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Attitudes toward assisted suicide requests in the context of severe and persistent mental illness: A survey of psychiatrists in Switzerland
Martina A. Hodel, Paul Hoff, Scott A. Irwin, Nikola Biller-Andorno, Florian Riese, Manuel Trachsel
Journal: Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 17 / Issue 6 / December 2019
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 May 2019, pp. 621-627
Print publication: December 2019
Switzerland is among the few countries worldwide where a request for assisted suicide (AS) can be granted on the basis of a primary psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatrists play an increasingly important role in this regard, especially when the request for AS arises in the context of suffering caused by severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). The objective of the survey was to assess general attitudes among psychiatrists in Switzerland regarding AS requests from patients with SPMI.
In a cross-sectional survey of 1,311 German-speaking psychiatrists in Switzerland, participants were asked about their attitude to AS for patients with SPMI, based on three case vignettes of patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, treatment-refractory depression, or severe persistent schizophrenia.
From a final sample of 457 psychiatrists (a response rate of 34.9%) whose mean age was 57.8 years, 48.6% of respondents did not support access to AS for persons diagnosed with SPMI, 21.2% were neutral, and 29.3% indicated some degree of support for access. In relation to the case vignettes, a slightly higher percentage of respondents supported the patient's wish to seek AS: 35.4% for those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 32.1% for those diagnosed with depression, and 31.4% for those diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Significance of results
Although a majority of the responding psychiatrists did not support AS for SPMI patients, about one-third would have supported the wishes of patients in the case vignettes. In light of the increasing number of psychiatric patients seeking AS and the continuing liberalization of AS practices, it is important to understand and take account of psychiatrists' perspectives.
Transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology at first episode psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study
Diego Quattrone, Marta Di Forti, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Laura Ferraro, Hannah E Jongsma, Giada Tripoli, Caterina La Cascia, Daniele La Barbera, Ilaria Tarricone, Domenico Berardi, Andrei Szöke, Celso Arango, Antonio Lasalvia, Andrea Tortelli, Pierre-Michel Llorca, Lieuwe de Haan, Eva Velthorst, Julio Bobes, Miguel Bernardo, Julio Sanjuán, Jose Luis Santos, Manuel Arrojo, Cristina Marta Del-Ben, Paulo Rossi Menezes, Jean-Paul Selten, EU-GEI WP2 Group, Peter B Jones, James B Kirkbride, Alexander L Richards, Michael C O'Donovan, Pak C Sham, Evangelos Vassos, Bart PF Rutten, Jim van Os, Craig Morgan, Cathryn M Lewis, Robin M Murray, Ulrich Reininghaus
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 49 / Issue 8 / June 2019
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 October 2018, pp. 1378-1391
The value of the nosological distinction between non-affective and affective psychosis has frequently been challenged. We aimed to investigate the transdiagnostic dimensional structure and associated characteristics of psychopathology at First Episode Psychosis (FEP). Regardless of diagnostic categories, we expected that positive symptoms occurred more frequently in ethnic minority groups and in more densely populated environments, and that negative symptoms were associated with indices of neurodevelopmental impairment.
This study included 2182 FEP individuals recruited across six countries, as part of the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene–Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study. Symptom ratings were analysed using multidimensional item response modelling in Mplus to estimate five theory-based models of psychosis. We used multiple regression models to examine demographic and context factors associated with symptom dimensions.
A bifactor model, composed of one general factor and five specific dimensions of positive, negative, disorganization, manic and depressive symptoms, best-represented associations among ratings of psychotic symptoms. Positive symptoms were more common in ethnic minority groups. Urbanicity was associated with a higher score on the general factor. Men presented with more negative and less depressive symptoms than women. Early age-at-first-contact with psychiatric services was associated with higher scores on negative, disorganized, and manic symptom dimensions.
Our results suggest that the bifactor model of psychopathology holds across diagnostic categories of non-affective and affective psychosis at FEP, and demographic and context determinants map onto general and specific symptom dimensions. These findings have implications for tailoring symptom-specific treatments and inform research into the mood-psychosis spectrum.
