Portrait of John Jay by Gilbert Stuart (Public Domain/Wikimedia).
December 12, 1745–May 17, 1829
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John Jay was a Founding Father and the First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Jay represented New York in the Continental Congress and was an author of the Federalist Papers. He wrote the Constitution of New York and served as Governor from 1795-1801.
John Jay was born on December 12, 1745. He was the eighth child and sixth son of a family of wealthy New York City merchants. Jay spent his childhood in Rye, New York, near New York City. He received his early education from private tutors. Jay graduated from King's College, now Columbia University, in 1864 and studied for the law profession. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1768 and opened his own practice in 1771.
First Continental Congress
Jay was a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 where he worked for conciliatory solutions to differences between Great Britain and the American colonies. As events became more contentious, Jay's positions began to shift more towards independence. Although he was at first a reluctant revolutionary, Jay became an ardent supporter of the American cause once the American Revolutionary War began.
Second Continental Congress
Jay was also a member of the Second Continental Congress. When the Declaration of Independence was signed, Jay was not in Philadelphia. He was in New York and did not sign the document.
On December 10, 1778, he was elected President of the Continental Congress. The election effectively made him the fifth leader of the United States. Jay served as president until 1779 when he took the position of Minister to Spain.
Minister to Spain
Jay resigned his post as president of the Continental Congress in 1789 to begin a diplomatic career as Minister to Spain. His task for this assignment was to obtain financial aid from the Spanish government for the war effort. Although he never convinced the Spanish to officially recognize the United States, he did persuade them to lend the United States $170,000.
As the Revolutionary War wound down, Congress selected Jay, along with Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Henry Laurens, to negotiate peace with Great Britain. They successfully concluded the Treaty of Paris (1783), which established the independence of the American colonies from Great Britain.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Federalist Papers
Upon returning to the United States in 1784, Jay found that, in his absence, Congress had selected him to serve as Secretary for Foreign Affairs for the Confederation Congress. Jay found this a frustrating post due to the weak structure of the new government. Jay's frustrations cemented his belief that the government established by the Articles of Confederation was too weak and need to be replaced. Although Jay did not participate directly in the Constitutional Convention, he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison to author the Federalist Papers in an attempt to secure ratification of the new Constitution.
First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Following ratification, President George Washington appointed Jay as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. During his time on the bench, the Jay court supported a strong federal government and established the position that states were subject to judicial review.
Jay Treaty
In 1794, President Washington sent Jay to London to negotiate a new treaty with Great Britain to address American grievances. Despite provisions of the Treaty of Paris, Britain continued to occupy outposts in the Northwest Territory, inflame American Indians on the frontier, impress American sailors, and illegally interfere with American shipping. Jay successfully concluded a treaty with the British addressing these and other issues, which the U.S. Senate barely ratified. Unfortunately, the treaty had minimal effect, as little changed on the high seas or on the frontier. The United States and Great Britain were not able to settle their differences surrounding these matters until the Treaty of Ghent concluded the War of 1812.
Governor of New York
Upon returning from London in 1795, Jay learned that he had been elected as Governor of New York during his absence. During his two terms as governor, Jay lobbied for penal and judicial reform, the abolition of slavery, and state-supported internal improvements.
Retirement and Support for Abolition
Jay retired from public service in 1801, but he remained active in the Federalist Party and he became an outspoken abolitionist.
John Jay died on May 17, 1829, at the age of 83. He was buried in the private cemetery on his family's Rye, New York property where he spent his childhood.
John Jay was significant because he was involved in many key events that led to the founding of the United States.
He served in the First and Second Continental Congress.
He was President of the Second Continental Congress.
He helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which officially ended the American Revolutionary War.
He wrote several of the Federalist Papers, which supported the adoption of the United States Constitution.
He was the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
He negotiated the Jay Treaty with Great Britain.
Founding Father
John Jay is considered a Founding Father of the United States because of his participation in key political events that helped lead an independent nation.
John Jay: Family, Faith, and the Federalist Papers
Article Title John Jay
Coverage December 12, 1745–May 17, 1829
Keywords john jay, founding father, supreme court, head justice
Original Published Date October 2, 2015
Date of Last Update December 10, 2021
Federalist No. 2
Federalist Number 3