August 16, 2016 April 13, 2019 Bahauddin Foizee
Changing Face of Middle East Geopolitics: Growing Realignments
Until very recently, it was a recognized reality that the Middle East was divided into two greater blocs, where Syria, Iraq and Hezbollah were spearheaded by Iran (often addressed as shia bloc) and the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey and Qatar were spearheaded by Saudi Arabia (often addressed as sunni bloc). However, a new reality is trending.
The Sunni bloc has been increasingly experiencing fractures within itself because of the differences of views between two further sub-groupings within the bloc. While one group includes Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt, the other group consists of Turkey & Qatar.
Traditional blocs
The traditional sunni bloc, which includes Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Morocco and Turkey, are using the sunni brand in order to rally the sunnis around the world behind their back against their rival Iran.
On the other side, Iran is playing the same game by using the card of shia-ism in pulling the shias around the world towards its cause of portraying Saudi Arabia an evil power.
Growing Iranian influence in the region
The Iranian influence in the region is growing and such an increasing trend is perceivable from a number of developments. First, Iran-backed Hezbollah and Iranian Revolutionary Guards have been operating inside Syria and Iraq. Secondly, Iran was successful in establishing its influence substantially within the Lebanese social fabric and there is a strong presence of Hezbollah within Lebanon. Thirdly, the Iran-influenced government of Iraq consults with Iran about each and every matter, even on petty issues. Fourthly, a pro-Iranian regime, led by Bashar-al-Assad, is still holding onto power in war-torn Syria, Fifthly, Iran has been increasingly attaining a good control over the shia community within Bahrain which has a shia majority population under the sunni monarch.
Sixth, Iran has backed the Houthis, an armed group in Yemen, to successfully capture Yemeni capital Sana, and also to hold onto it for a long while until now. Finally, the nuclear done deal among the six nuclear powers and Iran was a landmark political, diplomatic and economic achievement for Iran, creating the possibility for strengthening Iran's regional influence against its major foe Saudi Arabia.
Saudi led sub-group
Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Morocco – all share many social, political and economic characteristics in common. The most notable common characteristic is, without any doubt, the fact that all of these countries are monarchies. Any other systems of governance that challenge the state's ruling mechanisms are, at times, checked and balanced through cracking down on such voices that are raised against the monarchy and its governance system.
Egypt, under a dictatorship, has been maintaining good relationship and deep cooperation with Saudi Arabia, because there are many common interests between these two countries. Saudi Arabia prefers to keep the Saudi Arabia's Muslim Brotherhood largely ineffective by making sure that the government of Egypt is neutralizing the organization inside Egypt, from where the organization runs its regional campaigns.
Egypt's current president, Abdul Fatah al-Sisi, came to power by overthrowing the Muslim Brotherhood backed president Mohammad Morsi. Besides keeping Muslim Brotherhood under check in the region, Saudi Arabia needs Egypt for overall balance of power in the region. Availing an ally like Egypt, which is a sunni populated regional military power, gives Saudi Arabia a boost against its regional foes, especially against Iran and Muslim Brotherhood.
Sub-grouping of Turkey & Qatar
The point of views regarding the practice of democracy collides between Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Qatar, despite being a monarchy, supports a version of "so called" Islamic democracy in line with their own interpretation.
Because of such a mindset, Qatar has been backing Muslim Brotherhood across the region. The Qatari policy makers, compared to those of Saudi Arabia, do have a lesser harsh approach towards Iran because of the same.
Turkey's ruling Justice & Development Party, otherwise known as the AK Party, professes a "so called" Islamic democracy similar to that of the Muslim Brotherhood. Turkey, among all the regional sunni populated countries, has the least harsh approach towards Iran & the likes (developments centring Syria is an exception though).
There have been incidents of withdrawal of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain's ambassadors from Qatar over its support for the Muslim Brotherhood across the region, including within Egypt. Saudi authority strongly opposes the Muslim Brotherhood and the organization is banned in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia & Egypt.
At the same time, it is true that while Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain & Egypt have many differences with Qatar & Turkey regarding many aspects of foreign policy, their greater shared and common interests with regard to their rivalry with regional axis of Iran-Iraq-Assad-Hezbollah have been keeping them united.
Today, Middle East, especially the Western Asia, is the most polarized and conflict plagued region in the world. With the passing of time, the polarization within the region is only getting worse. Furthermore, there remains no doubt that the interferences and interventions of the superpowers have only been serving the regional rivalries to fuel further.
The Middle East is undergoing a massive change in its geopolitics. Shifts in foreign policies of many Middle Eastern countries are clearly noticeable. Massive realignment efforts by above mentioned regional countries have been taking place and more realignment efforts from other countries from the region seem underway.
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