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Scientists Explore Underwater Volcanoes
October 02, 2016 from VOA
What covers nearly 29 million square kilometers of this planet beneath the sea?
The answer is seamounts.
Seamounts are mountains, usually volcanoes, that rise up from the sea floor. Some of the volcanoes are ancient, some are still active. But they are hard to find because they do not reach the surface of the water.
Scientists say seamounts cover more of the earth's area than deserts, tundra, or any other land-based habitats. Marine life gathers at seamounts because they carry nutrient-rich water upward from the sea floor.
In September, a group of scientists set out to explore Cook Seamount. It rises almost 4,000 meters from the Pacific Ocean floor about 160 kilometers off the island of Hawaii. Humans have never seen it up close before.
The Associated Press went with the scientists, and provided exclusive images and information about this seamount and the marine life around it.
"Pisces V surface you're going in. Roger, going in."
Three people went in a submarine down to over 900 meters below the ocean surface to the top of the seamount. As the blue waters became darker, underwater creatures that glow, by chemically creating their own light, began to swim past the submarine.
The scientists dove below the level where sunlight can reach.
They spotted some wonders-- like a rare octopus with big fins that look like elephant ears. One even changed colors as it swam by the submarine.
The scientists also found several kinds of deep sea corals on the seamount's sides. These included a possible new species of violet-colored coral they named "Purple Haze."
Conservation International and the University of Hawaii worked together for the trip to Cook Seamount.
Greg Stone is the lead scientist with Conservation International. He spoke to AP news service on the ship.
"This three day expedition is the start of an effort to survey seamounts throughout the Pacific Ocean over the next five years. And we hope to study a total of 50 seamounts."
He said humans know very little about seamounts, but they are a "key part" of what drives the ocean. Stone said he wants to find out what is living on the seamounts and how they support ocean life.
"From that, we will understand ocean health, and ocean health relates directly to human health."
M. Sanjayan is Executive Vice President of Conservation International. He told AP that there are "10,000, maybe 100,000" seamounts across the world's oceans. He called them "hotspots for marine diversity," and because most have not been explored, he expects that they will see things new to science when they get there.
Sonia Rowley is a researcher at the University of Hawaii who is taking part in the project. She will be studying the samples taken from Cook seamount.
University of Hawaii researcher Sonia Rowley logs coral samples taken from deep ocean seamounts during an expedition to unexplored underwater volcanoes off the coast of Hawaii's Big Island on Sept. 7, 2016. (AP Photo/Caleb Jones)
"They were really magnificent actually, there were these huge structures that were going like tens of hundreds of meters high, and then on the edges they were kind of encrusted in many places with this beautiful purple Gorgonian sea fan."
Cook seamount is an extinct volcano, which means it is not active anymore. It is part of a group of undersea volcanoes known as the Geologist Seamounts, that are about 80 million years old and could hold many new animal species. They could also contain elements such as nickel and cobalt that mining companies could extract.
One of the other two seamounts studied on their trip was Lo'ihi, an active volcano.
Lo'Ihi has been studied by manned submersibles over the past 30 years.
The scientists saw an "old friend" on Lo'Ihi—a shark they had seen there before. They also saw a two-meter long eel and a number of new geological formations around the volcano's crater.
Scientists say Lo'ihi could someday be the newest island in the Hawaii chain as volcanic activity pushes the seamount upward. But do not look for it to break the surface of the water any time soon. Estimates are that it will not be for tens of thousands of years, if ever.
I'm Anne Ball.
Caleb Jones of The Associated Press wrote the exclusive report. Anne Ball adapted his story for VOA Learning English. Mario Ritter was the editor.
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exclusive –adj. not available anywhere else
habitat –n. a kind of place where certain kinds of animals and plants live and grow
marine –adj. having to do with the sea
virtually –adv. through digital technology rather than physically
encrusted –adj. covered, overgrown
crater –n. a round hole at the top of a volcano or caused by the impact of a meteorite
2016年10月 3日 (月) VOA | 固定リンク