Paleontologists discover new species of titanosaurian dinosaur in Tanzania
Rare find of sauropod dinosaur skeleton from Africa
An artist's rendition shows the Rukwat dinosaur's likely paleoenvironment.
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For video b-roll associated with this discovery, please contact Dena Headlee at dheadlee@nsf.gov.
Paleontologists have identified a new species of titanosaurian, a member of the large-bodied sauropods that thrived during the final period of the dinosaur age, in Tanzania.
Although many fossils of titanosaurians have been discovered around the globe, especially in South America, few have been recovered from the continent of Africa.
The new species, named Rukwatitan bisepultus, was first spotted embedded in a cliff wall in the Rukwa Rift Basin of southwestern Tanzania.
With the help of professional excavators and coal miners, the scientists unearthed vertebrae, ribs, limbs and pelvic bones over the course of several months.
CT scans of the fossils, combined with detailed comparisons with other sauropods, revealed unique features that suggested an animal that was different from previous finds--including those from elsewhere in Africa, according to a paper published today in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
"This titanosaur finding is rare for Africa, and will help resolve questions about the distribution and regional characteristics of what would later become one of the largest land animals known," says Paul Filmer, a program director in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences, which funded the research.
"Titanosaurians make up the vast majority of known Cretaceous sauropods, and have been found on every continent, yet Africa has so far yielded only four formally recognized members."
R. bisepultus lived approximately 100 million years ago during the middle of the Cretaceous Period.
Titanosaurian sauropods, the group that includes Rukwatitan, were herbivorous dinosaurs known for their iconic large body sizes, long necks and wide stance.
Although not among the largest of titanosaurians, Rukwatitan is estimated to have forelimbs reaching 2 meters and may have weighed as much as several elephants.
"Using traditional and new computational approaches, we were able to place the new species within the family tree of sauropod dinosaurs and determine its uniqueness as a species--and to delineate other species with which it is most closely related," says lead paper author Eric Gorscak, a biologist at Ohio University.
The dinosaur's bones exhibit similarities with another titanosaurian, Malawisaurus dixeyi, previously recovered in Malawi.
But the two dinosaurs are distinctly different from one another, and from titanosaurians known from northern Africa, says co-author Patrick O'Connor, an anatomist at Ohio University's Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine.
The fossils of middle Cretaceous crocodile relatives from the Rukwa Rift Basin also exhibit distinctive features when compared to forms from elsewhere on the continent.
"There may have been certain environmental features, such as deserts, large waterways and/or mountain ranges, that would have limited the movement of animals and promoted the evolution of regionally distinct faunas," O'Connor says.
"Only additional data on faunas and paleoenvironments from around the continent will let us further test such hypotheses."
In addition to providing new data about species evolution in sub-Saharan Africa, the results contribute to fleshing out the portrait of titanosaurians, which lived in habitats across the globe through the end of the Cretaceous period.
Their rise in diversity came in the wake of the decline of another group of sauropods, the diplodocoids, which include the dinosaurApatosaurus.
"Much of what we know about titanosaurian evolutionary history stems from numerous discoveries in South America--a continent that underwent a steady separation from Africa during the first half of the Cretaceous period," Gorscak says.
"With the discovery of Rukwatitan and study of the material in nearby Malawi, we are beginning to fill a significant gap from a large part of the world."
Co-authors of the paper are Nancy Stevens of the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and Eric Roberts of James Cook University in Australia.
The study was also funded by the National Geographic Society, the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and the Ohio University Office of the Vice President for Research and Creative Activity.
NSF-funded paleontologists discover new species of dinosaur in Tanzania.
View of the Rukwatitan quarry shows the "vertical nature" of the scientists' working conditions.
The upper arm bone and ribs of Rukwatitan in a cliff; the 2-inch brush is for scale.
Researcher Eric Gorscak quarrying in the Rukwa Rift Basin in southwestern Tanzania.
Paleontologists remove the remaining portions of Rukwatitan's skeleton from the quarry.
Image showing two tail vertebrae of the newly discovered Rukwatitan.
Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734, email: cdybas@nsf.gov
Andrea Gibson, Ohio University, (740) 597-2166, email: gibsona@ohio.edu