321–330. doi:10.1017/S135577180300030X. (Archive from 17 June 2018, accessed 14 April 2020)
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Everitt, Matt (2015). "The First Time with … Jean Michel Jarre". BBC Radio 6 (Sunday 4 October; accessed 2 March 2018).
Gillies, Malcolm, and David Pear. (n.d.). "Grainger, Percy". In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 2011-09-21.(subscription required).
Guzdial, Mark (2011). "What Students Get Wrong When Building Computational Physics Models in Python: Cabellero Thesis Part 2". Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Hill, Peter, and Nigel Simeone (2005). Messiaen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10907-8.
Lewis, Thomas P. (1991). A Source Guide to the Music of Percy Grainger. White Plains: Pro-Am Music Resources. ISBN 978-0-912483-56-6. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
McLean, Alex, Dave Griffiths, Nick Collins, and Geraint Wiggins (2010). "Visualisation of Live Code". In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts London 2010, edited by[full citation needed]. PDF version (Accessed 8 May 2014).
Manning, Peter (2013). Electronic and Computer Music, fourth edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974639-2.
Rohrhuber, Julian (2008). Artificial, Natural, Historical in Transdisciplinary Digital Art. Sound, Vision and the New Screen (PDF). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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Siegel, Jeff (22 June 2006). "Review of Keith Rowe and Toshimaru Nakamura: Between". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19.
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Wang, Ge, and Perry R. Cook (June 2004) "On-the-fly Programming: Using Code as an Expressive Musical Instrument". In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME), pp. 138–143, Michael J. Lyons (ed), Yoichi Nagashima (chair), New York: NIME.
Altena, Arie (2006). "Jeff Carey / Jozef van Wissem, Tetuzi Akiyama / Martin Siewert: Three Sets of Strings & Electronics in Different Combinations". DNK Amsterdam: Concert Series for New Live Electronic and Acoustic Music in Amsterdam (press release, 27 November; Accessed 2 May 2013).
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Electronic music events
Circuit party
Acid house party
Algorave
Free party
Squat party
Technoparade
Teknival
Doof
Lists of events
List of industrial music festivals
List of electronic dance music festivals
Freetekno
Second Summer of Love
demo party
hip hop music festival
reggae festival
Electronic rock
Electronics in rock music
Electroclash
Electronicore
Digital hardcore
Post-punk revival
Dance-punk
New rave
Synth-metal
Dungeon synth
Electrogrind
Crunkcore
Dance-rock
Electro-Theremin
"Good Vibrations"
Moog synthesizer
Switched-On Rock
Yellow Magic Orchestra
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Electroacoustic improvisation
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