I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Chungkingosaurus (Episode 233)
Episode 233 is all about Chungkingosaurus, one of the smallest known stegosaurs.
We also interview Andrew McDonald, curator and an educator at the Western Science Center in Hemet, California. His research focuses on the evolution of dinosaurs in North America during the Cretaceous, and he regular does field work in New Mexico. Since becoming curator, he's already named two new dinosaurs: Dynamoterror and Invictarx.
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Suskityrannus, the "coyote" ancestor to T. rex was described from New Mexico source
Russian paleontologists have found fossils of Cretaceous stegosaurs which may belong to a new species source
In Escondido, California, The Roynon Museum of Earth Science and Paleontology will be shutting down on June 29 source
In Ogden, Utah, Ogden's George S. Eccles Dinosaur Park has some new models, including a Utahraptor source
The Museum for Natural Sciences in Brussels, Belgium, has a new Allosaurus named "Arkhane" until April of next year source
The dinosaur of the day: Chungkingosaurus
Stegosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic in what is now China (Upper Shaximiao Formation)
Holotype is one of the smallest adult stegosaurs (about 13 ft, 4 m long)
Other specimens found were longer (estimated to be 16.4 ft, 5 m long)
Probably looked similar to Tuojiangosaurus (found in the same formation), though smaller, with a high, narrow skull
Probably had two rows of plates and spikes on its back, possibly arranged in pairs
A model of Chunkingosaurus at the Chongqing Municipal museum has 14 pairs of plates, 2 pairs of tail spikes, and the plates in the middle look like thick spikes (similar to Tuojiangosaurus)
Only one specimen found with a thagomizer (tail spikes), and there were two pairs and they were vertical and stout. May have had a third pair, but it was lost during excavation
Fossils found in 1977
Described in 1983 by Dong Zhiming and others
Type species is Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis
Name means "Chungking lizard"
Named for where the fossils were found, in the Jiangbei district of Chungking municipality
Four specimens have been found. Zhiming and others described all four, but named the three additional specimens as specimen, 1, 2, and 3, because there are distinctions between the three, but the specimens are too fragmentary in nature
In 2014, Roman Ulanksy named two of the species as new species, Chunkingosaurus giganticus and Chunkingosaurus magnus. But later Peter Galton and Kenneth Carpenter said they were nomina dubia, and referred them both to Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis
Gregory Paul suggested in 2010 that the third specimen was a juvenile of Tuojiangosaurus
Part of Huayangosauridae, a group of basal stegosaurs
May have been prey for theropods such as Yangchuanosaurus
Other dinosaurs that lived in the same time and place included Tuojiangosaurus, and sauropods like Mamenchisaurus
Fun Fact: A typical theropod is about 3 times as long as it is tall when in a walking/running posture.
Filed Under: All, Dino Podcast, Interviews, Podcast Tagged With: allosaurus, Andrew McDonald, Arkhane, Belgium, Brussels, california, china, Chungkingosaurus, coyote, Cretaceous, dinosaur, dinosaur of the day, dinosaur park, dinosaurs, Dynamoterror, Eolambia, Escondido, giganticus, hazelae, herbivore, Hippodraco, i know dino, Invictarx, Jeyawati, jiangbeiensis, magnus, Mamenchisaurus, Menefee Formation, Moreno Hill, museum, New Mexico, Ogden, paleontologists, podcast, rex, Roynon Museum, Russia, stegosaur, stegosaurus, Suskityrannus, t-rex, trex, Tuojiangosaurus, tyrannosaurus, utah, utahraptor, Western Science Center, Yangchuanosaurus, Zuni
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Incisivosaurus (Episode 227)
Episode 227 is all about Incisivosaurus, a small dinosaur with rodent-like front teeth.
We also interview Alida Bailleul, who recently described a dinosaur fossil with an unlaid egg clearly in its abdomen. Her research focuses on microscopic structure of dinosaur bone and tissue. She has also studied modern alligators and birds to learn about dinosaur tissue and biomechanics.
A new small therizinosaur, Lingyuanosaurus sihedangensis, was discovered with smaller more curved claws than its relative Therizinosaurus source
"Scotty" the T. rex is now officially the largest Tyrannosaur—and possibly land predator—ever discovered source
An amazing find of a dinosaur, Avimaia schweitzerae, that died with an unlaid egg inside it was found in Northwest China source
Washington State is working on getting an official state dinosaur: Suciasaurus rex source
The Montana state senate passed the bill 50-0 that says fossils are a property's surface rights, not mineral rights source
Colorado Northwestern Community College has a new dinosaur, Walter, the hadrosaur source
The dinosaur of the day: Incisivosaurus
Oviraptorosaurian theropod that lived in the Early Crecateous in what is now China
Probably an herbivore or possibly an omnivore
Described in 2002 by Xu and others, based on a skull found in the Yixian Formation
Name means "incisor lizard"
Skull is about 3.9 in (10 cm) long
Had a long snout that was about half the length of the skull, and a slender lower jaw
Had rodent-like front teeth (large and flat), that was worn down in a similar way to herbivorous dinosaur teeth
Had small, peg-like teeth in the back
Had lots of teeth, and skull had some features that showed a relationship with therizinosaurs (other theropods that were probably herbivores)
Balanoff and others scanned the skull in 2009
Had primitive characteristics (like the teeth) that may show the similarities between oviraptorids and birds are because of convergent evolution, and were not shared derived characters
Estimated to be about 3.3 ft (1 m) long
May have been feathered (based on relatives)
Type species is Incisivosaurus gauthieri
Species name is in honor of Dr. Jacques Gauthier, known for classifying phylogeny
Speculation that it's synonymous with Protarchaeopteryx, but need more fossils to know for sure
Fun Fact: Cassowaries appear to use their casques for thermoregulation. Some non-avian dinosaurs may have also used their head crests for thermoregulation.
Filed Under: All, Dino Podcast, Interviews, Podcast Tagged With: Alida Bailleul, Avimaia, casque, Cassowaries, cassowary, china, claws, colorado, corythosaurus, Cretaceous, dinosaur, dinosaur of the day, dinosaurs, egg, feathered, front teeth, gauthieri, hadrosaur, herbivore, i know dino, Incisivosaurus, incisor lizard, Jurassic, largest, Lingyuanosaurus, mineral rights, montana, omnivore, oviraptorosaur, Oviraptorosaurian, Parasaurolophus, podcast, rex, rodent, schweitzerae, Scotty, sihedangensis, state, Suciasaurus, surface rights, t-rex, therizinosaur, therizinosaurus, thermoregulation, tyrannosaurus, Walter, Washington, Xu, Yixian Formation
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Othnielia (Episode 186)
06/20/2018 by Sabrina 1 Comment
Episode 186 is all about Othnielia, a small ornithischian that appears in the Jurassic Park book as a warning sign.