Gravettian Figurative Art in the Western Pyrenees: Stratigraphy, Cultural Context, and Chronology
Blanca Ochoa, Marcos García-Diez, José-Manuel Maíllo-Fernández, Álvaro Arrizabalaga, Paul Pettitt
Journal: European Journal of Archaeology / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / May 2019
The timing and nature of the emergence of art in human evolution has been one of the more debated subjects in palaeoanthropology in the last few years, and one of the areas where archaeology has made impressive advances. Here, we discuss the first evidence of figurative art on portable materials in the north of Spain. After analysis of the stratigraphic contexts of all examples potentially of this age, which eliminated those of uncertain provenance, only three examples can be said to be Gravettian with a degree of confidence. We examine their stratigraphic provenance, the integrity of their archaeological contexts, and the absolute dates available for them. We then discuss their thematic and stylistic traits, comparing them to the wider database of material in the adjacent regions of the French Pyrenees and Mediterranean Iberia. We conclude that figurative depictions were scarce in the Gravettian of south-western Europe, in contrast to the relatively abundant examples of cave art assigned to this period in the region. If this is correct, we should nuance our discussions of 'Palaeolithic art' by considering that parietal and portable art had their own trajectories and functions, at least in the Early to mid-Upper Palaeolithic.
The role of automated methods for filament finding in understanding the complex relationship between filaments, magnetic fields and star formation
Maria R. Cunningham, Claire-Elise Green, Paul A. Jones, Giles Novak, Laura Fissel
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 14 / Issue S345 / August 2018
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 January 2020, pp. 23-26
The discovery of the ubiquity of filaments in the interstellar medium in the last two decades has begged the question: "What role do filaments play in star formation?" Here we describe how our automated filament finding algorithms can combine with both magnetic field measurements and high-resolution observations of dense cores in these filaments, to provide a statistically large sample to investigate the effect of filaments on star formation. We find that filaments are likely actively accreting mass from the interstellar medium, explaining why some 60% of stars, and all massive stars, form "on-filament".
A GENERAL POSITION PROBLEM IN GRAPH THEORY
Theory of computing
PAUL MANUEL, SANDI KLAVŽAR
Journal: Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society / Volume 98 / Issue 2 / October 2018
The paper introduces a graph theory variation of the general position problem: given a graph $G$ , determine a largest set $S$ of vertices of $G$ such that no three vertices of $S$ lie on a common geodesic. Such a set is a max-gp-set of $G$ and its size is the gp-number $\text{gp}(G)$ of $G$ . Upper bounds on $\text{gp}(G)$ in terms of different isometric covers are given and used to determine the gp-number of several classes of graphs. Connections between general position sets and packings are investigated and used to give lower bounds on the gp-number. It is also proved that the general position problem is NP-complete.
Constraint Answer Set Programming without Grounding
JOAQUIN ARIAS, MANUEL CARRO, ELMER SALAZAR, KYLE MARPLE, GOPAL GUPTA
Journal: Theory and Practice of Logic Programming / Volume 18 / Issue 3-4 / July 2018
Extending ASP with constraints (CASP) enhances its expressiveness and performance. This extension is not straightforward as the grounding phase, present in most ASP systems, removes variables and the links among them, and also causes a combinatorial explosion in the size of the program. Several methods to overcome this issue have been devised: restricting the constraint domains (e.g., discrete instead of dense), or the type (or number) of models that can be returned. In this paper we propose to incorporate constraints into s(ASP), a goal-directed, top-down execution model which implements ASP while retaining logical variables both during execution and in the answer sets. The resulting model, s(CASP), can constrain variables that, as in CLP, are kept during the execution and in the answer sets. s(CASP) inherits and generalizes the execution model of s(ASP) and is parametric w.r.t. the constraint solver. We describe this novel execution model and show through several examples the enhanced expressiveness of s(CASP) w.r.t. ASP, CLP, and other CASP systems. We also report improved performance w.r.t. other very mature, highly optimized ASP systems in some benchmarks.
