HomeContentAccepted Issues100(3) May 2005
MEM INST OSWALDO CRUZ, RIO DE JANEIRO, 100(3) May 2005
PAGES: 285-288 DOI: Full paper
Pathology and first occurrence of the kidney trematode Paratanaisia bragai (Santos, 1934) Freitas, 1959 (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in Phasianus colchicus L., 1758, from Brazil
Delir Corrêa Gomes ++, Rodrigo Caldas Menezes, Rogério Tortelly*, Roberto Magalhães Pinto + ++
Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Departamento de Helmintologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
*Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
The kidney trematode Paratanaisia bragai is reported for the first time parasitizing the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L., 1758) and the pathological alterations associated to the parasitism are referred on the basis of 50 specimens of this bird from backyard flocks in 11 counties of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil after clinical examination, necropsies, and histopathological analysis. The counting of the kidney flukes was based on worms recovered from one of the kidneys, since the other was fixed in 10% formalin and then routinely processed for histopathological procedures. The prevalence of P. bragai was of 22%, with a mean intensity of 44.3, mean abundance of 9.7, and range of infection of 3-153. Parasitized birds did not present with clinical signs and kidney gross lesions. Microscopic lesions were mild and characterized by dilatation of the renal medullary collecting ducts, occasional flattening of the lining epithelium of the ducts and inflammatory reaction of variable intensity with granulocytes around the ureter branches and medullary collecting ducts. The severity and pattern of the microscopic lesions seem not to be associated to the size of the worm burden and could be related to the mechanic action of the parasites, without traumatism, in despite of the presence of the tegumentar spines in specimens of P. bragai.
Paratanaisia bragai
The digenetic trematode Paratanaisia bragai (San-tos, 1934) Freitas, 1959 parasitizes the renal medullary collecting ducts and ureters, mostly of Galliformes and Columbiformes hosts and also of Anseriformes and is distributed in the American continent and Phillipines (Maldonado 1941, Travassos et al. 1969, Mena et al. 1986, Fedynich et al. 1996). In Brazil, the species is one of the most prevalent in domestic birds and has already been reported in the kidneys of the pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin, 1798), the ruddy ground-dove (Columbina talpacotiTemminck, 1811), the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758), the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758), and also of a wild galliform, the spot-winged wood-quail (Odontophorus capueira Spix, 1825) (Travassos et al. 1969, Costa et al. 1975, Silva et al. 1990, Menezes et al. 2001, Pinto et al. 2004). The intermediate hosts for P. bragai are the terrestrial snailsSubulina octona Brugière, 1789 and Leptinaria uni-lamellata Orbigny, 1835(Keller & Araujo 1992, Brandolini et al. 1997).
The parasite has been considered of low pathogenicity, causing mild gross and microscopic lesions in the infected kidneys (Santos 1934, Maldonado 1941, Barretto & Filho 1942, Menezes et al. 2001, Pinto et al. 2004); nevertheless, high parasitic burdens and the nature of the hosts, such as the domestic pigeon and the Puerto Rican plain pigeon (Columba inornata wetmorei), can determine the settling of clinical signs that include apathy, loss of weigh, diarrhoea and death (Portugal et al. 1972, Arnizaut et al. 1992).
These controversial data, referred in the few available studies of the pathology induced by this trematode and the fact that after decades of the first report of the species, two new hosts for P. bragai, the guinea fowl and the ruddy ground-dove have been assigned (Menezes et al. 2001, Pinto et al. 2004), indicate that the range of the hosts and the lesions associated to this species are not well established so far.
This investigation reports to data on the prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance and range of infection of the digenetic trematode P. bragai and to the gross and microscopic lesions associated with this parasite in ring-necked pheasants from backyard flocks in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the establishment of a new host record.
Fifty adult specimens of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L., 1758), 25 males, 25 females, weigh 200-1750 g from backyard flocks of 11 localities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were investigated. Localities and number of examined hosts are, respectively: Niterói (22º53'S-43º06'W)-9; Rio de Janeiro (22º54'S-43º12'W)-8; Tanguá (22º73'S-42º71'W)-9; São Francisco do Itabapoana (21º28'S-41º08'W)-8; Santo Antônio de Pádua (21º54'S-42º18'W)-2; Areal (22º14'S-43º65'W)-3; Petrópolis (22º30'S-43º10'W)-2; São José do Vale do Rio Preto (22º09'S-42º55'W)- 2; Rio Bonito (22º43'S-42º37'W)-4; Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin (22º32'S-43º40'W)-2; Laje do Muriaé (21º12'S-42º07'W)-1. After individual clinical evaluation birds were killed and submitted to necropsy, according to the technique of Zander et al. (1997).
