He Jiankui shocked the world in 2018 when he announced that twin girls Lulu and Nana had been born with modified DNA to make them resistant to HIV, which he had managed using the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 before birth.
He, an associate professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, said at the time that he was "proud" of the achievement. He later claimed that a second woman was pregnant as a result of his research.
But he was condemned by many of his peers, with the experiment labeled "monstrous," "unethical," and a "huge blow" to the reputation of Chinese biomedical research. Many people within the scientific community raised ethical concerns, including the level of consent He had obtained from the parents of the babies, and the level of transparency around gene editing.
On Monday, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He to three years behind bars and a 3 million yuan ($430,000) fine, China's state-run news agency Xinhua reported.
China suspends scientists who claim to have produced first gene-edited babies
According to the court's findings, He became aware of potential economic gains from human embryo gene-editing technology in 2016, Xinhua reported. He worked with two medical researchers, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, to use gene-editing technology to produce babies that were resistant to HIV.
"The court held that the three defendants failed to obtain a doctor's qualification and pursued profit, deliberately violated the relevant national regulations on scientific research and medical management, crossed the bottom line of scientific and medical ethics, and rashly applied gene-editing technology to human-assisted reproductive medicine, and disrupted the medical treatment," Xinhua reported. "The nature of their behavior is serious and has constituted the crime of illegal medical practice."
Zhang was sentenced to two years in prison and fined 1 million yuan ($143,000), while Qin was given a suspended sentence of one year and six months in prison and fined 500,000 yuan ($71,600). According to Xinhua, all three defendants pleaded guilty in trials that were closed to the public to protect individual privacy.
All three defendants have reportedly also been banned from engaging in human-assisted reproductive technology services for life.
Editing the genes of embryos intended for pregnancy is banned in many countries, including the United States. In the United Kingdom, embryos can only be edited for research purposes with strict regulatory approval. It is unknown whether the procedure is safe or, if used in pregnancy, whether it can have unintended consequences for the babies later in life or for future generations.
In January this year, investigators from Guangdong Province Health Commission said that He had conducted the work "in pursuit of personal fame and fortune, with self-raised funds and deliberate evasion of supervision and private recruitment of related personnel." The authorities also said He forged ethical review documents and blood tests to circumvent a ban on assisted reproduction for HIV-positive patients.
China has invested heavily in gene-editing technology, with the government bankrolling research into a number of world "firsts," including the first use of the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 in humans in 2016 and the first reported use of gene editing technology to modify nonviable human embryos in 2015.
The 47th chromosome! Is This What They're Doing? genetically engineer humans 20 20 20
•Jul 20, 2020
John C OᗪᗪITY
47th chromosome! genetically engineer humans Is This What They're Doing?
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Brain Science from Bench to Battlefield: The Realities – and Risks – of Neuroweapons | CGSR Seminar Risks of Neuroweapons" by Dr. James Giordano on June 12, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUtQb...
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We must prepare for artificial wombs, say bioethicists
By Michael Cook 03. May 2020
The journal Bioethics has just released a special issue on ectogenesis, or gestating babies in artificial wombs. Although it is only an idea at the moment, scientists are making progress and it could be ready for human use in the foreseeable future.
The idea is an old one – in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel Brave New World all babies are gestated in "hatcheries" – but contemporary discourse also treats it as a human rights issue. Some bioethicists believe that ectogenesis is "a moral imperative, something that would liberate women from the unjust burdens of pregnancy and reproduction". The editors of the special issue write:
While full ectogenesis is not possible at the moment, recent advances in both animal studies and embryology suggest that the technology might become feasible at some point in the foreseeable future. When this happens, we should be ready for it. It is essential to consider the ethical implications of ectogenesis before we find that the technology is suddenly upon us.
Several of the eight papers take thought-provoking approaches to the topic, as the editors note in their introduction.
Zeljka Buturovic, of the Center for the Study of Bioethics, in Belgrade, believes that the long-run effect of ectogenesis could be bad for women: "ectogenesis will fundamentally undermine the importance or even existence of the category of mother. Thus, she suggests that ectogenesis may render women vulnerable to either male assimilation or aggression."
Another article contends that "we have a moral obligation to ensure that full ectogenesis will also be made available to individuals or couples identifying as members of sexual or gender-minority groups seeking parenthood".
From a different feminist perspective, ectogenesis could be a step forward. Another article contends that "the fundamental basis of women's oppression is the link between femaleness and reproduction … Ectogenesis hold the potential to enable us to do this, by radically challenging the dominant notions of gender categories and family roles."
