Signalin' device to control competin' flows of traffic
This article is about about lights used for signallin'. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? "Stoplight" redirects here, for the craic. For other uses, see Traffic light (disambiguation) and Stoplight (disambiguation).
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Schema of a feckin' traffic light
An LED 50 watts traffic light in Portsmouth, UK
A traffic light for pedestrians in Switzerland
A traffic light in Jakarta, Indonesia with its timer
Traffic lights, traffic signals, stoplights or robots[1] are signallin' devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic.[2]
The world's first traffic light was a manually operated gas-lit signal installed in London in December 1868. It exploded less than a month after it was implemented, injurin' its policeman operator.[3] Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the feckin' first automated traffic control system in 1910, Lord bless us and save us. It used the bleedin' words "STOP" and "PROCEED", although neither word was illuminated.[4]
Traffic lights follow a universal colour code which alternates the bleedin' right of way accorded to users with a sequence of illuminatin' lamps or LEDs of three standard colours:
Allows traffic to proceed in the oul' direction denoted, if it is safe to do so and there is room on the feckin' other side of the intersection, you know yourself like. The green light was traditionally green in colour[5] (hence its name) though modern LED green lights are turquoise.[6][7]
Prohibits any traffic from proceedin'. Whisht now. A flashin' red indication requires traffic to stop and then proceed when safe (equivalent to a feckin' stop sign).
Amber light (also known as 'orange light' or 'yellow light')
Warns that the bleedin' signal is about to change to red, with some jurisdictions requirin' drivers to stop if it is safe to do so, and others allowin' drivers to go through the feckin' intersection if safe to do so. In some European countries (such as the UK), red and amber is displayed together, indicatin' that the signal is about to change to green.[8]
A flashin' amber indication is a bleedin' warnin' signal. Soft oul' day. In the oul' United Kingdom and Ireland, a holy flashin' amber light is used only at pelican crossings, in place of the oul' combined red–amber signal, and indicates that drivers may pass if no pedestrians are on the crossin'.
In some countries traffic signals will go into a bleedin' flashin' mode if the oul' conflict monitor detects a feckin' problem, such as a fault that tries to display green lights to conflictin' traffic. Jaykers! The signal may display flashin' amber to the oul' main road and flashin' red to the bleedin' side road, or flashin' red in all directions. Jasus. Flashin' operation can also be used durin' times of day when traffic is light, such as late at night.[9]
1.1 20th century
1.2 Electric
2 Types and placement of colours
2.1 Single aspects
2.2 Dual aspects
2.3 Three or more aspects & positionin' of aspects
2.4 Traffic signal cycles
2.5 Variations
2.6 Use of traffic signals in waterways, on railroads for rail traffic
3 Pedestrian and cyclist crossin' lights
3.1 Australia and New Zealand
3.5 Auditory and tactile signals for impaired people
4 Lights for public transport
4.1 Preemption and priority
5 Turnin' signals and rules
6 Lane control
7 Speed sign
8 Special provisions
9 Dummy lights
10.1 Optics and lightin'
10.2 Programmable visibility signals
10.3 Conventional lightin' systems
10.4 Light design
10.5 Technological advancements
10.6 Control and coordination
10.7 Mountin'
11 Effects
12 Justification
12.1 United States
13 Legal implications
13.1 Red light runnin'
13.1.1 Red light cameras
13.2 Confirmation lights
13.3 Light timin' length
13.4 Turn on red
13.5 Non-detected vehicles
13.5.1 United States
14 In other contexts
14.1 Racin'
14.2 As a bleedin' ratin' mechanism
16 In Unicode
This section may be confusin' or unclear to readers. In particular, Section needs cleanup and clarification, grand so. Lots of redundant and unclear language.. Please help us clarify the oul' section, grand so. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Advert for an "Electric Traffic Regulator" in the Pryke & Palmer catalogue of 1930
An early two-light traffic signal by White Horse Tavern in Hudson Street, New York. Image taken in 1961
The installation of a bleedin' traffic signal in San Diego in December 1940
A traffic light in Stockholm in 1953.
Before traffic lights, traffic police controlled the oul' flow of traffic. Listen up now to this fierce wan. A well-documented example is that on London Bridge in 1722.[10] Three men were given the task of directin' traffic comin' in and out of either London or Southwark, what? Each officer would help direct traffic comin' out of Southwark into London and he made sure all traffic stayed on the feckin' west end of the bleedin' bridge. A second officer would direct traffic on the bleedin' east end of the bleedin' bridge to control the flow of people leavin' London and goin' into Southwark.
On 9 December 1868,[11] the oul' first non-electric gas-lit traffic lights were installed outside the feckin' Houses of Parliament in London to control the traffic in Bridge Street, Great George Street, and Parliament Street.[12] They were proposed by the railway engineer J. P, for the craic. Knight of Nottingham who had adapted this idea from his design of railway signallin' systems[13] and constructed by the bleedin' railway signal engineers of Saxby & Farmer. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. The main reason for the oul' traffic light was that there was an overflow of horse-drawn traffic over Westminster Bridge which forced thousands of pedestrians to walk next to the bleedin' Houses of Parliament.[14] The design combined three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for night-time use, on an oul' pillar, operated by a holy police constable. Sufferin' Jaysus. The gas lantern was manually turned by an oul' traffic police officer with a holy lever at its base so that the oul' appropriate light faced traffic.[15] The signal was 22 feet (6.7 m) high, would ye believe it? The light was called the semaphore and had arms that would extend horizontally that commanded drivers to "Stop" and then the oul' arms would lower to a feckin' 45 degrees angle to tell drivers to proceed with "Caution". Whisht now and listen to this wan. At night a holy red light would command "Stop" and a bleedin' green light would mean use "Caution".[10]
Although it was said to be successful at controllin' traffic, its operational life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869 as a holy result of a bleedin' leak in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement[16] and injured the bleedin' policeman who was operatin' it.[17]
20th century[edit]
In the first two decades of the bleedin' 20th century, semaphore traffic signals like the feckin' one in London were in use all over the bleedin' United States with each state havin' its own design of the oul' device. One example was from Toledo, Ohio in 1908. Jasus. The words "Stop" and "Go" were in white on an oul' green background and the lights had red and green lenses illuminated by kerosene lamps for night travelers and the feckin' arms were 8 feet (2.4 m) above ground.[18] It was controlled by an oul' traffic officer who would blow an oul' whistle before changin' the commands on this signal to help alert travelers of the change. The design was also used in Philadelphia and Detroit.[19] The example in Ohio was the bleedin' first time America tried to use a holy more visible form of traffic control that involved the oul' use of semaphores, the shitehawk. The device that was used in Ohio was designed based on the feckin' use of railroad signals.[20]
In 1912, a holy traffic control device was placed on top of a feckin' tower in Paris at the feckin' intersection of rue Montmartre and the feckin' boulevard Montmartre. This tower signal was manned by a policewoman and she operated a bleedin' revolvin' four-sided metal box on top of a glass showcase where the oul' word "Stop" was painted in red and the bleedin' word "Go" painted in white.[21]
Electric[edit]
An electric traffic light was developed in 1912 by Lester Wire, an oul' policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah, who also used red-green lights.[22] On 5 August 1914, the American Traffic Signal Company installed a feckin' traffic signal system on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio.[23][24] It had two colours, red and green, and a buzzer, based on the oul' design of James Hoge, to provide an oul' warnin' for colour changes. The design by James Hoge[25] allowed police and fire stations to control the bleedin' signals in case of emergency. The first four-way, three-colour traffic light was created by police officer William Potts in Detroit, Michigan in 1920.[26] Ashville, Ohio claims to be the oul' home of the oul' oldest workin' traffic light in the United States, used at an intersection of public roads from 1932 to 1982 when it was moved to a holy local museum.[27][28] Many pictures of historical traffic lights appear at a Traffic Signal Trivia page.[29]
The tower was the bleedin' first innovation that used the feckin' three-coloured traffic signal and appeared first in the oul' City of Detroit, where the bleedin' first three-coloured traffic light was built at the intersection of Michigan and Woodward Avenues in 1920. Whisht now and listen to this wan. The man behind this three-colour traffic light was police officer William Potts of Detroit, so it is. He was concerned about how police officers at four different lights signals could not change their lights all at the same time. The answer was a bleedin' third light that was coloured amber, which was the feckin' same colour used on the feckin' railroad.[14] Potts also placed a bleedin' timer with the feckin' light to help coordinate a feckin' four-way set of lights in the feckin' city. Soft oul' day. The traffic tower soon used twelve floodlights to control traffic and the bleedin' reason for a bleedin' tower in the bleedin' first place was that at the time the intersection was one of the oul' busiest in the oul' world, with over 20,000 vehicles daily.[30]
Los Angeles installed its first automated traffic signals in October 1920 at five locations on Broadway, game ball! These early signals, manufactured by the Acme Traffic Signal Co., paired "Stop" and "Go" semaphore arms with small red and green lights, that's fierce now what? Bells played the oul' role of today's amber lights, ringin' when the oul' flags changed—a process that took five seconds, the cute hoor. By 1923 the feckin' city had installed 31 Acme traffic control devices.[31] The Acme semaphore traffic lights were often used in Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons for comedic effect due to their loud bell.
The first interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake City in 1917, with six connected intersections controlled simultaneously from a manual switch.[32] Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was introduced March 1922 in Houston, Texas.[33]
In 1922 traffic towers were beginnin' to be controlled by automatic timers. The first company to add timers in traffic lights was Crouse Hinds. Right so. They built railroad signals and were the first company to place timers in traffic lights in Houston, which was their home city.[34] The main advantage for the feckin' use of the feckin' timer was that it saved cities money by replacin' traffic officers, fair play. The city of New York was able to reassign all but 500 of its 6,000 officers workin' on the bleedin' traffic squad; this saved the city $12,500,000.[34]
After witnessin' an accident between an automobile and an oul' horse-drawn carriage, African American inventor, Garrett Morgan, filed a U.S. Stop the lights! patent for a traffic signal.[35] Patent No. 1,475,024[36] was granted on 20 November 1923 for Morgan's three-position traffic signal.
The first traffic lights in Britain were deployed in Piccadilly Circus in 1926.[37] Wolverhampton was the oul' first British town to introduce automated traffic lights in 1927 in Princes Square at the feckin' junction of Lichfield Street and Princess Street.[38]
Melbourne was the oul' first city in Australia to install traffic lights in 1928 on the intersection of Collins and Swanston Street.
