Posted inCopy, Paste, Legislate
Stand your ground, right to work and bathroom bills: 5 model bills that spark controversy
by Sean Rossman April 4, 2019 January 28, 2022
(Illustration: Andrea Brunty / USA TODAY)
State lawmakers across the USA introduce model bills each year favoring Republicans, Democrats and businesses. And despite the cross-country push for legislatures to adopt these cookie-cutter bills, not all attract local or national attention.
This story was produced as part of a collaboration between USA TODAY, The Arizona Republic and the Center for Public Integrity. More than 30 reporters across the country were involved in the two-year investigation, which identified copycat bills in every state. The team used a unique data-analysis engine built on hundreds of cloud computers to compare millions of words of legislation provided by LegiScan.
But some do, and they lead to boycotts, protests and public condemnation by celebrities and politicians alike.
This story also appeared in USA TODAY
Here are some well-known pieces of legislation that began as – or became – model bills:
The "stand your ground law" was on the books in Florida for years before it became the lightning rod it is today. The death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed African-American 17-year-old gunned down by neighborhood watchman George Zimmerman in 2012, pulled the law into the mainstream overnight. When Zimmerman was found not guilty of second-degree murder, protests erupted. Activists held a month-long sit-in at the Florida Capitol in an effort to force legislators to overturn the law. It didn't work. Now, Martin is a symbol of racial and criminal injustice to some, while conservatives and gun rights groups have embraced stand your ground, a model bill. The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a limited-government organization, created its own legislation based on the Florida law, and the National Rifle Association also has promoted stand your ground bills at the state level. The measure or something similar is on the books in at least half of the states, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Trayvon Martin in this undated file family photo. (Martin Family Photo via AP)
Bathroom bill
North Carolina repealing its infamous "bathroom bill" didn't crush the idea of limiting people to bathrooms corresponding to the sex on their birth certificates. The state reversed course in the face of a massive potential economic blow after the NBA, the NCAA, Ringo Starr and Demi Lovato canceled or threatened to cancel events in opposition to the bill. In 2017, the year North Carolina rolled back the law, 16 states examined bills to restrict bathroom and locker room access based on birth or biological sex, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative religious rights organization, has pushed a similar bill called the Student Physical Privacy Act in at least a few states, including Colorado, Minnesota and Kansas. The organization also sent schools across the country a model policy to be used in restrooms, locker rooms and showers.
A Right-to-Work Protest December 11, 2012 at the Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. (Wikimedia Commons)
The wave of "right to work" legislation appears to be the latest iteration of the decades-old rivalry between unions and business. The laws, which say employees can't be forced to join a union or pay dues, are favored by businesses and political proponents who say the measures boost employment and worker income. But organized labor, such as the AFL-CIO, stands staunchly against them and say they favor big business and inhibit workers' rights to collectively bargain. The National Right to Work Committee promotes its own "right to work" model legislation (ALEC also pushes a bill) and lobbies states to defeat "forced unionism." It says there are 27 Right to Work states, most of them in the South and Midwest. Though supporters of "right to work" are quick to list its benefits, a 2017 study by researchers from the Illinois Economic Policy Institute and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign found that "right to work" policies have lowered wages in Midwest states.
'Anti-Sharia' bills
Nearly all state legislatures have considered bills that prevent state courts from using foreign laws. About a dozen states have passed them. Sometimes labeled "anti-Sharia," the laws are driven by concerns that law based on the Islamic faith poses a threat to the United States. The Southern Poverty Law Center estimates that at least 200 anti-Sharia bills have been introduced in 43 states since 2010. One prominent piece of model legislation is the American Laws for American Courts bill, introduced in numerous states. The legislation's author is attorney David Yerushalmi, co-founder of the American Freedom Law Center. The center described itself as a national interest law firm that fights for limited government and "America's Judeo-Christian heritage." On his own website, Yerushalmi says the goal of his bill is "to insulate state courts from the growing tendency to embrace constitutionally offensive foreign laws." The Council on American-Islamic Relations has publicly denounced the laws and often leads efforts to quash them. Most recently, the organization targeted a similar South Carolina bill it said serves "only to fearmonger (sic) about Muslim Americans."