Edited by Marie-Pierre Gelin, Teaching Fellow in Medieval History University College London, History Department, Paul Webster, Lecturer in Medieval History and Project Manager, Exploring the Past Pathway, Cardiff University, Cardiff School of History, Archaeology and Religion.
Book: The Cult of St Thomas Becket in the Plantagenet World, c.1170–c.1220
Published by: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp xv-xv
The Cult of St Thomas Becket in the Plantagenet World, c.1170–c.1220
Edited by Marie-Pierre Gelin, Paul Webster
Print publication: 15 December 2016
Thomas Becket - the archbishop of Canterbury cut down in his own cathedral just after Christmas 1170 - stands amongst the most renowned royal ministers, churchmen, and saints of the Middle Ages. He inspired the work of medieval writers and artists, and remains a compelling subject for historians today. Yet many of the political, religious, and cultural repercussions of his murder and subsequent canonisation remain to be explored in detail.
This book examines the development of the cult and the impact of the legacy of Saint Thomas within the Plantagenet orbit of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries - the "Empire" assembled by King Henry II, defended by his son King Richard the Lionheart, and lost by King John. Traditional textual and archival sources, such as miracle collections, charters, and royal and papal letters, are used in conjunction with the material culture inspired by the cult, to emphasise the wide-ranging impact of the murder and of the cult's emergence in the century following the martyrdom. From the archiepiscopal church at Canterbury, to writers and religious houses across the Plantagenet lands, to the courts of Henry II, his children, and the bishops of the Angevin world, individuals and communities adapted and responded to one of the most extraordinary religious phenomena of the age.
Dr Paul Webster is currently Lecturer in Medieval History and Project Manager of the Exploring the Past adult learners progression pathway at Cardiff University; Dr Marie-Pierre Gelin is a Teaching Fellow in the History Department at University College London.
Contributors: Colette Bowie, Elma Brenner, José Manuel Cerda, Anne J. Duggan, Marie-Pierre Gelin, Alyce A. Jordan, Michael Staunton, Paul Webster.
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp 208-237
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp ix-ix
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp i-iv
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp vii-viii
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp x-xiv
Thomas Becket is undoubtedly one of the best known and most written-about figures in the Middle Ages. Yet many of the political, religious and cultural repercussions of his murder, and subsequent canonisation, on the world he left behind remain to be explored in detail. Following Paul Webster's introductory exploration of existing historiography of the cult of St Thomas Becket, the main focus of this volume lies in the study of the emergence and development of the Becket phenomenon within the world from which it had been created. Anne J. Duggan's chapter highlights the way in which the creation and expansion of the cult of St Thomas are often relegated to the relative obscurity of liturgical or cultural history. In redressing the balance, Duggan examines the transformation of the murdered archbishop's status from that of victim to that of the most widely-revered medieval saint. Her article investigates the cult in the Plantagenet world and goes on to set it within the wider medieval context, considering evidence ranging from the period that followed the martyrdom down to the Reformation and beyond. In providing such broad focus, this contribution examines trends to which the other papers return in their discussion of the cult and of perceptions of St Thomas in the century following his martyrdom. Notably, these include the liturgical Becket and the efforts by the Plantagenet dynasty to build links with the religious phenomenon which Henry II had inadvertently created.
The volume then turns to aspects of the development of the cult, the reaction of religious communities to the popularity of the martyr and the impact of the conflict preceding Thomas Becket's death on the posthumous absorption of his cult into the life of monastic and hospital foundations in the Plantagenet lands. Chapters by Marie-Pierre Gelin and Elma Brenner focus on ways in which this could take place, examining different categories of religious house and the place which St Thomas occupied within them. Gelin focuses on the early development of the cult at its 'host' community at Canterbury, in terms of the integration of St Thomas into the iconography of the cathedral.