The twelve-light system did not become available until 1928 and another feature of the oul' light system was that hoods were placed over the bleedin' light and each lens was sand-blasted to increase daytime visibility.[39]
Both the oul' tower and semaphores were phased out by 1930. Whisht now and eist liom. Towers were too big and obstructed traffic; semaphores were too small and drivers could not see them at night.[20]
In 1949, the bleedin' first traffic light in the feckin' continent of Asia was installed in Haifa, Israel.[40]
The first traffic light in South India was installed at Egmore Junction, Chennai in 1953. The city of Bangalore installed its first traffic light at Corporation Circle in 1963.[41]
The control of traffic lights made a big turn with the bleedin' rise of computers in America in the oul' 1950s, be the hokey!
This article may be confusin' or unclear to readers. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. In particular, Who's Crosby?. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a holy discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Thanks to computers, the changin' of lights made Crosby's flow even quicker thanks to computerized detection. A pressure plate was placed at intersections so once a holy car was on the feckin' plate computers would know that an oul' car was waitin' at the bleedin' red light.[42] Some of this detection included knowin' the number of waitin' cars against the feckin' red light and the length of time waited by the bleedin' first vehicle at the red.[43] One of the bleedin' best historical examples of computerized control of lights was in Denver in 1952. One computer took control of 120 lights with six pressure-sensitive detectors measurin' inbound and outbound traffic. The system was in place at the oul' central business district, where the most traffic was between the feckin' downtown area and the feckin' north and northeastern parts of the feckin' city, the cute hoor. The control room that housed the computer in charge of the bleedin' system was in the oul' basement of the City and County Buildin'.[43] As computers started to evolve, traffic light control also improved and became easier. Whisht now and eist liom. In 1967, the bleedin' city of Toronto was the bleedin' first to use more advanced computers that were better at vehicle detection.[43] Thanks to the new and better computers traffic flow moved even quicker than with the oul' use of the oul' tower. Jasus. The computers maintained control over 159 signals in the bleedin' cities through telephone lines, the hoor. People praised the bleedin' computers for their detection abilities. Chrisht Almighty. Thanks to detection computers could change the length of the feckin' green light based on the feckin' volume of waitin' cars.[44] The rise of computers is the model of traffic control which is now used in the bleedin' 21st century.
Countdown timers on traffic lights were introduced in the oul' 1990s. In fairness now. Timers are useful for pedestrians, to plan whether there is enough time to cross the feckin' intersection before the end of the oul' walk phase, and for drivers, to know the amount of time before the bleedin' light switches. In the bleedin' United States, timers for vehicle traffic are prohibited, but pedestrian timers are now required on new or upgraded signals on wider roadways. In some cities, includin' Philadelphia, pedestrian timers can be used by motorists as well to know how much time remains in the feckin' green cycle, because when the oul' pedestrian timer reaches zero, the bleedin' signal will simultaneously turn amber.
Types and placement of colours[edit]
Main article: List of variations in traffic light signallin' and operation
Traffic lights can have several additional lights for filter turns or bus lanes. Whisht now. This one designed by David Mellor introduced in 1965 and is used across the bleedin' United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories, which also shows the red + orange combination seen in a number of European countries, and an oul' backin' board with white border to increase the feckin' target value of the oul' signal head. Improved visibility of the signal head is achieved durin' the night by usin' the oul' retro-reflective white border.
Road crossin' of (Shetland) A970 with Sumburgh airport's runway, bedad. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.
A typical vertical traffic signal has three aspects, or lights, facin' the oul' oncomin' traffic, red on top, amber below, and green below that, like. Generally one aspect is illuminated at a feckin' time. I hope yiz are all ears now. In some cases, a feckin' fourth aspect, for a holy turn arrow for example, is below the three lights or aspects in more complicated road traffic intersections.
Single aspects[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by addin' to it. (March 2010)
The simplest traffic light comprises either a single or a holy pair of coloured aspects that warns any user of the bleedin' shared right of way of a possible conflict or danger.
Flashin' red: treated as an oul' stop sign. This can also signal the road is closed. In France and the United Kingdom, flashin' red mandates absolute stop, at the bleedin' crossin' of a railway line, an airport strip, a holy swin' bridge, or a holy fire station.
Flashin' amber: caution, crossin' or road hazard ahead.
Flashin' green: varies among jurisdiction. Flashin' green can give permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposin' traffic (which is stopped by a holy steady red light), can indicate the end of a feckin' green cycle before the feckin' light changes to a bleedin' steady amber, or (as in British Columbia, Canada, or Mexico City, Mexico) indicates the bleedin' intersection is a bleedin' pedestrian crosswalk.
In the feckin' United States, flashin' red or amber lights, known as intersection control beacons, are used to reinforce stop signs at intersections.[45]
Dual aspects[edit]
These have two lights, usually mounted vertically. Here's another quare one. They are often seen at railway crossings, fire stations, and intersections of streets. They flash amber or white when cross traffic is not expected, and turn red to stop traffic when cross traffic occurs (e.g., the feckin' fire engines are about to exit the oul' station). Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. They are also sometimes used for ramp meterin', where motorists enter a controlled-access highway durin' heavy traffic. G'wan now. Usually, only one vehicle on the ramp proceeds when the feckin' signal shows green. Whisht now. Two or three per green are allowed in some cases.
Three or more aspects & positionin' of aspects[edit]
The standard traffic signal is the bleedin' red light above the bleedin' green, with amber between.
When the bleedin' traffic signal with three aspects is arranged horizontally or sideways, the bleedin' arrangement depends on the rule of the bleedin' road. In right-lane countries, the bleedin' sequence (from left to right) is red–amber–green. In left-lane countries, the sequence is green–amber–red.
Horizontally mounted signals in Japan
A traffic signal in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with specially shaped lights to assist people with colour blindness
Other signals are sometimes added for more control, such as for public transportation and right or left turns allowed only when the green arrow is illuminated or specifically prohibited if the red arrow is illuminated.
Traffic signal cycles[edit]
Generally, at least one direction of traffic at an intersection has the oul' green lights (green aspect) at any moment in the bleedin' cycle, fair play. In some jurisdictions, for a brief time, all signals at an intersection show red at the feckin' same time, to clear any traffic in the intersection. The delay can depend on traffic, road conditions, the physical layout of the bleedin' intersection, and legal requirements. Whisht now and eist liom. Thus modern signals are built to allow the oul' "all red" in an intersection, even if the bleedin' feature is not used.
Some signals have no "all red" phase: the feckin' light turns green for cross traffic the oul' instant the feckin' other light turns red.[note 1]
Another variant in some locations is the pedestrian scramble, where all the oul' traffic lights for vehicles become red, and pedestrians are allowed to walk freely, even diagonally, across the bleedin' intersection.
Variations[edit]
In the oul' Canadian province of Quebec and the Maritime provinces, lights are often arranged horizontally, but each aspect is a feckin' different shape: red is a feckin' square (larger than the oul' normal circle) and usually in pairs at either end of the bleedin' fixture, amber is a diamond, and green is a circle. In many southern and southwestern U.S. states, most traffic signals are similarly horizontal in order to ease wind resistance durin' storms and hurricanes.[46]
Japanese traffic signals mostly follow the feckin' same rule except that the feckin' "go" signals are referred to as 青 (blue), which they historically were in fact, but this caused complications with the feckin' international "green for go" rule, so [47] in 1973 a decree was issued that the feckin' "go" light should be changed to the oul' bluest possible hue of green, thus makin' it factually greener without havin' to change the bleedin' name from 青(blue) to 緑(green).
In Britain, normal traffic lights follow this sequence:[48]
Red – Stop, do not proceed
Red and Amber - Get ready to proceed, but do not proceed yet
Green – Proceed if the bleedin' intersection or crossin' is clear, you are not allowed to block the intersection or crossin'
Amber - Stop, unless it is unsafe to do so.
Use of traffic signals in waterways, on railroads for rail traffic[edit]
The three-aspect standard is also used at locks on the bleedin' Upper Mississippi River. Would ye swally this in a minute now?Red means that another vessel is passin' through. Amber means that the lock chamber is bein' emptied or filled to match the oul' level of the approachin' vessel. Sufferin' Jaysus. After the gate opens, green means that the bleedin' vessel may enter.
Railroad signals, for stoppin' trains in their own right of way, use the opposite positionin' of the oul' colours; the feckin' two types cannot be confused.[citation needed] That is, green on top and red below is the standard placement of the bleedin' signal colours on railroad tracks.
Pedestrian and cyclist crossin' lights[edit]
Further information: Pedestrian crossin'
This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the oul' article by addin' more descriptive text and removin' less pertinent examples. G'wan now and listen to this wan. See Mickopedia's guide to writin' better articles for further suggestions. (January 2012)
Australia and New Zealand[edit]
In Australia and New Zealand, the feckin' pedestrian light sequence is:
Green man: safe to cross the feckin' intersection
Flashin' red man: continue to cross if already in the oul' intersection, but do not start to cross
Red man: do not cross
Some traffic lights in the bleedin' capital cities (e.g, the hoor. Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide) have countdown timers for pedestrian crossin' lights, usually an oul' countdown from 30 when the red flashin' man appeared, what? Countdown timers have been installed on some pedestrian crossin' lights in Auckland and Christchurch countin' down from 15 seconds.
Some traffic-light controlled junctions have a holy light sequence that stops all vehicular traffic at the junction at the same time, and gives pedestrians exclusive access to the feckin' intersection so that they can cross in any direction (includin' diagonally). Be the hokey here's a quare wan. This is prominently featured in the feckin' Sydney CBD outside Town Hall, and other pedestrian-heavy locations, such as in Redfern near the oul' University of Sydney. C'mere til I tell ya now. This is known as a feckin' pedestrian scramble or Barnes Dance in some places. In New Zealand such pedestrian crossings can be found in the oul' central business district (CBD) of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.
The Barnes Dance is named after an American traffic engineer, Henry A, bedad. Barnes. Barnes did not claim to have invented the oul' system but was a feckin' strong advocate of it, havin' observed the bleedin' difficulties his daughter faced crossin' the oul' road to get to school.[49]
Several intersections in Wellington, New Zealand, have alternative green man figures. Would ye believe this shite?Eight intersections near Parliament Buildings have silhouettes of suffragette Kate Sheppard,[50] while four intersections along Cuba Street have silhouettes of drag performer and LGBT rights activist Carmen Rupe.[51]
Asia[edit]
Chinese light sequence is:
Green: safe to cross.
Red: do not cross.
