The Relationships Among Perceived Organization Support, Resilience, Perceived Mattering, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction in Adapted Physical Educators
K. Andrew R. Richards
K. Andrew R. RichardsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Search for other papers by K. Andrew R. Richards in
Wesley J. Wilson
Wesley J. WilsonUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette
Search for other papers by Wesley J. Wilson in
Steven K. Holland
Steven K. HollandOld Dominion University
Search for other papers by Steven K. Holland in
Justin A. Haegele
Justin A. HaegeleOld Dominion University
Search for other papers by Justin A. Haegele in
positive psychology; role socialization theory; teacher burnout; teacher research; workplace experiences
Although much has been learned about the workplace experiences of physical education teachers, less is known about the unique experiences of adapted physical educators (APEs). Grounded in role socialization theory, the purpose of this study was to understand the relationships among perceived organizational support, resilience, perceived mattering, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction in APEs. The participants included 237 APEs from the United States, who completed an online survey. The primary data analyses included confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The final structural model was a good fit for the data, χ2(199) = 327.25, p < .001, χ2/df = 1.64; root-mean-square error of approximation = .052 (90% confidence interval [.042, .062], p = .354); standardized root-mean-square residual = .050; nonnormed fit index = .959; comparative-fit index = .964. The results of this study highlight the importance of developing a workplace environment in which APEs feel supported in developing perceptions of matter, reducing emotional exhaustion, and improving job satisfaction.
* Richards is with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. Wilson is with the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA. Holland and Haegele are with Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
Richards (karichar@illinois.edu) is corresponding author.
https://journals.humankinetics.com/abstract/journals/apaq/37/1/article-p90.xml
Role Socialization Theory
Development of a Conceptual Model
Teacher Job Satisfaction
Emotional Exhaustion and Job Burnout
Perceptions of Mattering
Perceived Organization Support and Resilience
Participants and Setting
Research Design and Survey Instrumentation
Perceived Organizational Support
Perceived Mattering
Emotional Exhaustion
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Model Fit Indices
Verification of the Factor Structure
Evaluation of the Structural Model
Limitations of the Research Design
Implications, Summary, and Future Directions
Bobek, B.L. (2002). Resiliency: What we have learned. San Francisco, CA: WestEd.
Bobek, B.L. (2002). Resiliency: What we have learned. San Francisco, CA: WestEd.)| false
Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.)| false
Burke, R.J., & Greenglass, E. (1993). Work stress, role conflict, social support, and psychological burnout among teachers. Psychological Reports, 73, 371–380. PubMed ID: 8234588 doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.371
Burke, R.J., & Greenglass, E. (1993). Work stress, role conflict, social support, and psychological burnout among teachers. Psychological Reports, 73, 371–380. PubMed ID: 8234588 doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.371)| false
Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.)| false
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.)| false
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M.B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019–1028. PubMed ID: 18157881 doi:10.1002/jts.20271
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M.B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019–1028. PubMed ID: 18157881 doi:10.1002/jts.20271)| false
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.)| false
Connor, K., & Davidson, J. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. PubMed ID: 12964174 doi:10.1002/da.10113
Connor, K., & Davidson, J. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. PubMed ID: 12964174 doi:10.1002/da.10113)| false
Day, C., & Gu, Q. (2010). The new lives of teachers. New York, NY: Routledge.
Day, C., & Gu, Q. (2010). The new lives of teachers. New York, NY: Routledge.)| false
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J.A. (2000). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J.A. (2000). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.)| false
Dworkin, A.G., & Tobe, P.F. (2014). The effects of standards-based school accountability on teacher burnout and trust relationships: A longitudinal analysis. In D. Van Maele, P.B. Forsyth, & M. Van Houtte (Eds.), Trust and school life (pp. 121–143). New York, NY: Springer.
