– The Norwegian Art Scene Must be Decolonised
When Katya García-Antón first launched OCA's focus on Sami art, many rejected the initiative as 'exotic'. Today it is widely supported, and she gave an opening lecture at Arts Council Norway's annual conference.
By Susan Falkenås 13.11.17 Interview Artikkel på norsk
Máret Ánne Sara, Pile o' Sápmi, 2017, installation view. Neue Neue Galerie (Neue Hauptpost), Kassel, documenta 14. Photo: Mathias Völzke.
In its annual conference held today under the common heading 'Sami Rage' – a title borrowed from a work by Sami artist Carola Grahn – Arts Council Norway inquires into the sources of the strong political commitment found in Sami art and asks whether Sami culture is recognised within the overall national narrative.
The conference is held at Det Norske Teatret in Oslo, and in this interview one of the keynote speakers, Katya García-Antón, director of the Office for Contemporary Art Norway (OCA), speaks about OCA's work with Sami art during the last three years.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the first Sami assembly in Trondheim. Forty years have gone by since the Alta Action, and twenty years have passed since King Harald issued an apology to the Sami people for the forced assimilation policies of the past.
OCA has called attention to the relationship between art, environment and activism in northern Norway with an especial focus on the history and current situation of the Sami people in the two-year project Thinking at the Edge of the World. Perspectives from the North, which will be concluded this December.
Máret Ánne Sara, Pile o' Sápmi (2017), Shouts from the Shit Flood (2016), 150 reindeer skulls, plastic, and tape.
What do you think about the timing of the focus on Sami art and culture right now, and about Arts Council Norway's motivations for doing so?
The timing is excellent given this is the year of Tråante 2017 and the major recognition Sami artists are gaining internationally. This is happening as a consequence of a historical and art historical process that started with the social justice, and environment, mobilisations of the '60s involving Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. I understand the Congress will facilitate a lot of knowledge about the situation right now regarding Sami practitioners and institutions, and position it within a global discourse. And I very much hope it will galvanise the arts communities outside of Sápmi into action for the future.
One of the questions that are raised in the programme is whether or not Norwegian cultural workers have enough knowledge about Sami art, history and reality. Do you think so?
Sadly the answer to this – and this is a generalisation to which there are always good exceptions – is a rosounding no. There is an urgent need for Norwegian professionals in the arts and in media to align institutional structures, competences and practices to international standards, and these are decolonial standards. This means that Sami professionals need to be integrated urgently within major national institutions across Norway and the Nordic region so that Samis are not only narrating their own histories and presents, but also become instrumental in facilitating the indigenisation of Norway's institutions.
Synnøve Persen, work from the series Sámi Flag Project, 1977–, installation view, EMST – National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens, documenta 14. © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2017. Photo: Mathias V­ölzke.
OCA's programme Thinking at the Edge of the World. Perspectives from the North will officially end this year. In this final stage of the programme, can you reflect on what direction the programme has taken?
In OCA our considerations regarding Sápmi started in earnest in 2014. At the time we discussed presenting a Nordic Pavilion project based on the Mázejoavku's (Sami Artists' Group) work; their significance was already clear to us then. But we realised too that we couldn't approach this project without embarking on a full understanding of Sápmi's recent history, intellectual and artistic, and this required time, relationship building, a great deal of learning and institutional critique in the process. We knew from the start this would be a decolonial learning curve for us, and our intention was to make it a sustainable one for the institution. We didn't expect the speed at which the international community have reacted to the programme, and this illustrates the extent to which thinking and practice in Sápmi are at the cutting edge of global discourse today.
Opening of the Public Programs of documenta 14 at Parko Eleftherias with Niillas Somby. Photo: Stathis Mamalakis.
Several of the Norwegian artists who participated at Documenta 14 – arguably the world's most important art exhibition – were part of the designated programme for art from Sápmi. Can you detail how OCA functioned as a mediator in this process?