Amber (steady, after green, before red): continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.
Flashin' amber: cross with caution (often used in low-traffic crossin' or after midnight).
Japanese pedestrian light sequence is:
Blue/green walkin' man: safe to cross; cyclists may cross or turn left in the feckin' direction of traffic.
Flashin' blue/green walkin' man: do not start crossin'; finish crossin' or return to curb.
Red standin' man: do not cross
For more information on the feckin' situation in Japan, see 日本の音響装置付信号機 (in Japanese).
Europe[edit]
A traffic light for pedestrians depictin' Miffy and with white LED as countdown to green in Utrecht, Netherlands
Traffic light animation (pedestrians, cyclists and traffic). Soft oul' day. Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bicycle traffic lights in Vienna
The European approach to a signalized crossin' is to use dual or, more rarely, a triple aspect[52] with a blackened out lens of an oul' pictogram pedestrian. For cyclists, the feckin' same approach is used, with the feckin' lens blackened out for a feckin' bicycle frame. It is not uncommon to see lenses with both symbols on them. Most European countries use orange instead of amber for the middle light.
The cyclist light sequence is:
Amber: continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.
Flashin' amber: cross with caution (often used when lights are out of order or shut down).
In Germany, the Czech Republic and some other Central European countries, a combination of red and orange lights is illuminated just before the green phase. Here's another quare one. The cyclist light sequence is as follows:[citation needed]
Orange: continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.
Flashin' orange: cross with caution, obey signage (used when lights are out of order or shut down).
Red and orange: do not cross, prepare for green.
The light is blackened out with a bleedin' pedestrian pictogram.
Ampelmännchen pedestrian traffic signals have come to be seen as a feckin' nostalgic sign for the feckin' former German Democratic Republic. Jasus. In Germany the bleedin' fine for crossin' a red light if caught is as of 2019 between €5 and €10.[53]
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, British Crown dependencies and dependent territories, and former possessions like Hong Kong two or more of the oul' followin' signals are displayed to pedestrians:
A still image of a feckin' green walkin' person: cross the road
Flashin' green walkin' person: continue to cross if already on the oul' crossin' but do not start to cross. In fairness now. Some signals use an amber numerical countdown display, instead of the oul' flashin' green man, indicatin' to pedestrians the bleedin' time remainin' to cross the feckin' road.[54]
Red standin' man: do not cross/do not start to cross
In the United Kingdom there is no direct offence committed if a feckin' pedestrian fails to obey crossin' signals and many lights commonly only use two still images - a holy green walkin' person and a feckin' red standin' man, this bein' the bleedin' general case where the oul' crossin' is at a road junction and the oul' pedestrian signals are in combination with those controllin' vehicular traffic. Would ye swally this in a minute now?Flashin' amber lights and images at pedestrian crossings are used where the bleedin' vehicular traffic lights perform the bleedin' sole function of stoppin' road traffic to allow pedestrians to cross an oul' road.
The same system is used also in Switzerland, Hong Kong and Macau.
North America[edit]
Pedestrian sign in Washington, D.C.
In the oul' United States, the bleedin' most common aspect is the bleedin' written 'walk' or 'don't walk.' In Canada, the feckin' white walkin' person is almost always used. Increasingly for retrofits of dual aspects and newer installations, the oul' lower aspect formerly used for the "walk" signal (a walkin' person) is bein' replaced with a bleedin' timer countdown. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. The raised hand pictogram first appeared in the feckin' city of Westmount, Montreal, and was invented by Alexander Heron, havin' observed a feckin' policeman's gloved hand controllin' a bleedin' crossin'.[citation needed]
The light sequence is:
Green, blue, or white walkin' person or "walk": cross with caution (pedestrians have the bleedin' right of way; motorists turnin' left or right must yield to pedestrians).
Flashin' red or orange stop hand or "don't walk": do not start crossin', but continue if already in the bleedin' middle of the oul' intersection.
Red or orange stop hand or "don't walk": do not enter the intersection.
The U.S. state of Massachusetts allows an unusual indication variation for pedestrian movement. G'wan now. At signalized intersections without separate pedestrian signal heads, the feckin' traffic signals may be programmed to turn red in all directions, followed by a steady display of amber lights simultaneously with the oul' red indications, that's fierce now what? Durin' this red-plus-amber indication, the feckin' intersection is closed to vehicular traffic and pedestrians may cross, usually in whatever direction they choose (this is known as a "Barnes dance").[citation needed]
Auditory and tactile signals for impaired people[edit]
In some jurisdictions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland pedestrian lights are associated with a holy sound device, for the bleedin' benefit of blind and visually impaired pedestrians. Whisht now. These make an oul' shlow beepin' sound when the bleedin' pedestrian lights are red and a continuous buzzin' or fast beepin' sound when the lights are green. G'wan now and listen to this wan. In the feckin' Australian States of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia, the bleedin' sound is produced in the same unit as the push buttons. Arra' would ye listen to this. In a bleedin' circle above the button, the oul' sound is produced and can be felt along with a bleedin' raised arrow that points in the bleedin' direction to walk.[55] This system of assistive technology is also widely used at busy intersections in Canadian cities.
In the United Kingdom, the feckin' Puffin crossings and their predecessor, the oul' Pelican crossin', will make a fast beepin' sound to indicate that it is safe to cross the oul' road, what? The beepin' sound is disabled durin' the bleedin' night time so as not to disturb any nearby residents.[56]
In some states in the feckin' United States, at some busy intersections, buttons will make a beepin' sound for blind people. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. When the oul' light changes, an oul' speaker built into the bleedin' button will play a feckin' recordin' to notify blind people that it is safe to cross, grand so. When the bleedin' signal flashes red, the recordin' will start to count down with the countdown timer.
In several countries such as New Zealand, technology also allows deaf and blind people to feel when lights have changed to allow safe crossin', for the craic. A small pad, housed within an indentation in the oul' base of box housin' the feckin' button mechanism, moves downwards when the feckin' lights change to allow crossin', to be sure. This is designed to be felt by anyone waitin' to cross who has limited ability to detect sight or sound.
In Japan, an oul' traffic light emits an electronic sound that mimics the oul' sound of birdsong to help the feckin' visually impaired, begorrah. Some traffic lights fix the feckin' order and type of sound so that they can tell which direction is a green light. In general, "Piyo" (peep) and "Piyo-piyo", which is a bleedin' small bird call, and "Kakkō" and "Ka-kakkō", which is an oul' cuckoo call, are associated with this system.[57]
Lights for public transport[edit]
Four-lamp public transport traffic light in Moscow, Russia, showin' "stop" signal.
TTC Spadina streetcar signals (smaller black signals)
A tram signal in Geneva, Switzerland.
Signals for buses and trams in Karlsruhe, Germany
Swedish traffic light (left) for use by public transport vehicles only. C'mere til I tell ya now. All signals use white lightin' and special symbols ("S", "–" and an arrow) to distinguish them from regular signals, fair play. The small light at the oul' top tells the oul' driver when the oul' vehicle's transponder signal is received by the bleedin' traffic light.
Traffic lights for public transport often use signals that are distinct from those for private traffic. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. They can be letters, arrows or bars of white or coloured light.
In Portland, Oregon, the bleedin' tram signals feature an orange horizontal bar and a white vertical bar.[citation needed] Some systems use the letter B for buses, and T for trams.
In some European countries and Russia, dedicated traffic signals for public transport (tram, as well any that is usin' a bleedin' dedicated lane) have four white lights that form the oul' letter T.[citation needed] If the feckin' three top lamps are lit, this means "stop". Whisht now. If the feckin' bottom lamp and some lamps on the oul' top row are lit, this means permission to go in a direction shown. In case of a tram signal, if there are no tram junctions or turns on an intersection, a feckin' simpler system of one amber signal in the feckin' form of letter T is used instead; the feckin' tram must proceed only when the oul' signal is lit.
In North European countries, the bleedin' tram signals feature white lights of different forms: "S" for "stop", "—" for "caution" and arrows to permit passage in a feckin' given direction.[58]
The Netherlands use a distinctive "negenoog" (nine-eyed) design shown on the bleedin' top row of the diagram;[59] bottom row signals are used in Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Germany. Listen up now to this fierce wan. The signals mean (from left to right): "go straight ahead", "go left", "go right", "go in any direction" (like the "green" of an oul' normal traffic light), "stop, unless the bleedin' emergency brake is needed" (equal to "amber"), and "stop" (equal to "red").
The METRO light rail system in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the bleedin' Valley Metro Rail in Phoenix, Arizona, and the RTA Streetcar System in New Orleans use a simplified variant of the Belgian/French system in the bleedin' respective city's central business district where only the bleedin' "go" and "stop" configurations are used. Bejaysus. A third signal equal to amber is accomplished by flashin' the "go" signal.
In Japan, tram signals are under the feckin' regular vehicle signal; however, the colour of the signal intended for trams is orange.
Tram traffic lights at a tramway junction in Hong Kong
In Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, an amber T-signal is used for trams, in place of the green signal, like. Addition to that, at any tramway junction, another set of signals is available to indicate the oul' direction of the feckin' tracks.
In Australia and New Zealand, a bleedin' white "B" or "T" sometimes replaces the oul' green light indicatin' that buses or trams (respectively) have right of way.
Preemption and priority[edit]
Main articles: Traffic signal preemption and Bus priority
Some regions have signals that are interruptible, givin' priority to special traffic usually emergency vehicles such as fire apparatus, ambulances, and police squad cars.[60][61] Most of the feckin' systems operate with small transmitters that send radio waves, infrared signals, or strobe light signals that are received by a holy sensor on or near the feckin' traffic lights. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Some systems use audio detection, where an oul' certain type of siren must be used and detected by a receiver on the traffic light structure.
Upon activation, the normal traffic light cycle is suspended and replaced by the bleedin' "preemption sequence": the feckin' traffic lights to all approaches to the oul' intersection are switched to "red" with the exception of the bleedin' light for the feckin' vehicle that has triggered the oul' preemption sequence. Sometimes, an additional signal light is placed nearby to indicate to the oul' preemptin' vehicle that the oul' preemptin' sequence has been activated and to warn other motorists of the feckin' approach of an emergency vehicle. The normal traffic light cycle resumes after the bleedin' sensor has been passed by the vehicle that triggered the preemption.