Dworkin, A.G., & Tobe, P.F. (2014). The effects of standards-based school accountability on teacher burnout and trust relationships: A longitudinal analysis. In D. Van Maele, P.B. Forsyth, & M. Van Houtte (Eds.), Trust and school life (pp. 121–143). New York, NY: Springer.)| false
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 812–820. PubMed ID: 9337610 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 812–820. PubMed ID: 9337610 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812)| false
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500)| false
Eisenberger, R., & Stinglhamber, D.C. (2011). Perceived organizational support: Fostering enthusiastic and productive employees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Eisenberger, R., & Stinglhamber, D.C. (2011). Perceived organizational support: Fostering enthusiastic and productive employees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.)| false
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104)| false
Gaudreault, K.L., Richards, K.A.R., & Woods, A.M. (2018). Understanding the perceived mattering of physical education teachers. Sport, Education and Society, 23(6), 578–590. doi:10.1080/13573322.20161271317
Gaudreault, K.L., Richards, K.A.R., & Woods, A.M. (2018). Understanding the perceived mattering of physical education teachers. Sport, Education and Society, 23(6), 578–590. doi:10.1080/13573322.20161271317)| false
Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187–214. doi:10.1017/S0272263100009943
Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187–214. doi:10.1017/S0272263100009943)| false
Haegele, J.A., & Zhu, X. (2017). Experiences of individuals with visual impairments in integrated physical education: A retrospective study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88, 425–435. PubMed ID: 28723249 doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1346781
Haegele, J.A., & Zhu, X. (2017). Experiences of individuals with visual impairments in integrated physical education: A retrospective study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88, 425–435. PubMed ID: 28723249 doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1346781)| false
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.)| false
Hodge, S.R., & Akuffo, P.B. (2007). Adapted physical education teachers' concerns in teaching students with disabilities in an urban public school district. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 54, 399–416. doi:10.1080/10349120701654571
Hodge, S.R., & Akuffo, P.B. (2007). Adapted physical education teachers' concerns in teaching students with disabilities in an urban public school district. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 54, 399–416. doi:10.1080/10349120701654571)| false
Howard, S., & Johnson, B. (2004). Resilient teachers: Resisting stress and burnout. Social Psychology of Education, 7, 399–420. doi:10.1007/s11218-004-0975-0
Howard, S., & Johnson, B. (2004). Resilient teachers: Resisting stress and burnout. Social Psychology of Education, 7, 399–420. doi:10.1007/s11218-004-0975-0)| false
Ješinová, L., Spurná, M., Kudláček, M., & Sklenaříková, J. (2014). Job dissatisfaction among certified adapted physical education specialists in the USA. Acta Gymnica, 44, 175–180. doi:10.5507/ag.2014.018
Ješinová, L., Spurná, M., Kudláček, M., & Sklenaříková, J. (2014). Job dissatisfaction among certified adapted physical education specialists in the USA. Acta Gymnica, 44, 175–180. doi:10.5507/ag.2014.018)| false
Jones, N., Seddon, R., Fear, N.T., McAllister, P., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2012). Leadership, cohesion, morale, and mental health of UK Armed Forces in Afghanistan. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75, 49–59. doi:10.1521/psyc.2012.75.1.49
Jones, N., Seddon, R., Fear, N.T., McAllister, P., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2012). Leadership, cohesion, morale, and mental health of UK Armed Forces in Afghanistan. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75, 49–59. doi:10.1521/psyc.2012.75.1.49)| false
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2018). LISREL 10 for Windows. Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2018). LISREL 10 for Windows. Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.)| false
Kishton, J.M., & Widaman, K.F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 757–765. doi:10.1177/0013164494054003022
Kishton, J.M., & Widaman, K.F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 757–765. doi:10.1177/0013164494054003022)| false
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.)| false
Lambert, A.D., & Miller, A.L. (2014). Lower response rates on alumni surveys might not mean lower response representativeness. Educational Research Quarterly, 37(3), 38–51.
Lambert, A.D., & Miller, A.L. (2014). Lower response rates on alumni surveys might not mean lower response representativeness. Educational Research Quarterly, 37(3), 38–51.)| false
Laureano, J., Konukman, F., Gümüşdağ, H., Erdoğan, S., Yu, J., & Çekin, R. (2014). Effects of marginalization on school physical education programs: A literature review. Physical Culture and Sport: Studies and Research, 64, 29–40. doi:10.2478/pcssr-2014-0029
Laureano, J., Konukman, F., Gümüşdağ, H., Erdoğan, S., Yu, J., & Çekin, R. (2014). Effects of marginalization on school physical education programs: A literature review. Physical Culture and Sport: Studies and Research, 64, 29–40. doi:10.2478/pcssr-2014-0029)| false
Lee, Y.H., & Chelladurai, P. (2018). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, coach burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in sport leadership. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 393–412. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1406971
Lee, Y.H., & Chelladurai, P. (2018). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, coach burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in sport leadership. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 393–412. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1406971)| false
Lindqvist, P., Nordänger, U.K., & Carlsson, R. (2014). Teacher attrition the first five years: A multifaceted image. Teaching and Teacher Education, 40, 94–103. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.02.005
Lindqvist, P., Nordänger, U.K., & Carlsson, R. (2014). Teacher attrition the first five years: A multifaceted image. Teaching and Teacher Education, 40, 94–103. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.02.005)| false
