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State leaders
Colonial governors
MDCXXXI
ԹՎ ՌՁ
English Regnal year 6 Cha. 1 – 7 Cha. 1
Burmese calendar 993
Chinese calendar 庚午年 (Metal Horse)
辛未年 (Metal Goat)
Japanese calendar Kan'ei 8
(寛永8年)
Minguo calendar 281 before ROC
Tibetan calendar 阳金马年
(male Iron-Horse)
阴金羊年
(female Iron-Goat)
May 20: Magdeburg is sacked by an Imperial army.
1631 (MDCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1631st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 631st year of the 2nd millennium, the 31st year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1631, the Gregorian calendar was 10days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
January–March 2
April–June 2
July–September 2
October–December 2
Date unknown 2
September 12 – 13: Dutch and Spanish ships in the Battle of the Slaak.
September 17: Battle of Breitenfeld
January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany. [1]
February 5 – Puritan leader Roger Williams arrives in Boston. [2]
February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus.
February 20 – A fire breaks out in Westminster Hall, but is put out before it can cause serious destruction. [3]
March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now Angola) dies after a reign of five years.
March 10 – Al Walid ben Zidan becomes the new Sultan of Morocco upon the death of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II.
March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of Magdeburg by the Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.
April 13 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.
May 18 – In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office, and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
May 20 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, an Imperial army under the command of Tilly storms the German city of Magdeburg, and brutally sacks it, massacring over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion.
May 28 – William Claiborne sails from England to establish a trading post on Kent Island, the first English settlement in Maryland. [4]
Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.
Gazette de France , the first weekly French newspaper, is published.
June 17 – The death in childbirth of Mumtaz Mahal at Burhanpur causes her husband Shah Jahan to commission the Taj Mahal at Agra, as a mausoleum for her. Construction is started in 1632, and finished in 1653.
June 19 – War of the Mantuan Succession: The Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession.
June 20 – Algerian pirates sack Baltimore, County Cork, in Ireland.
July 9 – Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.
July 16 – The city of Würzburg is taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, putting an end to the Würzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for witchcraft.
July 22 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Werben: Tilly defeats Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively.
August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between Hesse-Cassel and Sweden.
August 29 – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) Abd Allah ibn Hasan, Emir of Mecca, abdicates in favor of two successors, his son Muhammad ibn Abd Allah and his great-nephew Zayd ibn Muhsin.
August – Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
September 11 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.
September 12 – 13 – Eighty Years' War – Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet carrying an invasion force is intercepted and almost completely destroyed by a Dutch fleet.
September 12 – Eighty Years' War – Battle of Albrolhos: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral Antonio de Oquendo, defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of Brazil.
September 17 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Breitenfeld: Tilly's imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.
October 10 – Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.
November 15 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of Bohemia.
November 21 – In Venice, a special mass celebrates the end of the two years of bubonic plague that had killed thousands of people.
November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.
December 16 – A volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii occurs, for the first time in several centuries. [5]
December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.
Moses Amyraut's Traite des Religions.
Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma's Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke .
Stanislaus Papczyński
Christoffel Pierson
Johann Heinrich Roos
January 1 or 1632 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (d. 1664) [6]
January 2 – Anthonie van Borssom, Dutch painter (d. 1677)
January 6 – Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, Scottish peeress (d. 1716)
January 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (d. 1670)
January 23 – Vincent Houdry, French Jesuit preacher and writer on ascetics (d. 1729)
February 6 – Edward Abney, English politician (d. 1727)
February 10 – Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess suo jure of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (d. 1680)
February 22 – Peder Syv, Danish historian (d. 1702)
March 3 – Esaias Boursse, Dutch painter (d. 1672)
March 9 – Claude-François Ménestrier, French heraldist, Jesuit, courtier (d. 1705)
March 13 – Lodewijck Huygens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1699)
March 16 – René Le Bossu, French critic (d. 1680)
April 8 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (d. 1695)
Piero de Bonzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1703)
Walter Vincent, English politician (d. 1680)
April 21 – Francesco Maidalchini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1700)
April 29 – Joseph Bridger, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1686)
May 2 – John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl (d. 1703)
May 4 – William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1680)
May 10 – Flavio Chigi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1693)
May 18 – Stanislaus Papczyński, Polish priest (d. 1701)
May 19 – Christoffel Pierson, Dutch painter (d. 1714)
May 28 – Louis André, French Jesuit priest, missionary and translator (d. 1715)
May 29 – Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth, English politician, earl (d. 1683)
June 13 – Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (d. 1674)
June 17 – Gauharara Begum, Mughal noblewoman (d. 1706)
June 22 – Francis Rombouts, Dutch Mayor of New York City (d. 1691)
June 25 – António das Chagas, Portuguese Franciscan friar and ascetical writer (d. 1682)
June 26 – Vincenzo Albrici, Italian composer (d. 1695)
July 4 – John Roettiers, English engraver (d. 1703)
Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (d. 1718)
Jens Juel, Danish diplomat (d. 1700)
August 5 – Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician (d. 1700)
August 7 – Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet, England (d. 1679)
Maffeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina (d. 1685)
John Dryden, English writer (d. 1700) [7]
August 24 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696)
August 29 – Henry Noris, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1704)
September 1 – Anne Crawford-Lindsay, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1689)
September 6 – Charles Porter, English-born judge (d. 1696)
Richard Edlin, English astrologer (d. 1677)
Johann Heinrich Roos, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
Toussaint de Forbin-Janson, French Catholic cardinal and Bishop of Beauvais (d. 1713)
Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes (d. 1709)
October 3 – Sebastian Anton Scherer, German organist and composer (d. 1712)
October 6 – Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1670)
October 12 – George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton, English Member of Parliament (d. 1714)
October 13 – Richard Hampden, English politician (d. 1695)
Heinrich Müller, German theologian and writer (d. 1675)
Michael Wigglesworth, American Puritan minister (d. 1705)
October 22 – Gilles Boileau, French translator (d. 1669)
October 26 – Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch, Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. 1707)
October 30 – Pierre Beauchamp, French choreographer, dancer and composer (d. 1705)
November 4 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (d. 1660)
November 10 – Daniel Harvey, English merchant and politician (d. 1672)
November 17 – Marco d'Aviano, Italian Capuchin friar (d. 1699)
November 21 – Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet (d. 1669)
November 28 – Abraham Brueghel, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1690)
December 14 – Anne Conway, English philosopher (d. 1679)
Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach, Swedish general, Prince-Abbot of Fulda and Kempten, and cardinal (d. 1677)
Gabrielle Suchon, French Catholic moral philosopher, feminist (d. 1703)
William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701)
Klara Izabella Pacowa, politically active Polish court official (d. 1685)
Jacob Matham
January 1 – Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase "Hobson's choice" (b. 1544)
January 3 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian composer and lutenist, younger brother of Galileo Galilei (b. 1575)
January 14 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (b. 1628)
January 20 – Jacob Matham, Dutch artist (b. 1571)
January 26 – Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1617–1631) (b. 1586)
January 30 – Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577-1592) (b. 1561)
February 7 – Gabriel Harvey, English writer (b. c. 1552/3)
February 14 – Tsugaru Nobuhira, Japanese daimyō (b. 1586)
March 24 – Philipp Dulichius, German composer (b. 1562)
March 31 – John Donne, English writer and prelate (b. 1572) [8]
March 28 – Juan van der Hamen, Spanish artist (b. 1596)
April 2 – Nicolò Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1553)
April 5 – Sinibaldo Scorza, Italian painter (b. 1589)
April 23 – Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, last Duke of Urbino (b. 1549)
May 6 – Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington, English politician (b. 1570)
May 26 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (b. 1576)
June 17 – Mumtaz Mahal, favorite wife of Shah Jahan (b. 1593)
June 18 – Robert Payne, English politician (b. 1573)
June 21 – John Smith of Jamestown, English soldier and colonist (b. 1580)
July 16 – Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (b. 1564)
July 19 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (b. 1550)
July 28 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (b. 1569) [9]
August 3 – Kim Jang-saeng, Korean scholar and writer (b. 1548)
August 8 – Konstantinas Sirvydas, Lithuanian religious leader (b. 1579)
September 6 – Honda Tadamasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1575)
September 18 – Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern (b. 1581)
September 21 – Federico Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (b. 1564)
October 14 – Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen and regent of Denmark (b. 1557)
October 20 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550)
October 26 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (b. 1554)
October 28 – Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1574)
November 1 – Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria (b. 1589)
November 7 – Patrick Fleming, Irish Franciscan friar and scholar (murdered) (b. 1599)
