While commissioning hundreds of police vehicles recently, Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta said his administration had improved national security by swelling police ranks.
"In terms of human capital, we now have 98,732 officers in our ranks compared to 78,885 in 2013, an increase of more than 25%," he said in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, as he listed government's efforts in improving police effectiveness.
This, he said, reflected a current personnel-to-population ratio of 1:390, "compared to the recommended [United Nations] ratio of 1:450".
Kenya's National Police Service is composed of the Kenya Police Service, the Administrative Police Service and the Directorate of Criminal Investigation.
The service's strategic plan for 2013 to 2018, launched in May 2014, showed that 75,325 people (not 78,885) served in the service's three branches in 2013. This included 41,009 officers in the Police Service and the Directorate of Criminal Investigation and 34,316 Administration Police personnel.
A National Police Service Commission was set up in 2012 and is by law mandated to make new police hires. In the commission's latest available annual report, it counted 90,442 police members at the end of June 2016.
Of these, 44,705 served in the Kenya Police, 40,330 as Administrative Police and 5,405 in the Directorate of Criminal Investigation. A total of 9,937 recruits entered training in April 2016 but they will only graduate next month, the president indicated last year.
However, we were unable to confirm the current number of police personnel with either George Kinoti or Charles Owino, who both speak on behalf of the police.
If we take the president's current staffing figure as correct, his ratio of 1 police member for every 390 Kenyans would be incorrect.
The police-population ratio indicates the number of police officers serving a community, relative to its size. For example, if a community has 1 police officer serving 100 people, the ratio is 1:100.
The most recent estimate by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics put the country's population at 44.2 million people in 2015. If 98,732 people were serving in the police as the president said, the ratio works out to 1 police member for every 448 Kenyans.
For the president's ratio of 1:390 to be correct, the country's population would need to be 38.5 million – Kenya's population when the last census was conducted 8 years ago. Or, when Kenya's population estimate of 44.2 million is used, the number of police would need to exceed 113,333.
The UN therefore only includes the number of Kenya Police members, who are often referred to as the regular police, in their database.
If we use the number of regular police members at last count (44,705), the ratio works out to 1 police officer for every 989 Kenyans.
Does the UN really recommend a 1:450 ratio?
The often-cited ratio can be traced back to the United States' policing of occupied Germany in 1945. Back then one American policeman oversaw 450 German civilians. Available literature shows that its success at the time has tended to inform international policing.
It seems the UN uses this ratio as a guideline in peace missions but Gareth Newman, who focuses on governance, crime and justice at the Institute for Security Studies, said he doubted it was an international directive.
"I would be surprised if there was such a recommendation given the substantial difference in the capabilities and functions of the police across the world. It would therefore not make much sense to give a particular figure," he said.
Analyst Andrew Franklin, who comments on security issues in Kenya, also argues that the police-population ratio is not the best way to judge police effectiveness.
"The fascination with the ratio of cops to people misses the point: How are police trained, led and deployed?" he told Africa Check.
Two prominent human rights organisations say that while several key reforms in policing have been achieved, such as the creation of a civilian oversight agency, a lot still needs to be done.
"Besides the policy developments, there is little improvement in the quality of policing which is what the public is more concerned about. This remains a major area of concern to several Kenyans," a joint audit by the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights and the Centre for Human Rights and Peace stated.
All publicly available data on the number of police officers in Kenya show that the police to population ratio is not 1:390.
Kenya had 90,442 police members and 44.2 million inhabitants at last count, giving a ratio of 1:489. Even if the number of police members currently stood at 98,732, as President Uhuru Kenyatta has claimed, the ratio works out to 1:448.
This is better than what is widely referred to as the "UN-recommended ratio" of 1:450. However, Africa Check was unable to confirm that the United Nations ever issued this as an international policing guideline.
When judging police effectiveness, it is far more important to focus on the quality of policing than ratios, an analyst told Africa Check.
We have since corrected this report to show that a police force that is 90,442 strong would give a ratio of 1:489, not 1:449.
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Does the president know how many of these officers are assigned to non-core assignments like VIP security, escorting cash and the like?