Lortie, D.C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lortie, D.C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.)| false
Mäkelä, K., Hirvensalo, M., & Whipp, P.R. (2015). Determinants of PE teachers' career intentions. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 34, 680–699. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2014-0081
Mäkelä, K., Hirvensalo, M., & Whipp, P.R. (2015). Determinants of PE teachers' career intentions. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 34, 680–699. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2014-0081)| false
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016)| false
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Price, A., & McConney, A. (2012). Don't sweat the small stuff: Understanding teacher resilience at the chalkface. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 357–367. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.001
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Price, A., & McConney, A. (2012). Don't sweat the small stuff: Understanding teacher resilience at the chalkface. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 357–367. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.001)| false
Marshall, S.K. (2001). Do I matter? Construct validation of adolescents' perceived mattering to parents and friends. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 473–490. PubMed ID: 11549327 doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0384
Marshall, S.K. (2001). Do I matter? Construct validation of adolescents' perceived mattering to parents and friends. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 473–490. PubMed ID: 11549327 doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0384)| false
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W.B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W.B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.)| false
Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Schwab, R.L. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory—educators survey (MBI-ES). In C. Maslach, S.E. Jackson, & M.P. Leiter (Eds.), MBI Study (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Schwab, R.L. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory—educators survey (MBI-ES). In C. Maslach, S.E. Jackson, & M.P. Leiter (Eds.), MBI Study (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.)| false
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M.P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 498–512. PubMed ID: 18457483 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M.P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 498–512. PubMed ID: 18457483 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498)| false
McDonnell, L.M. (2012). Educational accountability and policy feedback. Educational Policy, 27, 170–189. doi:10.1177/0895904812465119
McDonnell, L.M. (2012). Educational accountability and policy feedback. Educational Policy, 27, 170–189. doi:10.1177/0895904812465119)| false
Nuñez, I. (2015). Teacher bashing and teacher deskilling. In M.F. He, B.D. Schultz, & W.H. Schubert (Eds.), The SAGE guide to curriculum in education (pp. 174–182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nuñez, I. (2015). Teacher bashing and teacher deskilling. In M.F. He, B.D. Schultz, & W.H. Schubert (Eds.), The SAGE guide to curriculum in education (pp. 174–182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.)| false
Obrusnikova, I., & Kelly, L.E. (2009). Caseloads and job demographics of adapted physical educators in the United States. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 109, 737–746. PubMed ID: 20178274 doi:10.2466/pms.109.3.737-746
Obrusnikova, I., & Kelly, L.E. (2009). Caseloads and job demographics of adapted physical educators in the United States. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 109, 737–746. PubMed ID: 20178274 doi:10.2466/pms.109.3.737-746)| false
Park, C.W., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2018). Influence of occupational socialization on the perspectives and practices of adapted physical education teachers. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35, 214–232. PubMed ID: 29569461 doi:10.1123/apaq.2017-0051
Park, C.W., & Curtner-Smith, M. (2018). Influence of occupational socialization on the perspectives and practices of adapted physical education teachers. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35, 214–232. PubMed ID: 29569461 doi:10.1123/apaq.2017-0051)| false
Pennington, T., Prusak, K.A., & Wilkinson, C. (2014). Succeeding together of failing alone: Going from good to great in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 33, 28–52. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2013-0065
Pennington, T., Prusak, K.A., & Wilkinson, C. (2014). Succeeding together of failing alone: Going from good to great in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 33, 28–52. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2013-0065)| false
Richards, K.A.R. (2015). Role socialization theory: The sociopolitical realities of teaching physical education. European Physical Education Review, 21, 379–393. doi:10.1177/1356336X15574367
Richards, K.A.R. (2015). Role socialization theory: The sociopolitical realities of teaching physical education. European Physical Education Review, 21, 379–393. doi:10.1177/1356336X15574367)| false
Richards, K.A.R., Gaudreault, K.L., & Woods, A.M. (2017). Understanding physical educators' perceptions of mattering: Validation of the perceived mattering questionnaire—physical education. European Physical Education Review, 23(1), 73–90. doi:10.1177/1356336X16637320
Richards, K.A.R., Gaudreault, K.L., & Woods, A.M. (2017). Understanding physical educators' perceptions of mattering: Validation of the perceived mattering questionnaire—physical education. European Physical Education Review, 23(1), 73–90. doi:10.1177/1356336X16637320)| false
Richards, K.A.R., Gaudreault, K.L., & Woods, A.M. (2018). Personal accomplishment, resilience, and perceived mattering as inhibitors of physical educators' perceptions of marginalization and isolation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37, 78–90. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2016-0228