Article V constitutional convention
Model bills snake their way through legislatures, affecting cities and state agencies, but their effects could shape policy at the federal level – if enough states get with the plan. One example is the efforts to trigger Article V of the U.S. Constitution. Under Article V, the Founding Fathers offered states the opportunity to hold a convention to tweak the Constitution – if two-thirds of states would agree. In recent years, some states have taken interest in this constitutional work-around to reel in the power of the federal government. ALEC promotes a number of Article V model bills, one of which asks legislatures to join other states in calling for a constitutional convention because of the country's mounting national debt, unfunded mandates and federal "abuses of power." The pro-Democracy group Common Cause warned that Article V supporters are just six states short of their 34-state goal. The group says such a convention poses an "unacceptable risk" if it occurs in today's polarized political climate.
Contributing: The Louisville Courier Journal, the Detroit Free Press and The Associated Press
by Sean Rossman, Center for Public Integrity
<h1>Stand your ground, right to work and bathroom bills: 5 model bills that spark controversy</h1> <p class="byline">by Sean Rossman, Center for Public Integrity <br />April 4, 2019</p> <p>State lawmakers across the USA introduce model bills each year favoring Republicans, Democrats and businesses. And despite the cross-country push for legislatures to adopt these cookie-cutter bills, not all attract local or national attention.</p> <aside class="relation packaged"> <div class="relation-inner grid_5 suffix_desktop-large_3 suffix_desktop_1 stacked float-right" data-sigil="relation"> <h3>About this report</h3> <p> This story was produced as part of a collaboration between USA TODAY, The Arizona Republic and the Center for Public Integrity. More than 30 reporters across the country were involved in the two-year investigation, which identified copycat bills in every state. The team used a unique data-analysis engine built on hundreds of cloud computers to compare millions of words of legislation provided by LegiScan.</aside> <p>But some do, and they lead to boycotts, protests and public condemnation by celebrities and politicians alike.</p> <p>Here are some well-known pieces of legislation that began as – or became – model bills:</p> <h4>Stand your ground</h4> <p>The "stand your ground law" <a href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;URL=0700-0799/0776/Sections/0776.013.html"> was on the books in Florida for years</a> before it became the lightning rod it is today. The death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed African-American 17-year-old gunned down by neighborhood watchman George Zimmerman in 2012, <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/24/arizona-stand-your-ground-law-debated/2582047/"> pulled the law into the mainstream overnight</a>. When Zimmerman was <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/13/george-zimmerman-found-not-guilty/2514163/"> found not guilty of second-degree murder</a>, protests erupted. Activists held a <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/10/stand-your-ground-protesters/6257543/"> month-long sit-in at the Florida Capitol</a> in an effort to force legislators to overturn the law. It didn't work. Now, Martin is a symbol of racial and criminal injustice to some, while conservatives and gun rights groups have embraced stand your ground, a model bill. The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a limited-government organization, <a href="https://www.alec.org/press-release/alec-statement-on-stand-your-ground-legislation-32612/"> created its own legislation</a> based on the Florida law, and the National Rifle Association <a href="https://www.nraila.org/articles/20180315/nra-backed-stand-your-ground-bill-becomes-law-in-wyoming"> also has promoted stand your ground bills</a> at the state level. The measure or something similar is on the books <a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/self-defense-and-stand-your-ground.aspx"> in at least half of the states</a>, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://publicintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AP120307178331-1-1024x692.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-30998" /><figcaption><span class="legacy-caption">Trayvon Martin in this undated file family photo.</span>&nbsp;(<span class="legacy-credit">Martin Family Photo via AP)</span></figcaption></figure> </div> <h4><strong>Bathroom bill</strong></h4> <p>North Carolina repealing its infamous "bathroom bill" didn't crush the idea of limiting people to bathrooms corresponding to the sex on their birth certificates. The state reversed course in the face of a massive potential economic blow after the NBA, the NCAA, Ringo Starr and Demi Lovato canceled or threatened to cancel events in opposition to the bill. In 2017, the year <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/30/nc-lawmakers-reach-agreement-hb2-repeal/99811938/"> North Carolina rolled back the law</a>, 16 states examined bills to restrict bathroom and locker room access based on birth or biological sex, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative religious rights organization, has pushed a similar bill called the Student Physical Privacy Act in at least a few states, including <a href="http://www.leg.state.co.us/CLICS/CLICS2015A/commsumm.nsf/b4a3962433b52fa787256e5f00670a71/4f3a48ec0a54330687257de2005e3f8c/%24FILE/15HouseState0204AttachC.pdf#page=5"> Colorado</a>, <a href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF41&amp;version=0&amp;session_year=2017&amp;session_number=0"> Minnesota</a> and <a href="http://www.kslegislature.org/li_2016/b2015_16/measures/hb2737/"> Kansas</a>. The organization also <a href="http://www.adfmedia.org/News/PRDetail/?CID=82478"> sent schools across the country</a> a <a href="http://www.adfmedia.org/files/StudentPhysicalPrivacyPolicy.pdf"> model policy</a> to be used in restrooms, locker rooms and showers.