The kidneys and ureters were removed and dissected with the aid of a scissor, in separated Petri dishes containing 0.85% NaCl solution. Trematodes were collected with the aid of thin brushes, (no. 00), rinsed in the same solution, fixed with AFA (alcohol 70º GL, 93 ml; formaldehyde, 5 ml; acetic acid, 2 ml) and counted under a stereoscope microscope. Counting of the kidney flukes was performed in one kidney. The other was immediately fixed in 10% formalin and then routinely processed (Behmer et al. 1976) for parafin embedding. Five micrometers thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Values referring to prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance and range of infection are in accordance with Bush et al. (1997).
Trematodes were stained with alcoholic chloride Langeron's carmine by the regressive process, according to Amato (1985). Some specimens were maintained as wet material and other preserved in Canada balsam and deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC) numbers 35206-35215 (wet material); 36328 a-b, 36329, 36330 a, 36331, 36332 a-b, 36333, 36334, and 36335 (whole mounts); slides 36330 b, 36332 c, 36336 refer to histological sections. Classification of the trematodes to the specific level is in accordance with Travassos et al. (1969).
The development of this research has been authorized by the Committee of Ethics for the Use of Animals (CEUA/Fiocruz) no. P0095-01.
The prevalence of P. bragai was of 22%, with a mean intensity of 44.3, mean abundance of 9.7 and range of infection of 3-153, in a total amount of 487 worms. Trematodes were collected from the medullary collecting ducts (Figs 1, 2, 4), ureters and their branches. The trematodes were present in six out of the eleven investigated localities (Table I).
Parasitized birds did not present with clinical signs. The gross lesions in the kidney and ureters of parasitized birds were absent. The microscopic lesions were represented by very dilated medullary collecting ducts (Figs 1,2). In the bird with the highest parasite burden (153), the worms, mostly immature, were associated with the dilatation of the medullary collecting ducts and flattening of the lining epithelium of these structures were present (Fig. 4). In a few of the parasitized birds, an inflammatory reaction of varied intensity with granulocytes around the medullary collecting ducts and ureter branches (Figs 1, 3) together with lymphatic infiltrations, commonly present, were observed. This reaction was severe in two of the pheasants with intensities of infection of 10 and 85 worms, respectively, in one of the kidneys, showing to be more intense around the branches of the ureter (Fig. 3) and even absent in some areas of the medullary tissue with parasitized collecting ducts (Fig. 2). In one of the birds, with an intensity of infection of 3 worms this reaction was discrete, whereas in other infected birds in which values of the mean intensity and range of infection were of 65.2 and 4-153, respectively, was absent (Fig. 4).
The trematode P. bragai, for the first time referred in pheasants, presented, in the same study area, a lower prevalence than that reported by Silva et al. (1990) in domestic pigeons and by Menezes et al. (2001) in guinea fowls but higher when compared to the findings of Pinto et al. (2004) in ruddy ground-doves. The results presently obtained and previous data, indicate that P. bragai is of common occurrence in domestic birds in the state of Rio de Janeiro and that the ring-necked pheasant is a susceptible host for the parasite under natural conditions. Taking into account the low specificity of this helminth, the maintainance of pheasants together with other susceptible domestic birds can promote helminth cross-infections and the spreading of the renal monostomosis due to P. bragai. Wild birds such as the ruddy ground-dove (Columbina talpacoti), that according to Pinto et al. (2004) can be infected with high worm burdens of P. bragai, are commonly in close contact with domestic galliforms sharing food, and thus, probably acting as reservoirs and carriers of pathogenic agents to these hosts.
Morphological measurements in specimens of P. bragai recovered from the ring-necked pheasants are in accordance to those referred for this parasite from other hosts (Santos 1934, Stunkard 1945, Freitas 1951, Menezes et al. 2001, Pinto et al. 2004).
Taking into account the mean infections observed, P. bragai showed to be of low pathogenicity for the ring-necked pheasants, determining only mild microscopic lesions, similar to those reported in other hosts (Santos 1934, Maldonado 1941, Barretto & Filho 1942, Menezes et al. 2001, Pinto et al. 2004). Nevertheless, Arnizaut et al. (1992) and Portugal et al. (1972) refer to clinical signs, renal gross lesions and death in Puerto Rican plain pigeons and domestic pigeons, respectively, associated to very high worm burdens of P. bragai; however, the severity and patterns of microscopic lesions seem not to be related to the size of the worm burden, in accordance with Pinto et al. (2004). Some ring-necked pheasants, with low worm burdens, presented either severe or mild inflammatory reaction, whereas in birds with higher parasite loads, this reaction was absent. The site of infection, size of the parasites (predominance of either adult or immature worms), parasite strain and host could determine the severity of the lesions. The mild and rare lesions observed in the lining epithelium of the parasitized medullary collecting ducts seem to be related to the mechanical action of the parasite with no signs of traumatic action in despite of the tegumentary spines present in the specimens of P. bragai.
To Bruno Eschenazi Silveira, Laboratório de Imagens, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, for technical assistance regarding the figures.
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+Corresponding author. E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
++Research fellow CNPq
Received 14 January 2005
Accepted 28 March 2005
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