Scientists hypothesize how bacteria in dinosaur gut contents may explain why herbivores lived in groups
The mystery theropod dinosaur auctioned off at the Eiffel Tower sold for more than 2 million Euros
Trix the T. rex is on display at Paris Jardin des Plantes for three months
Alberta, Canada has new drivers licenses and ID cards, with Albertosaurus on them
Rent a Dinosaur has a new Triceratops dinosaur
A recent high school graduate has been wearing dinosaur shirts for 5,000 consecutive days
Our listener August has a great pay it forward story involving the book Raptor Red
Telegraph shared a list of dinosaur spots to visit this summer
South Deerfield, Massachusetts has a Rock, Fossil, and Dinosaur Shop
IFC Mall in Hong Kong has a T. rex on display until June 27
Another dinosaur movie, Triassic World, came out on June 19
Paleontologist Steve Brusatte and visual effects specialist Phil Tippett discussed the realism of Jurassic Park, and what we've learned about dinosaurs since 1993
The dinosaur of the day: Othnielia
Referred to as "Othys" in the first Jurassic Park book, and found in trees (no evidence it actually spent time in trees)
The Othys are a warning sign in the book that Jurassic Park is failing, because they are able to leap over the electrified fences, and are spotted by
Tim Murphy in a Stegosaurus pen when Tim is on a tour of the park. They are an example of how the security measures to keep dinosaurs in their pens don't really work, since the Jurassic Park team doesn't have the knowledge or technology to restrict them
Ornithischian that lived in the Jurassic in what is now the U.S. (Morrison Formation)
Type species is Othnielia rex
Othniel Charles Marsh originally described the bones in 1877, but called it Nanosaurus rex
Named in 1977 by Peter Galton, who named it after Marsh
Marsh found a femur, and fossils were assigned to Othnielia later, though when Galton revised Othnielia he found it only included the original femur and a few bits, and he reassigned two partial skeletons to Othnielosaurus (another ornithischian). Then later Galton thought the femur was undiagnostic and Othnielia was dubious, and because he thought it was a nomen dubium he could not refer other specimens that were previously assigned to Othnielia to Othnielia (including a dentary and a nearly complete specimen in the Aathal Dinosaur Museum, in Switzerland, nicknamed Barbara)
In 2001, Kathleen Brill and Kenneth Carpenter found a baby ornithopod in the Morrison Formation, possibly Othnielia, that's about 1/3 the size of the known adult
Small herbivore, about 4.9-6.6 ft (1.5-2 m) long, and weighed about 22 lb (10 kg)
Bipedal and agile, with small arms and long legs
Probably lived in a forest
Other dinosaurs that lived in the same time and place include sauropods such as Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Camarasaurus, theropods such as Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Ornitholestes, Stegosaurus, and ornithopods such as Camptosaurus and Dryosaurus
Stegosaurus may have had alternating plates on its back, but in Jurassic World Stegosaurus is depicted as having parallel plates.
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This week's link to enter is http://bit.ly/LastChance186.
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I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Agustinia (Episode 174)
Episode 174 is all about Agustinia, a sauropod that was once thought to have had osteoderms.
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Arkansaurus fridayi is officially a new type of dinosaur
Researchers studied baurusuchids versus theropods and titanosaurs in Brazil
Scientists found that two birds from the Early Cretaceous may have flown via a combination of flapping and ballistic phases
Researchers found that early birds may have been too heavy to incubate their eggs
Singapore may have dinosaur fossils
An unidentified theropod skeleton will be auctioned in Paris, France in June
From now until May 6, South Australian Museum in Adelaide, Australia, has an exhibit called Dinosaur rEvolution
Gwinnett County in Georgia, U.S., is turning nine county parks into Jurassic Parks
Second graders in Waco, Texas, U.S. get to go to "Dinosaur Camp" each year
Washington State Fair Events Center in Puyallup, Washington, U.S., will have Jurassic Tour on April 7-8
A fire destroyed the T. rex at the Royal Gorge Dinosaur Experience
Members of the House Government Committee gave an unanimous endorsement for Arizona's official state dinosaur
You can now buy Jurassic Park Funko Pops
WoWee is making dinosaur Fingerlings
The latest Ready Player One trailer features a T. rex ripping apart cars
ARK: Survival Evolved will soon be available on mobile devices, and Ark Park, a dinosaur VR game, is now on Steam and PSVR
The dinosaur of the day: Agustinia
Sauropod that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now Argentina
Found in the Lohan Cura Formation
Only one species: Agustinia ligabuei
Named in honor of Agustin Martinelli, who discovered the fossils in 1996-1997
Named in 1998 by Jose Bonaparte in an abstract
Originally it was named Augustia, but that was already the name of a beetle, so Bonaparte changed the name in a full paper that was published in 1999
Species name is in honor of Dr. Giancarlo Ligabue, a philanthropist who helped finance the expedition to excavate Agustinia
Not much has been described of Agustinia
Only fragments have been found: vertebrae from the back, hips, and tail, parts of the lower hindlimbe (they also found a femur but it was too fragmented to collect)
Originally thought to have had osteoderms, that were supposedly wide, vertical spikes and plates on its back (like Stegosaurus), but later studies found they were probably fragments of ribs and hip bones (study of the tissues found they did not have the same internal structure of other titanosaur osteoderms)
A lower leg bone was found thats about 35 in (89 cm) long, and comparing that bone to the same bone in other related dinosaurs led to estimates that Agustinia was about 49 ft (15 m) long
But, since only incomplete fragments have been found, it's hard to know much else about what Agustinia looked like. And because it didn't appear to have distinctive armor, some scientists think it is a nomen dubium
Hard to classify Agustinia because of the fragments, but it has features of diplodocoids and titanosaurs
From the Taiwan Land Bank Exhibition Hall of the National Taiwan Museum:
Fishing ships in the Taiwan Strait often find animal fossils while trawling the bottom for fish.
And by the Royal Tyrrell Museum, which is located in southern Alberta, Canada. Right now they are hosting their free-to-attend Winter speaker series (also on YouTube). More information can be found at tyrrellmuseum.com.