In lieu of preemptive mechanisms, in most jurisdictions, emergency vehicles are not required to respect traffic lights. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. However, emergency vehicles must shlow down, proceed cautiously and activate their emergency lights to alert oncomin' drivers to the feckin' preemption when crossin' an intersection against the feckin' light.[62][63]
Unlike preemption, which immediately interrupts an oul' signal's normal operation to serve the feckin' preemptin' vehicle and is usually reserved for emergency use, "priority" is a set of strategies intended to reduce delay for specific vehicles, especially mass transit vehicles such as buses. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. A variety of strategies exist to give priority to transit but they all generally work by detectin' approachin' transit vehicles and makin' small adjustments to the bleedin' signal timin', game ball! These adjustments are designed to either decrease the feckin' likelihood that the transit vehicle will arrive durin' a red interval or decrease the bleedin' length of the red interval for those vehicles that are stopped. Priority does not guarantee that transit vehicles always get a bleedin' green light the instant they arrive like preemption does.
Turnin' signals and rules[edit]
A traffic light in Westbrook, Maine, on State Route 25. Here's a quare one. Notice the red arrow to the bleedin' left of the bleedin' two green straight lights.
In some instances, traffic may turn left (in jurisdictions with left-hand traffic) or right (in jurisdictions with right-hand traffic) after stoppin' at a red light, providin' they give way to the pedestrians and other vehicles. Would ye believe this shite?In some places that generally disallow this, a bleedin' sign next to the bleedin' traffic light indicates that it is allowed at a feckin' particular intersection.[64] Conversely, jurisdictions that generally allow this might forbid it at an oul' particular intersection with a "no turn on red" sign, or put a feckin' green arrow to indicate specifically when a bleedin' turn is allowed without havin' to yield to pedestrians (this is usually when traffic from the feckin' perpendicular street is makin' an oul' turn onto one's street and thus no pedestrians are allowed in the oul' intersection anyway). Here's a quare one. Some jurisdictions allow turnin' on red in the oul' opposite direction (left in right-drivin' countries; right in left-drivin' countries) from an oul' one-way road onto another one-way road; some of these even allow these turns from a bleedin' two-way road onto an oul' one-way road.[65] Also differin' is whether a holy red arrow prohibits turns; some jurisdictions require a "no turn on red" sign in these cases. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. A study in the State of Illinois (a right-drivin' jurisdiction) concluded that allowin' drivers to proceed straight on red after stoppin', at specially posted T-intersections where the feckin' intersectin' road went left only, was dangerous.[citation needed] Proceedin' straight on red at T-intersections where the oul' intersectin' road went left only used to be legal in Mainland China, with right-hand traffic provided that such movement would not interfere with other traffic, but when the Road Traffic Safety Law of the oul' People's Republic of China took effect on 1 May 2004, such movement was outlawed.[66] In some other countries, the oul' permission is indicated by a flashin' amber arrow (cars do not have to stop but must give way to other cars and pedestrians) in Western Europe, or by an oul' green arrow at the feckin' same height as the feckin' full red light (whether cars have to stop depends on the oul' country) in Central Europe.
Another distinction is between intersections that have dedicated signals for turnin' across the oul' flow of opposin' traffic and those that do not. Jasus. Such signals are called dedicated left-turn lights in the feckin' United States and Canada (since opposin' traffic is on the bleedin' left), so it is. With dedicated left turn signals, a feckin' left-pointin' arrow turns green when traffic may turn left without opposin' traffic and pedestrian conflict, and turns red or disappears otherwise, the hoor. Such a signal is referred to as a "protected" signal if it has its own red phase; a "permissive" signal does not have such a feature. Three standard versions of the oul' permissive signal exist:[citation needed] One version is a holy horizontal bar with five lights – the oul' green and amber arrows are located between the bleedin' standard green and amber lights. Sure this is it. A vertical five-light bar holds the bleedin' arrows underneath the oul' standard green light (in this arrangement, the feckin' amber arrow is sometimes omitted, leavin' only the oul' green arrow below the feckin' steady green light, or possibly an LED based device capable of showin' both green and amber arrows within a bleedin' single lamp housin'). Some newer LED turn arrows seen in parts of Canada are capable of multicoloured animation, be the hokey! Such lights will often display a bleedin' flashin' and animated green or amber arrow when the dedicated turn is allowed, but then transform into a holy red arrow on an oul' white background with an oul' red line through it, emphasisin' that the turn is no longer allowed, to be sure. These lights will also often have the feckin' words "no turn" displayed, or an explanatory reason why the bleedin' turn is not allowed, such as "train" in the case of a bleedin' rail or light rail crossin'. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. A third type is known as a "doghouse" or "cluster head" – a vertical column with the bleedin' two normal lights is on the bleedin' right side of the oul' signal, a vertical column with the two arrows is located on the bleedin' left, and the normal red signal is in the bleedin' middle above the feckin' two columns. Here's another quare one. Cluster signals in Australia and New Zealand use six signals, the oul' sixth bein' a red arrow that can operate separately from the oul' standard red light. In a fourth type, sometimes seen at intersections in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, there is no dedicated left-turn lamp per se. Instead, the normal green lamp flashes rapidly, indicatin' permission to go straight as well as make a feckin' left turn in front of opposin' traffic, which is bein' held by a steady red lamp. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. (This "advance green," or flashin' green can be somewhat startlin' and confusin' to drivers not familiar with this system. This also can cause confusion amongst visitors to British Columbia, where a bleedin' flashin' green signal denotes a feckin' pedestrian controlled crosswalk, so it is. For this reason, Ontario is phasin' out the use of flashin' green signals and instead replacin' them with arrows.)[67][68] Another interestin' practice seen at least in Ontario is that cars wishin' to turn left that arrived after the oul' left turn signal ended can do so durin' the bleedin' amber phase, as long as there is enough time to make a feckin' safe turn.[69]
A flashin' amber arrow, which allows drivers to make left turns after givin' way to oncomin' traffic, is becomin' more widespread in the feckin' United States, particularly in Oregon, North Carolina, Virginia, Michigan (replacin' their trademark "red-ball" flashin' left-turn lights), and Las Vegas, Nevada.[citation needed] In the feckin' normal sequence, a bleedin' protected green left-turn arrow will first change to a steady amber arrow to indicate the oul' end of the feckin' protected phase, then to an oul' flashin' amber arrow, which remains flashin' until the bleedin' standard green light changes to amber and red. Here's another quare one. These generally take the oul' form of four signal sections (green, amber, amber arrow, red). Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. On some newer signals, notably in the oul' city of Bend, Oregon, the oul' green and flashin' amber arrows emanate from the oul' same light section through the feckin' use of a bleedin' dual-colour LED array, while the bleedin' steady amber arrow is mounted above it. Chrisht Almighty. In Las Vegas, the bleedin' arrow turns flashin' amber from a red light, before turnin' red again.[citation needed]
Generally, a dedicated left-turn signal is illuminated at the beginnin' of the oul' green phase of the green-amber-red-green cycle. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? This is called a leadin' turn. Bejaysus. This allows left-turn traffic, which often consists of just a few cars, to vacate the bleedin' intersection quickly before givin' priority to vehicles travelin' straight. This increases the throughput of left-turn traffic while reducin' the bleedin' number of drivers, perhaps frustrated by long waits in heavy traffic for opposin' traffic to clear, attemptin' to make an illegal left turn on red. A dedicated left-turn signal that appears at the oul' end of the bleedin' green phase is called a feckin' laggin' turn. In fairness now. If there is no left-turn signal, the oul' law requires one to yield to oncomin' traffic and turn when the feckin' intersection is clear and it is safe to do so. Whisht now. In the oul' U.S., many older inner-city and rural areas do not have dedicated left-turn lights, while most newer suburban areas have them. Such lights tend to decrease the oul' overall efficiency of the intersection as it becomes congested, although it makes intersections safer by reducin' the risk of head-on collisions and may even speed up through traffic, but if a significant amount of traffic is turnin', a dedicated turn signal helps eliminate congestion.
Some intersections with permissive turn signals occasionally have what is known as "yellow trap", "lag-trap", or "left turn trap" (in right-drivin' countries).[citation needed] This refers to situations when left-turnin' drivers are trapped in the bleedin' intersection with a red light, while opposin' traffic still has a feckin' green. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. In British Columbia, the feckin' law addresses this problem by givin' a holy left-turnin' driver already in an intersection the feckin' right-of-way to make the bleedin' turn once the bleedin' intersection is otherwise clear, regardless of the feckin' traffic light state.
For example, an intersection has dedicated left-turn signals for traffic travelin' north. C'mere til I tell ya. The southbound traffic gets a feckin' red light so northbound traffic can make a feckin' left turn, but the oul' straight-through northbound traffic continues to get an oul' green light. A southbound driver who had entered the feckin' intersection earlier will now be in a holy predicament, since they have no idea whether traffic continuin' straight for both directions is becomin' red, or just their direction, grand so. The driver will now have to check the traffic light behind them, which is often impossible from the viewin' angle of a driver's seat. This can also happen when emergency vehicles or railroads preempt normal signal operation. [70] In the bleedin' United States, signs readin' "Oncomin' traffic has extended green" or "Oncomin' traffic may have extended green" must be posted at intersections where the bleedin' "yellow trap" condition exists.[71][72]
Although motorcycles and scooters in most jurisdictions follow the same traffic signal rules for left turns as do cars and trucks, some places, such as Taiwan, have different rules, that's fierce now what? In these areas, it is not permitted for such small and often hard-to-see vehicles to turn left in front of oncomin' traffic on certain high-volume roads when there is no dedicated left-turn signal.[citation needed] Instead, in order to make a left turn, the oul' rider moves to the feckin' right side of the road, travels through the oul' first half of the oul' intersection on green, then shlows down and stops directly in front of the oul' line of cars on the feckin' driver's right waitin' to travel across the feckin' intersection, which are of course bein' held by a red light, what? There is often a white box painted on the feckin' road in this location to indicate where the feckin' riders should group.[citation needed] The rider turns the bike 90 degrees to the feckin' left from the feckin' original direction of travel and proceeds along with the oul' line of cars when the red light turns green, completin' the feckin' left turn. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. This procedure improves safety because the feckin' rider never has to cross oncomin' traffic, which is particularly important given the bleedin' much greater likelihood of injury when a bleedin' cycle is hit by a holy car or truck. This system (called a holy "hook turn") is also used at many intersections in the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne, Australia, where either or both streets carry tramways. This is done so right-turnin' vehicles (Australia drives on the oul' left) do not block the feckin' passage of trams. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. The system is bein' extended to the oul' suburbs.
Lane control[edit]
Main article: Lane control lights
Lane control signals installed on the feckin' Old Champlain Bridge in Montréal, QC.
