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Management Options for Dealing with Changing Forest-Water Relations
Vira, B.; Ellison, D.; Mcnulty, S. G.; Archer, E.; Bishop, K.; Claassen, M.; Creed, I. F.; Gush, M.; Gyawali, D.; Martin-Ortega, J.; Mukherji, A.; Murdiyarso, D.; Pol, P. O.; Sullivan, C. A.; Noordwijk, M. V.; Wei, X. A.; Xu, J.
This chapter addresses potential forest and water management strategies based on our understanding of the 'new normal', the challenges imposed, in particular, by climate change and human population growth, and our evolving knowledge of forest-water interactions . It further considers forest and water management strategies when water is prioritised over other forest-related goals (such as biomass accumulation or the sequestration of carbon in standing forests)
Trees, Forests and Water: Cool Insights for a Hot World
Ellison, D.; Morris, C. E.; Locatelli, B.; Sheil, D.; Cohen, J.; Murdiyarso, D.; Gutierrez, V.; Noordwijk, M. V.; Creed, I. F.; Pokorny, J.; Gaveau, D.; Spracklen, D. V.; Tobella, A. B.; Ilstedt, U.; Teuling, A. J.; Gebrehiwot, S. G.; Sands, D. C.; Muys, B.; Verbist, B.; Springgay, E.; Sugandi, Y.; Sullivan, C. A.
Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management . This constrains humanity's ability to protect our planet's climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts
Water resources, climate change and human vulnerability
Sullivan, C. A.; Huntingford, C.
This paper focuses on the impact of climate change on water resources and the affect it has on human society . Millions of people are at risk from the impacts of climate change associated with the socio-political dimensions of global change and demographic changes.
A model to link the climate and social sciences is developed in a policy-oriented approach to make a holistic assessment of human vulnerability to climate and other drivers of social change. The Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) uses water as a focus as it is a key factor of human and ecological well-being. Though it is not a new concept, it has been developed to encompass variations within countries and it is not limited to specific communities.
By linking outputs from global climate modeling to the components which make up CVI, possible areas where vulnerability of water resources is likely to impact livelihoods and ecosystem services were identified. In order to examine those most at risk from the impact of climate and global change it is important to look beyond national assessments. On the other end of the scale, by using data at the sub-national level, it is possible to refine the CVI assessment to identify specific risks within a country which is useful for policy making.
The objective of this paper is to show how an intermediate scale of application – between national and community levels- could lead the way to finding an approach that can be applied over wide areas while taking into account spatial variations reflecting different aspects of vulnerability. How can the impacts of climate and other global changes be assessed so that the impacts on people can be understood and appropriate policies therefore developed? The assessment of vulnerability at the appropriate scale is a key step in developing effective adaptation responses and can be focused on development issues and the needs of the poor. This approach can also be extended to other areas affected by climate change such as disease incidence and agro-ecological changes
Integration of the biophysical and social sciences using an indicator approach: Addressing water problems at different scales
Sullivan, C. A.; Meigh, J.
Sullivan, C. A in TERI