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I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Sauroposeidon / Paluxysaurus (Episode 172)
Episode 172 is all about Sauroposeidon/Paluxysaurus, a sauropod with a complicated history, whose name means "earthquake god lizard" / "Paluxy river lizard."
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New ankylosaur described from China Jinyunpelta sinensis is the earliest ankylosaur with a well-developed tail club—100 million years old
A "nestling-sized" Edmontosaurus was found in Montana representing the smallest Edmontosaurs found to date
An old fossil from New Jersey may turn out to be from a late cretaceous tyrannosauroid
A preprint (not yet peer-reviewed article) indicates there might be a partial braincase of a tyrranosauroid also from New Jersey
On March 24, the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum will be hosting a fossil forum
Dippy the Diplodocus is at the Dorset County Museum from now until May 9 with a 13ft (4m) mural
Shane Confectionary and Franklin Fountain made fossil-inspired candy for ANS Philadelphia's Paleopalooza festival
The Science Museum of Minnesota is hiring for a paleontologist for the Fitzpatrick Chair of Paleontology
In Queensland, Australia, an old gold mining town is looking to reopen their caves with dinosaur footprints
Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens has life-sized animatronic dinosaurs on display again
Field Station: Dinosaurs is opening up in Derby, Kansas, at the end of May and they put a T. rex replica in Wichita to advertise
SPOILER ALERT: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom released a new video of Claire Dearing
Universal announced a Pokemon Go style Jurassic World game called Jurassic World Alive
Nurture Rights and the Natural History Museum in London are working together to create The World of Dinosaur Roar to teach pre-schoolers about dinosaurs
The Durham Brontosaurus in Durham, NC needs a new caretaker
Downtown Raleigh, NC has a cartoony pink T.rex which is the mascot of a tech startup
Topshop is selling a pink t-shirt that features a drawing of a sauropod and the word "vegan" underneath (cute, but probably wrong since herbivores occasionally eat animals)
The dinosaur of the day: Sauroposeidon / Paluxysaurus
Complicated, so going to start with Sauroposeidon first
Name means "earthquake god lizard" (named after the Greek god Poseidon, who's associated with earthquakes)
Sauropod that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now the US (fossils and tracks found in Oklahoma, Wyoming, Texas)
Described in 2000 by Wedel,‭ ‬Cifelli‭, and ‬Sanders‭
Holotype found in 1994, at the Antlers Formation, by Bobby Cross, a dog trainer
Dr. Richard Cifelli and a team from the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History excavated it later that year
The first Sauroposeidon fossils described were four neck vertebrae, found in Oklahoma (near the Texas border). Each vertebrae was very long, the longest one was 4.6 ft (1.4 m). The vertebrae have tiny air cells and are thin, which made the neck lighter and easier to lift
Thought the fossils were too large for an animal, and were instead tree trunks. But they are actually the longest known dinosaur neck vertebrae bones
Matt Wedel, then a grad student, analyzed the vertebrae in 1999 and realized they weren't tree trunks. Sent out a press release, which got a lot of media attention, and lots of inaccurate headlines of "the largest dinosaur ever" (probably tallest known, but not longest or heaviest)
Matt Wedel said, "Sauroposeidon was an unexpected discovery, because it was a huge, gas-guzzling barge of an animal in an age of subcompact sauropods."
Not many sauropods have been found in North America in the Early Cretaceous, and most of them were shrinking in size, which makes Sauroposeidon stand out
Type species is Sauroposeidon proteles
Sauroposeidon was so large the ground probably shook when it walked
Proteles means "perfect before the end" in ancient Greek, and refers to Sauroposeidon's being the last, most specialized sauropod known in North America from the Early Cretaceous
Originally thought to be a brachiosaurid and closely related to Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan
Sauroposeidon's size is based on comparisons with vertebrae from the Giraffatitan specimen in Berlin's Natural History Museum (most complete known brachiosaur, though it's a composite)
About 112 ft (34 m) long and weighed about 50-60 tons
Could reach up to 59 ft (18 m) high with its neck extended
Probably ate from the tops of trees
Neck is estimated to be 37-39 ft (11-12 m) long, based on the assumption that it has the same proportions as Giraffatitan
Had a more gracile neck than Giraffatitan, and if the rest of its body is just as slender, it may have weighed less (especially if it had an air sac system)
Fossils found in Oklahoma show it lived in an environment similar to modern-day Louisiana (humid, with river deltas, bayous, and lagoons)
Now how Paluxysaurus fits in
Specimens from the Twin Mountains Formation in Texas (including a partial skull and tracks) were previously named Paluxysaurus jonesi and are now considered to be a junior synonym of Sauroposeidon
They were reclassified in 2012 after a re-analysis by Michael D'Emic and Brady Foreman
D'Emic and Foreman also reclassified additional specimens found in the Cloverly Formation in Wyoming as Sauropoesidon (and those show Sauropoeisdon may be more closely related to titanosaurs than brachisoaurids)
At least seven individuals found between Texas (Twin Mountains Formation), Oklahoma (Antlers Formation), and Wyoming (Cloverly Formation)
D'Emic and Foreman suggested that sauropods from the Cloverly Formation were referable to Sauroposeidon based on shared derived characters of a juvenile cervial and the Sauroposeidon holotype, and that Paluxysaurus from Twin Mountains Formation was not distinguishable from the Cloverly sauropod and had the same characteristics as the Cloverly sauropod (which makes Paluxysaurus a junior synonym)
Also tracks. Some paleontologists think that the footprints from the bed of the Paluxy River in Texas are of an Acrocanthosaurus stalking a Sauroposeidon
Now Sauroposeidon is thought to be a basal somphospondyl (titanosauriform) instead of a brachiosaurid, which makes sense because it had some similar features, and other basal somphospondyls, such as Erketu and Qiaowanlong, have similar cervicals to Sauroposeidon
Matt Wedel accepted all this in one of his blog posts, on Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week
But back to Paluxysaurus
Before becoming a synonym to Sauroposeidon, Paluxysaurus was mixed up with the sauropod Pleurocoelus
Pleurocoelus was found in Maryland in the late 1800s, and the bones found in Texas were thought to be the same dinosaur (when the Paluxysaurus bones were found and described in 1974 by Wann Langston Jr., only Pleurocoelus was known from North American from the Early Cretaceous)
Pleurocoelus was named in 1888 by Charles Marsh. It's name means "hollow sided" and it lived in the Cretaceous. It's not well known (partial skull and postcranial bones), and it may be a synonym of Astrodon
Paluxysaurus (then Pleurocoelus) was found in a bonebed in the mid 1980s (students from the University of Texas at Austin found the bonebed, but work stopped on it in 1987, and the quarry didn't reopen until 1993). All the sauropods in the bonebed looked to be the same genus. Found partial skull including teeth, partial neck, vertebrae from the back and tail, limb and girdle bones
Found four individuals in a bone bed (may have been due to a flood, especially since petrified logs were found there that may have been washed down river)