Lane-control lights are a bleedin' specific type of traffic light used to manage traffic on a multi-way road, highway or tollway, would ye believe it? Typically, these lights allow or forbid traffic to use one or more of the available lanes by the bleedin' use of green lights or arrows (to permit) or by red lights or crosses (to prohibit). In the bleedin' US, lane-control lights are often used to control and/or direct the oul' flow of traffic through toll plazas and highway tunnels, such as durin' unusually-heavy traffic flow when more lanes may be required in one direction than in the feckin' other direction, or durin' a bleedin' hurricane evacuation, when the feckin' lane signals for most or all lanes will show green for one direction to assist in more rapid traffic flow from the bleedin' evacuation site. Lane-control lights are also used at highway weigh stations to direct tractor-trailers and other heavy or oversized vehicles into the feckin' proper lanes for weighin', inspection or exit.
In the bleedin' US, most notably the bleedin' Southeastern, there often is a feckin' "continuous-flow" lane. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. This lane is protected by a holy single, constant-green arrow pointin' down at the feckin' lane(s) permittin' the oul' continuous flow of traffic, without regard to the feckin' condition of signals for other lanes or cross streets. Continuous lanes are restricted in that vehicles turnin' from an oul' side street may not cross over the feckin' double white line to enter the bleedin' continuous lane, and no lane changes are permitted to the oul' continuous lane from an adjacent lane or from the oul' continuous lane to an adjacent lane, until the oul' double white line has been passed. Some continuous lanes are protected by a holy raised curb located between the oul' continuous lane and an oul' normal traffic lane, with white and/or amber reflective paint or tape, prohibitin' turnin' or adjacent traffic from enterin' the oul' lane, enda story. Continuous-flow traffic lanes are found only at "T" intersections where there is no side street or driveway entrance on the bleedin' right side of the oul' main thoroughfare; additionally, no pedestrians are permitted to cross the oul' main thoroughfare at intersections with a bleedin' continuous-flow lane, although crossin' at the oul' side street may be permitted. Intersections with continuous-flow lanes will be posted with a feckin' white regulatory sign approximately 500 ft (150 m) before the feckin' intersection with the feckin' phrase, "right lane continuous traffic," or other, similar, wordin'. In fairness now. If the bleedin' arrow is extinguished for any reason, whether by malfunction or design, traffic through the oul' continuous lane will revert to the normal traffic pattern for adjacent lanes, except that turnin' or movin' into or out of the restricted lane is still prohibited.
Speed sign[edit]
Main article: Speed sign
A speed sign is an oul' special traffic light, variable traffic sign or variable-message sign givin' drivers a recommended speed to approach the feckin' next traffic light in its green phase[73] and avoid an oul' stop due reachin' the bleedin' intersection when lights are red.[74][note 2][clarification needed]
Special provisions[edit]
Traffic light failure in most jurisdictions in Australia and countries in Europe must be handled by drivers as a feckin' priority-to-the-right intersection, or an all-way stop elsewhere, pendin' the arrival of a feckin' police officer to direct traffic. In Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland (and Liechtenstein), Turkey, and Ukraine,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] traffic lights may have additional right-of-way signs mounted above, below or next to the oul' traffic lights; these take effect when the lights are no longer active or are flashin' amber. A flashin' amber traffic light usually indicates you have a yield or stop sign as a bleedin' redundant sign, while a bleedin' turned off traffic light usually indicates you have the right-of-way. In the bleedin' UK and parts of North America, drivers simply treat the oul' junction as bein' uncontrolled when traffic lights fail, givin' way as appropriate, unless a holy police officer is present, what? In much of the bleedin' United States failed traffic signals must be treated as all-way stop intersections.
In the feckin' US, traffic lights inactive at nighttime emit an amber-coloured flashin' signal in directions owin' priority while the bleedin' intersectin' street emit an oul' flashin' red light, requirin' drivers to stop before proceedin'.[citation needed]
Dummy lights[edit]
Historic dummy light in Canajoharie, New York, United States
In an era when intersections were often controlled by a single traffic signal head, many signals were installed on pedestals in the centers of intersections. Often referred to as "dummy lights," these installations often replaced beacons or "mushrooms" that denoted the centers of intersections and separated opposin' traffic, with the infrastructure used for the bleedin' beacons and mushrooms servin' the oul' new "stop and go" type signals.[citation needed]
There are an oul' handful of operational dummy lights still in service. Here's a quare one. Three are located in New York State: Beacon, Canajoharie and Croton-on-Hudson.[106]
After a bleedin' dummy light was knocked down by a bleedin' truck in 2010, the oul' city of Coleman, Texas decided to preserve and refurbish its last two pedestal mounted dummy lights as part of its historic district preservation efforts.[citation needed]
In 2011, the bleedin' Arkansas State Historic Preservation Office nominated the oul' state's last remainin' pedestal mounted signal, located in Smackover, to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[citation needed]
The oldest workin' 'dummy' style beacon in Rhode Island was located in the bleedin' Historic Mill village of Albion in the Blackstone River Valley (town of Lincoln, RI), what? It was erected in 1932 above where the oul' old village well stood in the center square. In April 2015 it was destroyed by an oul' motorist. Whisht now and listen to this wan. The beacon was a local historical site and the bleedin' logo for a bleedin' local Boy Scout Troop, Troop 711 Albion.
Increases in traffic flows have prompted calls for these types of traffic lights to be removed due to safety concerns, but their historic value has kept these landmarks at their original locations. C'mere til I tell ya. To serve historic district applications, Teeco Safety Systems of Shreveport, Louisiana, still manufactures replacement fixed 4-way traffic signals for pedestal and overhead span wire installations.[107]
Optics and lightin'[edit]
An example of a LED traffic light in Australia
Traditionally, incandescent and halogen bulbs were used[where?]. Because of the bleedin' low efficiency of light output and a feckin' single point of failure (filament burnout) municipalities[where?] are retrofittin' traffic signals with LED arrays that consume less power, have increased light output, last significantly longer.[citation needed] Moreover, in the oul' event of an individual LED failure, the aspect will still operate albeit with a reduced light output. The light pattern of an LED array can be comparable to the oul' pattern of an incandescent or halogen bulb fitted with a holy prismatic lens.
The low energy consumption of LED lights can pose a drivin' risk in some areas durin' winter. I hope yiz are all ears now. Unlike incandescent and halogen bulbs, which generally get hot enough to melt away any snow that may settle on individual lights, LED displays – usin' only an oul' fraction of the feckin' energy – remain too cool for this to happen.[108][109] As a response to the feckin' safety concerns, a heatin' element on the feckin' lens was developed.[110][111]
Programmable visibility signals[edit]
Traffic signals installed in Shelton, Washington, seen off-axis from the intended viewin' area (top) and from the oul' signal's intended viewin' area (bottom).
From off-axis, these signals appear to be "off" or invisible to adjacent lanes of traffic durin' the daytime, grand so. Only a faint glow can be seen when viewed at night.
Signals such as the 3M High Visibility Signal and McCain Programmable Visibility signal utilize light-diffusin' optics and a Fresnel lens to create the oul' signal indication. The light from a bleedin' 150 W PAR46 sealed-beam lamp in these "programmable visibility" signals passes through an oul' set of two glass lenses at the feckin' back of the oul' signal. The first lens, a feckin' frosted glass diffusin' lens, diffuses the feckin' light into a uniform ball of light around five inches in diameter. The light then passes through an oul' nearly identical lens known as an optical limiter (3M's definition of the feckin' lens itself), also known as a "programmin' lens", also five inches in diameter.[citation needed]
Usin' a special aluminum foil-based adhesive tape, these signals are "masked" or programmed by the bleedin' programmin' lens so that only certain lanes of traffic will view the indication. Would ye believe this shite?At the bleedin' front of these programmable visibility signals is a feckin' 12" Fresnel lens, each lens tinted to meet United States Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) chromaticity and luminance standards. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. The Fresnel lens collimates the bleedin' light output created by the bleedin' lamp, and creates an oul' uniform display of light for the bleedin' lane in which it is intended. These signals were first developed by the feckin' 3M Company in the oul' late 1960s,[citation needed] and were popular in the bleedin' late 1970s as traffic density increased.
In addition to bein' positioned and mounted for desired visibility for their respective traffic, some traffic lights are also aimed, louvered, or shaded to minimize misinterpretation from other lanes, like. For example, a feckin' Fresnel lens on an adjacent through-lane signal may be aimed to prevent left-turnin' traffic from anticipatin' its own green arrow.
Today, McCain Traffic Systems is the bleedin' only U.S.-based manufacturer producin' optically programmable traffic signals similar to the bleedin' 3M model.[citation needed] Intelight Inc. manufactures a programmable traffic signal that uses a bleedin' software-controlled LED array and electronics to steer the light beam toward the oul' desired approach.[112] The signal is programmed unlike the bleedin' 3M and McCain models. It requires a connection to a bleedin' laptop or smartphone with the manufacturer software installed. Right so. Connections can be made directly with a direct-serial interface kit, or wirelessly with a feckin' radio kit over WIFI to the oul' signal.
In addition to aimin', Fresnel lenses, and louvers, visors and back panels are also useful in areas where sunlight would diminish the contrast and visibility of a holy signal face.
Typical applications for these signals were skewed intersections, specific multi-lane control, left-turn pocket signals or other areas where complex traffic situations existed.