Eight Sami practitioners were included in Documenta 14 – Máret Ánne Sara, Britta Marakatt-Labba, Synnøve Persen, Keviselie (Hans Ragnar Mathisen), Mette Henriette, Iver Jåks, Niillas Somby and Joar Nango. Nango's project also invited other Sami and Indigenous peers. I knew Documenta 14 director Adam Sczymzyk and the head of publications Quinn Latimer as we all worked in Switzerland during the same period. I had a strong understanding of the kind of direction Documenta 14 would take. And having started our engagement in Sápmi back in 2014, I realised that this was a part of global artistic history that made perfect sense for Documenta. From then on, the goal was to facilitate the best possible conditions for them to make their decisions. This involved the Symposium we curated in the Sami Parliament, bringing together Documenta and Sami artists and thinkers of different generations; and after this, organising a research journey for them in Sápmi. Once a selection was made by the Documenta team, our grants system came into operation, as it always does in these cases.
Joar Nango, documentation of European Everything, 2017. Mercedes Sprinter, video projection, 1996. Installation view, Documenta 14, Kassel. Photo: Mathias Völzke.
Can you say something about the repercussions of the project? What feedback has OCA had on their commitment to Sami art?
Amongst the Norwegian arts community the feedback has changed over time. When we started out it was often said that this was an exotic interest. This word was often employed. It was also said that the North was a vast area with very little activity, so why such a focus? These were signs of the colonial thinking still embedded in Norway today. Sápmi is not exotic, nor are demographics an indicator of importance within global discourse. Today, we are getting a more nuanced form of response from the Norwegian community, and very often great support for our work and recognition of the need for it to continue.
What are your thoughts on the media coverage of the Sami participation in Documenta 14?
Thinking about mainstream media – press, radio and TV – it was remarkable that international attention in the press was strong and enthusiastic, and in Norway it appeared as if Documenta hardly existed.
Britta Marakatt-Labba, Historja, 2003–07, Documenta Halle, Kassel, Documenta 14. © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2017. Photo: Roman März.
To what degree and in which ways do you think the focus on Sami art this year might have affected the way the Norwegian art sector relates to Indigenous peoples' art and cultures?
What is essential is not how to react to Indigenous people, but how to engage with a history of colonialism in which Norway and the Nordic region have been entangled for centuries, and to comprehend that the image of Norway abroad as a beacon of social justice and as a political mediator does not correspond to the reality at home. The art world has an ethical imperative to decolonise. Over the last decades this has been happening at a rapid pace across the world, and it would be embarrassing if Norway continued to lag behind. I believe we are all in the art world because we are passionate about the world around us, and it is important to remind ourselves that we have the power to effect change through our own institutions and practices through what is called the three Ps – de-canonising and decolonising Personnel, Programmes and Publics.
At OCA, our commitment continues into the future. In 2018 we will launch Sovereign Words, during the Dhaka Art Summit, bringing together Indigenous art writers from across the globe, including 4 Sami peers; and we will inaugurate the exhibition Let the River Flow. The Sovereign Will and the Making of a New Worldliness (working with a Sami Advisory Group) which will focus on the Alta Action and its legacy today. Furthermore we are building new working methods with our sister agencies in Finland and Sweden to engage with Sápmi together across the Nordic region and internationally, as well as collaborate with arts councils in Australia, Aotaroa/New Zealand and Turtle Island/Canada. Our commitment is also systemic – early next year we will announce that for the first time our grants jury will have a permanent Sami advisor in its fold (in a rotating position). And we are also discussing how to align our internal structures with best practices regarding the Indigenous agenda.
Keviselie / Hans Ragnar Mathisen, installation view from Documenta 14, Athen. © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2017. Photo: Freddie F.
Keviselie / Hans Ragnar Mathisen, installation view from Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum, Kassel, Documenta 14. © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2017. Photo: Fred Dott.
Iver Jåks, installation view from Palais Bellevue, Kassel, Documenta 14, 2017. Photo: Daniel Wimmer.
Joar Nango, My Father's Lifevest, 2014, digital photograph.
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