Pleuroceoelus became the Texas official state dinosaur in 1997, but in 2007 Peter Rose and others named the bones found in Twin Mountains Formation in Texas Paluxysaurus jonesi
Paluxysaurus means Paluxy river lizard
Paluxysaurus jonesi was named for the town of Paluxy and the Paluxy River, which are near the Jones ranch site where the fossils were found
In 2009, Texas passed a resolution to amend the state dinosaur name to Paluxysaurus jonesi
Fort Worth Museum of Science and History celebrated the name change by creating a full restoration of Paluxysaurus. It was a composite of all four specimens
Initially thought to look similar to Brachiosaurus, but the reconstruction gave a lot of insights
Found 60-70% of the bones needed to reconstruct Paluxysaurus
Had slim teeth, which it used to grab food, and was built light
Had a long neck and a tail nearly as long, as well as long front limbs, which made its back more level
Had wide hips and a high shoulder
Interestingly, found estimates that it was 70 ft (21 m) long and weighed up to 20 tons
Also, these dinosaurs lived in a semi arid environment
Anyway, full grown adult Sauroposeidon were probably safe from predators, but juveniles may have been prey for Acrocanthosaurus or Deinonychus or Utahraptor
Other dinosaurs that lived in the same time and place included the sauropod Astrodon and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Other animals include amphibians, reptiles, fish, crocodilians, turtles, and early mammals
Humans and ground dwelling birds are essentially the only living animals which spend their entire adult lives walking & running bipedally (on 2 feet). One more thing humans have in common with dinosaurs.
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I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Auroraceratops (Episode 170)
Episode 170 is all about Auroraceratops, a neoceratopsian whose name means "dawn horned face."
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Scientists analyzed oviraptorosaurs from Mongolia and named a new dinosaur species: Avimimus nemegtensis
The first unambiguous Triassic dinosaur from the Chinle formation in Utah was found, Coelophysis bauri
Researchers studied how our knowledge of dinosaur diversity has changed
From now until May 20, you can see the exhibit Giant Mysterious Dinos at Midland Center for the Arts in Michigan
The Museum of World Treasures' now has Ivan the T. rex, their signature attraction, permanently
Thieves stole from Alberta's Jurassic Forest Theme Park
On Valentine's Day, one couple in San Antonio, Texas got married at the courthouse wearing T. rex costumes
San Marcos, Texas, has The Candy Wraptor Dinosaur Cafe and Candy Store
Apparently, Gollum from The Lord of the Rings movie was inspired by (somewhat) dinosaurs
Sharknado 6, which has dinosaurs, premieres July 25
At the New York City Toy Fair, Mattell introduced a Jurassic World coding toy and 3Doodler launched a series of STEM activity kits, including one that helps kids build robotic dinosaurs
The dinosaur of the day: Auroraceratops
Neoceratopsian that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now north central China and South Korea
Described in 2005 by You, Li, Ji, Lamanna, and Dodson
Name means "dawn horned face"
Name is a combination of the fact that it's an early ceratopsian and a reference to Dawn Dodson, Peter Dodson's wife (Peter was one of the paleontologists who described Auroraceratops), Aurora means "dawn" in Latin
Type species: Auroraceratops rugosus
Species name means rough in Latin, and refers to the rough areas on the skull and jaw
Only one known specimen, a subadult, and consists of a nearly complete skull
Had a shorter, wider snout, compared to other neoceratopsians
Snout was high and round
Skull was flat and wide
Rough parts of the skull were probaby covered in keratin, which may have helped protect it in butting or pushing contests (fighting for dominance or mating rights)
Had two pairs of fang-like teeth in the premaxilla, though it's not clear why. May have been for digging and helping to grip onto plants to pull them out of the ground
About 6.5 ft (2 m) long
Second basal neoceratopsian found in the Mazong Shan area of China. The first one was Archaeoceratops. Another similar ceratopsian that lived around the same time but in a different area (Liaoning Province) was Liaceratops. Auroraceratops has enough differences in its skull to warrant being its own genus
We are in (or just past) peak dinosaur discovery.
And by the Royal Tyrrell Museum, which is located in southern Alberta, Canada. Right now they are exhibiting their free-to-attend Winter speaker series (also on YouTube). More information can be found at tyrrellmuseum.com.
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I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Glacialisaurus (Episode 168)
02/14/2018 by Sabrina Leave a Comment
Episode 168 is all about Glacialisaurus, a sauropodomorph from Antarctica whose name means "icy lizard."
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Scientists found a new way to date dinosaur bones
The Chicxulub impact may have caused huge magma outflow
Dinosaur and other animal footprints were found near NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland
A new, not yet described hadrosaur, is being studied at the Las Vegas Natural History Museum
Three ceratopsians from the Cretaceous were found in Sasayam, Hyogo Prefecture, in Japan
The Virginia Museum of Natural History got a grant that will allow the museum to digitally catalogue their fossil collection
In Arizona, 11-year-old Jax Weldon is pushing to get a state dinosaur for his home state
In Idaho, paleontologist Dr. L.J. Krumenacker is pushing to name Oryctodromeus as the official state dinosaur
The second trailer for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom came out, and there's a Dinosaur Protection Group website
In honor of the 25th anniversary of Jurassic Park, Chronicle Collectibles is selling a sick Triceratops collectible
In Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, a new theme park attraction called Jurassic Island is coming soon, and it uses augmented reality
Mazoo Toys sells unique dinosaur pine wood collectibles
Makezine published a DIY project where you can create a wooden Stegosaurus that holds memory cards
The dinosaur of the day: Glacialisaurus
Massospondylid sauropodomorph that lived in the Jurassic in what is now Antarctica
Fossils were found in the 1990s by Dr. William R. Hammer of Augustana College and a team
Found in the lower part of the Hanson Formation, in Mount Kirkpatrick
Fossils were found at an elevation of more than 13,000 feet (~4,100 meters)
Had to remove the bones from ice and rock, using jackhammers, rock saws, and chisels
Known from a partial foot and referred material of a left femur
Described in 2007 by Nathan Smith and Diego Pol
Type species is Glacialisaurus hammeri
Name means "icy lizard" or "frozen lizard", and refers to the Beardmore Glacier region in the Central Transantarctic Mountains, where the fossils were found
Species name is in honor of William Hammer
First sauropodomorph found in Antarctica
Glacialisaurus shows how early sauropods/sauropodomorphs were distributed (China, South Africa, South America, North America, Antarctica, probably due to connections between continents at the time)
Other sauropod fossils have been found in the same formation, which shows that early sauropods and sauropodomorphs co-existed together for a while
Estimated to be 20-25 ft long (6-8 m) and weigh 4-6 tons
Predators at the time include Cryolophosaurus
Its foot is similar to Lufengosaurus (lived in the Early Jurassic in China), which may have been a close relative
Birds evolved from dinosaurs, but birds were already established before the K-Pg Mass Extinction.