An animated GIF shows a traffic light in 3 phases
Conventional lightin' systems[edit]
Conventional traffic signal lightin', still common in some areas, utilizes a feckin' standard light bulb. Chrisht Almighty. Typically, an oul' 67, 69, or 115 watt medium-base (household lamp in the feckin' US) light bulb provides the illumination.[citation needed] Light then bounces off a feckin' mirrored glass or polished aluminium reflector bowl, and out through an oul' polycarbonate plastic or glass signal lens, would ye believe it? In some signals, these lenses were cut to include a specific refractin' pattern. Crouse-Hinds is one notable company for this practice, what? In the oul' 1930s throughout the feckin' 1950s, they utilized a beaded prismatic lens with a bleedin' "smiley" pattern embossed into the oul' bottom of each lens.[citation needed]
Light design[edit]
In the United States, traffic lights are currently designed with lights approximately 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter. Listen up now to this fierce wan. Previously the bleedin' standard had been 8 inches (200 mm); however, those are shlowly bein' phased out in favor of the larger and more visible 12 inch lights. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Variations used have also included a bleedin' hybrid design, which had one or more 12 inch lights along with one or more lights of 8 inches (200 mm) on the oul' same light. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. For example, these "12-8-8" (along with 8-8-8) lights are standard in most jurisdictions in Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia (that, is, the bleedin' red light is 12 and others 8, makin' the bleedin' red more prominent).[citation needed]
In the feckin' United Kingdom, 12 inch lights were implemented only with Mellor Design Signal heads designed by David Mellor. These were designed for symbolic optics to compensate for the feckin' light loss caused by the symbol. However, followin' an oul' study sponsored by the feckin' UK Highways Agency and completed by Aston University, Birmingham, UK, an enhanced optical design was introduced in the mid 1990s. Criticism of sunlight washout (cannot see the bleedin' illuminated signal due to sunlight fallin' on it), and sun-phantom (signal appearin' to be illuminated even when not due to sunlight reflectin' from the feckin' parabolic mirror at low sun angles), led to the feckin' design of a feckin' signal that used lenslets to focus light from a traditional incandescent bulb through apertures in a feckin' matt black front mask. C'mere til I tell ya now. This cured both problems in an easily manufactured solution, you know yerself. This design proved very successful and was taken into production by a number of traffic signal manufacturers through the engineerin' designs of Dr Mark Aston, workin' firstly at the feckin' SIRA Ltd in Kent, and latterly as an independent optical designer. The manufacturers took a holy licence for the feckin' generic design from the oul' Highways Agency, with Dr Aston engineerin' a unique solution for each manufacturer, that's fierce now what? Producin' both bulb and LED versions of the feckin' signal aspects, these signals are still the bleedin' most common type of traffic light on UK roads. Bejaysus. With the invention of anti-phantom, highly visible Aston lenses, lights of 8 inches (200 mm) could be designed to give the same output as plain lenses, so a feckin' larger surface area was unnecessary. Here's another quare one for ye. Consequently, lights of 12 inches (300 mm) are no longer approved for use in the bleedin' UK and all lights installed on new installations have to be 200 mm (8 in) in accordance with TSRGD (Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions), bedad. Exemptions are made for temporary or replacement signals.[citation needed]
Technological advancements[edit]
Temporary traffic light near Hazlerigg, England
With technologies in developed countries continuin' to advance, there is now[when?] an increasin' move[by whom?] to develop and implement smart traffic lights on the roads.[where?] These are systems that adapt to information that is received from a central computer about the bleedin' position, speed and direction of vehicles. They try to communicate with cars to alert drivers of impendin' light changes and reduce motorists' waitin' time considerably.[clarification needed] Trials are currently bein' conducted for the implementation of these advanced traffic lights but there are still many hurdles to widespread use that need to be addressed; one of which is the fact that few cars yet have the required systems to communicate with these light
Control and coordination[edit]
Main article: Traffic light control and coordination
Mountin'[edit]
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There are significant differences from place to place in how traffic lights are mounted or positioned so that they are visible to drivers. Dependin' upon the location, traffic lights may be mounted on poles situated on street corners, hung from horizontal poles or wires strung over the oul' roadway, or installed within large horizontal gantries that extend out from the bleedin' corner and over the feckin' right-of-way. Story? In the last case, such poles or gantries often have a lit sign[where?] with the name of the cross-street.
Mounted traffic lights in North America
An example of a bleedin' wire-mounted traffic light in Fort Worth, Texas.
A typical traffic light on Ninth Avenue in New York City, grand so. Note that the bleedin' traffic light gantry is of an oul' guy-wire masted style, which is unique to New York City.
A vertically mounted traffic light in Boston.
Example of horizontally mounted traffic light in Trenton, New Jersey.
Horizontally mounted traffic lights in Calgary, Alberta.
A bulky tubular metal structure. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. Not only is the feckin' intersection very large, but due to its location on Florida's east coast, the feckin' traffic lights must be hurricane resistant.
Angled mast-arms, which were frequently used in the bleedin' state of Pennsylvania durin' the feckin' 1960s and 1970s.
Three horizontally mounted traffic lights for visibility under a bleedin' bridge in Kin' of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Sufferin' Jaysus. Pennsylvania typically mounts traffic lights vertically.
In some locations, lights are mounted with their multiple faces arranged horizontally, often with supplemental vertical signals on the side, while others locations use vertical signals almost exclusively. Horizontal signals have consistent orientation, like their vertical counterparts.[113] Often, supplemental curb pedestal mounts, intended to support a signal for a bleedin' different approach road, are used when primary signals are partially obscured due to structures such as overpasses, approaches around an oul' buildin' that obscure the bleedin' primary signal mountings, and unusual approach geometry, would ye believe it? In Florida, horizontal signals mounted on poles, known as "mast arms", are in wide use due to their lower wind profile, important for minimizin' hurricane damage, enda story. In areas where wind-load is not as much of a concern as ice-load, such as Illinois or Minnesota, the lights are mounted vertically to reduce the accumulation of ice or snow over the bleedin' surface of the oul' signal heads. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. In a feckin' few countries such as Japan, South Korea, Mexico and an oul' few jurisdictions in Canada and the feckin' US such as Texas, New Mexico, Florida, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Quebec (excludin' Greater Montreal), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Alberta, most traffic signals are mounted horizontally.
Traffic signals in most areas of Europe are located at the bleedin' stop line on same side of the intersection as the approachin' traffic (there bein' both right- and left-hand traffic) and are often mounted overhead as well as on side of the bleedin' road, the cute hoor. At particularly busy junctions for freight, higher lights may be mounted specifically for trucks. I hope yiz are all ears now. The stop line alignment is done to prevent vehicles blockin' any crosswalk and allow for better pedestrian traffic flow. There may also be a special area a bleedin' few meters in advance of the bleedin' stop line where cyclists may legally wait but not motor vehicles; this advanced stop line is often painted with a feckin' different road surface with greater friction and an oul' high colour, both for the bleedin' benefit of cyclists and for other vehicles. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? The traffic lights are mounted so that cyclists can still see them.
In Spain, the oul' mounted traffic lights on the bleedin' far side of the bleedin' intersection is meant for the feckin' traffic that exits the bleedin' intersection in that particular direction. This is often done due to the pedestrian crossings, so that traffic has to wait if they get an oul' red light, you know yourself like. These intersections also come with an oul' stop line in the exit area of the intersection.
In North America, there is often a holy pole-mounted signal on the bleedin' same side of the oul' intersection, but additional pole-mounted and overhead signals are usually mounted on the far side of the oul' intersection for better visibility. Most traffic lights are mounted that way in the Western United States and Canada. In Ontario, traffic lights are almost always mounted on the bleedin' far side of the oul' intersection with poles.
In some areas of the oul' United States, signals facin' in up to four directions are hung directly over the oul' intersection on a feckin' wire strung diagonally over the intersection (once common in Michigan), or the feckin' signal faces traffic in one direction, still hung by wires (but the oul' wire is strung horizontally between two adjacent corners of the feckin' intersection), enda story. This is common in the oul' Southern and Eastern United States.
In other countries like Australia, New Zealand, Lebanon and the oul' United Kingdom, traffic lights are mounted at the stop line before the oul' intersection and also after the bleedin' intersection. Some busy intersections have an overhead traffic light for heavy vehicles and vehicles further away.
Effects[edit]
Traffic lights can have both positive and negative effects on traffic safety and traffic flow. I hope yiz are all ears now. The separation of conflictin' streams of traffic in time can reduce the feckin' chances of right-angle collisions by turnin' traffic and cross traffic, but they can increase the bleedin' frequency of rear-end crashes by up to 50%.[114] Since right-angled and turn-against-traffic collisions are more likely to result in injuries, this is often an acceptable trade-off. Arra' would ye listen to this. They can also adversely affect the safety of bicycle and pedestrian traffic.
Traffic lights can increase the feckin' traffic capacity at intersections and reduce delay for side road traffic, but can also result in increased delay for main road traffic.[115] Hans Monderman, the bleedin' innovative Dutch traffic engineer, and pioneer of shared space schemes, was sceptical of their role, and is quoted as havin' said of them: "We only want traffic lights where they are useful and I haven't found anywhere where they are useful yet."[116]
Between 1979 and 1988, the bleedin' city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, removed signals at 199 intersections that were not warranted, enda story. On average, the feckin' intersections had 24% fewer crashes after the oul' unwarranted signals were removed.[114] The traffic lights had been erected in the bleedin' 1960s because of since-resolved protests over traffic. By 1992, over 800 traffic lights had been removed at 426 intersections, and the feckin' number of crashes at these intersections dropped by 60%.[117]
Justification[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the oul' United States and do not represent a holy worldwide view of the oul' subject. You may improve this section, discuss the oul' issue on the talk page, or create a feckin' new section, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Criteria have been developed to help ensure that new traffic lights are installed only where they will do more good than harm, and to justify the removal of existin' traffic lights where they are not warranted. Whisht now. They are most often placed on arterial roads at intersections with either another arterial road or a bleedin' collector road, or on an expressway where an interchange is not warranted. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. In some situations, traffic signals can also be found on collector roads in busy settings.
United States[edit]
In the bleedin' United States, the feckin' criteria for installation of a holy traffic control signal are prescribed by the feckin' Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which defines the bleedin' criteria in nine warrants:[118]
Eight-hour vehicular volume, like. Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for eight hours of an average weekday.
Four-hour vehicular volume. Here's a quare one for ye. Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for four hours of an average weekday.
Peak hour volume or delay, game ball! This is applied only in unusual cases, such as office parks, industrial complexes, and park and ride lots that attract or discharge large numbers of vehicles in a short time, and, for a feckin' minimum of one hour of an average weekday. Bejaysus. The side road traffic suffers undue delays when enterin' or crossin' the oul' major street.
Pedestrian volume. C'mere til I tell yiz. If the bleedin' traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delays in attemptin' to cross it.
School crossin'. If the oul' traffic density at school crossin' times exceeds one per minute which is considered to provide too few gaps in the bleedin' traffic for children to safely cross the bleedin' street.
Coordinated signal system. G'wan now. For places where adjacent traffic control signals do not keep traffic grouped together efficiently.
Crash experience, to be sure. The volumes in the oul' eight- and four-hour warrants may be reduced if five or more right-angle and cross traffic turn collisions have happened at the oul' intersection in an oul' twelve-month period.
Roadway network. C'mere til I tell ya. Installin' a traffic control signal at some intersections might be justified to encourage concentration and organization of traffic flow on a holy roadway network.