Richards, K.A.R., Gaudreault, K.L., & Woods, A.M. (2018). Personal accomplishment, resilience, and perceived mattering as inhibitors of physical educators' perceptions of marginalization and isolation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37, 78–90. doi:10.1123/jtpe.2016-0228)| false
Richards, K.A.R., Hemphill, M.A., & Templin, T.J. (2018). Personal and contextual factors related to teachers' experiences with stress and burnout. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 24(7), 768–787. doi:10.1080/13540602.2018.1476337
Richards, K.A.R., Hemphill, M.A., & Templin, T.J. (2018). Personal and contextual factors related to teachers' experiences with stress and burnout. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 24(7), 768–787. doi:10.1080/13540602.2018.1476337)| false
Richards, K.A.R., Levesque-Bristol, C., Templin, T.J., & Graber, K.C. (2016). The impact of resilience on role stressors and burnout in elementary and secondary teachers. Social Psychology of Education, 19, 511–536. doi:10.1007/s11218-016-9346-x
Richards, K.A.R., Levesque-Bristol, C., Templin, T.J., & Graber, K.C. (2016). The impact of resilience on role stressors and burnout in elementary and secondary teachers. Social Psychology of Education, 19, 511–536. doi:10.1007/s11218-016-9346-x)| false
Richards, K.A.R., Washburn, N., & Hemphill, M.A. (2019). Exploring the influence of perceived mattering, role stress, and emotional exhaustion on physical education teacher/coach job satisfaction. European Physical Education Review, 25, 389–408. doi:10.1177/1356336X17741402
Richards, K.A.R., Washburn, N., & Hemphill, M.A. (2019). Exploring the influence of perceived mattering, role stress, and emotional exhaustion on physical education teacher/coach job satisfaction. European Physical Education Review, 25, 389–408. doi:10.1177/1356336X17741402)| false
Richards, K.A.R., & Wilson, W.J. (2019). Recruitment and initial socialization into adapted physical education teacher education. European Physical Education Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1356336X18825278
Richards, K.A.R., & Wilson, W.J. (2019). Recruitment and initial socialization into adapted physical education teacher education. European Physical Education Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1356336X18825278)| false
Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B.C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health. Research in Community and Mental Health, 2, 163–182.
Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B.C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health. Research in Community and Mental Health, 2, 163–182.)| false
Schempp, P.G., & Graber, K.C. (1992). Teacher socialization from a dialectical perspective: Pretraining through induction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 329–348. doi:10.1123/jtpe.11.4.329
Schempp, P.G., & Graber, K.C. (1992). Teacher socialization from a dialectical perspective: Pretraining through induction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 329–348. doi:10.1123/jtpe.11.4.329)| false
Schieman, S., & Taylor, J. (2001). Statuses, roles, and the sense of mattering. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 469–484. doi:10.2307/1389654
Schieman, S., & Taylor, J. (2001). Statuses, roles, and the sense of mattering. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 469–484. doi:10.2307/1389654)| false
Schreiber, J.A., Stage, F.K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E.A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323–338. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Schreiber, J.A., Stage, F.K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E.A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323–338. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338)| false
Shanock, L.R., & Eisenberger, R. (2006). When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 689–695. PubMed ID: 16737364 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.689
Shanock, L.R., & Eisenberger, R. (2006). When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 689–695. PubMed ID: 16737364 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.689)| false
Skaalvik, E.M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher job satisfaction and motivation to leave the teaching profession: Relations with school context, feeling of belonging, and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 1029–1038. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.04.001
Skaalvik, E.M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher job satisfaction and motivation to leave the teaching profession: Relations with school context, feeling of belonging, and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 1029–1038. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.04.001)| false
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.)| false
Taylor, J.R., & Van Every, E.J. (2000). The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, J.R., & Van Every, E.J. (2000). The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.)| false
Teo, T., Lee, C.B., Chai, C.S., & Wong, S.L. (2009). Assessing the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers in Singapore and Malaysia: A multigroup invariance analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Computers & Education, 53, 1000–1009. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.017
Teo, T., Lee, C.B., Chai, C.S., & Wong, S.L. (2009). Assessing the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers in Singapore and Malaysia: A multigroup invariance analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Computers & Education, 53, 1000–1009. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.017)| false
Wilson, W.J., Richards, K.A.R., & Kelly, L.E. (2017). The socialization of adapted physical educators: What is known and future directions. Palaestra, 31(4), 26–31.
Wilson, W.J., Richards, K.A.R., & Kelly, L.E. (2017). The socialization of adapted physical educators: What is known and future directions. Palaestra, 31(4), 26–31.)| false
Yonezawa, S., Jones, M., & Singer, N.R. (2011). Teacher resilience in urban schools: The importance of technical knowledge, professional community, and leadership opportunities. Urban Education, 46, 913–931. doi:10.1177/0042085911400341
Yonezawa, S., Jones, M., & Singer, N.R. (2011). Teacher resilience in urban schools: The importance of technical knowledge, professional community, and leadership opportunities. Urban Education, 46, 913–931. doi:10.1177/0042085911400341)| false