Filed Under: All, Dino Podcast, Podcast Tagged With: Antarctica, arizona, augmented reality, ceratopsians, Chicxulub impact, date, digitize, dinosaur, dinosaur bones, dinosaur tracks, dinosaurs, Fallen Kingdom, footprints, fossil collection, Glacialisaurus, Glacialisaurus hammeri, hadrosaur, herbivore, i know dino, Idaho, Japan, Jurassic Island, jurassic park, jurassic world, L.J. Krumenacker, Las Vegas Natural History Museum, magma, massospondylid, Mazoo Toys, memory cards, NASA, oryctodromeus, sauropodomorph, state dinosaur, stegosaurus, theme park, triceratops, Virginia Museum of Natural History
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Nasutoceratops (Episode 164)
Episode 164 is all about Nasutoceratops, a centrosaurine ceratopsian whose name means "large nosed horned face."
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The first new dinosaur of the year was described: Diluvicursor pickeringi, a turkey-sized ornithopod.
Scientists studied Gigantoraptor and the evolution of oviraptorid jaws
Researchers analyzed and created a 3D model of a Massospondylus skull, which you can 3D print
There was a Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology conference, with a Science Through Narrative symposium. Highlights include:
Glen McIntosh's talk on using narrative film structure to engage an audience, and making sure your dinosaurs are believable.
Dr. Elizabeth Rega's talk on visual narrative and anatomy, and how to focus on emotions and know your audience.
Dr. Stuart Sumida's talk on anatomy and animation and visual effects, and the six rules to keep in mind so that your characters are believable.
Angela Lepito's talk on feature animation and the scientific community collaborating, and how stories are universal.
Emilie Lorditch's talk on tools for science communication and how science fact is often more interesting than science fiction.
New podcast The Missing Compys, on the differences between the Jurassic Park book and movie
The Frost Museum of Science in Miami, Florida is holding a big fundraising event this Saturday, called Big Bang: Sonic Odyssey.
Alberton Civic Hall in Alberton, South Africa will have a Dino Expo on February 2 and 3.
Dippy the Diplodocus is stopping at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in May, and you can dine with him.
The Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois will have the Antarctic Dinosaur exhibit starting June 15.
Three thieves stole a baby sauropod from Sinclair's in Missoula, Montana.
Birthdays the Beginning (a.k.a. Happy Birthdays), a cube game where you can sprout dinosaurs, is launching on Nintendo Switch March 29.
Steve Moore, a volunteer firefighter, wore a T. rex costume to plow through snow.
The dinosaur of the day: Nasutoceratops
Basal centrosaurine ceratopsian that lived in the Cretaceous in what is now southern Utah, U.S.
Name means "large-nosed horned face"
Found in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument
Holotype found in 2006 during the Kaiparowits Basin Project
Named and described in 2010 by Eric Karl Lund as part of his thesis, who named it Nasutuceratops titusi, but it was an invalid nomen ex dissertatione. In 2013 Andrew Farke and Katherine Clayton named it the valid way, and changed the name Nasutoceratops
Only one species: Nasutoceratops titusi
The species name is in honor of Alan Titus, Monument Paleontologist at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, for his years of research collaboration
Nasutoceratops and Diabloceratops are the only centrosaurines found in southwest US (so far)
Centrosaurines may not have been as common in the southwest of the US (then Laramidia) possibly because of geological barriers
Large, quadrupedal herbivore
About 14.8 ft (4.5 m long and weighed 2.5 tonnes
May have been slow, and lived in herds for protection
Some skin impressions were found, and they have a pattern of large hexagonal scales with smaller triangular scales
Skull was about 4.9 ft (1.5 m) long
Had a short snout and rounded horns above its eyes (somewhat similar to modern cattle, according to Dr. David Hone)
Horns were kind of bull like, where they point forwards and outwards, curve inwards, and then point upwards
Horns reached to almost the tip of its snout (longest horns of all centrosaurines, so far)
Brow horns were about 40% the total length of the skull
Also had cheek horns that were about 3.3 in (85 mm) long, largest known of centrosaurines
Horns may have been used for display, to signal dominance, and to fight rivals, as well as for defense
Had a low, narrow horn on its nose/snout (which was large)
Large snout probably didn't help it with its sense of smell, since the olfactory receptors are further back in the head
Had pneumatic elements (holes) in its nasal bones, which is unique
Had a circular skull frill
Had osteoderms on the edge of the frill that were shaped like crescents
The area where Nasutoceratops lived was an ancient floodplain with lots of swamps, ponds, and lakes. It was wet and humid with lots of life
Other dinosaurs that lived at the same time and place include dromaeosaurids, the troodontid Talos, the ornithomimid Ornithomimus, tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus and Teratophoneus, ankylosaurids, hadrosaurs such as Parasaurolophus and Gryposaurus, and other ceratopsians Utahceratops and Kosmoceratops
Other animals included sharks and rays, frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards, crocodilians, and early mammals
Can see Nasutoceratops skull at the Natural History Museum of Utah
Fossilization is not selected just by decay-resistance.
This episode is brought to you in part by TRX Dinosaurs, which makes beautiful and realistic dinosaur sculptures, puppets, and exhibits. You can see some amazing examples and works in progress on Instagram @trxdinosaurs.