Michael Cook is editor of BioEdge
Artificial Womb
Artificial wombs are mechanisms that are used to grow an embryo outside of the body of a female. Could this be the future of reproduction for humans? Scientists at Cornell University have grown mice embryos in man-made, bubble shaped wombs.
This technology could bring hope to parents who before could not have children. It could also open the door for mothers to choose to have their babies outside their bodies, to avoid the stress of childbirth.
If and when artificial wombs become available, they are sure to be controversial. What are the moral and ethical implications of artificial wombs? What effect would being developed outside the womb have on the child?
Artificial Womb Articles
I search the internet daily for new articles from around the world that interest me or I think will interest you. My hope is that it saves you time or helps students with their assignments. Listed by most recent first. Hit NEXT button for more articles
We must prepare for artificial wombs, say bioethicists - bioedge.org
What is an artificial womb and can it work for humans? - screenshot-magazine.com
The world's first artificial womb for humans - bbc.com
Human babies born using an artificial womb 'possible in a decade' - Metro
Bioethicists Urge a Grotesque Abuse of Animals - Evolution News
Could Artificial Wombs Replace Women In The Future? - Babygaga
On the Promise of a Future with Artificial Wombs, and Why It's Being Stopped by the Present - Futurism
Why discovery of artificial womb will be monumental - DailyO
Doctors Performed a Surgery Inside the Womb for the First Time in Canada - Futurism
Ectogenesis: a brave new world? - Varsity
What to Expect When You're Expecting a Baby Grown in an Artificial Womb - Motherboard
Nurturing Controversy: The Real Science Behind the Artificial Womb - Undark
12 Ways Artificial Wombs Will Change The World - The Federalist
Artificial wombs could liberate elite women at the expense of the reproductive classes - New Statesman
Pregnancy, Interrupted - Discover Magazine
Artificial wombs could soon be a reality. What will this mean for women? - The Guardian - 09/17
Australian Researchers Have Used An Artificial Womb To Incubate A Lamb For The Second Time - Gizmodo - 08/17
Further Research into Artificial Wombs Brings Us Closer to a Future Where Babies Grow Outside the Body - Futurism - 08/17
Artificial Wombs - A Perspective From A NICU Mum - Huffington Post (opinion) - 05/17
Artificial Womb Technology: Who Benefits? - Big Think - 05/17
Weighing the Ethics of Artificial Wombs - The New York Times - 05/17
Scientists Are Growing Baby Lambs in Plastic Bags - Popular Mechanics - 05/17
Will This Artificial Womb One Day Improve the Care of Preemies? - Smithsonian Magazine - 05/17
How artificial wombs will change our ideas of gender, family and equality - The Guardian - 05/17
What if you could grow a baby in a bottle? - Wired - 04/17
Lamb fetuses can now grow in artificial wombs. Will humans be next? - Los Angeles Times - 04/17
This plastic bag, an artificial womb, could some day save extreme preemies - The Washington Post - 04/17
Artificial human life could soon be grown from scratch in the lab - NHS - 03/17
Pregnancy Without Men? New Research Lets Us Make Babies From Skin Cells - Futurism - 01/17
Babies made without mothers will come sooner than we think - Daily Mail - 01/17
A Brave New World of Human Reproduction - Discover - 12/16
Next in reproductive tech: the artificial womb - OZY - 09/16
Surrogacy row: Assisted reproduction is changing faster than we can discuss its implications - F. Living - 09/16
We might soon be able to grow babies outside the womb - Independent - 09/16
From frozen ovaries to lab-grown babies: the future of childbirth - Medical Xpress - 05/16
Artificial, Womb-Free Births Just Got a Lot More Real - Motherboard - 05/16
Artificial womb breakthrough sparks row over how long human embryos should be kept in lab - The Telegraph - 05/16
Artificial Placenta Holds Promise for Extremely Premature Infants - University of Michigan - 05/16
TEctogenesis Offers Multiple Unique Benefits - IEET Blog - 11/15
The End of Pregnancy and the inevitable rise of the artificial womb - Slate - 10/14
Motherhood: Immaculate gestation - The Last Word on Nothing - 05/12
Artificial 'Womb' Unlocks Secrets of Early Embryo Development - Science Daily - 03/12
What Do Artificial Wombs Mean for Women? - RH Reality Check - 02/12
Ectogenesis - IEET - 12/11
Baby Sharks Birthed in Artificial Uterus - Wired - 09/11
Artificial womb created - Irish Health - 07/07
Why Not Artificial Wombs? - The New Atlantis - 09/03
Artificial Womb Web Sites
Artificial uterus - Wikipedia
Ectogenesis - Wikipedia
Artificial womb - Future Wikia
Babies Growing Outside the Womb - Image adapted from Wikimedia
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