Rough Castle & The Antonine Wall
Rough Castle Roman Fort seen from the West.
Just under two miles west of the centre of Falkirk, and just over half a mile west of the Falkirk Wheel (and connected to it by footpaths) is one of the best preserved stretches of the Antonine Wall, for a while the north-west frontier of a Roman Empire that stretched all the way to the Middle East. Here, too, are the ramparts of Rough Castle Roman Fort.
Along with Bar Hill Roman Fort, Rough Castle is one of the two best locations along the Antonine Wall to gain a real impression of what the wall was like, and what life would have been like for the troops stationed along it.
The Antonine Wall was built from AD142 to 144 and ran for 37 miles (60km) from Bo'ness on the River Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the River Clyde. Like the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south, it formed a solid barrier right across the country. A clear symbol of Roman power and authority, the wall probably served to control the movement of people and goods between the Roman-controlled area to the south and the lands to the north.
But the wall clearly also served a defensive purpose: just to the north of its line at Rough Castle are a series of pits, which would have contained sharpened stakes and been concealed by brushwood. Known to the Romans as lilia, their role was to break up any attack on the north gate of the fort before it reached the line of the wall itself: think of them as the Roman equivalent of barbed wire and landmines. (Continues below images...)
Wall West of the Burn in Summer
Wall West of the Burn in Winter
The Antonine Wall was in use for around 20 years. The relatively short period of occupation and the materials used in its construction mean that it has survived less well than Hadrian's Wall, but in its day it would have been just as formidable a barrier. The wall itself was built on stone foundations, 15ft (4.3m) broad, on top of which turf was laid to a height of 12 feet (3.6m). The top of the wall probably carried a wooden walkway protected by a wooden breastwork.
In front of the wall (i.e. on its northern side) a ditch was dug to a depth of 12ft (3.6m) and a breadth of up to 40ft (12m), with the spoil forming a mound along the north edge of the ditch. And in some places, as at Rough Castle, the wall was additionally protected by pits containing stakes. A little way to the south of the line of the wall ran a Roman Road, the Military Way, which was some 20ft (6m) wide. At intervals of around 2 miles a fort was built to house the troops manning the wall. There were probably 19 of these along the wall, though traces of only 17 have been found on the ground.
At Rough Castle you find the ramparts outlining a fort and is annex, plus one of the best preserved stretches of the Antonine Wall itself. You can walk to it from the Falkirk Wheel, or you can approach via a minor (signposted) road from the east side of Bonnybridge. This becomes a track and leads you to a car park just behind the line of the wall itself. Access to the car park has been prevented by a locked gate on the two occasions we've visited. Limited parking is available nearby.
Close to the car park you see the Antonine Wall at its best. The most obvious feature is the ditch, in places with traces of the mound on the north side; with the wall itself represented by another mound on the south side. Walking east from the car park brings you to the west side of the ravine cut by the Rowantree Burn. From here you get an excellent view of the western ramparts of the fort itself and an end-on view of the wall. From here you can also fully appreciate the depths of insensitivity that ran two lines of electricity pylons through the valley of the burn from north to south, plus two slightly less intrusive sets of power lines just to the west, thus significantly undermining the visitor enjoyment of one of Scotland's finest Roman sites.
Past excavations at Rough Castle Roman Fort have shown that there a number of substantial stone buildings here. Today these are indicated by nothing more than humps and bumps across its 1.5 acre site, plus a number of information panels. The ramparts, however, are still very impressive, especially if you catch them with the sun low in the sky, adding depth to the visual impact of the surviving features. And if have it to yourself, it is just about possible to believe that Rough Castle may have been the origin of the legend of King Arthur's Camelot. This theory has been suggested because of its use in the late 500s as a base by Artuir mac Áedáin, eldest son of a king of Dalriada.
Defensive pits or "lilia" on the north side of the wall, which can
just be seen in the top right of the photo heading back into the woods.
Grid Ref: NS 843 799
HES: Fort Web Page
Open all year, admission free.
What3Words Location: ///sooner.pave.division
Rough Castle In Fiction
The House With 46 Chimneys by Ken Lussey (10 November 2020). Life changes dramatically for Kaleb, Jude and Sequoia when they move to live with their aunt in a rural corner of central Scotland. It's the beginning of April 2020, the early days of the coronavirus lockdown. This adventure novel for young adults is set in central Scotland and the children visit Rough Castle.
Read our full review.
Looking West Along the Wall
Wall Seen Across Rowantree Burn
Less Well Defined Ditch, East of Fort
And Seen in Summer
Lilia in Winter
Lilia in Summer
Two of the four sets of power
lines crossing the site
Attractive... Not
Car park: the vehicle gate may be
locked, but there is space
to park at the end of the track
Ramparts at West End of Fort
Antonine Wall West of Rough Castle
West of Rough Castle in Summer
A View of the Ditch
Ramparts on South Side of Fort
More of the South Side Ramparts
West Ramparts in Summer
Site of Barracks
Site of Granary
Car Park Track, with Wall to the Left