A grim new year for debt-trapped rural women in Sri Lanka
16 April 2021 by Meera Srinivasan
Photo credit:Charmi Basnayaka
M. Champa Irangani is in no mood to celebrate 'Avurudu', or New Year, the biggest annual festival that Sri Lanka's majority Sinhalese community observes mid-April, while Tamils celebrate the Tamil New Year around the same time.
Seeking relief
Exorbitant interest rates
"The New Year will dawn only the day our debts are cancelled. Until then we cannot celebrate. Surely not, when so many women have died by suicide under the pressure of microfinance loans," she says, seated with dozens of affected women who have been observing a 'satyagraha' off the main road in Hingurakgoda town, in Sri Lanka's Polonnaruwa district, for a month now.
They want their microfinance debt abolished, and an alternative source of credit that will free them from poverty, rather than worsen it. Their experience, shared by tens of thousands who have taken microfinance loans in Sri Lanka, not only counters popular claims in South Asia of microcredit alleviating poverty and empowering women, but also highlights the devastating consequences of the individualised, high-interest Interest An amount paid in remuneration of an investment or received by a lender. Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. microfinance loans, entangling women in a pile of debt.
Ms. Irangani feels especially let down since there has been no relief in over a year after President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, whom she voted for, came to power pledging — among other things — to abolish their loans.
Their ongoing protest is the latest against the Rajapaksa government — after the farmers' agitations in the southern Hambantota district — from among those who backed their party in the 2019 and 2020 polls.
President Rajapaksa's astute election campaign in 2019 had two main thrusts – enhancing national security, on the heels of the Easter terror bombings that April, and improving rural livelihoods to develop the country. His poll manifesto 'Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour', which has since graduated to a national policy framework, promised to "ensure relief of village women falling victim from unregulated micro finance schemes", instead offering "government-sponsored concessionary loan schemes and agricultural loans".
Ms. Irangani had reason to be hopeful. "I went all out and canvassed for their candidate in the general elections[August 2020] too, asking women in my village to back their party so our fate might change, but here we are, hearing of more and more indebted women dying by suicide [nearly 200 women, according estimates]. They simply don't care Care Le concept de « care work » (travail de soin) fait référence à un ensemble de pratiques matérielles et psychologiques destinées à apporter une réponse concrète aux besoins des autres et d'une communauté (dont des écosystèmes). On préfère le concept de care à celui de travail « domestique » ou de « reproduction » car il intègre les dimensions émotionnelles et psychologiques (charge mentale, affection, soutien), et il ne se limite pas aux aspects « privés » et gratuit en englobant également les activités rémunérées nécessaires à la reproduction de la vie humaine. ." The government has spoken of possible low interest loans as alternatives, but the women are not convinced yet.
Drawing a circle in the air, she says: "Livelihoods have become a big zero". If the pandemic severely affected the country's economy — with external sector earnings dropping sharply, foreign reserves draining, and the Sri Lankan rupee plummeting to 203 against the U.S. dollar — daily-waged agriculture labourers like her, who were already reeling under debt, were in for even harder times, amid growing joblessness, falling wages and uncertainty.
Ms. Irangani's "debt trap" began when she returned to Sri Lanka some years ago, after working as a domestic help in West Asia for seven years. Exhausting her meagre savings in an unexpected court battle, she resorted to a loan to survive, and soon, one loan led to another, as companies relentlessly sold easy loans at her doorstep. The lending companies had done the same with war-affected Tamil women in the north and east, who were struggling to rebuild their lives and livelihoods with little state support.
Exorbitant interest rates Interest rates When A lends money to B, B repays the amount lent by A (the capital) as well as a supplementary sum known as interest, so that A has an interest in agreeing to this financial operation. The interest is determined by the interest rate, which may be high or low. To take a very simple example: if A borrows 100 million dollars for 10 years at a fixed interest rate of 5%, the first year he will repay a tenth of the capital initially borrowed (10 million dollars) plus 5% of the capital owed, i.e. 5 million dollars, that is a total of 15 million dollars. In the second year, he will again repay 10% of the capital borrowed, but the 5% now only applies to the remaining 90 million dollars still due, i.e. 4.5 million dollars, or a total of 14.5 million dollars. And so on, until the tenth year when he will repay the last 10 million dollars, plus 5% of that remaining 10 million dollars, i.e. 0.5 million dollars, giving a total of 10.5 million dollars. Over 10 years, the total amount repaid will come to 127.5 million dollars. The repayment of the capital is not usually made in equal instalments. In the initial years, the repayment concerns mainly the interest, and the proportion of capital repaid increases over the years. In this case, if repayments are stopped, the capital still due is higher…
The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the loan is contracted. The real interest rate is the nominal rate reduced by the rate of inflation.
"Banks refused to give loans without any collateral Collateral Transferable assets or a guarantee serving as security against the repayment of a loan, should the borrower default. security. Many families had no steady income or big lands to cultivate. At a time when children in our village were going hungry, these microfinance companies offered money," says Priyanthika Kumari, who heads the Collective of Women Affected by Micro Finance from a cluster of more than 60 villages in the district. "There are some 1,02,000 women in Polonnaruwa district who have taken such loans."
The women paid exorbitant interest rates – 40 % to over 200 % — amid harassment from collection agents. They signed up for more loans to cope, to ensure their families can afford two decent meals. But despite regular repayments, their principal loans amounts remained undiminished, and their impoverished lives, unchanged.
When they realised that their exhausting labour was never going to be enough in the face of their mounting debt, they took to the streets, much like their Tamil counterparts who repeatedly agitated during the last five years, demanding a solution to the crisis.
In fact, it was their persistent calls that pressured the former Maithripala Sirisena-Ranil Wickremesinghe government to announce some targeted relief measures through the Central Bank Central Bank The establishment which in a given State is in charge of issuing bank notes and controlling the volume of currency and credit. In France, it is the Banque de France which assumes this role under the auspices of the European Central Bank (see ECB) while in the UK it is the Bank of England.
ECB : http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Pages/home.aspx in late 2018. Acknowledging the predatory nature of microfinance loans, the administration announced greater regulation, an interest rate cap on microfinance loans, a moratorium, and cheaper credit alternatives. But the measures proved too little, too late.
"It all sounded like a dream at that time, but eventually turned out to be a mirage," Ms. Irangani recalls. The then incumbent government did not see through the measures announced in its last leg in power.
That is when President Rajapaksa made the promise, renewing the hopes of affected women. As that hope fades now, the women seated off the main road in Hingurakgoda say that if the government does not meet to their demands by the end of the month, they will launch a "fast unto death". "We want to raise this issue nationally. We cannot afford to lose this struggle, we will not give up," Ms. Priyanthika Kumari says.
Source : The Hindu
Meera Srinivasan
Other articles in English by Meera Srinivasan (3)
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18 April 2018, by Eric Toussaint , Meera Srinivasan
Sri Lanka: Debt drives Jaffna mom, children to death
28 October 2017, by Meera Srinivasan
Getting sucked into a quicksand of debt
16 July 2017, by Meera Srinivasan
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