</p> <h4>Right to work</h4> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright"><img src="https://publicintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/MI_Right-to-Work_Protest_-_11_December_2012_-_crowd2-e1554342092499-765x1024.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-70647" /><figcaption>A Right-to-Work Protest December 11, 2012 at the Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. (Wikimedia Commons)</figcaption></figure> </div> <p>The wave of "right to work" legislation appears to be the latest iteration of the decades-old rivalry between unions and business. The laws, which say employees can't be forced to join a union or pay dues, are <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/07/14/cnbc-right-to-work/2509531/"> favored by businesses and political proponents</a> who say the measures <a href="https://www.uschamber.com/article/right-work-laws-the-economic-evidence-2018-update"> boost employment and worker income</a>. But organized labor, such as <a href="https://aflcio.org/issues/right-work"> the AFL-CIO</a>, stands staunchly against them and say they favor big business and inhibit workers' rights to collectively bargain. The <a href="https://nrtwc.org/"> National Right to Work Committee</a> promotes its own "right to work" <a href="https://nrtwc.org/legislation/">model legislation</a> (ALEC also pushes <a href="https://www.alec.org/model-policy/right-to-work-act/"> a bill</a>) and lobbies states to defeat "forced unionism." It says there are <a href="https://www.nrtw.org/right-to-work-states"> 27 Right to Work states</a>, most of them in the South and Midwest. Though supporters of "right to work" are quick to list its benefits, a 2017 <a href="https://ler.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RTW-in-the-Midwest-2010-2016.pdf"> study by researchers</a> from the Illinois Economic Policy Institute and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign found that "right to work" policies have lowered wages in Midwest states.</p> <h4>'Anti-Sharia' bills</h4> <p>Nearly all state legislatures have considered bills that prevent state courts from using foreign laws. About a dozen states have passed them. Sometimes labeled "anti-Sharia," the laws are driven by concerns that law based on the Islamic faith poses a threat to the United States. The Southern Poverty Law Center estimates that <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/02/05/anti-sharia-law-bills-united-states"> at least 200 anti-Sharia bills</a> have been introduced in 43 states since 2010. One prominent piece of model legislation is the American Laws for American Courts bill, introduced in numerous states. The legislation's author is <a href="http://www.davidyerushalmilaw.com/aboutus.php"> attorney David Yerushalmi</a>, co-founder of the <a href="https://www.americanfreedomlawcenter.org/about/leaders/david-yerushalmi-esq/"> American Freedom Law Center</a>. The center described itself as a national interest law firm that fights for limited government and "America's Judeo-Christian heritage." On his own website, Yerushalmi says <a href="http://www.davidyerushalmilaw.com/aboutus.php"> the goal of his bill</a> is "to insulate state courts from the growing tendency to embrace constitutionally offensive foreign laws." The Council on American-Islamic Relations has publicly denounced the laws and often leads efforts to quash them. Most recently, the organization <a href="https://www.cair.com/cair_action_alert_urge_south_carolina_lawmakers_to_reject_anti_islam_bill"> targeted a similar South Carolina bill</a> it said serves "only to fearmonger (sic) about Muslim Americans."</p> <h4>Article V constitutional convention</h4> <p>Model bills snake their way through legislatures, affecting cities and state agencies, but their effects could shape policy at the federal level – if enough states get with the plan. One example is the efforts to trigger <a href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/constitution/article-v.html"> Article V of the U.S. Constitution</a>. Under Article V, the Founding Fathers offered states the opportunity to hold a convention to tweak the Constitution – if two-thirds of states would agree. In recent years, some states have taken interest in this constitutional work-around to reel in the power of the federal government. ALEC promotes a number of Article V model bills, one of which asks legislatures to join other states in calling for a constitutional convention because of the country's mounting national debt, unfunded mandates and federal "abuses of power." The pro-Democracy group Common Cause warned that Article V supporters <a href="https://www.commoncause.org/resource/u-s-constitution-threatened-as-article-v-convention-movement-nears-success/"> are just six states short</a> of their 34-state goal. The group says such a convention poses an "unacceptable risk" if it occurs in today's polarized political climate.</p> <p><em>Contributing: The Louisville Courier Journal, the Detroit Free Press and The Associated Press</em></p>
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