Florida Gulf Coast University
Psychology Psb 4002
Catherine A.
Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?
Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process.
If you eat a food containing tryptophan, what can you consume with it to increase its entry to the brain?
"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters:
to the appropriate receptor sites.
A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.
ionotropic; metabotropic
Reuptake is the absorption of:
neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by active neurons to dilate the blood vessels and increase blood flow?
Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?
the speed of reflexive responses
The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?
Which effect is consistently associated with a "second messenger"?
metabotropic
What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron?
the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
What do temporal summation and spatial summation have in common?
Both enable a reflex to occur in response to weak stimuli.
COMT and MAO are:
enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals.
Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the:
spontaneous firing rate.
Inhibitory synapses on a neuron:
hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell.
Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____.
excitation; inhibition
A graded depolarization is known as an
EPSP
Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?
rapid sequence of EPSPs
Vesicles are located:
in presynaptic terminals.
The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:
amino acids.
What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?
They are all synthesized from the same amino acids.
Which of the following would produce spatial summation?
Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?
the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs
In most cases, how many neurotransmitters can activate a postsynaptic neuron?
several transmitters, with different synapses responding to different transmitters
On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?
behavioral observations
An action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters by:
opening calcium pores in the membrane.
What happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell?
The neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft.
Temporal summation most likely occurs with:
rapid succession of subthreshold excitation.
A hormone is a chemical that is:
conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences.
"Second messengers" carry their messages to:
areas within the postsynaptic cell.
____ are specialized junctions between neurons
Ionotropic effects are characterized by:
rapid, short-lived effects.
Activation of autoreceptors tends to:
decrease further neurotransmitter release
An IPSP represents:
a temporary hyperpolarization
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls:
secretions of the adrenal cortex.
Hormones exert their effects:
similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters.
What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO)?
It is normally a poisonous gas.
What would be the effect of a drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?
decreased synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell
What is the primary difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?
Spatial summation depends on contributions from more than one sensory neuron.
What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?
inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord
The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was:
Elliot's adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation.
Which of the following would most likely result in an IPSP?
chloride ions entering the cell
An EPSP is to ____ as an IPSP is to ____.
Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the:
The neuron excretes neurotransmitter through its membrane by a process called:
exocytosis
The anterior pituitary is composed of ____ and the posterior pituitary is composed of ____.
glandular tissue; neural tissue
Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What is this effect called?
ionotropic
Suppose you were bitten by a black widow spider whose venom increases the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal. Which of the following treatments would be most effective?
Increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase.
Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?
Which of the following actions is most likely to be dependent on ionotropic effects?
rapid muscle contraction
Few pianists can play quickly enough to play the Minute Waltz in a minute. The finger movements that are required are likely to involve which type of neurotransmitter effects?
ionotropic effects
The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is:
synthesis, transport, release, reuptake
What was the first evidence reported by T. R. Elliott suggesting that synapses operate chemically?
Adrenaline mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that:
EPSPs are subthreshold events that decay over time and space.
Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:
cell body
The proper order of a reflex arc is:
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.
Given a repetitive series of action potentials in a given neuron, we can expect that:
many action potentials will fail to release any neurotransmitters at all.
Acetylcholine is synthesized in the:
presynaptic terminal.
A new drug is discovered that affects the activity of enzymes. Which of the following stages of synaptic transmission is most likely to be affected?
Which of the following is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect?
produces long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell
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semi-enclosed coastal bodies of water which receive essentially no inflow of fresh water are called _______.
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