Filed Under: Dino Podcast, Podcast Tagged With: 3D print, Antarctic Dinosaur exhibit, baby sauropod, Birthdays the Beginning, centrosaurine, ceratopsian, Diluvicursor pickeringi, Dino Expo, dinosaur, dinosaurs, diplodocus, dippy, Field Museum, Frost Museum of Science, gigantoraptor, Happy Birthdays, herbivore, i know dino, jaws, Massospondylus skull, Missing Compys, Nasutoceratops, science through narrative, Sinclair, trex costume
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Apatosaurus (Episode 161)
In our 161st episode, we got to chat with Mark Hallett and Dr. Mathew J. Wedel, the creators of the book, The Sauropod Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of Giants, published in 2016 by Johns Hopkins University Press. (Big thank you to Mark, who gave us some amazing images to share, including his artwork for his 2018 calendar!)
Mark is a paleoartist and author, whose work has been featured in Life, Smithsonian, Natural History and National Geographic magazine, as well as books, art galleries, and museums all over the world. He was also the artist consultant for the movies Jurassic Park and Dinosaur.
Matt is a vertebrate paleontologist who studies sauropod dinosaurs and the evolution of pneumatic bones in dinosaurs and birds and an associate professor of anatomy at Western University of Health Sciences. He co-authored the papers naming the dinosaurs Sauroposeidon, Brontomerus, and Aquilops. And he co-founded the website Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week.
You can also learn more about their work and passions at Artists for Conservation and Prehistoric Times.
Episode 161 is also about Apatosaurus, a sauropod whose name means "deceptive lizard."
Thank you so much to all our patrons! We can't thank you enough! If you're a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.
Almas ukhaa, a troodontid from Mongolia, is the 42nd dinosaur of the year was described
10-year-old Kenyon Roberts is on a quest to change Utah's state fossil from Allosaurus to Utahraptor
Vandals in Inverloch, Australia, have damaged a 115-million year old dinosaur footprint
Dippy the Diplodocus is getting feet as part of his restoration process
Jurassic Files posted an interview with Dr. Julia McHugh, curator of paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado
The Cranbrook Institute of Science in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan has a new exhibit, Dinosaurs and Fossils
Dinosaurs Around the World is at Imagination Station in Ohio from now until January 15
Lizzardro Museum in Elmhurst, Illinois is hosting Dinosaur Bingo on January 13
Students in Pennsylvania got to learn about dinosaurs from a 10-foot tall Anzu wyleie from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Artist and author Dougal Dixon brought to life a group of kid's dinosaur drawings
The New York Times published a favorable review of Timeless: Diego and the Rangers of the Vastlantic, by Arman Baltazar
Dinosaur park sim game Prehistoric Kingdom has a demo on Steam
A dad in Louisiana embarrassed his daughter by greeting her school bus in an inflatable T. rex costume
The dinosaur of the day: Apatosaurus
Sauropod that lived in the Jurassic in what is now North America
Name means "deceptive lizard"
Named in 1877 by Othniel Charles Marsh (named the first known species, Apatosaurus ajax)
The Apatosaurus holotype was found in 1860 in Gunnison County, Colorado
Marsh gave Apatosaurus its name because of its chevron bones, which are similar to mosasaurs (and not other dinosaurs)
When this skeleton was being excavated and transported, its bones were mixed with another Apatosaurus speciman (originally described as Atlantosaurus immanis), so some features it's unclear if they belong to Apatosaurus or Atlantosaurus
Marsh said the difference between Apatosaurus and Atlantosaurus was the number of sacral vertebrae (Apatosaurus had three and Atlantosaurus had four)
Lots of Apatosaurus species have been named, based on fragments (Marsh named many species during the Bone Wars)
Marsh named Apatosaurus ajax in 1877 after Ajax, a Greek mythology hero (holotype is incomplete, and hasn't been studied as much as other species)
Atlantosaurus inmanis may be a junior synonym of Apatosaurus ajax
Marsh named Apatosaurus grandis in 1877, but then he reassigned it to Morosaurus in 1878. Morosaurus is now considered to be a synonym of Camarasaurus
There's also Apatosaurus parvus, which was first described in 1902 by Peterson and Gilmore as Elosaurus, then reclassified as Apatosaurus in 1994. In 2015, it was reassigned to Brontosaurus
Also, Apatosaurus minimus, originally described in 1904 as Brontosaurus by Osborn. Henry Mook named it Apatosaurus minimus in 1917, then in 2012 Mike Taylor and Matt Wedel described material as "Apatosaurus" minimus, so it's unclear
In 1957 Albert-Félix de Lapparent and Georges Zbyweski named Apatosaurus alenquerensis, based on material found in Portugal, but in 1990 this was reclassified as Camarasaurus and in 1998 it was renamed Lourinhasaurus
In 1994 James Filla and Patrick Redman named Apatosaurus yahnahpin, which in 1998 Bakker made the type species of new genus Eobrontosaurus, and Tschopp reclassified as Brontosaurus in 2015
William Holland named Apatosaurus louisae in 1916, based on a partial skeleton found in Utah
For a long time Brontosaurus was thought to be a junior synonym of Apatosaurus
In 1879, Marsh named Brontosaurus excelsus
Elmer Riggs described a diplodicid found in Colorado in 1903. He thought where it was found was similar in age to where Marsh found Brontosaurus. Riggs compared the skeleton with Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus ajax, and found that the holotype for Apatosaurus ajax was a juvenile, and that the features that distinguished Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus were not valid. Apatosaurus was named first, which is why Brontosaurus was thought to be a junior synonym.