Intersection near a holy grade crossin', that's fierce now what? A traffic control signal is often justified at an intersection near a holy railroad crossin', in order to provide a bleedin' preemption sequence to allow traffic queued up on the bleedin' tracks an opportunity to clear the feckin' tracks before the oul' train arrives.
An intersection is usually required to meet one or more of these warrants before a holy signal is installed. However, meetin' one or more warrants does not require the oul' installation of a traffic signal, it only suggests that they may be suitable. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. It could be that a feckin' roundabout would work better. There may be other unconsidered conditions that lead traffic engineers to conclude that a signal is undesirable, for the craic. For example, it may be decided not to install a signal at an intersection if traffic stopped by it will back up and block another, more heavily trafficked intersection. Jaysis. Also, if a signal meets only the bleedin' peak hour warrant, the oul' advantages durin' that time may not outweigh the disadvantages durin' the feckin' rest of the bleedin' day.
Legal implications[edit]
California attempts to discourage red light runnin' by postin' the minimum fine.
In virtually all jurisdictions in which they are used, it is an offence for motorists (and other road users) to disobey traffic control devices, such as traffic lights, fair play. Exceptionally, it is not an offence for pedestrians to cross against an oul' red light in the United Kingdom, where pedestrian lights officially give advice, rather than an instruction, although UK pedestrians do commit an offence if they cross a feckin' road against the signals of a feckin' police officer controllin' traffic.
Perhaps the bleedin' most obvious common traffic-light related offence is failin' to stop for an oul' red light. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. In some jurisdictions, runnin' an amber light may also incur a bleedin' penalty.[where?][citation needed]
In some jurisdictions (such as Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York City, and California),[citation needed] there are ordinances or by-laws against "gridlockin'". Whisht now and listen to this wan. A motorist enterin' an intersection (even if on a holy green light) but unable to proceed and who gets stranded in the oul' intersection (when traffic ahead fails to proceed), and who remains after the bleedin' light turns red (thus blockin' traffic from other directions) may be cited, would ye believe it? The definition of the bleedin' intersection area is that square where the two streets overlap marked by the inner lines of each crosswalk. C'mere til I tell yiz. (Occupyin' the bleedin' space inside the feckin' crosswalk lines is itself a bleedin' traffic infraction, but different from gridlockin'). Jesus, Mary and Joseph. This gives the oul' meanin' to the oul' anti-gridlock shlogan "don't block the bleedin' box". Sufferin' Jaysus. This is sometimes used as a bleedin' justification for makin' a feckin' turn across the bleedin' opposin' travel lanes on a holy red light at a bleedin' busy intersection, by pullin' partway into the intersection at a feckin' green light waitin' to perform the bleedin' turn, and, if oncomin' traffic is not abated before the oul' light changes to red, proceedin' to turn once the feckin' light has turned red and opposin' traffic has stopped. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. This means that at busy junctions without an oul' protected green arrow for turnin' traffic, one turns after the oul' light turns red. This maneuver is commonly referred to as "occupyin' the intersection" or "bein' legally allowed to complete one's turn", game ball! In some jurisdictions, includin' most American states, a bleedin' vehicle already in the feckin' intersection when the bleedin' light turns red legally has the bleedin' right of way, and vehicles who have green must yield to the oul' vehicle in the oul' intersection.
In Sackville, New Brunswick, it is customary for through traffic to voluntarily yield to the bleedin' first oncomin' left-turnin' vehicle to allow it to perform a bleedin' "Pittsburgh left" manoeuvre.[citation needed] This is similar to a feckin' hook turn performed in Melbourne, Australia, which is legal at signed intersections.
A driver comes to a stop on the oul' crosswalk beyond the oul' stop line as a holy result of attemptin' to avoid a bleedin' red light violation
Enforcement of traffic lights is done in one of several ways:
by police officers observin' traffic, and issuin' citations to motorists who violate the signal
as a bleedin' result of an accident investigation, if it is determined that one or more motorists ran the oul' red light – even if the incident was not observed by a police officer
with red light cameras
Red light runnin'[edit]
Jurisdictions differ somewhat on how to deal with "red light runnin'" — attempts by motorists to race to an intersection while facin' an amber light, in an attempt to beat the oul' red. Listen up now to this fierce wan. In some locales, as long as the light is amber when the oul' motorist enters the bleedin' intersection, no offence has been committed; in others, if the oul' light turns red at any time before a motorist clears the feckin' intersection, then an offence occurs. Here's another quare one for ye. In New York City the amber light is very short (only about three seconds) in order to discourage drivin' through. In Oregon and other places, a stricter standard applies—runnin' an amber light is an offence, unless the motorist is unable to stop safely, bejaysus. This standard has been criticized[citation needed] as ambiguous and difficult to enforce (red light cameras in Oregon are activated only if a holy motorist enters the intersection on a bleedin' red). Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Red light cameras in New South Wales, Australia, are activated only if an oul' motorist enters an intersection 0.3 seconds after the oul' light has turned red.[119]
Traffic light in Chelyabinsk, Russia showin' a bleedin' green light with a digital countdown (in the bleedin' centre aspect) of the time left until the signal switches to amber.
In Russia, it is illegal to enter an intersection on an oul' yellow signal, except for situations where motorists are unable to safely come to a stop. Most traffic lights on busy intersections have an additional "flashin' green" phase right before the amber phase, warnin' motorists that the oul' signal is about to change.[120] Some traffic signals also feature an additional aspect (positioned directly to the bleedin' right of the bleedin' bottommost aspect, or alternatively, in the bleedin' same aspect as the bleedin' amber light) with a feckin' digital countdown timer, informin' approachin' motorists how much time there is left before the feckin' signal switches to amber.[120]
Source: IIHS[121]
As urban centers become more dense and vehicles and pedestrians come into closer contact with each other, the feckin' risk of crashes increases, the shitehawk. With the bleedin' rapid increase of vehicles for hire through smart phone apps and the feckin' competition from taxis and livery cabs, the oul' urgency to complete as many rides in as short a bleedin' period of time as possible has led to drivers pushin' the feckin' limits on red lights.[citation needed] Accordin' to the feckin' IIHS Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, every year red light runnin' causes hundreds of deaths, thousands of injuries and hundreds of millions of dollars in related costs.[122]
In Sprin' 2015, Hunter College in New York City completed an observational study of red light runnin', the first of its kind. Right so. The conclusion, after monitorin' 3,259 vehicles at 50 intersections over a feckin' period of days around the bleedin' 5 boroughs, found that almost 10% of vehicles and 15% of taxis ran the oul' red light, amountin' to nearly 400,000 red lights run every single day.[123] New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio launched a Vision Zero plan to reduce vehicular and pedestrian fatalities, like. The New York City Police Department's 2014 TrafficStat report showed 33,577 red light tickets for 2013, which is 126% increase in the feckin' number of failure-to-yield summonses and red-light runnin' violations.[124]
The Amber Gambler Twins is one of many public interest films tryin' to change the public's behavior regardin' runnin' of amber lights.[125][126]
A 2017 survey in the oul' USA showed that 92.9% US motorists found unacceptable runnin' an oul' red light, when 42.7% of them did it in the bleedin' previous 30 days. 91.4% of motorists perceive breaches in the feckin' red light systems as a serious or somewhat serious personal safety concern[127] · .[128]
Red light runner involved in multiple vehicle crashes, are more likely male, younger, involved in prior crash, or have alcohol impaired drivin' conviction.[127]
Red light cameras[edit]
Main article: Red light camera
In some countries, red light cameras are used for either the driver or the vehicle's owner. Would ye swally this in a minute now?An automated camera is connected to the oul' triggerin' mechanism for the oul' correspondin' traffic light, which is programmed to photograph a vehicle and driver crossin' against the oul' light. Either the feckin' driver or the bleedin' vehicle's owner (dependin' on the oul' locale) are fined for the feckin' violation. I hope yiz are all ears now. In some jurisdictions, includin' the oul' United States and Italy, private companies have been contracted to operate traffic-related cameras and receive a feckin' portion of the resultin' revenues. In some cases red light cameras have been abused by local governments, where vehicle operators have been fined as a holy result of traffic systems that have been improperly modified.[129][130] Despite the fact that cameras can reduce the oul' number of crashes, it has been proven that at these intersections drivers tended to react quicker to an amber light change when stoppin'.[131][132] The consequence of this change could be the feckin' shlight decline in the feckin' intersection capacity.
Confirmation lights[edit]
An intersection with blue confirmation lights in Newport News, Virginia
Another way police officers have begun to combat red light runners is with blue or white Confirmation Lights.[133] These lights can be seen from any angle in an intersection and are typically utilised by emergency responders who actuate traffic signal preemption devices to verify that other motorists are facin' a red signal. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. However, confirmation lights also assist officers – who do not have to have a bleedin' line-of-sight with a bleedin' red light – to catch vehicles illegally enterin' an intersection. They are only lit when the bleedin' red light on the bleedin' same signal head is on. Some intersections will also have multiple confirmation lights for a feckin' single direction of travel if there are different signals for different directions. Jaykers! These lights are separate from the bleedin' main ones, often protrude above or below the oul' main traffic light, and are much smaller than a standard light to help avoid confusion.
In the oul' Netherlands, many traffic signals that are red can be seen from the feckin' side via a small bulbous window, indicatin' to drivers (and police officers) whether the oul' signal in the bleedin' crossin' direction is actually red or not, by simply leakin' out some of the feckin' red light through the side of the bleedin' traffic signal, be the hokey! This has gradually become less common as traditional incandescent signals are replaced by LED signals, while increasingly red light cameras are used to detect drivin'-through-red violations.[citation needed]
Light timin' length[edit]
Traffic light with time in Tehran, Iran
See also: Traffic light control and coordination
The length of amber lights can differ, for example in many places the feckin' length of an amber light is usually four or five seconds, but elsewhere it may be as little as three, considerably reducin' the oul' time for reaction. C'mere til I tell ya. It is typical for these times to vary accordin' to the bleedin' set speed limit, with longer times for higher limits. In the U.S. Jasus. state of Georgia, an amber light must be lit one second for every 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) of posted speed limit. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. For intersections with red light cameras, one extra second must be added.[citation needed] In Colorado Springs, Colorado, amber lights at numerous intersections have been noted with durations of approximately two seconds, like. In the bleedin' United States, there is a holy recommended federal safety minimum of three seconds for amber lights.[134]
The time from when a red light is displayed and when a feckin' cross street is given a holy green light is usually based on the physical size of the oul' intersection, would ye swally that? This intervenin' period is called the bleedin' "all-red time". A typical all-red time is two seconds to allow cars to clear the intersection. In a holy wider intersection, such as a feckin' four-lane road or highway intersection, the feckin' all-red time may be as much as five seconds, allowin' drivers who could not or would not stop at the feckin' amber light enough time to clear the bleedin' intersection without causin' a collision, what? Two exceptions are in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where there is no all-red time, like. The change is instantaneous, due to the nature of the bleedin' older relay operated signals. Bejaysus. It is also the oul' case in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Turn on red[edit]
See also: Turn on red
Some jurisdictions allow right turns when a holy steady red light is shown.
