Aye Candy: The Confederate Ironclad That Almost Was
Posted in Technology by Andy Hall on March 24, 2013
This model of the Confederate casemate ironclad Wilmington is based on reconstruction plans drawn in the 1960s by W. E. Geoghagen, a maritime specialist at the Smithsonian Institution. Geoghagen's drawings, in turn, are based on surviving plans prepared by the Confederate Navy's Chief Constructor, John L. Porter (1813-1893). Full-size images are available on Flickr.
Wilmington was the last of three ironclads built at her namesake city during the Civil War. Neither of the first two had accomplished much during its service. The first, North Carolina, was structurally unsound and, like many of her type, was woefully underpowered. North Carolina was used in the brackish Cape Fear River as a floating battery until she sank at her moorings in September 1864, her bottom eaten through by teredo. The second ironclad, Raleigh, had been completed in the spring of 1864 and sortied to attack the Union blockading fleet off Fort Fisher. Raleigh managed to drive off several blockaders but upon her return upriver grounded on a sandbar and broke her keel, effectively making her a total loss.
Construction on the new ironclad began soon after Raleigh's loss, in the late spring of 1864. In designing the vessel, Porter sought to remedy two serious flaws exposed by Raleigh's brief sortie against the Union fleet: first, that she lacked sufficient speed to close the range and force a fight, and second, that she drew too much water to safely operate in the Cape Fear estuary.
Porter's design is almost unique among Confederate ironclads, with a long length-to-beam ration of more than 6.5-to-1, perhaps in imitation of the long, fast blockade runners that operated between Wilmington, Bermuda and Nassau. The new ship, dubbed by locals as the future C.S.S. Wilmington, was unusual above deck, too. While almost all Confederate ironclads built or planned for construction in the Confederacy during the war followed the pattern set in 1862 by the famous C.S.S. Virginia (ex-U.S.S. Merrimack), by using a single, large armored casemate to house the ship's battery, the vessel being built at Wilmington would have two small, low, casemates, each with a single, heavy gun working on a pivot on the inside. Each miniature casemate was fitted with seven ports, 45 degrees apart, giving the guns a wide (if narrowly segmented) field of fire. While the Confederacy lacked the resources to construct a revolving turret like those fitted on the Union Navy's monitors, Porter's design was a serious attempt to replicate the monitors' greatest tactical advantages: all-around fire by a few, very heavy guns, and presenting the enemy's gunners with a very small target. She is somewhat unusual for Confederate ironclads in that she was not built to be fitted with a ram.
Unfortunately, Wilmington never saw action, and was never formally commissioned. (Nor was the vessel ever officially named Wilmington; that's what the locals called her.) She was still on the stocks, nearing completion, when the city of Wilmington was evacuated. This vessel, representing perhaps the most advanced design of ironclad built in the Confederacy during the war, was put to the torch to keep her from falling into the hands of Union troops.
Because Wilmington was never completed, we cannot know exactly how she would have appeared in service. Bob Holcombe, in his masters thesis "The Evolution of Confederate Ironclad Design" (East Carolina University 1993), notes that 150 tons of one-inch plate taken from the decrepit old North Carolina might have been intended for Wilmington's open deck. In recreating the ship, I've left the deck unarmored, but I did put plating over the timbered knuckle that extends outboard on either side of the ship. This model represents a "what if" depiction of the ship as she might have looked if she'd been completed and fully commissioned, sometime in the summer of 1865. I don't think this ship (or several of them) would've changed the overall equation at Wilmington and Fort Fisher, but it's intriguing to imagine how she would have performed in action. With the right engines (probably a practical impossibility in that time and place) she might have been a real menace to the blockaders as a hit-and-run raider.
Special thanks to Kazimierz Zygadlo for his assistance in compiling material on this remarkable warship-that-almost-was.
Alongside the Union river monitor U.S.S. Onondaga, for comparison.
Tagged with: blockade, Cape Fear River, Fort Fisher, ironclad, John L. Porter, Wilmington
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macwhatley said, on March 25, 2013 at 11:01 am
Thanks so much for this! I had never read there was any distinctive difference between the Wilmington and the Virginia-style Albemarle, Neuse and North Carolina. But this design makes a lot of practical sense.
Up on the Deep River headwaters of the Cape Fear, where I live, the coal mines at Egypt in Chatham County and the ironworks in Franklinville in Randolph County provided materiel for the navy and blockade runners at Wilmington. The perennial problem with the Cape Fear navy was the poor quality of boilers and engines available for repurposing.
Andy Hall said, on March 25, 2013 at 11:07 am
It's a really intriguing design. My colleague Mark Jenkins over at Civil War Talk points to Wilmington's poor showing with the construction and engineering of their previous two ironclads, but on paper, at least, it has possibilities.