Bob Bakker argued in the 1990s that Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus were two separate genera
Tschopp and others reclassified Brontosaurus as a valid genus in 2015, though not everyone agrees (more in episode 100)
The name Brontosaurus stuck around, even when it wasn't considered to be a valid genus
Elmer Riggs had published his findings in an obscure journal, so not many people knew about his conclusions at the time
Also, Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus was the first sauropod skeleton mounted (specimen number 460, occasionally assigned to Apatosaurus, was mounted in the American Museum of Natural History. It was found in 1898 by Walter Granger in Wyoming. The mounted skeleton were missing the head, feet, and parts of the tail, so Apatosaurus feet and parts of the tail found in the same quarry were used. The skull was sculpted based on the ""the biggest, thickest, strongest skull bones, lower jaws and tooth crowns from three different quarries", probably from Camarasaurus (only other sauropod at the time with known good skull material). Adam Hermann oversaw the mount, and he sculpted a stand-in skull by hand. Osborn said it was "largely conjectural and based on that of Morosaurus" (now Camarasaurus). The mount was labeled as Brontosaurus
Because AMNH was so popular, Brontosaurus became one of the most well known dinosaurs
The name Brontosaurus was used in pop culture (Gertie the Dinosaur, The Lost World, and as the logo of the Sinclair oil company, as well as Dino in the Flintstones, and as a dinosaur stamp in 1989)
Apatosaurus had a skull similar to Diplodocus, though for a long time it was thought to be similar to Camarasaurus
Skull was relatively small
An Apatosaurus skull was found in 1909 in an expedition led by Earl Douglass, in the Carnegie Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument. It was found near the Apatosaurus louisae specimen (named after Louise Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie's wife). The skull was similar to Diplodocus. Douglass and William H. Holland, and other scientists, thought it was an Apatosaurus skull but not everyone agreed (like Henry Fairfeld Osborn, who mounted an Apatosaurus skeleton with a Camarasaurus skull cast in the American Museum of Natural History). Holland defended this view in 1914, but he did not mount a head on the Carnegie Museum skeleton (possibly he was waiting for an articulated skull and neck to be found to confirm it was the right skull). Holland died in 1934 and museum staff put a Camarasaurus skull on the mount
Yale Peabody Museum sculpted a skull for their mount, based on the lower jaw of a Camarasaurus and Marsh's 1891 illustration
In the 1970s John Stanton McIntosh and David Berman redescribed Diplodocus and Apatosaurus skulls, and they found that Apatosaurus skull was similar to Diplodocus, and that many skulls thought to be Apatosaurus were actually Diplodocus. They reassigned skulls
In 1979, the Carnegie Museum mounted the first true Apatosaurus skull
In 2011 the first articulated Apatosaurus skull was described (specimen had similar cervical vertebrae as Apatosaurus ajax and different neck and skull features from Apatosaurus louisae)
Mossbrucker found the first Apatosaurus ajax snout in 2013
Brigham Young University has a specimen with a well preserved skull and skeleton, and a preserved braincase, found in western Colorado
Apatosaurus was found in the Morrison Formation in Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Utah
Apatosaurus was the second most common sauropod found in the Morrison Formation (Camarasaurus was the first)
The most complete Apatosaurus found so far is nicknamed Einstein
Apatosaurus may have been more solitary than other dinosaurs in the Morrison Formation
Other dinosaurs that lived in the same time and place include Allosaurus, Camarasaurus, Diplodocus, Stegosaurus
Carnivores that lived around the same time and place included Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Torvosaurus
Part of the family Diplodocidae (other dinosaurs include Diplodocus, Supersaurus, Barosaurus)
Part of the subfamily Apatosaurinae (named in 1929); only other genus in the subfamily is Brontosaurus
Apatosaurus had a stockier build than Diplodocus
On average was about 69-75 ft (21-22.8 m) long, and weighed about 18-25 short tons (though some were longer and weighed more)
Apatosaurus had necks that were different from other diplodocids, and may have used them for intraspecific combat
Had paired spines, which gave it a wide, thick and long neck, and a deep chest
Lots of debate over how flexible or inflexible its neck was
Some say Apatosaurus may have had an inflexible neck, held horizontally to a slightly upwards angle (may have been niche partitioning so different types of sauropods could live together)
A 2009 study argued that Apatosaurus may have held its neck high and had a flexible neck, based on comparisons with extant animals
Some debate over how Apatosaurus used its neck for feeding (high browser, low browser). Kent Stevens and Michael Parrish in 1999 and 2005 said Apatosaurus had a wide neck range of movement. In 2013, Matthew Cobley and others said it had limited neck movement due to large muscles and cartilage, and also that sauropods like Diplodocus may have moved their whole bodies to eat and may have spent more time foraging. However, Taylor found that Apatosaurus had a flexible neck
A 2013 study looked at the flexibility of ostrich necks (the most similar to sauropod necks) and found that previous models of neck flexibility didn't account for soft tissues so it's unclear how flexible and how high Apatosaurus necks could be held
Apatosaurus probably kept its tail above the ground, for counterbalance
Had tall neural spines
Had a slender tail, which is different from other diplodocids
May have used its tail as a whip to create loud sounds
In 1997, Nathan Myhrvold and Philip Currie did a computer simulation of an Apatosaurus tail, and found it could make a whiplike sound of more than 200 decibels
Tail was probably too slender at the tip, so couldn't hurt predators and be used as a weapon, and may have been damaged if used for attacking
One Apatosaurus tail has been found with a pathology, caused by a growth defect
Apatosaurus, like many other sauropods, were originally thought to have been semi-aquatic, though people no longer think this is true (definitely terrestrial)
Quadrupedal, with forelimbs being slightly shorter than hindlimbs
Sauropod trackways show they may have moved up to 12-19 mi (20-30km) per hour
Apatosaurus probably had a similar respiratory system as birds, with air sacs in the neck (helped make the bones lighter)
May have had a warm blooded metabolism (had a large body mass, with a relatively small surface area which means the body has thick internal organs and the outer layers of tissue insulate the internal layers, so there is a high base temperature). This may mean Apatosaurus metabolism may have worked similarly to mammals.
Another reason Apatosaurus may have had a warm blooded metabolism is based on how fast juveniles grew
Apatosaurus grew quickly as a juvenile and became near full size around 10 years, based on a study in 1999
Thomas Lehman and Holly Woodward found in 2008 that Apatosaurus may have grown 25 tons in 15 years, peaking at 11,000 lb (5,000 kg) in one year, based on growth lines and length-to-mass ratios. Another method with limb length and body mass, found Apatosaurus grew 1,150 lb (520 kg) per year, and reached full weight at 70 years old. But these estimates are not considered to be reliable, since old growth lines would have been messed up by bone remodeling
Some specimen's ages have been estimated. Eva Griebeler and others in 2013 found that one specimen reached maturity at age 21 and died at age 28, and another reached maturity at age 19 and died at age 31
Lots of juvenile Apatosaurus have been found. Juveniles tend to have shorter necks and tails, and a bigger difference between the length of their forelimbs and hindlimbs
Apatosaurus footprints were found in Morrison, Colorado, in 2008, that indicated juveniles could run on two legs
Had a claw on each forelimb and three claws on each hindlimb
Claw on the forelimb may have been used for defense (unlikely though based on shape and size), also possibly used for feeding, but most likely used to grab things like tree trunks, when rearing up
Herbivore, and had chisel-like teeth
A general browser, that kept its head elevated
Could probably eat 880 lb (400 kg) of food per day
Had gut microbes to help them digest vegetation, and they may have swallowed lots of food without chewing
In 2014 there was a hoax article going around that claimed John Moore University in the UK cloned a baby Apatosaurus nicknamed "Spot", and included a picture of a hairless baby kangaroo
There's an Apatosaurus song, by Storybots, on Youtube. It's a kids song and not that scientifically accurate, but kind of catchy (one of the lines is, "my neck's so long, and so strong")
Bone cores from horns don't always tell the whole story about the shape of the overall horn. Often keratin coverings add extra curves or length not clear by the bone alone.
