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The Battle of Verdun was one of World War I Western Front's first major battles. For 11 months in 1916, the German and French armies fought it out on the hilly terrain north of the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse (unsurprisingly located in north-eastern France, near the Champagne region).
I knew the area was a historical battleground for France and Germany, but driving from Alsace to Verdun, I was shocked by the sheer number of military monuments I saw from the highway. When Charlemagne's empire was divided under the Treaty of Verdun (843 A.D.) the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire. Later, the Peace of Westphalia (1648 A.D.) awarded Verdun to France. France and Germany continued to butt heads. Verdun was part of the defensive line that was built after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
There were even more monuments when I got off the highway. I had a little bit of driving time because I got off at the wrong exit. I couldn't believe that I just happened upon places like this in the countryside 20 miles (32K) from the battlefield.
The Germans hoped a decisive strike and victory would demoralize their opponent, forcing a quick surrender. Hey, it worked pretty well in the Franco-Prussian War. Verdun seemed like a logical point of attack; it was almost surrounded. The Germans failed capture the city of Verdun and to inflict a much higher body count on the other side. The Battle of Verdun ended as a French tactical victory. Unfortunately, it came at an extremely high cost to both sides, there were about 800,000 casualties! Cemeteries surround the museum and contain 15,000 tombstones.
L'Ossuaire de Douaumont, an ossuary next to the cemetery. It is the final resting place for 130,000 French and Germans who died in muddy trenches. The tower is shaped like an artillery shell.
Armies (British, French, American, and German) fired approximately 720 million shells and mortar bombs on the Western Front between 1914 and 1918. Even today, entire areas remain cordoned off and live bombs are turned up by farmers plowing their fields. Notice the trees are relatively young. Artillery shelling demolished the existing forests. It also created craters that are still visible (see the photos below).
The shelling destroyed villages of Cumières and Chattancourt. Believe it or not, there used to be a town where the chapel now stands!
The museum is amazing. I was stunned by how low tech some of it was. There were carts that had been pulled by horses (they had an ancient looking car too) and a hot air balloon.
They still had enough technology, machine guns, flamethrowers, poisonous gas, etc., to be very, very deadly.
The museum has photos and a recreation of the trenches. It's hard to imagine the conditions the soldiers endured.
After mobilization of the German Army during World War I, the government identified notable artists to be withdrawn from combat to protect them. Franz Marc (one of my favorites) was on the list, but before orders for reassignment could reach him, he was struck in the head and killed instantly in 1916 by a shell splinter.
By the way, November 11, is Armistice Day. On November 11, 1918, fighting ceased in "The Great War" when an armistice, a temporary cessation of hostilities, between the Allied nations and Germany went into effect. It started on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, but the "war to end all wars" officially ended when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles outside the town of Versailles, France.
Posted in France, Germany, History	| Tagged 1918, Allied Army, Allies, Armistice, Armistice Day, army, artillery, artillery shell, Battle of Verdun, Battlefield, bomb, casualties, cemetery, Charlemagne, Chattancourt, combat, Cumières, empire, First World War, flamethrowers, France, Franco-Prussian War, Franz Marc, French language, German, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, horses, hot air balloon, machine guns, Monument, November 11, Peace of Westphalia, poison gas, poisonous gas, Shell, soldier, soldiers, Treaty of Verdun, trench, trench warfare, trenches, Verdun, war, War to end all wars, Western Front, World War I, WWI	| 5 Replies
Pablo Picasso, 1937, Guernica, protest against Fascism (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Guernica was a sleepy Basque village in northern Spain that was unknown to much of the wider world… until April 27, 1937 when it was the target of the world's first saturation-bombing raid. General Francisco Franco allowed his fascist ally Hitler to test his new air force's prowess. At the time, military aviation was in its infancy and the world hadn't yet seen massive aerial bombings. The raid destroyed the town, causing destruction that previously had been unimaginable.
Ruins of Guernica (1937). The Spanish civil war claimed the lives of over half-a-million people. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
At the time, Pablo Picasso was living in Paris. When he read the news reports of Guernica, he quit working on other projects and set to work. He worked on it feverishly and within a few weeks, he created a large mural measuring 87.17 meters (286 square feet). When we were in Paris, we were surprised to walk out our door and see this plaque nearby. It says "Pablo Picasso lived in this building from 1936 to 1955. It is in this workshop that he painted 'Guernica' in 1937. It is here also that Balzac centered the action of his novel 'Le Chef-d'œuvre Inconnu'.".
Picasso exhibited it at the Spanish Pavilion of the 1937 Paris World's Fair. It turned out to be a masterpiece and is generally regarded as Picasso's greatest work. It combines various styles (Cubism, Surrealism and abstraction) to depict and comment on the horrors of war. It wasn't an immediate smash. But over time, people gained an appreciation of its complex symbolism. People reacted to the humanity depicted and the devastating effects of war on civilians. It became a rallying-cry-in-paint to the anti-fascist cause. When we were in Madrid, we made a special trip to the Reina Sofia Museum to see it. It is incredibly moving and its use of symbolism is astonishing. For a good analysis/explanation of the painting, click here or here.
Pablo Picasso pintando el Guernica (París, 1937) (Photo credit: Recuerdos de Pandora)
Happy Birthday Picasso!
Posted in Art, France, Spain	| Tagged 1937 Paris World's Fair, abstraction, art, Balzac, bomb, civilian, Cubism, Francisco Franco, Franco, General Francisco Franco, guernica, Madrid, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Museum, Pablo Picasso, Paint, Painting, Paris, Picasso, Reina Sofia, Reina Sofia Museum, Spain, Spanish Pavilion, Surrealism, war	| 1 Reply