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp xvi-xviii
Print publication: 15 December 2016, pp v-vi
Paraconsistency and word puzzles
TIANTIAN GAO, PAUL FODOR, MICHAEL KIFER
Journal: Theory and Practice of Logic Programming / Volume 16 / Issue 5-6 / September 2016
Word puzzles and the problem of their representations in logic languages have received considerable attention in the last decade (Ponnuru et al. 2004; Shapiro 2011; Baral and Dzifcak 2012; Schwitter 2013). Of special interest is the problem of generating such representations directly from natural language (NL) or controlled natural language (CNL). An interesting variation of this problem, and to the best of our knowledge, scarcely explored variation in this context, is when the input information is inconsistent. In such situations, the existing encodings of word puzzles produce inconsistent representations and break down. In this paper, we bring the well-known type of paraconsistent logics, called Annotated Predicate Calculus (APC) (Kifer and Lozinskii 1992), to bear on the problem. We introduce a new kind of non-monotonic semantics for APC, called consistency preferred stable models and argue that it makes APC into a suitable platform for dealing with inconsistency in word puzzles and, more generally, in NL sentences. We also devise a number of general principles to help the user choose among the different representations of NL sentences, which might seem equivalent but, in fact, behave differently when inconsistent information is taken into account. These principles can be incorporated into existing CNL translators, such as Attempto Controlled English (ACE) (Fuchs et al. 2008) and PENG Light (White and Schwitter 2009). Finally, we show that APC with the consistency preferred stable model semantics can be equivalently embedded in ASP with preferences over stable models, and we use this embedding to implement this version of APC in Clingo (Gebser et al. 2011) and its Asprin add-on (Brewka et al. 2015).
Vaccination of calves against common respiratory viruses in the face of maternally derived antibodies(IFOMA)
Manuel F. Chamorro, Amelia Woolums, Paul H. Walz
Journal: Animal Health Research Reviews / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / December 2016
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 April 2016, pp. 79-84
Vaccination of calves in the face of maternal antibodies (IFOMA) often does not result in seroconversion as maternally derived immunity interferes with the activation of adequate antibody responses to vaccination; however, it can prime T and B cell memory responses that protect calves against clinical disease when maternal immunity has decayed. The activation of B and T cell memory responses in calves vaccinated IFOMA varies and is affected by several factors, including age, level of maternal immunity, type of vaccine, and route of administration. These factors influence the adequate priming of humoral and cell mediated immune responses and the outcome of vaccination. The failure to adequately prime immune memory after vaccination IFOMA could result in lack of clinical protection and increased risk of viremia and/or virus shedding.
By Marc Alexander, Joe Bray, Beatrix Busse, Patricia Canning, Ronald Carter, Jonathan Charteris-Black, Billy Clark, Tracy Cruickshank, Barbara Dancygier, Alan Durant, Catherine Emmott, Olga Fischer, Joanna Gavins, Alison Gibbons, Christiana Gregoriou, Geoff Hall, Craig Hamilton, Patrick Colm Hogan, Lesley Jeffries, Manuel Jobert, Rodney H. Jones, Marina Lambrou, Benedict Lin, Bill Louw, Dan McIntyre, Michaela Mahlberg, Jessica Mason, David S. Miall, Sara Mills, Marija Milojkovic, Ruth Page, David Peplow, Mick Short, Paul Simpson, Violeta Sotirova, Gerard Steen, Peter Stockwell, Michael Stubbs, Michael Toolan, Katie Wales, Sara Whiteley
Edited by Peter Stockwell, University of Nottingham, Sara Whiteley, University of Sheffield
Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Stylistics
Print publication: 08 May 2014, pp ix-xv
The Europeanization of Portuguese Democracy. Edited by Nuno Severiano Teixeira and António Costa Pinto. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. 250p. $55.00.
Paul Christopher Manuel
Journal: Perspectives on Politics / Volume 12 / Issue 1 / March 2014
Print publication: March 2014