This episode is brought to you in part by Audible.com. Get a free audiobook download and 30 day free trial at audibletrial.com/IKnowDino.
Filed Under: All, Dino Podcast, Interviews, Podcast Tagged With: ajax, allosaurus, Almas ukhaa, Anzu wyleie, brontosaurus, Cranbrook Institute of Science, deceptive lizard, dinosaur bingo, dinosaur footprint, dinosaur park sim game, Dinosaurs Around the World, diplodocus, dippy, drawings, feet, herbivore, i know dino, Jurassic Files, long neck, mark hallett, matt wedel, mongolia, paleoartist, paleontologist, Prehistoric Kingdom, review, sauropods, the sauropod dinosaurs, Timeless, trex costume, troodontid, Utah state fossil, utahraptor, vandals
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Scutellosaurus (Episode 160)
Episode 160 is all about Scutellosaurus, an armored dinosaur whose name means "little shielded lizard."
Big thanks to all our patrons! Because of you I Know Dino exists! For all the dinosaur enthusiasts out there, check out our Patreon page at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino
Halszkaraptor escuilliei looks like a swan with claws
Tarchia teresae was found in Mongolia
New hadrosauroid Zuoyunlong fills in a gap in hadrosauroid migration to North America
Sauropod footprints found in South Korea have skin impressions
The Denver Museum of Nature and Science received a donation of 6,000 Edmontosaurus bones
and their Triceratops "Tiny" turned out to be a Torosaurus (AKA adult Triceratops to some people)
Kansas University Natural History Museum now has a four year old T. rex on display
North Dakota Heritage Center and State Museum has new T. rex teeth on display
Jurassic Files posted an interview with Dr. Denver Fowler about the Badlands Dinosaur Museum
The Cut published an article about why so many kids, over multiple generations, love dinosaurs
Daily Dot had a fun post full of videos of what dinosaurs may have sounded like
The Real T. rex will have a new sound recreation when it comes out on January 2
The Day the Dinosaurs Died (the documentary is about the Chixilub crater) is coming to the U.S. on December 27 on PBS
Doctor Who had a story in season 6, called "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship"
There's a new dinosaur park management sim game called Parkasaurus, coming to Steam early access next spring
A new dinosaur book, called Bolivar features a dinosaur in New York City that everyone is too busy to notice
Dino4hire is now booking their 2018 school educational dinosaur workshops
The Etsy shop The Vanilla Studio sells a T. rex menorah and candlestick holders
Some vandals stole a three-foot dinosaur wearing a Santa hat, but were promptly caught
A mom bought a dinosaur pillow case that arrived with the image of a model lying on the pillow rather than just the dinosaur
Chicago Mag published a great interview with Sue the T. rex
Forbes published a geological review of the new Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom trailer
David Orr from Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs published the results of the Great 2017 Paleoart Survey
The dinosaur of the day: Scutellosaurus
Thyreophoran ornithischian that lived in the Jurassic in what is now Arizona, in the U.S.
Armored dinosaur, whose closest relatives were probably Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus
Name means "little shielded lizard"
Only one species: Scutellosaurus lawleri
Species name is in honor of David Lawler, who found the fossil
Lawler, a grad student at University of California, Berkeley at the time, found the holotype at the West Moenkopi Plateau locality in the Silty Facies
Member of the Kayenta Formation, in Coconino County, Arizona (part of Navajo Nation), in 1971
Described by Edwin Colbert in 1981, based on the fossils Lawler found that were collected in 1977, and a second specimen
James Clark found six more specimens in 1983
Colbert originally thought it was related to Lesothosaurus, a basal ornithischian, and placed Scutellosaurus in the family Fabrosauridae, but the scutes and other features eventually put it in Thyreophora
One of the earliest armored dinosaurs, and the most basal one found so far
Too basal to be considered an ankylosaur or stegosaur
Had over 300 osteoderms on its neck, back, and tail, that formed parallel rows (up to five rows on each side)
Scutes were too small for species recognition, they were embedded like in crocodiles and not really visible
Scutes could have been used for defense
Potential predators at the time were Megapnosaurus and Dilophosaurus
Herbivore, had leaf-shaped cheek teeth
Small, lightly-built
Could grow up to 3.9 ft (1.2 m) long, and weighed 22 lb (10 kg)
Probably bipedal, though may have walked on all fours when eating
Had a long tail, probably for balance
Teresa Maryańska (Polish Paleontologist) named two ankylosaurs in 1977: Tarchia AKA the "brainy one" and Saichania AKA the "beautiful one"
This episode is brought to you in part by TRX Dinosaurs, which makes beautiful and realistic dinosaur sculptures, puppets, and exhibits. You can see some amazing examples and works in progress on Instagram @trxdinosaurs
Filed Under: All, Dino Podcast, Podcast Tagged With: armored dinosaur, Badlands Dinosaur Museum, Bolivar, book, candlestick holders, Chixilub crater, Dino4hire, dinosaur, dinosaurs, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, Doctor Who, donation, Dr. Denver Fowler, Edmontosaurus, four year old T. rex, hadrosauroid, Halszkaraptor escuilliei, herbivore, i know dino, Jurassic Files, Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom, Kansas University Natural History Museum, little shielded lizard, Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs, menorah, mongolia, North Dakota Heritage Center and State Museum, Paleoart Survey, Parkasaurus, PBS, Sauropod footprints, scutellosaurus, Scutellosaurus lawleri, scutes, skin impressions, sound recreation, South Korea, sue, T. rex teeth, Tarchia teresae, The Day the Dinosaurs Died, The Denver Museum of Nature and Science, The Vanilla Studio, Tiny, torosaurus, triceratops, tyrannosaurus rex, Zuoyunlong
I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: Thecodontosaurus (Episode 214)