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A closer look at wood vs. coal emissions
By William Strauss and Laurenz Schmidt FutureMetrics
Feb. 24, 2012 - There has been a lot of debate recently regarding if burning wood releases more or less CO2 emissions when compared to coal, and if it is indeed a "carbon neutral" alternative. FutureMetrics research delved into this topic, and may have emerged with an answer.
FutureMetrics has published several papers regarding the efficacy of the Manomet Study and the methodology for modeling the carbon cycle. Our previous critiques were centered on assumptions regarding carbon debt and the timing of carbon recapture by growing sustainably managed forests.
In one of our papers we accepted the premise of the Manomet work; that combustion of wood releases more CO2 than coal by 34.6 percent. And what we have found with further research is that we were wrong for assuming that the Manomet data was correct.
Table 1 below shows the CO2 emissions per million BTU for a variety of wood species and Table 2 shows the data for four grades of coal. Although wood species densities vary, the output of CO2 per million BTU (MMBTU) is consistent. On a dry basis, coal and wood yield very similar results in terms of the CO2 produced (in terms of kilograms of CO2 per unit of potential energy).
Click the image above to download a PDF of Table 1 and 2.
The results of our analysis shows that wood is generally about the same or slightly lower in CO2 emissions on a dry basis, but both wood and coal do not naturally have zero moisture content (MC).
The typical moisture content of coal is:
Anthracite Coal : 2.8% – 16.3% by weight
Bituminous Coal : 2.2% – 15.9% by weight
Lignite Coal : 39% or more by weight
It is the water that causes CO2 emissions to increase over the dry weight. The underlying cause that drives this is "the enthalpy of vaporization." In simple terms, it takes energy to evaporate the water in wood or coal and convert it to vapor, and all of that energy is sent out the chimney and into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor, unless a condensing boiler is used which may claim part of the escaping energy. To get a million BTUs of useful energy from the fuel, a larger mass of wood or coal is necessary to compensate for the losses from vaporizing all that water. And more wood/coal burned means more CO2 produced.
With coal, the higher water content grades also have lower carbon content and higher volatiles. The net effect of this is that, on average, CO2 outputs are relatively consistent across grades (see Table 2).
Table 3 below shows the CO2 production for wood from zero to 50 percent MC. The Manomet study used 45.
Click the table above to download a PDF of Table 3.
At 45 percent, the combustion of wood yields about 9.0 percent more CO2 per unit of useful energy than an average of the coal grades' outputs. While still more than coal, this is significantly less than the 34.6 percent difference that drives the Manomet "debt-then-dividend" model.
This also illustrates how each location will have different outcomes. Coal grades, wood species, moisture contents of both coal and wood, and boiler efficiency will all yield unique metrics.
While we stand behind our logic on the carbon neutrality of wood combustion (with the sustainability constraint as the essential foundation of that logic), we also have shown here that dried wood at MC's below 20 percent have the same or less CO2 emission per MMBTU as most coal. Wood pellets under 10 percent MC result in less CO2 emission than any coal under equal circumstances.
Interestingly, it would appear that if a conventional low efficiency biomass power plant were to use what is otherwise waste heat from the condenser cooling loop to pre-dry the fuel, it would lower the net CO2 output per unit of useful energy produced. The same technology may also apply to pre-treat lower grade (wetter) coal.
In conclusion, wood in a low moisture content state has lower instantaneous CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced than coal. As we have clearly shown in our previous papers, with sustainable working forest management, the recycling of carbon from wood combustion is virtually instantaneous and continuous and therefore the net stock of CO2 in the atmosphere from the combustion of wood is not increased.
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