November 29 – Edmond Richer, French theologian (b. 1559)
December 5 – Tommaso Caracciolo, Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War (b. 1572)
December 7 – Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (b. 1568)
December 9 – Liborius Wagner, German Roman Catholic priest (b. 1593)
December 10 – Hugh Myddelton, Welsh businessman (b. 1560) [10]
December 23 – Michael Drayton, English poet (b. 1563)
December 30 – Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (b. 1591)
1626 (MDCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1626th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 626th year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th year of the 17th century, and the 7th year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1626, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1623 (MDCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1623rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 623rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd year of the 17th century, and the 4th year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1623, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1617 (MDCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1617th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 617th year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1617, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
The 1620s decade ran from January 1, 1620, to December 31, 1629.
The 1630s was a decade that began on January 1, 1630, and ended on December 31, 1639.
1622 (MDCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1622nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 622nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 17th century, and the 3rd year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1622, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1685 (MDCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1685th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 685th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 17th century, and the 6th year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1685, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1632 (MDCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1632nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 632nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 32nd year of the 17th century, and the 3rd year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1632, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1594 (MDXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1594th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 594th year of the 2nd millennium, the 94th year of the 16th century, and the 5th year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1594, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1611 (MDCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1611th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 611th year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1611, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1596 (MDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1596th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 596th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 16th century, and the 7th year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1596, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1630 (MDCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1630th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 630th year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th year of the 17th century, and the 1st year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1630, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1621 (MDCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1621st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 621st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1621, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1627 (MDCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1627th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 627th year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1627, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1628 (MDCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1628th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 628th year of the 2nd millennium, the 28th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1628, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1629 (MDCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1629th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 629th year of the 2nd millennium, the 29th year of the 17th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1629, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1643 (MDCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1643rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 643rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 43rd year of the 17th century, and the 4th year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1643, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly was a field marshal who commanded the Catholic League's forces in the Thirty Years' War. From 1620–31, he had an unmatched and demoralizing string of important victories against the Protestants, including White Mountain, Wimpfen, Höchst, Stadtlohn and the Conquest of the Palatinate. He destroyed a Danish army at Lutter and sacked the Protestant city of Magdeburg, which caused the death of some 20,000 of the city's inhabitants, both defenders and non-combatants, out of a total population of 25,000.
The Treaty of Bärwalde, signed on 23 January 1631, was an agreement by France to provide Sweden financial support, following its intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
Events from the year 1631 in France
↑ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.
↑ Reuben Aldridge Guild (1886). Footprints of Roger Williams. Tibbitts & Preston. p. 7.
↑ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29
↑ William R. Howell (1931). The Government of Kent County, Maryland, Historical and Descriptive. Published through the cooperation of Washington College. p. 1.
↑ "Vesuvius | Facts, Location, & Eruptions". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
↑ National Library of Wales (1942). Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru. Council of the National Library of Wales. p. 51.
↑ Restoration and 18th-Century Drama. Macmillan International Higher Education. November 1, 1980. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-349-16422-6.
↑ John Donne; Gary A. Stringer (1995). The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne: The epigrams, epithalamions, epitaphs, inscriptions, and miscellaneous poems. Indiana University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0-253-31812-2.
↑ Merimee, Ernest (May 8, 2018). Revival: A History of Spanish Literature (1930). Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-351-34931-4.
↑ Bernard Rudden; Professor of Comparative Law Bernard Rudden (May 16, 1985). The New River: A Legal History. OUP Oxford. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-825497-3.