Non-detected vehicles[edit]
In some instances, small vehicles such as motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles may not be detected, leavin' the oul' traffic light controller unaware of their presence, begorrah. When this occurs, the bleedin' small vehicle may fail to receive the bleedin' right of way when the feckin' traffic light controller skips their phase, such as at traffic lights that are programmed to remain green for the main street and to only service minor movements, such as the bleedin' side street or a main street left turn lane, on an as-needed basis when there is demand.
For example, small vehicles may not be detected by an induction loop sensor, such as one whose sensitivity has been set too high in an attempt to avoid false triggers. Stop the lights! While a bleedin' typical motor vehicle has an oul' sufficient mass of metal such as steel that interacts with the sensor's magnetic field,[135] motorcycles and scooters have much less mass than cars, and bicycles may not even be constructed with metal. Here's a quare one for ye. This situation most often occurs at the times of day when other traffic is sparse as well as when the feckin' small vehicle is comin' from a bleedin' direction that does not have an oul' high volume of traffic.[136]
Traffic lights that do not service traffic due to non-detection may not meet the oul' federal legal definition adopted by most states for a traffic control signal, which is any device "by which traffic is alternately directed to stop and permitted to proceed".[137][138][139] Meetin' this definition is required for any citation to be upheld; traffic signals that fail to meet it may be considered "defective" or "inoperative."[140]
Some jurisdictions require operators to "brin' the oul' vehicle to a bleedin' complete stop before enterin' the intersection and may proceed with caution only when it is safe to do so,"[141] while others may construe any action to force it to cycle as tamperin'.[142]
Over 20 states[143][144] in the bleedin' United States have enacted "dead red" laws that give motorcyclists and sometimes bicyclists an affirmative defense to proceed through a red light with caution after stoppin' when they are not detected by the traffic light controller.[145][146]
Arkansas 27-52-206
California 21800 (d)(1)
Colorado 42-4-612
Idaho 49-802 (3)(a)
Illinois 11-306 (c)(3.5)
Indiana 9-21-3-7 (b)(3)(D)
Kansas 8-1508 (c)(4)
Kentucky 189-338 (6)
Minnesota 169.06 Subd, game ball! 9
Missouri 304.285
Nevada 484B.307 (8)(d)
North Carolina 20-158 (e)
Ohio 4511.132 (A)
Oklahoma 47-11-202 (3)(d)[147]
Oregon 811.360 (2)(a)
Pennsylvania 75-3112 (c)(2)[148]
South Carolina 56-5-970 (5)
Tennessee 55-8-110 (b)
Utah 41.6a.305 (7)
Virginia 46.2-833 (B)
Washington 46.61.184
Wisconsin 346.37 (1)(c)(4)
Pendin' Legislation: Massachusetts MA H.3182
Failed: Alabama HB103
Failed: Nebraska LB 85
Failed: Wyomin' HB0092
In other contexts[edit]
The symbolism of a bleedin' traffic light (and the feckin' meanings of the bleedin' three primary colours used in traffic lights) are frequently found in many other contexts. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Since they are often used as single spots of colour without the oul' context of vertical position, they are typically not comprehensible to up to one in ten males who are colour blind.[citation needed]
Traffic lights have also been used in computer software, such as the bleedin' macOS user interface, and in pieces of artwork, particularly the bleedin' Traffic Light tree in London, UK.
Racin'[edit]
Automobile racin' circuits can also use standard traffic signals to indicate to racin' car drivers the bleedin' status of racin'. Jasus. On an oval track, four sets may be used, two facin' a straight-away and two facin' the feckin' middle of the feckin' 180-degree turn between straight-away. Chrisht Almighty. Green would indicate racin' is under way, while amber would indicate to shlow or while followin' a pace car; red would indicate to stop, probably for emergency reasons.
Scuderia Ferrari, a Formula One racin' team, formerly used an oul' traffic light system durin' their pit stops to signal to their drivers to when to leave the pits.[citation needed] The red light was on when the tires were bein' changed and fuel was bein' added, amber was on when the feckin' tires were changed, and green was on when all work was completed. I hope yiz are all ears now. The system is (usually) completely automatic. However, the feckin' system was withdrawn after the bleedin' 2008 Singapore Grand Prix, due to the bleedin' fact that it heavily delayed Felipe Massa durin' the race, when he was in the bleedin' lead. Usually, the bleedin' system was automatic, but heavy traffic in the pit lane forced the oul' team to operate it manually. A mechanic accidentally pressed the bleedin' green light button when the feckin' fuel hose was still attached to the oul' car, causin' Massa to drive off, towin' the fuel hose along. Additionally, Massa drove into the path of Adrian Sutil, earnin' yer man a feckin' penalty, the shitehawk. He finally stopped at the bleedin' end of the oul' pit lane, forcin' Ferrari's mechanics to sprint down the whole of the feckin' pit lane to remove the bleedin' hose. Right so. As a feckin' result of this, and the oul' penalty he also incurred, Massa finished 13th. Ferrari decided to use a feckin' traditional "lollipop" for the bleedin' remainder of the bleedin' 2008 season.
Another type of traffic light that is used in racin' is the bleedin' Christmas Tree, which is used in drag racin'. The Christmas Tree has six lights: an oul' blue stagin' light, three amber lights, a bleedin' green light and a red light. Sufferin' Jaysus. The blue stagin' light is divided into two parts: Pre-stage and stage, the shitehawk. Sometimes, there are two sets of bulbs on top of each other to represent them. Once an oul' driver is staged at the startin' line, then the oul' starter will activate the bleedin' light to commence racin', which can be done in two ways. If a bleedin' Pro tree is used, then the feckin' three amber lights will flash at the oul' same time. Here's a quare one. For the Sportsman tree, the amber light will flash from top to bottom. C'mere til I tell ya now. When the green light comes up, the feckin' race officially begins but if a driver crosses the oul' line before that happens, then a red light will come up and that will be a holy foul.[citation needed]
As a bleedin' ratin' mechanism[edit]
See also: Traffic light ratin' system and European Union energy label
The colours red, amber and green are often used as a simple-to-understand ratin' system for products and processes, begorrah. It may be extended by analogy to provide a greater range of intermediate colours, with red and green at the extremes.[149]
LED traffic light (usin' cap visors)
Temporary LED traffic lights with sensor in Australia
Temporary traffic light in the feckin' United Kingdom
Traffic light in a small intersection in Hagerstown, Maryland (usin' tunnel visors)
Example of traffic signals mounted on gantries in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, and integrated with street signage
Typical set of traffic lights in East Lansin', Michigan
Typical example of traffic lights mounted on a wide street in California
One example of traffic lights on a holy suburban street in Santa Clarita, California
LED traffic lights in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
Typical set of traffic lights in Spain
The green on top light in Tipperary Hill, Syracuse, New York
LED pedestrian signal in New York City
Traffic light in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
A Marshalite traffic signal, as formerly installed at various intersections in Melbourne, Australia, indicatin' how much time remained before a signal change.
East Rembo Butin' Intersection Traffic light near Kalayaan Ave.
A U-turn traffic light in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
In Unicode[edit]
In Unicode, the symbol for U+1F6A5 🚥 HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT and U+1F6A6 🚦 VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT.
Glossary of road transport terms
Level crossin'
North American railroad signals, rail equivalent
Pedestrian crossin'
Railway signal, another rail equivalent
Ramp meter
Traffic light coalition
Traffic light control and coordination
Traffic-light signallin' and operation
Traffic optimization
Traffic robots in Kinshasa
Slow Children At Play
Smart traffic light
Yellow trap
^ These are typically older signals. Arra' would ye listen to this. There are many examples in Houston, Texas, of this, that's fierce now what? Suspended lights constructed so that a single source simultaneously illuminates all four directions always have this characteristic: Red (in two directions) and green (in the oul' two cross directions) with Red-amber-Green sequence on two sides and Green-amber-Red sequence on the oul' cross sides[citation needed]
^ Not completely correct: an oul' variable speed sign is not solely used for the bleedin' purpose of shlowin' the bleedin' speed of motorists approachin' an intersection. Jasus. They are also used on freeways where the oul' maximum safe speed is dependant on the feckin' conditions of the feckin' roadway (i.e. weather, fallin' rocks, risk of wildlife, etc.), such as in British Columbia, Canada.
^ 2019.
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Comparison of European road signs
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Comparison of traffic signs in English-speakin' countries
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Rotis (SG)
SNV (BA, BE, BG, HR, LU, ME, MK, RO, RS, SI, XK)
Trafikkalfabetet (NO)
Transport (BD, GB, GR, HK, IE, IR, NP, PT)
Tratex (SE)
Verdana (HU)
Vienna (Traffic)
Vienna (Road signs)
MUTCD (USA)
TSRGD (UK)
1 If not a specific font style is applied
2 In the Buenos Aires Visual Plan
3 In national and provincial routes
Lightin'
Accent lightin'
Lightbulb socket
Task lightin'
Methods of generation
Nernst
Luminescent
Fluorescent lamp (compact)
Fluorescent induction
Chemiluminescent
Cathodoluminescent
Electron-stimulated
field-induced polymer
Acetylene/Carbide
Argand
Rushlight
Carbon arc
Klieg light
Yablochkov candle
Deuterium arc
Xenon arc
Xenon flash
High-intensity
discharge (HID)
Mercury-vapor
Metal-halide
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI)
Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI)
Sodium vapor
Footlight
ellipsoidal reflector
Stage lightin' instrument
Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)
Multifaceted reflector
Aircraft warnin'
Balanced-arm lamp
Gas lightin'
Gooseneck lamp
Intelligent street lightin'
Neon lightin'
Recessed light
Torchère
Track lightin'
Headlamp (outdoor)
Navigation light
Tannin'
Aroma lamp
Crackle tube
DJ lightin'
Electroluminescent wire
Plasma globe
Radioluminescence
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&oldid=1001099310"
1868 introductions
Pedestrian crossin' components
History of road transport
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